q_id stringlengths 5 6 | title stringlengths 3 301 | selftext stringlengths 0 39.2k | document stringclasses 1
value | subreddit stringclasses 3
values | url stringlengths 4 132 | answers dict | title_urls list | selftext_urls list | answers_urls list |
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22vgew | How does Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) work? | I was reading [this _URL_1_ article](http://_URL_1_/news/2014-04-ersb-nanostructures-applications-infrared-terahertz.html) and it sent me on a long wikipedia walk reading about surface plasmons and related materials.
Then, after some googling, I found [this video](_URL_0_). In the video, it is mentioned that reactions... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/22vgew/how_does_surface_plasmon_resonance_spr_work/ | {
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"In SPR you're hitting the underside of a thin piece of metal with light and measuring the light that is reflected back. Do this at a bunch of different angles and you get an SPR curve. When you modify the other side of the sensor, through say, b... | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sM-VI3alvAI",
"phys.org",
"http://phys.org/news/2014-04-ersb-nanostructures-applications-infrared-terahertz.html"
] | [
[]
] | |
2gov9b | no. 2 pencils | Whats so special about them? Why are No. 2 pencils only allowed on tests? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2gov9b/eli5_no_2_pencils/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The various grades of pencil lead denote hardness. Harder pencils make a lighter mark; softer ones make a darker mark, but tend to smudge very easily. No.2 (aka HB) lead tends to make a nice dark mark ... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | |
2u8nzk | why is it okay to kill animals, but wrong to have sex with them? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2u8nzk/eli5_why_is_it_okay_to_kill_animals_but_wrong_to/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Personally I'd rather die then get raped by animals. In some places if you are caught doing it the punishment is death. I think it's because its fucked up and inhumane. Killing animals is also bad and frowned upon but we do it anyway for resourc... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
28qm87 | how is german the closest language to english? | When looking or hearing German, it doesn't seem anything like English at all. I know a bit of Spanish, and there are many cognates and similarities to English across the entire language. I don't actually know any German, but German seems to be much further away than Spanish in this regard. How is it then that they are ... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28qm87/eli5_how_is_german_the_closest_language_to_english/ | {
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Try [Scots](_URL_1_) then [Fresian](_URL_0_) as the closest languages... | [] | [] | [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_languages",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"
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[],
[],
[],
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7nmz5o | Did the Pope ever go to war? | To my limited knowledge of Catholicism, the Pope has been apart of the Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire, (the Aryan Christian "Ostrogoths" maybe?), Justinian's brief newly united Roman Empire, the Papal States, France briefly, and a mixture of different Italians States leading up to Italian unification and then later... | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/7nmz5o/did_the_pope_ever_go_to_war/ | {
"a_id": [
"ds45ynr"
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"text": [
"Some Popes certainly did lead armies.\n\nPope Leo IX led an army against Norman invaders, and was defeated at the Battle of Civitate in June 1053 and held hostage for about 9 months.\n\nPope John XXII openly supported Bologna and the Guelphs agai... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
53twzx | At the time of James I (VI) was Scottish already anglicized or was it still distinctly Scottish? | So was something akin to Scottish Gaelic still spoken in Scotland by commoners or nobles or did they speak Scottish in today's terms of English with a thick accent? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/53twzx/at_the_time_of_james_i_vi_was_scottish_already/ | {
"a_id": [
"d7wpv4g"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"First, some clarification about languages. At the time of James I and VI, i.e. late 16th and early 17th centuries, we are talking about three distinct languages:\n\n1) Gaelic - i.e. 'Scottish' Gaelic, a Celtic language. (Gàidhlig)\n\n2) Scots - a... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
339srr | Why was calculus developed? What was the motivation? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/339srr/why_was_calculus_developed_what_was_the_motivation/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"This is not a short question to answer. For a general history of Calculus take a look at Boyer's [A History of Calculus](_URL_3_).\n\nAnyways, as a brief overview, Calculus did not get created in a couple of years by Newton and Leibniz scribbling... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_theorem_%28stationary_points%29",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes",
"http://www.amazon.com/History-Calculus-Conceptual-Development-Mathematics/dp/0486605094",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wik... | ||
3wu4ce | Why does a dead star collapse under its own gravity? | How do the fusion reactions prevent this from happening before the star runs out of fuel? And please also explain how this implosion results in the release of gravitational potential energy. Sorry for asking a lot. | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3wu4ce/why_does_a_dead_star_collapse_under_its_own/ | {
"a_id": [
"cxzzimj"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"So I think the better question is why don't objects collapse immediately. If pure gravity was all that was in play you'd expect them to collapse with no impediment.\n\nThe reason nuclear fusion stops the collapse for stars is that it produces a p... | [] | [] | [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_degeneracy_pressure",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limi... | |
c11jog | how and why does the time of the day affect our emotions? | Like we tend to feel negative emotions strongly at night while during the day we tend to have a more optimistic outlook. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c11jog/eli5_how_and_why_does_the_time_of_the_day_affect/ | {
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"At night, you're tired and ready to call it a day. You let your guard down which opens you up to those kinds of thoughts and feelings. You aren't required to be alert in bed like y... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
1pwdu6 | when i boot up my computer or console, it makes a "beep" sound. but it's not coming from the speakers. what does that sound? | There definetly isn't a speaker inside of my computer. I wondered this since forever. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pwdu6/eli5_when_i_boot_up_my_computer_or_console_it/ | {
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"score": [
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"text": [
"There usually IS a very small single speaker inside the computer. It is usually no wider than an American dime, ... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[
"http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16812201032"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
10eb9n | - baseball standings | How can you be half a game behind the leader? What is a wildcard spot, and why is it seemingly so coveted? Most other sports are pretty straightforward, but baseball standings are full of all sorts of weird little things that make it a mystery to me. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/10eb9n/eli5_baseball_standings/ | {
"a_id": [
"c6cq68o"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"First off, there's 2 leagues (National and American) each with 3 divisions. To make it to the playoffs, a team must either win its division or win one of two (per league) wildcard spots. \n\nThe wildcard spots are reserved for teams that don't w... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
c72jc1 | why do cinema screens look so clear if pixels stretch with bigger screens? | If you stretched a 4K TV to the same size as your average IMAX meaning more than 10x it's current width, wouldn't it look extremely pixelated? Is it because of the distance being much further away for a cinema viewing experience? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c72jc1/eli5_why_do_cinema_screens_look_so_clear_if/ | {
"a_id": [
"esckqv2",
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"score": [
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"text": [
"How pixellated a screen looks is based on how big each pixel looks to you. If each pixel takes up one millionth of your full field of vision, then it doesn't matter how big that pixel actually is. If you took an old and rea... | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
2blamn | Any examples of predators overexploiting their prey population, leading to the extinction of both? | Just trying to settle a bet. I'm aware that predator-prey dynamics normally involve oscillation in the sizes of each population. I've read in a couple of places that overpredation can lead to the extinction of the prey population, which can then cause the predator population to go extinct. I can't find any examples! Ar... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2blamn/any_examples_of_predators_overexploiting_their/ | {
"a_id": [
"cj6hh4h",
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"c... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_effect_%28ecology%29"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthew_Island"
],
[
"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160304"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_I... | |
fzybsr | How did the Crusader states tend to view and interact with the Arab and Eastern Christians they lived around and ruled? Did they intermarry? Hire them freely? Did any Arab Christians rise to prestige in these realms? | Finally, what happened to them when the Crusader States we’re finally conquered? Did any move to Europe? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/fzybsr/how_did_the_crusader_states_tend_to_view_and/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"I answered a similar question recently:\n\n[What was the social standing of oriental christians in the crusader states of the levant?](_URL_0_)\n\nTo summarize: Eastern Christians had a pretty high social standing, they intermarried with the crus... | [] | [] | [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/cwol2e/what_was_the_social_standingu_of_oriental/eyhxrya/"
]
] | |
7ficf3 | What is the velocity of the edge of a bubble as it is "popping"? | Take a bubble - soap/water, milk or otherwise - and initiate a "pop" from a single point on the surface. What would be the velocity of the bursting edge, as it propagates away from the initiation point?
