q_id stringlengths 5 6 | title stringlengths 3 296 | selftext stringlengths 0 34k | document stringclasses 1
value | subreddit stringclasses 1
value | url stringlengths 4 110 | answers dict | title_urls list | selftext_urls list | answers_urls list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
631jkp | ; why does playing video games make me feel psychically better? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/631jkp/eli5_why_does_playing_video_games_make_me_feel/ | {
"a_id": [
"dfql3zb"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"If unwell-ness or pain is the only signal your brain is receiving, you will end up focusing on it. Gaming or any other mood-lifting activity provides a distraction for your mind so you don't focus so much on the pain. It's similar to types of painkiller that reduce the sensations of pain. You don't notice the pain as your body naturally recovers.\n\nIn more intense games, your body can get into a fight-or-flight mode where it ignores immediate pain to help you survive (virtually). This is a short term effect and not recommended too often if you are sick as it weakens your body and immune system to be constantly stressed.\n\nThe \"painkilling\" or \"mood-lifting\" effect of gaming is also how people can get video game addictions. If games (like food, drugs, alcohol, etc.) can block out physical or emotional pain, people can become addicted and spend excessive amounts of time chasing their temporary happiness."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
1yrf15 | what do blood thinners actually do? | I use medication such as ibuprofen but I don't actually know what it does to my body. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yrf15/what_do_blood_thinners_actually_do/ | {
"a_id": [
"cfn332f",
"cfn3iyi",
"cfn46mr"
],
"score": [
4,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It prevents clotting or lessens the ability to clot. It doesn't actually thin your blood, your blood is just as thick as usual, you just don't clot as easily. \n\nI'm currently on Warfarin due to a pulmonary embolism. ",
"Most stop clotting by preventing the platelets in the blood from sticking together. This means you are less likely to get a blood clot in the brain, lung or heart, all of which can kill you. The problem is that if you get cut you will bleed for longer.\n\nA few will actually break apart existing clots, but those are generally only used in emergencies.",
"Ibuprofen is an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory pain reliever that has mild use as a blood thinner. It works to prevent thrombin from forming, which is a pivotal component in clotting. It also acts as a vasodilator, causing blood vessels to expand and allow more blood flow. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | |
6t0ls3 | how did it become common place for humans to call their parents "mom" and "dad" as opposed to their actual name? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6t0ls3/eli5_how_did_it_become_common_place_for_humans_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"dlgy7a5",
"dlgyd04",
"dlh4abp",
"dlh4mtq",
"dlh4yfn",
"dlh5cqu",
"dlh5pkn",
"dlh6hsb",
"dlh78u5",
"dlh8200",
"dlh8xpg",
"dlh9260",
"dlh9cbn",
"dlh9y67",
"dlh9yee",
"dlhdq17",
"dlhhk24",
"dlhhkz3",
"dlhj5j5",
"dlhk73e",
"dlhl5ag",
"dlhm6rk",
"dlhmcer",
"dlhneyk",
"dlhoqtv",
"dlhtm3w",
"dlhujk4",
"dlhwurv",
"dlhym5y",
"dli0594"
],
"score": [
253,
11722,
5,
3,
1364,
2,
11,
72,
10,
61,
5,
5,
6,
3,
13,
2,
11,
2,
2,
12,
3,
2,
3,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Ma, pa, and da are the first sounds that babies tend to make. Most languages have some variation of these syllables for their parents. ",
"My linguistics Professor told us that even in completely unrelated languages, their early words to address the parents tend to gravitate towards a certain type of sound. Her explanation was that the lip muscles are one of the earliest muscles the child learns to use, because sucking is important for survival, so bilabial open syllables (open syllable are simple consonant+vowel combination) like \"ma\" \"ba\" or \"pa\" are the easist for a child to learn.\n\n\"mom\" and \"dad\" would then be the slightly more grown up version of \"mama\" and \"dada\". (da is a bit of an odd one out because it's not bilabial, but still relatively easy to learn compared to complex words)\n\nEven in languages in which parents are traditionally addressed more formally, they usually start out with easier \"baby\" words, and adopt the more formal terms later when the child can speak properly. But in many cases, some variation of the babyterms just stick.\n\nIn short: a baby physically wouldn't be able to address his father as \"Alexander Leopold von Großauchenbach\", so they just call him \"dada\" instead.",
"As others have said, the sound \"ma\" or \"mamamama\" is related to the baby's need to feed and therefore the mother's breasts. This is also where the root for mammals and mammaries comes from... it's all related as far as I understand it. Makes sense that the baby saying \"feed me\" ie \"mamama\" becomes the word for mother.\n\nThe real question is where does \"DAD\" come from! lol",
"They are titles used for respect. Brother and sister are not used in the same way as they are one's peers. The respect thing also includes Aunt and Uncle, but not cousin, again, because cousins are one's peers.",
