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6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9 Proactive Network Maintenance | |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.1 Scope | This clause defines the requirements supporting Proactive Network Maintenance (PNM). CMTS and cable modem features and capabilities can be leveraged to enable measurement and reporting of network conditions such that undesired impacts such as plant equipment and cable faults, interference from other systems and ingress... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.2 System Description | As shown in figure 9.1, the CMTS and CM contain test points which include essential functions of a spectrum analyzer, vector signal analyzer (VSA), and network analyzer, while the cable plant is considered the Device Under Test (DUT). The goal is to rapidly and accurately characterize, maintain and troubleshoot the ups... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3 Downstream PNM Requirements | |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3.1 Downstream Symbol Capture | The purpose of downstream symbol capture is to provide partial functionality of a network analyzer to analyze the response of the cable plant. At the CMTS, the transmitted frequency-domain modulation values of one full OFDM symbol before the IFFT are captured and made available for analysis. This includes the I and Q m... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3.2 Downstream Wideband Spectrum Analysis | The purpose of downstream wideband spectrum capture is to provide a downstream wideband spectrum analyzer function in the DOCSIS 3.1 CM similar to the capability provided in [i.2] and [i.3]. The CM shall provide a downstream wideband spectrum capture and analysis capability. The CM should provide the capability to capt... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3.3 Downstream Noise Power Ratio (NPR) Measurement | The purpose of downstream NPR measurement is to view the noise, interference and intermodulation products underlying a portion of the OFDM signal. As part of its normal operation or in an out-of-service test, the CMTS can define an exclusion band of zero-valued subcarriers which forms a spectral notch in the downstream... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3.4 Downstream Channel Estimate Coefficients | The purpose of this item is for the CM to report its estimate of the downstream channel response. The reciprocals of the channel response coefficients are typically used by the CM as its frequency-domain downstream equalizer coefficients. The channel estimate consists of a single complex value per subcarrier. [i.2] def... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3.5 Downstream Constellation Display | The downstream constellation display provides received QAM constellation points for display. Equalized soft decisions (I and Q) at the slicer input are collected over time, possibly subsampling to reduce complexity, and made available for analysis. Only data-bearing subcarriers with the specified QAM constellation are ... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3.6.0 RxMER per Subcarrier Overview | This item provides measurements of the receive modulation error ratio (RxMER) for each subcarrier. The CM measures the RxMER using pilots and PLC preamble symbols, which are not subject to symbol errors as data subcarriers would be. Since scattered pilots visit all data subcarriers and the PLC preamble symbols are know... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3.6.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Margin for Candidate Profile | The purpose of this item is to provide an estimate of the SNR margin available on the downstream data channel with respect to a candidate modulation profile. The CMTS has the capability described in [4] clause 7.8.1, CM and CMTS Profile Support, in which it sends test data to the CM to measure the performance of a tran... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3.7 Downstream FEC Statistics | The purpose of this item is to monitor downstream link quality via FEC and related statistics. Statistics are taken on FEC codeword error events, taking into account both the inner LDPC code and outer BCH code. Statistics are provided on each OFDM channel and for each profile being received by the CM. That is, if the C... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3.8 Downstream Histogram | The purpose of the downstream histogram is to provide a measurement of nonlinear effects in the channel such as amplifier compression and laser clipping. For example, laser clipping causes one tail of the histogram to be truncated and replaced with a spike. The CM shall be capable of capturing the histogram of time dom... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.3.9 Downstream Received Power | The purpose of the downstream received power metric is to measure the average received downstream power in a set of non-overlapping 6 MHz bands for any DOCSIS 3.0 and 3.1 signals in the receive channel set (RCS) of the CM including the DOCSIS 3.1 PLC. While digital power measurements are inherently accurate, the measur... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.4 Upstream PNM Requirements | |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.4.1 Upstream Capture for Active and Quiet Probe | The purpose of upstream capture is to measure plant response and view the underlying noise floor, by capturing at least one OFDM symbol during a scheduled active or quiet probe. An active probe provides the partial functionality of a network analyzer, since the input is known and the output is captured. This permits fu... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.4.2 Upstream Triggered Spectrum Analysis | The upstream triggered spectrum analysis measurement provides a wideband spectrum analyzer function in the CMTS which can be triggered to examine desired upstream transmissions as well as underlying noise/interference during a quiet period. The CMTS shall provide wideband upstream spectrum analysis capability covering ... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.4.3 Upstream Impulse Noise Statistics | Upstream Impulse noise statistics gather statistics of burst/impulse noise occurring in a selected narrow band as defined in [i.2]. A bandpass filter is positioned in an unoccupied upstream band. A threshold is set, energy exceeding the threshold triggers the measurement of an event, and energy falling below the thresh... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.4.4 Upstream Equalizer Coefficients | This item provides access to CM upstream pre-equalizer coefficients, and CMTS upstream adaptive equalizer coefficients, which taken together describe the linear response of the upstream cable plant for a given CM. The [i.3] specification defines summary metrics to avoid having to send all equalizer coefficients on ever... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.4.5 Upstream FEC Statistics | Upstream FEC statistics provide for monitoring upstream link quality via FEC and related statistics. Statistics are taken on codeword error events. The measurement is time-stamped using bits 21-52 of the extended timestamp, which provides a 32-bit timestamp value with resolution of 0,4 ms and range of 20 days. An LDPC ... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.4.6 Upstream Histogram | The purpose of the upstream histogram is to provide a measurement of nonlinear effects in the channel such as amplifier compression and laser clipping. For example, laser clipping causes one tail of the histogram to be truncated and replaced with a spike. The CMTS shall be capable of capturing the histogram of time dom... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.4.7 Upstream Channel Power | The purpose of the upstream channel power metric is to provide an estimate of the total received power in a specified OFDMA channel at the F connector input of the CMTS line card, or other agreed measurement point, for a given user. The measurement is based on upstream probes, which are typically the same probes used f... |
6bff1d8e6adfce5063e1e51e244276b5 | 103 311-2 | 9.4.8 Upstream Receive Modulation Error Ratio (RxMER) Per Subcarrier | This item provides measurements of the upstream receive modulation error ratio (RxMER) for each subcarrier. The CMTS measures the RxMER using an upstream probe, which is not subject to symbol errors as data subcarriers would be. The probes used for RxMER measurement are typically distinct from the probes used for pre-e... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 1 Scope | The present document, which is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable, specifies radio protocols for two LTN protocol families: • Lfour; and • DD-UNB. It contains an implementable description of the physical and MAC/link layers of these two protocols, and a section on implementation commonalities between the three LTN fami... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 2 References | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 2.1 Normative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which a... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 2.2 Informative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks i... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 3 Definitions of terms, symbols, and abbreviations | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 3.1 Terms | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply: CLEFIA: lightweight block cipher NOTE: As defined in ISO/IEC 29192-2 [1]. data-burst: sequence of consecutive radio bursts transmitted by an LTN entity network element: node in the DD-UNB system NOTE: A network element can refer to an EP, RP, OEP, BS,... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 3.2 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: Δfslowchirp Frequency difference between the start and end of secondary modulated PPDU as a result of chirp ΔT Symbol duration BWUL-Ch Bandwidth of UL channel used by EP in band of operation dB decibel fc Channel centre frequency fh Frequency of hig... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AC Acknowledge Codeword AES Advanced Encryption Standard BC Broadcast BCH Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem code BFSK Binary Frequency Shift Keying BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying BS Base Station BSGP Base-System Group BSID Base Station Identifier BW ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 4 General description | A LTN system according to the architecture document shall support one or more of the three protocol families described in the present document and in ETSI TS 103 357-2 [i.7]. The protocol families are designed to operate effectively in sub-GHz frequency bands. The protocol description offers particular mechanism to all... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5 Lfour family | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.1 Overview | If a LTN System supports LFour family, the following protocol description shall apply. The Lfour LTN family is a low power, wideband technology and supports star network topology in radio access network. The Lfour air interface description applies to A-interface between Class Z EP and one or more BSs. The Lfour LTN fam... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2 MAC layer description | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.1 Overview | MAC sub-layer specification applies to UL only as Lfour is an UL system. The MAC sub-layer for LTN air-interface provides following services: • Passing and Receiving User Plane Data to and from higher layer entity. • Assembling and Disassembling of MSDU. • Assembling and Disassembling of MAC Header Information. • Assem... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.2 MAC format in UL | MPDU shall be of fixed length of 184-bit and composed as shown in Figure 5-5. MSDU lengths of 128-bit (Type 1) and 64-bit (Type 2) shall be supported. Figure 5-5: MPDU format |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3 MAC function in UL | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.1 Assembling of MSDU | A 128-bit fixed length MSDU shall be formed from byte aligned MSDU of size less than or equal to 128-bits. If MSDU payload size is less than 128-bits, then it shall be padded with zero (0) to form 128-bit MSDU. The payload size is pre-configured for an EP and known to the BS(s). |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.2 Assembling of Header Field | A 32-bit header comprising entirely of address field shall be concatenated to the start of zero-padded MSDU payload. |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.3 Insertion of Check Sum | 24-bit CRC shall be generated using following polynomial and initial state set to all one's (0xFFFFFF). 24 23 18 17 14 11 10 7 6 5 4 3 1 1 The CRC shall be concatenated to the end of zero-padded MSDU payload. |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.4 Provisioning of PHY Parameter | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.4.1 PHY Mode | The PHY Mode of operation for an EP shall be set to one of Mode A, B, or C. This is pre-configured for the EP and known to the BS(s). |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.4.2 Repetitions | The value of shall be provided and set as below. This value is pre-configured for an EP and known to the BS(s). 0 31 ETSI ETSI TS 103 357-1 V2.1.1 (2024-06) 16 |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.4.3 Encryption Parameters | The parameters for encryption control and operation shall be provided as in Table 5-2. These parameters are pre-configured for an EP and known to the BS(s). Table 5-2: Encryption Parameters Parameter provided to PHY Type AES128 or ISO/IEC 29192-2 [1] CLEFIA Key 128-bit sequence Pseudo random number 128-bit sequence Con... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.4.4 PHY Parameters | Parameters used in pseudo-random code generation for synchronization and scrambling shall be provided. These parameters are pre-configured for an EP and known to the BS(s). |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.4.5 Operation Band | Operational frequency band(s) for EP UL operation shall be provided. This parameter is preconfigured for an EP and known to the BS(s). |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.4.6 Channel Access | Parameters used to access channel for EP UL operation shall be provided. These parameters are pre-provisioned for an EP and known to BS(s). Table 5-3: Channel Access Parameters Parameter Value Description Access Type (NAccess) 0-7 (integer) 0: Access Type is Duty-Cycle (DC) 1-6: Access Type is Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.3.4.7 Transmission Frame | Parameters used to calculate time of transmission for initial and repetition PPDUs as defined in Table 5-4 shall be provided. These parameters are pre-provisioned for an EP and known to BS(s). Table 5-4: Transmission Frame Parameters Parameter Value Description Frame Duration (Ttx-frame) 0-15 (integer) 0: 5 s (Mode A),... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.4 MAC procedures | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.4.1 Overview | As Lfour is an UL-only system, medium access is defined for EP, but not for BS. While MAC processing is the same for each PHY Mode, operational parameters related to time and frequency are dependent on the following pre-provisioned parameters: • PHY Mode, see clause 5.2.3.4.1. • Operation Band see clause 5.2.3.4.5. • C... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.4.2 End-point Operation | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.4.2.1 Overview | The EP operation for channel access shall apply to initial transmission and repetition of PPDUs and comprises of frequency selection, time selection and channel assessment procedures respectively. |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.4.2.2 Repetition Procedure | An EP shall make Nrepetitions repetitions of a PPDU following its initial transmission, value of which is defined in clause 5.2.3.4.2. |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.4.2.3 Frequency Selection Procedure | Upon initiating the transmission of initial PPDU or repetition PPDU, frequency selection shall be performed by EP in two step procedure: Step 1: Centre frequency Channel Centre frequency (fc) shall be determined as follows: • If "Transmission Type" is set to "0", then fc shall be centre frequency of randomly selected c... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.4.2.4 Transmission Start Time Selection Procedure | The transmission start time t0 of initial PPDU shall be determined based on pre-configured Channel Access Parameters in Table 5-3. If "Transmission Type" is set to "0", transmission time t0 shall be selected at random. If "Transmission Type" is set to "1", transmission start time selection shall be performed by an EP i... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.2.4.2.5 Channel Assessment Procedure | Channel assessment procedure shall apply to initial and repetition PPDU if Channel Access Parameter "Access Type" in Table 5-3 is set to a value between 1 and 6. A flow chart depicting steps is shown in Figure 5-6. Assume counter i = 1: • Carrier Sense: - Presence of signal shall be assessed over UL channel of operatio... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3 PHY layer description | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.1 Overview | Figure 5-7: PHY Functional Overview ETSI ETSI TS 103 357-1 V2.1.1 (2024-06) 20 |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.2 PHY format in UL | A PHY PDU or PPDU shall be of fixed size dependant on PHY Mode defined in clause 5.2.3.4.1 as shown in Table 5-5 and comprises of interleaved synchronization signal and coded payload bits as illustrated in Figure 5-7. Table 5-5: PPDU Size PHY Mode PPDU Size (number of bits) Mode A 2 496 Mode B 9 616 Mode C 9 616 |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3 PHY function in UL | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.1 Forward Error Correction | All PSDUs shall be coded for forward error correction with LDPC parameters in Table 5-6 as per the description below. Table 5-6: LDPC Parameters Code rate 1/4 Kldpc 184 Nldpc 736 Mldpc 552 LDPC code with rate R=1/4 shall be applied to form Coded Block size of =4 × where = SizeMPDU, i.e. ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.2 Rate Matching | The output from FEC, coded block of size , shall follow the Rate matching procedure based on parameters defined in Table 5-8 and as per steps illustrated in Figure 5-8 and described below. Figure 5-8: Rate match procedure Table 5-8: Rate match parameters Size (bits) Mode A Mode B Mode C 736 ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.3 Encryption | Encryption code generated from 128-bit key shall be applied to PPDU payload. Encryption is based on AES128 or ISO/IEC 29192-2 [1] CLEFIA set through Encryption parameters described in clause 5.2.3.4.3 and operates under counter mode. Encryption scheme is shown in Figure 5-11. A 128-bit Pseudo random number, 128-bit key... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.4 Synchronization Signal Insertion | The rate matched PPDU payload including the guard bits shall be concatenated with a synchronization signal of length where: Lsync= 832 bits (Mode A) and 4 808 bits (Mode B and C) Synchronization signal shall be a truncated gold code with polynomials as follows: M-Sequence 1: p1(x) = x[25] + x[3] + 1 M-Sequence 2:... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.5 Interleaving | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.5.1 Mode A Interleaver | The input to interleaver comprises of: • 832 synchronization signal bits denoted by bs0, bs1…bs831 • 8 guard bits denoted by bg0, bg1…bg7 • 1 656 encoded bits denoted by be0, be1…be1655 The interleaver shall follow below procedure: • First two synchronization signal bits are each followed by two guard bits in order, i.... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.5.2 Mode B and C Interleaver | The input to interleaver comprises of: • 4 808 synchronization signal bits denoted by bs0, bs1…bs4807 • 8 guard bits denoted by bg0, bg1…bg7 • 4 800 encoded bits denoted by be0, be1…be4799 The interleaver shall follow below procedure: • First four synchronization signal bits are each followed by one guard bit in order,... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.6 Scrambling | Scrambling shall be applied over PPDU with M-sequence generator shown as below and illustrated in Figure 5-17. [24]+[23]+[18]+[17]+[14]+[11]+[10] +[7] +[6]+[5] +[4]+[3]++1 Initial state of generator polynomial shall be set to a value as per clause 5.2.3.4.4. The state of polynomial shall be initialized to ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.7 Modulation | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.7.1 Introduction | Modulation procedure shall comprise of primary and secondary modulation stages and applied according to PHY Mode defined in clause 5.2.3.4.1. |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.7.2 Primary Modulation | π/2-shift BPSK modulation shall be applied to scrambled PPDU, as shown in Figure 5-18, and based on bit mapping and phase assignment according to Table 5-9 and Table 5-10. The modulated PPDU thus generated is ready for transmission on air for PHY Modes B and C. Figure 5-18: Primary Modulation Table 5-9: BPSK Mapper Bit... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.3.7.3 Secondary Modulation | If PHY Mode is set to Mode A in clause 5.2.3.4.1, then secondary modulation shall be applied to primary modulated PPDU. Secondary modulation shall be a linear chirp sequence derived from chirp rate β = 387,430 kHz/s and applied over π/2-shift BPSK modulated signal. The resultant sweep frequency is defined as: ∆ ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.4 PHY Procedures | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.4.1 Overview | The UL physical layer uses randomization in time and frequency for PPDU transmissions to achieve high system capacity. Channel Access parameters defined in clause 5.2.3.4.6 determines if transmission is asynchronous or synchronous. While time synchronization may be achieved using various methods, "Synchronous Pattern-1... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.4.2 Synchronous Pattern-1 | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.4.2.1 Frame structure | If "Transmission Type" in Table 5-3 is set to "1", then transmission of PPDUs shall be carried out by EPs in a synchronous manner according to procedure specified in this clause. In time domain, a frame structure is employed as per parameters "Frame Duration" and "Slot Duration" in Table 5-4. A resultant frame with a g... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.4.2.2 Time and frequency hopping | Lfour enabled EPs shall perform frequency hopping for initial and repetition PPDUs and time-slot hopping within defined frame for initial PPDU as a function of following parameters: • FH_RNG denotes available number of channels in the "Operation Band" as defined in clause 5.2.3.4.5. • GP_RNG denotes available number of... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.3.4.2.3 Pseudo-random seed generation | A PRN generator comprises of two LFSRs, LFSR1 and LFSR2 respectively, where: LFSR1 uses 32-bit shift register initialized to polynomial TXID as defined in clause 5.3.4.2.2 and with polynomial P(x) in its feedback path: P(x) = x[32] + x[7] + x[5] + x[3] + x[2] + x[1] + 1 ETSI ETSI TS 103 357-1 V2.1.1 (2024-06) 31 LFSR2 ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.4 Radio characteristics | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.4.1 Overview | Lfour enabled EP shall be configured to comply with the regional harmonized or global regulations applicable to spectrum of use. An EP may be configured to operate in more than one, i.e. non-contiguous frequency bands. |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 5.4.2 Band-plan | Lfour UL operation requires frequency spectrum of at least 200 kHz for Access Type "0" and at least 600 kHz for Access Type values "1..6", where Access Type refers to parameter defined in clause 5.2.3.4.6. If total bandwidth of Operation Band(s) defined in clause 5.2.3.4.5 is more than 200 kHz, then the band(s) are spl... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1 System overview | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.1 System elements | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.1.1 Architecture | A LTN system running DD-UNB protocol comprises a Service Centre (SC), a number of Base Stations (BSs), and many End-Points (EPs). Some EP may not be in the coverage area of a BS (referred to as Orphaned End-Points or OEP). OEP can be connected to the network using a relay link through another EP (called Relay Point or ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.1.2 Service Centre | The present document describes a DD-UNB system with a single SC. It is possible to have multiple linked Service Centres to increase capacity for very large systems, but such an arrangement is implementation-specific and out of scope of the present document. |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.1.3 Base station | A DD-UNB BS includes a transmitter and a receiver. The receiver typically has an analogue bandwidth greater than 15 kHz and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) which can receive multiple concurrent DD-UNB signals on different frequencies within that bandwidth. The transmitter typically operates at higher power levels (500 ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.1.4 End-points | An EP can receive a single DL transmission or transmit a single UL signal on a single frequency at any one time; this can be on the A or A"-interface. The A"-interface is used by an EP to communicate with a BS via another EP acting as a Relay Point (RP). The DD-UNB system is not designed to operate as a multi-hop mesh ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.2 Protocol Overview | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.2.1 Introduction | The DD-UNB protocol is based on the OSI reference model. A typical implementation of DD-UNB is illustrated in Figure 6-1 (for downlink). Physical layer (PHY) and Medium Access Control (part of layer 2 - Data Link Layer (DLL)) are described in the present document. The remainder of DLL and higher layers are implementati... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.2.2 Protocol Termination Points | The present document specifies behaviour of PHY and MAC. A typical implementation of DD-UNB provides functionality at higher layers and this clause describes how protocols at those layers might be terminated to provide support for typical applications. Figure 6-2 describes the A-interface protocol DL termination points... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.2.3 System Addressing and Identities | Several address types are used by DD-UNB protocol to address different entities in each system: • A unique 10 bit Short System ID (SSID) is used to identify the system. • End-Point ID (EPID) is a unique 32 bit BSGP allocated for each EP in the system. • Base Station ID (BSID) is a unique 13 bit identifier allocated for... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.3 Upper Layer Principles | DD-UNB provides the L1 / MAC mechanisms to support the implementation of a guaranteed delivery mechanism for streams of Data PDUs (or a definite indication of failure and, in this case, an indication of which blocks have been delivered). Acknowledge PDUs can be used by both L2 and L3 to provide acknowledgement, repetit... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.4 Layer 3 (NET) Overview | Layer 3 is implementation-dependent. In a DD-UNB implementation many connections are typically "semi-permanent": • a connection is set up when an EP begins operation and not removed unless one or both ends of the connection cease operation. However this is not mandated. |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.5 Layer 2 (DLL) Overview | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.5.1 Overview | DD-UNB Layer 1 is designed to support a range of Layer 2 implementations, but the present document details the MAC sub-layer employed in DD-UNB. DD-UNB Layer 2 is also designed to support message encryption and authentication of application messages, although other approaches to encryption may be implemented if require... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.5.2 MAC Sublayer | Medium Access Control (MAC) is considered as a DLL sublayer. Medium access in the downlink and A" downlink is based upon the spectrum access rules including regulatory duty cycle limitation. However, in the Uplink and A" Uplink there is potential for multiple EP to transmit simultaneously, therefore MAC is employed to ... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.6 Layer 1 (PHY) Overview | |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.6.1 Frequency use | A-interface Downlink and Uplink frequencies may or may not be the same; regulatory constraints suggest they will typically be different. Frequency planning may be employed to manage interference between cells. A"-interface Downlink and Uplink transmissions are intended for reception by EP (i.e. by OEP, and by EP config... |
8b6d4106d11993cc2e728ec36f5b938d | 103 357-1 | 6.1.6.2 A-interface Downlink and Uplink timing | The UL and DL physical layer operates using TDD with a frame of 60 timeslots, each of length 400 ms. A frame comprises Downlink, Uplink and Uplink Acknowledge subframes, as illustrated in Figure 6-7. The allocation of timeslots to these subframes is variable and is broadcast by the BS for each frame. For relay operatio... |
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