[Here is a video](_URL_0_) of some bursting bubbles in slow-motion. Notice that the bursting edge recedes from the i... | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/7ficf3/what_is_the_velocity_of_the_edge_of_a_bubble_as/ | {
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"score": [
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"The link you provided for pressure differential includes an MS paint free body dia... | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blNe2Ae5a2c",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/127695/why-is-the-pressure-inside-a-soap-bubble-higher-than-outside"
] | [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktvZ2Z_s4Bo&t=103s"
],
[],
[],
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"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1369",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohnesorge_number"
],
[
"https://liquifun.wordpress.com/2013/03/08/how-fast-does-a-bubble-burst/",
"https://www.resear... | |
di284q | why does the door between my garage and my house slam harder when the garage door is open? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/di284q/eli5_why_does_the_door_between_my_garage_and_my/ | {
"a_id": [
"f3sxhsp",
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"text": [
"Imagine your entire garage was overflowing with cotton balls. When you try to slam the interior door the cotton balls slow the door down. It doesn’t slam. \n\nWhen the garage door is open slamming the i... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
3zxwha | Why isn't over-eating/obesity treated as an addiction ? | I was comparing the DSM-IV and V, and especially with the shift towards evidence based medicine, it really seems like there should be a push to view conditions like this under the purview of addiction. | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3zxwha/why_isnt_overeatingobesity_treated_as_an_addiction/ | {
"a_id": [
"cyqdy5i",
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"text": [
"Obesity may not be the source of over-eating, it could be due to a number of other factors (like food intolérances and allergies, hormonal imbalances, inflammation, etc...). Over-eating itself might have an argument of addic... | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://www.mineralmed.com.pt/documentos/pdf/e94490a7-1f16-4955-bdb0-0674adfd77b4.pdf"
]
] | |
dlu1bt | zippers? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dlu1bt/eli5_zippers/ | {
"a_id": [
"f4ud0au"
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"score": [
3
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"text": [
"Strength comes in numbers. If you look at a zipper, the teeth are REALLY small and there are a lot of them. So any pressure against the zipper is divided and spread down to a much smaller force. \n\nHow do they work? Well if you look really close... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
157sk3 | why does mathematics always work? are there any other universal truths? | I've always been taught how to do math but I've never been taught why is works. I understand why it works with addition, subtraction, multiplication and division... it's simple observation and logical deduction. However, I don't understand why more complex mathematics such as algebra, trigonometry, and calculus works e... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/157sk3/why_does_mathematics_always_work_are_there_any/ | {
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"text": [
" > However, I don't understand why more complex mathematics such as algebra, trigonometry, and calculus works every time.\n\nComplex mathematics are just the logical extension of ... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
39ukxk | How did speakers of Cockney Rhyming Slang propagate an agreed set of word substitutions? | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/39ukxk/how_did_speakers_of_cockney_rhyming_slang/ | {
"a_id": [
"cs6wuxc"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"I think you're thinking about this all wrong. it's not like the Cockney poor would meet in a semi-regular basis and agree on this stuff. \n\nit would advance like any other word. someone starts using it, and someone else likes that word, and sta... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
261v7h | How much energy is in the Internet? | Can we quantify how much energy is stored globally in the Internet once it leaves my device? Does that data, the bit transfers, all of it, amount to energy? Lastly, can we quantify that energy consumption as a percentage of all global energy production and would it be significant? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/261v7h/how_much_energy_is_in_the_internet/ | {
"a_id": [
"chn6adq",
"chn6w7r"
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"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"The short answer: Yes.\n\nTake a sample bite of 8 bits. \nThe electrical current needed to pass the information from one device to another can be measured (or predicted.) \nThe energy requirement for storing the data c... | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://www.google.com/events/howgreenistheinternet2013/"
]
] | |
1glaf5 | Insurance in pre-Industrial era | Hi all. I am posting for the first time here. Mostly a lurker and just read stuff. I tried looking for but couldn't find about if there was a system equivalent to modern insurance (health/property etc) in any pre-industrial societies in the world and if so, what major differences does it have with current models. Also,... | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1glaf5/insurance_in_preindustrial_era/ | {
"a_id": [
"calr34u"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"In the early modern period social organizations provided something akin to modern insurance. By the seventeenth century there was actual insurance that we would recognize to day, but I'm not entirely sure how popular or widely available it was. ... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
685fud | How is it possible that ocean life is facing mass extinction considering that the ocean covers more than 70% of the surface on our planet and the majority of it is unexplored? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/685fud/how_is_it_possible_that_ocean_life_is_facing_mass/ | {
"a_id": [
"dgx5q0i"
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"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I just wrote a research paper on coral reefs and they are home to over 25% of marine life. They are also very delicate ecosystems that are very prone to clime change i.e temperature increases, sea level rise and terrestrial run off. With entire c... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
ie60i | What is the most efficient form of heating? | Is it simply heating via electrical resistance? Is there a more efficient method of heating available? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/ie60i/what_is_the_most_efficient_form_of_heating/ | {
"a_id": [
"c230ew7",
"c230fkt",
"c232itn"
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"score": [
9,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"If you are talking about heating your home, reverse-cycle air conditioners are the most efficient option. They operate as a [heat pump](_URL_0_), which means for every unit of heat they produce by consu... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump"
],
[],
[]
] | |
12umv2 | Was there oil during the dinosaur era? | As in car oil that comes from fossils? Was there sufficient oil in the ground millions if years ago? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/12umv2/was_there_oil_during_the_dinosaur_era/ | {
"a_id": [
"c6y9dzg"
],
"score": [
42
],
"text": [
"Yes, there was. Much of our 'fossil fuel' comes from a time period known as the Carboniferous, which was about 300 - 360 million years ago, well before the time of the dinosaurs. This period is called the Carboniferous precisely because there'... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
o741m | Why do certain noises make my teeth hurt? | Certain noises (particularly when someone makes a raspberry) hurt my front teeth, and give me the intense urge to bite down on something. It's a most irritating sensation that I find difficult to describe. Is there a reason certain noises irritate them more than others (for example, the sound of a rake on concrete does... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/o741m/why_do_certain_noises_make_my_teeth_hurt/ | {
"a_id": [
"c3eyz9u"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"This question pops up on this subreddit periodically (just saw it less than a week ago).\n\nFrankly, no one knows. There are some [speculative theories](_URL_0_) having to do with primate warning calls but they seem to be poorly supported. "
]... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of_fingernails_scraping_chalkboard"
]
] | |
3h7les | How does 4k upscaling work? | How does non 4k (usually 1080p) content somehow appear "better" on a 4k screen and not grainy like a low resolution video being displayed at a higher resolution normally is? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3h7les/how_does_4k_upscaling_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"cu56yj3",
"cu5wc2v"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"I cannot speak to the specific technologies used for up-scaling in consumer devices, however [this video](_URL_0_) shows a demo of seam-carving/re-targeting which is one possible means of up-scaling video while preserving im... | [] | [] | [
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJtE8afwJEg"
],
[]
] | |
u5xiy | How dangerous is a bubble in the bloodstream? What is the likelihood of a bubble being introduced into the bloodstream during an intravenous drip/ injection? | I was once laid up in intensive care as a kid for ~10 days and I remember the nurses being paranoid about the drip running out. The best answer I could get from them was that if the glucose ran out, it could induce a bubble in the bloodstream which could cause a heart attack.