"We all know how addressing people works differently in different dialects of English. (mom, mum, ma, mother to name a few)\nmost of these forms are based on language acquisition. Children go through different phases where they start using open syllables (think mah , moo, da) then later they start using repetition (mama, dada, moomoo). Nasal M is \"easier\" to learn (one of the first sounds to make) because it's a constant flow of air through the vocal cords (voiced) then out the nose. Pronouncing the p or d (which are considered plosives) requires better coordination of muscle groups since the airflow has to actually be stopped for their realization.\n\nm is easier to learn than p.\n\naddressing people, especially specifically defined people groups such as: coworkers, bosses, servants, family members, clerics etc. is incredibly complex and a fascinating part of linguistics.\nThere are other languages where it's commonplace to refer to parents by their first name, or as already mentioned in other comments: japanese people refer to their siblings when it comes to a direct address with the japanese word for \"sister\".\n\nother languages are way more interesting than English when it comes to the direct address of people, or family members.\nthis ain't no ELI5, but for anyone interested in that topic i suggest starting to read about the concept of politeness and language, esp. Brown & Levinson \"Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage\"\n\nthe basic breakdown of how you address someone is very complex.\nBrown and Levinson postulate that humans have two distinct \"faces\". A positive face and a negative face. The positive face is something like: I want to feel great and mighty and powerful. The negative face is I want to keep the stuff I have and not have anyone threaten me or my position.\nPositive face politeness is saying how great the other person is.\nNegative face politeness is saying how little of a person oneself is to make the other person appear bigger/greater than oneself in comparison.\n\n\nHow does that work in real life tho?\nWell if you look at french for example, they have the \"tu\" and \"vous\" for the english \"you\" singular and plural respectively. This so called T-V-Distinction can be found in other romance languages like spanish for example. If you used \"tu\" with some total stranger or a police officer or a person that is usually respected, that's considered rather impolite and offensive. You're (according to Brown & Levinson) \"threatening\" their positive face by not adhering to societal standards in paying respect to their position in society.\n\n\nEnglish only has the \"you\", but think about old english \"thou\". You've seen it in bible texts and in religious contexts mostly. \nOnly a few centuries ago the thou got replaced by you. The politeness towards people like parents and immediate family members, which used to be addressed with a \"thou\" (informal, less social distance) got reinterpreted and children started to \"you\"(more formal, more social distance, but also respect) the parents to show more politeness and practiced the positive face politeness. This was in no way the children's choice obviously.\n\nFunnily enough we find examples of people wanting to use a different way of expressing the lacking concept of plurality when it comes to the word \"you\" in English. The lack of distinction gives rise to words such as \"y'all\" or \"yous\".\n\n\nI could go on and on. Such a fascinating part of language < 3\nfeel free to ask more\n\n**EDIT:** \"thou\" is informal and more direct, which was a deliberate choice for the church at the time. 'God and his representations (priests, clerics, bible etc.) are so close and involved in society'. It was a kind of marketing scheme in that way.\n",
"Short for mama or dada because those are the easiest different sounds for a baby to make with their mouth.",
"It has to do with linguistics and dates back to the origin of language. Mama and papa are two of the simplest sounds that humans can utter and and that's why it's almost always a baby's first words. They can make the sounds just by pushing air out their mouth and opening/closing their lips. That's why you see such similar words for mom/dad in other languages (especially ones that originated from Proto-Indo European regions). \nWhen humans first developed the capability to speak, it's postulated that names of objects were assigned based on natural phenomenon i.e. to reference a dog you would make a barking noise, to reference the wind you would make a whistle, and to reference one's mother and father you would use the name that babies intrinsically address them as using their relatively incoherent babbling-mama and papa.\nHope this helped!",
"My Sociology of Cognition professor gave some lectures on totemism and how people across cultures dedicate special titles as a collective to people they look up to, whether it's a community leader of some sort or a person within the family depending on the pecking order. \n\nMom is mom, Uncle Joe isn't just Joe but mixing uncle and Joe is ok because not as high up on the respect order as the parent. Kids raised by grandparents might call the grandmother mama since they play that roll. \n\nAll societies have pecking orders and status symbols, etc. It helps us cognitively sort the world around us. Where this originated I'm not sure, but the idea he was relaying is that we all, as collectives in society and as individuals, need to make sense of the social order around us by sorting people with signs of status and respect. \n\nWe say \"hey doc\" to doctors but we don't call them by first name, generally. \n\nWe say \"professor\" rather than just their name, maybe \"professor (last name)\". Some adjuncts are ok with \"professor (first name)\" but my Sociology of Knowledge professor earned her PhD mid-semester and people started calling her \"professor (last name)\". \n\nThere's no society out there without these designations of status, and it makes sense. Obviously mom has a higher status in one's life than the mailman, no offense to the mailman. \n\nI don't know of any society where it's acceptable or normal across the board to call mom and dad by their first names only, but I might be wrong. Social sciences are fuzzy and my area of focus is more on current dynamics because I'm also studying public policy and political science but that's what I've gathered so far. \n\nHope this sorta maybe answers the question along with the other gems in this thread. There's no one exact answer I think, because even cognitive sociology is theoretical rather than full blown empirical, compared to say, chemistry and whatnot. ",
