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0 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | '''Anarchism''' is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or hierarchy, primarily targeting the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations. A historically lef... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,697 | Introduction | 0 | wikipedia | ||
1 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | thumb|[[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – the first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist]] The etymological origin of ''anarchism'' is from the Ancient Greek ''anarkhia'' (ἀναρχία), meaning "without a ruler", composed of the prefix ''an-'' ("without") and the word ''arkhos'' ("leader" or "ruler"). The suffix ''-is... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4,671 | Etymology, terminology, and definition | 2 | wikipedia | ||
2 | Anarchism_1 | Anarchism | extension of individuality and community." Nicolas Walter wrote that "anarchism does derive from liberalism and socialism both historically and ideologically. ... In a sense, anarchists always remain liberals and socialists, and whenever they reject what is good in either they betray anarchism itself. ... We are libera... | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1,419 | Etymology, terminology, and definition | 2 | wikipedia | ||
3 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | thumb|upright=.7|[[Zeno of Citium (), whose ''Republic'' inspired Peter Kropotkin]] The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in China and Greece. In China, philosophical anarchism (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Laozi. Along... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,834 | Pre-modern era | 3 | wikipedia | ||
4 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | thumb|The [[Paris Commune, one of the earliest experiments of anarchism]] During the French Revolution, partisan groups such as the Enragés and the saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments. The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 19th century: William Godwin espoused... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4,677 | Modern era | 3 | wikipedia | ||
5 | Anarchism_1 | Anarchism | varying degrees of active participation by anarchists. thumb|right|[[Nestor Makhno seen with members of the anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]] Despite concerns, anarchists enthusiastically participated in the Russian Revolution in opposition to the White movement, especially in the Makhnovshchina. Seei... | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2,145 | Modern era | 3 | wikipedia | ||
6 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | thumb|[[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Rojava's support efforts for workers to form cooperatives is exemplified in this sewing cooperative.]] By the end of World War II, the anarchist movement had been severely weakened. The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4,774 | Post-WWII | 4 | wikipedia | ||
7 | Anarchism_1 | Anarchism | developed thereafter. thumb|Black bloc protesters parading anarcho-communism imagery such as the motto "[[No War but the Class War"]] Anarchism's emphasis on anti-capitalism, egalitarianism, and for the extension of community and individuality sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of economic libertaria... | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2,366 | Post-WWII | 4 | wikipedia | ||
8 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | thumb|upright|[[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is the primary proponent of mutualism and influenced many future individualist anarchist and social anarchist thinkers.]] Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were mutualism and individualism. They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism (collectiv... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3,071 | Classical | 3 | wikipedia | ||
9 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | thumb|Lawrence Jarach (left) and [[John Zerzan (right) are two prominent contemporary anarchist authors, with Zerzan being a prominent voice within anarcho-primitivism and Jarach a notable advocate of post-left anarchy.]] Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing up... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,660 | Post-classical and contemporary | 3 | wikipedia | ||
10 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | Anarchists' tactics take various forms but in general serve two major goals, namely, to first oppose the Establishment and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the unity of means and ends. A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy oppressive stat... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 799 | Tactics | 2 | wikipedia | ||
11 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | thumb|right|The relationship between [[anarchism and violence is a controversial subject among anarchists as shown by anarchist Leon Czolgosz assassinating William McKinley.]] During the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency. Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine, but some o... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3,457 | Classical era | 3 | wikipedia | ||
12 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | In the current era, Italian anarchist Alfredo Bonanno, a proponent of insurrectionary anarchism, has reinstated the debate on violence by rejecting the nonviolence tactic adopted since the late 19th century by Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists afterwards. Both Bonanno and the French group The Invisible Committee... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,182 | Revolutionary and insurrectionary | 3 | wikipedia | ||
13 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | thumb|[[Food not Bombs poster with a circle A with text reading "Free Soup for the Revolution"]] Anarchists commonly employ direct action. This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as communes ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3,632 | Evolutionary | 3 | wikipedia | ||