Seems a bit far fetched to me - that would... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/u5xiy/how_dangerous_is_a_bubble_in_the_bloodstream_what/ | {
"a_id": [
"c4sl25g",
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"score": [
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Yes, within reason it's entirely possible. It's not really easy, and most current IV pumps are designed to detect bubbles and clamp the line to prevent this issue. Not everything goes through a pump a... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://casereports.bmj.com/content/2012/bcr.01.2012.5488.long"
],
[],
[]
] | |
10c7p9 | Did Poland save Western Europe at the Battle of Vienna in 1683? | I'm aware of the general circumstances surrounding the conflict but there's a lot of "fluff" surrounding the battle and its repercussions. Were Jan Sobieski and his troops the deciding force in the battle and was the war really a life and death struggle for the West/Christianity?
Also, any good books on the subject or... | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/10c7p9/did_poland_save_western_europe_at_the_battle_of/ | {
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],
"text": [
"I'll leave the debate on the battle and its effects to those more expert than I, but I am happy to suggest some light reading on Poland-Lithuania!\n\nIf you have access to the **Ca... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
d8yqgf | understanding type 1 diabetes | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d8yqgf/eli5_understanding_type_1_diabetes/ | {
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"Oh boy, this is a loaded set of questions. I'll try to break it down a bit...\n\nWhy test yourself multiple times a day?\n- The level of sugar in your blood changes throughout the day. It can change through the things you eat or drink, or how act... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
ji43o | why alcohol changes your emotions? | More specifically, why do different *types* of alcohol have different emotional effects on people? When someone says whiskey tends to make me angry, and rum makes me sad, why the difference? Is it psychological or chemical? Or both? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ji43o/eli5_why_alcohol_changes_your_emotions/ | {
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"text": [
"Alcohol doesn't really change moods but it makes moods alreaady there stronger. It might also expose some hidden moods. Different alcohol makes people react differently because the... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
3uf283 | WW2 in the Pacific - How did the US not notice an entire Japanese battlegroup transiting the Pacific? | It is difficult to research this question due to conspiracy theories.
When I was in the Navy on submarines, we used to get daily reports on the order of battle for major ships of foreign militaries (mostly China) in the Pacific. That daily report would often show submarines, cruisers, etc... and where they were, inclu... | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3uf283/ww2_in_the_pacific_how_did_the_us_not_notice_an/ | {
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"text": [
"The Kido Butai was Radio Silent with stations at major fleet bases in Japan using the call signs of the units involved, essentially were portrayed to either be in port or training in the Sea of Japan. The seamanship required for the transit is ac... | [] | [] | [
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg",
"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pearlharbor/ngbeyond/stories/story4.html"
]
] | |
2nzzwy | Why is throwing pies depicted as such a fundamental part of early comedy? | I know this is sort of an odd question, but I'm curious as to why a pie to the face is so closely tied to comedy, specifically to clowns. | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2nzzwy/why_is_throwing_pies_depicted_as_such_a/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The story is that the first pie was thrown as an impromptu action between actors in 1913. A top exec at Keystone Studio happened to see it, liked it, and pie throwing became a signature of their movies.\n\n[history](_URL_0_)\n\nOf course, once o... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.clowningbybuster.com/piespart4.html"
]
] | |
116uko | is white a color? is black a color? is grey a color? | I don't really get why white should not be a color. People say it is to be explained with light. However, get a black piece of paper in a lighted room. Get a white pencil and draw a circle. Now you have a white circle. Do the same experiment with the lights out (In a dark room). The circle will still be white and ident... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/116uko/is_white_a_color_is_black_a_color_is_grey_a_color/ | {
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"text": [
"There are three approaches to this. One is from artist point of view, where \"white\" is a background of a piece of paper. White = place where there is no paint, a clear area.\n\n... | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter19/graphics/prism.jpg"
],
[],
[]
] | |
1sqvno | Are electromagnetic waves completely different from photons? I don't understand their connection. | Visible light is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Why does sunlight not exhibit the properties of electricity and magnetism? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1sqvno/are_electromagnetic_waves_completely_different/ | {
"a_id": [
"ce0ezim"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"The photon is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation.\n\nThat means that any electromagnetic wave you measure will have energy corresponding to a whole number of photons. Note that the energy per photon increases for higher frequency radiation,... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-slit_experiment"
]
] | |
s1ff4 | The average lifespan of an adult monarch butterfly is 2-6 weeks. However, during migration one generation has a lifespan of up to 8 months. What allows this? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/s1ff4/the_average_lifespan_of_an_adult_monarch/ | {
"a_id": [
"c4ahc2a"
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"text": [
"It appears to be due to [Diapause](_URL_1_)\n\nAnd you probably read about [monarch butterflies](_URL_0_).\n\nFrom what I've read on wikipedia it seems that the generation that begins the move enters diapause. Thus removing the daily need for pro... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapause"
]
] | ||
f7qw48 | In what ways did the nazi's break rules? | This might sound like a f*cked up question, I'm not asking if what they did was morally good or bad, because we all know it's bad
But on a justice point of view, did they break a lot of rules? I'm thinking the law of Geneva and the hague , but any other international laws of that time aswell
I have no clue what kind... | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/f7qw48/in_what_ways_did_the_nazis_break_rules/ | {
"a_id": [
"fidtznu"
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"text": [
"While more can always be said, you can find a long discussion from multiple users of the question of how the regime was dealt with from the [perspective of international law here](_URL_2_), as well as discussion of the specific legalities of the ... | [] | [] | [
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5vbw84/was_the_holocaust_technically_murder/?st=jios4hxi&sh=dbd86c50",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8stosg/on_the_legality_of_the_holocaust/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/95gfle/law_is_usually_not_retroactive... | |
33lxuf | How can we see/measure things smaller than an electron microscope? | According to [this scale](_URL_0_), helium and hydrogen are smaller than the smallest thing an electron microscope can see, as are protons, neutrons, nuclei, and electrons. How do we know the sizes of those things, and other very small objects? Do we have something that can see smaller than an electron microscope can, ... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/33lxuf/how_can_we_seemeasure_things_smaller_than_an/ | {
"a_id": [
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"cqm9be6",
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"score": [
2,
2,
2
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"text": [
"There are a few techniques that allow us to see things smaller than an SEM. One is a Scanning Tunneling Microscope:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIt produces an image by measuring the tunneling current of electrons bet... | [] | [
"http://htwins.net/scale2/"
] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope",
"http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/madewithatoms.shtml#fbid=YuCkdFezcuQ"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_problem",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_Helium_Ion_Microscope",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_ine... | |
89gugy | A lot of common English names (James, John, Michael) are English versions of biblical names. When did such names become common in English? Did the Anglo-Saxons use such names immediately after conversion, or were these names adopted more lately? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/89gugy/a_lot_of_common_english_names_james_john_michael/ | {
"a_id": [
"dwr2eag"
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"text": [