"The reason parents sometimes call their kids \"son\" or \"daughter\" is because we get the names mixed up.\n\n > Come here, Robert, Benson, James, Maximus, whoever, you, get over here!\n\nWe've all done that, right? I remember I was trying to call the name of a kid who was working for me once at a BSA camp and I cycled through the names of the seven other staff members in my area (who were all kids) before hitting his name. It's incredibly useful to just have one word that can refer to all of your kids, or maybe all the kids of one gender or whatever.\n\nAnd so we return the favor by calling our parents by the loving epithet of mom or dad or papa or whatever. And so the cycle continues, generation after generation.",
"People are addressing a question of ontogenetics, i.e. why it's easier for individuals to say \"mom\" and \"dad\" earlier than arbitrary names. But OP's question is actually a different question: (s)he's wondering why this became cemented even later in life. In other words, OP is asking a question about why we stick with those words *instead of* actual names.\n\nI'd actually like to question an assumption in OP's question, which is that \"actual names\" for individual persons (that they kept throughout their life) predated words for \"mom\" and \"dad\". It's much more likely that humans had \"words\" (or conventionalized noises) for referring to or getting the attention of their caregivers long before we had conventionalized names.",
"First sounds children can make.\n\nAhhhhh.\n\nClose mouth and hum.\nMmmmmm.\n\nClose mouth, then open.\nMaaaaa.\nMa. Ma ma.\n\nCommon in many languages including Sino-Tibetan family.",
"I think it goes way, way back before written history. What many do not know or maybe realize is that people lived in groups, without individual dwellings. They knew whether knowingly or unknowingly that sex lead to children and that certain traits were passed from 'father' to 'son' even if that was a 'spiritual' trait. Women used to have sex with the hunters, and the best hunter was usually the busiest man, and he also was usually the guy who didn't live the longest. Because of this trend, women who got pregnant would pick from a group of men to be their 'partner', those who either didn't hunt or weren't that great at it, but they were good at other things. This was also good for the group, as it promoted less aggression from the males and it gave the women help in taking care of the young children. And there were a lot of young children, as many did not make it to adulthood. This became the family unit. \nI would imagine that ma and da were a way for the child to identify their parents, and validate it as a family group. It would probably also be easier to say, depending on whether or not they had given each other names at that point. \nThis would seem to be the logical choice of defining family, as children would take care of parents, when the parents could no longer provide. And, when moving as a family, you couldn't accidentally take another person's child, as the child would know who their ma and da was very early on. And you could easily ask even a very young lost child who their ma or da was and they could point them out.\nI think it was such an easy and logical way to define family that it was passed on through generations and cultures, until today. And, even today we tend to define the roles even further by birth parent and parent.",
"The sound \\ma/ is the easiest sound for human beings to make, and occurs I every recognized language on the planet. Being that early humans spent the majority of their time with female caretakers, the sound\\ma/ was quickly associated with these females. The second simplest sound in language is \\pa/. Linguistics is very interesting if questions like these are on your mind.",
"Just food for thoughts~\n\nMom and dad is basically a title just like Commissar, Vice president, Chief, etc. Its used to define your relationship to one another on a social level and to place yourselves as pieces on the social board game.\n\nBy determining who is mom and dad (even if not biologically being mom and dad) you determine your relationship to one another socially and emotionally, and as such it serves to create a bond between you. ",