14 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | As anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought, disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and tactics is common. Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number of definitional... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 910 | Key issues | 2 | wikipedia | ||
15 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | thumb|Anarchist protesters in [[Boston opposing state-waged war]] Objection to the state and its institutions is a ''sine qua non'' of anarchism. Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies. Instead of people being able to control the as... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4,303 | The state | 3 | wikipedia | ||
16 | Anarchism_1 | Anarchism | in a state of nature would not just be in a state of war. Anarcho-primitivists in particular argue that humans were better off in a state of nature in small tribes living close to the land, while anarchists in general argue that the negatives of state organisation, such as hierarchies, monopolies and inequality, outwei... | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1,240 | The state | 3 | wikipedia | ||
17 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | As gender and sexuality carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy imposed by gender roles. thumb|upright=1.2|Collection of [[anarcha-feminist protests, symbols, and flags]] Sexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists but the few ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,393 | Gender, sexuality, and free love | 3 | wikipedia | ||
18 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | {|class="wikitable" style="border: none; float: right;" |+ Anarchist vs. statist perspectives on education}} |- !scope="col"| !scope="col"|Anarchist education !scope="col"|State education |- |Concept || Education as self-mastery || Education as service |- |Management || Community based || State run |- |Methods || Pract... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3,522 | Education | 3 | wikipedia | ||
19 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | thumb|340px|''Les chataigniers a Osny'' (1888) by anarchist painter [[Camille Pissarro is a notable example of blending anarchism and the arts.]] The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era suc... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,000 | The arts | 3 | wikipedia | ||
20 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | * Outline of anarchism * List of anarchist movements by region * List of anarchist political ideologies * List of books about anarchism * List of films dealing with anarchism '''Anarchist communities''' * List of stateless societies * List of intentional communities * List of self-managed social centers | 0 | 1 | 0 | 304 | See also | 2 | wikipedia | ||
21 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | * | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Primary sources | 4 | wikipedia | ||
22 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * | 0 | 1 | 0 | 213 | Secondary sources | 4 | wikipedia | ||
23 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | * * * * * * * }} * * * }} | 0 | 1 | 0 | 25 | Tertiary sources | 4 | wikipedia | ||
24 | Anarchism_0 | Anarchism | * * * * * Criticism of philosophical anarchism. * * * A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that "both kinds of 'anarchism' [i.e. philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims." * * * Anarchistic popular fiction novel. * * * * An argument for philosophical anarchism. * * }} Categ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 641 | Further reading | 2 | wikipedia | ||
25 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | thumb|Albedo change in [[Greenland: The map shows the difference between the amount of sunlight Greenland reflected in the summer of 2011 versus the amount it reflected between 2000 and 2006. Some areas reflect close to 20 percent less light than a decade ago.]] '''Albedo''' ( ; ) is the fraction of sunlight that is di... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,210 | Introduction | 0 | wikipedia | ||
26 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ Sample albedos |- ! Surface ! Typical albedo |- | Fresh asphalt || 0.04 |- |Open ocean |0.06 |- | Worn asphalt || 0.12 |- | Conifer forest, summer || 0.08, 0.09 to 0.15 |- | Deciduous forest || 0.15 to 0.18 |- | Bare soil || 0.17 |- | Green grass || 0.25 |- | Desert sand || 0.40 |- | ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,366 | Terrestrial albedo | 2 | wikipedia | ||
27 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | For land surfaces, it has been shown that the albedo at a particular solar zenith angle ''θ''''i'' can be approximated by the proportionate sum of two terms: * the directional-hemispherical reflectance at that solar zenith angle, {\bar \alpha(\theta_i)}, sometimes referred to as black-sky albedo, and * the bi-hemispher... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 843 | White-sky, black-sky, and blue-sky albedo | 3 | wikipedia | ||
28 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | thumb|Earth's albedo as monitored by the [[Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System|CERES satellite system shows a darkening of Earth that has caused 1.7W/m2 warming since 2010.]] thumb|Greenhouses of El Ejido, Almería, Spain Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of var... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,670 | Changes to albedo due to human activities | 3 | wikipedia | ||
29 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | thumb|upright=1.3|The percentage of [[diffuse reflection|diffusely reflected sunlight relative to various surface conditions]] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 126 | Examples of terrestrial albedo effects | 2 | wikipedia | ||
30 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | Albedo is not directly dependent on the illumination because changing the amount of incoming light proportionally changes the amount of reflected light, except in circumstances where a change in illumination induces a change in the Earth's surface at that location (e.g. through melting of reflective ice). However, albe... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 462 | Illumination | 3 | wikipedia | ||
