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9ifcb9 | why is it important to vote? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ifcb9/eli5_why_is_it_important_to_vote/ | {
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"It starts and ends in your community. You vote for the person that you think will best represent you, be it in your schools and traffic courts to how your voice are heard in foreign countries and the world. \n\nYour vote is your final voice on many things. It's important to make that voice heard and not silenced. It may not always be heard, but it's crucial to speak, else your thoughts will never be heard. \n\nIt's equally important to note that your voice is always one amongst a crowd, and that's something fundamental to democracy. Your voice and your vote is not the only one that matters. It counts in aggregate, that is to say that the voice of a single person is not going to change a result but the clamor and shouts of many do. It is better to be a part of a voice that is quiet than to be silent, else nothing can change, and no one will hear about what matters to you, your family, or your community. \n\nEdit: \n\nVoting is not the only part of participating in democracy. Advocacy at your local and regional meetings, volunteering time and resources to issues you care about can also be impactful. But voting is the single most importanr thing you can do, because no matter what it's something than can be counted and quantified. It's the most important thing anyone can do to ensure democracy and peaceful transition of power or transition of policy occurs. ",
"So, the presidential election is the only where where the popular vote doesn't fully decide things. Pretty much every other elected official is done by the popular vote. \n\n\nAnd while the presidential election is done by the electoral college, each state picks who their votes are going for based on the popular vote in that state. It's just that some states have more of a say in the electoral college than the raw numbers of people voting would suggest. "
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9n9wbk | why does google crome use so much ram? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9n9wbk/eli5_why_does_google_crome_use_so_much_ram/ | {
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"Largely speed optimizations. A program that wished to have minimal memory usage that drew a web page (one that had two overlapping images for example) would download the two images, calculate what the overlapping images should look like, and draw the web page with that combined image, and then send it to the screen, after each step it would through out the source files because they take space, so when you scroll for example, the page may need to be re-rendered, and since the source files are missing you need to go get them again, and redo the rendering. All this work just slows down the performance when scrolling.\n\nOne common way to speed up applications is hold on to this stuff as long as possible, when redoing rendering you already have the merged image, so you can start there. Chrome additionally keeps the completed render of the last few items in the history, so when you click back it doesn't re-render, it just pulls up the saved copy from last time. Chrome also has a process per tab (provides security and helps a bit with speed as the tabs can't really interfere with each other), but this also means that if you have the same site open in two tabs, then chrome has probably rendered the whole site twice, once for each tab, and kept all of it in memory.\n\nIn general, it's way faster to sort through a huge database of completed work than it is to re-do the work every time something minor changes, so chrome in goes for a huge amount of completed work saved in memory to speed stuff up.",
"The previous answers give good analogies, but I'll try to clear it up without getting too technical.\n\nIt relies on the difference between Processes and Threads. Think about something that requires lots of different processing of different factors to ensure the outcome, such as driving. If you think about driving the car being a Process, and all of the smaller tasks involved as Threads, for example checking the mirrors, checking speed, changing gears, braking, accelerating etc. Your brain is allocating significant resources to the whole Process, and each Thread within that Process uses a small part of that brain power and each of these Threads is communicating with each other in order for you to drive the vehicle. For example the thread for your eyes sees a deer in the road, it sends a message to the thread used for pedal control which causes you to slam the brakes on.\n\nTo bring this back to Google Chrome, each Process is designated space in the RAM of the computer. Threads of a process operate on that designated memory. In Chrome each new tab is a different Process not a different Thread, which means each tab is being designated a decent sized chunk of RAM to handle its own threads. This sounds inefficient, and it is in terms of memory, however the reason for doing so is that if one of the tabs crashes and causes an error only THAT PROCESS i.e. that tab will fail, not the whole browser crashing. This makes it useful to avoid losing any currently unsaved or in progress work on other tabs."
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8s6e5r | why is kissing considered to be an act of intimacy? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8s6e5r/eli5_why_is_kissing_considered_to_be_an_act_of/ | {
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"Not going to be an ELI5 but..\n\nMouth contact being intimate is probably something ingrained in us through millions of years of evolution.\n\nAninals use mouths to\n* Clean each other (licking/grooming)\n* Eat pests of one another (bugs)\n* Lick wounds\n\nThese actions show 'care' for another organism besides yourself. As we evolved and grew opposable thumbs we likely maintained an internal instict for mouth contact that we associate with care, love and intimacy.\n\nMouth to mouth kissing also has an added layee of trust which adds to the intimacy."
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5okg9k | how can the dollar be "too" strong and how does it negatively impact the u.s? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5okg9k/eli5_how_can_the_dollar_be_too_strong_and_how/ | {
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"The stronger the currency is (in comparison to other currencies) the more expensive it will be for others to purchase things, so you might see a decline in exports. It's why China wants to keep their Yuan pretty low - it makes buying from them even cheaper and their exports increase as a result.",
"It has to do with exchange rates. Let's pretend we are selling Cars manufactured in the U.S. to Mexico for $100.\n\nIf the 1 Peso = $1 the car costs 100 Pesos for a Mexican.\n\nIf the dollar is strong it means 2 Pesos = $1 (or any amount of pesos greater than 1). So now it costs 200 Pesos for our Mexican friend. Unfortunately they don't get a raise so they can't afford this car and so they stop buying American goods. That means less Americans working as we don't need to produce as much.\nOn a positive note, goods from other countries are cheaper for those who get to keep their jobs.\n",
"Too strong a dollar makes our exports more expensive to other countries, which reduces export sales of manufactured goods, agricultural production, makes travel to the US more expensive, etc. Obviously, it's bad for our economy if we sell fewer cars and appliances, less corn, wheat, coal, etc. abroad, see fewer international tourists because lower sales means less revenue for these companies, and thus less jobs for their employees.\n\nAs an example, let's say a Ford Mustang costs $30,000. If the dollar is worth 0.9 Euros, then that Mustang costs €27,000 (forgetting about taxes, tariffs, transport costs, etc.). If the Euro and Dollar are now even (meaning the dollar got stronger), then that same $30,000 mustang now costs somebody in Europe €30,000 -- that's a €3,000 increase for a car that still costs the same here.",
"Let's pretend there's only three currencies: The American dollar, British pound, and the euro in the European Union. At different times, each one can be stronger or weaker than another. This month, the dollar is strong, the pound is weak, and the euro is weaker.\n\nWhile I'm an American, I like British suits, so I shop online at a fine British clothesmaker. I find one that reliably sells for 1000 pounds. If the dollar is weak against the pound, that might mean I have to pay $1800. If the dollar is strong against the pound, maybe I only pay $900. I'm happy with a strong dollar.\n\nThen, I go to my job at a factory that makes aircraft. While the UK has traditionally imported a lot of planes from us, the strong dollar means our planes are more expensive for them. British airlines start buying from European manufacturers instead, because their money goes further when they're buying in euros. The factory can't afford to employ me, so I lose my job. (Sure wish I hadn't blown all that money on suits.) My friend who works in Times Square is hurting, too, because none of the British and European tourists are visiting our country.\n\nBasically, that's the trade-off. A weak dollar means people buy more of our stuff, but their stuff is expensive. A strong dollar means their stuff is cheap, but they buy less of our stuff. A very strong dollar hurts businesses that depend on foreign sales.",
"Some good answers here but let me boil down the essential symmetry:\n\n* A **strong** dollar is good for Americans traveling abroad (tourists can buy more stuff), and it is good for imports (Americans can buy more stuff from China, EU as a whole, Mexico, Canada, Japan, Germany, etcetera).\n\n Top trading partners sorted by imports _URL_0_\n\n* A **weak** dollar is good for the American tourism industry (people from abroad visiting inside the US can buy more) and it is good for exports (Americans will have more customers from Canada, EU as whole, Mexico, China, Japan, UK, etcetera).\n\n Top trading partners sorted by exports _URL_1_\n\nTakeaways:\n\n* If you want to make a lot of stuff within the US using mostly in-US resources, or if you work in US tourism, you benefit from a weak dollar. The benefits are significant; a weak dollar means more jobs are available in the US, because more companies will be making stuff and offering services from within the US. With a weak dollar, the customer support you speak to for an American company is that much more likely to be US-based rather than from some overseas country.\n\n* If you want to buy a lot of cheap stuff at Walmart or when visiting other countries, you prefer a strong dollar. A strong dollar also means more offshore jobs.\n\nYou can't have your cake an eat it to. In general the overall economy prefers that the dollar be a little bit/somewhat strong, but not too strong. The dollar is very strong right now and that's an issue for competitiveness.",
"Canadian POV: we want our dollar to be slightly less than 1 USD because America's our biggest trading partner, and tourist. It's better we're on the cheaper side so you'll have incentive to buy our goods and services (and film movies here) but when we have a strong dollar compared to the American USD Canadian individuals have more purchasing power, but Canadian firms see less trade with American firms. On a Micro level a strong dollar is good because individuals can buy more, but on Macro level you'll see less exports and international investments which can hurt an economy \nTL:DR Having a weaker dollar than country X is good for exports and investments "
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1j24mq | state legality vs. federal legality | So i was reading about Marijuana OP's getting raided in states where it is legal to grow, such as Washington. If it is legal to grow then whats the deal with the Feds busting them? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1j24mq/eli5_state_legality_vs_federal_legality/ | {
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"Federal > State.\n\nFederal always overrides the state.\n\nIf something is illegal on a federal level that means the FBI has the power to punish you for it, even if the state chooses not to police it on their level.\n\nBasically a state cannot make marijuana legal, they can only chose to not have their police enforce the federal laws inside those state boundaries. \n\nImagine if you had a child who lived in a home where the parents didn't punish him for stealing. He could steal anything he wanted, they didn't bother to stop him or punish him. But then the cops catch him, they still get to punish him even though his parents allowed him to steal. "
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2mw385 | the probe sent to pluto is about to come out of hibernation, giving us the best glimpse of pluto since it's discovery. why can't we just point the hubble at it and get crystal clear photos of pluto when we can use the same telescope for peering into the edges of the visible universe? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mw385/eli5_the_probe_sent_to_pluto_is_about_to_come_out/ | {
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"Your phone can take a picture of Mt Rushmore from 1,000 feet away but can't take a picture of an ant from 20 feet away.\n\nHubble is looking at supermassive things far away that generate a lot of light but Pluto is very small and doesn't reflect a lot of light. ",
"They have actually but it isn't very good quality. \nFrom Hubbles website: \n > Though Pluto is arguably one of the public's favorite planetary objects, it is also the hardest of which to get a detailed portrait because the world is small and very far away. Hubble resolves surface variations a few hundred miles across, which are too coarse for understanding surface geology.\n\nIt is much easier to get pictures of distant galaxies because they emit ALOT of light in many different spectrums and they are easy to track since they are so distant and large. Pluto however is very small and does not emit it's own light.",
"Pluto is smaller in the sky, and dimmer than galaxies millions of light years away.\n\nAlso, it moves and rotates. Hubble gets those amazing images by pointing at the same spot, sometimes for weeks at a time. Pluto would get smeary in a matter of hours.",
"Galaxies are enormous. Even if they're far away, they span a decent area in the sky. They're just pretty faint. Pluto is faint but also very tiny. If you put pictures of Pluto and galaxies next to each other at the same scale, Pluto is just a speck.",
"Oh to set up a bot to answer this question. \n\nIt is easier to see things that give off light, all pluto does is reflect the suns light, but pluto is far away so it is very dim. Plus the galaxies are huge so even though they are far away take up much, much, much more of the sky than pluto does."
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6qhkwj | would a tub full of water drain at the same speed as the same amount of water spread apart? if not, why? | This question is difficult to explain.
If I take a tub full of water and spread the water out to an overall area where the fluid would only be about 1 inch deep, how would the greater distance (yet the same amount of water) affect the draining speed?
Ignore any factors like friction from the surface underneath the water.
I'm just interested in the water's shape and how it would react differently with gravity. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qhkwj/eli5_would_a_tub_full_of_water_drain_at_the_same/ | {
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"The tub would drain faster than the equivalent amount if water spread out IF the flow rate through the drain was limited.\n\n\nA deep tub would actually force the water through the drain with more pressure, from the increased depth so it would have a higher flow rate through the drain.\n\n\nAlso, the water having to travel further when it was spread out would affect the rate as well if it was all one inch deep."
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142hdg | kafka - the metamorphosis. | Could someone please explain me this book ? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/142hdg/eli5_kafka_the_metamorphosis/ | {
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"Have you read the book but not \"gotten it,\" or do you want just want a summary?"
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1xkj59 | why do people find sunsets attractive/romantic? | Searched but didn't really find anything great. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xkj59/eli5why_do_people_find_sunsets_attractiveromantic/ | {
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"Where I'm from, the sky changes colours quite dramatically during the sunset. There's streaks of pink, orange, red, painted all across a the blue sky in a completely unique way each and every time. These overlapping colours create some of the most beautiful contrasts I've ever seen in nature. While they're sometimes similar, no two sunsets will ever be quite the same, just as no two days will ever be exactly the same. And to make it even better, it takes nothing more than to look outside, no matter where in the world you are, to be able to see it. We all get to see it, every single day. \n\nI suppose there's just some sort of beauty to be found in what is unique. It connects us with the fact that time is constantly flowing, and we're along for the ride whether we like it or not. "
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8z1hak | how do they time animation with spoken/sung language so perfectly? | What's the process? We see actors in the studio with the animated movie going, but they can't be trying sync the voice with the animation, could they? Do they animate lip movement after voice recording? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8z1hak/eli5_how_do_they_time_animation_with_spokensung/ | {
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"Not only they animate lip movement after voice recording, but in the biggest productions, they also animate facial expresion. That's why Donkey's face (from Shrek) is so similar to Eddie Murphy's."
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2wg3l5 | if most calculations show solar power to be more expensive than gas or coal, how exactly does one save money by installing solar panels? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2wg3l5/eli5if_most_calculations_show_solar_power_to_be/ | {
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"Government intervention in the form of subsidies or tax incentives. They take money from others to further their goal of solar energy adoption.",
"Solar panels have dropped in cost by like 80% in the last ten years. They are expected to drop another 40% in the next five years. The biggest reason anyone installs them is an environmentally friendly decision. That being said, what oil or coal product will pay for itself in seven to ten years, and then pay you through the sale of energy credits? You will see many more businesses and homeowners installing solar panels in the next five years, it is the future. ",
"You are comparing the cost to generate power. The difference is that if you own solar panels you are directly generating your own power. If you are aren't, then you are paying an energy company to generate power and get it to your house, which means you are paying significantly more than the price it costs them to generate the power. Going to solar panels \"cuts out the middle man\". \n\nEven taking that into account (and including government tax breaks) it won't be economically beneficial for many people though. I investigate solar for my house and found it would take about 7 1/2 years to break even. Given that you'll want to replace the panels at around the 10 year mark, and you pay the cost of solar up front, it wasn't a good deal for me. If you had a very large house, and are paying crazy high energy rates (energy companies will increase their costs dramatically when your usage is high enough), then solar can be cheaper."
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9wqqn3 | do binge meals process differently? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9wqqn3/eli5_do_binge_meals_process_differently/ | {
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"Its actually the contrary. Eating 2000 calories in one meal for the entire day would actually make your body more efficient at using energy if given the appropriate macros and adaption time. ",
"It depends. Certain nutrients can’t be stored so if you eat too much of them your body will just get rid of them.",
"As other people in this thread have noted, it depends, but generally speaking, you will not absorb 2000 calories from one sitting as fast as 2000 calories from 3-4 meals. 2000 calories of white sugars may be able to be efficiently absorbed by your body in a short period of time, but 2000 calories of proteins and high fiber foods would likely result in poor absorption and and epic poop later.\n\nThere are a couple factors - 1. Your body absorbs some types of foods faster and more efficiently than others (fats and sugars take the least amount of energy to absorb and are absorbed most efficiently, while protein and more fibrous foods have the largest amount of \"waste\" in their absorption), 2. From your esophagus through your stomach and intestines, there is a \"pushing\" effect as you eat. That is, as you eat more food, you will more quickly push food through the system. In fact, overeating can cause your body to attempt to force excess food out one end or the other resulting in gas pains, discomfort, and diarrhea of vomiting. In addition, eating a large meal will likely have a larger \"thermic effect\" which will cause more energy to be expended as eat during the digestive process and causing you to lose more calories.\n\nProbably even in the \"perfect\" example of eating 2000 calories of white sugar, due to all of those factors, you would probably absorb a little bit less of 2000 calories in one sitting vs. four 500 calorie meals.\n\nEDIT: I've been looking for it all morning and I can't find it, but there was actually a study that essentially did this with protein absorption. They had one group consume something like 150 grams of protein in one sitting and the other do it in multiple doses. They collected all the excrement from both groups and measured how much protein was excreted through urine and feces, and the group which \"binged\" on protein pooped and peed out significantly more protein than the group which spread it out. If I can find it, I'll add it here.",
"You wont get a single good answer here because your question is rather vauge. Still, let me give it a shot.\n\n1) Your food is always processed in the same way.\n\n2) Eating increases your insulin. Insulin spikes are bad. So 1 meal a day wins this.\n\n3) Simple carbs give you power, but they don't stay available for long. Multiple meals a day win this one.\n\nSo now depending on what you mean by efficiency you can eat according to that. If you want stable energy throughout the day you can eat one binge meal. If you want a short time burst ie for a workout then snack on some oats or fruit.",
"Anecdotal, but I do this. I eat one meal at 8:00 AM and one at 3:30 PM...and that's it. It is called intermittent fasting and is helpful to diabetics. My blood sugar spikes less and stays more constant throughout the day. I stay full feeling for a long time to the point I have to set calendar alarms to remind me to eat because I seldom feel hungry. It took a few months to adjust. First, I stopped eating lunch, then I moved my meal times a few minutes per day until I had the schedule I wanted. I snacked mid-day for a while on trail-mix or veggies or a meat and cheese tray. It also changed my poop schedule, so be ready for that.",
"They've done some interesting studies recently on intermittent fasting (only eating 1 meal for dinner with same calorie count as 3 meals throughout the day).\nOddly enough, when rats were given the same amount of calories spread out over 3 meals a day, vs. the same calories in 1 large meal, the rats who only ate 1 meal a day were losing weight compared to those eating 3.\nTo make it more realistic, they even did the same study while allowing 2 \"cheat days\" a week. This was to simulate eating only dinner during the work week, while eating 3 meals a day on weekends. This control group also lost weight!\nAs it turns out, our stomachs excrete digestive acids and fire up our systems when food enters the stomach. So with food somewhat constantly entering the stomach, it creates a very different situation as opposed to when food is only being taken in 1 time a day.\n\nTL;DR\nBinge eating 1 meal instead of spreading it out over 3 can help you LOSE weight.",
"I do a 19:5 Intermident fasting cycle and usually consume about 2500-3000 calories in 3 hours before bed. I’ve lost about 10 pounds the last 2.5 months doing this on my cut. I’ve lost weight eating the same amount spread throughout the day. It’s just personal preference and I prefer to go to bed full instead. You can’t really cheat CICO."
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a01jng | my friend was explaining why his pc was so fast and sent me this, “i did 2 2tb hard drives in a raid 0 with my 500gb ssd and and 1tb back up drive”. i have no idea what he’s talking about. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a01jng/eli5_my_friend_was_explaining_why_his_pc_was_so/ | {
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"All that given information means is that the person mentioned has a lot of fast storage: a 500gb flash memory SSD, two hard drives in an array with data striped across them (increasing performance but decreasing fault tolerance) and a single drive as a backup location.",
"RAID is a way of using multiple hard drive at once. Right now, you're using one hard drive; RAID makes an exact duplicate of your hard drives data, then reads and writes from both drives at the same time.\n",
"That was your friend's response to an inquiry about why his PC is fast? Is he 11? Does he play Fortnite?\n\nSSD stands for solid state drive. It is storage that's directly connected to the main unit of the computer making your PC able to access information much faster than normal hard drives.\n\nRaid 0 means he has created the same data across multiple storage devices making his PC slightly faster.\n\nWhat's really doing the work is that SSD though.",
"None of that really makes sense, especially from 'fast perspective'. Raid 0 uses two drives, has zero redundancy, but does offer a bit of read performance increase, but nothing amazing. A SSD gives good read/write compared to a magnetic drive. And a backup drive is just a backup. With this said, yes, good access speeds to storage is critical to having a fast system but there are plenty of other pieces that would determine a fast machine that you have not mentioned. Tl;Dr fast machines need more than fast storage.",
"Normally, a drive can only read/write one thing at a time. It's either recording some data or retrieving some data. SSDs are extremely fast at this to begin with, but they can still only do one thing at a time.\n\nRAID 0 takes 2 (or more) drives and acts like they're a single drive that can read/write multiple things at a time. So if you have a game, the load times will be lower because you have 2 drives loading the data instead of one.\n\nNow, since drives are just for data storage, this will really only help with load times and won't speed up any actual gameplay. Also, the drives can only read data as fast as the rest of the computer requests it, and SSDs are already extremely fast, so SSDs in RAID 0 will only give a real boost if the rest of the computer is also ridiculously fast.",
"RAID 0 means that you can take two disk volumes of equal size and \"stripe\" them. Since you are limited as to how fast you can read and write to and from a mechanical hard drive or solid state drive, you can set it up where your computer will treat them as one contiguous volume, but go back and forth writing data between them. So anything that needs to be read or written and half is stored on one drive, and half on the other. This effectively doubles your potential read/write speeds.\n\nBut since they need to work together, you usually do this with identical drives. Size/make/model/firmware/etc. You can do it with different size drives, like a 500GB and a 1TB like your friend did, but either half of that 1TB drive will remain unused, or it will be it's own normal volume.\n\nYour friend didn't RAID 0 two 2TB drives, he RAIDed a 500GB and 1TB, which means the total RAID volume is 1TB with 500GB left over, which definitely doesn't add up to 2TB.\n\nAlso he's mixing solid state and mechanical hard drives, so he's not getting any real performance benefit, and likely torturing that mechanical drive and is going to cause it to fail. Real unfortunate, because if you lose the data on one RAID 0 drive, the data on the other drive becomes unusable junk also.\n\nYou may have no idea what he's talking about, but neither does he.",
"To explain a few of his terms...\n\nSSD stands for solid state drive - this stores data on microchips, which allows it to access data quicker than a traditional mechanical hard drive (which store data magnetically on a spinning metal disc).\n\nBecause SSDs are more expensive, the typical way to setup a powerful computer is to use a smaller SSD to hold the operating system and basic files (so the computer can boot and operate most efficiently), and then use a separate traditional drive to store large files - things like large media libraries that you don't need to access quickly to use.\n\nYour friend is also using raid 0 - what this does is instead of placing all of the files on one drive (and being limited by how quickly that one drive can read/write information), it splits the files between two drives. This means that because each drive can read/write at the same time, you can access data quicker.\nThe downside to raid 0 is that because your data is split between two drives, both need to work perfectly - if one drive fails then you lose all the data (effectively doubling the chance of failure).\n\nRaid also allows for other types of sharing information between multiple drives - raid 1 for example mirrors the data on each drive, so it is no quicker, and you use twice as many hard drives to store data, but if a drive fails you have a built in backup ready to go.\n\nThe third part your friend mentions is a backup drive - presumably this is an extra drive kept in the computer that he can save copies of important data to as a backup.",
"His computer has a Solid State Drive, which has no moving parts and as such is silent and faster than a spinning hard disk drive (HDD) by a pretty big margin. On the other hand, it has less storage for the price, and AFAIK wears out faster. This is probably what makes his PC appear faster, as it let's him load games in a snap compared to HDDs. \n\nI'm not sure what RAID is exactly; as far as I've understood it includes copying data across several hard drives so they can each read at the same time and thus load faster than just one alone. I think maybe some forms don't copy the data 1 to 1, but rather splits data up across the drives, meaning you'll still have more GB than the one and let them load faster, but at the cost of losing everything if one of them craps out. Even then, I wouldn't count on it being faster than an SSD. \n\nThis is only really good for LOADING games, though, which is nice, but shouldn't have any effect on the games' graphics and frame rate, where his CPU and GPU come in. If you're playing a multiplayer game you'll have to wait for the slowest player (hardware-wise) anyway."
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20scfk | what does it mean when a sword has "good balance"? how does this actually affect the usefulness of a sword? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20scfk/eli5_what_does_it_mean_when_a_sword_has_good/ | {
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"On 2 ways. But before I say, let me comment that different blades and styles prefer different balances. \n\nThe further forward the balance, the faster the faster the blade is in offense. The further back, towards guard the better the blade is on recovery and overall handling. Two examples. An axe, is an extreme blade example, has balance at the head very far from the grip. It delivers a lot of force, but isn't particularly good at parry and reposted, like say a foil, which is light it is only useful as a piercing weapon.",
"the correct balance point of a sword does depend on the sword, but is generally a few inches above the hilt/guard. \n\nat this point the length of the blade should be equal weight with the handle and guard... BUT HOW when the blade is so long! in modern fencing and 18-19th Century Rapiers the pommel (very bottom of the sword) has counter weights on it...and i believe older swords did this too (but never used one) \n\nthis is so you effectively have a pivot point on the sword just above your hand. it allows for even, fluid movements in both attack and defence. if the weight is too far forward you will be quite slow in bringing the point back up in defence, or be uncontrolled in a counter attack. \n\ntoo much weight in the hilt, and your forte( upper half of the blade) become weak and you will find it hard to push your opponents blade around... rather you will be the one being pushed, also with a sword like sabre that requires a flicking motion with the hand - said motion becomes slower and has less force behind it... however it does make your reactions in defence faster. \n\nIn things like throwing knives and daggers the centre of balance needs to essentially be in the centre of the knife so they don't wobble or undulate through the air, rather fly in a predicable arc. This is why most throwing knives are almost symmetrical \n\n "
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5sv8zh | what is the purpose of female genital mutilation and how is it different from circumcision? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5sv8zh/eli5_what_is_the_purpose_of_female_genital/ | {
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"Female genital mutilation, in the most severe cases, is designed to remove all pleasure from the sex act for women. They are made to not enjoy sex at all. This is intended to keep them loyal to their husbands and put them in their place. \n\nWhile male circumcision is problematic, female genital mutilation would be more like cutting off the entire tip of the penis, if a comparison had to be made. ",
"It is the removal of the exterior female clitoris and hood of the clitoris. This is the equivalent of removing the penis entirely, rather than just a fold of skin near the tip. It pretty much removes the main sexual pleasure center in most women.\n\nThe reason is to reduce the woman's sexual pleasure with the intention of making women less likely to want to cheat on future husbands. It basically is used to control women at a sexual level.",
"Female genital mutilation or clitorectomy serves to reduce or eliminate sexual pleasure. The thought is that if your wife can not feel pleasure,sexually, she will not cheat on you/ fuck other guys. It's a primitive way to control women in the Muslim community. ",
"There are no medical benefits to FGM, only harm. It involves removing and damaging healthy genital tissue and interferes with the natural function of women's and girls' bodies. Aside from the immediate complications, such as severe pain, excessive bleeding, inflammation, infections, urinary problems, shock and death, there are also long term consequences:\n\n* urinary problems, including pain, UTI's, inability to properly empty the bladder\n* vaginal problems: discharge, itching, bacterial vaginosis and other infections, inability to lubricate, lack of sensation\n* menstrual problems: difficulty passing menstrual blood, extremely painful menstruation\n* excessive scar tissue and keloid scarring\n* sexual problems: lack of sensation, pain, lack of natural lubrication\n* childbirth complications: difficult delivery, excessive \n* hemorrhaging, need for c-section, need to resuscitate the baby, and newborn deaths\n* need for later surgeries: The FGM procedures that seal or narrow the vaginal opening needs to be cut to allow for sex and childbirth. \n* Sometimes genital tissue is stitched and opened several times to allow for childbirth and sex, hence the woman goes through repeated procedures, each time exposing her to increased risk of complications, both immediate and long term.\n* psychological trauma: ptsd, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, etc.\n\nFGM is motivated purely by a desire to control women, especially sexually. It is barbaric, crippling, torturous. It's most often performed by laymen, not doctors, in unsanitary setting, with whatever sharp instrument they have. Female genital mutilation is categorized into 4 types:\n\n* Type 1 isften referred to as a clitoridectomy, this procedure involved the removal of the clitoris, all or in part.\n\n* Type 2 is referred to as excision, and involves removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, sometimes with the excision of the labia majora as well.\n\n* Type 3 is often referred to as infibulation, and involves the narrowing of the opening to the vagina through the creation of a covering seal. This seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the labia minora, or majora, usually through stitching. Sometimes includes removal of the clitoris.\n\n* Type 4 includes all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, including pricking, stitching, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterizing the genital area.\n\n",
"There isn't a difference insofar as the underlying motives. One or both or neither is tolerated depending on the culture. The one asymmetry is that male suffering is more easily tolerated in the west than female. FGM used to practiced in the United States by Christians as well. ",
"This is a confusing question. \"Female genital mutilation\" is an entire *class* of mutilations of varying degrees. \"Circumcision\" is one specific *kind* of mutilation within the wider class of \"male genital mutilation.\" It's difficult to compare a class of mutilations to one specific mutilation."