"I was actually looking into this just yesterday! The answer is that what you call your parents, siblings, and what we consider extended family differs incredibly from culture to culture.\n\nThere's a whole segment of anthropology devoted to Kinship systems. Concepts such as descent lines, lineage, consanguinity (people you're blood related to), affinity (people who marry into family), and kinship that is tied to neither blood or affinity are different across many cultures.\n\nMost kinship systems have words/ titles for parents, but they vary greatly. In some kinship systems, you call your father dad, but also all his brothers are also dad (same with mother and her sisters). In some cultures, every person of a certain generation in your family is dad. In some, your father's brother's son is your brother, but your father's sister's son is your uncle. In some aboriginal tribes, the words cycle through generations, so your great-grandmother is called your daughter.\n\nThe titles can be honorific, but mostly are used as a label to show your place and role in a society/family. In western society, Dad and Mom take care of Son and Daughter. The relationship between Dad and Son is different than the one between Uncle and Nephew, and Grandfather and Grandson, but those rules aren't ubiquitous across all cultures. In more stratified societies, even more divisions exist to qualify your relationships and place in the family. For example, in Sudanese culture there are 8 different words for cousin based on their relation to you in the family. If I understand it correctly, in some aboriginal tribes everyone is considered family and there are strict rules about which moms can marry which dads, and if you interact with a certain tribe a lot they might assign you a mom or dad type (skin names) depending on if they see you as part of their society.\n\nTo answer the original question, we call them different names to signify their place in the family unit, but what family units look like vary incredibly across all cultures. How the culture evolves and understands the family dictates the actual words used and what they mean. Finally, in Western Culture we continue to use these titles in place of names as a sign of respect, but that isn't a given across all cultures.\n",
"Aside from all the linguistics stuff, we call people by their relationship to us all the time.\n\nI frequently won't call my friend by his name, but call him \"Bud\", \"man\", or even \"friend\" albeit the last a bit tongue in cheek.\n\nWe do it with grandparents too, right, and there shouldn't be a compelling linguistic reason for that.",
"Apologizes for this being long. \n\nThe new born’s brain is basically a blank slate, like a brand new CPU without any software, so they have to learn how to verbally identify who and what is Mom or Dad before they can use the vocal cords to say words correctly (it’s not just mimicking words: the infant has to learn to identify what words means and what reactions they get from parents when learning to speak in order to know if they’ve identified the right word for the right person.) \n\nThey also have to practice and learn how to control their body while trying to use the muscles for verbalizing words with brand new vocal muscles beyond just basic crying and cooing to gets parents attention. Look at it this way: Just as infants practice walking by hanging onto objects and cruising along the edge of furniture while standing, they do this by learning how to balance their bodies on their own two feet before trying to take steps on their own; Infants also practice using their voices to make words in the same way. Babies “talk” to us all the time (only we don’t recognize the efforts until the words are very clear,) The infant makes words and as parents we eventually react to the word.\n\nI laughed a bit at other kids when voices were cracking as they grew up.\n\n How many times have you seen a video of a baby trying to talk that mom or Dad recorded, but the sounds re highly indistinct… but both parent swear is very clear? While the Mom speaks she may use the chosen word for Dad and the more times the Mom spends during her time talking about Dad, the sooner she is going to recognize when the infant is actually saying the chosen word for dad correctly... The more often the infant is acknowledged by attempts to make the correct word the sooner the infant actually uses this word loud and proudly. \n\nIt was a shock for me when I distinctly heard my child correctly say “momma ” and it was imprinted on me for life! Even though I could hear my child using the word for me in his babble while crying and I knew when he was just practicing making sounds. It takes a lot of effort to make word sounds with their inexperienced newborn vocal muscles (even though the infant has heard the language often enough while still in uterus to know it’s own parents language and can differentiate it’s parents dialect shortly after birth \n \n The part of the brain responsible for coordinating the two halves of the brain is the corpus collosum. The ability to use right brain (creativity and imagination) and left brain (logic) simultaneously may well have been what made Einstein a genius. Each child is basically a genius in the respect of learning how to speak compared to lower mammals … learning to speak requires the active integration of both sides of the human brain be focused to make a sound as speech and memorize word meanings. \n\nThe corpus callosum contains highly packed bundles of neural fibers which are found in humans and other high order mammals (apes) and allows the two hemispheres to talk to one another. The infant has these bundles of nerve tissue in place by 34 weeks of gestation and it is interacting and both sides are coordinating activity while the infant is still in the womb. It is thought that dreaming and use of memory is what is required to trigger conscious awareness to control language in the infant, yet the infant has been practicing verbal sounds since birth - usually while also practicing body control (turning he head, moving hands, etc.) I swore I could hear my unborn infants trying to talk to me while I rested in bed in the evenings and it was quiet, but I learned later that scientist did “video recorded ultrasounds of fetuses during the third trimester, where they startled the baby with a low-decibel noise against the mother's abdomen and caused the fetuses to display traditional crying behavior, such as opening their mouths, depressing their tongues, and gasping irregularly.