"Even for centuries after Christianization, Old English (Anglo-Saxon, pre-Conquest) still kept on pretty much using Germanic names. A common form was two-part names: choose your first part from Column Protheme and your second part from Column De... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/english/malmesbury-oe.html",
"https://www.s-gabriel.org/names/arval/hastings.html",
"https://www.s-gabriel.org/names/talan/yorkshire/yorkm.html",
"https://www.s-gabriel.org/names/talan/eng13/eng13m.html"
]
] | ||
1iexey | Do all proteins have a function? | Hi, I have a question about protein evolution and the existence of functionally redundant proteins. This question is based on a couple of assumptions which I will explain before I get to the question itself:
Firstly, that proteins with new functions often evolve from an existing protein with a different function.
Sec... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1iexey/do_all_proteins_have_a_function/ | {
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"text": [
"Being that over half of the human proteome is undefined, I believe the answer you will get to this question is that we don't know. \n\nConsider that *E. coli* has been the most well studied organism in ... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Monod",
"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000096"
],
[
"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2013/07/an-illusion-of-neutrality-and-synonymous-sites/"
],
[]
] | |
34zhmo | how and why did tony hawk get so famous? | Besides doing the first 900 what made his fame skyrocket, and why he is now worth so much? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/34zhmo/eli5_how_and_why_did_tony_hawk_get_so_famous/ | {
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"text": [
"One of the pioneers in skateboarding he founded birdhouse skateboards and even into his mid 40's still participa... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFS_QLfTC8U"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk"
]
] | |
2p6fku | If a flashlight was on and free floating in space would it accelerate? | Would the emission of photos push the flashlight at all? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2p6fku/if_a_flashlight_was_on_and_free_floating_in_space/ | {
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"text": [
" > Would the emission of photos push the flashlight at all?\n\n**Short answer:** Yes. [Photons carry momentum, which would cause the flashlight to experience a force against ... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28force%29",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28energy%29",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_%28speed%29",
"http://en.allexperts.com/q/Guns-Firearms-Projectile-1501/2... | |
hq84q | Could there be types of dimensions that are not space or time? | I'm not sure if this question even makes sense, but I was thinking about how we have four known dimensions in our universe, and three of those are classified as "space" and one is classified as "time". Could there be other "classifications" of dimensions? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/hq84q/could_there_be_types_of_dimensions_that_are_not/ | {
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"text": [
"The concept of \"dimension\" actually isn't that restrictive at all. In mathematical terms, a dimension is simply a degree of freedom of a system; a value which can vary if all ot... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
1k7te8 | what is democratic socialism, how does it work, is it possible/feasible? | I'm not the smartest person in the world so please put as much detail in it as you can. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1k7te8/eli5_what_is_democratic_socialism_how_does_it/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Socialism in general is a broad range of ideas, which can be applied in many different ways. At its core, socialism is just an economic philosophy based on the principals of need-based production for the purpose of meeting physical economic deman... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
1cu5ic | Why are squid and octupus red? | Now, I know not all Cephalopods are red, but it seems that alot which are shown in TV are red or orange. Giant squid, Pacific octupus, humbolt squid, all are red (at least most of the time, I know they change colors). So what evolutionary advantage is there in being red? Or is it just one of those "that's just how they... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1cu5ic/why_are_squid_and_octupus_red/ | {
"a_id": [
"c9kc6ne"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"Well, obviously there is the chance that they turn red as a threat because every time we see them they think we are a threat.\n\nBut another reason is to do with the way light travels through water. The deeper you go the the fewer colours you can... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
qhc1m | tv settings such as brightness vs contrast and sharpness. | Edit: A brief explanation on each setting such as tint, brightness, color, etc. Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qhc1m/eli5_tv_settings_such_as_brightness_vs_contrast/ | {
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"text": [
"Brightness is how much light the screen is putting out, contrast is the difference between the brightest parts of the screen and the darkest.",
" Many of the names of the settings come from the way ... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[
"http://www.pcworld.com/article/148462/how_to_calibrate_your_hdtv.html",
"http://www.lagom.nl/lcd-test/",
"http://www.audioholics.com/tweaks/calibrate-your-system/basic-television-setup-tips"
]
] | |
2obgbt | how do the space ships designed to transport humans to the moon or mars relaunch from those places to return to earth? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2obgbt/eli5_how_do_the_space_ships_designed_to_transport/ | {
"a_id": [
"cmliz7z"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"As of right now there's only ever been craft to take humans to the moon.\n\nIt landed with the engine pointed down already. It simply activated them to take off again."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
86x34n | what's the difference between the nyse and the nasdaq? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/86x34n/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_the_nyse_and/ | {
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"text": [
"Both are stock exchanges (marketplaces for investing in companies) operated by two different competing companies. They do roughly the same things, but historically they were very different. NYSE traded ... | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html",
"https://www.loc.gov/rr/business/hottopic/stock_market.html",
"https://www.sec.gov/answers/about-lawsshtml.html#secexact1934"
],
[]
] | ||
b7diz3 | how do open world games go without interstitial loading screens? | So if you’re playing a typical non-open world game, every time you lose a life or enter a new area, you have to sit through a couple minutes of loading screens. How do open world games circumvent this, to create a seamless experience as you transition from one area to the next? Is an open world game continually “stream... | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b7diz3/eli5_how_do_open_world_games_go_without/ | {
"a_id": [
"ejqx8z8"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Yes, that's exactly what it is doing. The open world is split in to sections, and only the section the player is close to is loaded. You notice if you die in open world games it will take a bit of time to load the area you respawn in. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
4bchpr | During the whaling period, how common was it for whales for strike back against fishermen? | I recently saw the film "In the Heart of the Sea" (i rather enjoyed it by the way despite the bad reviews) and currently reading the book it was based on. I really was surprised to learn that Moby Dick was inspired by an actual event. The thought of a whale being intelligent enough to attack/hunt a whaling mother ship ... | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/4bchpr/during_the_whaling_period_how_common_was_it_for/ | {
"a_id": [
"d180r9a"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"The whaleship *Ann Alexander* is the only other notable \"deliberate sinking\" by a sperm whale, to my recollection, in 1851. \n\nYour use of the terms 'vengeful' and 'hunt' are sort of controversial. They give the whales an agency that we are to... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
8d2r30 | Book about the Night of The Long Knives | Any recommendations of books that expand on Hitlers purge of Ernst Röhm and the SA? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8d2r30/book_about_the_night_of_the_long_knives/ | {
"a_id": [
"dxkk2i8"
],
"score": [
3
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"text": [
"Unfortunately, there are not a lot of good English-language books on the Blood Purge itself; most accounts tend to be pop history-ish. There is a very good German-language book written by the journalist Heinz Höhne, *Mordsache Röhm: Hitlers Durch... | [] | [] | [
[
"https://www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/school-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/associate-professor-eleanor-hancock#quickset-people2"
]
] | |
2qz1xe | During the first nuclear bomb test, how did they know how far away to observe the blast? Did they already know how many tons of TNT (or TJ) it was? | I tried some google-fu, but nothing showed up. How did the scientists that made the bomb know where to place their observation cameras and bunkers? From what I've seen they were fairly close enough to the blast to see it without using binoculars or other things. There were bunkers 10,000 yards away and observation thin... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2qz1xe/during_the_first_nuclear_bomb_test_how_did_they/ | {