31 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | The intensity of albedo temperature effects depends on the amount of albedo and the level of local insolation (solar irradiance); high albedo areas in the Arctic and Antarctic regions are cold due to low insolation, whereas areas such as the Sahara Desert, which also have a relatively high albedo, will be hotter due to... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,131 | Insolation effects | 3 | wikipedia | ||
32 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | thumb|right|upright=1.5| Some effects of global warming can either enhance ([[positive feedbacks such as the ice-albedo feedback) or inhibit (negative feedbacks) warming.]] Albedo affects climate by determining how much radiation a planet absorbs. The uneven heating of Earth from albedo variations between land, ice, or... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 662 | Climate and weather | 3 | wikipedia | ||
33 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | When an area's albedo changes due to snowfall, a snow–temperature feedback results. A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. In principle, if no outside temperature change affects this area (e.g., a warm air mass), the raised albedo and lower temperature would main... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 859 | Albedo–temperature feedback | 3 | wikipedia | ||
34 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | Snow albedo is highly variable, ranging from as high as 0.9 for freshly fallen snow, to about 0.4 for melting snow, and as low as 0.2 for dirty snow. Over Antarctica, snow albedo averages a little more than 0.8. If a marginally snow-covered area warms, snow tends to melt, lowering the albedo, and hence leading to more ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,054 | Snow | 3 | wikipedia | ||
35 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | Albedo works on a smaller scale, too. In sunlight, dark clothes absorb more heat and light-coloured clothes reflect it better, thus allowing some control over body temperature by exploiting the albedo effect of the colour of external clothing. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 243 | Small-scale effects | 3 | wikipedia | ||
36 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar photovoltaic devices. For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo of solar photovoltaic technology based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and crystalline silicon (c-... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,115 | Solar photovoltaic effects | 3 | wikipedia | ||
37 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | Forests generally have a low albedo because the majority of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum is absorbed through photosynthesis. For this reason, the greater heat absorption by trees could offset some of the carbon benefits of afforestation (or offset the negative climate impacts of deforestation). In other words: ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,279 | Trees | 3 | wikipedia | ||
38 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | thumb|upright=1.3|Reflectivity of smooth water at (refractive index=1.333) Water reflects light very differently from typical terrestrial materials. The reflectivity of a water surface is calculated using the Fresnel equations. At the scale of the wavelength of light even wavy water is always smooth so the light is ref... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,472 | Water | 3 | wikipedia | ||
39 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | Cloud albedo has substantial influence over atmospheric temperatures. Different types of clouds exhibit different reflectivity, theoretically ranging in albedo from a minimum of near 0 to a maximum approaching 0.8. "On any given day, about half of Earth is covered by clouds, which reflect more sunlight than land and wa... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 781 | Clouds | 3 | wikipedia | ||
40 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | Aerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth's radiative balance. The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet; the indirect effect (the particles act as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby change cloud properties) is less certain. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 307 | Aerosol effects | 3 | wikipedia | ||
41 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | Another albedo-related effect on the climate is from black carbon particles. The size of this effect is difficult to quantify: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that the global mean radiative forcing for black carbon aerosols from fossil fuels is +0.2 W m−2, with a range +0.1 to +0.4 W m−2. Black ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 447 | Black carbon | 3 | wikipedia | ||
42 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | thumb|upright=1.2|The moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan is darker than Saturn even though they receive the same amount of sunlight. This is due to a difference in albedo (0.22 versus 0.499 in geometric albedo).]]In astronomy, the term '''albedo''' can be defined in several different ways, depending upon the application and the... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 370 | Astronomical albedo | 2 | wikipedia | ||
43 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | The albedos of planets, satellites and minor planets such as asteroids can be used to infer much about their properties. The study of albedos, their dependence on wavelength, lighting angle ("phase angle"), and variation in time composes a major part of the astronomical field of photometry. For small and far objects th... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,996 | Optical or visual albedo | 3 | wikipedia | ||