\n\nSo yes, infants do practice speech and crying while in the womb and that was probably what I heard. \n \nThe verbal control and constant verbal practice from babies (which we as adults tend to ignore) is called babble. My sons spent their ‘free time” babbling constantly, as well as constantly listening. My sons both said “daddy” months before they ever said “mommy.” and this was because I was at home speaking to them more often than their father had time to. \nBut from the adults as the infant continues to practice word sounds more frequently some adults get annoyed and we find we are now telling the infant to “shut up.” \n\nHumans are the only species who tend to juvenalize our pets as well as our own children for as long as possible. My sons are my sons their entire lives. My two dogs are trained to respond to me as \"Mom\" and at times i swear I can hear them saying \"mom\" to me. (my sons don't hear it, but i do!) My dogs remain juveniles as long as they remain my pets - they get babied and treated as young babies, though both are seniors now they are my babies. And we humans demand our children respect us by calling us Mom or Dad when speaking to us (I would have been backhanded as a child if I ever tried to call my parents by their real names - though I fully knew their names by the time I was at least 3 years old.) The use of name substitutions is part of human culture. I identified my aunts and uncles by using the words as part of their titles \"Aunt Suzy and Uncle John.\" I had to learn to introduce my parents to others by their title as well 'These are my parent, my Mom \"Mrs. Joan Survivor\" and my Dad MR. Victor Survivor.\" Don't forget, since we keep our children juveniles all their lives, we insist of being called by our genetic titles all of their lives as well (representing my love for my parents - nobody else in this entire world ismy Mom or my Dad. I'm not a Catholic so would never call a priest as 'father.' Hell, I even Capitalicize the words in writing to honor my parents because I'm so socially indoctrinated.\n \n",
"Dada amd mama are easier to say for babies. Tje words ma and da/ pa has remained fairly unchanged since the pre-historical PIE language (the common link between hindi and the european (latin etc) languaged",
"My first word was light and my brother's was water (both in spanish, luz and agua, much easier to pronounce I guess), it was like we were listing the bills that mom and dad had to pay.",
"When I was a wee lad, I thought your name would automatically change into mom/dad once you got children. Also, a baby would come out through a bellybutton. It was a simpler time. ",
"The question has a problem. It assumes that there was a time were we would call our parents by their names. Both names, and the way we call our parents, go back a long long time. AFAIK there isn't a clear way of knowing if one came first or not.\n\nIt makes sense that we wouldn't need names for our immediate family. When I talk about my mom or my dad I am talking about a specific person. When I talk about my uncle, or my niece, it's harder to map who I am talking about specifically.\n\nStill when we are born we only care about our parents, and so only need to name them, not by their real name, but something easier. Babies are really bad at speaking, they're just learning, and so can only form very simple sounds. The first sounds they make are things like \"gah\" or \"ba\" or \"da\" or \"o\" or \"meh\" etc. Parents want their kids to quickly learn to call for them, so they give themselves simple names that can easily be formed by the simple sounds, but won't be accidental: \"dada\", \"mama\", \"patah\", \"nana\", \"babo\", \"naan\", \"tatah\", etc. This are different ways of saying mom or dad in different languages. As we grow we still call our parents the same way, why would it change? Most people only deal with one mom and dad during their childhood. So we just keep calling them like that.",
"It's all about syllables. When you're a baby and old enough to say something, you tend to close your lips and open them suddenly while trying to emit sound without making any weird movements with your tongue.( try it) The easiest expressions come out as m-m-m-a-a or p-p-p-a-a as all you have to do is to close your lips and open them thud. So likewise, children learn their first words as ma and pa which later on turn into mama and papa or dada.",
"when we're children, we make noises. adults have perceived those sounds as \"pa\" for dads, \"ma\" for moms, and \"ba\" for food/bottles - which has to do with the psychology of humans and how i ears perceive. \n\nso, partly, babies name their parents \"ma\" or \"pa\" and partly, adults feel rewarded by the sounds babies naturally make. ",
"The non English major answer is out of respect because it sounds wrong to call your parents by their first name",
"My neighbors had two children about two years apart from each other. When they thought they were doing well with teaching the oldest how to speak, it reverted back to babbling with their younger child and the two created their own language.",
"Our kids call us by our first names and my husband has always called his dad by his first name. I'm less concerned about what they call me than making sure they don't turn out to be serial killers, lol. ",
"I've spent way too much time staring at databases today, so my first thought was \"it'd be way easier to have linked tables named 'mom' and 'dad' or 'parent 1' and 'parent 2', than create a new table for their individual names.",
"I was first born and for many years I called my parents by their first names. I think it was because I only ever heard them referred to by their names from friends and family.",