"a_id": [
"cnavih0"
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"text": [
"The question of how large a nuclear blast can be is a function of the total energy release possible multiplied by the expected efficiency of the weapon. \n\nSo in the case of the first nuclear weapon, they knew that it contained 6.2 kg of pluto... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
3ed5jz | why do cereal and juice boxes all have "color swatches" under the tabs? | [This is an example of what I mean.](_URL_0_)
& nbsp;
They're also under the rims of coffee cups and not always the printer ink "CYMK" format. Sometimes it will be like 5 shades of the same purple color if the image on the box is just purple.
Do companies have to print swatches on the each box for some legal reason... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ed5jz/eli5_why_do_cereal_and_juice_boxes_all_have_color/ | {
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5,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"They're to verify the printing. If the blue on that swatch is faded then you know the rest of the blue on the box is faded. If the crosshairs are misaligned... | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/j497Wyj.jpg"
] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
5l8foa | why do pro gamers retire in their early 20's? do your reflexes really drop so significantly that early in life? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5l8foa/eli5why_do_pro_gamers_retire_in_their_early_20s/ | {
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34,
18,
10,
68,
6,
2
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"text": [
"It's more social pressures, really. There are some relatively old eSports players still at the top of their games. Polt is 28, Taz i... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
9srb96 | do we know how greek and latin were originally pronounced? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9srb96/eli5_do_we_know_how_greek_and_latin_were/ | {
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2,
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"text": [
"While he isn’t referring specifically to Greek or Latin, Dr Jackson Crawford has several YouTube video about Old Norse and other Old or dead languages, and he explains in detail ho... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_enn7NIo-S0"
]
] | ||
743m95 | how did we become to trust banks with all our money? | I know if I were in the early years of banking I sure as hell wouldn't trust them with my life savings. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/743m95/eli5_how_did_we_become_to_trust_banks_with_all/ | {
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"text": [
"Well you could watch some videos about that on YT. I reccomend extra-history: Money. \n\nSo early in italy there was a lot of trade, and a lot of different currency. So the banks ... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
88uhiu | How does the size of a proton change under different conditions? | Within different sizes of atomic nuclei what governs changes in the size of the proton? What conjecture is there? What do we know? And how does this affect the density of atomic nuclei?
If any astrophysics people know anything about say matter in extreme conditions and it's affect on size that would be interesting ... | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/88uhiu/how_does_the_size_of_a_proton_change_under/ | {
"a_id": [
"dwndbwp"
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"score": [
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"text": [
" > Within different sizes of atomic nuclei what governs changes in the size of the proton? What conjecture is there? What do we know? And how does this affect the density of atomic nuclei?\n\nThe different sizes of nuclei are not really caused b... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://slideplayer.com/slide/7353729/24/images/3/Bound+lithium+isotopes.jpg"
]
] | |
yu8by | How long will Neil Armstrong's footprints remain on the Moon? | I should ask: how long *could* his footprints remain on the Moon? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/yu8by/how_long_will_neil_armstrongs_footprints_remain/ | {
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17,
12,
12,
2
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"text": [
"Unless disturbed by an outside force.... Forever ",
"Until some meteor strikes spread some powder over them to bury them. Infrequent, sure, but probab... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
1v77ur | when your pen stops writing mid-word, you make it write again somewhere else, then try to write the same word in the same place as before, why it will stop writing again so often? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v77ur/eli5_when_your_pen_stops_writing_midword_you_make/ | {
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"It's probably the surface you are writing on that is causing the pen to stop",
"Usually, it's because you were writing too hard and made the ball stop turning because it's too slippery. You turn the ball somewhere else a... | [] | [] | [
[],
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] | ||
8wq6fr | why can they make phone chargers that fit both ways but cant make a usb plug that fits in both ways? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8wq6fr/eli5_why_can_they_make_phone_chargers_that_fit/ | {
"a_id": [
"e1xke01"
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"text": [
"They do, USB C. The more common USB types (A, B, Mini, Micro etc) will take a while to phase out as there is still so much tech out there that still uses them, especially USB A."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
16yd7h | Can anyone tell me about historical Iberian cultures? | I'm trying to make a EUIII mod, and want to add some more nations in Iberia. Can anyone tell me about some cool tribes/factions/nations/etc that existed in the Iberian Peninsula? I'm not looking for anything specific, so christians, muslims, whatever is all fair game. Also I'm not shooting for perfect historical accura... | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/16yd7h/can_anyone_tell_me_about_historical_iberian/ | {
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"During the late medieval period (i.e. the 15th century), the Christian portion of the Iberian Peninsula (most of the peninsula at that point) consisted of four kingdoms: [Portugal](_URL_5_), [Navarre](_URL_17_), [the Crown o... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Toledo",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_o... | |
b17t5r | what is modern macroeconomic theory and why do none of the top economists support it? | Today is the first time I've ever heard of it and all I have been able to find is conflicting information. Some seem to present it as a new school of thought (ex. Monetarism, Keynesian, New-Keynesian, Neo-Classical, etc.), but I haven't found anything to support this type of claim. Basically, does anyone actually know ... | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b17t5r/eli5_what_is_modern_macroeconomic_theory_and_why/ | {
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"At a simple level, it posits a disconnect between spending and taxes. That is, the amount government spends is unrelated to the amount it collects as tax revenue.\n\nInstead, this discrepancy is merely an exercise in monetar... | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis"
]
] | |
1yxkky | why do some people worship satan? | I'm actually a pagan myself (/r/Asatru if yer interested), but I sometimes wonder why some people consider themselves to be satanists. If the Christians believe that he is a personification of evil and you'll be sent to a horrible place if you follow him, then why do some people still want to devote their lives to him? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yxkky/eli5_why_do_some_people_worship_satan/ | {
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"text": [
"If you're referring to Satanism, they don't actually worship Satan. It's simply the antithesis of Christian ethics. Most satanists are atheist. They just don't hold to 'love your neighbor' and such.",
... | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_witch_trials"
],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/casualiama/comments/1ldzt0/i_am_a_22_yo_spiritual_satanist_ask_me_anything/"
]
] | |
few3zs | During the Warlord and Republic period in China, the Muslim dominated Ma Clique seems to be the only force in the country with a strong religious affiliation. Is this assessment correct or did other Warlords, Cliques and factions have such support? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/few3zs/during_the_warlord_and_republic_period_in_china/ | {
"a_id": [
"fju66ev"
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"text": [
"It is true that the Ma Clique had a strong affiliation with Islam, being that many were ethnic Hui, most of whom practice Islam, which is still present in modern China. Because of that, I think the Ma Clique gets a lot of attention from Western ... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
mkrrz | What would it take to make Venus habitable? | So, Venus has approximately the same diameter as Earth, has a full atmosphere, is a rocky planet... What would it take to convert it into a livable planet?