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2e393g | when the 2015 car models arrive, what happens if the dealership can't sell the 2014 year model? what do the do with them? | I see ads around town that say get the 2014 model before they are all gone, but will they all sell? If they don't, do they get shipped back to the manufacturer? If so, what does the company do? Rename them and then ship them off to other countries? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2e393g/eli5_when_the_2015_car_models_arrive_what_happens/ | {
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"They will probably not all sell immediately... but they will sell.\n\nWith the 2015 models on the lot the 14's are going to get cheaper but the dealers will still sell them until they actually run out.",
"Oh boy.\r\rActually when cars go unsold they are shipped to massive lots where they just sit.\r\r\rSource: _URL_0_"
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27xvh8 | why do most people fail to work when under stress? | When most people are under stress, they make countless errors in what would have been executed perfectly otherwise. Shouldn't the stress make us more efficient by being more conscious of what we are doing and devoting all our attention and energy to said task? Wouldn't it be in the best interest, in an evolutionary perspective, that humans should work well when under pressure? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27xvh8/eli5why_do_most_people_fail_to_work_when_under/ | {
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"No, because when you add more thoughts to someone they normally can't think clearly.\n\nThe stress becomes a distraction, because most people can't help but think about the stress.\n\nThe same way that you make a mistake when thinking about the weekend, or fail to perform because there is something distracting such as a flickering light or loud noise.",
"Well I would assume that under a evolutionary perspective when you are under stress you are facing a tiger in the face or something. You have to make a quick instinctive response to save your life. In the modern world, that quick instinctive reaction actually does not work to the advantage of slow, concentrated processes like writing. That's why you misspell the word \"fish\" or something stupid like that when under stress I think. Someone correct me if I am wrong.",
"Stress is a feeling you have when you face a situation you think you cannot manage. You can feel anxious, irritable, forgetful, sleepless and unable to cope. So,most people fail to work when under stress."
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dlgsbs | for for the canadian election, how did justin trudeau win if he got less votes than sheer? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dlgsbs/eli5_for_for_the_canadian_election_how_did_justin/ | {
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"You actually dont vote for prime minister you vote for a person to represent your area. The Liberal party won the most areas so they won.",
"This is kind of similar to how U.S. President's can be elected with less than votes than their opponent.\n\nIn Canada, each seat is filled by a representative from one of Canada's electoral districts. In each district, the person who received the most votes wins, regardless of whether they got 25% or 100%. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nSo, consider this example:\n\nLet's say a country has 3 electoral districts. Let's assume that each district has the same population of 100 people. Also, let's simplify it down to only 2 parties, instead of the several that Canada has.\n\nDistrict A: \n\n* Liberal Party gets 51 votes\n* Conservative Party gets 49 votes\n\nDistrict B:\n\n* Liberal Party gets 51 votes\n* Conservative Party gets 49 votes\n\nDistrict C:\n\n* Liberal Party gets 0 votes\n* Conservative Party gets 100 votes\n\nWhen we count up the total votes, \n\n* The Liberal Party got 102 votes\n* The Conservative Party got 198\n\nHowever, the Liberal Party won in both District A and District B, giving them 2 seats over the 1 seat given to the Conservative party.",
"Canada's voting system doesn't go by the popular vote.\n\nThe country is split into areas called ridings, each of which elects an MP. \n\nTo become the MP for a riding you need to have more votes than any other candidate. You don't need to have a majority of votes, just more than anyone else. And it doesn't matter how much you win by. Winning by 1 vote has the same result as winning by thousands of votes.\n\nThe Conservatives won in fewer ridings than the Liberals, so they got fewer seats. In the places where they did win, on average they won with a larger number of votes than the Liberals did. \n\nBut as I mentioned above, it makes no difference how much they win an individual riding by. All the \"extra\" votes they got in one riding didn't help them win any more seats.",
"Because how many votes you as a party got doesn't really matter, but how many seats you won in parliament, with each seat representing distinct sets of voters.\n\nSo the distribution of the votes matters, not just the sheer total. Anything above 51% support (or whatever the winning percentage is in a 3+ candidate race) functionally doesn't matter because thats all you need to win the seat. So that the Conservatives got most of the votes but fewer seats might indicate they have a more concentrated base of support, so the seats they won were with large but ultimately useless margins, while the Liberals with a more diffuse voter base won with thinner margins in a lot more places.",
"If you go to the CBC website and look at their election map you can really get a sense for how this happens. Many of the ridings that the liberals won, came down to a couple of thousand votes difference. Then you go out west to Alberta and almost every riding was won by between 20-50 thousand votes per riding. \n\nThat is how you get such a disparity between the seats and the votes."
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28veho | why does xkcd and "_url_0_" have massively different results? | [example](_URL_0_) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28veho/eli5_why_does_xkcd_and_howsecureismypasswordnet/ | {
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"They have different criteria for the security of a password, based on different strategies which attackers use. ",
"My guess is that Randal is more familiar with password cracking than that website is.\n\nIf Troubador was in a common dictionary file, then some crackers would use common substitutes like (0, 4, ect) for letters.\n\nThe issue is the last two random characters. I am pretty sure it's not efficient to add special characters to any brute force cracker.",
"They're looking at the issue differently.\n\nIn the case of XKCD, they defined the password as having certain limitations.\n\nIn the case of howsecureismypassword they can only infer those limitations.\n\nFor example: In the case of xkcd they **massively** reduce the time by stating that the password is an \"uncommon word\", may or may not have common substitutions, may or may not start with caps, has a following symbol and number, in an unknown order. That might seem like a lot of unknowns but it's not quite as much as you think, which is why it's very easy to guess, assuming you followed that formula to come up with your password (which **a lot** of people do, and a lot of password requirements push people towards).\n\nOn the other hand howsecureismypassword knowns nothing of those rules, all it knows is what symbols you used.\n\nIt doesn't see \"common word with number and symbol\" it sees \"11 character password using caps, lower case, symbols and numbers\". That's crazy complicated to solve, which is why it would take so long to solve. But it's not **really** that is it? It's not **t*#Mn)A781}** which I assume howsecureismypassword says would take the same time. That will never be cracked, because it's a truly random arrangement of symbols, unlike the example given.\n\nhowsecureismypassword assumes a cracker with **no assumptions** trying to break just your one password. But that's not a realistic scenario. A much more common scenario is a cracker who has access to thousands of passwords, they'll assume the normal formula described in xkcd, and they'll get hits on plenty of them.\n\nLet me know if that makes sense.",
"I'm sure it's irrational but I always wonder if those sites track what's typed in and if someone could use it.",
"xkcd uses dictionary attacks while that website uses brute force. A dictionary attack uses a, well, dictionary of words and phrases and tries those against a password. On top of that it can try those words with different punctuaction, caps and number instead of letters. A brute force attack simply starts at \"A\" then tries every letter, then goes \"AA\" and goes through \"AZ\" until it tried every combination of letters (and numbers/signs) from \"AAAAAAAAA\" to \"ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ\". That's why it takes ages longer to brute force a password. "
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cawvk5 | there are tigers in the russian far east, so why aren't there tigers in north america? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cawvk5/eli5_there_are_tigers_in_the_russian_far_east_so/ | {
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"Because they weren't present during the period where an ice-land bridge connected NA and Asia, so they never had the opportunity to cross over. The ancestor to the tigers in East Asia are from less than 10,000 years ago. The last ice age was about 11,700 years ago."
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2h33a2 | why is my beard hair so scraggly when my head hair is pretty straight. | Ive been wondering this for awhile. Is there a way to calm down the pubes on face look without cutting it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2h33a2/eli5why_is_my_beard_hair_so_scraggly_when_my_head/ | {
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"I occasionally comb my beard when it is longer and it makes a pretty big difference ",
"Don't know why. However if you are looking into calming it down, look into beard balm or oil. Makes a world of difference.",
"/rbeards has some great info\n\nI like to use beard oils and comb them out. There is alot of ways to tran your beard. ",
"Wash with shampoo and conditioner every day, comb it, and trim stray hairs with scissors.\n\nBeard hair needs just as much attention as the hair on your head. Take care of it and it'll take car of you beaux.",
"Beard hair and head hair are two different sections of genetic makeup",
"The 'curliness' of hair is determined by how circular a cross section of that hair is. more elliptical = more curl. Head hair is more circular, beard hair is more elliptical in shape.",
"Yep, they're 2 different types of hair. \n\nTaming, as most others have said - I wash & condition mine every other day, and use beard oil every day too, then run a comb through it. It definitely makes a difference and I've had comments that mine is pretty soft. /r/beards is definitely the place to go for tips. ",
"Thanks everyone for the answers. You've answered a question that's been on my mind for a while now! Marking this explained now."
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6oq55h | why aren't there more sinkholes on the beach? i feel like the mix of sand and water should cause more, but maybe i don't understand the concept so an explanation of them would be nice too. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6oq55h/eli5_why_arent_there_more_sinkholes_on_the_beach/ | {
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"Sand will immediately collapse into a void, filling in any kind of hole that's created so they don't have time to grow. \n\nThe surface of a sinkhole prior to its collapse is being supported by the water that is in the now-void area after the underlying strata has been dissolved. The sinkhole collapses when either that void has become too large for the water to support the surface or the water itself goes away because the water table has dropped due to drought or excessive draws on the ground water. "
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jjg9k | acquired tastes. i used to hate coffee, spicy foods, and beer, but now i love it. also, it used to all taste the same, but now i can tell the difference. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jjg9k/eli5_acquired_tastes_i_used_to_hate_coffee_spicy/ | {
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"As far as acquired taste, there is a good bit of research that suggests our tastes can adapt to our experiences with the taste. For example, I imagine you now associate coffee with wakefulness, alertness, and productivity. These associations have, over time, caused you to first be tolerant of coffee and now actively want it. With beer, it could be that having beers with your friends for many years created a positive association there as well.\n\nI know personally, for example, my first exposure to beer was in college and it was your typical crappy beer. I hated it, of course. Once I was able to go out and buy my own, I discovered how many different kinds there are and found a few that I genuinely liked. This could be the other thing that's going on - maybe you've found a type of coffee or beer that you actually like and that created the positive association.",
"As far as acquired taste, there is a good bit of research that suggests our tastes can adapt to our experiences with the taste. For example, I imagine you now associate coffee with wakefulness, alertness, and productivity. These associations have, over time, caused you to first be tolerant of coffee and now actively want it. With beer, it could be that having beers with your friends for many years created a positive association there as well.\n\nI know personally, for example, my first exposure to beer was in college and it was your typical crappy beer. I hated it, of course. Once I was able to go out and buy my own, I discovered how many different kinds there are and found a few that I genuinely liked. This could be the other thing that's going on - maybe you've found a type of coffee or beer that you actually like and that created the positive association."
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6047wl | the concept of bankruptcy | I read the wiki page, but I still don't get it. So it's about paying back debt or not being able to do so? What are the different "chapters"? What exactly happens when you file bankruptcy? Isn't every homeless person bankrupt?
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"Declaring bankruptcy is seeking legal protection from your creditors (people you owe money to). As far as personal bankruptcies go, chapter 7 is what people generally think of when they bankruptcy. The courts allow you to discharge your unsecured debts (credit cards, medical bills, personal/ payday loans, civil lawsuits, repossessed vehicles, foreclosed real estate, etc). The entire process takes a few months to be discharged and you also have to income qualify- if you make more than the median income in your state you would have to pay back some portion of your debts. You can only do this once every eight years, it will bring down your credit score as you have demonstrated that you were unable to pay back your debts and creditors in the future might not want to lend to you or only will at a higher interest rate. \n\n\nA chapter 13 is a bit different and can deal with other debts as well as unsecured. You would file this if you make too much for a chapter 7, if you are behind on a financed vehicle/ real estate that you want to keep, if you have a lot of back taxes to pay off or to freeze student loans. A monthly payment would be determined based on which of those debts are being dealt with, how much the debts are and also on your income. You would make this payment to a bankruptcy trustee for 3-5 years and your unsecured creditors would receive a percentage of their debts, secured creditors receive 100% (generally). You would be discharged of any unpaid debts at the end of the bankruptcy. \n\nThis is an overview of the type I'd give to a person seeking information about filing. Source: legal assistant to a bankruptcy attorney. ",
"I agree with everything said above but would clarify the only time a chapter 13 is 3 years is when the debtor is under median income and would otherwise qualify for ch. 7 but needs to file ch. 13 - perhaps to save a house, car, taxes, etc. Most chapter 13s are 5 year plans. \n",
"Bankruptcy is a highly nuanced area of the law. With that in mind, I provide the following answers in _very_ ELI5 terms.\n\nLet's first make a distinction between \"bankruptcy\" and \"solvency.\" The terms \"bankrupt\" and \"insolvent\" are often used interchangeably in common discussion, but they are entirely different (albeit related) legal concepts. \"Solvency\" refers to a person's/company's ability to pay his or her debts. If you are unable to pay your debts as they come due, you are \"insolvent.\" \"Bankruptcy\" specifically means the legal proceedings in which an insolvent debtor pays, reorganizes, and/or discharges its debts.\n\nSo in any bankruptcy proceeding, you have a debtor (the bankrupt party) and (usually) _several_ creditors to whom the debtor is indebted. The problem is that the debtor has no way to pay back the creditors. Bankruptcy provides an orderly, judicially-administered process by which the debtor partially satisfies and/or reorganizes its debt. In very general terms, bankruptcy seeks to maximize the recovery for creditors in a way that protects the debtor from being constantly mired in an unending cycle of lawsuits and debt collection. Without bankruptcy, creditors would essentially race one another to the courthouse to try to get as big a piece of the debtor's remaining assets as possible. This would create situations where a debtor's credit card company (for example) could get a 100% recovery on the debtor's credit card debt, while the debtor's mortgage lender (who is owed way more money) gets nothing.\n\nAs you note, there are several chapters of bankruptcy, which include:\n\nChapter 7, Liquidation - In this chapter, a debtor's assets are liquidated (auctioned off for cash) and the proceeds are divvied up among the creditors. In the context of an individual person's bankruptcy, there are several carve-outs (\"exemptions\") for property that they get to keep, in spite of their debts. If an individual debtor obeys the rules of the bankruptcy court (e.g., doesn't try to hide assets), he'll get a \"discharge,\" which means that (most of) his debts are wiped clean at the end of the proceedings. If the debtor is a company, ALL of its assets are sold and it essentially dies.\n\nChapter 9, Municipal Bankruptcy - A rather uncommon type of case, chapter 9 cases involve municipal institutions that have become insolvent. It permits the reorganization of their debts _kind of_ like a Chapter 11 below.\n\nChapter 11, Reorganization - In these cases, the debtor (usually a business) still has a lot of value and income. It just needs a little help to pay its bills. In a chapter 11, the goal is to come up with a \"plan\" that reorganizes the terms of the debtor's debt. If a plan is successfully confirmed, it becomes the new deal between the debtor and the creditors going forward.\n\nChapter 12, Farmers and Fisherfolk - This is essentially a specific type of Chapter 13 bankruptcy (below) available to farmers, fishermen and the like. These are kind of uniquely positioned debtors because these are often blue collar jobs that require very high capital commitments.\n\nChapter 13, Reorganization - Available only for individual persons who meet specific debt requirements, these are quicker and easier proceedings that permit an individual to reorganize his debts.\n\nChapter 15, International Bankruptcy - Chapter 15 permits creditors or debtors in a foreign bankruptcy proceeding to obtain certain bankruptcy relief in the U.S.\n\nSo that's it in _very_ broad strokes. If you have any questions, feel free to ask.",
"Why isn't every homeless person bankrupt? Because bankruptcy is a legal thing: it means that the people you owe money to taking you to court. The bankruptcy \"chapters\" are just the rules the court will use.\n\nHomeless people tend not to have money, so there's no point in taking them to court. Are there any creditors who would be happy with a scuffed-up duffel bag and a cardboard sign?\n\nAnswer: no. There's simply no upside to taking a homeless person to court. They have nothing, so the creditors can get nothing. ",
"From the [previous thread](_URL_0_) - this is a great ELI5 version \n \n > Like you're Five: On the day you get your allowance, you buy a bag of candy. The next day, you want more candy, but you spent your allowance, so you ask your brother if you can borrow his allowance, and pay him back with your next allowance. You buy another bag of candy. The next day you ask your sister if you can borrow her allowance, and promise to pay her back when you get your allowance. You buy another bag of candy.\n\n > When you finally get your allowance, you realise you're in trouble - you can't pay your brother and your sister. You get so worried about it that you go buy a bag of candy instead. When you get home, you get in a big fight with your brother and sister about it.\n \n > When your Mom asks what you're fighting about, your brother and sister tell her that you borrowed money and you won't give it back. She asks you why not, and you say that you spent all of the money on candy, and you don't have any money left. She sighs, and makes you give all the candy you have left to your brother and sister. They want to know when they get their money back, and she tells them the money is gone, and they need to stop fighting with you and forgive you. They say that that isn't fair, and she says that it really isn't, and that they should remember this the next time you ask them for money.",
"I meet all kinds of people in my line of work. Just because someone is \"homeless.\" Doesn't mean they are broke. They may have more money in their chequeings account than you do. I have met some of these people. They just like the lifestyle of being off the grid and not have to answer to anyone. Weird, but to each their own.\n\nOne man stands out in the back of my mind the most. Has a cellphone, regular bill and PO Box. Has a Facebook account and is a professional violinist that has seen more of the world than I ever will. He also used to makes violins by hand. And lives on the street. I met him when I arrested him for trespassing into an old factory. He broke and entered to stay warm. As that is not an indictable offence, charges were dropped and he just had to pay damages.",
"Bankruptcy is a way to deal with owing too much money in an orderly fashion. There are a couple of ways to deal with people and businesses who owe too much money, each in a separate \"chapter\" of the Bankruptcy Code. Because other answers deal with how bankruptcy protects the person or company owing the money (the \"debtor\"), I'll focus on why the people **owed** the money (the \"creditors\") want bankruptcy.\n\nThere is something called a \"scramble for assets.\" If there isn't enough money to pay off all the debts, each creditor wants to make sure *it* gets paid first. That's especially true when you consider that creditors don't look to sell property they've seized to pay a debt for the highest price—anything over the amount they're owed gets returned to the debtor—so a creditor might squander an asset, leaving less for both the debtor and other creditors.\n\nConsider a single piece of commercial property secured by two mortgages. (We'll make it commercial property so there are no problems foreclosing on it, or seizing it to pay the debt). Let's make it a $5 million asset, say that the loan used to buy it has been paid down to $2 million, and that the company then took out another $2 million loan to pay for expansion. So we have a $ 5 million asset securing $4 million in loans.\n\nBut if the first company forecloses, it has no incentive to sell the property for more than $2 million. If it sells it for $4 million, the second creditor might be happy (there is $2 million left to pay it), but the debtor can reasonably ask, \"Where's my other $1 million?\" Even worse, if the foreclosing creditor sells the property for $3 million, now the second creditor has lost $1 million that really it had a right to. It used to be owed money by someone whose assets were worth more than their liabilities: now it is owed $1 million by someone without any money.\n\nSo, what we want is an orderly way to decide who gets paid and when. There seem to be some fair rules that we can agree on, and we want to enforce those rules. Creditors who loan money on the debtor's promise that they can foreclose on property (\"secured\" creditors) should not have to worry about a creditor without a mortgage or lien (an \"unsecured\" creditor) taking the property, selling it, and keeping the money. Employees who are owed back wages should get paid before money goes to a company's other creditors. Etc.\n\nAlso, at some point we want to give individuals a fresh start. Imagine if you owed $3 million because a jury found that the reason a warehouse burned down was because you were negligent in flicking a cigarette butt. You would like to be able to earn some money without having the creditor take it away before you could spend it on food, let alone rent and your children's education.\n\nAnd not everyone who misses a payment needs to have their debts wiped away. Maybe they can pay all their creditors *without* anyone seizing their assets if they are given a little bit more time.\n\nSo everyone wants their to be an orderly way to deal with a debtor who isn't paying his debtors, and most people want there to be some relief extended to debtors. Thus, the Constitution allows Congress to establish uniform rules for bankruptcy that overcome any state laws (the process for actually seizing property and enforcing debts comes from state law), and Congress enacted the Bankruptcy Code under that authority.\n\nThe \"order\" bit gets guaranteed by something called the \"automatic stay.\" Either the debtor (or creditors worried that there will be a scramble for assets) can file a \"petition\" with the local bankruptcy court, and as soon as it is filed, no one may try to collect any debt from the debtor. No new lawsuits may be filed, no foreclosure actions may be initiated or continued, and all lawsuits already filed are paused until the bankruptcy court says otherwise.\n\nThe bankruptcy court will decide what happens next based on which \"chapter\" of the Bankruptcy Code the petition was filed under. Other posters have described the chapters well enough.\n\nIn any event, unless the debtor really doesn't have any assets to distribute and is only looking to have his or her debts wiped away under Chapter 7, the creditors then file \"claims,\" saying the debtor owes them such and such. Then the bankruptcy court decides what debts are actually owed, which debts are secured by assets and which are not, etc. That is known as the \"claims allowance process.\"\n\nThen, everyone gets together and comes up with a plan. The creditors are told what assets will be sold, who will sell them, how the money will be distributed, etc.. The debtor can usually protect some assets if he or she is an individual (e.g., forestall foreclosure on his or her only house). If the debts are going to be restructured, a payment plan gets worked out. Usually, every creditor gets paid less than they were owed (unless there were assets enough to satisfy the secured creditors), but more than they could expect from a scramble for assets. The plan gets confirmed by the bankruptcy judge, the debtor follows the plan, and voila! no more bankruptcy.\n\nNow, as you can imagine, that is an expensive process. And one of the groups of people who are assured of being paid (other than employees with back wages and the government owed its taxes) are the lawyers.\n\nSo, to your last question: every homeless person could probably have all their debts wiped away by filing for bankruptcy. But they have no assets, so there is no real danger of a scramble for assets. And because they will never pay their debts back anyway, no one cares about whether those debts were discharged in bankruptcy or just go uncollected. Creditors don't hound homeless people for the simple reason that hounds are expensive. So, not a lot of homeless people end up in bankruptcy.",
"Jesus, guys... not many easy explanations in here.\n\nAt the expense of tanking your credit rating, you can give back all of your assets to cancel all of your debt. Essentially, *you get to start again from zero*. \n\nCredit rating is important for running a business, getting a loan, and generally being an adult, so bankruptcy is a tactic of last resort.",
"Bankruptcy is when a court or other body of similar standing recognises that a person or a company can't pay their debt.\n\nFor a company, the court appoints a lawyer or accountant who figures out how to divide any remaining assets. The previous owners of the company lose their ownership of the company but won't lose more than that, but will be free to start a new company (provided it's a normal type of company). It can get a bit messy, when there is bank debt, debt from other places, pension funds and so on. Often it takes ages to get to a deal and the actual deal is not very good meaning a lot of the value of the assets is wasted. \n\nFor an individual, I believe the process is similar. The court will appoint an administrator who will work with all the debt holders to the figure out how to divide the assets of the person who went bankrupt. But the court can also impose a penalty on the person, saying they have to pay back X dollars from future earnings, or X% of future earnings.",
"Can I declare bankruptcy if I only have $100 in debt?",
"Bankruptcy is when someone borrows more than they are able to repay. Typically, someone who wants to file bankruptcy will go to a lawyer's office for a consultation, where the lawyer will ask a series of questions to determine if that person is eligible to file for bankruptcy. If they are, then the lawyer will determine which type, or chapter, of bankruptcy is best for that person to file under. For individuals, there are two main chapters of bankruptcy: 7 and 13. \nChapter 7 is when the person sells their stuff to the companies they owe. In return, the companies will use their debtor's assets to settle their accounts. Typically, people who file Chapter 7 bankruptcy have little to no income, either because they're unemployed, disabled and unable to work, or live off a fixed income, and have very few if any valuable assets to sell to their creditors. Chapter 7 bankruptcy provides immediate relief to debtors, meaning that once the court approves the debtor's case, any and all debts mentioned on the debtor's paperwork are forgiven in full, provided that the debtor meets their end of the deal. \nChapter 13 is different from Chapter 7 because under Chapter 13, the debtor gets to keep all of their assets. However, the trade off is that the debts are not immediately forgiven, as they are under Chapter 7. A debtor who files for Chapter 13 bankruptcy is said to 'restructure' their debts. This means that the debtor must make monthly payments to a Trustee, someone who is designated by the state to make sure the creditors receive their money each month. The Trustee also helps debtors by providing them with financial literacy courses. Depending on the state the debtor lives in, they may be required to take a certain number of financial literacy courses from their Trustee to help assure creditors that the debtor can make better financial decisions in the future. The amount that the debtor must repay each month is based on several factors, mostly how much they owe, and the debtor's current income. Debtors are usually required to make payments for 36-60 months, or 3-5 years. The length of time is usually determined by considering how much the debtor will owe against the debtor's disposable income, or how much money is left after the debtor pays for important things like rent, utilities, groceries, etc. Debtors are also required to obtain approval from their Trustee if they intend to take on credit over a certain amount while making payments on their bankruptcy. Credit cards are unlikely to receive approval, but a car loan is more likely to be approved, since the debtor might require transportation to maintain their income. Once the debtor makes all of their monthly payments as agreed upon with the court, any remaining debt is forgiven. \nUnder both and all other chapters, the debtor is placed under legal protection by the bankruptcy court once the lawyer has filed the debtor's paperwork. This means that creditors are not allowed to contact the debtor directly, especially to make collections. If creditors continue to contact the debtor directly, then the creditor may face legal recourse, up to and including the amount the debtor owes. The debtor is protected by the court until the judge discharges the bankruptcy once the judge feels that the debtor has met their obligations to the court.",
"In case someone sees this, student loans cannot be taken away through bankruptcy. It follows you to the grave so be aware.",
"One positive thing about the idea of bankruptcy is that it takes some of the risk out of entrepreneurship. If you start a business and it fails and your hundreds of thousands in debt that's going to essentially ruin the rest of your life. Bankruptcy is a kind of safety net so people will be less afraid of taking risks. We want people to start businesses and innovate but it's a big personal risk. ",
"A lot of people have made comments and many have a degree of accuracy but also state things that are patently untrue. I have been a bankruptcy paralegal and petition preparer for 7 years. \n\n1. You will not be forced to sell everything you own. The law provides exemptions to cover most, and usually all, of your belongings (including bank accounts).\n\n2. You do not \"qualify\" for bankruptcy because of unpaid loans. Many people have never missed a payment when they file. The only \"qualifiers\" (and I use that term loosely) are income-which will be a determining factor as to which chapter you might file and prior filings.\n\n3. If you file chapter 7 you cannot file chapter 7 again for 8 years. \n\n4. If you file chapter 7, you can file a subsequent chapter 13 even if you received a discharge in 7.\n\n5. If you file chapter 13 and receive a discharge, you may not file a chapter 7 until 6 years from the date of filing. If you file chapter 13 and are dismissed without discharge, you may refine-multiple times even, unless the court bars you from doing so. \n\n6. Chapter 7 stays on your credit report for 10 years but if you manage your credit properly your credit will rebound very quickly and you can get a mortgage in as little as 2 years from discharge. \n\n7. Chapter 13 with a discharge stays on your credit report for 7 years. \n\n8. Chapter 13 dismissed without discharge stays on your report for 10 years. \n\nThere were more but those are some highlights. \n",
"Sue someone in civil court for damages. Win. Judge bangs gavel. Makes debt appear.\n\nFile for bankruptcy in bankruptcy court. Follow all the correct rules and procedures. Judge bangs gavel. Makes debt disappear.\n\nChapter 7 is for throwing in the towel. You sell your assets, except those assets which are exempt. The proceeds are divided among your creditors. You get any change leftover. There won't be any change leftover. All of your debts, except for certain kinds like student loans or debts that you got because you hurt someone go away.\n\nChapter 13 is for hitching up to the plow. You agree to work for 3 or 4 or 5 years and some amount of your proceeds go towards your creditors. At the end, all of your debts, except for the same kind mentioned above, go away.\n\nChapter 11 is for reorganization. Businesses with a ton of assets who got too far in debt to dig themselves out can do this. The creditors may take over the company, or you may get to keep it. It depends on what you can bring in and what everyone, including the court, agrees to.\n\nChapter 12 is like Chapter 13, but for farmers.\n\nChapter 9 is like Chapter 11, but for cities.\n\nSource: Lawyer, took bankruptcy in law school. Never had a case, though.",
"One thing I learned personally is this..\n\nIf you get over your head in debt,and feel you must do the \"honorable\" thing and pay it back even if it takes 10 yrs. Consider this...you will be called a deadbeat,cheap bastard and every other name in the book.....When and if you manage to pay it back you will still be called those names not to mention your credit may be shit for paying late...plus all the headaches you went thru.\n\nOn the other hand,bankruptcy allows you to provide ONE signature to dissolve all of your debt.\n2 minutes and it's over!\n\nThey will for sure call you a deadbeat and cheap bastard when you file bankruptcy..but you'll be far ahead and FREE of debt.",
"In Australia a company can go bust and take its employees retirement contributions with it which is a disgrace."
