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9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.3 Adjacent channel power | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.3.1 Adjacent channel power method 1 (Using an adjacent channel power meter) | a) Methodology The transmitter under test is connected to an adjacent channel power meter (power measuring receiver) via an attenuator (see figure 60). cable cable Power attenuator Transmitter under test Modulating AF oscillator Low noise RF signal generator Power measuring receiver Figure 60: Measurement configuration for adjacent channel power measurement (method 1) ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 205 b) Measurement uncertainty Power bandwidth of measuring receiver filter = ±0,2 dB (d) (r). 0,115dB 3 20 ,0 = ± = bandwidth filter j u Relative accuracy of measuring receiver = ±0,5 dB (d) (r). 0,289dB 3 50 ,0 = ± = accuracy relative j u Standard uncertainty of the random error = 0,11 dB (σ). u i random = 0,11 dB Deviation uncertainty = ±30 Hz (d) (r). Deviation uncertainty is converted to a relative adjacent channel power uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 0,05 % (p) / Hz; - standard deviation of 0,02 % (p) / Hz. Therefore: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) dB = % / Hz , % / Hz , Hz u deviation converted j 04 ,0 0, 23 02 0 05 0 3 30 2 2 2 + × = Uncertainty caused by measuring receiver filter position. Uncertainty of 6 dB point = ±75 Hz (d) (r). The uncertainty of the 6dB point is converted to a relative adjacent channel power uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F1 are: - mean value of 15 dB/kHz; - standard deviation of 4 dB/kHz. Therefore: dB ) ) dB/kHz +( ) dB/kHz (( ) kHz , ( u position filter converted j 67 ,0 4 15 3 075 0 2 2 2 = × = 2 2 2 2 2 pos filter converted j dev converted j random i accuracy relative j bw pwr filter j power channel djacent a c u u u u u u + + + + = 0,748dB 67 ,0 04 ,0 11 ,0 289 ,0 115 ,0 2 2 2 2 2 = + + + + = power channel adjacent c u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,748 dB = ±1,47dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). c) Spreadsheet implementation of measurement uncertainty This calculation has been implemented in a corresponding spreadsheet (see file "Adjacent channel power (method 1)_V141.xls") and is available in tr_10002801v010401p0.zip. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 206 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.3.2 Adjacent channel power method 2 (Using a spectrum analyser) | a) Methodology The transmitter under test is connected to a spectrum analyser via a power attenuator (see figure 61) and the carrier is recorded as reference. cable 1 cable 2 Transmitter under test Modulating AF oscillator Power attenuator Spectrum analyser or selective voltmeter Figure 61: Measurement configuration for adjacent channel power (method 2) The adjacent channel power is calculated from the spectrum analyser readings (9 samples) by means of Simpson's Rule (area under the curve). b) Measurement uncertainty Reference level (carrier power) uncertainty: Spectrum analyser log fidelity = ±1 dB (d) (r) (carrier level may be measured below the analyser reference level). ( ) dB 0,577 3 00 ,1 = ± = level ref fidelity og l j u RBW switching = ±0,5 dB (d) (r). dB 0,289 3 50 ,0 u switching RBW j = ± = Uncertainty of calculation caused by log fidelity (adjacent channel): (The circles on figure 62 show the readings). - 4 dB -3 dB -2 dB -1 dB 0 dB 1 dB 2 dB 3 dB 4 dB Figure 62: Typical screen view ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 207 Spectrum analyser log fidelity is a maximum of ±1,0 dB (d). Since the measured result is a sum of many contributions, where the error can lie anywhere between ±1 dB, the combined error is assumed to be a Gaussian distribution, and the ±1,0 dB limits are assumed to be 3σ. The standard uncertainty is therefore 1/3 = 0,33 dB. ( ) dB 0,33 u n calculatio fidelity og l j = Random uncertainty: Standard uncertainty of the random error is ± 0,11 dB (m) (σ). dB 0,11 random i = u Deviation uncertainty: Deviation uncertainty is ±30 Hz (d) (r). Deviation uncertainty is converted to a level uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F1 are: - mean of 0,05 % (p)/Hz; - standard deviation of 0,02 % (p)/Hz. Therefore: 0,04dB 0, 23 02 0 05 0 3 30 2 2 2 deviation converted j = × = ) ) %/Hz , +( ) %/Hz , (( Hz) ( u Time-duty cycle: Time-duty-cycle uncertainty (from table F.1): Standard deviation = 2,0 %(p). dB u TDC 087 ,0 0, 23 0,2 j = = The combined standard uncertainty for adjacent channel power is: ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 n calculatio fidelity log j 2 2 level ref fidelity log j power channel adjacent c u TDC j deviation converted j random i switching RBW j u u u u u u + + + + + = dB 74 ,0 087 ,0 04 0 11 ,0 33 0 289 ,0 577 ,0 u 2 2 2 2 2 2 power channel adjacent c = + + + + + = , , Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,74 dB = ±1,45 dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.4 Conducted spurious emissions | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.4.1 Direct reading method | a) Methodology A spectrum analyser is calibrated from its internal reference source using a cable with negligible loss at the calibration reference frequency. The transmitter under test is then connected to the spectrum analyser via a 30 dB attenuator and filter (see figure 63), and an absolute reading for each spurious emission obtained on the analyser. The levels are corrected for attenuator loss, filter loss, and cable loss (which becomes significant at the higher spurious frequencies) and recorded as the results for a direct reading. For this example, measurement uncertainty must include components of uncertainty for the spectrum analyser, cable loss and various mismatches between the transmitter, cables, attenuator, filter and spectrum analyser. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 208 cable alternative cable position when calibrating Transmitter under test Spectrum analyser or selective voltmeter cal ref o/p 30dB power attenuator Filter Figure 63: Conducted spurious emission measurement configuration (direct method) b) Measurement uncertainty: Direct method Mismatch uncertainty when calibrating the spectrum analyser: - spectrum analyser calibration reference output reflection coefficient is 0,2 (d); - spectrum analyser RF input reflection coefficient is 0,1 (d); - calibration cable reflection coefficient is 0,2 (m). For calculation of mismatch, attenuation of the calibration cable is assumed to be 0,00dB (x1 linear). ) ( % 828 ,2 2 % 100 2,0 2,0 : v u cable and output reference n calibratio mismatch j = × × = ) ( % 414 ,1 2 % 100 2,0 1,0 : v u cable and input analyser spectrum mismatch j = × × = ) ( % 414 ,1 2 % 100 ) 0,1( 2,0 1,0 2 : v u output cal analyser spectrum and input analyser spectrum mismatch j = × × × = The combined standard uncertainty for mismatch during calibration is: ) ( % 464 ,3 414 ,1 414 ,1 828 ,2 2 2 2 : v u n calibratio mismatch c = + + = Mismatch uncertainty when measuring the transmitter spurious: - transmitter reflection coefficient is 0,7 (from table F1); - measurement cable reflection coefficients are 0,2 (m); - attenuator reflection coefficients are 0,1 (d); - filter reflection coefficients are 0,3 (d); - spectrum analyser RF input reflection coefficient is 0,1 (d). For the calculation of mismatch, measurement cable attenuation is assumed to be 0,00 dB (x1,0 linear) and filter insertion loss is 1 dB (x 0,891 linear). ) ( % 899 ,9 2 % 100 2,0 7,0 u cable and r transmitte : mismatch j v = × × = ) ( % 414 ,1 2 % 100 1,0 2,0 u attenuator and cable : mismatch j v = × × = ) ( % 121 ,2 2 % 100 3,0 1,0 u and : mismatch j v filter attenuator = × × = ) ( % 121 ,2 2 % 100 1,0 3,0 u : mismatch j v analyser spectrum and filter = × × = ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 209 ) ( % 950 ,4 2 % 100 ) 0,1( 1,0 7,0 u 2 and r transmitte : mismatch j v attenuator = × × × = ) ( % 561 ,0 2 % 100 ) 891 ,0 ( 1,0 1,0 u 2 and : mismatch j v analyser spectrum attenuator = × × × = uj mismatch: EUT and filter: Less than 0,01 % (v) due to the 30 dB attenuator, therefore neglected. uj mismatch: EUT and spectrum analyser: Less than 0,01 % (v) due to the 30 dB attenuator, therefore neglected. The combined standard uncertainty for mismatch with the transmitter connected is: ) ( % 567 , 11 561 ,0 950 ,4 121 ,2 121 ,2 414 ,1 899 ,9 u 2 2 2 2 2 2 r transmitte : mismatch c v connected = + + + + + = The combined standard uncertainty for total mismatch is: dB 05 ,1 5, 11 567 , 11 464 ,3 u 2 2 : total mismatch c = + = Uncertainty when making the measurement on the spectrum analyser: Spectrum analyser calibration reference uncertainty = ±0,3 dB (d) (r). 0,173dB 3 3 0 = = , u ref j cal Spectrum analyser frequency response uncertainty = ±2,5 dB (d) (r). 1,443dB 3 5,2 = = y response j frequenc u Spectrum analyser bandwidth switching uncertainty = ±0,5 dB (d) (r). 0,289dB 3 5,0 u switching bandwidth j = = Spectrum analyser log fidelity = ±1,5 dB (d) (r). dB 0,866 3 5 1 = = , u g fidelity j lo Spectrum analyser input attenuator switching uncertainty = ±0,2 dB (d) (r). 0,115dB 3 2,0 u switching att input j = = Attenuator loss uncertainty = ±0,15 dB (d) (r). 0,087dB 3 15 ,0 u loss atten j = = Filter loss uncertainty = ±0,15 dB (d) (r). 0,087dB 3 15 ,0 u loss filter j = = Power coefficient of the attenuator = ±0,3 dB (c) (r). 0,173dB 3 3,0 u coef pwr att j = = ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 210 Standard uncertainty of measurement cable = ±0,2 dB (m) (σ). dB u cable j 2,0 = Random uncertainty = ±0,2 dB (m) (σ). dB u random i 2,0 = Uncertainty due to supply voltage: Supply voltage uncertainty = ±100 mV (d) (r). Supply voltage uncertainty is converted to a level uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 10 % (p)/V; - standard deviation of 3 % (p)/V. Therefore: ( ) dB = u 026 ,0 0, 23 ) %/V (3,0 + ) %/V (10,0 3 ) (0,1V 2 2 2 voltage supply converted j × = The combined standard uncertainty is: 2 vcc j 2 rnd i 2 cable j 2 coef p att j 2 filter j 2 loss att j 2 sw att j 2 f log j 2 bw j 2 fr j 2 cal j 2 miu j tot c u u u u u u u u u u u u u + + + + + + + + + + + = dB 05 ,2 026 ,0 2,0 2,0 173 ,0 087 ,0 087 ,0 115 ,0 866 ,0 289 ,0 443 ,1 173 ,0 05 .1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = + + + + + + + + + + + = c tot u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 2,05 dB = ±4,02 dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). c) Spreadsheet implementation of measurement uncertainty This calculation has been implemented in a corresponding spreadsheet (see file "Tx conducted spurious emissions (direct)_V141.xls") and is available in tr_10002801v010401p0.zip. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.4.2 Substitution method | a) Methodology In order to reduce measurement uncertainty, a signal generator may be substituted for the transmitter and the level from the generator increased until the same reading (as obtained with the transmitter) is measured on the analyser. The signal generator output level is then recorded as the result using substitution. In this case, the large uncertainty of the spectrum analyser is replaced with the much lower uncertainty of the signal generator, and the attenuator, filter and cable uncertainties can be ignored since they are common to both measurements. NOTE 1: In some cases the maximum signal generator level will be less than the transmitter spurious level, and the substitution reading will be obtained from a different point on the spectrum analyser display (using the analyser's dynamic range). For this reason the spectrum analyser log fidelity uncertainty has been included in the calculation. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 211 cable alternative cable position when substituting Spectrum analyser Filter 30dB power attenuator Signal generator Transmitter under test Figure 64: Conducted spurious emissions measurement configuration (substitution method) b) Measurement uncertainty: Substitution method Mismatch uncertainty: The 30 dB attenuator is large enough to provide good isolation between the transmitter (or signal generator) and the filter. Thus the only mismatch uncertainty of interest is at the input to the attenuator. The rest cancel due to substitution: - transmitter reflection coefficient is 0,7 (from table F1); - measurement cable reflection coefficients are 0,2 (m); - attenuator input reflection coefficient is 0,1 (d); - signal generator output reflection coefficient is 0,35 (d). For the calculation of mismatch, cable attenuation is assumed to be 0,00 dB (x 1 linear). ) ( % 899 ,9 2 % 100 2,0 7,0 : v u cable to Tx mismatch j = × × = ) ( % 414 ,1 2 % 100 1,0 2,0 : v u attenuator to cable mismatch j = × × = ) ( % 950 ,4 2 % 100 ) 0,1( 1,0 7,0 2 : v u attenuator to Tx mismatch j = × × × = ) ( % 950 ,4 2 % 100 2,0 35 ,0 : v u cable to gen sig mismatch j = × × = ) ( % 475 ,2 2 % 100 ) 0,1( 1,0 35 ,0 2 : v u attenuator to gen sig mismatch j = × × × = The combined standard uncertainty for mismatch is: dB u mismatch c 083 ,1 5, 11 475 ,2 950 ,4 950 ,4 414 ,1 899 ,9 2 2 2 2 2 = + + + + = Uncertainty when making the measurement: Substitution signal generator level uncertainty is ±1 dB (d) (r). 0,577dB 3 0,1 = ± = level gen sig j u ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 212 Spectrum analyser log fidelity (where signal generator is unable to produce sufficient level) = ±1,5 dB (d) (r). dB 0,866 3 5 1 = = , u g fidelity j lo Random uncertainty is 0,2 dB (m) (σ). Uncertainty due to supply voltage: Supply voltage uncertainty = ±100 mV (d) (r). Supply voltage uncertainty is converted to a level uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 10 % (p)/V; - standard deviation of 3 % (p)/V. Therefore: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0,026dB 0, 23 0 3 / % 0 10 3 1 0 u 2 2 2 voltage supply j = × = % / V , + V , V , converted The combined standard uncertainty is: 2 uncert voltage supply j 2 2 fidelity log j 2 2 u u u u u u random i level gen sig j mismatch c emission spurious conducted c + + + + = dB 52 ,1 026 0 2,0 866 ,0 577 ,0 083 ,1 2 2 2 2 2 = + + + + = , u emissions spurious conducted c Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 1,52 dB = ±2,98 dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). NOTE 2: The substitution example has a far lower measurement uncertainty than the direct example. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.5 Intermodulation attenuation | Test signal source 10dB power attenuator Transmitter under test directional coupler <-1dB 20dB power attenuator 50 Ohm termination Power meter sensor Spectrum analyser >-20dB Figure 65: Intermodulation attenuation The transmitter power is first measured on the power meter. The power meter is then connected to the 10 dB attenuator (the connector which during the actual measurement is connected to the transmitter output) and the power meter reading set to -30 dB (relative) by adjusting the level of test signal source. With the transmitter reconnected to the 10 dB attenuator, the intermodulation component is then measured by direct observation on the spectrum analyser, and the ratio of the largest intermodulation component to the carrier is recorded. As this is a relative measurement, uncertainties due to the spectrum analyser (with the exception of log fidelity) cancel, and can be ignored. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 213 b) Measurement uncertainty: Uncertainty when measuring the transmitter level and setting the level of the test signal source to -30 dB relative: NOTE: The power meter is only used to set the test signal source to -30 dB relative to the transmitter level so only range change and linearity need to be considered. Power meter linearity = ±0,5 % (p) (d) (r). dB ,013 0 23 3 5,0 u lin meter j = × = Power meter range change error (one change) = ±0,5 % (p) (d) (r). dB ,013 0 23 3 5,0 u error change range j = × = dB ,018 0 013 ,0 013 ,0 u 2 2 level signal test c = + = Mismatch uncertainty when measuring the transmitter level and setting the level of the test signal source to -30 dB relative: - transmitter reflection coefficient is 0,5 (table F.1); - power sensor reflection coefficient is 0,07 (d); - attenuator reflection coefficients are 0,1 (d) (both attenuators); - directional coupler reflection coefficients are 0,05 (d). For the following mismatch calculations the directional coupler loss is assumed to be 0 dB (x1 linear). The isolating effect of the10 dB attenuator is however taken into consideration (multiplication by 0,316 in linear terms). Only the reflection coefficients of the transmitter, 10 dB attenuator, the directional coupler and the 20 dB attenuator are taken into account, the test signal source is ignored due to isolation. It is assumed that the spectrum analyser is connected during the power measurement with the same cable and the same attenuator setting as during the measurement. Therefore the mismatch uncertainties at this point cancel. ) ( 025 0 2 100 316 0 05 0 07 0 2 v % , % , , , u coupler irectional nsor and d : power se j mismatch = × × × = ) ( 049 0 2 100 1 316 0 1 0 07 0 2 2 20 v % , % , , , u ator dB attenu nsor and : power se j mismatch = × × × × = ) ( 525 2 049 ,0 025 ,0 495 ,0 475 ,2 2 2 2 2 v % , u signal test g : measurin c mismatch = + + + = Mismatch uncertainty with the transmitter reconnected to the 10dB attenuator: Only the reflection coefficients of the transmitter, 10 dB attenuator, the directional coupler and the 20 dB attenuator are taken into account, the test signal source is ignored due to isolation: - transmitter reflection coefficient is 0,5 (table F1); - attenuator reflection coefficients are 0,1 (d); - directional coupler reflection coefficients are 0,05 (d). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 214 For the following mismatch calculations the directional coupler loss is assumed to be 0 dB (x1 linear). The isolating effect of the10 dB attenuator is however taken into consideration (multiplication with 0,316 in linear terms). ) ( 536 ,3 2 100 1 0 5 0 attenuator 10dB and er transmitt : mismatch j v % % , , u = × × = ) ( 177 0 2 100 316 0 05 0 5 0 2 v % , % , , , u coupler rectional ter and di : transmit j mismatch = × × × = ) ( 353 0 2 100 1 316 0 1 0 5 0 2 2 20 v % , % , , , u tor dB attenua ter and : transmit j mismatch = × × × × = ) ( 558 ,3 353 0 177 0 536 ,3 2 2 2 connected signal test : mismatch c v % , , u = + + = Combined mismatch uncertainties: dB u 379 ,0 5, 11 558 ,3 525 ,2 2 2 h mismatc c = + = Combined uncertainty of the test signal: dB ,379 0 379 ,0 018 ,0 u 2 2 signal test c = + = Spectrum analyser log fidelity = ±1,5 dB (d) (r): dB u 866 ,0 3 5,1 fidelity log j = = One of the intermodulation products has a 2nd order dependency from the unwanted signal corresponding to 2 dB/dB, therefore the uncertainty of the level of the intermodulation product is doubled (see clause 6.5.5, and annex D clauses D.3.4.5.2 and D.5). The combined standard uncertainty for intermodulation attenuation is: ( ) dB 15 1 379 0 2 866 0 2 2 , , , u nt measureme ttenuation dulation a ntermo c i = × + = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 1,15 dB = ±2,25 dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 215 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.6 Attack time | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.6.1 Frequency behaviour (attack) | a) Methodology Frequency behaviour (attack) is the time elapsed between switching on the transmitter and the moment when the carrier frequency is within defined limits. Transmitter output frequency variation as a function of time during this period is measured by means of a test discriminator providing vertical deflection to a storage oscilloscope (see figure 66). Trigger device Transmitter under test trigger cable Storage oscilloscope Reference signal generator Y input Tx on/off Test discriminator cable Power attenuator Figure 66: Transmitter frequency/time measurement configuration (attack and release) With the oscilloscope time base set to "repetitive" at an appropriate sweep rate, the oscilloscope display graticule is calibrated by means of the signal generator, to provide vertical reference points corresponding to the specification frequency limits or mask e.g. ± one channel. The oscilloscope is then set to "single sweep" in preparation for the measurement. When the trigger device is operated, it initiates the oscilloscope sweep and simultaneously switches on the transmitter. Any variation in transmitter output frequency will appear at the discriminator output as a varying DC voltage which will be recorded on the oscilloscope display as a plot of frequency against time. b) Measurement uncertainty: - signal generator frequency uncertainty is ±10 Hz (d) (r); - calibration uncertainty of discriminator (including the storage oscilloscope) is ±100 Hz (r); - DC drift of discriminator is equivalent to ±100 Hz (d) (r). Combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement: Hz 81,9 = 3 10 100 100 2 2 2 ) ) Hz +( ) Hz +( ) Hz (( = u ent y measurem j frequenc Frequency uncertainty is converted to time uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 1,0 ms/kHz; - standard deviation of 0,3 ms/kHz. Therefore: ms 0,086 = ) ) ms/kHz (0,3 + ) ms/kHz ((1,0 ) kHz (0,0819 = u 2 2 2 time j × ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 216 Random uncertainty is 0,5 ms (m) (c) (σ). Oscilloscope timing uncertainty is ±1,0 ms (d) (r). Trigger moment uncertainty is ±1,0 ms (d) (r). The combined standard uncertainty: ms 0,961 = 3 ) ms (1 + ) ms (1 + ) ms (0,5 + ) ms (0,086 u 2 2 2 2 behaviour frequency c = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,961 ms = ±1,9 ms (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.6.2 Power behaviour (attack) | a) Methodology Power behaviour (attack) is the time elapsed between switching on the transmitter and the moment when the transmitter output power level is within defined limits i.e. a percentage of full power. Transmitter output power variation as a function of time during this period is measured on a spectrum analyser set to zero span mode (see figure 67). Trigger device Transmitter under test trigger cable Spectrum analyser RF input Tx on/off cable Power attenuator Figure 67: Transmitter power level/time measurement configuration (attack and release) With the spectrum analyser time base set to "repetitive" at an appropriate sweep rate, the transmitter is switched on and the analyser sensitivity adjusted until the measured signal coincides with the reference level. The analyser is then set to "single shot", and the transmitter switched off in preparation for the measurement. When the trigger device is operated, this simultaneously initiates the spectrum analyser sweep and switches on the transmitter. Any variation in transmitter output power level will be recorded on the spectrum analyser display as a plot of output power level against time. b) Measurement uncertainty: Spectrum analyser log fidelity ±0,4 dB (d) (r). dB 0,231 3 4 0 log = = , u fidelity j The power level difference uncertainty is then converted to time uncertainty by means of formula 5.2 and table F.1. Dependency values found in table F.1 are: - mean value of 0,3 ms/%; - standard deviation of 0,1 ms/%. Therefore: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ms 0,840 1 0 3 0 5 11 231 0 2 2 2 = + × × = ms / % , ms / % , , , u j time Random uncertainty is 0,5 ms (m) (c) (σ). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 217 Oscilloscope timing uncertainty is ±1,0 ms (d) (r). Trigger moment uncertainty is ±1,0 ms (d) (r). The combined standard uncertainty: ms 1,274 = 3 1 1 5 0 840 0 2 2 2 2 ) ) ms +( ) ms ( +( ) ms , +( ) ms , ( u r y behaviou c frequenc = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 1,274 ms = ±2,5 ms (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.7 Release time | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.7.1 Frequency behaviour (release) | The only difference between this measurement and the measurement for attack in clause 7.1.6.1 is that in this case the measurement is to determine the time elapsed between switching off the transmitter and the moment when the carrier frequency falls outside defined limits. Measurement uncertainty for release is therefore the same as for attack. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.7.2 Power behaviour (release) | The only difference between this measurement and the measurement for attack in clause 7.1.6.2 is that in this case the measurement is to determine the time elapsed between switching off the transmitter and the moment when the carrier power is within defined limits. Measurement uncertainty for release is therefore the same as for attack. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.8 Transient behaviour of the transmitter | Transient behaviour of the transmitter is the period of transient frequency/power behaviour immediately following the switching on or off of the transmitter. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.8.1 Transient frequency behaviour | a) Methodology Transient frequency behaviour is the frequency error of the transmitter during switch on and switch off transients. Transmitter frequency error as a function of time during this period is measured by means of a test discriminator providing vertical deflection to a storage oscilloscope (see figure 68). Trigger device Transmitter under test trigger cable Storage oscilloscope Reference signal generator Y input Tx on/off Test discriminator cable Power attenuator Figure 68: Transmitter frequency/time measurement configuration (attack and release) ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 218 With the transmitter switched off, the oscilloscope time base is set to "repetitive" at an appropriate sweep rate. The oscilloscope display graticule is then calibrated by means of the signal generator, to provide vertical reference points corresponding to the specification frequency limits or mask e.g. ± one channel. When this has been accomplished, the trigger selector is set to "single sweep" and the transmitter set to on or off depending upon which transient condition is to be measured. When the trigger device is operated, this simultaneously initiates the oscilloscope sweep and switches the transmitter on or off according to the measurement. Any variation in transmitter output frequency will appear at the discriminator output as a varying DC voltage which will be recorded on the oscilloscope display as a plot of frequency against time. b) Measurement uncertainty: - signal generator frequency uncertainty is ±10 Hz (d) (r); - calibration uncertainty of discriminator (including the storage oscilloscope) is ±100 Hz (d) (r); - DC drift of discriminator is equivalent to ±100 Hz (d) (r). The combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement: Hz 81,9 = 3 10 100 100 2 2 2 ) ) Hz +( ) Hz +( ) Hz (( = u ent y measurem c frequenc Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 81,9 Hz = ±161 Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.8.2 Power level slope | a) Methodology Transmitter power output as a function of time (power level slope) is measured during switch on and switch off transients by means of a spectrum analyser set to zero span mode (see figure 69). Trigger device Transmitter under test trigger cable Spectrum analyser RF input Tx on/off cable Power attenuator Figure 69: Transmitter power level/time measurement configuration (attack and release) With the transmitter switched on, and the spectrum analyser in zero span mode, the analyser sensitivity is adjusted until the transmitter signal displayed on the screen coincides with the reference level. The trigger selector is then set to "single shot", and the trigger device actuated to obtain a display of power level slope. The sweep is finally adjusted so as to position the -6 dB point and the -30 dB points at left and right extremes of the display graticule, then the transmitter switched on or off depending upon which transient condition is to be measured. When the trigger device is operated, this simultaneously initiates the spectrum analyser sweep and switches the transmitter on or off according to the measurement. Any variation in transmitter output power level will be recorded on the spectrum analyser display as a plot of output power level against time. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 219 b) Measurement uncertainty: (The following calculations are based on the assumption that the power level versus time is linear in logarithmic terms.) Spectrum analyser log fidelity at -6 dB is ±0,6 dB (d) (r). This is converted to time uncertainty: ±(0,6/(-6 + 30) × 100) % = ±2,5 % Spectrum analyser log fidelity at -30 dB is ±1,5 dB (d) (r). This is converted to time uncertainty: ±(1,5/(-6 + 30) × 100) % = ±6,25 % Time measurement uncertainty (counts twice) is ±2 % of full screen ±2 % (d) (r). Random uncertainty 1 % (m) (σ). The combined standard uncertainty is: % , = % + % + % + % , % , u vel slope c power le 33 4 0,1 3 0,2 0,2 25 6 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 + = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 4,33 % = ±8,5 % (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.9 Frequency deviation | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.9.1 Maximum permissible frequency deviation | a) Methodology The AF signal from the audio frequency oscillator is applied to the modulation input of the transmitter under test at a level 20 dB above the level of normal test modulation (see figure 70). cable cable Power attenuator Transmitter under test Modulating AF oscillator Deviation meter Figure 70: Maximum permissible frequency deviation measurement configuration The RF output from the transmitter under test is applied to a deviation meter through a power attenuator. The maximum deviation is measured as 4,0 kHz. b) Measurement uncertainty As the modulating signal level is 20 dB above that required for normal test modulation, it is assumed that the AF level uncertainty of the modulating AF oscillator has no influence. Deviation uncertainty is ±1 % ±1 digit (f) (d) (r). ±1 digit is 10 Hz which is calculated as (10/4 000) × 100 % = ±0,25 %. Residual modulation is ±20 Hz (f) (d) (r) which is converted to a percentage of the measured deviation (4 kHz): (20/4 000) × 100 % = ±0,5 % NOTE: The random contribution is deemed to be negligible and has therefore been ignored. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 220 The combined standard uncertainty for maximum permissible frequency deviation is: % 0,66 = 3 ) % (0,5 + ) % (0,25 + ) % (1,0 = u 2 2 2 total j Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,66 % = ±1,3 % (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). c) Spreadsheet implementation of measurement uncertainty This calculation has been implemented in a corresponding spreadsheet (see file "Maximum permissible frequency deviation_V141.xls") and is available in tr_10002801v010401p0.zip. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.1.9.2 Response of the transmitter to modulation frequencies above 3 kHz | a) Methodology The AF signal from the audio frequency oscillator is applied to the modulation input of the transmitter under test at the specified level (see figure 71). cable cable Power attenuator Deviation meter Low noise signal generator Audio analyser Modulating AF oscillator Transmitter under test Figure 71: Measurement configuration for modulation frequencies above 3 kHz The RF output from the transmitter under test is applied to a deviation meter through a power attenuator. The demodulated signal is then applied to the audio analyser. A low noise signal generator is used as the local oscillator for the deviation meter for demodulating signals with modulation frequencies above 3 kHz, to improve the noise behaviour. The result is corrected for AF gain and AF filter shaping. It is assumed that the measurement is conducted sufficiently above the measuring system noise level. b) Measurement uncertainty: (As a low noise signal generator is used for the deviation meter local oscillator, it is assumed that residual deviation is insignificant and has no influence on the measurement). AF oscillator level uncertainty = ±0,70 % (v) (d) (r). Deviation meter demodulator uncertainty = ±1,0 % (v) (d) (r). Deviation meter AF gain uncertainty = ±2,0 % (v) (d) (r). Audio analyser AC voltmeter uncertainty = ±4,0 % (v) (d) (r). The combined standard uncertainty is then calculated: 2,68% = 3 0 2 0 4 0 1 70 0 2 2 2 2 ) % , +( ) % , +( ) % , +( ) % , ( = u j The combined standard uncertainty is converted to dB: 2,68 %/11,5 = 0,233 dB. Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × 0,233 dB = ±0,46 dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 221 c) Spreadsheet implementation of measurement uncertainty This calculation has been implemented in a corresponding spreadsheet (see file "Response to mod freqs above 3kHz_V141.xls") and is available in tr_10002801v010401p0.zip. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2 Radiated tests | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1 Frequency error (30 MHz to 1 000 MHz) | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.1 Anechoic Chamber | The method of calculating the expanded uncertainty for tests in which signal levels in dB are involved is equally adopted for the frequency error test in which all the uncertainties are in the units of Hz. That is, all the uncertainty contributions are converted into standard uncertainties and combined by the RSS method under the assumption that they are all stochastic. All the uncertainty components which contribute to the test are listed in table 49. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.1.1 Contributions from the measurement | Table 49: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions Hz ui01 random uncertainty uj56 frequency counter: absolute reading uj05 mutual coupling: detuning effect of the absorbing material on the EUT uj09 mutual coupling: detuning effect of the test antenna on the EUT The standard uncertainties from table 49 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. The combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement (uc contributions from the measurement) is the combination of the components outlined above. uc = uc contributions from the measurement = __,__ Hz |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.1.2 Expanded uncertainty | Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane | The method of calculating the expanded uncertainty for tests in which signal levels in dB are involved is equally adopted for the frequency error test in which all the uncertainties are in the units of Hz. That is, all the uncertainty contributions are converted into standard uncertainties and combined by the RSS method under the assumption that they are all stochastic. All the uncertainty components which contribute to the test are listed in table 50. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.2.1 Contributions from the measurement | Table 50: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions Hz ui01 random uncertainty uj56 frequency counter: absolute reading uj05 mutual coupling: detuning effect of the absorbing material on the EUT uj09 mutual coupling: detuning effect of the test antenna on the EUT ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 222 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.2.2 Expanded uncertainty | The standard uncertainties from table 50 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. The combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement (uc contributions from the measurement) is the combination of the components outlined above. uc = uc contributions from the measurement = __,__ Hz Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.3 Open Area Test Site | The method of calculating the expanded uncertainty for tests in which signal levels in dB are involved is equally adopted for the frequency error test in which all the uncertainties are in the units of Hz. That is, all the uncertainty contributions are converted into standard uncertainties and combined by the RSS method under the assumption that they are all stochastic. All the uncertainty components which contribute to the test are listed in table 51. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.3.1 Contributions from the measurement | Table 51: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions Hz ui01 random uncertainty uj09 mutual coupling: detuning effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj56 frequency counter: absolute reading |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.3.2 Expanded uncertainty | The standard uncertainties from table 51 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. The combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement (uc contributions from the measurement) is the combination of the components outlined above. uc = uc contributions from the measurement = __,__ Hz Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.4 Stripline | This test is not usually performed in a Stripline and is therefore not considered here. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.5 Test fixture | The method of calculating the expanded uncertainty for tests in which signal levels in dB are involved is equally adopted for the frequency error test in which all the uncertainties are in the units of Hz. That is, all the uncertainty contributions are converted into standard uncertainties and combined by the RSS method under the assumption that they are all stochastic. All the uncertainty components which contribute to the test are listed in table 52. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 223 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.5.1 Contributions from the measurement | Table 52: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions Hz ui01 random uncertainty uj56 frequency counter: absolute reading uj60 Test Fixture: effect on the EUT uj61 Test Fixture: climatic facility effect on the EUT The standard uncertainties from table 52 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. The combined standard uncertainty of the frequency measurement (uc contributions from the measurement) is the combination of the components outlined above. uc = uc contributions from the measurement = __,__ Hz |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.1.5.2 Expanded uncertainty | Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ Hz (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2 Effective radiated power (30 MHz to 1 000 MHz) | A fully worked example illustrating the methodology to be used can be found in TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 2, clause 4. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.1 Anechoic Chamber | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.1.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement | For the measurement of effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 72 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device EUT Figure 72: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically in each stage and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to each stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurement. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 53. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 224 Table 53: Contributions from the EUT measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level uj53 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj50 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier uj16 range length 0,00 uj01 reflectivity of absorbing material: EUT to the test antenna 0,00 uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj04 mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 53 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.1.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution | The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 73 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Figure 73: Stage two: Substitution measurement All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 54. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 225 Table 54: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj02 reflectivity of absorbing material: substitution antenna to the test antenna 0,00 uj45 antenna: gain of the substitution antenna 0,50 uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj06 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material 0,50 uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna 0,00 uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors 0,00 ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 54 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contributions from the substitution) for the substitution measurement in dB. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.1.3 Expanded uncertainty | The combined standard uncertainty of the effective radiated power measurement is the RSS combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.2.1.1 and 7.2.2.1.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. dB __ __, 2 2 = + = on substituti the from on contributi c t measuremen EUT the from on contributi c c u u u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 226 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.2 Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.2.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement | For the measurement of effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 74 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads EUT Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device Ground plane Figure 74: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically to both stages and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to this stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurement. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 55. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. Table 55: Contributions from the EUT measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable 0,00 uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj53 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj50 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier uj16 range length uj01 reflectivity of absorbing material: EUT to the test antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj04 mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the absorbing material uj13 mutual coupling: EUT to its image in the ground plane uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 55 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 227 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.2.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution measurement | The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 75 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. Ground plane Test antenna cable 1 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Receiving device cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Figure 75: Stage two: Substitution measurement All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 56. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. Table 56: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj18 correction: measurement distance uj02 reflectivity of absorbing material: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj45 antenna: gain of substitution antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the substitution antenna uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane uj06 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj14 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its image in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 56 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contributions from the substitution) for the substitution measurement in dB. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 228 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.2.3 Expanded uncertainty | The combined standard uncertainty of the effective radiated power measurement is the RSS combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.4.1 and 7.2.4.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. dB __ __, 2 2 = + = on substituti the from on contributi c t measuremen EUT the from on contributi c c u u u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.3 Open Area Test Site | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.3.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement | For the measurement of effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 76 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads EUT Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device Ground plane Figure 76: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically in each stage and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to each stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurements. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 57. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 229 Table 57: Contributions from the EUT measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable 0,00 uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj53 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj50 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier uj16 range length uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj13 mutual coupling: EUT to its image in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 57 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.3.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution measurement | The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 77 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. Ground plane cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device Figure 77: Stage two: Substitution All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 58. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 230 Table 58: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj18 correction: measurement distance uj45 antenna: gain of the substitution antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the substitution antenna uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane uj14 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its image in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 58 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contributions from the substitution) for the substitution measurement in dB. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.3.3 Expanded uncertainty | The combined standard uncertainty of the effective radiated power measurement is the RSS combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.2.3.1 and 7.2.2.3.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. dB __ __, 2 2 = + = on substituti the from on contributi c t measuremen EUT the from on contributi c c u u u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.4 Stripline | This test is not usually performed in a Stripline and is therefore not considered here. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.5 Test fixture | The uncertainty contributions for the test are shown in table 59. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 231 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.5.1 Contributions from the measurement | Table 59: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj48 receiving device: linearity uj50 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier uj53 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier uj60 Test Fixture: climatic facility effect on the EUT uj61 Test Fixture: effect on the EUT ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 59 should be given values according to annex A. They should then be combined by the RSS (root sum of the squares) method in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contributions from the measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.2.5.2 Expanded uncertainty | Tests in a Test Fixture differ to radiated tests on all other types of site in that there is only one stage to the test. However, to calculate the measurement uncertainty, the Test Fixture measurement should be considered as stage two of a test in which stage one was on an accredited Free-Field Test Site. The combined standard uncertainty, uc, of the effective radiated power measurement is therefore, simply the RSS combination of the value for uc contributions from the measurement derived above and the combined uncertainty of the Free-field Test Site uc contribution from the Free-Field Test Site. dB __ __, 2 2 = + = − site test field free the from ons contributi c t measuremen the from ons contributi c c u u u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3 Radiated spurious emissions | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.1 Anechoic Chamber | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.1.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement | For the measurement of spurious effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 78 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device EUT Figure 78: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically in each stage and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 232 The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to this stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurement. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 60. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. Table 60: Contributions from the EUT measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj54 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the spurious emission level 0,03 uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj51 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the spurious emission level 0,03 uj16 range length 0,00 uj01 reflectivity of absorbing material: EUT to the test antenna 0,00 uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT 0,00 uj04 mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material 0,00 ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 60 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.1.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution | The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 79 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Receiving device Attenuator 2 10 dB Figure 79: Stage two: Substitution measurement All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 61. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 233 Table 61: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj02 reflectivity of absorbing material: substitution antenna to the test antenna 0,00 uj45 antenna: gain of the substitution antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj06 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna 0,00 uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors 0,00 ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 61 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the substitution) for the EUT measurement in dB. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.1.3 Expanded uncertainty | The combined standard uncertainty of the ERP measurement of the spurious emission is the combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.3.1.1 and 7.2.3.1.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. __dB __, = 2 2 on substituti the from ion contribtut c t measuremen EUT the fron on contributi c c u u u + = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.2 Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.2.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement | For the measurement of spurious effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 80 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 234 Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads EUT Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device Ground plane Figure 80: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically to both stages and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to this stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurement. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 62. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. Table 62: Contributions from the measurement on the EUT uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable 0,00 uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj54 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the spurious emission levels uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj51 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the spurious emission level uj16 range length uj18 correction: measurement distance uj01 reflectivity of absorbing material: EUT to the test antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj04 mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the absorbing material uj13 mutual coupling: EUT to its image in the ground plane uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 62 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 235 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.2.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution measurement | The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 81 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Ground plane Figure 81: Stage two: Substitution measurement All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 63. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. Table 63: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj18 correction: measurement distance uj02 reflectivity of absorbing material: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj45 antenna: gain of substitution antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the substitution antenna uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane uj06 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj06 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the absorbing material uj14 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its image in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 63 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the substitution) for the EUT measurement in dB. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 236 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.2.3 Expanded uncertainty | The combined standard uncertainty of the ERP measurement of the spurious emission is the combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.3.2.1 and 7.2.3.2.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. __dB __, = 2 2 on substituti the from ion contribtut c t measuremen EUT the fron on contributi c c u u u + = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.3 Open Area Test Site | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.3.1 Uncertainty contributions: Stage one: EUT measurement | For the measurement of spurious effective radiated power two stages of test are involved. The first stage (the EUT measurement) is to measure on the receiving device, a level from the EUT as shown in figure 82 (shaded components are common to both stages of the test). Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device EUT Ground plane Figure 82: Stage one: EUT measurement Due to the commonality of all of the components from the test antenna to the receiver in both stages of the test, the mismatch uncertainty contributes identically in each stage and hence cancels. Similarly, the systematic uncertainty contributions (e.g. test antenna cable loss, etc.) of the individual components also cancel. The magnitude of the random uncertainty contribution to each stage of the procedure can be assessed from multiple repetition of the EUT measurement. All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 64. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contributions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 237 Table 64: Contributions from the measurement on the EUT uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable 0,00 uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj54 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the spurious emission level uj20 position of the phase centre: within the EUT volume uj21 positioning of the phase centre: within the EUT over the axis of rotation of the turntable uj51 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the spurious emission level uj16 range length uj18 correction: measurement distance uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj55 EUT: mutual coupling to the power leads uj08 mutual coupling: amplitude effect of the test antenna on the EUT uj13 mutual coupling: EUT to its images in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its images in the ground plane ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 64 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the EUT measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.3.2 Uncertainty contributions: Stage two: Substitution measurement | The second stage (the substitution) involves replacing the EUT with a substitution antenna and signal source as shown in figure 83 and adjusting the output level of the signal generator until the same level as in stage one is achieved on the receiving device. Test antenna cable 2 Test antenna ferrite beads Attenuator 2 10 dB Receiving device cable 1 ferrite beads Attenuator 1 10 dB Signal generator Ground plane Figure 83: Stage two: Typical emission substitution test All the uncertainty components which contribute to this stage of the test are listed in table 65. Annex A should be consulted for the sources and/or magnitudes of the uncertainty contribution. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 238 Table 65: Contributions from the substitution uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj36 mismatch: transmitting part uj37 mismatch: receiving part uj38 signal generator: absolute output level uj39 signal generator: output level stability uj19 cable factor: substitution antenna cable uj19 cable factor: test antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: substitution antenna cable uj41 insertion loss: test antenna cable 0,00 uj40 insertion loss: substitution antenna attenuator uj40 insertion loss: test antenna attenuator 0,00 uj47 receiving device: absolute level 0,00 uj16 range length 0,00 uj18 correction: measurement distance uj45 antenna: gain of the substitution antenna uj45 antenna: gain of the test antenna 0,00 uj46 antenna: tuning of the substitution antenna uj46 antenna: tuning of the test antenna 0,00 uj22 position of the phase centre: substitution antenna uj17 correction: off boresight angle in the elevation plane uj14 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to its image in the ground plane uj14 mutual coupling: test antenna to its image in the ground plane uj11 mutual coupling: substitution antenna to the test antenna uj12 mutual coupling: interpolation of mutual coupling and mismatch loss correction factors ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 65 should be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contribution from the substitution) for the EUT measurement in dB. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.3.3 Expanded uncertainty | The combined standard uncertainty of the ERP measurement of the spurious emission is the combination of the components outlined in clauses 7.2.6.1 and 7.2.6.2. The components to be combined are uc contribution from the EUT measurement and uc contribution from the substitution. __dB __, = 2 2 on substituti the from ion contribtut c mesurement EUT the fron on contributi c c u u u + = Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.4 Stripline | This test is not usually performed in a Stripline and is therefore not considered here. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.3.5 Test fixture | This test is not normally carried out in a test fixture. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.4 Adjacent channel power | |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.4.1 Anechoic Chamber | This test is normally carried out using a test fixture and as a result has not been considered for the Anechoic Chamber. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 239 |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.4.2 Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane | This test is normally carried out using a test fixture and as a result has not been considered for the Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.4.3 Open Area Test Site | This test is normally carried out using a test fixture and as a result has not been considered for the Open Area Test Site. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.4.4 Stripline | This test is normally carried out using a test fixture and as a result has not been considered for the Strip line. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.4.5 Test fixture | The uncertainty contributions for the test are shown in table 66. NOTE: Some standards require the adjacent channel power to be 60 dBc without the need for it to fall below 250 nW. In this case, both values (absolute and dBc) are required as, for example, 40 dBc is considered satisfactory if the adjacent channel power is < 250 nW. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.4.5.1 Contributions from the measurement | Table 66: Contributions from the measurement uj or i Description of uncertainty contributions dB uj48 receiving device: linearity uj49 receiving device: power measuring receiver uj50 EUT: influence of the ambient temperature on the ERP of the carrier uj53 EUT: influence of setting the power supply on the ERP of the carrier uj60 Test Fixture: effect on the EUT uj61 Test Fixture: climatic facility effect on the EUT ui01 random uncertainty The standard uncertainties from table 66 should be given values according to annex A. They should then be combined by RSS in accordance with TR 102 273 [3], part 1, sub-part 1, clause 5. This gives the combined standard uncertainty (uc contributions from the measurement) for the EUT measurement in dB. |
9fd31b6289d69846b992d5f7b2e5698e | 100 028-1 | 7.2.4.5.2 Expanded uncertainty | For a relative measurement (dBc) of adjacent channel power, the combined uncertainty, uc, of the measurement is simply the value for uc contributions from the measurement derived above. Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). For those test standards that require the adjacent channel power to be given in absolute terms, however, for the calculation of the measurement uncertainty, the Test Fixture measurement should be considered as stage two of a test in which stage one was on an accredited Free-Field Test Site. The combined standard uncertainty, uc, of the adjacent channel power measurement is therefore, simply the RSS combination of the value for uc contributions from the measurement derived above and the combined uncertainty of the Free-field Test Site uc contribution from the Free-Field Test Site. dB __ __, 2 2 = + = − site test field free the from ons contributi c t measuremen the from ons contributi c c u u u Using an expansion factor (coverage factor) of k = 1,96, the expanded measurement uncertainty is ±1,96 × uc = ±__,__ dB (see clause D.5.6.2 in TR 100 028-2 [8]). ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 240 Annex A: Bibliography • The new IEEE standard dictionary of electrical and electronic terms. Fifth edition, IEEE Piscataway, NJ USA 1993. • Antenna theory, C. Balanis, J. E. Wiley 1982. • Antenna engineering handbook, R. C. Johnson, H. Jasik. • Control of errors on Open Area Test Sites , A. A. Smith Jnr. EMC technology October 1982 pg 50-58. • IEC 60050-161: "International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibility". • The gain resistance product of the half-wave dipole, W. Scott Bennet Proceedings of IEEE vol. 72 No. 2 Dec 1984 pp 1824-1826. • Wave transmission, F. R. Conner, Arnold 1978. • Antennas, John D. Kraus, Second edition, McGraw Hill. • Antennas and radio wave propagation, R. E. Collin, McGraw Hill. ETSI ETSI TR 100 028-1 V1.4.1 (2001-12) 241 History Document history Edition 1 March 1992 Publication as ETR 028 Edition 2 March 1994 Publication as ETR 028 V1.3.1 March 2001 Publication V1.4.1 December 2001 Publication |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 1 Scope | The test methods contained within the present document are intended for use in determining the electrical characteristics of radio equipment in the mobile radio services. A further aim is to give guidance to both manufacturers and type testing authorities so that common test methods can be adopted leading, potentially, to mutual acceptance of test results. Parameter limits specific to a particular equipment can be found in the relevant ETS (European Telecommunication Standard) or EN (European Standard, Telecommunications series). In the drive towards uniformity, the measurement of a specific equipment parameter has, basically, only one test method although, procedurally, minor differences may exist due to the type of test site used e.g. a ground reflection test site (Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane or Open Area Test Site) requires a vertical height scan to achieve maximum coupling between transmitter and receiver whereas a "non-reflecting" environment (Anechoic Chamber) does not. The methods apply to constant envelope frequency-modulated or phase-modulated systems as chosen by each administration operating on radio frequencies between 30 MHz and 1 000 MHz and with channel separations of 12,5 kHz, 20 kHz and 25 kHz. Test methods are given which are applicable to radio equipment capable of transmission and/or reception of analogue speech, bit stream and messages. Included in the present document are test method for radio equipment fitted with external 50 ΩRF connectors (for antennas), temporary external 50 ΩRF connectors and integral antennas. Wherever possible, if the electrical characteristics are not expected to be changed, test measurements should be performed by use of a direct connection (via either the permanent or temporary external 50 ΩRF connector) to the radio equipment as stated in each ETS or EN in order to attempt to minimize measurement uncertainties. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 2 References | The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. • References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. • For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. • A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the same number. [1] IEC 60489 (1988): "Methods of measurement for radio equipment used in the mobile services". [2] Void. [3] Void. [4] Void. [5] ETR 027: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Methods of measurement for private mobile radio equipment". [6] ETR 273: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties". [7] TR 100 028: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics". [8] ETS 300 113: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile service; Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment intended for the transmission of data (and speech) and having an antenna connector". ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 12 [9] ETS 300 296: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile service; Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment using integral antennas intended primarily for analogue speech". [10] ETS 300 390: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Land mobile service; Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment intended for the transmission of data (and speech) and using an integral antenna". [11] ANSI C63.5 (1988): "Electromagnetic Compatibility - Radiated Emission; Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Control - Calibration of Antennas". [12] EN 55020 (1994): "Electromagnetic immunity of broadcast receivers and associated equipment". [13] ITU-T Recommendation O.41: "Psophometer for use on telephone-type circuits". [14] CCITT Recommendation O.153: "Basic parameters for the measurement of error performance at bit rates below the primary rate". |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: antenna: that part of a transmitting or receiver system that is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves audio frequency load: normally a resistor of sufficient power rating to accept the maximum audio output power from the equipment under test. The value of the resistor should be that stated by the manufacturer and should be the impedance of the audio transducer at 1 000 Hz. In some cases it may be necessary to place an isolating transformer between the output terminals of the receiver under test and the load audio frequency termination: any connection other than the audio frequency load which may be required for the purpose of testing the receiver. (i.e. in a case where it is required that the bit stream be measured, the connection may be made, via a suitable interface, to the discriminator of the receiver under test) The termination device should be agreed between the manufacturer and the testing authority and details should be included in the test report. If special equipment is required then it should be provided by the manufacturer. band-stop filter (for the SINAD meter): the characteristics of the band-stop filter used in the audio distortion factor meter and SINAD meter should be such that at the output the 1 000 Hz tone will be attenuated by at least 40 dB and at 2 000 Hz the attenuation will not exceed 0,6 dB. The filter characteristic should be flat within 0,6 dB over the ranges 20 Hz to 500 Hz and 2 000 Hz to 4 000 Hz. In the absence of modulation the filter should not cause more than 1 dB attenuation of the total noise power of the audio frequency output of the receiver under test combining network: a multipole network allowing the addition of two or more test signals produced by different sources for connection to a receiver input. Sources of test signals should be connected in such a way that the impedance presented to the receiver should be 5O Ω. The effects of any intermodulation products and noise produced in the signal generators should be negligible correction: value which, added algebraically to the uncorrected result of a measurement, compensates for assumed systematic error correction factor: numerical factor by which the uncorrected result of a measurement is multiplied to compensate for an assumed systematic error duplex filter: a device fitted internally or externally to a transmitter/receiver combination to allow simultaneous transmission and reception with a single antenna connection ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 13 extreme test conditions: test conditions defined in terms of temperature and supply voltage. Tests should be made with the extremes of temperature and voltage applied simultaneously. The upper and lower temperature limits are specified in the relevant ETS. The test report should state the actual temperatures measured When extreme temperatures are applied to the equipment, provisions have to be made so that thermal balance has been reached and that condensation does not occur. Further details will be specified in the relevant ETS or EN. The extreme test voltage for equipment to be connected to an AC supply should be the nominal mains voltage ±10 %. The extreme test voltages for equipment intended for use with lead acid batteries fitted on vehicles and charged from a regulator should be 0,9 and 1,3 times the nominal voltage of the battery. The lower extreme test voltages for equipment with power sources using other types of batteries should be as follows: 1) For the Leclanché or lithium type of cell, 0,85 times the nominal voltage of the battery. 