For instance, [this](_URL_0_) comment in another thread makes it seem like a faster rotation would give a magnetic field, which then could allow water buildup.
Co... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/mkrrz/what_would_it_take_to_make_venus_habitable/ | {
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"Venus has a very thick atmosphere that traps in heat from the sun, making it unbearably hot there wether the sun is showing or not. And because the atmosphere is so thick, the air pressure there would be unbearable as well. ... | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/mjw89/what_would_earth_be_like_if_it_was_tidally_locked/c31isf4"
] | [
[],
[]
] | |
a9fzwf | Are deep-sea creatures fragile? | Recently I've been reading a sci-fi book about a crew manning a deep sea geothermal plant and it is mentioned multiple times (and shown) that the organism down there are fragile and squishy due to their crappy diet. Is this true? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/a9fzwf/are_deepsea_creatures_fragile/ | {
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"text": [
"Due to the extreme amounts of outside pressure deep sea creatures experience they don't have any bones or teeth. \nThis causes them to be extremely squishy.\n\nIf we try to study them by bringing them to sea level they usually swell up and pop. L... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
21ot8v | If you were to lose a Liter of blood, how long would it take your body to make that amount of blood back? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/21ot8v/if_you_were_to_lose_a_liter_of_blood_how_long/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The plasma would be replaced very quickly; as soon as you ate a meal. The volume would be replaced within 6 hours. The red blood cells can take up to a month to regenerate. This is why you can't give blood more than once a month. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
3fndbl | Archeologist, and those who study Native Americans: Do we know of any large areas of North America that were never explored by native Americans? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3fndbl/archeologist_and_those_who_study_native_americans/ | {
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"text": [
"While there are certainly areas where no archaeological remains have been found, it's nearly impossible to know if no native ever explored an area. If all they left behind is footprints and all they took with them were stories that have been lo... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
8mib7i | What were plebeian sports in the past? And what are the reasons? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8mib7i/what_were_plebeian_sports_in_the_past_and_what/ | {
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"Sorry, we don't allow [\"example seeking\" questions](_URL_0_). It's not that your question was bad; it's that these kinds of questions tend to produce threads that are collections of disjointed, partial, inadequate responses. If you have a quest... | [] | [] | [
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3nub87/rules_change_throughout_history_rule_is_replaced/"
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75b9iy | why do some cops in big cities like new york use horses? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/75b9iy/eli5_why_do_some_cops_in_big_cities_like_new_york/ | {
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7wvfvo | why is the end of the nail different than the bottom of the nail if the nail grows upward and they are the same thing? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7wvfvo/eli5_why_is_the_end_of_the_nail_different_than/ | {
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"Well it's so one end is pointy and it'll go into the wood easily, and the other end has more surface area so it's easier to hit with a hammer and transfers more energy.",
"Oh you mean finger nails,... | [] | [] | [
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43f8dh | Why didn't late medieval armies resurrect the Roman way of fighting? | By this time I would have thought a lot of the more advanced European powers would have the money and technology to create a Roman-style infantry army. I'm aware of things like the rodeleros, but why did armies choose to fight with massed pikes instead? Hadn't the Roman legions proved to be more flexible than the Maced... | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/43f8dh/why_didnt_late_medieval_armies_resurrect_the/ | {
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"In the most significant sense, late medieval/early modern armies did resurrect the Roman way of fighting: larger, more centralized states developed administrative and financial apparatuses that were able to raise and maint... | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
16968u | How often was upward mobility available to serfs and villeins around Norman times? | Were there avenues for advancement out of serfdom and into, say, into becoming a villein or even upwards into barony? Were the agricultural classes generally happy or unhappy with their lot in life? Did they strive to become something else, or was it something they resigned themselves to or even proud of? Did they feel... | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/16968u/how_often_was_upward_mobility_available_to_serfs/ | {
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"Norman times were about 900 to 1200, so portable wealth (coinage) was rare and most store of value was actually land. It was more after 1300 did trade begin to grow and commoners (merchants) became upwardly mobile due to co... | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-life/index.htm",
"http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%2013%20Society.htm",
"http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1986/3/86.03.03.x.html"
],
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] | |
5ska0d | What are the biggest limitations of SETI? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5ska0d/what_are_the_biggest_limitations_of_seti/ | {
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"text": [
"The strength of our observational equipment, the type of equipment used and signal processing for intelligence are the big limitations. Current SETI instruments look at the radio and visual spectrum for signals. The problem is that in order to de... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
18lcge | If one consumes an excess of sodium during a meal, could he offset it by drinking an excess of water? | Just something that I always wondered and tried to rationalize to myself after eating some really salty foods. | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/18lcge/if_one_consumes_an_excess_of_sodium_during_a_meal/ | {
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"Sodium controls how much water is in your body. If you eat more sodium, you hold onto more water. This can increase your blood pressure but your kidneys try to compensate. Many anti-hypertensive medications act on the kidneys, causing them to los... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
2fb2y0 | Is there any material that reflects all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum? | also, what causes a certain frequency to reflect at all? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2fb2y0/is_there_any_material_that_reflects_all/ | {
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"text": [
"Materials reflect a wavelength when there is a quantum transition available at the corresponding energy. For instance, metals reflect in the visible because they have electrons with a broad spectrum of energy levels to move into. \n\nThere isn't ... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
jm9i0 | how does bill proration work? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jm9i0/eli5_how_does_bill_proration_work/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Bill proration is adjusting how much you pay for a good/service depending on how much of it you used. Think of the bill like a candy bar that costs $1 but you only want half of the candy bar. The person selling you would \"p... | [] | [] | [
[],
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] | ||
7654oc | how does gravitropism work? | Additional: How would affect plants in places with other gravity, e.g. Moon? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7654oc/eli5how_does_gravitropism_work/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Some plant cells are sensitive to gravity, and the plant uses this information to send the root down and the stalk up when the seed germinates. It would not work as well on the Moon or Mars, where there is less gravity, but some effect is still ... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
y98pd | Is the energy required to get to space diminished by any significant amount by launching in the opposite direction of Earth's revolution? | It's 6 AM. I'm hopped up on coffee and reading Wikipedia articles about space travel. Bear with me.