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6i3q2y | why is unplugging a router a possible fix to it not working? | I mean, the tech is still the same but it amazes me every time I reset or unplug mine it ends up working. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6i3q2y/eli5why_is_unplugging_a_router_a_possible_fix_to/ | {
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"Unplugging a router and plugging it back in forces everything to initialize from the start. Processes that were hung kick off, memory space is reinitialized, all that good stuff."
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27aam5 | why do we feel the need to "squish" things that we think are cute? | For example when people are holding a baby and they go "aww you're so cute I just want to squish your face!"
Even when with puppies or kittens and people get all excited about how cute they are, and then feel the urge to just squeeze them. What's going on in our brains when that happens?!?! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27aam5/eli5_why_do_we_feel_the_need_to_squish_things/ | {
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"Hell I hope we get a neuroscientist or behavioral psychologist in here, I'm really curious now.",
"The below video will answer your questions a million times over. It covers exactly the question you just asked. From what I can recollect, it comes from our primordial times and how we reacted to things.\n\n_URL_0_",
"Because squished cute things are even cuter.",
"To see if rainbows come out."
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1oli10 | what were the actual events that sparked the fighting in world war ii? | I understand the basic ideals of Fascism and expansionism of Germany under Hitler's reign sparked fear in many countries, but what were the actual events that sparked the war, much like the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand that started WWI? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1oli10/eli5_what_were_the_actual_events_that_sparked_the/ | {
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"Germany invaded Poland after a series of diplomatic and military crises (reoccupation of the Rhineland, invasion and annexation of Austria, the Sudentenland, then all of the Czech part of Czechoslovakia, then Memel) after each of which Hitler claimed that Germany was now satisfied. Basically Britain and France finally decided that they had to make a stand eventually, and chose a formal alliance with Poland as the place to do so. \n\nThe specific event was an invasion of Poland after faking a Polish attack on a German radio station. ",
"In many ways, WWI. After the war Germany was very wingclipped: they couldn't have a military, had to give up their colonies and about 1/10th of their country, and owed almost 100k tons of gold to the \"winners\" of WWI. This, along with the Great Depression, created a Germany where radical ideas blossomed. Hitler took power in the midst of this (after a failed coup) and quickly built up German military. Before WWII, Hitler assisted the nationalist uprising in Spain, annexed Austria, and as a result a portion of Czechoslovakia was given to Hitler as a \"stop beating up kids\" bribe.\n\nBut as history tells us, Hitler is Hitler. The allies (France and UK, Russia was all \"I'm stayin outta this bro\" at this point) told Hitler if he invaded Poland, there would be repercussions. The Germans decided to make a \"false flag\" attack where a radio station was attacked by Germans posing as Polish soldiers to justify the invasion of Poland. So... Hitler invaded Poland. Thus started a stream of events which would change generations eventually culminating in a series of declining Medal of Honor and Call of Duty games.\n\nNow that's just the European Theatre. The Pacific Theater is a whooole other ballgame..."
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69nc8f | when massive amounts of rain fall, where do all of the earthworms go? i know some come up and hang die on the sidewalk, but do some go lower? and if so how much lower? do they go under sidewalks? or do massive amounts die | I know some come up and die on the sidewalk, but do some go lower? And if so how much lower? Do they go under sidewalks? Or do massive amounts of them die ? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/69nc8f/eli5_when_massive_amounts_of_rain_fall_where_do/ | {
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"Earthworms don't drown because of rain. They \"breathe\" through their skin and that process works fine in water. In fact, much like a fish's gills, the earthworm *needs* to be moist to exchange oxygen through its skin.\n\nSo considering that... it's not true that earthworms come to the surface to avoid drowning. Or that they necessarily *need* to go anywhere when it rains. Instead it's likely that they come to the surface when it rains because they can, they would dry out if it wasn't raining. The appeal of coming to the surface could be to find food, move long distances, just because they have no reason not to... etc. ",
"This [wiseGeek](_URL_0_) article has your answer.\n\n > As for why worms come out above ground at all, worms prefer to mate above ground. They often come out after a rain in the hopes of finding mates, treating the above-ground world like a sort of worm discotheque, with a wide sampling of potential mates available. Studious observers may have noted that worms often congregate in small groups above ground, illustrating their primary reason for surfacing. Worms, incidentally, are simultaneous hermaphrodites, so both partners exchange sperm, which is used to fertilize eggs."
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cif1h7 | why cant we use nukes on an asteroid that would otherwise hit the earth? | If nukes can vaporize rock on earth, why couldnt we use 10-20 nukes in staggered succession to destroy an asteroid that would otherwise hit the earth. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cif1h7/eli5_why_cant_we_use_nukes_on_an_asteroid_that/ | {
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"We could, it's an option, but you then run the risk just breaking that asteroid up into lots of smaller pieces without really changing their trajectory, thus causing a massive meteor storm that could be even more deviating than the single large impact.",
"Because they wouldn't \"vaporise\" the asteroid. The explosion would even increase the velocity of a large proportion of it, and as other comments say, blow it into smaller pieces, which could end up doing more harm.",
"Nukes don't in general just vaporize stone, they tend to blow stuff apart. The result isn't a cloud of rock gas, but a cloud of smaller stones. Instead of a big chunk you now have a shotgun heading at Earth.\n\nThe energy released from a nuke also behaves differently in space. Since there isn't any atmosphere it is mainly a burst of high intensity light and while that can vaporize some surface stone that gas isn't perfectly transparent. You would end up with a cloud of opaque rock dust/gas around the asteroid, then rock plasma, etc. The rock isn't just going to vanish and the ablated surface material acts like a shield.",
"Lot's of asteroids are gravity bound rubble piles so blowing them up would make for a hell of a radioactive shotgun blast to the face."
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2i5lsd | does clicking the logout button on a secure website actually do anything more than exiting out of the window or tab while logged in? how so? | Is this just something I've always been told to do? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2i5lsd/eli5_does_clicking_the_logout_button_on_a_secure/ | {
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"If the website was made competently then logging out should send a message to the server that says \"this person is logged out now. Don't let them do anything without logging back in again.\"\n\nIf you just close the window then you haven't sent that message. Anyone could walk up to the computer and reload that page and get into your account. Try this: copy the address of the website that you're logged into, then close the window. Now open a new window and paste the address into the address bar and go to the website. You should still be able to access everything since you're still logged in. Now log out and try the same thing. You should be locked out until you re-enter your password.\n\nMany sites will automatically log you out after a certain period of time, even if you've just closed the window, for your safety. Some will keep you logged in indefinitely, though, allowing anyone who gets access to your computer to then bypass figuring out your login details and to access your accounts."
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rf5jp | can someone explain to me how george zimmerman is allowed to be free under a "stand your ground" law, when he is the one that approached trayvon? | This is not a rhetorical questions. Can someone explain the law more clearly?
If Zimmerman physically approached Martin, how is that "standing" your ground? How does the law differ in Florida from a state where Zimmerman would be in jail at the moment? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/rf5jp/can_someone_explain_to_me_how_george_zimmerman_is/ | {
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"There is evidence that Zimmerman was beaten and bloodied. A simple google search of \"George Zimmerman\" will reveal his side of the story. Here are some quotes from articles:\n\n > beating his client so badly he suffered a broken nose and injuries to the back of his head.\n\n > Physical evidence, including a grass stain on the back of his shirt, showed there was a scuffle, lawyer Craig Sonner told ABC News\n\n > Trayvon Martin, the boy whose death has sparked a national outcry, hit his shooter in the face and left him bloodied and battered on the sidewalk,\n\n > That is the account the shooter, George Zimmerman, 28, gave police, and, according to the Sentinel, authorities say much of it has been corroborated by witnesses.\n",
"Is there any evidence that he actually approached Trayvon?",
"In order to arrest anyone, a police officer must have probable cause to believe that a law has been broken. Put more simply, the police must be able to articulate a set of facts that a law has been broken. \n\nIn this case, the facts support Zimmerman's version of the story: Zimmerman has facial injuries consistent with being hit; Martin did not(at least at on the original report; I haven't seen a full autopsy report yet). Reports from Zimmerman and at least one witness state that Martin was beating Zimmerman while he cried for help. Martin was found with a single gunshot wound consistent(again, at original report) with a self-defense shooting. \n\nBased upon these facts, it would be very difficult for a police officer to state that he has probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed. Rather, it appears to be the opposite; that Zimmerman was within the bounds of Florida's self-defense laws. \n\nIn addition, the current available facts don't trigger a use of the 'stand your ground' law, at all. The injuries to Zimmerman(and the lack to Martin) indicate a one-sided physical confrontation, which is regular self-defense pretty much everywhere. It does not require an application of 'stand your ground', which lowers the standards for self-defense. \n\n",
"The Stand Your Ground provision is about how you can use deadly force once in threat of bodily harm.\n\nSo anything that happened before Zimmerman was alleged threatened is largely irrelevant, so long has he was acting lawfully and was legally entitled to be in that location.\n\nOnce threatened, the provision says Zimmerman did not have to attempt to run away before using deadly force.\n\nSo the question is, did Zimmerman follow Martin with intent to commit a crime? That would be murder. Or did he follow him, get attacked, and defended himself? That would be a lawful application of self defense.\n\nIn a state without that provision, the breakdown is similar. The only difference is that if Zimmerman was attacked, and defended himself when he had an opportunity to escape, that would be manslaughter. Whether he followed Martin or not still doesn't enter into it."
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126xk8 | basic football tactics | New to football and stuff like wildcat, shotgun, option etc explained(also when they are used) and what kind of defences are used against them would be great. Large blocks of text and anecdotes are very welcome.
I really like watching the games, but beyond blocking and rushing and passing to a receiver, i am unable to see the nuances of the game and some insight would be great. Thanks
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/126xk8/eli5_basic_football_tactics/ | {
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"Wildcat is a formation that mainly relies on confusing the defense and snapping the ball to a player that may or may not be the quarterback that can both run the ball and pass. generally running plays are run out of this formation. Plays often involve one or more fake handoffs. Also, a lot of option plays are used in the wildcat. Option is when the quarterback will run to one side of the formation and a running back will run parallel with him five to ten yards away. The quarterback then has the 'option' to run the ball upfield himself or lateral the ball to the running back. Both the wildcat and the option are not common in pro football. The wildcat because defenses adapted to it and are much better at reacting to it, and the option because option plays usually involve a quarterback getting hit, and pro teams don't like seeing someone getting paid 10-20 million dollars a year getting hit. Shotgun is when a quarterback starts the play five yards or so from the line of scrimmage. Primarily a passing formation to make it easier for the quarterback to make reads on the defense when he isn't back peddling. \n ",
"For defenses, if a passing play is expected, the defense will substitute some smaller, speedier men for the bigger line men and line backers. If there are five defensive backs (usually two safeties and three comebacks but there are many variations) its called nickel. If there are six defensive backs its called dime. To stop running plays they do the opposite, usually three linebackers and four linemen (known as four-three) or four linebackers and three down linemen (3-4). Also if the offense has an exceptional running back the defense might bring a safety close to the line of scrimmage. ",
"Need anymore and I'll be happy to respond! The nfl is pretty amazing to watch how much of a chess match coaching and pay calling can be! Also, I heard the nfl does a feature called rewind that lets you watch the game from a madden-esq perspective of behind the quarterback so you can ready watch what the does and how the defense reacts.",
"**Wildcat** - When the QB takes the snap and runs the ball immediately. Not the be confused with the sneak (short yardage formation) or the QB draw (pauses the sell the pass, then runs). In short yardage this is just called a sneak. It really only works if the defense is surprised, as the QB is usually a worse runner than the RB and lacks momentum after taking the snap.\n\n**Shotgun** - QB takes the snap 2 or 3 yards back, giving him extra time to read the defense. Since the defense knows a run is unlikely, they can defend by blitzing or dropping LB's into coverage.\n\n**Option** - QB rolls out, and depending how the defense's reaction, chooses to run, pass, or pitch the ball. Relies on the QB being more athletic than the defenders, and exposes him to hits, which is why it is rarely seen in the pros.\n",
"these are some pretty good answers to the questions, so i'll just do a shameless plug.\n\nif you're new to the game, i would suggest heading over to /r/NFL as well. the community is really good about answering questions like these. sometimes they can get into a huge circlejerk about certain teams or players, but overall a pretty levelheaded community that has a good, mostly objective, grasp on the game",
"I would suggest reading [Bill Barnwell](_URL_0_) at Grantland and, of course, [Gregg Easterbrook]( _URL_1_) at ESPN. I've found that they write more about strategy and tactics than most other writers.\n\nAny one else have suggested reading?",
"Can anyone roughly break down the \"process\" (if you will) of selecting a play to call? What is the offensive coordinator factoring in as he makes his play selection? What about the defensive coordinator? Are there general guidelines, or does each team have completely different styles?\n\nAs a follow up, what does a QB look for when reading the D pre-snap?",
"A great way to learn more nuances is to read posts by analysts that break down plays and explain the strategy and technique. See [this post](_URL_5_), for example. Some of the best resources out there are: \n\n[Smart Football](_URL_2_) by Chris Brown (or follow the author's posts at [Grantland](_URL_4_)) \n\n[Football Outsiders](_URL_1_), especially the features [Word of Muth](_URL_1_word-muth) on offensive line play, [Film Room](_URL_1_filmroom), [Under Pressure](_URL_1_under-pressure) on pass rush, and their old [strategy minicamps](_URL_1_strategy-minicamps?page=2) \n\nPro Football Focus [Analysis Notebook](_URL_0_) ",
"Incidentally, there is another formation called the \"pistol\" which is essentially halfway between a regular and shotgun play -- the quarterback is a few yards back from the center, but not as far as the shotgun."
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27dw6t | what happens when yeast is shocked while baking bread? | I know you aren't supposed to change the dough temperature too rapidly or it will shock the yeast. What does that mean exactly? What happens? What will it mean for the final product? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27dw6t/eli5_what_happens_when_yeast_is_shocked_while/ | {
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"If you shock the yeast, it will stop consuming sugar and releasing carbon dioxide (which is what gives the bread its light texture). In some cases the yeast may resume respiration and you'll get some \"bubbles\" in your bread, in others the yeast may not resume respiration (or may die) and you'll wind up with no bubbles.\n\nWithout the bubbles, your bread will more closely resemble a brick than a loaf, and will likely be inedible."
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2dz8c3 | why when i'm talking to someone who makes you feel inferior or that i'm not familiar with, does my voice change slightly? at least enough so that it's noticeable to me. | When I talk to people I'm unfamiliar with my voice becomes hoarse, quieter and generally different. Why? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dz8c3/eli5_why_when_im_talking_to_someone_who_makes_you/ | {
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1i59iv | what has edward snowden actually leaked? | EDIT: Clearly from my post history you can tell I am not a gov't official attempting to get you to tell me incriminating information, I just want to know what all has been leaked to the public. The media is retarded and I hate reading the news. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1i59iv/eli5_what_has_edward_snowden_actually_leaked/ | {
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"Since you haven't gotten a real answer yet I'll give you a part answer (since I don't pay close enough attention to know everything he has leaked so far): \n\nBasically, ~~big brother is watching you~~ the government occasionally collects your data in secret. They are collecting emails, web activity, and meta data on phone calls for a very large number of Americans and foreigners. Meta data is data about data. (ie time of call, duration of call, location of both callers). Apparently there's a special court that ~~no one is supposed to know about~~ issues warrants in secret for this type of surveillance. The problem is that no warrant has ~~ever~~ been denied ~~EVER. Not once~~ since 2009. /u/hijklmno pointed out that 11 have been denied in over 30,000 [requests](_URL_0_). To some people, this **seems** to violate the 4th amendment (~~illegal~~ unreasonable search and seizure), but it is legal under the Patriot Act which ~~is a total crock of shit anyways~~ I have no strong feelings about either way. There's been several other things that have come out, but I haven't kept up with it. You should find the video of his interview to get some basics. Listening to his interview will help you avoid the bias and propaganda associated with watching the news.\n\nedit: watch [this](_URL_2_)\n\nedit: Since people keep bitching about me \"sensationalizing it,\" the numbers listed here are conservative estimates. Snowden claimed they were actually much higher. He also claimed the government has immediate backdoor access to whatever the hell they want from several large companies (Google, facebook, etc). The nine companies listed deny such claims (and the original journalists back pedaled a little on these claims). However, they do admit to handing over data when asked. They claim it's not very often (which is why everyone says Snowden's claims are very exaggerated), but the government won't allow them to publish data detailing how often it happens. \n\n[this](_URL_1_) is where the original Snowden claims are disputed as grossly exaggerated.\n\nEdit: TIL never post anything about anything to do with politics. I have people saying I'm sensationalizing a traitor and people saying I'm minimizing a hero. Jesus Christ people, I tried to be as even handed as possible. \"The government is looking at your shit.\" The end. ",
"The thing is, he agreed to leak through a publication called The Guardian. They are leaking all his information little-by-little. One story was about this program called PRISM. Another was about the NSA working with Google. Another was about the NSA working with Microsoft. Et cetera.",
"The interview for interested parties:\n\n_URL_0_",
"A followup question: I know what *information* was revealed by the leak, but I'm curious what was *actually* leaked. By which I mean what documents did he actually leak as proof and so on. I remember seeing a powerpoint that was leaked, but I'm curious if there are any other documents that are available on the web to read?",
"Here is a pretty good, virtually unbiased, thread on the question you asked (since a lot of the answers here are a little biased at least which violates ELI5 rules). \n_URL_0_\n\nHere is the top comment: \n\n\n > Snowden revealed that there's an extensive surveillance system setup to collect large amounts of data both domestically and foreign. We've known that the United States had something like this capability for a while, thanks to a random AT & T engineer. He also revealed that we have at some level a cyber espionage program.\nWhile these reveals help cement what were abstract accusations, it's tough to corroborate how accurate or correct his statements are. There are only a couple of truly knowledgeable parties in this. One side are the officials and government that run the various programs he's talking about, and the other their employees or their outsourced contractors.\nWhat separates in my opinion so far, Snowden from Manning, is that what Snowden has revealed is not time sensitive, nor operationally damaging material. So far there aren't names of informants that are still alive in Afghanistan that could be murdered. Manning's leak had those un-redacted details. The idea that foreign governments didn't think or know about these surveillance programs is naive at best. The worrying thing is we don't know what Snowden has on him.\nIf all Snowden took were broad stroke documents about these eavesdropping programs, then I don't think this merits the full rage of fury of the United States. I mean we're threatening Russia, China and Hong Kong through back channels, on tv channels, and just about everywhere else. Along with Ecuador, Iceland and anywhere else he might seek or be granted asylum. We're threatening all kinds of things.\nIf he has detailed, time sensitive information on how all of this works with specificity including names, businesses, front organizations, bank accounts and so on, this could be very, very bad for US security. At that point foreign governments can monkey with the guts of our surveillance. Which could very easily impede everything from us finding terrorists to more mundane, yet important things such as knowing about Chinese honeypots targeting civilian defense contractors. If you're rational you don't want our combined research on ICBM technology handed over by proxy to a state like North Korea. I do think part of the insanely aggressive pursuit of Snowden is not just a message to him and other countries it's a message to employees and potential leakers in the government. 'We will find you and get you, wherever you go if you leak anything we deem important in this manner'.\nIt's very easy to say there should be no surveillance whatsoever. That of course ignores practical realities involved in clandestine intelligence gathering. Some of this extensive invasion produces actionable intelligence. So how do we strike a balance between necessary intelligence gathering activity and civil liberty? Further, now that we know this massive program exists there are people who do have completely valid, understandable and powerful requests for standing when it comes to due process. 'That phone metadata can prove my innocence' is one of the most powerful legal arguments out there.\nIf that wall comes down and the courts decide people do have standing to search that mass of aggregate data does that wall come down for law enforcement as well. Does the IRS then decide they have standing to access that data to datamine for tax evasion. Does the DOJ start using that as a routine investigation tool? Do local lawyers settling divorce claims turn to that information?\nThat should be what scares people. Intelligence agencies don't give a shit about your porn, tax evasion, if you're having an affair, if you called into work sick and instead you were at a party. They care about links to terrorism or exigent threats to the United States or its allies. Law enforcement and civil law on the other hand, care a whole lot about shit like that.\nThis whole thing brings up more questions than it answers. So long as the most that ever gets leaked is that we have these massive surveillance programs and that they gobble up huge amounts of data, then I'm fine with the leaks. For purposes of legislative intent it gives us regular American citizens the ability to demand change in how that information is managed or handled. This whole thing isn't over yet, and my guess is the guy set himself up with a pretty big insurance policy that if he ever came to some kind of harm that there would be a document dump that could might cripple our intelligence gathering efforts for years.*\n*Edited with new information added to sources.\nSource:\nAT & T engineer: NSA built secret rooms in our facilities\nLawyers eye NSA data as treasure trove for evidence in murder, divorce cases\nGreenwald: Snowden’s Files Are Out There if ‘Anything Happens’ to Him",
"So here are (some) of the things Snowden has revealed. Do note that Snowden has been slowly releasing the info thus keeping media and people interested in what would be leaked next.\n\nAlso, while some people had an idea about these activities, they were never confirmed by any Government official. It was usually swept under the rug as either nut job conspiracy theory or that the US would not do such a thing.\n\nSo here goes:\n\n1) The US has an extensive e-Spying network and has been spying on Americans and non Americans alike. \n\n2) This spy agency (NSA) is working in collusion with the courts who rubber stamp any order for NSA and the government who are passing secret laws to make the things legal.\n\n3) American companies including Microsoft, Apple Google, Skype et al were assisting the NSA by providing 'backdoor' access to the NSA. New revelations are coming out about the extent of cooperation such as one about Microsoft [today.](_URL_0_)\n\n4) The US has been spying not only on the enemies - China, Russia but also allies such as Germany and EU etc.\n\n5) US has bugged Embassies of different countries again including close allies.\n\n5) If you thought moving your 'data' abroad would make you safe, then you are wrong. Snowden has said that similar programs exist in UK, France, Canada, New Zealand amongst others. I am sure other EU countries would have the same program. \n\nAn indirect leak has been the lack of respect for the worlds greatest super power. China and Russia openly refused to hand over Snowden over technicalities (meaning of 'J' in his name or being in transit area of airport). Some smaller countries have offered him Asylum including Bolivia whose presidential jet was forced to land and searched for fear that he was carrying Snowden.\n\nEdit:typo",
"So, it's illegal for the government to open and read your mail without a warrant. \n\n\nBut imagine if instead of reading your mail, they were just writing down everyone you wrote a letter to and everyone that wrote you a letter, because the addresses are on the outside of the letters and clearly visible. \n\n\nThat's essentially what's happening with the NSA. They aren't reading your e-mails or listening to your calls, they're just keeping track of everyone you email, call, and how long those calls are. And they're keeping a massive database of it to cross reference everything. \n\n\nIt's gets a little more complicated because there's the FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act) Court, which is apparently just a rubber stamp court that provides warrants for the NSA to actually read and listen to your calls. \n\n\n\nSo, the NSA doesn't listen to everyone's call and emails. They just keep track of who's talking to who. But when they do want a warrant to actually listen in, it's extremely easy to get. \n\n\nEdit - I've received a few messages that my explanation is overly simplistic or not touching on all aspects of the controversy. Yes, this is ELI5. Obviously a contracted intelligence officer going AWOL and traveling around the globe seeking asylum while simultaneously releasing classified intelligence information and procedures is an extremely complicated and convoluted issue. I was just trying to offer an explanation covering the broader topic in a simple and unbiased manner. \n\nI've also received a lot of messages about the technical aspects of what the NSA is doing. Honestly, I don't know. Maybe someone with a more technical background could comment on what's theoretically possible. I simply don't know if it's feasible for the NSA to say, record and store everything on the internet, as has been suggested to me. \n\n",
"In 2007, congress passed a bill called Protect America Act, which started the PRISM project, and allowed the NSA to spy on Americans.\n\nWhile this was public knowledge for anyone who cared to know, Snowden told us the details. For example, we knew this was happening, but didn't know the program was called \"PRISM\"\n\n_URL_0_",
"From my understanding, Microsoft works directly with the NSA. The NSA can tap the fiber lines under the ocean. They store billions of calls and videos a day. They basically have full access to everything and it's at their discretion to spy on you. So they have all the cards, all the data is complied (as opposed to spread out around different tech corporations). They are using this for god knows what because we all know the Fed Govt is corrupt and is in collusion with many awful corporations. So that's fun. Plus no one \"normal\" seems to care. ",
" > The media is retarded and I hate reading the news.\n\nSo you want to get your information from a bunch of random, anonymous Internet strangers instead?\n\nಠ_ಠ",
"/u/Fuqwon's answer is actually incorrect. The NSA is actually making a copy of nearly all traffic on the internet. Computers sort through all of that data and look for keywords and patterns. If you'd like an explanation from people smarter than me check out this NOVA episode: _URL_0_\n\n\n\n",
"We need an official ELI5 Edward Snowden link on the sidebar, there are at least one of these posts a day.",
"Hey OP – If you are interested on the topic of the NSA and domestic surveillance, check out [this interview](_URL_0_). The gentleman being interviewed blew the whistle on the NSA back when Bush was president and gives some good information about the program. \n \nFull URL:\n_URL_0_",
"And follow-up questions:\n\n1) Why is he in trouble for this? *EDIT: and why is this SUCH a big deal?* (not taking a side, I just don't really understand)\n\n2) Where is he/why has he not been captured?\n"
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yB3n9fu-rM"
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8efxud | why and how do some of the fish we eat have the bones removed but others don't? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8efxud/eli5_why_and_how_do_some_of_the_fish_we_eat_have/ | {
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"As someone who fishes quite a bit, a big part of it is convenience. Some fish are more easily fileted(bones removed) than others due to the size of the fish, the configuration of bones and amount of meat on the fish. Some fish, especially smaller fish have bones that will basically dissolve as they are cooked as well. Regardless when eating fish, no matter how its prepared, always check for bones before taking each bite. A small one can easily be missed in preparation and cause a lot of trouble.",
"Removing the bones from a fish is basically just another step in the production of fish. Think about it as a process to add value to that fish. It does happen more often to particular fishes with easier bones to remove, but it could be with any.\n\nTl,dr: They remove the bones in some fish 'cause the extra they can charge for selling boneless fish is higher than the cost of removing those bones."
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32rz6k | why do south american football commentators announce goals the way they do? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32rz6k/eli5_why_do_south_american_football_commentators/ | {
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"To make soccer more exciting to listen to and watch"
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2ivlkh | where i live, i pay a water company per litre of water i use. if that's the case, what's so bad about what nestle is doing with water privatisation? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ivlkh/eli5where_i_live_i_pay_a_water_company_per_litre/ | {
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"Because they march into developing countries, take over water utililities which have been built with public money, and then cut off a lot of that same public which payed to build the utility from using the service it provides.\n\nIt's like you buy a house, the government sells the house to me, and then I kick you out because I set the rent on the house higher than you can afford to pay.",
"If I remember correctly, I thought we paid to have water carried in and out of our homes; we aren't actually paying for the water, but the services.",
"You don't pay water company. You pay the water utility, which is a branch of the municipal service of the city/county. It's not a private company that's trying to make a profit off you."