2) For the mercury or nickel-cadmium type of cell, 0,9 times the nominal voltage of the battery. 3) For other types of batteries, the end point voltage declared by the equipment manufacturer. The upper extreme test voltage should be the nominal voltage of the battery. For equipment using other power sources, or capable of being operated from a variety of power sources, the extreme test voltages should be those agreed between the equipment manufacturer and the type testing authority and should be recorded with the results. intermittent operation: the manufacturer should state the maximum time that the equipment is intended to transmit and the necessary standby period before repeating a transmit period limited Frequency Range: a specified smaller frequency range within the full frequency range over which the measurement is made The details of the calculation of the limited frequency range should be given in the relevant ETS or EN. The limited frequency range should be used in the measurement of receiver spurious response immunity to enable a detailed search for responses close to the wanted frequency. Outside the limited frequency range the receiver spurious response immunity should be measured at frequencies where it is calculated that a spurious response could occur. maximum permissible frequency deviation: the maximum value of frequency deviation stated for the relevant channel separation and is shown in table 1: Table 1 Channel separation (kHz) Maximum permissible frequency deviation (kHz) 12,5 ±2,5 20,0 ±4,0 25,0 ±5,0 NOTE: The above values of deviation are equal to 20 % of the channel separation. measurement uncertainty: an estimate characterizing the range of values within which the true value of a measurand lies nominal frequency: one of the channel frequencies on which the equipment is designed to operate nominal mains voltage: the declared voltage or any of the declared voltages for which the equipment was designed normal test conditions: test conditions defined in terms of temperature, humidity and supply voltage ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 14 The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests should be any convenient combination of temperature and humidity within the following ranges: • Temperature: +15°C to +35°C; • Relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %. The actual temperature and humidity should be recorded in the test report for each measurement. If it is impractical to carry out the tests under the foregoing conditions, a note stating that the actual temperature and humidity were outside normal test conditions should be added to the report. The normal test voltage for equipment connected to the mains should be the nominal mains voltage. The frequency of the nominal mains voltage should be between 49 Hz and 51 Hz. The normal test voltage for equipment intended for use with lead acid batteries fitted on vehicles and charged from a regulator should be 1,1 times the nominal voltage of the battery. The nominal voltage of a lead acid cell should be taken to be 2 V. If other power sources or types of battery (primary or secondary) are required for operation then the normal test voltage should be that declared by the equipment manufacturer. normal deviation: the frequency deviation for analogue signals which is equal to 12 % of the channel separation psophometric weighting network: as described in ITU-T Recommendation O.41 [13] rated audio output power: the maximum output power under normal test conditions, and at standard test modulations (A- M1, see subclause 2.2.18), as declared by the manufacturer rated radio frequency output power: the maximum carrier power under normal test conditions, as declared by the manufacturer SINAD: acronym for "signal plus noise plus distortion to noise plus distortion ratio" expressed in decibels test load: a 50 Ωsubstantially non-reactive, non-radiating power attenuator which is capable of safely dissipating the power from the transmitter test modulation: a baseband signal which modulates a carrier and is dependent upon the type of equipment under test and also the measurement to be performed • Signals for analogue speech: A-M1: A 1 000 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the channel separation. A-M2: A 1 250 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the channel separation. A-M3: A 400 Hz tone at a level which produces a deviation of 12 % of the channel separation. This signal is used as an unwanted signal for analogue and digital measurements. • Signals for data (bit stream): The level of deviation used in digital measurements is system and method dependent (sub-carrier or direct modulation) and should be agreed between the testing authority and the supplier. At no time will it exceed 20 % of the channel separation. D-M0: A signal representing an infinite series of '0' bits. D-M1: A signal representing an infinite series of '1' bits. D-M2: A signal representing a pseudorandom bit sequence of at least 511 bits in accordance with CCITT Recommendation O.153 [14]. This sequence should be continuously repeated. This signal is used as a wanted signal. In the case of digital duplex measurements it is also used to modulate the transmitter but the sequence should start at a different time from the signal modulating the receiver. • Signals for data (messages): ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 15 D-M3: A test signal should be agreed between the testing authority and the manufacturer in the cases where it is not possible to measure a bit stream or if selective messages are used and are generated or decoded within an equipment. The agreed test signal may be formatted and may contain error detection and correction. For test purposes if special equipment is required to generate or indicate correct acceptance of the messages then it should be supplied by the manufacturer. Details of the test signal should be supplied in the test report. trigger device: a circuit or mechanism to trigger the oscilloscope timebase at the required instant. It may control the transmit function or inversely receive an appropriate command from the transmitter upper specified audio frequency limit: the maximum audio frequency of the audio pass-band and is dependent on the channel separation • For 20 kHz and 25 kHz channel separated systems the limit is 3 000 Hz; • for 12,5 kHz channel separated systems the limit is 2 550 Hz. wanted signal level: for conducted measurements the wanted signal level is defined as a level of +6 dB/µV emf referred to the receiver input under normal test conditions. Under extreme test conditions the value is +12 dB/µV emf For radiated measurements the wanted signal is defined as a field strength given in table 2: Table 2 Frequency Band Field strength in dB relative to 1 µµµµV/m (MHz) Normal test conditions Extreme test conditions 25 to < 100 14 20 100 to < 230 20 26 230 to < 470 26 32 470 to 1 000 32 38 For analogue measurements the wanted signal level has been chosen to be equal to the limit value of the measured usable sensitivity. For bit stream and message measurements the wanted signal has been chosen to be +3 dB above the limit value of measured usable sensitivity. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AC Alternating Current AF Audio Frequency D Distance in metres from equipment under test to the point at which measurements are made DC Direct Current emf electromotive force EUT Equipment Under Test IF Intermediate Frequency LPDA Log Periodic Directional Antenna NaCl Sodium chloride RF Radio Frequency rms root mean square Rx Receiver SINAD SIgnal plus Noise And Distortion divided by noise plus distortion TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TEM Transverse Electromagnetic wave ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 16 Tx Transmitter VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4 General arrangements | |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.1 Power measuring receiver | A power measuring receiver is used for the measurement of the adjacent channel power of a transmitter. There are three different types of receiver that come under the general heading of power measuring receiver. They are: - a Spectrum Analyser; - a Measuring receiver with digital filters; - an Adjacent Channel Power Meter with mechanical filters. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.1.1 Spectrum analyser | To use a spectrum analyser in the measurement of adjacent channel power, the transmitter under test is connected via a matching and attenuating network and the level of the carrier recorded as reference. The adjacent channel power is then calculated from 9 spectrum analyser sample readings by means of Simpson's Rule. This method is usually employed for channel spacings outside the land mobile range, such as 50 kHz or 100 kHz. The uncertainty of this measurement is of the order of ±2 dB to ±3 dB. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.1.2 Measuring receiver with digital filters | The transmitter under test is connected to a measuring receiver with digital filters through a matching and attenuating network as in the adjacent channel power meter method above. This method involves the measurement of the transmitter adjacent channel power by sampling the power in the adjacent channels. The measuring receiver with digital filters is normally for 10 kHz 12,5 kHz 20 kHz and 25 kHz channel spacings. The uncertainty of this measurement is of the order of ±0,5 dB to ±1 dB. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.1.3 Adjacent channel power meter | The transmitter under test is connected to an adjacent channel power meter through a matching and attenuating network. The meter consists of a mixer, an IF filter, an amplifier, a variable attenuator and a level indicator, as shown in figure 1. The local oscillator signal for the adjacent channel power meter is usually a low noise signal generator. Input Mixer IF Filter Amplifier/ Attenuator Level indicator Oscillator Figure 1: Schematic of an adjacent channel power meter The test method involves the measurement of the transmitter adjacent channel power by off-setting the IF filter which has a very well defined shape. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 17 |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.1.3.1 IF filter | The IF filter should be within the limits of the selectivity characteristics given in figure 2. Depending on the channel separation, the selectivity characteristics should keep the frequency separations and tolerances given in table 2A. The minimum attenuation of the filter outside the 90 dB attenuation points should be equal to or greater than 90 dB. NOTE 1: A symmetrical filter can be used provided that each side meets the tighter tolerances and the D0 points have been calibrated relative to the -6 dB response. When a non-symmetrical filter is used the receiver should be designed such that the tighter tolerance is used close to the carrier. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 18 D4' D4 D3' D3 D2' D1' D0 D1 dB 90 26 6 2 0 D2 Nominal frequency of the EUT Nominal frequency of the lower adjacent channel Nominal frequency of the upper adjacent channel D4' D4 D3' D3 D2' D1' D0 D1 D2 kHz kHz NOTE: This lower adjacent filter shape is a mirror image of the upper adjacent channel. Figure 2: Power measuring receiver filter shape ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 19 Table 2A: Power measuring filter shape Point Attenuation relative to passband (dB) Distance in kHz from D2 (-6 dB ref.) for channel separations of: 10 kHz 12,5 kHz 20 kHz 25 kHz D4 90 -5,25 * -5,25 * -5,25 * D3 26 -1,25 * -1,25 * -1,25 * D2 6 0 0 0 D1 2 1,25 * 3,00 * 3,00 * D0 0, +2 4,25 ±±±± 0,1 7,00 ±±±± 0,1 8,00 ±±±± 0,1 D1' 2 7,25 ±±±± 2,0 11,00 ±±±± 3,0 13,00 ±±±± 3,5 D2' 6 8,50 ±±±± 2,0 14,00 ±±±± 3,0 16,00 ±±±± 3,5 D3' 26 9,75 ±±±± 2,0 15,25 ±±±± 3,0 17,25 ±±±± 3,5 D4' 90 13,75 + 2,0 - 6,0 19,25 + 3,0 - 7,0 21,25 + 3,5 - 7,5 NOTE 2: The values with an asterisk appended are maximum distances from the D2 reference. NOTE 3: D0 is the nominal centre of the template of the filter and may be used as the reference with respect to the nominal frequency of the adjacent channel. Caution should be exercised when a non-symmetrical filter is used. In these cases the meter should have been designed such that the tighter tolerance filter slope is used close to the carrier. This type of equipment is used to measure adjacent channel power in systems employing channel spacings of 10 kHz, 12,5 kHz, 20 kHz and 25 kHz. The uncertainty of this measurement is of the order of ±3 dB to ±4 dB. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.1.3.2 Oscillator and amplifier | The measurement of the reference frequencies and the setting of the local oscillator frequency should be within ±50 Hz. The mixer, oscillator and the amplifier should be designed in such a way that the measurement of the adjacent channel power of an unmodulated test signal source, whose noise has a negligible influence on the measurement result, yields a measured value of ≤-90 dB for channel separation of 20 kHz and 25 kHz and of ≤-80 dB for a channel separation of 12,5 kHz referred to the level of the test signal source. The linearity of the amplifier should be such that an error in the reading of no more than 1,5 dB will be obtained over an input level variation of 100 dB. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.1.3.3 Attenuation indicator | The attenuation indicator should have a minimum range of 80 dB and a resolution of 1 dB. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.1.3.4 Level indicators | Two level indicators are required to cover the rms and the peak transient measurement. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.1.3.4.1 Rms level indicator | The rms level indicator should indicate non-sinusoidal signals accurately within a ratio of 10:1 between peak value and rms value. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.1.3.4.2 Peak level indicator | The peak level indicator should indicate accurately and store the peak power level. For the transient power measurement the indicator bandwidth should be greater than twice the channel separation. A storage oscilloscope or a spectrum analyser may be used as a peak level indicator. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 20 |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.2 Test discriminator | The test discriminator consists of a mixer and local oscillator (auxiliary frequency) to convert the transmitter frequency to be measured into the frequency of a broadband limiter amplifier and of a broadband discriminator with the following characteristics: • The discriminator should be sensitive and accurate enough to cope with transmitter carrier powers as low as 1 mW. • The discriminator should be fast enough to display the frequency deviation (approximately 100 kHz/100 ms). • The discriminator output should be DC coupled. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.3 Test sites | There are four test sites which may be used for determining absolute values during radiated tests. These are the Anechoic Chamber, an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane, an Open Area Test Site and a Stripline. These test sites are generally referred to as free field test sites. An additional type of test site is the Test Fixture. However, this can only be used for relative measurements since the coupling mechanism between the coupling probe and an EUT is generally too complex to model theoretically. All five test sites are discussed below. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.3.1 Description of an Anechoic Chamber | An Anechoic Chamber is an enclosure, usually shielded, whose internal walls, floor and ceiling are covered with radio absorbing material, normally of the pyramidal urethane foam type. The chamber usually contains an antenna support at one end and a turntable at the other. A typical Anechoic Chamber is shown in figure 3. Turntable Test antenna Antenna support Antenna support Radio absorbing material Range length 3 m or 10 m Figure 3: A typical Anechoic Chamber The chamber shielding and radio absorbing material work together to provide a controlled environment for testing purposes. This type of test chamber attempts to simulate free space conditions. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 21 The shielding provides a test space, with reduced levels of interference from ambient signals and other outside effects, whilst the radio absorbing material minimizes unwanted reflections from the walls and ceiling which can influence the measurements. In practice it is relatively easy for shielding to provide high levels (80 dB to 140 dB) of ambient interference rejection, normally making ambient interference negligible. No design of radio absorbing material, however, satisfies the requirement of complete absorption of all the incident power (it cannot be perfectly manufactured and installed) and its return loss (a measure of its efficiency) varies with frequency, angle of incidence and in some cases, is influenced by high power levels of incident radio energy. To improve the return loss over a broader frequency range, ferrite tiles, ferrite grids and hybrids of urethane foam and ferrite tiles are used with varying degrees of success. The Anechoic Chamber generally has several advantages over other test facilities. There is minimal ambient interference, minimal floor, ceiling and wall reflections and it is independent of the weather. It does however have some disadvantages which include limited measuring distance and limited lower frequency usage due to the size of the pyramidal absorbers. Both absolute and relative measurements can be performed in an Anechoic Chamber. Where absolute measurements are to be carried out, or where the test facility is to be used for accredited measurements, the chamber should be verified. The verification procedure involves the transmission of a known signal level from one calibrated antenna (usually a dipole) at a specified fixed height on the turntable and the measurement of the received signal level in a second calibrated antenna (also usually a dipole). By comparison of the transmitted and received signal levels, an "insertion loss" can be deduced. After inclusion of any correction factors to the measurement, the figure of loss which results from the verification procedure, is known as "Site Attenuation". A comparison is then made of the measured performance to that of an ideal theoretical chamber, with acceptability being decided on the basis of the differences not exceeding some pre-determined limits. A fully detailed procedure for verifying the performance of an Anechoic Chamber is given in ETR 273 [6]. Field uniformity in an Anechoic Chamber resulting from constructive and destructive interference of the direct and any residual reflected fields can be minimal, but will still vary, depending on the quality of the absorber, in amplitude, phase, impedance and polarization from one measurement point to another and from one frequency to another within the test volume or test area. All types of emission, sensitivity and immunity testing can be carried out within an Anechoic Chamber without limitation although it is more usual for adjacent channel power and most immunity testing to be performed in a Test Fixture. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.3.2 Description of an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane | An Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane is an enclosure, usually shielded, whose internal walls and ceiling are covered with radio absorbing material, normally of the pyramidal urethane foam type. The floor, which is metallic, is not covered and forms the ground plane. The chamber usually contains an antenna mast at one end and a turntable at the other. A typical Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane is shown in figure 4. This type of test chamber attempts to simulate an ideal Open Area Test Site (historically, the reference site upon which the majority, if not all, of the specification limits have been set) whose primary characteristic is a perfectly conducting ground plane of infinite extent. The chamber shielding and radio absorbing material work together (in the same manner as described in subclause 4.3.1) to provide a controlled environment for testing purposes. Both absolute and relative measurements can be performed in an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane. Where absolute measurements are to be carried out, or where the test facility is to be used for accredited measurements, the chamber should be verified. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 22 The verification procedure involves the transmission of a known signal level from one calibrated antenna (usually a dipole) at a specified fixed height on the turntable and the measurement of the received signal level in a second calibrated antenna (also usually a dipole) which has been "peaked" by raising and lowering the antenna on the mast to obtain the maximum constructive interference of the direct and reflected signals from the transmitting antenna. By comparison of the transmitted and received signal levels, an "insertion loss" can be deduced. After inclusion of any correction factors to the measurement, the figure of loss which results from the verification procedure, is known as "Site Attenuation". A comparison is then made of the measured performance to that of an ideal theoretical chamber, with acceptability being decided on the basis of the differences not exceeding some pre-determined limits. A fully detailed procedure for verifying the performance of an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane is given in ETR 273 [6]. Range length 3 m or 10 m Turntable Test antenna Antenna mast Ground plane Radio absorbing material Figure 4: A typical Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane In this facility the ground plane creates the wanted reflection path, such that the signal received by the receiving antenna is the sum of the signals from both the direct and reflected transmission paths. This creates a unique received signal level for each height of the transmitting antenna (or EUT) and the receiving antenna above the ground plane. In use, the antenna mast provides a variable height facility so that the elevation height of the test antenna can be optimized for maximum coupled signal between antennas or between an EUT and the test antenna. Under these conditions, emission testing involves firstly "peaking" the field strength from the EUT by raising and lowering the receiving antenna on the mast (to obtain the maximum constructive interference of the direct and reflected signals from the EUT) and then rotating the turntable for a "peak" in the azimuth plane. At this height of the test antenna on the mast, the amplitude of the received signal is noted. Secondly the EUT is replaced by a substitution antenna (positioned at the EUT's phase or volume centre) which is connected to a signal generator. The signal is again "peaked" and the signal generator output adjusted until the level, noted in stage one, is again measured on the receiving device. Receiver sensitivity tests over a ground plane also involve "peaking" the field strength by raising and lowering the test antenna on the mast to obtain the maximum constructive interference of the direct and reflected signals, this time using a measuring antenna which has been positioned where the phase or volume centre of the EUT will be during testing. A transform factor is derived. The test antenna remains at the same height for stage two, during which the measuring antenna is replaced by the EUT. The amplitude of the transmitted signal is reduced to determine the field strength level at which a specified response is obtained from the EUT. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 23 The field uniformity due to constructive or destructive interference of the direct and reflected fields, may vary considerably in amplitude, phase, impedance and polarization from one measurement point to another and from one frequency to another within the test volume. For this reason, immunity tests (involving two or more signals at different frequencies) should not be carried out in an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane since the interference makes it is difficult to sweep the frequency and maintain a constant field strength at the EUT. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.3.3 Description of an Open Area Test Site | An Open Area Test Site comprises a turntable at one end and an antenna mast of variable height at the other set above a ground plane which, in the ideal case, is perfectly conducting and of infinite extent. In practice, whilst good conductivity can be achieved, the ground plane size has to be limited. A typical Open Area Test Site is shown in figure 5. Range length 3 or 10 m Turntable Ground plane Dipole antennas Antenna mast Figure 5: A typical Open Area Test Site The ground plane creates a wanted reflection path, such that the signal received by the receiving antenna is the sum of the signals received from the direct and reflected transmission paths. The phasing of these two signals creates a unique received level for each height of the transmitting antenna (or EUT) and the receiving antenna above the ground plane. In practice, the antenna mast provides a variable height facility so that the position of the test antenna can be optimized for maximum coupled signal between antennas or between an EUT and the test antenna. Both absolute and relative measurements can be performed on an Open Area Test Site. Where absolute measurements are to be carried out, or where the test facility is to be used for accredited measurements, the Open Area Test Site should be verified. The verification procedure involves the transmission of a known signal level from one calibrated antenna (usually a dipole) at a specified fixed height on the turntable and the measurement of the received signal level in a second calibrated antenna (also usually a dipole) which has been "peaked" by raising and lowering the antenna on the mast to obtain the maximum constructive interference of the direct and reflected signals from the transmitting antenna. By comparison of the transmitted and received signal levels, an "insertion loss" can be deduced. After inclusion of any correction factors to the measurement, the figure of loss which results from the verification procedure, is known as "Site Attenuation". A comparison is then made of the measured performance to that of an ideal theoretical chamber, with acceptability being decided on the basis of the differences not exceeding some pre-determined limits. A fully detailed procedure for verifying the performance of an Open Area Test Site is given in ETR 273 [6]. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 24 For a discussion of the practicalities of emission, sensitivity and immunity testing on an Open Area Test Site, reference should be made to subclause 4.3.2 since the considerations are the same as for an Anechoic Chamber with a ground plane. The Open Area Test Site is, historically, the reference site upon which the majority, if not all, of the specification limits have been set. The ground plane was introduced for uniformity of ground conditions, between test sites, during testing. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.3.4 Description of Striplines | A Stripline is essentially a transmission line in the same sense as a coaxial cable. It sets up an electromagnetic field between the plates in a similar way that a coaxial cable sets up fields between inner and outer conductors. In both cases, the basic mode of propagation is in the form of a transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) i.e. a wave which possesses single electric and magnetic field components, transverse to the direction of propagation, as in the case of propagation in free-space. Stripline test facilities, therefore, are transmission lines constructed with their plates separated sufficiently for an EUT to be inserted between them. There are various types of Stripline test facilities, mainly comprising either 2 or 3 plates. The 3 plate designs are available as either open or closed i.e. the fields can either extend into the region surrounding the line or they can be totally enclosed by metal side plates. Typical 2 and 3-plate open Striplines are shown in figure 6. For the 3-plate open cell, the middle plate can be either symmetrically spaced between the outer two (as shown in figure 6), or offset more towards the bottom or top plate. 2-plate 3-plate Centre plate Figure 6: Typical open 2-plate and 3-plate Stripline test facilities For all versions of the open Stripline, some portion of the electromagnetic field extends beyond the physical extent of the line since the sides are not enclosed by metal. As a direct consequence, the performance of an open cell is dependent not only on its construction but also on its immediate environment - the cell interacting with physical objects which may be present e.g. test equipment, people, etc., as well as suffering from the influences of external electrical effects such as local ambient signals and resonances of the room in which the cell is located. Shielding the room has the benefit of eliminating ambient signals but can seriously increase the magnitude of the room resonance effects (the room acting like a large resonant waveguide cavity). Where a shielded room is used to locate the open Stripline, strategic use of absorbing panels (for damping resonance effects and generally reducing other interactions) is regarded as essential. Use of an open Stripline in a non-shielded room may cause interference to others. A typical closed Stripline (alternatively termed TEM cell) is shown in figure 7. The TEM cell is constructed using 5 plates, i.e. a central conductor in addition to four sides. Benefits, resulting from the enclosure on all four sides, include the elimination of effects due to external reflections, local ambient signals and room resonances suffered by the open Stripline. Drawbacks include internally generated resonances and a dramatic cost increase relative to the equivalent open version. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 25 Access door Centre plate Side plate Figure 7: A typical closed Stripline test facility A Stripline test facility needs a room much larger than itself in which to be installed. Room resonances can be encountered in rooms of rectangular cross-section at all frequencies satisfying the following formula: f x l y b z h = + + 150 2 2 2 MHz Here l, b and h are the length, breadth and height of the room in metres and x, y and z are mode numbers. The only condition limiting the use of this formula is that only one of x, y or z can be zero at any one time. For a room measuring 8 m × 8 m × 4 m, there are 25 resonant frequencies within the band 26,5 MHz to 120,1 MHz. This shows that, in principle, room resonances can pose major problems. Their effects are worse for rooms which are metal lined for shielding from ambient signals. In this condition, the room acts like a waveguide and will possess high Q-factors for some or all resonant frequencies. Their effects are to put sharp spikes into the field strength variation with frequency within the cells. In general, these can only be damped by the use of absorbing material placed around the cell. Other factors which can contribute to disturbance of the field within the Stripline include cabling (in terms of reflections and its possible parasitic effect) and local ambient effects. In general, to keep cabling problems to a minimum, these should be as short as possible within the Stripline, gain access to the test area via small holes in the bottom plate and be heavily loaded with ferrite beads. To completely nullify ambient signals, a shielded room is required but the above discussion of resonances should be borne in mind. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.3.5 Discussion of a Test Fixture | A Test Fixture is, in most cases, individually constructed for testing a specific equipment type. It consists of a 50 ΩRF connector and a device for electromagnetically coupling to the EUT. It should also incorporate a means for repeatable positioning of the EUT. Figure 8 illustrates a typical Test Fixture. Low dielectric constant material Electromagnetic coupling "Probe" RF connector 50 Ω Figure 8: Basic, typical Test Fixture The coupling device usually comprises a small antenna that is placed, physically and electrically, close to the EUT. This antenna/coupling device is used for sampling or generating the test fields when the EUT is undergoing testing at extreme conditions of temperature and/or voltage. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 26 Test fixtures should be constructed in such a way that measurements are repeatable. This requires some specific mounting arrangements to be incorporated within the Test Fixture to secure the EUT in a fixed position. Such mounting arrangements would additionally help to maintain the relative polarization between the EUT and the coupling device. A typical scheme is shown in figure 9. Power/signal leads plus ferrite beads EUT Figure 9: EUT mounted in a typical Test Fixture A Test Fixture should enable adequate access to the EUT for interfacing with the test equipment. In particular, it should provide, where relevant, access to: - the "press to talk" button for a transmitter; - the modulator input for a transmitter; - the audio output for a receiver; - the power terminals for connection to an external power supply. The entire assembly of Test Fixture plus EUT is generally extremely compact and it can be regarded as a miniature test site. Its compactness enables the whole assembly to be accommodated within a test chamber (usually a climatic facility) that completely encloses the extreme condition. The circuitry associated with the RF coupling device should contain no active or non-linear components and should present a VSWR of better than 1,5:1 to a 50 Ωline. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.3.5.1 Performance limitations | The coupling mechanism between the EUT and the Test Fixture is extremely complex since the two are placed physically and electrically very close together. This complexity makes any attempt at theoretically modelling a Test Fixture's performance not only very difficult but also time consuming and costly. In practise, therefore, modelling is seldom attempted. The direct consequence of this is that absolute measurements cannot be made in a Test Fixture and any measurement results have to be related, in some way, to baseline results taken on a Free-Field Test Site. The usual way to relate the results is by a process, sometimes referred to as field equalization, in which the relevant parameter (effective radiated power, receiver sensitivity, etc.) is initially measured on a Free-Field Test Site under normal conditions and then subsequently re-measured using only the Test Fixture (with the EUT installed) also under normal conditions. The difference (in dB) of the two results (received signal level for an effective radiated power test, output power from a signal generator for a sensitivity test) is termed the coupling factor of the Test Fixture and provides the link between all the results of EUT tests carried out in the Test Fixture and its performance on a verified Free-Field Test Site. As a general rule, the coupling factor should not be greater than 20 dB. To reiterate, this key limitation for a Test Fixture can be stated in two ways: - only relative measurements can be made; - absolute measurements cannot be made. ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 27 A further limitation to the use of a Test Fixture results from the unknown variation of the coupling factor with frequency. This variation cannot be relied upon to be linear over large bandwidths and this puts a limit on those tests which can be accurately carried out. As a result, emission tests are generally limited to the nominal frequencies (for which the performance of the Test Fixture has been verified) of low power devices for effective radiated power and frequency error tests. Occasionally, however, adjacent channel power is tested. Similarly, receiver tests are normally limited to receiver sensitivity although, occasionally, co-channel rejection, adjacent channel selectivity, inter-modulation immunity and blocking are tested. Ideally, all Test Fixtures should be verified and where EUT testing will be required over a frequency band, the verification procedure should be extended to include the frequencies at the band edges. In any case, routine verification, perhaps every 6 months, should be carried out as a means of detecting any deterioration/change in performance. A fully detailed procedure for verifying the performance of a Test Fixture is given in ETR 273 [6]. Local ambient signals can potentially be problematic to measurements carried out in a Test Fixture, although very little uncertainty is introduced into transmitter tests, since EUT power levels will dominate. However, for receiver tests (i.e. sensitivity and various types of immunity testing) shielding may be required. Adequate shielding can be achieved by either using the Test Fixture within a metalized test chamber (e.g. climatic facility) or by enclosing it within a shielded room. In either case, one shall however be aware of the possible frequencies of resonance for these structures. Only integral antenna devices are tested in a Test Fixture. For devices possessing either permanent or temporary external RF connectors, all testing is carried out using conducted methods. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.4 Salty columns/artificial human beings | There are several forms of artificial human beings currently used in radiated testing. The three most commonly used types are the Saltwater column, the Salty man and Salty-lite. The Saltwater column has historically been used not only for testing body-worn devices e.g. paging receivers, but also for tests on maritime and other mobile equipment. It was the first in existence and is mainly used in measurements on body-worn equipment operating below 50 MHz. At higher frequencies, many tests are currently performed using two types of Salty man which are basically saltwater filled plastic cylinders of the height of an average adult. |
f968701d34274f489f6c9983c6c42197 | 100 027 | 4.4.1 Saltwater column | A Saltwater column comprises a plastic cylinder of side wall thickness 0,005 m, overall height 1,5 m and of inside diameter typically 0,01 m filled with a saline solution whose concentration of salt (NaCl) is 9,0 g per litre of distilled water (see figure 10). The Saltwater column has been used with the EUT either fixed to the side of the column (to simulate belt-worn or breast pocket-worn devices) or mounted on a hinged metal mounting bracket on the top metal mounting plate which enables an EUT to be oriented at various angles during measurements. Metal cap 0,015m dia. Saline solution Acrylic cylinder Hinged plate 1,5m 0,01m ID 9gm/ltr NaCl Acrylic end cap Figure 10: Typical saltwater column ETSI ETSI TR 100 027 V1.2.1 (1999-12) 28 No theoretical or experimental data concerning the Saltwater column has been found and due to its obvious dissimilarity with the human body, and the lack of data supporting its usage, it is recommended that the Saltwater column should not be used for body-worn equipment tests. The following discussions are therefore limited to the merits of Salty man and Salty-lite and the recommended frequency limitations of their use on Free-Field Test Sites. |
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