"My daughters' first word was 'Grandad'. Very clearly and slowly, like she had been practicing while we were asleep! Needless to say my Dad was pretty impressed. ",
"Sharing with my seven-year-old because she has been calling me by my first name for about four years now. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
178jmx | why everything else on a computer will freeze and become unresponsive, but you can still move the mouse around. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/178jmx/eli5_why_everything_else_on_a_computer_will/ | {
"a_id": [
"c839ksf",
"c83bdce"
],
"score": [
81,
21
],
"text": [
"Typically when a computer 'freezes' it is due to a specific application misbehaving or running some form of short term resources intensive task and taking up all of the resources that are available for other non-essential applications.\n\nIf you think of it like a city, there are priorities on a computer when it comes to resources. in a city things like Schools, Public Safety, and Government are the essential programs that are required to keep the city running. A computer has essential programs too, like input/output, which includes your mouse, keyboard and display.\n\nTo continue the analogy, in a city when resources become scarce, as in times of a bad economy or some form of disaster, the essential programs continue when things like State Parks, Historic Building Renovation and Social programs \"freeze up\". \n\nIt is the same with a computer when an application is using up more resources than the computer has available, all of the necessary things for the computer to operate have resources reserved for them to keep functioning, but the other, non-essential applications all fight for resources.\n\nMany times, if you know how to shut off the application that is hogging the resources, or it completes what ever resource intensive task it was doing, the rest of the non-essential applications will begin to have enough resources to behave normally again.",
"Mouse movement is handled by a hardware interrupt. Which means when you move your mouse, it interrupts whatever else your computer is doing. There are many kinds of interrupt, but hardware interrupts are something the computer MUST deal with IMMEDIATELY, because most hardware (such as your mouse) usually can't hold on to the information it needs to provide for very long. So when a hardware interrupt happens, the very lowest level of your computer stops whatever else it was doing and deals with that right away. Something has to have gone wrong at the very lowest levels if your computer can't even answer a hardware interrupt.\n\nIt's kind of like if the red phone in the president's office (the one that rings when super important news arrives, such as \"The commies are nuking us\") rings. You answer that phone right now. Also imagine the person on the other end of the line has Alzheimer's (a disease that makes it so you can often only remember things for a few seconds at a time). Now it's extra urgent that you answer the phone as soon as possible so he doesn't forget what he had to say."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
dud6xd | why do men start to grow dark hairs on their ears as they approach middle age? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dud6xd/eli5_why_do_men_start_to_grow_dark_hairs_on_their/ | {
"a_id": [
"f74io2g",
"f762y55"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"I’ve read before the body continues to stimulate hair growth over a lifetime, whether you have the same number of hair follicles or not. When the hair follicles on your head start to die (thinning hair / balding) the hair grows somewhere else. Weird places somewhere else.",
"You always have hair in your ears/nose but they are tiny and barely noticeable. As guys get older they get more sensitive to testosterone so those hairs get thicker and darker."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
7qaud2 | why is the black stuff on charred food considered a carcinogen? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7qaud2/eli5_why_is_the_black_stuff_on_charred_food/ | {
"a_id": [
"dsnqb4w"
],
"score": [
19
],
"text": [
"Cooking meat at high temperatures causes some of the amino acids that make up the muscle tissue to chemically react to form two classes of carcinogenic compounds: [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons](_URL_2_) and [heterocyclic amines](_URL_0_). How exactly these types of compounds cause or promote cancer is incredibly complex and not even well understood in latest state-of-the-art research, definitely beyond the scope of an ELI5. But meat that has been charred has reached a high enough temperature for this reaction to occur. \n\nSee for more info:\n\n_URL_1_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine",
"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/cooked-meats-fact-sheet",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon"
]
] | ||
7h5q8u | why can't you see out windows at night when the light is on, but can when it's off? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7h5q8u/eli5_why_cant_you_see_out_windows_at_night_when/ | {
"a_id": [
"dqob6xg"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's kind of like the sun and the stars. In the daytime, the Sun is so bright that we can't see the stars, though they are there.\n\nIt's similar to a bright light in your house at night. Since you're so much closer to the glare of the lightbulb, you're not able to notice the much dimmer light outside."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
3r5tbq | how does striped toothpaste keep its shape within the bottle? | I just brushed my teeth and it came to my head after 16 years life.