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11rrcv | is it possible to catch a bullet, safely? | Say you are far away that the energy of the bullet dissipates enough and you could calculate it's final landing spot. Could one catch a bullet in the palm of their hand, safely? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/11rrcv/eli5_is_it_possible_to_catch_a_bullet_safely/ | {
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"While wearing kevlar gloves, possibly. A smaller bullet fired at relatively lower velocity (e.g. a .22 pistol used for target shooting, as opposed to a rifle or larger caliber pistol) would be somewhat safer, but I still wouldn't want to try it. A bullet fired parallel to the ground would still have a lot of forward momentum by the time it fell to the ground. A bullet fired up in the air would be even more dangerous, because it would be falling very very fast by the time it got back down to you.",
"Simply put, no; furthermore, the reaction time needed is insane. Humans can't do it because we can't react that fast.\n\nBut the major problem is the pressure created on the surface of your hand when caught. It's like crashing a car going 90 mph/144Kmh on a divider. You know for a fact the divider is going to stop that car, but how will that divider feel after the crash? Not good man.\n\n\n\n",
"My physics are a bit rusty, but I don't think air friction alone could slow down a rifle bullet enough, so it would reach reasonable velocity.\n\nHowever, if you were to fire a bullet from, lets say, a [barrett M82](_URL_0_) straight up, then it would reach a complete stop at altitude of about 37km (37.12km to be more exact). From there, you could snatch it from your balloon with a butterfly net.\n\nFor comparison, bullet from Glock 17 would reach 7.17km.",
"It is possible. If you fire a gun straight up in the air, the bullet will tend to tumble as it falls back down. Especially for something like a 9mm pistol round, it will be slow enough as its falling back to earth that it is conceivable that someone could catch the bullet without severely injuring themselves.\n\nHowever, if you fire the bullet laterally, the bullet will not have time to slow down enough for someone to catch it safely. "
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1unel4 | with legalization of marijuana now in effect in co, can felons who were previously convicted in co for a non-violent pot crime appeal to be released? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1unel4/with_legalization_of_marijuana_now_in_effect_in/ | {
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"No, legalization did not offer clemency. "
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cwso7j | how does data get corrupted over time? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cwso7j/eli5_how_does_data_get_corrupted_over_time/ | {
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"Data doesn't get corrupted. \n\nHowever, data is stored in some media and that media can deteriorate - resulting in corruption. The causes of corruption depend on storage technology, and some technologies have very long lives (think gall ink on parchment).\n\nFlash drives store information in a microscopic capacitor, where a cosmic ray could easily change a 1 to a 0 or vice versa.\n\nMagnetic drives have tiny iron particles magnetized, and many electric currents can change them through stray magnetic fields.\n\nOptical drives, like CDs, have bits carved in a thin layer of aluminum. This it super durable, but scratches in the plactis surface can make the data unreachable."
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em5zu7 | what are those cracks you can hear when you're at home while its silent? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/em5zu7/eli5_what_are_those_cracks_you_can_hear_when/ | {
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"That's hard to say without more info on your house and a description of the sound. If it's a newer house, it could just be settling. If it's older it could be creaking older wood or older pipes rattling.",
"Some materials (like wood) expand or shrink when the temperature changes, which makes noise. Also, some houses are not really isolated that good so the wind may blow in and “move” the house. Similar to trees in the forest,",
"Pretty much already explained, but it’s a lot like an earthquake. The house expands/contracts from temperature changes and like a fault line two pieces of wood try to move. The tension builds up until finally they slide a very short distance but really quickly. So the sound is the two pieces trying to move when finally the tension releases all at once as they both pop to the new locations. It’s the same thing that makes floors creak when you walk but instead of your weight, it’s the weight of huge pieces of the house moving a tiny bit. If you walk in a very old wooden floor that creeks a whole lot and pay attention, you will notice that a lot of them are a drawn out creak, but some of them will be a little pop instead.",
"Wind, thermal expansion, ghosts, the foundation settling. Your house isn't a static thing, and as it moves parts of it will make sounds"
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11itjc | secure sockets layer(ssl) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/11itjc/eli5secure_sockets_layerssl/ | {
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"There are Certificate Authorities who checks that people who want SSL certificates are who they say. The CA:s have a cryptographic keypair using public key crypto. Your browser has a list of these public keys.\n\nSo the bank ask the CA for a cert. They generate their own keypair (the private key is always secret!) and let the CA sign their public key using their private key (with the CA:s public key you can verify this cryptographically that only the CA can have generated the signature).\n\nNow you connect to the bank at _URL_0_ and the bank says \"here is my certificate with my public key X for _URL_0_ signed by CA Y\". You can verify that he CA signed it. Now you generate an encryption key for a symmetric algorithm (faster) and send it to the bank encrypted with the bank's public key. Only the bank can decrypt that key. Now you and he bank can use that same key to send things to each other securely."
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3yw0qu | why does it seem like mental disorders such as autism, aspergers, downs, etc seem effect americans at a much higher rate than other regions? | I'm very curious on this. Recently donating time with a charity operation, I've noticed the majority of people born with mental illness are predominantly American...i even asked a friend about this who is from the middle east he confirmed it's not as common as in the US | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3yw0qu/eli5_why_does_it_seem_like_mental_disorders_such/ | {
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"Many of these areas have historically not been well recognized or diagnosed. Better being able to diagnose, means more are diagnosed. \n\nMany nations lag behind with their knowledge on the subject.",
"Confirmation bias, and nothing more nor less. These disorders are not more prevalent in America -- Americans just think that they are."
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2dppnk | - when a person sits too close to a television, how exactly does the tv change the watcher's eye? | What are the causes and processes that reshape the cornea and damage sight? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dppnk/eli5_when_a_person_sits_too_close_to_a_television/ | {
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"The strain on the eyes from constant focusing",
"Reshape the cornea and damage sight? Source?",
"I though that was just something mothers said to keep the tv clean.",
"Didn't your mother teach you anything. It turns them square"
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2a0lqd | how is a place like dubai safe from the types of violence and terrorism taking place in the middle-east? | Just like the title says. I'm extremely curious how a place like Dubai is expected to have any longevity in a place like the Middle-East. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2a0lqd/eli5_how_is_a_place_like_dubai_safe_from_the/ | {
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"Dubai is an incredibly advanced city full of the rich and elite, as compared to much of the rural Middle East which is largely traditional.\n\nIt holds no real value for the cost of committing an act there, and is really a different place than the rest of the region. Similar to how Atlanta is considered different from the rest of Georgia, and the UK and Ireland are considered different from the rest of Europe.\n\nThat being said, they aren't immune, many small acts are committed all the time, but never reach the international stage because they are seen as ordinary there.",
"The middle East is a big place, not all of it is in conflict despite what the media is trying to tell you.",
"Nowhere is immune from terrorism, but Dubai is relatively stable and is not involved in the conflicts currently happening in Iraq/Syria. The Middle East is a large and diverse place. Things happening in other countries don't necessarily impact on UAE. \n\nEven during the Arab Spring, there were no disturbances in UAE. The only other Arab nation that could could say the same was Qatar."
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4do71l | why are planetary orbits non-circular, but motion around the spiral arms of a galaxy are? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4do71l/eli5_why_are_planetary_orbits_noncircular_but/ | {
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"What makes you say th!at the galactic orbits are circular? I've never seen anything that suggests that everything going around in the galaxy is traveling in a circle. ",
"Do you have a source for the claim that stars in spiral galaxies orbit in circular orbits? From what I've read, stars in spiral galaxies and disc galaxies aren't perfectly circular in their orbits. It looks very circular, then again, so do the orbits of the planets (a couple moons in our solar system are *very* close to being perfect circles). They're ellipses, which are very close to circles, and when you're looking at something on a galactic scale, it's very hard to tell the two apart.",
"All orbits are elliptical. The larger an ellipse relative the distance between it's foci, the more circle-like it looks.\n\nOrbits in the galaxy are really big, and really slow; so it looks more circular. But they aren't: they're ellipses too."
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80i9v3 | how do you calculate a ramp jump? like angle/speed/distance? | Earlier someone posted [I'm not gonna do the math of this stunt, WCGW?](_URL_0_). So I am curious. What is the math? How do you figure out the angle/speed/distance of a ramp jump? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/80i9v3/eli5_how_do_you_calculate_a_ramp_jump_like/ | {
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"Hi this is fairly simple. You can use the kinetics equations and in particular solve them for [projectile motion](_URL_0_). You just need to plug-in the initial speed and the angle of the ramp. \n\nEdit: I want to also say it’s not unreasonably hard to calculate [air resistance](_URL_1_) either. I think the way to use this most simply would be to apply it as a horizontal acceleration. ",
"The movement of a projectile, like a bike off a ramp, can be explained with a \"vector.\" It's a representation of, coincidentally enough, speed and angle. If you split a vector into vertical and horizontal speeds while accounting for gravity (roughly 9.8m/s^2 ), you can tell how high it will go, and how far before it lands.\n\nAs for how you do that split, I only know the way they taught us in high school. You draw the vector and ground level with a ruler, its length proportional to the speed of the projectile. For example you could do 1cm on paper = 5m/s. Then you draw a rectangle with vertical/horizontal lines to make a box around it, whose corners fit the starting point and tip of the vector perfectly. Measuring the length of the rectangle's sides and converting will give you the necessary info for your answers.\n\nEDIT: /u/KurtWagnerX has a more direct and less arts-and-crafts answer, but it does dabble in trigonometric functions if you're feeling more than ELI5-ish.",
"Your vertical position is:\n\ny = -0.5 gt^2 + vt + y0\n\nWhere\n\ny = your vertical position\n\ng = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2 )\n\nt = elapsed time\n\nv = vertical velocity at the moment you leave the ramp\n\ny0 = initial height when you leave the ramp\n\nYour horizontal position is \n\nx = vt + x0\n\nWhere \n\nx = your horizontal position\n\nv = your horizontal velocity speed when you leave the ramp\n\nt = elapsed time\n\nx0 = your horizontal position when you leave the ramp. I would set x0 to be 0 to keep the math simple.\n\nTo calculate horizontal and vertical velocity, you need to know what the speedometer reads when you hit the end of the ramp (Let's call that S), and you need to know the angle of the ramp (Let's call it A). Then horizontal is \n\nS cos(A)\n\nAnd the vertical is \n\nS sin(A)\n\nEdit: cars are big enough that you probably can't ignore air resistance, as these calculations do, but these give a good starting point.\n\nEdit 2: Was reminded that you need a negative sign to show that gravity pulls *down.* ",
"Obviously it will depend how fast you can go. Lets assume a good balance of speed and safety is around 35 mph or 15.5 m/s. As far as angle, 45 degrees is always going to give you the maximum horizontal distance.\n\nLets say your going at velocity v. When you leave the ramp your vertical speed is sin(45) times v and your horizontal speed is cos(45) times v. These are both sqrt(2)/2 times v or about .707v. so V_x = V_y = 11 m/s in our example. \n\nYour hang time is going to depend on V_y. The equation is:\n \nT_hang = V_y/(5 m/s^2 ) \nso in our example 2.2 seconds. \nIn this time you go V_x * T_hang which is 24.2 m or about 77ft horizontally. \n\nYour max height height is found by plugging your hang time into the equation:\n \n -(5m/s^2 *T_hang^2 ) / 4 + V_y*T_hang/2 \nwhich would be 10.5m high or about 35ft high."
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3isvlk | when someone shoots a bug down the drain with water, what happens to it? does it die? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3isvlk/eli5_when_someone_shoots_a_bug_down_the_drain/ | {
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"Depends on the type of bug and where your water goes. Some ants can live underwater for an hour. Most likely the bugs just drown to death, but not always. ",
"There's a *lot* of air spaces in waste water lines. The pipes are not pressurized and are not full of water at all times and all places. It is very common for rats to move through waste water lines, and actually live in the large main lines. \n\nThat said, it's a pretty hostile environment and bugs can't swim very well in a current (rats are excellent swimmers). It's definitely possible for a bug to survive being washed down the drain - and perhaps even crawl back out of the same or a different drain. "
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6c829h | is it possible for a corporation (or multiple corporations) to bailout the government, in a time of crisis, and obtain control of a country? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6c829h/eli5_is_it_possible_for_a_corporation_or_multiple/ | {
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"Well technically it depends on the laws of the country. But I believe for every country the answer is no. When you buy a bond it's not a share of the government and holds no power, it's simply a promise to be repaid. Ultimately though it's issued by a government within their jurisdiction, it holds whatever power they want and they can change the relevant laws whenever they want. There isn't some higher authority telling them they can't do XYZ.",
"No. If the government wants it can simply nationalize assets. Often that requires some form of compensation but the government also decides what that compensation is, and during periods of crisis the requirements are often lower. ",
"JP Morgan already did it in the early days of the United States. I'd imagine it's where a lot of the corruption got started.\n\n_URL_0_"
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1ks1yt | when dating, why is age difference a big deal for teens/kids, but not for adults? | I was just curious why even 1 year age difference can make such a big difference when kids/teens date, but it doesn't matter to adults. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ks1yt/eli5_when_dating_why_is_age_difference_a_big_deal/ | {
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"Because the maturity levels are exponentially different between years/grades. A freshman is incredibly more immature than a senior, but is only 3 years younger. When you're 40 the difference between you and a 36/37 year old is pretty negligible if not non-existent.",
"Children and young adults are on a [diminishing returns](_URL_0_) scale of maturity.\n\nThat means that there's a lot more difference in maturity between a 14 and 16 year old than there is between a 32 and 33 year old. Ideally, by the time you're in your mid-20's your both mature and smart enough to recognize when someone older than you is taking advantage of you. Something that teens and younger-adults cannot necessarily do.\n\n\nThis isn't universal, of course, but... lets just say exceptions are exceptionally rare (at least for teens, there are plenty of immature adults). ",
"In addition to what's listed below, the age gap as a fraction of total age decreases. For example, an 16 year old and an 18 year old have 2 year difference but they also have an eighth/ninth of their lives apart; a thirty year old and a thirty two year old share the same difference, but it's not as significant because there's more that they both have experienced. ",
"The best thing I've heard about age difference is this equation. It is socially acceptable to date someone who is half your age plus 7.\n\nSo 20 and 17 for young folk or 30 and 22 for older. The gap just keeps getting bigger. \n\nAs to why this is the social rule, I have no idea.",
"Like all relationship problems this can be solved through math!!!\n\nThink about it. The reason you don't date someone younger than you is because they are less mature right? So lets assign maturity a numeric value, every year you live lets say you gain +1 maturity point. So lets think about this. A 13 year old has 13 maturity points whereas an 18 year old has 18 maturity points, that's only a 5 point difference, not much right? WRONG! Because the 18 year old is almost 52% more mature than the 13 year old which is a fairly big deal and thus they shouldn't date. If you look to a 40 year old and a 45 year old though the difference is 5% or so. Not a large difference in maturity. The point is simply that when you are young the difference of 1 year of experience and maturity is MAJOR since you don't have all that many years of maturity to compare. When you are older the difference of a couple years is much smaller as you have so many more years to weigh it against. Thus, older people can date a couple years apart where teens cannot.",
"relevant XKCD: _URL_0_\n"
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4ve809 | can rapid changes in temperature harm health? | I'm not talking about extreme temperatures, just in the range of normal temperatures throughout the year.
I ask this because recently i have heard of people that feel bad when leaving an establishment with air conditioning, getting into 30-40 ºC (outside).
I guess that despite the bad feeling it might not be harmful to them.
Since those people argued that it was bad for their health and i didn't know how to contest, i researched the subject but found no results.
So i came here, looking for answers.
Thank you. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ve809/eli5can_rapid_changes_in_temperature_harm_health/ | {
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"Hypothermia and heat strokes from exposure happen from normal temperature ranges.\nExposure and humidity also dehydrate your which is probably why they feel bad.\n",
"I don't know if the changing temperature does it. But being in extreme heat for long periods can make you sick. You can get heat exhaustion which can lead to heat stroke and death. Though usually this wouldn't happen to a healthy adult. But does happen to elderly. Also, some people, usually visitors, will decide that it is ok to go hiking with no water or not enough water.",
"When you go rapidly from a cold environment to a hot one, there can be certain physiological changes that may lead to harm.\n\nThe most extreme example I can give is with people being resuscitated from hypothermia. If you simply take someone who has been very cold for a while and put them in a warm blanket or hot-tub, it causes their blood vessels near their skin and in their extremities to widen and fill up with blood. If done too rapidly, this can cause a significant drop in blood pressure, which can lead to catastrophic health consequences. \n\nIf you already have pre-existing heart or cardiovascular problems, you might experience something similar by going from a cold environment to a hot environment quickly."
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11gsj7 | the british conservative party's platform | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/11gsj7/eli5_the_british_conservative_partys_platform/ | {
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"The problem with answering this is the tories have changed. They no longer have the ideology that they started out with in the late 1600's. There is also so many aspects to their policies that it would take an extremely long time to write it up in words suitable for a five year old.\n\nThe idea is they are a centre-right party and the main opposition is the centre-left party. The best way I'd say to get a general idea of the ideas that are driving the parties at the moment is watch some Prime Ministers questions and keep an eye on a UK politics news feed such as the one on the BBC because they have to report without bias. "
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byq66m | why is it that humans feel random attractions to specific colors, numbers, etc at a young age? why do our brains generate “favorite colors” and “favorite numbers,” and things like that? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/byq66m/eli5_why_is_it_that_humans_feel_random/ | {
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"We make connections between positive experiences and things like numbers/colors/smells. It also has a lot to do with socialization. Little girls might like pink because their favorite toys were pink, but as they grow older they might like blue because the sky is beautiful.\n\nSame for numbers, a lot of people like 7 because it’s perceived as a lucky number. Or they may like a number associated with their birthday because those tend to be very fun days!",
"Radiolab has a good podcast episode For The Love of Numbers, May 2, 2014 that goes into some of the theories. Some numbers really are unique, like 7, and most religions and cultures across time have attributed special properties to it as a result of noticing ever more unique properties about it."
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8qnh5h | how do we obtain "weakened" versions of viruses/illnesses for vaccines? | I'm a college bio major, and I always hear about this, but they never explain how they're weaker or how we obtain them. I've also heard in some cases we expose ourselves to "dead" viruses via vaccines, but if it's dead, why would our immune system know to defend against it to build itself up for the next time? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8qnh5h/eli5_how_do_we_obtain_weakened_versions_of/ | {
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"The viruses are usually grown in other similar animals or at different temperatures before being administered to a human. Vaccines made from these viruses are called live-attenuated.\n\nWhen you take a virus that normally infects humans, and then grow it under conditions that are not normally found in humans, say, 25 degrees C, or in a duck, the virus adapts over time to those new conditions. So after 30 or so generations, which will take a few days or weeks, the virus is now adapted to replicate best at those conditions. When you put them back into a human, they cannot infect them very well because they are no longer adapted to replicating in human temperatures/environments.\n\nA \"killed\" virus is one that has been inactivated in some way, usually by heat. This denatures some or all of the viral proteins, which means they are unfolded into unusual shapes (just a simple chain of protein building blocks) but they retain the same molecular building block sequence. Your human cells can recognize some of these proteins by that sequence which remains, even in a heat-killed virus.",
" > but they never explain how they're weaker or how we obtain them\n\nWe take healthy virus samples and carefully damage them in some way. This might be something like irradiation to destroy their internal RNA payload for example.\n\n > but if it's dead, why would our immune system know to defend against it to build itself up for the next time?\n\nThe body is learning to recognize its external form. If the internals are broken and unable to cause it to reproduce doesn't matter to the immune system. To make an analogy it is like taking enemy soldiers in uniform and showing them to your own military; they don't need to be alive in order to be recognizable."
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1w04f2 | what "socialist" economies are | So to my understanding there is communism (planned), capitalism (market), and socialism.
I understand how the means of production/consumption/distribution work in planned & market ecos, but I keep seeing the definition that in a socialist economy these means are "socially" owned, and I don't quite understand what that means.
I've tried searching this online but I just keep getting that same definition thrown back at me. Could somebody explain that to me? Thanks | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1w04f2/eli5_what_socialist_economies_are/ | {
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"Socialist economies are ones in which the government runs the means of production. ",
"The most important lesson is that there is no such thing as a 'capitalist' or 'socialist' society, there are only societies with capitalist or socialist tendencies. When the US government bailed out the banks and auto industry in 2009, that was as close to the definition of nationalisation as you can get. Venezuela style. Americans are none the wiser however. \n\nAnyway socialism is the increased levels and distribution of income tax into government subsidised infrastructure and services. Think the Netherlands or Norway with average 40-50% net income tax but incredibly robust healthcare and social services. Free education with high grading from the UN, free health care and hospital services covering everything from ER through to long term cancer treatment, paid maternity leave et al. ",
"Socialism is when essential services, such as power, water, medical, etc, are owned and operated by the government. Capitalism still operates in other markets, but may be taxed higher. ",
"Capitalism is, in theory, free of regulation. Everyone is allowed to make money so long as it does not impede the natural rights of others.\n\nSocialism is when there is some kind of control over the economy, or when the market is not open but there is some sort of major oversight."
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618xd5 | why can't people buy paper tickets like the kinds used at arcades and sneak them in, count them, and exchange them for big prizes? | I posted this earlier, but I forgot to add a flair and it got deleted. This time I've fixed my mistake and have put my question back up. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/618xd5/eli5_why_cant_people_buy_paper_tickets_like_the/ | {
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"Conceptually you could. However it wouldn't be worth it because the \"prizes\" likely cost roughly as much as purchasing the tickets, you would need exactly the right style to sell the concept, the workers there have some idea of who frequents the location and it is unlikely that you could just appear with thousands of tickets without them noticing you winning them over time, and finally it would be fraud. Being arrested for fraud in obtaining cheap plastic garbage would be terrible.",
"Most people just don't care enough to do that.\n\nBesides, why not just buy the prizes outright? They're mostly just cheap shit, so it's not like you'll be saving much money.",
"This is because most arcades have personalized tickets, keeping counterfeit tickets out. It is possible, though, to use these tickets at other places, yet it is illegal."
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4skhny | how did metalworking originate? | How did the first people figure out about things like heating ores and how did they form the metal into usefull tools? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4skhny/eli5how_did_metalworking_originate/ | {
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"Trial and error.\n\nSomeone figured out that the shiny nuggets in the river kinda sorta stick together when you hammer them long enough, and then forgot them in a bonfire. After that it was just a long series of educated guesses like \"Well, this rock is shiny, but won't melt in the campfire. Maybe some sort of air circulation system would make it hot enough.\" Some idiot apprentice truly hit the mother lode when he accidentally mixed tin with copper to make bronze.\n\nThrow in a healthy mix of superstition too—using bear bones while smithing to infuse the blade with the strength of a bear actually works since the process adds carbon into the iron, which makes it more durable."
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3trjb4 | what's a good way to imagine really big or really small numbers? for example, how can i imagine how many people are on the world ~7.5 billions, if they were all in one big room? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3trjb4/eli5whats_a_good_way_to_imagine_really_big_or/ | {
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"I'll tackle BIG numbers as visualizing small numbers is a wholly different problem.\n\nWe really suck at imagining big numbers so you remove most of them by thinking of a cube. Then you see how many cubes will fit in something that you have been to and can compare. \n\nHere's an example: I want to visualize 100,000 people. So I can probably cram the average person into a cube that's one meter or three feet on each edge, right? So say I've seen the playing surface of an American football field between goal lines myself. Google tells me there's about five thousand square yards in that field, which means 5000 people. So a pile of boxes covering that field to twenty boxes deep... is 100,000 people. \n\nNow to get to 7.5 billion, make a cube of football fields. A cub of a hundred by a hundred by a hundred football fields is 1,000,000 football fields. Each holding that 20-deep pile of boxes is **100 billion** people... and you've visualized way way more than the population of earth if you can pull that off.\n\nFor bigger numbers, pick something bigger like the Empire State building, or filling the Grand Canyon, and so on. The key is you have to have seen or experienced it yourself.\n",
"For big numbers, I visualize them using big places that I've been before. Like what the_original_Retro said.",
"To really visualize just how many people there are on Earth, think about this. If you had unimpeded vision to the horizon in every direction and wasn't standing on anything. If everything you saw was people in a REALLY dense crowd* then you would be able to see about 430 Million people. To see the entire Earth population, you would have to repeat that 17 times with unique people each time.\n\n\\* By \"REALLY dense\" I mean 6 people per square meter (or about 10.7 square feet for all you freedom unit users). That's the point where crowds begin to act like fluids. Think of the stampede in Mecca during the Hajj\n\nEDIT: Added freedom units"
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4q8ind | why do we go through withdraws when we quit drugs? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4q8ind/eli5_why_do_we_go_through_withdraws_when_we_quit/ | {
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"Your body gets used to the drug being present in your system over time and alters the way it metabolizes or filters it, to be more efficient at it. The withdrawal symptoms occur when the drug is removed from the system abruptly, and your body still has things in place to deal with it. \n\nHave you ever sat on a rock or laid down on something really uncomfortable and thought it wasn't that bad? Then when you got up and the pressure of the uncomfortable object was no longer applied, the spot on your body you were resting/it was pressing into hurt? It's similar. Your body learns to cope with things that hurt it, and the longer it happens the better it gets at dealing with it."