The question is whether or not space-bound vehicles gain any kind of "boost" by lifting off in the opposite direction of Earth's path around the sun. In the same way that I can throw a baseball farther with less effort... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/y98pd/is_the_energy_required_to_get_to_space_diminished/ | {
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"It is very much measurable and an extremely important part in interplanetary travel. Most spacecraft launch to Earth orbit going eastwards because the surface of Earth is rotating that way about 460 m/s... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
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] | |
547jjj | What are the best books on the life of Charlemagne? | I've read quite a bit about Charlemagne legacy, but I've had a hard time finding more detailed information about his rise. Are there any sources (besides Einhard) that would help me learn more about Charlemagne, his family, his military campaigns (against the Lombards and the Saxons, among others), and the political st... | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/547jjj/what_are_the_best_books_on_the_life_of_charlemagne/ | {
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"I hesitate to recommend this to you, but I DO recommend it as a good candidate for someone with good general history interest and knowledge, but relatively little on the man himself. *Charlemagne: From... | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000133210",
"https://books.google.com/books?id=kxb8kR4hvbQC",
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"https://books.google.com/books?id=L7Rf2PsyvowC",
"https://books.google.com/books?id=OkSG3X-M80oC"
... | |
8osfzb | Why have wars in Asia and Africa become so bloody and difficult for the Europeans after ww2? | In the 19th and the early 20th century, wars in Asia and Africa were a relative cakewalk for the Europeans (even when fighting modernized enemies like the Boers). After WW2, the french wars in Indochina, the Algerian war, and later the US campaigns in the Middle East have become constant, bloody, expensive guerilla war... | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8osfzb/why_have_wars_in_asia_and_africa_become_so_bloody/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The problem with your question is that the initial premise is wrong. 19th and early 20th century conflicts in Asia and Africa were not the cakewalks we imagine them to be. Although 20th century popular culture has often portrayed conflicts betwee... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
6or2zf | why is the molecular weight standard (the amu) measured as 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom? why not base it off of hydrogen or helium? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6or2zf/eli5_why_is_the_molecular_weight_standard_the_amu/ | {
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"text": [
"In 1903, before they had discovered elemental isotopes, it was suggested to use 1/16th the mass of oxygen and quite a bit of literature built up around it. But in 1929 isotopic oxygen was discovered and different standards were established for ch... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
1dgnxp | How does obesity affect the procedure of surgery? If the patient carries excessive body fat, how much does it hinder the surgeon? | This is mainly referring to surgeries done in places with typically more body fat, such as stomach or chest area. | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1dgnxp/how_does_obesity_affect_the_procedure_of_surgery/ | {
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"[This comparative MRI image](_URL_0_) helps you understand fat distribution in people... | [] | [] | [
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"http://chiropractorpeoria.org/files/2013/02/fat1.jpg"
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a0ifa9 | why does our brain sometimes wake us up during the night, despite there being no external stimulus, and when we clearly have not had enough sleep? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a0ifa9/eli5_why_does_our_brain_sometimes_wake_us_up/ | {
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"Depends. What kind of waking up are you talking about?\nThe one where you have no chance to go to sleep again (insomnia style) or more like waking up, realizing it’s still bed ti... | [] | [] | [
[],
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3opcsp | why don't modern tv's have more than 3 light colours? | Screens are made up of RGB, but why don't modern HD TV's have more to get even better colour quality? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3opcsp/eli5_why_dont_modern_tvs_have_more_than_3_light/ | {
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3,
2
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"text": [
"You wouldn't necessarily get better color quality. Our eyes have only three different types of color receptor. This is known as trichromatic vision. If you ... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quattron"
],
[
"https://dotcolordotcom.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/cie1931gridedit1.png"
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[]
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1kzfsl | Why does alcohol store dead tissue so capably, but is so harmful towards living tissue? | Need to save a liver for display in a jar? Use alcohol!
Wanna ruin a live liver? Use alcohol!
What gives? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1kzfsl/why_does_alcohol_store_dead_tissue_so_capably_but/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"I'm not so sure about alcohol, but lets think for a bit about preserving tissue. I'm familiar with formaldehyde: it gets into your sample, permeates it, and then \"cross-links\" (AKA \"fixes) many proteins together. Basically, it chemically freez... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
136omi | Wednesday AMA: I am heyheymse, specialist in Roman sexuality and mod of this fine community! AMA. | Hello historians! As most of you know, I'm not only a mod but a historian with a speciality in Roman sexuality. My dissertation was subtitled, "Sex, Deviance, and Satire in Martial's Epigrams" - have any questions about how Romans had sex? Or anything else, for that matter? Ask away!
(Previous AMA is up [here](_URL_0_... | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/136omi/wednesday_ama_i_am_heyheymse_specialist_in_roman/ | {
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d1nceg | Was the 1972 World Chess Championship really as big of a deal as "Bobby Fischer Against the World" portrayed it? | It implied it was a pretty big event with tonnes of people watching, a complete national event like a mini-superbowl. Was it really that popular in the USA? Was Russia similar? None of my friends or anyone I work with could even name the current WCC.