44 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | In planetary radar astronomy, a microwave (or radar) pulse is transmitted toward a planetary target (e.g. Moon, asteroid, etc.) and the echo from the target is measured. In most instances, the transmitted pulse is circularly polarized and the received pulse is measured in the same sense of polarization as the transmitt... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,458 | Radar albedo | 3 | wikipedia | ||
45 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | {| class="wikitable" |- ! Object ! \hat{\sigma}_\text{OC} |- | Moon | 0.06 |- | Mercury | 0.05 |- | Venus | 0.10 |- | Mars | 0.06 |- | Avg. S-type asteroid | 0.14 |- | Avg. C-type asteroid | 0.13 |- | Avg. M-type asteroid | 0.26 |- | Comet P/2005 JQ5 | 0.02 |} The values reported for the Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus, and... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 415 | Radar albedos of Solar System objects | 4 | wikipedia | ||
46 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | In the event that most of the echo is from first surface reflections (\hat{\sigma}_\text{OC} or so), the OC radar albedo is a first-order approximation of the Fresnel reflection coefficient (aka reflectivity) :\rho = \begin{cases} 3.20 \text{ g cm}^{-3} \ln \left( \frac{1 + \sqrt{0.83 \hat{\sigma}_\text{OC}}}{1 - \sqrt... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 521 | Relationship to surface [[bulk density]] | 4 | wikipedia | ||
47 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | The term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work ''Photometria''. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 103 | History | 2 | wikipedia | ||
48 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | * Bio-geoengineering * Cool roof * Daisyworld * Emissivity * Exitance * Global dimming * Ice–albedo feedback * Irradiance * Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation * Opposition surge * Polar see-saw * Radar astronomy * Solar radiation management | 0 | 1 | 0 | 242 | See also | 2 | wikipedia | ||
49 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | }} | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | References | 2 | wikipedia | ||
50 | Albedo_0 | Albedo | * Albedo Project * Albedo – Encyclopedia of Earth * NASA MODIS BRDF/albedo product site * Ocean surface albedo look-up-table * Surface albedo derived from Meteosat observations * A discussion of Lunar albedos * reflectivity of metals (chart) Category:Land surface effects on climate Category:Climate change feedbacks Cat... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 561 | External links | 2 | wikipedia | ||
51 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | (We dare defend our rights) | anthem = "Alabama" | image_map = Alabama in United States.svg | seat = Montgomery | LargestCity = Huntsville | LargestMetro = Greater Birmingham | LargestCounty = Jefferson | area_total_km2 = 135,765 | area_total_sq_mi = 52,419 | area_land_km2 = 131,426 | area_land_sq_mi = 50,744 | area_wa... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4,021 | Introduction | 0 | wikipedia | ||
52 | Alabama_1 | Alabama | century. The British won the territory in 1763 until losing it in the American Revolutionary War. Spain held Mobile as part of Spanish West Florida until 1813. In December 1819, Alabama was recognized as a state. During the antebellum period, Alabama was a major producer of cotton and widely used African American slave... | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1,570 | Introduction | 0 | wikipedia | ||
53 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | The name of the Alabama River and state is derived from the Alabama people, a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river. In the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is (or variously or in different di... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,436 | Etymology | 2 | wikipedia | ||
54 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|left|The [[Moundville Archaeological Site in Hale County. It was occupied by Native Americans of the Mississippian culture from 1000 to 1450 CE.]] Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. Trade with the northeastern tribes by the O... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,609 | Pre-European settlement | 3 | wikipedia | ||
55 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | The Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama during their exploration of North America in the 16th century. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in 1540. More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile in 1702. ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,217 | European settlement | 3 | wikipedia | ||
56 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | The creation of the Mississippi Territory quickly prompted debates over its division. Amid pressure from white southerners who sought the establishment of two slave states, Congress formed the Alabama Territory from the eastern half of the Mississippi Territory on March 3, 1817. The legislation appointed William Wyatt ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,478 | 19th century | 3 | wikipedia | ||
57 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | By 1860, the population had increased to 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080, were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were free people of color. On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union. After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joined the Confederate States of Am... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,499 | Civil War and Reconstruction | 4 | wikipedia | ||
58 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|The developing skyline of Birmingham, 1915 The new 1901 constitution of Alabama included provisions for voter registration that effectively disenfranchised large portions of the population, including nearly all African Americans and Native Americans, and tens of thousands of poor European Americans, through makin... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4,346 | 20th century | 3 | wikipedia | ||