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2n6eqm | what does the sun look like up close or any star for that matter? | I know we see pictures drawn of an orange molten plasma spherical object but is there actual pictures from a space probe close enough to it to see what it looks like? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2n6eqm/eli5_what_does_the_sun_look_like_up_close_or_any/ | {
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"Of course there are. Pick your desired frequency of light and knock yourself out: _URL_0_"
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2qc1j4 | why are dentists their own separate "thing" and not like any other specialty doctor? | Why do I have separate dental insurance? Why are dentists totally separate from regular doctors? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qc1j4/eli5why_are_dentists_their_own_separate_thing_and/ | {
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"They don't go to medical school. They go to dental school. Other medical doctors all go to medical school and branch out after they graduate. Dentists go to a completely separate school. \nHistorically, dentistry was first done by barbers. I don't know why. All they did was pull infected/painful teeth. They were not considered healers, just tradesmen. \n*See below. Decided to check my facts. ",
"Is dental school hard to get into?",
"Undergraduate pre-dental and pre-medical tracts are more or less identical..Lots of biology, chemistry etc. Dental and Medical schools are obviously different. Generally, the first two years of dental and medical school are rather similar. The last two years of dental school starts to center more around head/neck anatomy, the oral cavity, and clinical procedures. Source: went to and graduated from dental school. ",
"After WW2, wage control policies left us with a competitive marketplace. That was the dawn of employee sponsored medical insurance. Given that the expense related to and the scope of practice provided by specialities like dental and vision, neither insurance was offered until much later as stand alone or bundled option. \n\nThere's some speculation on my part here, but the slow inception of supplemental insurance meant that not every employer was willing to assume the additional expense under medical -- which is why they were developed as supplements in the first place. Once it was all established, it didn't make sense (from a business perspective) to undo it all and lump it into one. ",
"Finally, my time to shine. Dentist here. Dentistry for the most part developed as a skilled trade. The field has resisted attempts to integrate into medicine throughout its history.\n\nInitially, dental training was spotty at best and it didn't take much for somebody to claim they were a dentist. For example, Paul Revere advertised his skills as a dentist in addition to his other trade as a silver smith. There were \"dentists\" in the 18th century that were self proclaimed but branched out into dentistry after receiving a medical education, but that was not the norm.\n\nIn the US, beginning in the 1840's, dentists began to lobby the state government (in Alabama of all places) to allow dentists to sit on the state medical board and license dentists to practice. This didn't really begin to be enforced with any regularity until the turn of the 20th century. \n\nMany dentists that I know do not think that the two professions should merge (as in everyone goes to medical school and then make dentistry a residency program after getting your MD). The claim is that there's so much specialized knowledge in Dentistry that it would be a waste of time to spend years on rotations through the other hospital wards when you could be studying advanced periodontics or removable or whatever else.\n\nMy personal opinion is that many dentists resist the change because of a fear in the reworking of the payment structure into one more similar to the HMO model that dominates general medicine. Right now HMO practice is big in dentistry but there's still plenty of PPO plans and cash paying patients that the compensation is good, and for the most part an insurance company isn't telling you how to practice. There's also quite a bit of territorial feelings when it comes to dentistry. Dentists tend not to like it when they feel their \"turf\" is threatened. For examples of that, just see the whole dental therapist debate. \n\nWell this turned into a wall of text. So TL;DR: History, Ego, Fears of Rocking the boat, all work together to keep the two separate. \n\nEDIT: This Gold is a Christmas miracle! I took a little nap and woke up to an exploded inbox, I'm going to try and get to as many questions as possible, so bear with me.",
"As for many things that don't make that much sense: historical precedence and an unwillingness to change.",
"I'm a dentist. My wife is an ER physician. We went to school for 4 years for dental and med school, respectively.\n\nAfter this, I was able to practice dentistry but she needed another 3 years of residency (some do 5) to practice as an ER doc.\n\nWe both took anatomy in the same lab for a full year but most of our year focused intensely on head and neck with the rest of the body's main vessels, nerves, muscles, etc. while hers was detailed on the whole body with less focus on the head and neck than ourselves.\n\nOur paths diverge from that course on. As dentists we learn all general diseases, treatments, medicine and pathology in various courses. We can converse in them and understand them and understand how they affect the mouth and the interconnection between them all. \n\nWe prescribe medications, administer drugs (sedatives, nitrous, antibiotics, narcotics, etc.) and must be responsible for their effects and interactions with other diseases, illnesses, and drugs.\n\nAs dentists we have rigourous training in a multitude of areas: root canals, fillings, crowns, bridges, surgery, anesthesia, implants, pathology or mouth diseases, cancer, tumours, cysts, cosmetics, dentures, etc. This requires labourious hours working on plastic teeth, extracted, teeth, humans, and lots of textbooks. Because of all these disciplines, we jump into them right from year one with medicine learned in less detailed treatment, assessment, and diagnosis on the side - but we are responsible for what we do to our patients with various medical conditions or ailments.\n\nPhysicians require residency to hone their area of expertise since their general medical degree just covered the basics of ALL medicine from delivering babies, to surgery, to diagnosing and treating all ailments of the body in much more rigourous detail than us dentists. Residency gets down to specialty and sub-specialty in these areas.\n\nWhat dentists do in practical physical work with our drill is the bulk of our 4 years beyond the textbooks. We can specialize in order to excel and focus on one given area of dentistry.\n\n\nEDIT:\n\n\nTL;DR Working with your hands requires a lot of practice. This is a huge component of dental school and we learn just enough medicine to not kill people with the drugs we prescribe or treatment we perform.",
"I will say though that many diseases are caught by dentists and their ability to recognize the multitude of dental issues and how they relate to more systemic disease is quite important. ",
"Dentistry is (was) a skilled trade like cabinetry or pipefitting. It has since evolved into a medical discipline.",
"Because there is so much more to dentistry than \"fixing teeth\". The mouth is such a complex piece of human machinery that a whole branch of medicine is dedicated to it. Ask any mouth-related question to a doctor and he would not be able to answer it. \n\nThink about it, each oral structure behaves differently and as such needs to be treated in a different way. Just with teeth, you can have 3 dental specialties that can take them in charge. I'm talking about endodontists who specialize in root canals, oral surgeons who are in charge of extracting teeth, and finally prosthodontists who work in the crown/bridge/denture department. That's 3 types of dentists who focus on a specific part of the tooth. And don't get me started on periodontics, oral pathology, pediatric dentistry, and many more branches. I can go on for hours on why dentists need to do \"their own thing\", but that's the jist of it. \n\nDoctors already spend 5 years learning about the intricacies of the whole body. It would take them an extra 5 years studying the mouth in detail.\n\nAll in all, we're not separated from doctors because of ego, money, or any of that bullshit. We do our own thing because a lot of factors come into play when it comes to oral health, and it takes an equal amount of specialization to take care of you guys' mouths. \n\nSource: I'm a dental student.\n\nTL;DR: I wrote it on Christmas. Just read the goddamn thing.",
"The same with eye doctors? Veterinarians? \n\nWhat is the \"thing\"? Most medical doctors don't know much about oral health. They themselves go to a dentist when they have teeth problem. When my dog is sick, I take him to see a vet, not a MD.\n\nThe reason is pretty self explanatory. ",
"I am a dental student as a forewarning. You've posed a question that can't be clearly answered because no one dentist has made the decision to remain independent from physicians. You can look to the information on the history of the two professions as a starting point. MD's also tend to look down on us a little, which I don't understand. We're a different profession. They always say, \"you aren't real doctors,\" to which I reply \"I'm not a physician, no.\"\n\nI will say, however, that I dread the day that dentistry is absorbed into medicine. Personally, I am much more judicious with the care that I give my patients in the clinic knowing that they are paying out of pocket. If everyone had a coverall insurance, even if it was unintentional, I would probably over-diagnose and render unnecessary treatment at a much higher rate. For this reason, I think broader insurance coverage for dental might actually make it more costly for patients, especially in the long run. I see how little time physicians spend with patients and how many tests they prescribe, and I'm just glad I'm in my field.\n\nWhen you pay out of pocket, you're the boss, when the insurance companies pay, they're the boss. It's not how I want to practice and it's not how I want my patients' oral health to be dictated.",
"In China, at least in the medical universities I am familiar with, dentistry or stomatology is a specialisation within an undergraduate medical degree. Makes sense from a career point of view. Can't imagine making a choice between medicine or dentistry as a high-school leaver.",
"Dental student here. It should be noted that dentistry is a medica specialty in someparts of the world. While much of the basic sciences is similar, I do agree dental knowledge is separate and spending 6-7 years to train a dentist with a MD first would be a waste of medical resources. Plus we have our OMS's for our medical link.",
"What about optometrists? Why are they also seperate?",
"I personally think that dentists deserve to be respected as full-fledged doctors. I have been under the care of 2 dentists in my lifetime who are totally professional and extremely adept at what they do. Those 2 people were truly very intelligent artists.\n\nNow, that's not to say that some doctors are not far more talented than others, or that certain medical specializations are not far more demanding than others. Of COURSE they are. But, I still say that anyone who has earned the title of \"Doctor\" deserves that respect. For Dental Care Professionals, that means a DDS or DMD.\n\nI do understand that different cultures treat the term and title of \"Doctor\" differently. However, in many cultures, the title of \"Doctor\" conveys an impression of being a Master of your craft... Usually referring to a white-collar profession, such as a Medical Doctor or Doctor of Mathematics.\n\nOne thing that I have always resented is the stance of a few (certainly not all) Medical Doctors, who insist upon being called \"Doctors.\"\n\nThose Medical Doctors will usually say something like, \"I worked hard to be a Doctor, and I would appreciate it if you showed me that respect.\"\n\nI have had Medical Doctors say this to me, Twice, in the past. \"Excuse me, Joe... But I am a Doctor, and you should call me Dr. Smith.\" In both cases, I responded, \"Of Course, Dr. Smith... I agree. You should receive that respect. And, you should also refer to me as Dr. Jones.\"\n\nOne of those guys responded to me... \"Oh! I didn't know that You were a Doctor. What is your field of study?\"\n\nI replied, \"I am a Doctor of Astrophysics.\"\n\nHe said, \"Oh... Well. I meant, like, a REAL Doctor.\"\n\n\nYes, I got a little miffed, I admit...\n\nI said, \"I AM a REAL DOCTOR! I have a Doctorate in Astrophysics and a Masters degree in Aeronautical Engineering. Do you know how many people in the world possess a Doctorate in Astrophysics? I'll give you a hint... Most of the Bajillions of you Ass-Clowns who Imagine that putting an \"M.D.\" after your name means that you are intelligent, wouldn't last 2 weeks in an Astrophysics class.\"",
"Meanwhile France has a pre-med year right after highschool called PACES which encompasses medical, dentists, pharmaceutical, and midwifes studies. It's basically a funnel year because there are too many applicants. Around 1200 people go in, some 330 come out. \n\nIn my city, the numerus clausus (max number of students to pass in 2nd year) is 180 for meds, 100 for pharmas, 30 dentists, and 20 midwives. ",
"The interesting thing is that in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and other countries of the former USSR dantists are considered as doctors and they are trained at medical universities and schools.",
"I think it's even weirder that podiatrists are their own separate school. Wanna operate on someone's knee? Go to medical school to be an orthopedic surgeon. Wanna operate on their ankle? Go to podiatry school.",
"Dentistry ain't no science, it's fucking brutal. It amazes me that in 2014 the best way they have to remove a tooth is to get you high and then bring out a BIG PAIR OF FUCKING PLIERS. Like seriously they just yank it out with pliers. ",
"Haven't you seen The Hangover? Dentists aren't *real* doctors. ",
"What do you call a doctor who failed out of medical school?",
"As a dental student, I don't really agree with the current top post and how it portrays that dentistry is seperate for mostly selfish reasons of dentists themselves.\n\nThe original reason they are seperate is found in the history of medicine /dentistry, and how dentistry started as more of a manual labour compared to medicine which was already a science. Still in certain parts of the world dentistry was in fact a specialization of medicine up to a point.\n\nAnyway in most modern universities both dentist and md's have first 2 years fo common studies (preclinical period) followed by about 4 years of clinical practice. As a 3rd year dentistry student I can tell you straight away that there was a lot of shit in preclinical period I will literally NEVER need. Lots. At one point we had a lecture from heart surgeon who said he'd be completely lost if someone put him in ER because he doesn't remember that stuff because he doesn't need it in his work. Similarly dentists don't need to learn same general medicine stuff md's do.\n\nIn fact in my opinion the system used today has lived it's days, and we should change into a system where students would start their specialiazation right after the first 2 preclinical years. Why study 4 years of stuff of which you're going to never use even half? That is, in my humble opinion dentistry is doing it right and all medical specialties should change to same model.",
"Why is it that getting a tooth pulled costs $145 without insurance, and $145 deductible with insurance? How do dentists see patients on ODSP or OW and then charge these poor people more on top of what the government is willing to pay out for the treatment...? ",
"Additionally, can someone ELI5 why vision insurance and the related doctors (optometrists, opthamologists) are seemingly separate? ",
"Doctors cure things. Dentists have no incentive to cure anything. Makes them hard to trust when the rest of the word is using all this amazing technology and treatments and dentists isn't much different than it was 30 yrs ago. Love my dentists though. If you don't have a woman dentist, switch. Small, soft hands, gentler with everything. No reason for some old man with big ass mits fucking up your world. ",
"I think the fact that dentists are broken out into their own insurance is a throwback from a time when dental care was seen as a luxury and not a necessity like medical care. Once insurance companies can justify a whole separate premium for care, good luck trying to fold it into one premium payment.\n\nAlso, having separate premiums gives people the option to keep their healthcare premiums a little lower by opting out of dental care.",
"OK. I'm going to try to \"Reset\" my interpretation of this issue, regarding my former comments.\n\nMy position has not changed... I am simply attempting to re-state my position in a manner that will, hopefully, make that position more clearly understandable...\n\n--------------------\n\nIs a Dentist a Doctor? Yes, he is.\n\nHowever, I can understand how people would not associate a Dentist with other Medical Professions. Dentistry is a lot more Physically \"Real\" than that with which most people would consider a \"Regular\" Doctor to be involved. That is not intended to imply that a Medical Doctor is less \"Real\" than a Dentist, if you understand the point that I am trying to make.\n\nTo approach that same concept from another angle...\n\nA Dentist (and I am referring to ALL Dental Professions as a Whole) tends to approach his Profession from a more physical angle than a \"Regular\" Doctor. A Dentist sees the Teeth and the rest of the mouth's structure as a physical construct... Like a Building. A Dentist tends to think in terms of \"Fillings, Cement, Rebuilding, Repair, Maintenance, etc.\"\n\nIn other words, a Dentist maintains the integrity of a patient's mouth in much the same way that a Race-Car Mechanic maintains a racing machine.\n\nA \"Regular\" Doctor is not so much concerned with that \"Bricks-and-Mortar\" style of maintenance. His approach is much more... \"Esoteric.\" Body Chemistry, drugs, \"lifestyle\", long-term, etc. ... Those are the \"Regular\" Doctor's interests.",
"A separate \"thing\"? You sir are an anti dentite. Pretty soon you'll be saying they should have their own schools!",
"I had to dig deep into my savings for two dental implants but although it wasn't the ideal, I know people who can't afford decent dental care. One man I know who is trying to survive with a small business and support his family goes for the cheapest option when his teeth hurt which is to get them pulled. He lets them go until the pain is unbearable and that's the option he takes. He does have dental coverage for it's only for the basics, fillings, cleanings and extractions. His plan, which is like mine, doesn't cover crowns, caps, implants, bridges, etc. To get that, the premiums would be unaffordable and not knowing if you'll actually ever need those services, why would you pay exorbitant premiums.",
"The reasons for the distinction are purely arbitrary and historical. Over time the different fields became enmeshed in regulatory, legal, and insurance structures that now maintain the separation.\n\nThere is no functional reason they are separate.",
"As someone suffering with a significant other who is about to start her residency let me add a few things about medical doctors. \n \nBecoming an MD or a DO is a very broad educational process at first, with the specialization only coming later. Throughout medical school doctors go through more or less the same things. The start out the first 2 years spending most of their time in the classroom, with look a little bit of clinical work. They are learning or refreshing their knowledge on anatomy, physiology, and lots of general science stuff. At least at my SO's med school they also spent a lot of time doing patient interactions and learning how to deal with people. In addition, because of our proximity to the border they also were required to take a lot of classes in Medical Spanish language classes. This is all very broad and general stuff to the human body and being a doctors, no special skills. \n \nThe last two years of medical school it is more clinical and rounding type stuff with less class room work. They basically spend 6 weeks at a time in different departments to get a feel for what each one does and how they operate. So one section might be family medicine, another will be surgery, another will be radiology, another will be something else and so on. Yeah they'll have research projects, presentations, and stuff like that, but the bulk of their time is in the hospital or at other facilities like the psychiatric hospital. Again though, it is all very general stuff related to the whole human body. This is also where they'll usually determine what field they want to go into in. \n \nAfter those 4 years, BOOM: MD or DO. They have spent 13 years in K-12, 4 years in undergrad, and 4 years in Medical school. They have passed the MCAT, the Step 1 test for their medical license, and the Step 2 test for their medical license. They have now earn the title of \"Doctor\" and have a MD or DO after their name. But they can't really practice medicine. They have general knowledge, but they haven't earned the right to take the final part of their licensing exam, the Step 3. Now is the time when they actually get to learn their specialty, be it family medicine, surgery, or whatever. After 4 years of medical school they spend another 3-4 (which another 3-4 if they do a fellowship) years as an intern. They make a federally provided wage of about ~45k a year, and get to apply all of their general knowledge as a doctor while learning to specialize in a field. During their residency they'll take the final part of their licensing exam. \n \nThat is the main different I think from an MD/DO to a DDS. A DDS is never going to have to know about neurology or what the heartbeat is doing per say. He's generally only focused on the teeth, gums, and jaws and nothing else. A DDS spent 4 years learning all about the mouth specifically, with I'm sure some other general human knowledge as well, but they are good to go on practicing dentistry when they graduate. They have honed not just their knowledge, but a skill. \n \nOn the other hand an MD/DO is never going to have to be a particularly skilled surgeon, for example, if they aren't a surgeon, but they will need to know about surgery. Almost all doctor's will perform some minor surgical procedures at some point in their careers, they know what is going on generally speaking. They also know when to send a patient to a surgeon who is more skilled in certain precise procedures. Their initial medical schooling is where they learned a little about everything so they can know immediately where to send patients who need someone else. Doctors will know enough about neurology, trauma, or whatever at least to the point where they know they are going to need a different specialist for certain patients with different needs. This is true of every doctor for almost every specialty. Their residency is where they all specialize in what they want to know for their own specialty, which is why it is or is almost as long as a dentist's entire graduate schooling. ",
"See, most of the \"other\"/specialized health professions have an equivalent speciality among the MD/DO\n\nOptometrists (OD) have ophthalmologists.\n\nPodiatrists (DPM) and chiropractors (DC) have orthopedic surgeons\n\nDentists (DDS) have oral and maxillofacial surgeons\n\nPsychologists (PhD or PsyD) have psychiatrists\n\nNurse Anesthetists (DNA) have anesthesiologists\n\nAdditionally, there is talk about splitting (allopathic and osteopathic) Medicine into several fields that would focus on their area from the start rather than forcing everyone to be a generalist.\n\nSpecifically I've heard talk of making Surgery specialized from the start since there's so much more focus on the \"artistry\" of the hands (as opposed to just theory/knowledge), and also spinning off Psychiatry as not really needing, for example, to rotate through lots of the specialties like OB/GYN or surgery.\n\nSource: I work at a medical school, we also have several programs in the professions \"corresponding\" to MD specialties, and a relative works with dentists.",
"It was the other types of doctors that were an off shoot of dentiststry. ",
"The same reason glasses/eyes aren't covered. Everybody needs work done on their teeth at some point. So you have your regular health insurance which hopefully you never use and you have your dental insurance which you will definitely use at least twice a year. It makes sense.",
"I remember when I had to get my wisdom teeth pulled. The pain was crippling. I went to the er and they gave me pain killers but wouldn't fix my teeth. Needless to say dentists do not have an er. Oh no your entire face hurts because you need teeth pulled? Fuck you, money first! \nThe second time I realized I hate humanity.",
"My fiancee is in the Philippines. A dental cleaning there\n costs you $4 US. Here in American it can run over $100 US.",
"1. I had a dental implant installed to replace a baby tooth that finally disintegrated. Cost: $5000 of which I paid about half because of my employer's dental plan.\n2. I had a root canal done a couple of years ago. Cost: $2000. Don't remember how much I paid, but probably about half.\n3. Dental cleaning: $150-200\n4. Cavity filled: $300-500\n\nDentistry is a gold mine. ",
"This is a bit off-topic but as someone here in Canada who has had a wisdom tooth infection (Impacted I think is the correct term) I can speak that dentists should be brought under the medical establishment and the treatment should be provided as universal health care for things like infections and extractions/corrective issues.\n\nIt's insane in my mind that Dentists aren't viewed by the establishment as a specialized doctor.\n\nDentists I better see at least a thousand upvotes for this ;)",
"Tldr: $\n\n\nFor some reason tldr wants to auto correct to Rodriguez.....",
"Here in the Philippines, stuff like getting braces or other dental services cost like around $300 and depends sometimes goes over $400",
"All I know is I (American) just got one of my wisdom teeth out and it only cost me $100 (part of a family plan paid for earlier this year though), and earlier this year I was between jobs (hadn't purchased private health care as j had just gotten laid off) and got sick with pneumonia in both my lungs and it nearly bankrupted me. I could not believe how much they were billing me for a relatively minor disease treatment, and it made me really think about what if I had cancer or something.\n\nSo fuck our healthcare system and leave dentists alone. ",
"I've asked insurance agents why dental and vision is always separate from the main health policy. Never gotten a good answer.",
"Wow! Next thing you'll start saying is that they should have their own schools",
"Reset on this question:\n\nMy Mom spent her entire Adult Career in the Insurance Industry. We had several interesting discussions on this topic. She knew a little bit about the issue although Dental and Optical Insurance was not her specialty.\n\nI never got any Solid Data from her on Optical Insurance, but Dental runs into several issues:\n\n1) As the OP stated, Dental and \"Regular\" Medical are separated by the Medical Industry itself.\n\n2) It is widely believed by the Insurance Companies that most Dental Work ends up being \"Cosmetic\" in nature. The Medical Insurance Industry has a long-standing practice of not funding Cosmetic procedures.\n\n3) Dental issues, for whatever reason, are not considered \"Health Issues\" by the Medical Insurance Industry. From their point of view, having a couple of teeth knocked out is not a Health Issue.\n\nThere are a few other issues, but I think you get the point.\n\n-------------------\n\nOn another note...\n\nI have always considered Dental Care to be 50% Doctoring, and 50% artistry. No matter what the procedure is, \"Cosmetics\" always appears to be a Point of Discussion. Dentists seem to be just as concerned with the Cosmetic Appeal of their work as they are with Oral Hygiene and Oral Health. And that is not necessarily a bad thing.\n\n-------------------\n\nOn another note:\n\nAbout 7 years ago, I switched my Dental Care strategy to Costa Rica, with no insurance involved. The owner of my Dental Care facility here in Costa Rica ran a facility in the USA for many years, prior to relocating to Costa Rica, to lower his costs.\n\nThe very first thing that he does with every new customer is take them on a tour of his facility. 100% Honest -- It's like touring the International Space Station. He has equipment that I had never even heard of, prior to visiting his facility. There are Flat-Screen Displays and Notebook Computers everywhere. The furniture and equipment in the Work Rooms looks like it came straight out of \"Star Trek.\" The Drills that his Dentists use barely make any noise at all. I always hated that \"Drill\" sound, and now I don't have to worry about it any more.\n\nOne Bonus at this facility is that this guy has an \"Inside Track\" on getting the top graduates from the Costa Rican Dental Schools on his payroll. So... when a Dentist retires or moves into a private practice, he always has the very best new talent ready to replace them.\n\nAnother Bonus... Apparently there is a Law in Costa Rica that requires any Dentist to be an Insanely Hot Young Woman. :)\n\n----------------\n\nAn Anecdote:\n\nMy first experience with this guy and his facility was a regular cleaning and a problem with a Crown. The cleaning went quickly and smoothly, and the Dentist immediately noticed the issue with the Crown. She said, \"Yes. That needs to be replaced immediately.\"\n\nI mentioned that my Dentist in the USA that had installed the Crown, said that the tooth had deteriorated so badly that it would never withstand a Crown Replacement.\n\nThe Girl just answered, \"No Way! I can replace this Crown, Easily!\"\n\nSince I was new customer, she called the owner back into the room to get his opinion. He confirmed, \"She is one of the best Dentists I have ever seen. I KNOW that she can replace that Crown -- quickly, and with no issues. Just out of curiosity, have you talked to anyone in the USA about replacing the Crown?\"\n\nI answered, \"Yes, actually. Dr. XXX, in the city of YYY, USA.\"\n\nThe guy said, \"Yeah. That name sounds familiar. Hang on for a second. How much did he quote you?\"\n\nI answered, \"He said that if he could get the old Crown off, without damaging the tooth further, it would be about $800.\"\n\nThe guy was tapping on his Notebook computer, and just laughed, \"Dr. XXX, right?\"\n\nI answered, \"Yeah....\"\n\nThe guy said, \"Yeah... We make all of his Crowns right here and ship them to him. So... You can wait one week for the Crown to arrive in the USA, or we can fit you for it right now and have your Permanent Crown ready tomorrow morning, $250, including all labor.\"\n\nI said, \"Sounds like I'll be here bright and early tomorrow morning.\"\n\nThis girl was so meticulous with my Crown, shaving off microscopic amounts of excess material several times, until she was satisfied that it fit perfectly.\n\nAlso, they had to call in a specialist to do a little \"Bone Graft\" to add an additional support to the tooth, and the Dentist had to do about 15 minutes of Gum Surgery.\n\nWhen I asked them about the \"Extra Charges,\" the girl at the front desk just gave me a puzzled look and said, \"No. We told you it would be $250 for the Crown. The total is $250. And that comes with a Lifetime Guarantee.\"\n\nThe Crown looks Perfect and is still going strong.",
"It would be too inefficient for dentistry to be a specialty of medicine. **The demand is too high**. Consider that in Canada, there were 18,800 dentists and only about 1250 orthopedic surgeons (2007). The amount of people specializing in dentistry after medical school would be overwhelming. This is why dental school exists. Allowing those interested, to immediately specialize in studying medical dentistry from the beginning and bypassing the diverse clinical rotations required in the later years of medical school. This allots them more time to develop the unique skill-set required in the profession. \n\n\nRealistically this could be done with most other specialties, but few are in as high a demand as dentistry; This, combined with the aesthetic component warrants its' unique dissociation from the medical establishment."
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29r898 | why are the primary colours we are taught red, yellow and blue whereas the primary colours of science are red ,blue and green? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/29r898/eli5_why_are_the_primary_colours_we_are_taught/ | {
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"There is not just one set of primary colors. RGB is useful for additive sources such as light. Whereas CYMK (cyan, yellow, magenta, black) is useful for subtractive sources such as ink. Red, yellow, and blue just happen to be another set. My guess is that its taught because they work well with common childhood mediums such as crayons, color pencils, and paints.",
"There are two main methods of generating useful colors: additive and subtractive. The additive method would be like a TV or computer monitor, and combines red, green, and blue (RGB). The subtractive method is for pigments, like laser printers or painters and uses cyan, magenta, and yellow along with \"key\" which typically means black (CMYK).\n\nPresumably you were taught the CMY from CMYK, but the cyan was perverted to blue and the magenta to red.",
"Those aren't \"the primary colors of science\".\n\nThere are two ways of making colors, additive and subtractive. That's how screens work. If you have no light and you **add** red light and then **add** blue light you get magenta light. If you then **add* green light you get white light.\n\nSubtractive light is how dyes and paints work. If you have a surface which reflects all light (like a canvas) and then you put paint on the surface that absorbs all color but yellow, then only yellow light is reflected. If you then add cyan paint then cyan light is reflected. If you finally add magenta paint then no light is reflected (you get black, basically)"
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2ougwq | why is the pirate bay in sweden despite the legal issues instead of another country where the pirate bay would be completely legal? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ougwq/eli5_why_is_the_pirate_bay_in_sweden_despite_the/ | {
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"The Pirate Bay founders and organisation are based in Sweden because that's where the people involved live.\n\nHowever, the actual servers are not based in Sweden. Or more correctly, at times they may be, but it's incredibly difficult to work out where they are. [They run on virtual machines that can be dismantled and moved to run in another part of the world at a moment's notice.](_URL_0_)"
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625oog | the different reasons why quran, bible and torah prohibit consumption of pig. | As I'm studying Halal regulation and ISO,
I have to clarify, the prohibition under Halal include selling, transporting, farming, processing, consumption, storing, rearing of pig.
Not sure about the rest. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/625oog/eli5_the_different_reasons_why_quran_bible_and/ | {
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"Religious reason: Quran/Torah is God said so. The Bible has the Torah as its Old Testament so documents this instruction, but it does not apply to Christians. Christians are specifically told in the New Testament that they do not have to follow the Jewish food laws and that all meat is fit for them to eat. \n\nLikely Historical non-religious reason: People living in hot climates noticed that those that ate pigs (omnivores that eat almost anything) were getting ill and dying. This is due to them getting parasites such as trichinosis and other diseases as well as the meat spoiling quickly in the heat. Similar issues occur with shellfish and filter feeders such as clams in these regions as they also tend to have toxic red tides that these animals can survive, but absorb the toxins so become dangerous to humans. So they are also banned in their religious food laws. These are cultural remnants learned in pre-history about things that are dangerous to eat and codified in oral traditions to teach future generations, eventually becoming religious law. ",
"Many religious 'rules' were a way for people in charge to keep other people alive back in ye olden days. Do not kill each other, do not fornicate with neighbor's wife for he may kill you, etc. It was all about survival of your clan of people, and pigs can carry diseases and make you sick if not properly cooked. They didn't want to risk having people keep getting sick and dying from eating bad pork, so 'God told them that eating pigs was wrong'."
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af125r | why do children's tv channels have fewer commercials than others. | Title says all. Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/af125r/eli5_why_do_childrens_tv_channels_have_fewer/ | {
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"Because they're a declining market and the bulk of advertising towards their age bracket comes in the form of internet videos and shows like Ryan's Toy Review. Also, anything deem-able as educational gets all kinds of funding and reduces the need for advertising. ",
"There are regulations limiting the amount of advertising that you can show during children's TV shows.\n\nDuring the 50's and 60's when TV was on the rise it became apparent that advertisers were taking advantage of children. Kids are easily influenced by ads so to limit the effect laws were passed to limit how much advertising could be aired during children's TV programming.\n\nWhen this was introduced in the 60's/70's it caused much of the industry to tank, as there wasn't enough funding to pay for quality TV shows anymore so children's TV in general became poorer quality as a result.\n\nThe most famous example of this is the superimposed mouths shows. In order to reduce costs cartoons would show a static image of a character superimposing real talking human mouths on their faces. In addition to being creepy as hell it was obviously cheap looking.\n\nAnimation studios turned to sponsors like Marvel and DC comics that would subsidize the cost of making the cartoons like the Super Friends in order to help sell comic books.\n\nBy the 80's toys companies became the major sponsors of children's cartoons. Star Wars had shown how much money could be made selling toys based on a franchise to kids. All of a sudden Children's programming became nothing more than 1/2 hour long toy commercials. GI Joe, He-man, Thundercats, Silverhawks, Transformers, etc were all a result of this.\n\nSimilarly this also became a boon for the Japanese Anime industry. By the 70's Japan was cranking out extremely high quality animated TV shows but they had virtually zero market penetration in Europe + North America because for the most part they didn't care or try.\n\nA couple enterprising marketing folks like Haim Saban discovered the untapped market of Japanese cartoons and were able to license the best of the bunch. Since his business was originally setup as a record company Saban had the resources to dub the shows into English and other languages and replace the awful J-pop music (by western standards). He then sold the shows at a discount to TV stations for syndication and Saturday morning cartoons at least compared to the cost of making new shows from scratch. Meanwhile the Japanese studios essentially made free money from licensing shows that had already paid for themselves in Japan.\n\nSaban would later translate a Japanese show called Super Sentai Squad, re-cycling footage of fight scenes between rubber/foam-suited monsters vs martial artists in lycra costumes and adding brand new dialogue and live action segments with North American teenagers. Creating a show known as the Power Rangers.\n\nInterestingly in Canada the laws regarding commercials are even stricter than in the states. So when airing US cartoons in Canada there are several minutes of dead space meant for commercials that needs to be filled up with something else to make up a 1/2 hour long program. The solution to this was to air short vignettes staring young TV actors called PJs (Program Jockeys) on a studio set that would talk to kids and give educational advice etc just to fill the time.\n"
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2w8zoq | how can a stereo headset replicate a sound coming from above? | I was just playing a round of counterstrike and I was clearly able to hear that there was someone above me. How can I distinguish between above and behind with a stereo headset? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2w8zoq/eli5how_can_a_stereo_headset_replicate_a_sound/ | {
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"It's a combination of your eyes and ears.\n\nYour eyes see that there is no one at the same level as you in front. There's really not much possibility that someone is going to pop out from the ground below you.\n\nTherefore, the only possibility is that they are above you or behind you. Based on previous experience with the map, you can probably tell if it's one or the other.\n\nWithout headphones, our ears can detect sounds in front and behind us because our ears receive the sounds slightly differently due to the shape of our ears. We can also rotate our heads and detect the change in the sound to each of our ears (sort of like how dogs move their ears relative to sound).",
"You only have two ears so only two audio sources are required to make your ears believe audio is coming from any position.\n\nYou recognize direction of sound mostly by the delay and diference between ears, both from the distance of the source and by distortions caused by your ears and by sound going around your head.\n\nThese can be replicated either by simulation or just by putting a fake head between two microphones located where your ears would be.\n\nThis is usually not done with speakers but only headseats because as you move around the room the effect breaks, so it only works if the speakers are properly located and you are on a precise point. This is the reason we use more speakers instead of this sort of effects, since even in the best case scenario only one of the listeners would get the full efect.\n\nThis is also the reason why you can sometimes hear sounds as if coming from inside your head when using headphones, as this cues are lost during playback (as they were not in the recording or not taken into acount when generating the audio coming from the game)"
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4w6ean | why does it cost so much to die in the us? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4w6ean/eli5_why_does_it_cost_so_much_to_die_in_the_us/ | {
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" > Why does it cost so much to die?\n\nVery little; it was that bit of living that cost so much.\n\nA bunch of people have heart attacks and recover to live for many years afterwards. If they just chucked your uncle into a ditch when he was injured on the trip then it would have been very inexpensive, but trying really hard to save him costs.\n\nThat being said the $75,000 is probably negotiable considering the lack of insurance. And of course condolences for your loss."