*edit*: - Wow I just woke up. Looks like it blew up over night! My first big post is about toothpaste... | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3r5tbq/eli5_how_does_striped_toothpaste_keep_its_shape/ | {
"a_id": [
"cwl9fku",
"cwl9mfn",
"cwl9mrn",
"cwl9p7f",
"cwla6oc",
"cwla77e",
"cwlau2b",
"cwlaxsk",
"cwlb7mw",
"cwljsit",
"cwlka1k",
"cwllp83",
"cwlmz67"
],
"score": [
91,
5,
59,
2448,
71,
424,
26,
5,
9,
3,
2,
2,
7
],
"text": [
"There's an extension of the nozzle inside the bottle that mixes the colors with the toothpaste as it's squeezed out. [Here's a diagram.](_URL_0_)\n\nEDIT Since the link isn't working for some: [Imgur mirror of diagram](_URL_2_), [Imgur screenshot of diagram and explanation](_URL_1_)",
"TL:DR There isn't any air in the tube, and it quite thick, almost like solid. \nAlso all 3 stripes are the same viscosity so whilst they look like 3 different materials they behave like one. So there is really no space for cross contamination mixing. You can mix them up if you really work at the tube though. ",
"In some of the more simple designs of striped toothpaste the paste is basically laid out in the right colour scheme.\n\nFor some of the more complicated designs of toothpaste different colours of the paste are kept in separate compartments in the tube, and the nozzle of the tube has the holes of each compartment placed in a certain way to create the certain pattern of stripes.",
"TL;DR: Toothpaste flow is very smooth so it keeps the same profile as it flows.\n\nThis is actually kind of a tough question for ELI5, so bear with me.\n\nThere are two different types of flow: laminar and turbulent. For laminar, think slow and smooth. For turbulent, think, well, turbulent (turbulence on an airplane: being jostled around a bit as you are moving in one direction). \n\nThese flows are classified based on the physical properties of the fluid. Most often, the largest factor in whether or not a fluid's flow is laminar or turbulent is its viscosity. Viscosity is a fluid's resistance to flow. High viscosity fluids (molasses, toothpaste, etc.) are usually laminar and low viscosity fluids (water, soda) are turbulent.\n\nDuring manufacturing, the laminar flow of the toothpaste allows the stripes to stay separate from the rest of the toothpaste. As you squeeze the toothpaste from the bottle, it still moves in laminar flow, so the stripes still stay separate.\n\nHere's a neat video demonstrating [laminar flow.](_URL_0_)\n\n\nEdit: As /u/ChemistryofConfusion and /u/freeze-dried have pointed out, there is a little bit more to classifying flow than what I've stated. This explanation goes further than ELI5, so that's why I didn't include it here. And, of course, thanks for the gold!",
"Imagine taking two different colors of playdoh and putting the red color on one side and the blue on the other side. Because they are not a liquid but are malleable (squishy), they can go through the squisher but not mix together. It's the same for toothpaste. \n\nTL;DR - toothpaste is like playdoh",
"[This picture](_URL_0_) will help you see the truth",
"Saw this on an episode of How It's Made once. It's actually super simple. A plastic divider thing is inserted into the tube. Each compartment is then filled by the corresponding color of toothpaste, up to the half way point. Then the divider thing is pulled out, and that end of the tube sealed. Because of the toothpaste's sluggishness (viscosity), it won't move around within the tube like a bottle of water would. Tadaaaaa.",
"Follow up Question: Why does toothpaste have/need that stripe in the first place?",
"I went from never having thought about this before to being completely befuddled to getting a comprehensive answer in about 5 minutes. Awesome!",
"Used to work in toothpaste manufacturing... Simple answer is we put it in the tube that way. We use different nozzles depending on the stripe pattern, each nozzle is hooked up up to hoses connecting to the respective colored tanks. Running at a high speed these lines can fill over 350k tubes in 24 hrs",
"I'm also going to add that pastes and gels are both viscous fluids -- thus they don't mix readily inside the tube itself. It isn't until you slosh them both around on your teeth that they begin to mix together.",
"It's a paste, not a liquid and there is no (or very little ?) empty space in the bottle so there is no room to move enough for it to mix so it keeps the shape.",
"Top comment has the right answer, but leaves out an important element. \n\nWhy does the toothpaste sit on the brush at all, and not flow off like water?\n\nYou'd be tempted to say, \"well, it's just very viscous isn't it. It's thick so it's doesn't flow off the bristles very quickly.\"\n\nAnd that's actually not what's going on, because it's not flowing at all.\n\nInteresting fact about toothpaste is that it is not a Newtonian fluid, it's a Bingham plastic. A fluid deforms under any shearing stress, and so wouldn't hold it's shape once it's been squeezed out of the tube. Latex paint, and mayonnaise are also technically plastics. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://h2g2.com/approved_entry/A1047836",