Also the doc portrayed the Russians as being this entity supporting ... | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/d1nceg/was_the_1972_world_chess_championship_really_as/ | {
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],
"text": [
"There is a lot to unpack here. First, you should know that Bobby Fischer suffered from mental illness from a very early age. I did a 2.5 hour [presentation](_URL_2_) on Fischer's biography, including discussion of mental illness, if you're inte... | [] | [] | [
[
"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/20/obituaries/shelby-lyman-dead.html",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gA7AfpLY2YE",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXiVpFE3Zs0"
]
] | |
1h3j34 | How exactly were Roman leaders "hailed as Emperor?" | I just got through "The History of Rome" podcast, and I noticed how often Duncan describes various eminent Roman leaders being "hailed as Emperor" (or Caesar, or Augustus) by their troops (with varying degrees of feigned or genuine spontaneity). Was this just as simple as a general leaving his tent in the morning and b... | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1h3j34/how_exactly_were_roman_leaders_hailed_as_emperor/ | {
"a_id": [
"caqtug2"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"No, it was more or less just being hailed as \"Imperator.\" The title, until the Principate, was an incredibly great honor and the troops wouldn't just confer it on anybody. Most likely, after some great victory, no doubt in camp after the genera... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
5k6200 | helium is non-renewable, but in most cases (as far as i know), it is used as is and not converted into anything else. why can't we just keep helium in something that contains it better, and doesn't allow it to escape to the atmosphere? | And I do understand that we have another ~250 years of helium in reserve, and that the U.S is selling of its stockpile, but why are we using it so brashly, versus making more airtight applications? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5k6200/eli5_helium_is_nonrenewable_but_in_most_cases_as/ | {
"a_id": [
"dblkuay",
"dblokqm"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"Why are using a finite resource so carelessly? Balloons and funny noises.",
"We do. Labs always recycle their helium. When you use helium, you're incentivised to pump it back into a storage tank. But it's still a fairly... | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
37p6ac | Where does the money come from to make rich people ever richer (without the poor becoming much poorer)? | I don't know the least thing about economics. That may be the reason why I fail to see how rich people can become increasingly rich without necessarily taking ALL their newly gained wealth from the middle classes and the poor (who, as far as I know, don't get increasingly poorer). If it's a matter of just printing new ... | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/37p6ac/where_does_the_money_come_from_to_make_rich/ | {
"a_id": [
"cronpyp",
"croov6y",
"crovc49"
],
"score": [
8,
3,
6
],
"text": [
" > where does that new wealth come from?\n\nWealth doesn't come from the amount of money in circulation. It comes from our capacity to produce real goods and services.\n\nIf we found a way to double our... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | |
1x30w3 | how does evolution and the big bang disprove existence of any god? | I believe in evolution and the big bang and am not a religious man at all but I don't see how these events are proof that there couldn't be any greater force behind them. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1x30w3/how_does_evolution_and_the_big_bang_disprove/ | {
"a_id": [
"cf7mz1l"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"If you are referring to the Nye/ Kent debate, they were discussing only between evolution and creationism, not the existence of a god.\n\nBesides that its really a matter of personal belief on the subject. If you think there is something behind i... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
6qdb9x | Why is Earth's Moon so nice and round while other moons like Phobos and Deimos are weird ugly rocks? | Also, are there different classes/types of moons or every moon is a moon and that's about it? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6qdb9x/why_is_earths_moon_so_nice_and_round_while_other/ | {
"a_id": [
"dkwp2rp"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text": [
"If an object is above a certain size, its own gravity will smoosh it into a sphere. Below that size, the structural rigidity of the rock or ice making up the object will resist the smooshing of gravity, leaving it jagged or potato-like. The [\"p... | [] | [] | [
[
"https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.04297"
]
] | |
e6tgul | what's the difference between having a type and fetishizing? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e6tgul/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_having_a_type/ | {
"a_id": [
"f9t1ri6",
"f9t383a",
"f9t4i6l"
],
"score": [
7,
7,
2
],
"text": [
"It’s not a good black and white distinction, but generally, having a type is just kind of a subconscious preference for certain traits. Fetishization goes far beyond that. Realizing that you have a pref... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
3scgc4 | why are we in $19 trillion dollars debt? and how do we pay it back? is it possible to have millions of americans paying something every month until the debt is paid off? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3scgc4/eli5_why_are_we_in_19_trillion_dollars_debt_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"cwvyun5"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
" > Why are we in $19 trillion dollars debt?\n\nBecause the federal government has been borrowing (more specifically, selling bonds) for a long, long time.\n\n > And how do we pay it back?\n\nBy collecting tax revenues and/or borrowing more to p... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
5ka3v2 | How does a ribosome understand which exact protein goes with a corresponding codon? | How do our cells understand the language of codons? What exactly makes a ribosome synthesize Methionine when it "reads" AUG or to stop when it reaches UAA, UAG or UGA? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5ka3v2/how_does_a_ribosome_understand_which_exact/ | {
"a_id": [
"dbmw0sv"
],
"score": [
11
],
"text": [
"There are transfer RNA molecules which have 3 base pairs which complement the codons in the DNA. Each transfer RNA of a particular codon is only able to carry one specific amino acid because of the arrangement of bonds and polarity, etc. The rib... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
9usw4a | i have to teach 6th graders about investment and i want to talk to them about bonds, so i looked up the definition, and i have no clue what it's talking about. any help? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9usw4a/eli5_i_have_to_teach_6th_graders_about_investment/ | {
"a_id": [
"e96qzg7",
"e96rnup",
"e96ryrx",
"e9771sz",
"e97c7en"
],
"score": [
5,
3,
63,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Bonds are an agreement that if you give money to someone today they will then give you more money later.\n\nBonds are mostly issued by governments and corpor... | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/IuyejHOGCro"
]
] | ||
5dwg4v | Could Black Holes be Entropy Recyclers? | This is probably a stupid idea, but I'm in Chem II right now and just learned about entropy.
On the molecular level, entropy increases with the number of microstates possible where a microstate is defined by the number of possible variations of speed, position, rotation, and vibration a set of molecules can have. So, ... | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5dwg4v/could_black_holes_be_entropy_recyclers/ | {
"a_id": [
"da802yf"
],
"score": [
19
],
"text": [
"It's not stupid to think black holes have low entropy, on the basis of general relativity alone everyone should agree. What should be worrying you however is this would violate the second law. If you throw high entropy states into the black hole... | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
1ieplk | How much have firearms changed over the last seventy years? | There have obviously been a lot of different fire arms designed and produced since the end of World War 2 but to my knowledge nothing has really 'broken the mold' since the invention of the assault rifle and the serious development of bullpup weapons.
So what has actually happened in the last seventy years of firearm... | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1ieplk/how_much_have_firearms_changed_over_the_last/ | {
"a_id": [
"cb3qy7y",
"cb3r1q6"
],
"score": [
3,
5
],
"text": [
"Modern weapons are more ergonomic, reliable, and accurate due to improved manufacturing techniques. They are lighter and produce less recoil. \n\nA lot of this improvement has come in the last 20 years. You would probably ha... | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
spbmv | Is the idea of the subconscious mind an actual scientific concept or is it just a model used in philosophy and psychology to help describe mental processes? | If its more than just a model, what, in terms of evolution, would be the advantage to having a hidden and generally inaccessable (for lack of a better term) part of our brain? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/spbmv/is_the_idea_of_the_subconscious_mind_an_actual/ | {
"a_id": [
"c4fu0cy",
"c4fzxs1"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"The brain does lots and lots of processing which we're not consciously aware. Calling this 'subconscious' is a reasonable terminology, and one which is standard within some literatures.",
"Don't lump psychology in with ... | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(psychology\\)",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subconscious"
]
] |
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