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dtb3z0 | which is more deadly, direct or alternating current? | I’m in the middle of ‘AC/DC: The Savage Tale of the First Standards War’ by Tom McNichol which is very interesting.
Proponents of each form of consumer electrical power had different claims. But which was right, scientifically? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dtb3z0/eli5_which_is_more_deadly_direct_or_alternating/ | {
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"Despite what the others here have said, my training has always been the opposite \n\nAC holds while DC throws. \n\nMost people will never come in contact with DC voltages high enough to make a difference. \n\nBecause Edison was and always will be a fucking moron. \n\n\nBut if you were to come into contact with a high voltage DC situation, it had always been told to me that it would throw you across the room. \n\nSort of like being hit by a train. \n\n\nAC on the other hand does cycle from high to low. This acts on the muscles by contracting them during part of a cycle then releasing briefly, only to have them contract again \n\n\nI was an electrician and the stories have always been about people unable to let go of something energized. \n\nFor what it’s worth I also have an EE degree. \n\nI have been shocked a few times and my initial reaction is to pull back. Never been hung up. I’ve felt 277v which does indeed feel much different than 120v. I do not suggest it. \n\nBut I think it will always be situational no matter what. It’s not a guarantee one voltage will always force a hold or throw. \n\nJust my thoughts",
"You are getting a lot of bad answers and anecdotes. The most extensive study on this was done in the 1950's that showed AC being about five times more dangerous than DC- it takes about five times the current levels to have the same affect on the body for DC than it does for AC. \n\n_URL_0_"
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8q1yc5 | how does the earth's crust not collapse under the weight of huge buildings? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8q1yc5/eli5_how_does_the_earths_crust_not_collapse_under/ | {
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"Large buildings are given special underground support structures called *foundations* that spread the load or anchor it to strong, stable layers of the crust.\n\nDeep down, the crust is made of rock and other strong materials which are already under countless kg of weight, and won't be hurt by a bit extra.",
"What would it collapse into? \n\nIt is true that there are caverns and caves that can collapse in some places, but for the most part the Earth's crust is miles of solid rock. ",
"Whenever a huge building is built you first dig up an amount of rock and dirt with the same total mass as the building will have, then fill the hole with concrete foundations and basements. \n\nYou do this to avoid the ground below the building shifting, which might cause it to tilt, but it also gives you a really good response for anyone who thinks giant buildings cause earthquakes or crust collapse. ",
"The Earth's crust is made up of mostly rock with some dirt on the top. This combination is very good at spreading the weight of anything on it. Also, the average thickness of the Earth's crust is 18 miles thick under land. 3 miles thick under oceans. At these scales a building is like a speck of flour on top of a cake. That speck of flour is too small and light to do anything to the cake. \n\n",
"Because putting a huge building on the Earth's crust is similar to putting a grain of icing sugar on an egg.",
"It's really negligible. \n\nSpeaking concretely, Just the way your hair don't make your head collapse, in the same way these buildings are neglible weight for the crust.",
"Buildings aren't exactly huge when compared to the scale of the earth. You may have heard that comparison, if the earth was an apple, the crust would be its skin. I don't know how accurate it is, but I can tell you the majority of our atmosphere is a thinner layer than the crust, and I think we can agree that it looks like a pretty huge sky.",
"Mountains can only get so big because as they get larger it generates more force. At some point it's enough to crush rock. No human structure is the size of a mountain",
"The effect is about the same as placing a speck of dust on a slice of bread - the crust is wayyyyyy bigger than buildings"
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1txj6c | why is a country as large and as modern as australia so barren everywhere but the coast? | Australia is a huge land mass with what seems like very few populated areas - why is that? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1txj6c/eli5_why_is_a_country_as_large_and_as_modern_as/ | {
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"Modernity has nothing to do with the climate of the place.\n\nThe bulk of the Australian interior is desert. Humans don't do terribly well in the desert anyway, and trying to make high-density settlements is worse. Some mining towns are actually built underground to shield residents from the intense heat and sun. ",
"Lack of resources mostly. Fresh water is hard to come by in a desert. ",
"You touched two of the three reasons in your own post. \n\n1. It's large. \n2. It's modern. \n3. It's got practically nobody living there.\n\nThe population of Australia could almost squeeze into the ~~city~~ *state* of New York. We also want all of the modern day technologies of New York. And then we try to stretch all of that across a continent. Roads? We'll need to cover a country with them, not just a city. Telephone/ADSL lines? Country. Mobile phone towers? Country. You need to move something? Pity there's a giant ocean there. That'll cost a bit to cross. If one person in New York wants to send a postcard to another person on the other side of New York, there's probably a mail truck or two involved. If one person in Australia wants to do that to someone on the other side, there's a 3 hour plane flight.\n\nIt's not going to happen. So we cluster into small areas. \n\nWe also have this concept that because Australia is so large, we should all live on great big blocks of land with enough room to keep chickens and cattle and whatnot, but because we're modern, no way in hell are we going to actually to do that.\n\nThis concept of sprawling outwards and not upwards has made the cost of living go way up. It's expensive to live in Australia. Why the hell would anyone immigrate here? You'll pay 2/3 of your wages in rent and the other 1/3 in utilities and groceries.\n\nOur population is too low to sustain a US or Europe type spread of cities. If we spread the people in our cities apart, we would have to cease being modern and go back to all being farmers living on our land, because the nearest grocery store would be 3 hours drive away, and the price of petrol, because we have to ship it to so many extra places, has just gone even further up than it already was. You can forget public transport at this stage. That's already dead now.\n\nSource: Australian\n\n**Edit:** A lot of people have mentioned that Australia's got a lot of desert areas and not enough resources, like water. This would only be a problem if we had expanded enough to use the non-desert areas we've got just lying around. It's not that hard for a modern country to settle in a desert area. It would just be stupid to when you have a gorgeous, vacant BEACH over there waiting. The problem is that there isn't enough of a population to sustain more towns, and if we managed to convince people to found these towns, they'd still have to drive to their nearest city every time they wanted something fun and new, as modern people tend to do, plus they'd want their cushy desk job, and the only business parks are in the major cities. You're stuck there if you want to be modern, and we don't have the population to make more modern cities.\n\n**Edit:** fact checking. State of New York. Not City. My bad. I knew it was something to do with New York. It's still a ridiculous equation, however. Australia has a population of 22milion, New York State has 19. New York state is 141,300 km² while Australia is 7,692,024 km². The plane flight from Sydney to Perth takes just under the amount of time Google Maps tells me it would take to drive from Plattsburg (at the top of New York State) down to New York City at the bottom."
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3wqdp3 | what is the difference between electronica and dance music when they sound almost exactly the same? (examples inside) | Now I understand that Dance music specifically has different sub-genre's within itself (e.g. Deep House, House, Bigroom, Trance progressive etc), but why is Electronica a separate genre all-together when the songs in the genre are basically just songs from different sub-genre's within the dance music sub-genre?
Examples:
Electronica:
[Lean On - Major Lazer] (_URL_3_)
[Jubel - Klingande] (_URL_1_)
Dance:
[How Deep is Your Love - Calvin Harris] (_URL_0_)
[Cheerleader - OMI (Felix Jahn Remix)] (_URL_2_)
All these songs sound rather similar too each other, yet they're in different genres. Can someone please explain why this is?
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3wqdp3/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_electronica/ | {
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"I made a quick check on wiki (sorry) and its explanation did make sense. The definitions are different depending on where you are. In the US Electronica isn't a separate genre but an unbrella term that encompasses all other genres that are based around electronic music such as Dance, Techno, Trance, etc. In the rest of the world it is a sparate genre that involves non dance type music that is more downtempo music based around synthesisers. I gues this would mean Vangelis, Jean Michael Jarre, etc. \n\nI hope this helps.",
"Dance music is made to dance to, and electronica isnt specifically made to dance to. Theres also small changes between genres, such as bpm (beats per minute), and different tropes, like the trap hat.\nSource: in the middle of a course on music, could be wrong.",
"There are three terms in question here, electronica, dance music, and electronic dance music (EDM). Electronica or electronic music is music based on, you guessed it, electronically synthesized sounds. Dance music is music written primarily for dancing (waltz, polka, EDM). Most modern electronic music we encounter happens to be dance music (being really popular in dance clubs), EDM.\n\n\nThe reason we now associate dance music and electronica is because they usually go hand in hand. It's like how in the 2000s I'd associate pop or billboard music with hip hop.",
"\"Dance Music\" and \"Electronica\" are both catch-all terms, not entirely separate genres. Everything you have posted can be categorized as both \"Electronica\" and \"Dance Music\". \n\nHowever \"Electronica\" also includes non-dance electronic music, while \"Dance Music\" can include non-electronic dance music."
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5ut0kl | how do they get a photo or image transferd to a printing press? | How do they take a picture (lets say on a paper) and transfer the picture to the printing press, so they can print it in large numbers?
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ut0kl/eli5_how_do_they_get_a_photo_or_image_transferd/ | {
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"modern day full color printing presses are basically flow thru laser printers. your image is split into 4 colors, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. or sometimes 8 colors, cmyk and light cyan, light magenta, light yellow and light black. each of those single color shade images are electrostatically imprinted on a drum by a laser. the static charge picks up the ink or liquid toner and is transferred onto the print media (whatever kind of paper product). each color is layered on top of the others to create other shades of colors. then a heat drum if toner or just hot/dry air if ink to sets the image.\n\n\n_URL_0_"
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bdbax4 | how do graphics cards actually give a computer so much processing power over the cpu? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bdbax4/eli5_how_do_graphics_cards_actually_give_a/ | {
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"CPUs are generalists. They have components designed to tackle all sorts of tasks making them the good at all tasks but masters of none.\n\nGPUs on the other hand are specialists. They contain a huge number of cores but they are designed for specific arithmetic functions related to graphics. By design that makes these cores good for processing certain types of mathematical equations like hashes.\n\nYou can't really run your computer on a GPU, but leveraging a GPU can be useful in processing certain types of tasks since it's much more efficient at those tasks than your CPU.",
"They have GPUs or graphical processing units that are more specialized than CPUs or central processing units. These GPUs are optimized to perform the types of math (e.g., matrix operations) and other graphical operations that are needed to render to a display.\n\nThe same is true for DSPs or digital signal processors and how they are optimized for math needed for audio processing. Those are used in headphones and sound cards.\n\nCPUs are good at basic math and can render graphics using software rendering to a display without a GPU. Hardware is just much better/faster than software at performing tasks. Hardware is also significantly more expensive than software to produce.",
"Graphics cards don't actually have \"more\" processing power so much as having \"different\" processing power. Graphics cards are optimized to take in huge quantities of data and perform a small set of relatively simple operations on them, then output them very quickly for display. A CPU on the other hand is designed to be very flexible and to perform a long chain of potentially complex operations on the same set of data.\n\nSo you see they are designed to do very different kinds of tasks; a graphics card simply couldn't do what a CPU does, but similarly a CPU can't keep up with a graphics card when it is doing what it is designed to do.\n\nAn analogy would be a factory with 10,000 assembly lines with three fixed stations each (graphics card) or a factory with 500 assembly lines each with 50 possible stations that can be swapped out for anything (CPU).",
"Since this is ELI5, the CPU is like a really smart fuckin guy who's better than everyone, but he's just one guy(or a few guys when it's multi-core CPU, like quadcore/6-core/etc.) The GPU is more like a couple thousand run of the mill, average folk. Like when you're playing a game, the few fucking smart guys(CPU) calculate/run the code while the thousands of average folk(GPU) frantically paint pixels or do a bunch of basic bitch calculations that the CPU guys want figured out but hey, they're only a few guys and have better shit to do.",
"CPU = Albert Einstein. One and only, smart, but just himself.\n\nGPU = Reddit users. Many in number, but not-so-bright as Einstein.\n\n\\------\n\nTask #1: Make ONE beautiful, high quality, original post on reddit. \n\nResult: Einstein outsmarts all and gets lots of karma for this ONE post. Einstein wins.\n\n\\------\n\nTask #2: Shitposting memes as much as possible to flood reddit.\n\nResult: The massive amount of mediocre Redditors are able to product lots of shit posts, because each post is a trivial task that requires low effort. Einstein, despite being smart and stuff, is simple unable to match the massive PARALLEL power of the teeming masses. Redditors win.\n\n\\------\n\nThe task #1 is a complex task that computers needs to solve in sequence and fast, so CPU Einstein works the best. The task #2 is a large task composed of massive amount of simple tasks in parallel, so GPU redditors work the best."
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qjghk | shit reddit says. it says that it is a circlejerk on its home-page but a lot of people seem to be taking it very seriously. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qjghk/eli5_shit_reddit_says_it_says_that_it_is_a/ | {
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"It's a sexist/misandrist downvote brigade created to get uppity about tiny things or seriously downvoted comments.\n\nThey call themselves a circle-jerk to prevent people from realizing they take themselves seriously, because if they actually examined what they're doing seriously, they'd realize how big of jerks they are.",
"It's like how the downvote button is supposed to be used to downvote irrelevant comments, but people use it anyway to downvote opinions they don't like. The rules can say one thing, but it implicitly has another meaning.",
"My *attempt* at an unbiased answer-\n\nIt's a circlejerk insofar as members are not really interested in discussion with \"outsiders.\" However, I wouldn't equivocate the type of circlejerk going on with say, [/r/circlejerk](/r/circlejerk). The denizens of circlejerk do not, by and large, actually love Ron Paul, nor do we actually think your post was **SO BRAVE**. It's a parody- whereas SRS members \"circlejerk\" with their actual beliefs.\n\nThey take it seriously because, from their perspective, the rest of reddit is, as they call it, shit. They have, relative to the rest of reddit, strict standards for what qualifies as bigoted/prejudiced/unacceptable and find the frequent violation of those standards quite frustrating. So, they retreat into their \"fempire\" and associate with like minded individuals, and do their best to keep others out.\n\nFull disclosure- I do not care for SRS.",
"I was a member in the early beginnings. When it first started out it was rather normal seeming. A bit like reportthespammers or worstof, just highlighting miscellaneous shit that happened on reddit to thought of chagrin. It was actually interesting to catch glimpses of reddit's nasty side. \n\nI was pretty lurky in and didnt participate, but people seemed rather seriously concerned. Then overtime the posts started becoming less credible and rather just posts of clearly misunderstood jokes. If you tried to identify in the comments that it was joke, there was hostility. At some point, I remember looking at the frontpage and it appeared to be heavy that it seemed like a mixture of misunderstood jokes and angry feminists. Then the SRS community started getting called out by the wider community so of course, they counteracted this by making fun of said community. \n\nSomewhere around that point it became a complete circlejerk championing mainly extremely liberal feminist ethos, but pretexting it with claims a parody or the only way to get the message out. So that's basically what it is now. I will say I enjoyed the Tia and Tamara meme era, they had briefly, other than that, they are pretty much mehhhh.",
"They take it seriously because it is a little hard to brush off bigotry for decent human beings. The posts below were posts that were pointed out on SRS\n\n[\"If it's got tits or tires it's going to give you problems.\"](_URL_1_) \n\n[\"He left out insane. If [girls] happen to be smart and pretty, chances are they're fucking nuts.\" [+69] ](_URL_11_)\n\n[Redditor's wife can't have sex, he asks for help. Anal is given as a solution. \"What if we want to have kids?\" \"im sorry but they will have to be niggers\"](_URL_15_)\n\n[\"As far as getting a reasonable discussion going on in politics, \\[women's suffrage\\] was the worst thing to ever happen to the U.S..\"](_URL_18_)\n\n[\"don't stick your dick in crazy\" \\[+36\\] \"Are you saying that we should not stick our dicks in women?\" [+66]](_URL_13_)\n\n[\"because girls are attention whores. once they raised their self esteem by raising your dick, they had no more use of you.\" - +40](_URL_7_)\n\n\n\nLets play guess the redditor!\n\n > Which of the below quotes earned **positive karma from redditors** on a mainstream subreddit, and which were posted to **Stormfront**, a white nationalist community? See if you can guess!\n > \n > 1. “the ones born and bred in the US and in the cities more than anything… have the mindset of ‘it must be given to me’… I work with blacks and they are the laziest, most whining, complaining, problem-starting people at the workplace.” ([Answer](_URL_12_))\n > \n > 2. “Your post reeks of apologeticism laced with white guilt… Blacks have the entitlement mentality across the board in every aspect of life.” ([Answer](_URL_9_))\n > \n > 3. “The reason is this: they feel they are owed respect and that they will bow to nobody. I've seen this happen hundreds of times, not only as they cross a street, but at the grocery store, ordering food, driving 15 miles slower in traffic. Blacks feel the world owes them something.” ([Answer](_URL_4_))\n > \n > 4. “always remember kids: it's not racism if it's against white people. this retarded sense of *entitlement* blacks have in the US is one of the worst things in america nowadays.” ([Answer](_URL_5_))\n > \n > 5. “Blacks believe that everything should be given to them. ‘we should get reparations’… fast foward with decades and decades of this behavior and you get this hostility toward every successful race. ‘effing chink’ ‘effing cheap ass jew’ ‘It must be nice to drive you bmw’ YES it is nice. Why? because our race worked their ass off to get to where they are…” ([Answer](_URL_14_))\n > \n > 6. “Unfortunately [they] almost always seem to have a strong sense of entitlement. That everything is owed to them, and that we should serve their needs, especially because of [racism against them].” ([Answer](_URL_19_))\n > \n\nNot enough?\n\n > \n > Today’s ruling regime has robbed the white man of his entitlements, chief among them the right not to be called racist, and no one is better positioned to understand the form of this oppression than redditors and white nationalists.\n > \n > So let’s play a game! Each of the following quotes comes either from reddit, where it was **upvoted by redditors**, or from **Stormfront**, a community of white nationalists. Can you guess the source of each quote?\n > \n > 1. “The pendulum is swinging back and smacking white men in the jaw. The lack of scholarships available to white poor men is proof that we are now the repressed group in America.” ([Answer](_URL_17_))\n > \n > 2. “White Privilege is just a myth in America. Being white, I have been denied public school jobs in Nevada. Due to quota requirements: skills, knowledge and experience need not apply. If you don't speak Spanish, then please don't apply. Eventually, the pressure just below the surface will find a way to release itself.” ([Answer](_URL_3_))\n > \n > 3. “We [whites] are the only group on the planet not allowed to celebrate the greatness of our race without being labeled a racist. Is this fair?” ([Answer](_URL_20_))\n > \n > 4. “I can guarantee you that being white has given me no social or economic benefits over minorities. In fact, being white made it more difficult to get an education and a job. The most disadvantaged group in our modern day society are white males that live under the poverty line.” ([Answer](_URL_2_))\n > \n > 5. “Caucasians are descriminated daily by the ‘minorities’ who hold them responsible for all the wickedness people with their skin color wrought. Despite them. Having nothing to do with it and no power to change it. The idea that any group should be favored or treated specially rather than reward through merit is going to cause problems. Its also the inherent proble with feminism. They don't want equality, they want advantages for past unjustices they have no personal part of.” ([Answer](_URL_8_))\n > \n > 6. “Men are oppressed in this society. Feminism are everywhere… The most of the men are totally oppressed and commanded in the society nowadays, no doubt. The men are becoming too much submissive to popular culture, modern culture and modern lifestyles made by movies, tv shows and even schools.” ([Answer](_URL_0_))\n > \n > 7. “I've heard this my entire life and I have yet to get a single leg up on anything because of the color of my skin. I've had to WORK at every single thing I've done - so what I have I've earned, goddammit. There WAS no ‘White Scholarship’ for me to go to college (there are literally thousands of Black-only scholarships; now THAT'S discrimination!)… Seriously, this whole ‘white people get a free pass through life’ line is tired and has NEVER been true… did YOU, PERSONALLY get kidnapped, put on a ship, and sailed halfway across the world to pick cotton for some fat rich fuck? No? Then shut the hell up.” ([Answer](_URL_6_))\n > \n > 8. “My ex roomate, his girlfriend happens to be black and she… refuses to date black guys and listens to rock and heavy metal. There isnt an ounce of ghetto in her and a great portion of her family hates her because shes not like them. She went to school, she happens to like reading books on physics, and is very smart… She has also mentioned how white people really do get treated like crap.” ([Answer](_URL_10_))\n > \n\nMore\n\n > Two quotes. One from **Stormfront**, a white nationalist community; one earning a score of **+11 from redditors** on a mainstream subreddit. Can you tell which is which?\n > \n > 1. “Remember the civil war? I'm pretty sure that any benefits accrued by the ‘white man’ were subsequently destroyed. Even if that isn't true; affirmative action / subsidized housing / robust varieties of scholarships have *more* than compensated for *historical* grievances. Did we not lose, what, 600,000 ‘white men’ to the debate of slavery, at least? Did we not destroy our own social and political fabric in the bloody course of freeing ‘brown people’? Have we not, since that time, eliminated Jim Crow laws? And now what? ‘We’ still owe ‘them’ something? I think not.”\n > \n > 2. “By any historical record 600,000 white Americans, North and South, died in combat during the Civil War over the questions of slavery. Blacks achieved freedom because whites spent 4 years in bloody hand-to-hand combat killing each other off at rates not even approached in WW1 or WW2. I feel blacks owe us a much larger debt they can never repay…”\n > \n > [Answer](_URL_16_)"
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1jdsnw | why is satellite internet such bad quality but satellite tv can broadcast hd no problem? | I have always wondered this- we used to live in a location where the only internet available was satellite and it was truly god awful. We got maybe 1mbps download on a good day, and the up time was usually under 50%.
However, we also had satellite TV and it worked flawlessly- never stuttering when streaming HD broadcasts or anything else.
So, what gives? I could never have streamed an HD video via our satellite internet, but could do it at the drop of a hat on TV. It fundamentally is the same theory (a transmission through a satellite orbiting the earth), right? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jdsnw/eli5_why_is_satellite_internet_such_bad_quality/ | {
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"Satellite TV broadcasts the **same data** to millions of clients. There is no back channel. Your TV does not send any data back to the satellite.\n\nSatellite Internet broadcasts **different data** for each user. That means of course, your total data rate is divided by the number of users on your satellite.\n\nEven more importantly, Internet requires a back channel. The problem now is, it takes a few hundred milliseconds to get data over a satellite connection. With TV, you sometimes notice this as well: when watching sports, your neighbour with cable might cheer a goal a second before you.\n\nWith internet, the consequences are more severe. There's much back-and-forth. When visiting reddit, there are several requests send along the internet, and each needs to be sent after the other. The few hundred milliseconds each request takes soon add up. So you might have a high data rate, but a miserable latency.",
"Satellite TV is a one-way broadcast signal. All the channels are delivered to your house at once, the only requests you make are to your TV box to decode a specific channel. There's still latency, but you're not going to notice it because you'd have to have a side-by-side with a wired TV broadcast to see that your broadcast reaches you a few seconds later. \n\nSatellite Internet is a two-way communication. Internet protocols require a lot of back-and-forth requests to retrieve the item you collected, error check it, and present it to you. One click on the internet could represent a huge amount of requests. Here the latency adds up quickly. Even if the available bandwidth on the satellite is high, the signal takes much longer to reach you. \n\nThere's also the fact that Satellite Internet providers just don't care. They are not even going to try to compete with wired connections because they can't due to the latency factor. They're competing with dial-up or cellular data in under-served areas, plus the occasional urban resident who hates the cable companies and only cares about checking email. They only dedicate a small amount of bandwidth on the satellite for internet connections and the plans usually include overage limits and throttling. \n\nIn terms of the 50% uptime... Basically, they want to sell you something that they don't want you to use. Even with all the frustration its likely to be far better than dial-up or cellular data, but they can make FAR more money using the extra bandwidth on their satellite for voice calls or temporary commercial links, and they're more than happy to turn off the internet connections for a bit to do so.\n\nThey advertise pricing and speeds that are close to competitive with wired internet companies because they lock you into a 2 year contract. In addition to the sampling of satellite users I mentioned above there are definitely people who 'hated the cable companies' but had NO idea what they were getting into. \n\n"
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6tdg2j | where does the fear of heights come from? is it genetic or learned? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6tdg2j/eli5_where_does_the_fear_of_heights_come_from_is/ | {
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"It's learned. \n\nThey have done studies with kids and they don't have a fear of heights when born but learn it very quickly. \n\nThat said if your parents are afraid of something there is a good chance you will be because you see them being afraid at a young age. \n\nHere is an interesting article on a study where they have an illusion drop and see if kids will wonder off of it or not. \n\n_URL_0_"
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2v0e7r | why do my prescription drugs cost more with insurance? | Apologies if this is a dumb question, but I'm a college student and don't quite understand these things yet.
I just tried to get two prescriptions filled at my campus pharmacy. With insurance, the cost would've been $75 for one rx and $30 for the other, totaling $105. Thankfully the pharmacist noticed the drugs were cheaper without insurance and didn't run them, so I walked away paying only $45.
This whole situation left me really angry. Being in college means that money is very tight and I'm very strict about what I spend. I thought the whole purpose of insurance was to SAVE money, but instead they wanted me to pay more??
I really want to know why this stuff happens. If anyone has any answers please help me out. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2v0e7r/eli5_why_do_my_prescription_drugs_cost_more_with/ | {
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"Your insurance may not have covered the less expensive generics but they would pay for the name brand drugs that cost significantly more. My insurance covers \"preferred generics\" that I pay 5 dollars for. However \"non preferred generic\" I pay full price for that drug. ",
"Pharmacist here. The thing about the cost of drugs without insurance is that it is usually up to the individual pharmacy/pharmacist. Independent pharmacies will usually have more reasonable prices because they'll charge based on the cost for them to obtain the drug. For example, I might charge $10-15 for something that costs me $5 to obtain. For big retail chains, they usually have a policy to just charge the AWP price. For example, even if the drug cost $5 to obtain, the pharmacist would still be forced to charge something ridiculous like $50 or $200 whatever price it says in the computer which may or may not be updated. \n\nNow why your meds cost more WITH insurance also boils down to your individual insurance plan and could be for several reasons. I've seen some plans that charge the pharmacies and then pass the cost onto the patient. Example would be a drug that costs $10. Insurance charges the pharmacy $10 and charges the patient $30. The pharmacy ends up making $10 profit here but they could have made the same profit by simply charging you a lower price of $20. Why insurance companies do this I have no idea.\n\nAnother reason is that the negotiated price for the drug with the insurance companies might not be that closely related to the cost. This goes back to the ridiculous AWP prices some drugs have when compared to the actual cost. Drugs that cost $5 might have an AWP of $200 or something like that. The contracted price will usually be something between the AWP and the actual cost, maybe $75 for this example, so if you have a copay, you would pay a portion of this much higher cost. If your plan wanted you to pay 33% of the cost, you would end up paying $25, compared to the $10-15 I stated earlier that an independent pharmacy would charge you on a $5 drug."