59 | Alabama_1 | Alabama | was called the "Magic City". By 1920, Birmingham was the 36th-largest city in the United States. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of its economy. Its residents were under-represented for decades in the state legislature, which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes, as... | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4,307 | 20th century | 3 | wikipedia | ||
60 | Alabama_2 | Alabama | changes were made to implement representative state house and senate districts. Alabama has made some changes since the late 20th century and has used new types of voting to increase representation. In the 1980s, an omnibus redistricting case, ''Dillard v. Crenshaw County'', challenged the at-large voting for represent... | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2,038 | 20th century | 3 | wikipedia | ||
61 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | In 2001, Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed a statue of the Ten Commandments in the capitol in Montgomery. In 2002, the 11th U.S. Circuit Court ordered the statue removed, but Moore refused to follow the court order, which led to protests around the capitol in favor of keeping the monument. The mon... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 751 | 21st century | 3 | wikipedia | ||
62 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|upright=1.0|[[Monte Sano State Park in Huntsville]] Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States. About three-fifths of th... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3,909 | Geography | 2 | wikipedia | ||
63 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | The state is classified as humid subtropical (''Cfa'') under the Köppen climate classification. The average annual temperature is 64°F (18°C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian M... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3,556 | Climate | 3 | wikipedia | ||
64 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|A stand of [[Hymenocallis coronaria|Cahaba lilies (''Hymenocallis coronaria'') in the Cahaba River, within the Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge]] Alabama is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna in habitats that range from the Tennessee Valley, Appalachian Plateau, and Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of t... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,020 | Flora and fauna | 3 | wikipedia | ||
65 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | As of 2010, the state contains 461 municipalities, consisting of 174 cities and 287 towns. Covering only 9.6% of Alabama's land mass, its municipalities are home to 60.4% of its population. Montgomery, the state's capital, is the third-most populous settlement in Alabama; and the most populous city is Huntsville. Accor... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 465 | Major cities | 3 | wikipedia | ||
66 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|left|Alabama's population density, 2020 . Retrieved May 19, 2021. Due to the late arrival of returns from the counties of Lawrence, Perry, and Washington, the population of the state for 1820 was incorrectly listed as 127,901 in the official state total.}} |1830= 309527 |1840= 590756 |1850= 771623 |1860= 964201 |... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,935 | Demographics | 2 | wikipedia | ||
67 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ; text-align:right; font-size:80%;" |+ style="font-size:90%" |Racial and ethnic composition as of the 2020 census |- ! Race and ethnicity ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Alone ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total (including as part of multiracial) |- | White (non-... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3,584 | Race and ethnicity | 3 | wikipedia | ||
68 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | According to the 2022 American Community Survey's estimates, approximately 94% of Alabamians speak English as their sole language, while 6% spoke a language other than English. Of other languages, the majority of its multilingual population speaks Spanish (3.8%). In a separate 2021 study by the American University Wash... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 606 | Language | 3 | wikipedia | ||
69 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|Highlands United Methodist Church in Birmingham, part of the Five Points South Historic District thumb|upright|[[Temple B'nai Sholom (Huntsville, Alabama)|Temple B'Nai Sholom in Huntsville, established in 1876. It is the oldest synagogue building in continuous use in the state.]] thumb|upright|The Islamic Center ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4,262 | Religion | 3 | wikipedia | ||
70 | Alabama_1 | Alabama | and organizations for Theravada Buddhists. Most monastic Buddhist temples are concentrated in southern Mobile County, near Bayou La Batre. This area has attracted an influx of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam during the 1970s and thereafter. The four temples within a ten-mile radius of Bayou La Batre, include ... | 1 | 1 | 0 | 591 | Religion | 3 | wikipedia | ||
71 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | In 2018, life expectancy in Alabama was 75.1 years, below the national average of 78.7 years and is the third lowest life expectancy in the country. Factors that can cause lower life expectancy are maternal mortality, suicide, and gun crimes. A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 showed that obesit... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 742 | Health | 3 | wikipedia | ||
72 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication. By 2006, crop and animal production in Alabama was valued at $1.5billion. In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,467 | Economy | 2 | wikipedia | ||
73 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|upright|The [[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Space Shuttle ''Enterprise'' being tested at Marshall Space Flight Center in 1978]] thumb|Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama in Montgomery in 2010 thumb|Shelby Hall, School of Computing, at the [[University of South Alabama in Mobile]] The five employers that employed the m... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,526 | Largest employers | 3 | wikipedia | ||
