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fa742d9028d9c2c0545129f7155d0c8e | 103 147 | 5.3 GCSMSC and GCR Redundancy for VGCS/VBS | |
fa742d9028d9c2c0545129f7155d0c8e | 103 147 | 5.3.1 Main concept | Coexistence of VGCS/VBS and RANflex provides the functionality of VGCS/VBS in a network supporting RANflex, however it does not support redundancy of the network entities required for VGCS/VBS, the Group Call Serving MSC (GCSMSC) and its associated GCR. In order to ensure that the group call attributes are available ev... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 1 Scope | The present document is applicable to an analogue presented interface intended to deliver 3,1 kHz voiceband services which terminates a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) with 2-wire local loops. The signal is digitally encoded on the network side of the interface, but the technology is not specified. The present... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 2 References | The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. • References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. • ... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: answer signal: indication that a terminal is answering an incoming call called party answer signal: signal which may be provided at the call originating NTP by the network to indicate that the called party has answered the call clear i... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 3.2 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: dBV the absolute voltage level expressed as dB relative to 1 V dBm0 the absolute power level in dBm referred to a point of zero relative level (dBm is the absolute power level expressed as dB relative to 1 mVA) dBmp decibel psophometrically weighted... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AC Alternating Current AGC Automatic Gain Control DC Direct Current DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency IDP Inter-Digital Pause LD Loop Disconnect LF Loading Factor LU Loading Unit NGN New Generation Networks NTP Network Termination Point PCM Pulse... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 4 General | The performance of interfaces according to the present document is intended to ensure that: - the interface will interwork successfully with TE compliant with PSTN TE TBRs (TBR 021 [1]) and will support voice band services accessible across the interface (TBR 038 [3]); - the network being presented at the interface wil... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 5 Physical connections | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 5.1 Mechanical aspects | The physical presentation shall be specified in such a way that a terminal manufacturer can supply a suitable terminal connector. The connection arrangements should be: Option 1) either be according to established national practice; Option 2) or by the arrangement described below. Recommended harmonized arrangement: Wh... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 5.2 Support of more than one terminal | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 5.2.1 Wiring arrangement | The operator shall inform his customers of wiring arrangements for the connection of additional terminals. The instructions shall be expressed in a way that makes it straightforward for a customer to add additional points for connection of terminals. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 5.2.2 Loading factors | The operator should inform the users about the maximum numbers of terminals that can be supported at the R interface. This information should be supplied in terms of a Loading Factor (LF), as defined in EG 201 120 [13], for the parameters given in table 2. The LF specified by the operator should be the lowest of the LF... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 6 DC feed conditions | NOTE: The present document gives recommendations about DC-feeding conditions, but is not concerned with reference to ground potential. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 6.1 Polarity | The polarity of the DC voltage presented at the R interface is arbitrary with respect to the connected A- and B-wire terminals. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 6.2 Quiescent state | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 6.2.1 Maximum voltage | The maximum open circuit DC voltage presented between the A- and B- wires of the R interface shall not exceed 78 V. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 6.2.2 Minimum voltage | When a resistor with a value of 100/LF MΩ, where LF is the stated LF arising from clause 5.2.2, is connected between the A- and B- wires of the R interface, the continuous DC voltage appearing at the R interface shall not be less than 38 V. ETSI ETSI TS 102 971 V1.1.1 (2005-05) 12 NOTE: The requirement assumes that ind... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 6.2.3 Supply interruption | It is recommended that during the quiescent state the network feed voltage applied at the R interface should not be removed for periods longer than 10 s for maintenance or other purposes. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 6.3 Loop current | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 6.3.1 Loop current range | When a resistor with a value in the range 0 Ω to 600 Ω is connected between the A- and B- wires at the R interface, a minimum DC current of 18 mA shall flow but shall not exceed 70 mA. It is recommended that the DC current is in the range of 25 mA to 40 mA. NOTE: 18 mA is the minimum current required to match the TE ac... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 6.3.2 Loop current interruptions caused by the terminal | Short single loop current interruptions (where the current becomes less than 1,0 mA) of up to 20 ms between the A- and B- wires shall not cause any change in state or condition at the R interface. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 7 Seize signal | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 7.1 Must not seize condition | When a resistor with a value such as to cause a loop current not greater than 3,0 mA DC to flow is connected at the A- and B- wires of the R interface, it shall not be recognized by the network as a seize signal. The network shall not recognize a seize condition when the loop current changes from quiescent state to loo... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 7.2 Must seize condition | When a resistor with a value such as to cause a loop current equal to or greater than 10,0 mA DC to flow is connected for a period of greater than 150 ms at the A- and B- wires of the R interface, it shall be correctly accepted by the network as a seize signal. NOTE: Some designs of line interface, particularly those w... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 8 Clear signal | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 8.1 Clear signal generated by TE | In order to ensure satisfactory operation of the seize/clear function, hysteresis of the seize and clear currents shall be provided. The clear signal threshold current shall be at least 0,5 mA lower than the seize signal threshold current. When the load applied at the A- and B- wires of the R interface is such as to re... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 8.2 Clear indication from the network | Depending upon the network characteristics, a connection may be cleared: a) as a result of calling party TE providing a clear signal to the network; or b) as a result of either the calling party or the called party TE providing a clear signal to the network; or c) at the instigation of the network itself, independently... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 8.3 Seizing the line for a new call | After the network has recognized the call clear signal from the TE, the R interface shall allow the TE to seize the line for a new call according to clause 7. In particular, an event indicating that a new seizure condition has been applied by the TE shall not be ignored whenever it occurs following recognition by the n... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 9 Impedance | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 9.1 Impedance at the R interface | The impedance presented by the network between the A- and B- wires of the R interface when in the loop state shall have a return loss not less than the values shown in table 3 (linear dB - logarithmic frequency scale) with respect to the reference impedance ZR shown in figure 3. This requirement shall be met for any DC... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 9.2 Balance about earth | The balance about earth at the R interface, measured as Longitudinal Conversion Loss, see ITU-T Recommendation G.117 [23], shall not be less than the values given in table 4 (the higher value applies at the transition frequency): Table 4: Balance about earth requirements Frequency [Hz] Minimum value [dB] 50 40 200 to 6... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10 Transmission | These requirements are based on the ITU-T recommendations G.712 [26] and Q.552 [22]. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.1 Relative level | To enable full signal handling capacity, the nominal relative levels (at 1 020 Hz) at the R interface shall be: Input relative level: Li = +4 dBr. Output relative level: Lo = -11 dBr. NOTE 1: The concept of relative levels is described in ITU-T Recommendation G.100.1 [20]. NOTE 2: These relative levels are chosen to ob... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.2 Variation of gain with input level | With a sine-wave test signal at the reference frequency 1 020 Hz and at a level between -55 dBm0 and level A, see figure 5, applied to the analogue interface input connection, or with a digitally simulated sine-wave signal of the same characteristic applied to the input test point of the output connection, the gain var... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.3 Frequency response | The loss distortion with frequency of the input or output connection shall lie within the limits shown in the mask of figure 6. The preferred input level is -10 dBm0. NOTE: Attention is drawn to the need to accommodate voice band data applications which require a greater bandwidth for optimum operation (e.g. ITU-T Reco... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.4 Coding law | When the interface is (transparent) digitally connected with the PSTN the coding law should be A-law. Where other than A-law conversion according to ITU-T Recommendation G.711 [19] is used, this should be stated. NOTE 1: The distortion depends on technology used to provide the path to the R interface. Low bit rate code... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.5 Noise | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.5.1 Weighted noise | NOTE: For the calculation of these values, two components of noise should be considered: noise arising from the coding process and noise from the interface power supply and other analogue sources transmitted through signalling circuits. The first component is limited by clause 9 of ITU-T Recommendation G.712 [26] to -6... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.5.2 Single frequency noise | The level of any unwanted single frequency (in particular the sampling frequency and its multiples), measured selectively with a bandwidth of 80 Hz in the frequency range from 4 kHz to 72 kHz at the interface shall not exceed -50 dBm0. NOTE: In this case "unwanted" refers to self generated noise such as feed-through of... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.6 Echo and stability | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.6.1 Echo | When terminating the 2-wire interface with the nominal value of the impedance given in figure 3, the Terminal Balance Return Loss (TBRL) shall be not less than the limits shown in figure 7. NOTE: Where there is only a small amount of delay in the transmission medium including any associated voice compression techniques... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.6.2 Stability | Stability in the network shall be maintained for AC open and short circuit conditions applied at the R interface. NOTE: The relative levels specified in clause 10.1 will ensure a sufficient stability margin even under worst case terminating conditions (normally simulated with an AC open and short circuit) to meet the I... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.7 Crosstalk | The minimum crosstalk level within the voice bandwidth between two R-interfaces (intended to be connected to pairs in the local network), shall be less than –73 dBm0 when using a sending signal of 0 dBm0. ETSI ETSI TS 102 971 V1.1.1 (2005-05) 18 |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 10.8 Total distortion including quantizing distortion | With a sine-wave test signal at the reference frequency of 1 020 Hz applied to the 2-wire interface of the input connection, or with a digitally simulated sine-wave signal of the same characteristic applied to the input test point of an output connection, the signal-to-total distortion ratio, measured at the correspond... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 11 DTMF Dialling | The R interface shall correctly interpret DTMF signals when received at the R interface with the following characteristics: • a level within the range -5 dBV to -15 dBV (see note 1); and • with a maximum difference in level between the high and low group tones of 6,0 dB; and • with frequencies within ± (1,5 % + 2 Hz) o... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 12 Ringing | NOTE: Guidance on generation of ringing signals may be found in TR 101 768 [2]. Guidance on ringing without DC may be found in TR 101 959 (see bibliography). |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 12.1 Ringing drive capability | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 12.1.1 Ringing frequency | The R interface shall provide a ringing supply with a nominal frequency of 25 Hz ± 2 Hz or 50 Hz ± 2 Hz and with a peak to rms voltage ratio in the range 1,2 to 1,6. The waveform shall be essentially symmetrical with an total harmonic content not exceeding 10 %. NOTE 1: Some existing terminals in some networks are desi... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 12.1.2 Ringing voltage | The open circuit AC voltage shall not exceed 100 Vrms at the R interface. The R interface shall provide sufficient ringing current so as to produce a voltage not less than 35 Vrms across an AC load of 400/LF kΩ, where LF is the stated LF arising from clause 5.2.2 (if individual LF-values are given as suggested by the n... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 12.1.2.1 Ringing with DC | If the AC ringing signal is superimposed on a DC voltage, the DC voltage shall be as specified in clause 6.2. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 12.1.2.2 Ringing without DC | If the AC ringing signal is not superimposed on a DC voltage, the following shall apply: a) The DC voltage shall be presented during the off (silent) parts of the ring cadence. b) Requirement of clause 12.1.2 (supply ≥ 35 V to a load of 400/LF kΩ) shall be tested with an AC load impedance with a modulus of 400/LF kΩ, a... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 12.2 Ring cadence | The nominal ringing cadencing shall be 1 s on and 4 s off. Other ringing cadences can be supplied as an option. Where provided, these shall be specified by the operator. NOTE: Information of cadences frequently used in public networks is given in TR 101 183 [6]. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 12.3 Ring trip | Any ringing signal presented at the R interface shall be removed within 200 ms of an answer signal consisting of: a) a DC condition as defined in clause 7 being applied to the R interface; and b) for the case where the AC ringing signal is not superimposed on a DC voltage, an impedance not exceeding 700 Ω at 25 Hz appl... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 12.4 False ring trip | For "ringing without DC", the network shall not recognize the ringing current as an "off-hook" condition when an impedance exceeding 1 500 Ω at 25 Hz is applied at the interface. This is tested with a test impedance having a modulus of 1 500 Ω and a phase angle of -70 degrees. This test impedance is composed of a resis... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 13 Supervisory signals | Apart from the dial tone, other tones may be generated at locations other than the equipment delivering the R interface. Where tones are generated at the equipment delivering the R interface, the requirements of this clause apply. NOTE 1: Further information on network generated tones may be found in TR 101 041-1 [10].... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 13.1 Supervisory tones | The following types of supervisory tone shall be provided: a) dial tone; b) ringing tone; c) busy tone. It is recommended that the following additional supervisory tones are also provided: d) release tone (if such a tone is used as specified in clause 8.2); e) special dial tone (often used to indicate the presence of m... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 13.2 Tone levels | The level of supervisory tones applied at the R interface into a reference impedance load ZR as shown in figure 3, shall be within the range -18 dBV to - 6 dBV. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 13.3 Cadences and frequencies | Cadences and frequencies shall be in line with national supervisory signals or in line with the values in table 6 below: Table 5: Void Table 6: Supervisory signals - Nominal cadences and frequencies Tone Cadence Frequency Dial tone Continuous 425 Hz Ringing tone 1 s on, 4 s off 425 Hz Busy tone 0,5 s on, 0,5 s off 425 ... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 14 Optional functions | |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 14.1 Loop disconnect dialling | The R interface shall correctly interpret Loop Disconnect (LD) signals applied within the following limits: a) pulsing rate: 8 to 12 pulses per second; b) make to break ratio: break = 50 % to 75 % of the total pulse period; c) make current: loop current not less than 18 mA; d) break current: loop current not exceeding ... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 14.2 Register recall | Except during loop disconnect dialling, the network shall recognize breaks in the loop current within the range 50 ms to 130 ms applied at the R interface as a register recall signal. The break period is the time for which the loop current is below 2,5 mA. NOTE: Information on the requirements for TE with Register Reca... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 14.3 Metering | If meter pulses using 12 kHz or 16 kHz signals are used the level between the A- and B-wires at the R interface shall be at least 100 mVrms, with cadences 100 ms / 100 ms (±30 % time values for a pulse packet and ±1,5 % for frequency values), when measured with a termination of 200 Ω. |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 14.4 Supplementary and other enhanced services | For the implementation of supplementary and other services, the requirements of EN 300 659, parts 1 [4] and 2 [5], shall be fulfilled. It is recommended that in order to support the provision of ALASS services to the TE, the R interface should be capable of providing features selected from the list below, according to ... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 14.5 Polarity reversal | Where polarity reversal is provided, its purpose shall be specified. NOTE 1: In order to ensure compatibility with the installed base of terminals in certain European networks it may be necessary to use polarity reversals to indicate start and end of ringing signal. In these cases, compatibility should be adequately en... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 14.6 End of call signal ("K-break") | An end-of-call signal consisting of a reduction in the PSTN loop current to below 1 mA for a certain period is referred to as K-break. Two times are suggested for the break: a) a range of 90 ms to 130 ms; b) a range of 250 ms to 300 ms. This is preferred for new equipment to avoid overlapping with the register recall s... |
d3b8e8407caa232c68ec60c7dd6db1a3 | 102 971 | 14.7 Payphones | There may be a need to adapt certain parameters at the R interface in order to support a wide range of payphones available on the market. ETSI ETSI TS 102 971 V1.1.1 (2005-05) 25 Annex A (informative): Test set-up for the change from DC to ringing voltage In figure A.1 is a test set-up, to test the requirement for the ... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 1 Scope | The present document presents an evaluation of maximum acceptable measurement uncertainty for Radio Frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (emf) measurements for the frequency range from 30 MHz to 100 GHz for inclusion within ETSI documents on radio products used for compliance testing. The maximum acceptable expanded me... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 2 References | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which ar... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 2.1 Normative references | The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. NOTE: Specifications to provide policy on the evaluation and reporting of expanded measurement uncertainty for testing and calibration laboratories are laid down in several reference documents, some examples of them being list... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 2.2 Informative references | The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. Not applicable. ETSI ETSI TS 103 051 V1.1.1 (2011-08) 11 |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations | |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: antenna: part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves antenna factor: quantity relating the strength of the field in which the antenna is immersed to the output voltage acro... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 3.2 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: a+ Upper bound of quantity X a- Lower bound of quantity X °C degrees Centigrade cm centimetres dB deciBel GHz GigaHertz MHz MegaHertz mV milliVolt u(xi) Standard uncertainty of the best estimate of the influence quantity Xi X Generic quantity Xi Inf... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AFC Automatic Frequency Control ANSI American National Standards Institute EHF Extremely High Frequency e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility emf electromagnetic fields EMU Expanded Measurement Unce... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 4 Measurement uncertainty | |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 4.1 Introduction | The terms "accuracy" and "uncertainty" are frequently misused and interchanged when applied to measurement equipment and to a measured value. The following clauses define the meaning of each of the phrases and how they are used in measurement equipment literature. The difference in their meanings can be significant and... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 4.2 Measurement uncertainty | The definition of measurement uncertainty as described in clause 3.1 makes no attempt to define the true value, nor does it rely upon it. It is a statistical approach and is used to give a level of confidence that the measured value lays between a range of values. The general requirements that testing and calibration l... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 5.1 Introduction | ETSI developed an interpretation for the application of expanded measurement uncertainty when assessing compliance to specification limits from the outset of producing standards for radio products in 1991 (see annex A). This interpretation only related to the measured value. If the measured value complies with the limi... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 5.2 Development of the "shared risk" concept | As a consequence of deregulation under the R&TTE Directive [11] mandatory type testing is no longer required. The method for compliance is normally by self-certification provided the standard used is a harmonized standard published under the requirements of the Directive. This implies that the manufacturer now declares... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 5.3 Shared risk, the new approach | Taking all the current documentation on the issue into account, it is reasonable to redefine the shared risk approach to cover the new situations of deregulation as follows: 1) all standards where measurements are made for compliance testing shall include maximum acceptable expanded measurement uncertainty values for e... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 5.3.1 Maximum acceptable expanded measurement uncertainty | In most ETSI radio equipment standards a table of maximum acceptable expanded measurement uncertainty is included as a normative requirement. The table generally contains a list of the required measurement methods and their associated expanded measurement uncertainty. The purpose of the table is to ensure that the expa... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 5.3.3 Strength and weaknesses of the "shared risk" approach | The strength of the concept is its simplicity. Apart from the measurement uncertainty calculations no statistical calculations have to be performed after the test. However, there are a couple of weaknesses: • The shared risk approach allows a substantial percentage of the products that go over the limit in reality, to ... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 5.4 Assessment for market surveillance and enforcement | |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 5.4.1 Market surveillance | For the purposes of market surveillance it is suggested that the interpretation of results should follow that given in clauses 5.3.2 and 5.3.3 using the test methods given in the relevant standard. The testing laboratory shall be competent in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025:2005 [15] and be formally accredited to carry o... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 5.4.2 Enforcement | Enforcement of the limits given in the relevant standard, when market surveillance indicates that a product exceeds the relevant limit, is the responsibility of the individual National Regulatory Authority as provided for in EU Directives. |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 5.5 Interpretation of EMF test results in CENELEC standards | The following approach has been accepted by CENELEC voting procedures and published in EN 62311:2008 [16], clause 6. "The equipment is deemed to fulfil the requirements of the present document if the measured values are less than or equal to the limit and the assessment uncertainty is less than the measurement uncertai... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 6 Void | |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 7 The role of calibration in measurement uncertainty | |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 7.1 Introduction to calibration | To determine the "quality" of any part of a test system it is necessary to place a tolerance on the extreme measurement uncertainty applicable to the test equipment measurement capability. This is achieved via traceable reference standards that are of a higher quality than that of the test equipment being examined. ETS... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 7.2 Test site calibration | RF field strength measurements both for EMC and radio parameters are normally performed on an Open Area Test Site (OATS) that have a clear and level terrain. Such sites are clear of buildings, electric cables, fences, trees and underground pipes and are only supplied with the necessary cabling to support the operation ... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 7.2.1 Calibration of OATS | The calibration of an OATS is given in CISPR 16-1 [14], clause 5.6. These procedures and acceptance criteria are currently only valid up to 1 GHz, but have been shown to also work up to 18 GHz with suitable modifications. For the purposes of the ETSI requirements it is specified to use the same test site validation pro... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 7.2.2 Calibration of semi-anechoic rooms | The calibration of semi-anechoic rooms (an alternative test site) is given in CISPR 16-1 [14], clause 5.6.7 up to 1 GHz. This method has been used by the room manufacturers up to 40 GHz and the results have shown that above 3 GHz to 18 GHz the deviation of the site attenuation against the calculated theoretical value i... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 7.2.3 Calibration of fully lined anechoic rooms | The calibration of fully lined anechoic rooms has not been formally defined in standards. It is well known that there is a difference of a few dBs when comparing this form of test site with test sites having a ground plane. The difference varies between 3 dB and 6 dB. In the absence of formal international measurement ... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 7.3 Antenna calibration | Antenna calibration is used to determine the antenna factors applied as correction factors to measurements. A calibration test site can be constructed similar to the OATS. For antennae used above 1 GHz it is usual to have these calibrated by an independent calibration laboratory. Traceable calibration of antenna factor... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 7.4 Test equipment calibration | In the introduction given in clause 7.1 the traceability route for calibration purposes is described. Calibration laboratories follow very strict rules for each measurement parameter they declare in their published capability documents. This allows clients seeking calibration services to evaluate the laboratories' capa... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 7.5 Automated test system calibration | Automated test systems, inclusive of computer controllers, can be very complex particularly when used to carry out protocol testing that relies on the use of a radio channel via integral antennae. The providers of such test systems have the responsibility to define the necessary calibration requirements. The present do... |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 8.1 Introduction | The following radio radiated measurement methods have been evaluated and the following clauses indicate the specified values of maximum frequency and maximum allowable expanded measurement uncertainty. |
612fa928f7290307288f443c46f9bc77 | 103 051 | 8.2 Substitution measurement methods |
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