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biicn0 | why don’t automatic cars stall at traffic lights? | I understand they use a clutch, but how come the power is instant and there is no lag/it’s smooth to accelerate? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/biicn0/eli5_why_dont_automatic_cars_stall_at_traffic/ | {
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"They don't use a clutch. Instead they use a fluid coupling called a torque converter which works kind of like one turbine spinning another with transmission fluid, or think of one fan blowing another fan to make it spin. The torque converter is designed to allow the input and output shafts to spin at different speeds, including one being stopped completely. When power is applied the u get smooth acceleration because the fluid absorbs a lot of it.",
"A automatic transmission uses what is called a torque converter. It's basically two opposing fan blades. One fan blade is connected to the engine the other is connected to the transmission. The torque converter is filled with oil. When the engine is turning it spins its fan. The fan sprays the oil against the fan connected to the transmission and spins the second fan and drives the vehicle. \n\nWhen you are stopped the engine is not spinning its fan fast enough to turn to second fan connected to the transmission to overcome the brakes of the vehicle. The fan connected to the transmission is stopped or stalled. \n\nOnce the brakes are released the fan on the transmission can usually turn. Unless you are on an incline or in a hole. Then you would accelerate the engine which turns the fan on the engine faster which in turn applies more fluid force to the fan on the transmission. The state of the torque converter is accelerating now. The engine fan is turning the transmission fan, but the engine fan is turning quick with the transmission fan is accelerating to the speed of the engine fan. Which give the vehicle a smooth acceleration. \n\nA good visual of this would be if you took two house fans and pointed them at eachother. Turn one fan on and it will blow air into the second fan making it turn. You could hold the second fan with your hand. When you let it go it will start to spin.",
"An automatic doesn’t use a mechanical clutch. It uses a torque converter, which is hydraulic. It’s calibrated to transfer power above a certain rpm. So at idle, it allows the engine to spin without transferring the power to the wheels. In a manual, the clutch doesn’t care how fast the engine is spinning, if the pedal isn’t pushed, it’s transferring power to the wheels. And if you stop the wheels, you stop the engine. \n\nI’m a mechanic, not an engineer, so I’m sure someone can explain it much better than that, but that’s a start.",
"People here are correct in that traditional autos don’t use clutches, but nowadays a lot of cars are transitioning to using electro-hydraulically-actuated clutches which are more efficient than torque converters and basically are a computer controlled clutch.",
"To clear up a misconception here, automatic transmissions don't launch with a clutch but they certainly have clutches, most of the time multiple ones. The torque converter is used to allow slip between the engine and transmission, allowing us to have 0 transmission input speed but idle engine speed. When you're stopped at a light the clutches in the transmission will hold 1st gear clutches on and the slipping torque converter prevents stall. When the vehicle is moving the slip across the torque converter causes inefficiency ( lower fuel economy) so a torque converter clutch is used to lock together the two halves of the converter.\n\nA bit of extra detail that wasn't directly related to your question but hope it helps you understand transmissions a lot better"
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6313ee | why haven't usb ports been updated to allow cords to be pushed in both ways? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6313ee/eli5_why_havent_usb_ports_been_updated_to_allow/ | {
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"You're in for a treat: They have. _URL_0_\n\nUSB-C is entirely reversible, and integrates a lot of other cool stuff, to boot.",
"They have. [USB-C](_URL_0_) connectors are reversible, so it doesn't matter which way you plug it in.\n\n(If that's what you meant by \"pushed in both ways\").",
"I really appreciate all the answers everyone, sorry if it was a stupid question..."
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3u924r | how (why) does cancer cause pain? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3u924r/eli5_how_why_does_cancer_cause_pain/ | {
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"a lot of the times it doesn't, but chemotherapy drugs are super SUPER toxic and make you really sick. cancer is pretty hard to kill so the stuff that kills cancer also tends to kill you too.\n\nTumors can also displace tissue and put pressure on organs, or interfere with nerves, causing pain in that way",
"As a general rule, it is caused by the invasive nature of the tumor upon nearby organs, nerves and bones. Either by simple pressure because of the big foreign volume that the tumor poses to the body, which may invade the space of aforementioned, natural tissues or because it is actually working into the tissue, as is the case with e.g. bone cancer: [img1](_URL_1_) or [img2](_URL_0_) - I'd say these images are probably NSFW for the faint of heart.",
"The way an old biology professor of mine explained it:\n\nYou have to understand how normal cells work before you can start digging into abnormal cells. Cancer cells are pretty much your cells, that have gained the ability to reproduce indefinitely. There are two main things that make them so deadly. \n\n1) Your normal cells are \"programmed\" to divide a certain amount of times, and then die. Cancer cells have the ability to divide nearly forever, and don't die after they've reached the normal limit. Therefore their number constantly increases, unlike normal cells.\n\n2) Secondly, when you get a cut or other injury, your body heals in a few days. If it's a cut on your arm, the skin slowly grow back together. The two sides close the rift in the middle, meet up, and leave that nice white scar tissue. This is because the skin cell production in this area is sped up to protect your body. They're programmed to STOP replicating at this high rate the moment the two sides meet each other. Guess what cancer cells don't do? They don't stop dividing for any reason. \n\nThese two factors mean that when a part of a person's body becomes cancerous, like a lung, it has a bunch of cells that don't die and don't stop dividing. This doesn't seem so bad, since cells are very very small. Of course, our bodies are made of trillions of cells, all working together to stop growing and maintain your normal adult size. Cells can really add up, which is why normal ones must die to maintain the status quo.\n\nA cancerous lung on the other hand, will have a part that keeps growing on/inside it, known as a tumor. This tumor is just a bundle of cancerous cells that don't stop dividing, and therefore it keeps getting bigger. Now, your body can only hold so many things. A giant ball in your lung isn't planned for. When it gets big enough, the tumor starts to push everything around it out of the way. Remember, the cells aren't programmed to stop dividing when they meet other cells. Therefore, they keep growing and keep pushing for more space. The pain comes when this tumor pushes too far into a lung/brain/whatever, rupturing it or otherwise putting nasty, constant pressure on the inflicted area. That's why people with lung cancer start coughing up blood: the tumor ruptures the blood vessels and they start to fill up the lung with blood. \n\nNasty stuff. Hope I answered the question properly!\n\nEdit:\nTL;DR: Cancer cells don't stop dividing and never really die. They grow to form tumors which start to take up space needed by your organs. This can rupture the organs and cause major pain and other problems.",
"As a follow up question, how does the pain from cancer feel like?",
"Medical degree. Most types of cancers are actually painless. Since cancer is just an uncontrolled growth of cells most type of cancers are painless. This changes with malignancy (Type of cancer that can move). \n\nSo when a cancer turns malignant the body starts making new blood vessels and nerves to the area thinking it needs blood. This lets the cells travel to new areas on pretty much a highway. Then things get bad. You can have a bone cancer that traveled somewhere else and now you have fibrous tissue in your bicep. Now imagine having a bone in the middle of your muscles. That's painful. \n\nNow the type of pain you feel depends on what type of nerves you hit. Deep organs in the body cause a aching pain while some types of melanoma (Skin cancer) cause burning or itching pain because the nerve fibers affected are Naked. \n\nThe sad thing is most of the pain and sickness actually comes from the chemotherapy and drugs cancer patients take. Those drugs are poison your taking hoping they kill the cancer before you. "
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2jzval | why would any women want to join isis if the terrorist group is known for abusing and killing women? | Furthermore women in the muslin faith(In more EXTREME cases, especially in relation to ISIS) are treated like meat.(Again this is to my understanding) I can't possibly understand why free women would want to subject themselves to that?
Edit: Rip my inbox | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jzval/eli5_why_would_any_women_want_to_join_isis_if_the/ | {
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"Quite simply, there's stupid people born every minute.",
"1. The ability to marry a man who could end up very high in a caliphate, becoming an alpha female AND holier than thou. \n\n2. There are psychopathic women; research the female concentration camp guards during World War II. They committed as many atrocities as the men. The female ISIS brigade that threw acid in the faces of women not wearing niqabs are the same, except with Islam as justification instead of Hitler's edicts. ",
"Who knows and frankly who cares.\nTake for example the two Austrian girls who fled to Syria months ago to live the life of Jihad, one 16 the other 17. Now they are both pregnant after 'marrying' chechen fighters, who I'm guessing couldnt wait to bed two young western girls. Even more hailarous they both now want to come home. Whats wrong girls? A life of being a 3rd class citizen (a women) not what you thought it was? Tuff luck! I'm sure Allah will help you.\n",
"My understanding is that many of these people who are going to join ISIS feels disconnected where they are; they lack a sense of identity. ISIS promises them an identity, a sense of belonging. The ISIS narrative is that they are the only group doing something about perceived oppression of Muslims in Syria, and their marketing doesn't emphasize women as second or third class citizens. It emphasizes a sense of belonging and of heroism. \n\nPeople sucked in by it are disaffected and are susceptible to the seductive call of belonging, so they discount the troublesome signs, like the news of brutality. ",
"What is often the case is that these women get in contact with someone representing the group on social media and they are fed with lies about how ISIS is actually the good guys and that the western media are lying about what is actually happening. I think it was the two Austrian girls who were also told that the this was a period of time when brutality was necessary and that after the fighting was over ISIS would create a perfect islamic state. These kinds of promises bundled with religious fever cause some people to stop acting rationally and leave to help ISIS. Once they lose their rose-tinted glasses and become disillusioned by how much different life is the middle east they realize that it was a mistake and want to return home.",
" > Furthermore women in the muslin faith (to my understanding please correct me if I'm wrong) are treated like meat.\n\nYou are wrong. Or rather, you are painting with too broad a brush. Muslims are not wholly monolithic, the faith has a lot of variance within it and so do the cultures which have adopted the faith. The status of women varies greatly between Muslim states, Muslim Theologians and Muslim people.",
"For the same reason people join cults. ",
"Just as there are really smart and intelligent people like Einstein, Bohr etc. There are some really fucken stupid people like these idiots.",
"If you're hoping to learn about some hidden video trigger like in Serenity, you're going to be disappointed.",
"can we say that now they are asking for it? or are they still not asking for it?",
"If I wereto ask you, \"why do you want to be an American, when the United States imprisons people for life and, in some instances, executes them?\" You would reply that the U.S. does not do that to people who obey they rules. Likewise, the Islamists can say to female recruits that their treatment, under Shariah law is not abuse but God's will, and only those who violate his laws are punished. If you go about it the right way, you can sell anyone just about anything.",
"they are of impressionable age and extremist muslims only kill women who refuse to follow sharia. The female recruits would be adherents of sharia. ",
"Why do some women follow western religions which put women in a lower status as well? Like Mormons.",
" > women in the muslin faith (to my understanding please correct me if I'm wrong) are treated like meat.\n\nI'm a Christian and it makes me sad that people think/believe this about Islam. ",
"*Why would anyone want to join a group known for abusing and killing anyone?\n\nIgnorance, pompousness, stupidity, lack of empathy, fear.",
"Its not because a society treats you as inferior that you will necessarily despise it. You may honestly believe that you lot in life as a woman is to be subjugated to men.. Its actually a very old belief. Female independence is a modern idea, and it makes our understanding of old perspectives problematic since we cannot relate to them as they would have. ",
"I assume that maybe they conflate the adversity they experience being part of a stigmatized minority group, and romanticize the extremists who are the the subject of this paranoia.\n\nThey may even have relatives who sympathize with these extremists, or who hold extremist ideology themselves, but do so without really having experienced living in a religious caliphate.\n\nI'm sure its shocking for them when they see the reality of the situation.",
"well you have to think first, they want to join ISIS, ISIS, ISIS... ISIS!!! (I would put capitalize it for more effect but its an acronym) They want to join a muslim terrorist group, how could you think there is logic in that brain of theirs?",
"It probably has less to do with what ISIS specifically stands for and more with what it stands against. Someone feeling disillusioned with western culture could feel kinship with ISIS even without sharing their religious faith. An enemy of my enemy is my friend type of mentality. Of course, this doesn't account for people who were legitimately raised into a faith a vehemently believe that ISIS is morally right, which seems bizarre but is entirely possible.\n\nIf you hate something and are given a choice between the thing you hate and something else, you may not think twice about taking the second option. It's unfortunate.",
"Just like any gang, ISIS is seen as an opportunity to bring sense of purpose, belonging, and brother/sisterhood to countless teens/young adults.",
"I think they want to feel important or they want to be apart of a group bigger than themselves.",
"For the same reason women read patriarchal religious texts and still choose go be part of it. Although I don't know what that reason is, it must be similar. ",
"1) They have been trained to think that they are less, since they were born.\n\n2) On the other hand Islam does have some privileges towards women. When a women commit a crime (non sexual) they given much more pardon. If they lie in court they wouldn't be executed unlike their male counter parts. Since they are considered less, their crimes and punishment are less. \n\n3) Also mothers are treated with much respect. In order to go to heaven in Islam you must respect your mother 3 time for every one time yo do for your father. When their prophet was asked 4 times who to respect more, the mother or father, the prophet responded with mother 3 time and only one time towards the father.\n\n4) Even though the so-called Muslims have committed war crimes, Islam strictly prohibits any violence towards Muslims, giving the women in ISIS a false sense of security. Some of those women who lived in Iraq and Syria, are afraid and joined to protect themselves\n\n\nAs for someone wanting to join Islam; either they were raised or have different values in life.\nJoining terrorist, is different story all together. Joining a religion is fueled by values, joining criminals is fueled by anger and/or ignorance. Perhaps all those ISIS promotional ads worked to some degree on the impressionable youths. \n\nSide note: Like Christianity has many forms (catholic, protestant, mormon, orthodox etc.), so does Islam(Sunni, Shiite, alawites, reformist etc.). Where Sunnis make it illegal to celebrate Christmas, alawites do celebrate it. Where some treat women less, some treat them equally. They are not all the same group. As an Atheist who has been wondering for many years why someone would follow bronze age laws, I looked to the many moderates who seem very peaceful despite some violence in their holy books, and have adapted to the times. The bible tells people to stone those who work on Sabbath day, and some Christians today don't act on it. The quran tells people to kill none believers and some Muslims don't act on it. We shouldn't try so hard to draw lines and generalize people into groups but instead treat everyone as the individual they are. Everyone has their way of following their beliefs.",
"_URL_0_\n\nIn last week's edition of The Economist they talk about some of the reasons why (in this case French) youth go to fight for ISIS. The reasons given for why women join ISIS is actually more interesting than why men do:\n\n\"The appeal to young girls, by contrast, is often a humanitarian desire to help innocent children; many female recruits hoped to be nurses, doctors or social workers.\"\n\nGiven that reason, it's actually not hard to understand why, especially if you're devote enough and you truly feel as though The West are waging war against Islam and Muslims.",
"As a Muslim, I could explain a bit, Jihad is being misunderstood GREATLY, people think Jihad is strapping a bomb on your chest and blowing yourself up, Jihad means to struggle, you can have Jihad even in studying or other things, now there is also to fight in the Sake of God (Allah), but you need to be trained, you need to be strong morally, physically, and religiously. If you go there unprepared, without a proper cause, and to wish to simply die in the sake of Allah, your death might be worthless and not accepted. And you will probably benefit whoever your fighting against because your relaying more on your allies and while your totally useless.",
"Religious indoctrination can make people believe a lot of things are good/right ",
"Women join for the same reasons as men, both genders who follow the Saudi pretentious know it all Salafi club. \n\nSaudi publishers Darulsalam big money pumped out the transliteration Quran version by Hilali-Dr. Khan 1927. Of roughly 14 contenders for English Qurans, (i.e. Yusuf Ali more mellow) this version pushed all over the US is heavily hadith abrogated (altered) and over the top hardline. \nInvert their closed society with a doorway internet and they use this escape via social media to network the maximum, hence the propagation spread and massive connectibility.\n \nAdded is the Salafi over-fixation on Shia, demonising Shia/Iran in ironically un-Islamic disparaging ways. This 'hate' campaign has gold star approval from US/Israel/Salafic Emirates/Kingdoms who have bullied 1st place to reign over 'who's the best' Arab club. \n\nExternal Muslims in growing numbers get dewey eyed and fall for the purist branding. As a Muslim, Salafi rituals are streamlined compared to Shafie, Hanafi, but unfortunately much of their gold-star worthy Islamic elements are lined with 35% reductionism psychology; i.e. if it isn't in the massive Islamic corpus- as deemed justifiable, then strip it, tear down, reduce or ban it. \n\nThe stupid west isn't helping the matter budging in on Arab infighting, and have no clue the tar-baby principle, this magical messiness that Arabs thrive in, nor understand Islam's educations astounding organic-dynamics in reactionary stimulated growth. *After invading Muslims, Kublai Khan admired them, by end life having 8 of 14 dynasty districts governed by Muslims.\n\nHowever the current Saudi True Path no-fun Party are not the Muslims of lore These proverbial Commanche's in Salafi communitites can only temper or sabotage themselves to be voted 'off the island' by the rest of the Hopi Malays, Pawnee Turks etc, but even other Muslim 'madhab's (schools of thought) are being compromised by Salafi worldview Saudi financed marketing. \n\nTo the dreamy idealist girls, the west are kicking these Islamic bees nests which are full of matriarchal power, 'queens' which is why some women are drawn- In Islam 'Paradise is under your Mothers feet- that boys learn how to be good to women at the core via lifetime subordination to mother. \n\nIn Islam booty is considered booty, that women are not ideally some piece of steak but a real mans holistic bling, treasure to be protected from robbers, the mother of your children, the daughters of others to marry your sons, and to keep the standard of quality control. No poaching of community women, no tattoos, no whoring, a veritable counter-culture hipsters paradise to whats on current tv -and people wonder why prudeness and modesty are trending? \n\nAn L.A. full of aggressive Honeybooboos in 2020 would make any good looking guy want the option able to wear a veil in public too.\n\n*I agree largely with the other comments that they don't know what they're getting into.\n*The planet imo is undergoing a global conservative youth bulge generation- \n\n\n ",
"On a serious note,these women joined ISIS due to their believe that it is an islamic \"country\" that applies sharia and where a muslim can live without _URL_1_ that context,they a lot of the women that go there have a solid expectation of what its going to be like and contrary to the popular believe,they are treated _URL_0_ the sense that what deems oppressive to you as a westerner,is not for those women.",
"I read an article that basically said it was due to racism and islamaphobia in the country they were living in... I think the article was referring to young girls who had been living in France. They were brainwashed into thinking ISIS would be a better option for them than staying in France, where they weren't allowed to wear their traditional dress, for example, and were treated like second class citizens (at a minimum) due to their religion. It's the classic case of 'daddy says no, so I want to do it 10x more now). They aren't really stupid, just naive and brainwashed.",
"For the same reason anyone joins a terrorist organization? \n",
"There is a certain appeal to the ideology that drives terrorist groups like ISIS. Westerners, particularly the U.S., have done some pretty horrendous shit over the decades. So it's fairly easy to take advantage of young minds and use that history to justify their actions.",
"I always thought that part of it is that they see the western world as the \"true\" bad guys, we are the oppressors, rapists, and exploiters. You grow up literally believing that, its not hard to understand young people joining \"the cause\". I think they're simply confused and want to feel a need to belong to something bigger than themselves.\n ",
"Mental illness, poor judgement, ignorance, lack of education, being misinformed of facts by conspiracy-laden propaganda sources...",
"Religion.\n\nReally that simple. Once you become convinced that god's will is more important than your own, you no longer really have a choice.",
"You'd have to ask Chris Brown's current girlfriend ",
"It's like asking why do people like having to be slaves to money in order to live. Sometimes you just have no choice and other times you want something that only something else can give you. Maybe they came home one day and their house was blown up and their husband and children were inside. Who is going to help them get their revenge other than extremists? Im not saying it is right what so ever but this is exactly what happens when you push things too far. Be the tip of the spear and help people the best you can and show them the truth. What is the truth? The meaning of something.",
"Two of the American girls were 15 and 17. No one at that age has a brain.",
"First step is radicalization. Get the person to develop a close relationship with God. Next, make them understand what God's wishes are. If they're devout enough and if you're done your job correctly, they do God's will by choice. \n\nIn this case, God's will is \"bear sons for the caliphate\"\n\n\"This is who I am, and this is what God wants from me. I am obedient to God and doing His will makes me happy. It gives me peace, joy, and serenity to serve Him. This is where I belong, and I know it's true, because it's God's word. God is great.\"",
"For the same reason young black kids in poor areas join gangs. It gives a false sense of security and belonging. Unfortunately they're too stupid to see that it's a false reality. As humans we love to feel like we belong and we love even more to fight for things we believe in. \n\n",
"_URL_0_ -- I found this buzzfeed article very eye opening. I think it shows their world from their point of view. It's sad, but I think a lot of them are young and disgruntled with their lives. They want to screw with the system that they were born with because they see it as being the reason they are so angry with their lives. \n\nAt the same time, they've impressionable young women. And then you have young foreign men who will sweet talk them, promise them things that they won't return on (that they don't know they won't make real), tell them what they want to hear and seem to be living exciting lives fighting against the own system that they feel like they've been trapped in for so long. \n\nIf you take out the ISIS = BAD, western society = good thing, it's not that bad of a deal. I mean, it's psychotic, but in a twisted light if they weren't psychotic it would almost make sense. \n\nAlso, people don't always see the bad side of people they want to be with until it's too late. I, for one, was in an abusive relationship once and once they have you, especially if you move to a completely foreign country where women are treated poorly to be with them, then they can start showing their real colors and they have you. Whether you want to leave or whether Stockholm Syndrome takes place after that, it doesn't even matter. They have you. They lied, you've been fooled, whether you go along with the plan or not, there really is no 'oops, I made a mistake coming into a psychotic killers home, my bad'.",
"well . . . .Woman still marry NFL players, who knows?",
"Some good answers in here.\n\n-Lack of identity, desire for identity and community\n\n-Religious extremist; they might just be true believers and believe that ISIS has a good interpretation of Islam.\n\n-Opportunity to rebel against their parents, their community, society in general.\n\n-Women love bad boys, some women love evil men (_URL_0_)\n\n-Sometimes these women have identities that tie them to ISIS - for example, they might be from the Middle East or Somalia and their immigrant community might sympathize/follow ISIS terrorists anyway. So it's not really a big leap.\n\n",
"Eric Hoffer's book *The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements* goes into great detail, but part of it is that people attracted to such groups like the idea that their current problems are not their fault. The system is broken, and we can all have a clear identity and a better future, but we have to fight to make that a reality.\n\n",
"humans are the stupidest animals are the planet and the most selfish. Doesn't bode well for our future terrorism or not. Wanna be a terrorist? Go ahead but you're gonna get roflstomped by all the civs in the Atomic era.",
" > Why would any ~~women~~ ~~men~~ anyone want to join ISIS if the terrorist group is known for abusing and killing people?\n\nFTFY",
" Why would any men want to join ISIS if the terrorist group is known for abusing and killing men?",
"I think you're missing the point, why would anyone want to join them? ",
"When your husband or son is killed by someone it's not unusual to seek revenge.\n\nAnd every side in this war are \"terrorists\".",
"To some people, the rigidity of a fundamentalist society, in contrast to the chaotic, seemingly insane mostly-free Western societies, is appealing. They crave consistency and simplicity. I can't speak for the reality of life inside IS, but their goal, like the Taliban's, is one of isolated peace.\n\nSome women might be naturally uncomfortable with Western hypersexualization and relative vulgarity. It may be due to lack of confidence or a negative self-image, it may simply be a matter of personal taste. In a strict Muslim society, women in public aren't hypersexualized (the point of the various rules for women's dress in fundamentalist and even semi-moderate Islam are to desexualize them, ostensibly for their own protection from lecherous males). I could even see a sexual abuse victim finding the idea of a society where women are all covered up as a social norm to be appealing and comforting.\n\nIn addition, with freedoms come potential responsibilities. In a society where women cannot drive, for example, women are not expected to take on the responsibility for driving people places (kids, husbands, etc.). \n\nNot everyone is gung ho for their own freedom. Whether or not they should be is a different question entirely.\n\nAs for the out-and-out bad things that are associated with Islam (often, stereotypically, and not fairly), such as being stoned to death for reading school books, or whatever, those things are probably not mentioned (any more than you would talk about My Lai if you were a military recruiter), or if they are, they are explained as necessary to maintain the stability and social norms that create the simplified and quiet society that is being portrayed.\n\nI don't necessarily agree with any of these things, but it's to answer your question as to *why.* It may just come down to people not knowing what they really want, or just not wanting the same things for themselves as you or I do.",
"Women like feeling like they can change bad boys.",
"The risk of apostasy from the Muslim religion is death. No wonder they don't leave - they'd be dead if they did and everyone values their head. ",
"Stupid people do stupid things, no matter what gender, religion,...",
"Had this discussion with my teacher today. Mostly the modern way of being extremely stupid and a phase of rebellion. ",
"I will tell you what it probably is, as a girl who once was an active neo-Nazi. I'm way past an over that. Now that I actually have a life I will never go back to that crap.\n\nI was a teenager. My life wasn't even plain, it was just really bad. My father put me down all my life, I felt like shit. I started to take my anger out on governmental issues, and very soon- immigrants. The problem was that I have always been a history and Nazi fanatic, but it wasn't until that period of time that I actually began wishing that Nazis had succeeded. That there were no evil Jewish and evil black and whatever else here, because they are allegedly the reason behind my unhappiness. Nobody listened to my views when they were still 'normal'. But when I began getting radical and basically killer-racist everything changed.\n\nThe groups which I began connecting to all believed the same thing- men and women are not equal, because both genders have their roles, and it can only work if they both work hard, as they compliment eachother. Because in the community that I connected myself to I was seen as the perfect woman, I had recognition. Finally people noticed me and were genuinly interested in what I have to say, what I think about not only these racial issues, but in general conversations too. But the most important thing was the approval- the approval of me being a woman, and the fact that I'm a woman being important. It was like I am a special part of the chain, that will otherwise break without me. I was needed. And yes, these guys would beat women if they were 'a target'. But they respected and treated their women well. \n\nI believe it's a similar story in the ISIS. I'm pretty sure that the women who go to them believe they will be treated like special snowfalkes, seen as saviours and 'mothers of warriors', the mothers of the first generation of ISIS fighters and it will give them that status and approval they need so much. Also, if they have the views like ISIS they will be in a community of their own, where they don't have to prove to anybody they are right about Muslim extrimist views- cause there everyone is right about it, so there are no fights and debates. \n\nThese days people do not get approval like this unless you are something 'wow'. We focus on dumb celebrities and what they have to say. A normal teenager will not have this attention. A normal teenager's views are shunned down by a bunch of adults, because they are too young, too stupid, too this, too that. They seek to be a part of something. The Hitler Youth effect is a good example.\n\nAlso, look at the pattern of massacres and serial killers. The shooting massacres... First came Breivik. Ok, he shot a bunch of people, made a tragedy... Did the media focus on the victims? No. \n\n * Mr Breivik was in the light, his life and his motives. Fuck the victims, let's hear all about Mr Breivik's views- he got what he wanted. He got the approval. The world heard his story.\n * sometime later James Eagan Holmes makes a massive shooting in Aurora. Again. What happens? The world doesn't hear the victims. The world hears all about how James Eagan Holmes was an unhappy sad cunt who never 'got any'. He got the approval. The world heard his story. (Btw, this December we will hear if he's going to get the death penalty or not).\n * surprise surprise, in whoops Sandy Hooks. Again. What do we hear for the next weeks to come? Oh poor shooter had such hard life, how sad he was, his childhood, how many shits he took per day. He got the approval. The world heard his story.\n * Columbine High? Poor dicks got bullied. Boohoo let's whine about it all day long, rather than shove those fuckers under the carpet and focus on mourning the victims. \n\nThe people who go to ISIS, especially from abroad, want their story heard. That's all. Them going over there is a big, fat \"Fuck you, it's too late now.\" to the world which ignored them, and now we have no choice but to heard their stories. Their motives. Why they are the way they are. Finally, all eyes are on them. \n\nI don't know how the government doesn't see it... Well, I personally am sure that they're trying to generate war to make money, but let's not get into that stupid shit. Who cares.\n\nP.s. This is why I always liked the way Japan handled their murderers, covering the \"We're not talking about the killer\" with Human Rights, when in fact they are just saying \"Fuck you, nobody will hear your whining so don't bother making a shitstorm.\" to the potential murderers. Thus most crazy murders are commited by actual psychopaths, rather than good boys gone bad. There is no chain reaction.",
"They were confused and thought they were joining Agent Archer and Lana. ",
"Youth, stupidity, rebellion, misinformed, there's a number of reasons.",
"technically, our society sometimes abuses and kills women too.",
"Why would men want to join a group known for abusing and killing women?",
"Because they're stupid enough to join in the first place..",
"Some people crave freedom from responsibility, the more extreme a group is, the more they dictate your responsibility. With very clear cut rules about how to lead a good life and how to lead a bad life, these people give up their freedom to think in order to never have to be critical about hard decisions.",
"Why did that woman marry ray rice?",
"the same reason people here join gangs. Disenfranchised, seeking the protection of a bigger group.",
"Why did Ray Rice's fiancée marry him after he punched her in the face and knocked her out.",
"Islamists dont just beat the fuck out of women randomly. They are treated more like dogs, where if they disobey they get beat without remorse. If they obey and fulfill orders to satisfaction they get a free place to live, free food, and shopping money. Some less intelligent women rather take the easy/oppressive way than find a job and support herself.",
"If men are stupid enough to believe in this shit, so will women be. We are all just as fucked up stupid on the inside regardless of gender...",
"Just heard on NPR that 3 girls (2 sisters and a friend, aged 15,16, & 17) from Denver, CO ran away. They were later discovered in Frankfurt, Germany at the airport trying to fly to Turkey and sneak into marry ISIS fighters... guess how they were recruited? Through Social Media... generally young, weak minded, oppressed girls fall victim to these Daesh morons. Additionally, these girls were of Somali and Sudanese decent.",
"Because sometimes son, women are just plain stupid.\n\n\\ > Those austrian girls screaming for help once they left\n\n\\ > Don't even feel any sympathy for them.",
"It's also known for abusing and killing men, but men still join them.",
"Because most of the girls are on their \"edgy\" phase as pampered little 17 year olds. No effort should be made to save them, let then try to desert and be beheaded ",
"Women in the Muslim faith arn't treated like meat. Women in the middle east are treated like meat. Seven different Muslim states have elected a woman as their head of state, including the three largest, Indonesia, Pakistan, and India.\n\nLike any religion Islam preaches equality. Certain cultures though can use religion to justify oppression. That's whats going on in the middle east.\n\nReza Aslan is a scholar of religion, and in this video does a very good job of outlining misconceptions of the Muslim faith by Western news sources. i particularly enjoy the comparison to genital mutilation in Africa. \n\n_URL_0_\n\nAs to why women want to join ISIS, everyone here talking about identity are pretty much correct\n",
"You should read [*How to Fight Islamist Terror from the Missionary Position* by Tabish Khair] (_URL_0_), which is a novel about third-world immigrants in Amsterdam (there are some Muslim Bosnians involved) and why some of them join terrorist organizations.\n\nThere's also a lot of funny sex jokes.",
"why do poor whites down south vote for republicans??",
"Fundamentalist Islam and its core tenet of jihad.",
"They think they're special snowflakes and that ISIS only hates other women but not them. Also true of Christian far right women, like Coulter/Bachmann who think women should stay in the kitchen, (exept *them* of course, because reasons).",
"Why would a woman willingly subscribe to any Abrahamic religion. Why would any racial minority subscribe to the same religion responsible for their rape, murder, and enslavement. How the fuck do gay catholics exist?\n\nPeople are stupid cattle, that's your answer to most things.",
"It has a lot to do with the media. Depending on where you live, you will see biased news related to your region and religion. Here in the U.S. there is a low Muslim population, and an even lower Sunni Muslim population, so we tend to have very anti-ISIS media sources that feed biased view points on a daily basis. Where as areas in western Europe, where higher Muslim population is not a strange occurrence, they are more likely to receive media coverage on this situation from variety of different sources and view points. In no way am I insinuating that ISIS is in the right, but I am positive where ever you are in the world, you are not getting the entire truth in the news. ",
"ISIS has a very large audience base, and unfortunately, there are bound to be some idiots who think that joining ISIS is a good thing. \n\nSame reason why if you literally ask all the women in the world, even you only 0.0001% of the women say yes, you will get a lot of dates.",
"Mostly Stockholm Syndrome and identifying with the group. If a culture promoting misogyny is all you have known in everyday life it's kind of difficult to get super pissed about it for many. It's sadly their comfort zone",
"because they are sympathizers. look up Hanoi Jane. Aka Jane Fonda. \n\nany citizen that joins ISIS is a traitor. plain and simple. once you cross that line. than kiss your ticket back to your once home country/town good bye.",
"Never underestimate people's willingness to have power over others, even if they lose some of their own. As long as they feel they have more than those around them. \n\nAnd never underestimate people's need to feel part of a group... To belong. Especially those who feel disconnected from society around them. These people will go to extremes ",
"Because they look at the news and see a bunch of Occidentalist, secular, liberal propaganda. Which is not far from the truth. I think it's pretty evident that ISIS is a super nasty bunch, but it's equally obvious that Western media is saying and doing everything possible to present them in the worst possible light. So for example when there are 'unconfirmed reports' of 'sex slavery' and 'mass rape' and this kind of stuff, that's newsworthy and gets thrown on the front page, but if ISIS fighters feed a bunch of broke people and get the lights working again nobody in Western media is going to write a piece on it. Muslims know this because they are super used to it, so they're more likely to take that shit with a grain of salt. And if they use too much salt they might be convinced that ISIS is a bunch of super cool holy warriors who can do no wrong and that everything being written about them is a bunch of bullshit spewing out of the secular-Zionist-imperialist war machine.",
"They saw it trending on Twitter and they're stupid cunts.",
"ISIS is also known for abusing and killing men. Probably more than women. Those women (who join) would probably join in the killings if given the opportunity. It's about Islam vs World, not men vs women to them.",
"Let me give you my wife's take on joining Islam. There's a *lot* they don't tell you about the religion! You learn the worst parts after you join. \n\nShe joined a mosque (this was in the 70s) and got into an arranged marriage to an awful man. She moved from Los Angeles to Egypt. The best advice ANYone gave her came from the American consulate: \"Don't ever give up your American citizenship, and hold on to your passport!\"\n\n",
"[Some women](_URL_0_) are extremely attracted to evil men. Notorious murders and rapists constantly get fanmail in prison from such women. Just this summer, [Charles Manson](_URL_1_) married such a fangirl. I really wonder if it is this disorder that causes girls to run away from home to look for a jihad warrior to marry in Syria. \n\nI'm not qualified to judge whether this is a normal variation in human behavior or a dangerous disorder, but it seems to me quite dangerous and potentially harmful. \n\n",
"Here the explanation, And I as an Arab Muslim do not support them by any means, but here is the thing.\n\nA lot of Muslims in foreign countries join ISIS not because they are blood thirsty or as some one said \"Attracted to evil men\" It's the opposite they join ISIS with a pure heart and a cause in their mind and it is to join the Muslim World and to aploish all borders between Arab countries and to unite us all as one nation as we were before the British fucked us, now either they understand the religion wrong or they are blinded by something and do not see how the ISIS is violating everything Islam stands for. and that's about it."