74 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, fish, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production, according to various reports,... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 382 | Agriculture | 3 | wikipedia | ||
75 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Aquaculture is a large part of the economy of Alabama. Alabamians began to practice aquaculture in the early 1960s. U.S. farm-raised catfish is the 8th most popular seafood product in America. By 2008, approximately 4,000 people in Alabama were employed by the catfish industry and Alabama produced 132 million pounds of... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 813 | Aquaculture | 3 | wikipedia | ||
76 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. In addition, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, the location of NASA'... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3,499 | Industry | 3 | wikipedia | ||
77 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|Alabama's beaches are one of the state's major tourist destinations. According to Business Insider, Alabama ranked 14th in most popular states to visit in 2014. An estimated 26 million tourists visited the state in 2017 and spent $14.3 billion, providing directly or indirectly 186,900 jobs in the state, whic... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,109 | Tourism and entertainment | 3 | wikipedia | ||
78 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | UAB Hospital, USA Health University Hospital, Huntsville Hospital, and Children's Hospital of Alabama are the only LevelI trauma centers in Alabama. UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama, with a workforce of about 18,000. A 2017 study found that Alabama had the least competitive health insurance marke... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 447 | Healthcare | 3 | wikipedia | ||
79 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|[[Regions-Harbert Plaza, Regions Center, and Wells Fargo Tower in Birmingham's financial district]] Regions Financial Corporation is the largest bank headquartered in or operating in Alabama. PNC Financial Services and Wells Fargo also have a major presence in Alabama. Wells Fargo has a regional headquarters, an ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 650 | Banking | 3 | wikipedia | ||
80 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Telecommunications provider AT&T, formerly BellSouth, has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham. Many technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville, such as ADTRAN, a network access company; Intergraph, a computer graphics company; and Avocent, an IT infrastructure company. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 312 | Electronics and communications | 3 | wikipedia | ||
81 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Brasfield & Gorrie, BE&K, Hoar Construction, and B.L. Harbert International, based in Alabama and subsidiaries of URS Corporation, are all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 264 | Construction | 3 | wikipedia | ||
82 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|The [[Alabama State Capitol|State Capitol Building in Montgomery, completed in 1851]] The foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution, the current one having been adopted in 2022. The former Alabama constitution adopted in 1901 was, with over 850 amendments and almost 87,000 words, ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4,539 | State government | 3 | wikipedia | ||
83 | Alabama_1 | Alabama | Statewide officials, such as the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and other constitutional officers, take office the following January. The judiciary is responsible for interpreting the Constitution of Alabama and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The state's highest court is the Supre... | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2,479 | State government | 3 | wikipedia | ||
84 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Taxes are collected by the Alabama Department of Revenue. Alabama levies a 2%, 4%, or5% personal income tax, depending on the amount earned and filing status. Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax, even if taking the standard deduction; those who itemize can also deduct F... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,479 | Taxes | 3 | wikipedia | ||
85 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Alabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the county commission. It also has limited executive authority in the county. Because of the constraints of the Alabama Constitution, which centralizes power in the state legislature, only seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile,... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5,550 | County and local governments | 3 | wikipedia | ||
86 | Alabama_1 | Alabama | Auburn |- | style="text-align:center;"| 9 | Morgan | style="text-align:center;"| 119,679 | style="text-align:center;"| 119,490 | style="text-align:center;"| Decatur | style="text-align:center;"| Decatur |- | style="text-align:center;"| 10 | Calhoun | style="text-align:center;"| 113,605 | style="text-align:center;"| 118... | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1,401 | County and local governments | 3 | wikipedia | ||
87 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1874, the political coalition of white Democrats known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the black vo... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,845 | Politics | 3 | wikipedia | ||
88 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|Senator [[Doug Jones (politician)|Doug Jones won a special election in 2017.]] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 84 | Elections | 3 | wikipedia | ||
89 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | With the disfranchisement of Blacks in 1901, the state became part of the "Solid South", a system in which the Democratic Party operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state. For nearly a hundred years local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, w... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,085 | State elections | 4 | wikipedia | ||