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2br7aa | of all of the comic cons, why did the san diego con become the largest/most popular? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2br7aa/eli5_of_all_of_the_comic_cons_why_did_the_san/ | {
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"It's the original."
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ardcfm | how do they film scenes with multiple angles of the same shot but manage to not film the camera crew? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ardcfm/eli5_how_do_they_film_scenes_with_multiple_angles/ | {
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"This is mostly done by shooting the scene multiple times from different angles. They have staff members who pay close attention to where everything is in each take to make sure it's in the same spot each things time they shoot the scene. This is called continuity. ",
"Planning; basically there is a storyboard which has all the various camera angles planned and when they take place, this can include pulling back particular cameras so they aren't in shot of others or having objects between the various cameras."
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5yyn6z | why does paper make so much noise when crumpled? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5yyn6z/eli5_why_does_paper_make_so_much_noise_when/ | {
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"Other materials that are shaped like a semi-rigid sheet will make similar amounts of noise when crumpled: aluminum foil, thin sheets of plastic, etc.\n\nEach bend that you make in the sheet causes vibrations in it, and the vibrations are amplified similarly to how the (paper) cone of a speaker in your stereo makes loud sounds: the large surface moves more air as it vibrates.\n\nStart crumpling the paper from a corner and you'll see it vibrate and push air around as you do the crumpling.",
"There was quite a bit of research on this topic a while back: _URL_0_ I can't summarize it for you but if you're interested you might be able to get something from the links provided there.\n\nHere's one paper: _URL_1_\n\nHere's the abstract:\n\nFrom magnetic systems to the crust of the earth, many physical systems that exhibit a multiplicity of metastable states emit pulses with a broad power law distribution in energy. Digital audio recordings reveal that paper being crumpled, which can be easily held in hand, is such a system. Crumpling paper both using the traditional hand method and a cylindrical geometry uncovered a power law distribution of pulse energies spanning over two decades: p(E)=\nE\nα\n, α=1.3-1.6, with clearly nonexponential distribution over three decades. Crumpling initially flat sheets into a compact ball (strong crumpling), we found little or no evidence that the energy distribution varied systematically over time or the size of the sheet. When we applied repetitive small deformations (weak crumpling) to sheets which had been previously folded along a regular grid, we found no systematic dependence on the grid spacing. Our results suggest that the pulse energy depends only weakly on the size of paper regions responsible for sound production.\n\n\n"
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"http://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.54.278"
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2n1bkm | how is it possible that if i take out my internet cable for a few sec and then plug it in again that i just keep having my internet like nothing happend? | I mean, for a moment my computer just had no connection right, how come when I do this while playing a online game I won't get disconnected instantly? (Ofcourse I get DCed after longer time without cable) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2n1bkm/eli5_how_is_it_possible_that_if_i_take_out_my/ | {
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"You do get disconnected, but the connection will generally recover just fine if the connection comes back up in a few seconds or less. There are mechanisms in place to resend any requests that didn't get a response, for example. ",
"The Internet is not reliable- data gets lost all the time. Most programs that run on the Internet are designed to handle stuff not going through or stuff going through more slowly. As long as the interruption is only for a short amount of time, it will be able to recover."
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e5zbbq | why does a double knot hold better and longer than a single knot? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e5zbbq/eli5_why_does_a_double_knot_hold_better_and/ | {
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"It's about friction, the more surfaces in contact, the more friction there exists, the more likely it will hold together",
"The more bights there are in a knot, the more friction there is to prevent the rope from slipping.\n\nThis can actually become a hazard with actual load-bearing knots as some can impart so much friction that they damage the sheath of the rope. Others become bound so tightly that they can't be undone.\n\nBends and bights in a knot will also always lower the weight-bearing ability of the knot so it's never really a one-knot-fits-all situation."
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4zzpsh | when will the sahara become green again? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zzpsh/eli5when_will_the_sahara_become_green_again/ | {
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"When nearby parts of the Sahara are further submerged in water so that the temperature variation between night and day will not be so drastic. \nThis will also allow the air around the Sahara to hold more moisture and help replenish potential flora on the Sahara.\n\nSo yes, global warming could actually replenish Sahara's flora due to water levels rising. \n\nSome might speculate \"when it becomes cooler\", but that's simply not the case.",
"To be clear, even though the Sahara was wetter than it is now, it was still a savannah, which is quite dry. Think of the Serengeti, or the climate of Mongolia or parts of the Midwestern US. It was quite dry, but had a rainy season which could support lots of grass and big animals (buffalo, giraffes, lions). \n\nAll it would take to make the Sahara a savannah again is the same sort of climate which caused it in the first place. Whenever the global climate gets cooler, the Sahara gets wetter. The period you are talking about happened while Earth was gradually warming up after the last major glacial period, and was still cooler than it is today. Actually, there was another small cooling trend during medieval times (often called the Little Ice Age) which made parts of the Sahara very fertile. The city of Timbuktu (in what is now Mali) was one of the most prosperous cities in the world for a long time, until the Little Ice Age ended, and the area dried up again.\n\nTo actually answer your question, the Sahara will be a savannah again the next time Earth enters a cool climate cycle. We should actually be entering one now, which would probably make the Sahara green again in a few hundred or thousand years. However, human activity has been causing a lot of warming recently, and we don't know how the climate will react to that so far in the future.\n\nEven further in the future, the Sahara may become much wetter, because the continent of Africa is moving due to plate tectonics. If Africa moves north, the Sahara will get a climate more like Central Europe. If it moves south, it could become a giant tropical rain forest, like the Amazon. However, movements like this will take tens of millions of years, so don't buy real estate in Chad yet!\n\n**edit: TL;DR:** The Sahara might get a little wetter in the next couple thousand years, depending on climate change. It might get **a lot** wetter in the next hundred million years because of continental drift.",
"You only need to go back to early bronze age to see vast humid regions in the Sahara. It was primarily man that brought an end to that during the iron age (you needed wood coal to make iron, discounting all wood for shipbuilding). By afforestation principles, we can most likely reintroduce a more humid climate in the region even though the neolithic subpluvial also involved other factors."
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29wos4 | what's are the differences between gangs, cartels, mafias, triads and mobs? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/29wos4/eli5_whats_are_the_differences_between_gangs/ | {
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"My understanding is nationality. For example, the Triads are Chinese, Mafia is Italian, gangs tend to be American, such as the Bloods.",
"Let's see.\n\nCartels are businesses, so to speak, that follow a certain practice: force the price of something up high and keep it there, which involves restricting competition and other questionable acts, many of which straight up *flood* into the illegal/immoral realm (see: Mexican drug cartels, DeBeers diamond cartel)\n\nTriads are ethnically exclusive, as far as I know. They started in China and seem to be Chinese-run organizations made up of Chinese and Chinese descended people. The name appears to be how one labels an organized, generally underground, crime syndicate that happens to be Chinese.\n\nA mafia appears to be similar, but relating to Italy (originally, Sicily in particular) instead of China. They attain their goals through extortion which automatically involves breaking the law. The usage of the word can apply to non-Italian entities, but in general mafias conjure an image of Italian organized crime.\n\nThe Mob is the American mafia. As prior explained, the mafia began in Sicily. When mafia families moved to the Unites States and continued their lifestyles, the Mob came to be the identifier. What are called \"made men\" which refers to full members are to be of Italian descent.\n\nThey are *all* gangs. Gangs don't have to be organized, or violent even. Gangs are groups of people that operate under similar interests. What you are referring to is a type of gang that is either local or widespread, minimally to highly organized, and ranging in behavior but are typically violent or belligerent. Street and prison gangs fall into this category. They are still gangs in the sense of the definition, held together by their like interests. Triads and the Mafia are highly organized gangs whose longevity, infamy, or styles have earned them unique labels. Cartels are gangs that tend to specialize in a particular product and aim to maximize profits above all."
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yovpt | eyes/glasses | I've worn glasses for a lot of my life, and only a few days ago did I wonder how they work. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/yovpt/eli5_eyesglasses/ | {
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"When you see something, you're seeing the impact where a beam of light hits the sensors in the back of your eye. That light came from some source, bounced around, got changed by what it hit, and ended up in your eye so you could see it.\n\n\nWhen our vision gets bad, it's because our eyes have changed, which messes up how the beam of light hits them. Glasses are made to bend the light slightly, so that it enters your eyes as it is supposed to, so you can see clearly.\n\n\nThat might sound really vauge. I was trying to keep it simple.",
"Your eye works by focusing the light onto photoreceptors ('light sensors') inside of your eye. It's essentially a lens, but made out of some organic material rather than glass. It's got a certain optical power- the amount it focuses the light (measured in diopters).\n\nThere's a certain 'correct' optical power to focus it correctly on the photoreceptors. If it's got too high of an optical power, the light is focused ahead of the photoreceptor. This is what is wrong with nearsighted people, and they wear glasses with a negative optical power to get the power correct and allow them to see properly. If it's too low of an optical power, the light is focused behind the photoreceptor, which is farsightedness. These people need glasses with a positive optical power to see properly. "
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co450v | gas water heaters and furnaces are at risk for carbon monoxide leaks. so why are they installed in homes? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/co450v/eli5_gas_water_heaters_and_furnaces_are_at_risk/ | {
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"Because they are good at what they do and the risks are mitigated by proper installation according to building codes and carbon monoxide detectors. \n\nIf you have a detector in your home the worst that can come of a leak is you'll need to air out the house. The detector will trip long before you will feel the effects.",
"And not ALL heaters necessarily produce carbon monoxide, redox reaction heaters only produce water.",
"Your stove has a chance to burn down your house. \n\nStairs have a chance to make you fall down and die. \n\nUsing a knife has a chance that you will cut yourself. \n\nEverything has some level of risk in it. It's a question of whether the utility is worth it. In this case the risk of a leak ia very low. And placing the furnace outside will result in worse heating.",
"Most furnaces made in the last 20ish years and many water heaters have a forced air exhaust. The air pressure in the exhaust is lower (negative pressure) then what is surrounding the unit. If there’s a hole, it’s going to suck air out of the surrounding area instead of blow exhaust into it (research the Bernoulli effect) There is also a vacuum switch attached to this system that shuts it down if the negative pressure is not in spec. \n\n\nThe the unit is in a unconditioned space it’s going to work harder. Ductwork is not highly insulated and lowers efficiency. If the furnace is in a cold environment and starts you are going to create condensation. Same if it’s cooling in a hot environment. Moisture is bad for electronics and steel among other things.",
"The chance of carbon monoxide poisoning is small, but not zero. Most properly maintained gas appliances will never expose their owners to CO. Even if they do, all homes with these appliances are required to have functional CO detectors in bedrooms which will warn the occupants well before dangerous levels of CO accumulate.\n\nInstalling a gas furnace outside will not remove the risk of CO poisoning, as the most of the time it occurs due to a crack in the heat exchanger. This is means that CO would leak directly into the air ducts. Modern furances are protected from backdrafts (From something like a clogged exhaust vent) by using pressure switches, which will detect if the exhaust flow stops or goes in the wrong direction.\n\nMany homes will have the water heater located in the garage. This slightly reduces the risk of CO poisoning, as garages are usually somewhat insulated from the rest of the home. I don't believe they're installed in the garage due to the risk of CO poisoning, rather that it protects the home from water leaks and makes replacing the water heater easier."
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43srel | - why would they have advertising before a movie trailer on youtube? isn't a trailer an ad anyway? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43srel/eli5_why_would_they_have_advertising_before_a/ | {
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"Because it's a different advertiser. The movie company posts the trailer. The \"pre-ad\" is paid for by the advertiser because they know millions of people are going to be watching the trailer. ",
"Trailers may be ads in every other respect, but they're not ads in YouTube's eyes because they generate no money for YouTube."
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16fes9 | when i start task manager, and i have 1 window with 4 tabs going on google chrome, why do i have 33 chrome.exe under "processes"? | My computer was running pretty hard, so I pulled up Task Manager. When I went to check processes, there were 33!! chrome.exe... I don't understand why so many would be running... Thanks | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16fes9/eli5_when_i_start_task_manager_and_i_have_1/ | {
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"text": [
"Chrome spawns an individual process for the components that you are running in the browser. This includes tabs, extensions and then browser itself. It sandboxes each of these components in its own process for security and performance reasons.",
"Chrome segments more than just tabs into separate processes. Each plugin (flash, java, pdf viewer, etc.) all run in their own chrome.exe process. Each tab also runs in it's own chrome.exe process, each extension (AdBlock, RES, etc.) run in their own chrome.exe, and then there's one parent chrome.exe which manages all the tabs and the windows.\n\nThis approach allows chrome to scale better on larger systems, and allows them to increase security and limit damage when a security vulnerability is exploited.\n\nThis approach does cause chrome to use a bit more memory than a single monolithic process, but not as much as Task Manager will seem to say. Much of the memory used by the chrome.exe processes is *shared*, which means that even though the memory is reported for each chrome.exe process, it only takes up space once, and all the other chrome.exe processes share that memory space. You can view memory/process details by typing \"chrome://memory\" into the address bar."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
21egtp | are regular brazilian people known by nicknames like their sports stars are? where do these names come from and why are they so popular in brazil? | Some of the famous Brazilian soccer players over the past few years have had nicknames such as Ronaldinho, Cafu, Kaka, Hulk etc. I wanted to know if these men hadn't made it as soccer players would they still be referred to by these names? Are these nicknames used solely for sports star or could you walk down the road and bump into an ordinary Joe Soap who is affectionately called Dunga though his name is Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri (another example of a soccer player)? Where do these nicknames come from? Are they there from birth or do they only develop as people get older? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21egtp/eli5_are_regular_brazilian_people_known_by/ | {
"a_id": [
"cgc9ktw"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"I can't answer your main question, but Ronaldinho just means \"little Ronaldo\". Because there was already THE famous Ronaldo back in the day."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
1nl0m2 | why does my mouth tingle before the first bite of a meal? | I really hope I am not the only one, but my mouth literally lights up with excitement before I take my first bite of a meal. Why is this? Is it normal? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nl0m2/eli5_why_does_my_mouth_tingle_before_the_first/ | {
"a_id": [
"ccjl35e",
"ccjlqqa"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text": [
"More than likely it is your saliva glands kicking in.",
"I think I have the same thing and always wondered about this. Is it an (almost) painful electric feeling that runs through the jaw muscle then through the mouth? I only get it a few times a week (I think if I haven't talked/eaten in a while?). Either that or I now sound very odd."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
6ntn59 | how does streaming work that allows millions of discrete viewers to stream a popular show? | For instance, when Game of Thrones season 7 premier debuted on HBO GO/Now, how do the servers handle the flux of viewers? Do the servers need to supply a copy of the file to each viewer?
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ntn59/eli5_how_does_streaming_work_that_allows_millions/ | {
"a_id": [
"dkc59fq",
"dkcol0i"
],
"score": [
9,
2
],
"text": [
"It is possible to stream to multiple devices via [IP multicast](_URL_0_) - the network then copies at each step. However, due to compatibility, billing and security reasons, IP multicast is not available on the general Internet.\n\nAnother alternative is using a peer-to-peer network, with the central servers being part of the network and/or allowing conventional downloads on top of it. For instance, Windows update uses this, but also illegal torrents, like those listed by The Pirate Bay. Since mobile apps or web browsers run only while the user is watching the video and many users have restricted or metered upstream capacity, it is not as feasible for HBO.\n\nSo what HBO or their technical provider does is indeed simply have a lot of servers. Each server stores a copy of the most-requested videos - that's called *caching*.\n\nFor every device, the server sets up an encrypted connection, encrypts/obfuscates the video so that it's harder to extract as a file (this is called Digital Rights Management, DRM) and sends it to the clients. Compared to other tasks like video recoding, database aggregation, or searches, this is quite easy work for a computer. A 10GBit/s server can serve 2000 users at once, while being about as powerful as a good gaming PC, although of course with a different focus - these servers will have lots of RAM and use graphic cards only for encryption, if at all.\n\nHBO does not need to buy thousands at servers just for the premiere; they can adapt to the demand by renting servers for a couple of hours, using services like [Amazon EC2](_URL_1_).",
"The easiest way to think of it:\n\nStreaming is like telling a story. Someone has to tell you the story. Someone, anyone. \n\nBecause of how the internet works it must be a one-on-one thing. Alternatively you can have a thousand people write down words of that story, and their position, and then you reconstruct that story and read it yourself.\n\nPeer-to-peer(P2P) is either one \"peer\" or a user like yourself sending you the story, or a bunch of \"peers\" sending you a few words and their position.\n\nClient-server is the server talking to you.\n\nBecause HBO does not like P2P, and other technical reasons, they have to have a story teller for each person who wants to watch the movie. Too many, and too fast, and they run out of story tellers. And then it is details about what happens when they run out, do servers crash? Do things just go slow? It all depends on their methodology. They can't just \"put it in a simple location for everyone to grab\" because they want to control who gets to see it, like if they paid, etc."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_multicast",
"https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/"
],
[]
] | |
60gqyw | network performance monitoring | What aspects of networking are monitored and why? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60gqyw/eli5network_performance_monitoring/ | {
"a_id": [
"df68v2k"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"ISP field technician here.\n This question depends on what part of the network you want to look at. For my work I deal with the \"outside\" portion, that is, the network as it connects you to the Internet. \nThe performance aspects I look at are very global. For example I monitor the overall synch speed, what frequency ranges are in use, the bandwidth capacity and whether any type of traffic error is being generated, etc. \nMost of these are the same aspects that an in home performance monitor would also measure; but, an in home monitor can also be more device specific in terms of speed checks and error reports. Long and short of it is did the packet of data make it there and was it right the first time!"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
e8dasc | from where the mass of light photons come from? light source,like a bulb filament or something else? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e8dasc/eli5_from_where_the_mass_of_light_photons_come/ | {
"a_id": [
"faaw2nj",
"faawdsu"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Photons dont have mass. They're pure energy. The filament undergoes a reaction in which the mass of it just changes forms and energy is released as visible light in the process.",
"There is no mass in a photon. They have energy and momentum, and also the confusingly named [relativistic mass](_URL_0_ ), but no mass in the general \"rest mass\" sense."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://www.desy.de/user/projects/Physics/Relativity/SR/mass.html"
]
] | ||
1wuqmc | why the military is investing so much in railguns | There are plenty of posts on how railguns work, but I am more curious why railguns are worth investing hundreds of millions of dollars in.
In other words, what makes a railgun so much more valuable than other types of military weapons? Sources for further reading would be awesome! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wuqmc/eli5_why_the_military_is_investing_so_much_in/ | {
"a_id": [
"cf5jtw2",
"cf5k56l",
"cf5lmnf"
],
"score": [
2,
15,
3
],
"text": [
"They can accelerate a projectile to much greater velocities than normal guns. More velocity = more range and more damage. ",
"I can't answer specifically why the Military is investing in railguns, but there are some advantages- \ncapability of substantially higher velocities, which could allow more range, stability, energy transfer, accuracy. \nBetter logistics- for personal weaponry, an advantage may be gained by not having to tote propellant for every individual round- the electromagnets in the rail gun are the propellant and are re-usable. For artillery, some propellant is separated from the warhead (bullet). A railgun replacing artillery would be able to control range, height and speed by changing barrel angle and propulsive power- no need to combine powder bags or even carry them with you. Logistics could also be further eased by consolidating power sources for rail guns- One power source and one rail gun capable of launching anything from 5\" rounds to large nuclear warheads. \nQuieter weapons- a rail gun launching a subsonic round could be virtually silent, with no need for replacable silencers. A super-sonic round would not be silent, but it typically hits the target before it is heard anyways- the problem would be the sonic boom (usually a crack! sound) could give away the shot and or the shooter's location. A rail gun could conceivably be sub-sonic for some shots and super-sonic for others, offering situational flexibility. \nRail guns could be used somewhat safely in explosive atmospheres. Some care would need to be taken, but a gunpowder weapon would certainly be a liability in an explosive atmosphere. \nThese are just some of the advantages off the top of my head. There are many disadvantages, chief (AFAIK) being portability (they tend to be large and heavy) and power source. \nOther weapons might provide the advantages desired, maybe particle beam weapons or frikken' lasers.",
"The technology is applicable to other equipment the military uses such as replacing the steam catapult used to assist launching aircraft off of naval carriers. The power source in railguns is generally a bank of high voltage capacitors. Compared to a steam catapult they take up much smaller space. Also, they have fewer mechanical parts to deal with than the steam catapults. You basically have a box with a paper or polymer substrate that does not need maintenance except for the electrical connections that may flex with each shot.\nAn earlier poster mention range, which is also very true. Railguns have the potential to launch projectiles out of the Earth's atmosphere. I hope this helps."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | |
6s5hpc | why do young children/toddlers love sesame street and other kids shows so much? | Is there some innate or inherent reason children are so drawn to shows like Sesame Street? Was watching my 1 year old nieces yesterday and they seemed to be absolutely captivated by it. Looked like they could watch it for hours! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6s5hpc/eli5_why_do_young_childrentoddlers_love_sesame/ | {
"a_id": [
"dlaohms"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Not a doctor, psychologist or anything, but I do have 2 kids (3 years and younger). What I've come to figure out are quite a few things:\n\n* Children love colors. I would assume this kind of sets something off in their brain, especially when very, very young (infants can't really see colors, they gain that over time, so that would definitely keep their attention). \n\n* Look at the faces in animated shows, or on shows like Sesame Street that aren't animated but have puppets, costumes, etc. They make those faces inviting for anyone, but especially children. They have big eyes, usually very defined, but simple facial structures.\n\n* The plots are extremely simple. Kids have NO idea what's going on when you're watching NCIS, Game of Thrones, the news. There's nothing interesting for them. Kids care about games, singing, running, playing, counting, ABC's, all kinds of simple stuff. These shows focus on subjects like that. If you make something extremely complicated for a show, kids will walk away in a minute or two, if they can't follow along with what's going on (usually).\n\n* A lot of the shows are interactive (clap for this, say this with me!). It's a lot like when you're playing with children, you tell them to catch a ball, and they're like \"heck yeah let's go!!!!!!\" kids love that stuff, they love stimulation.\n\nTL;DR: kids love colors and mental/physical stimulation, that's how they learn and play.\nThat's my take any way."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
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