90 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Many metropolitan and suburban counties have voters who are majority Democrats, resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary. Similarly, most rural counties are majority-Republican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican primary. However, since local governments in Alabama are we... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 860 | Local elections | 4 | wikipedia | ||
91 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | The state's two U.S. senators are Katie Britt and Tommy Tuberville, both of whom are Republican. In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, five of whom are Republicans (Mike Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Dale Strong, Barry Moore, and Gary Palmer) and two Democrats (Terri Sewell and Sho... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 334 | Federal elections | 4 | wikipedia | ||
92 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|right|[[Vestavia Hills High School in the suburbs of Birmingham]] Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,496 individual schools provide educati... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,606 | Primary and secondary education | 3 | wikipedia | ||
93 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|left|Harrison Plaza at the [[University of North Alabama in Florence. The school was chartered as LaGrange College by the Alabama Legislature in 1830.]] Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universi... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2,671 | Colleges and universities | 3 | wikipedia | ||
94 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Major newspapers include ''Birmingham News'', Mobile ''Press-Register'', and ''Montgomery Advertiser''. Major television network affiliates in Alabama include: * ABC ** WGWW 40.2 ABC, Anniston ** WBMA 58/WABM 68.2 ABC, Birmingham ** WDHN 18 ABC, Dothan ** WAAY 31 ABC, Huntsville ** WEAR 3 ABC Pensacola, Florida/Mobile ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,239 | Media | 2 | wikipedia | ||
95 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Alabama literature is characterized by themes of race and issues of gender and war, and is influenced by events such as the American Civil War, the Reconstruction era, the civil rights movement, and the Vietnam War. Some notable examples of Alabama literature include Harper Lee's ''To Kill a Mockingbird'', Winston Groo... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 468 | Literature | 3 | wikipedia | ||
96 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|right|[[Bryant–Denny Stadium at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa]] thumb|[[Regions Field in Birmingham]] thumb|[[Von Braun Center in Huntsville]] thumb|[[Birmingham–Jefferson Convention Complex in Birmingham]] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 222 | Sports | 3 | wikipedia | ||
97 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | Alabama has several professional and semi-professional sports teams, including three minor league baseball teams. {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Club ! City ! Sport ! League ! Venue |- | AFC Mobile | Mobile | Soccer | Gulf Coast Premier League | Archbishop Lipscomb Athletic Complex |- | Birmingham Bulls | Pelham | ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,768 | Professional sports | 4 | wikipedia | ||
98 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | College football is extremely popular in Alabama, particularly the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and Auburn University Tigers, rivals in the Southeastern Conference. Alabama averages over 100,000 fans per game and Auburn averages over 80,000—both numbers among the top twenty in the nation. Bryant–Denny Stadium is ... | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,124 | College sports | 4 | wikipedia | ||
99 | Alabama_0 | Alabama | thumb|Terminal at the [[Montgomery Regional Airport in Montgomery]] thumb|[[Interstate 59 (co-signed with Interstate 20) approaching Interstate 65 in downtown Birmingham]] thumb|Aerial view of the port of Mobile | 0 | 1 | 0 | 211 | Transportation | 2 | wikipedia |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Daemon Wiki FAISS Index
Pre-built FAISS IVFPQ index and metadata for the Daemon conversational RAG system.
Contents
| File | Size | Description |
|---|---|---|
vector_index_ivf.faiss |
~2.2 GB | FAISS IVFPQ index (48 subquantizers x 8 bits, ~32x compression) |
metadata.parquet |
~12 GB | Row-group metadata (titles, text, timestamps) for zero-copy lookup |
Coverage: ~41 million vectors from 6.5M+ English Wikipedia articles, embedded with sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 (384-dim).
Usage
Download
pip install huggingface_hub
# Download both files into a local directory
huggingface-cli download PaczkiLives/daemon-wiki-faiss \
--repo-type dataset \
--local-dir ~/daemon-wiki-data/wiki_data
Point Daemon at the data
Set WIKI_DATA_ROOT to the parent directory of wiki_data/:
# If you downloaded to ~/daemon-wiki-data/wiki_data/
export WIKI_DATA_ROOT=~/daemon-wiki-data
# Then launch Daemon
python main.py
Or set individual paths directly:
export FAISS_INDEX_PATH=/path/to/wiki_data/vector_index_ivf.faiss
export FAISS_META_PATH=/path/to/wiki_data/metadata.parquet
Runtime requirements
- RAM: ~2.6 GB (2.2 GB FAISS index + 0.4 GB embedding model). Metadata is read on-demand via zero-copy parquet row-group access — no DataFrame loaded into memory.
- Disk: ~14.5 GB for both files.
- CPU: Works on CPU. No GPU required.
How it was built
# From the Daemon repo:
python scripts/build_faiss_index.py
The build pipeline:
- Downloads the latest English Wikipedia dump (~22 GB compressed)
- Parses XML, extracts article text
- Chunks articles at ~512 tokens with header-aware splitting
- Embeds chunks with
all-MiniLM-L6-v2(384 dimensions) - Trains an IVF4096,PQ48 index on a sample, then adds all vectors
- Writes metadata to a partitioned parquet file for zero-copy reads
License
MIT — same as the Daemon project.
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