"http://i.imgur.com/GSIhkFe.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/SC4GnYN.gif"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p08_KlTKP50"
],
[],
[
"https://qph.is.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-d79b0fe51437f5fb312320c3a98c9473?convert_to_webp=true"
],
[... | |
1xh17u | why does it seem black people are so much more athletic than white people? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xh17u/eli5_why_does_it_seem_black_people_are_so_much/ | {
"a_id": [
"cfb980d"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Genetically, black people tend to have more fast-twitch fibers than white people. Fast-twitch fibers are REALLY good at allowing your muscles to perform well at high impact explosive work - and is therefore perfect for activities such as sprinting which has obvious benefits in athletics, football, basketball, soccer, etc.\n\nHowever, the genetics is only a small part of the bigger story. You have to look far beyond genetics to see the whole picture. For example, black areas tend to be poorer than white areas (be it suburbs or entire countries) and as such black folk may see sport as the way out - its a way to a scholorship etc. As such, there is more likleyhood that a black child will dedicate himself wholy to a given sport than a white kid who may have more options open to him.\n\nObviously this is MASSIVLY generalised, and every case is different, but thats the general reason. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
2akhu4 | why do i randomly (though rarely) suddenly forget the names of people i've known for ages? | Every once in a while, I'll forget the name of someone I know pretty well, usually if I'm sitting alone and thinking about them to myself. Sometimes it happens in conversation, in much the same way that you can picture a celebrity's face but feel like their name is on the tip of your tongue... | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2akhu4/eli5_why_do_i_randomly_though_rarely_suddenly/ | {
"a_id": [
"ciw2gt9",
"ciw4tti",
"ciw6ikb"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"This happens to me all the time. But I'm tired all the time. I think that's a factor too. \n\nI like to think that my brain has a limited capacity and learning new things pushes out old things, albeit temporarily. \n\n \"like that time I learned wine tasting and forgot how to drive\" \n\n",
"That happens to me sometimes.\nTo avoid embarrassment I usually go up to my 13 yr old brother and suggest I'm gonna play a \"game\" with him where ask \"so what's the name of .......\" and he'll be so eager to win the game, so he answers me, then I walk away and he's left with a confused look on his face. ",
"I forget words for things pretty often. I think our natural brain language doesn't think in words and instead uses feelings and relationships to really understand things. Words are not really the important part of our understanding, so sometimes our brains let go of the words in favor of the deeper understanding. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | |
4vcbc5 | considering how powerful modern artillery and vehicles are, what is the role of infantry in today's conflicts? | Between long range missiles and cannons, tanks, jets, helicopters, all armed with accurate targeting systems and unbelievably powerful explosives and automatic guns, what would infantry be needed for? How would they be useful if the army can simply blow up the target from miles away, with little danger to themselves?
edit: Here's a caveat: Suppose there is a conflict between two well-equipped armies, each with heavy weapons like those mentioned above. In conflicts like the US has had in the middle east, much of it is about maintaining an occupation and fighting small groups of ill-equipped insurgents. But if both sides had tanks, jets, and missiles, this would drastically change the dynamic.
Also, the second world war demonstrated that armies wouldn't hesitate to level entire cities, with or without civilians in them. Excluding the nuclear bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it was standard to bombard cities with the best weapons each army had. Even as recently as the invasion of Iraq, the US military used heavy bombardments of the major cities before attacking with closer-ranged ground forces. This happened as well in Ukraine when the fighting was at its peak not too long ago. In a conflict between two forces, each equipped with jets, tanks, and artillery, they (hopefully) wouldn't deliberately attack civilians. But if the enemy army was dug into a city with civilians, the attacking force wouldn't hesitate to strike with its powerful weapons. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4vcbc5/eli5_considering_how_powerful_modern_artillery/ | {
"a_id": [
"d5x71tl",
"d5x738z",
"d5x75by",
"d5x75c7",
"d5x79p7",
"d5x7ff9",
"d5x9nm2",
"d5xadml",
"d5xav2v"
],
"score": [
26,
3,
4,
3,
8,
4,
2,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"You take a patrol into a village and meet with the men. You tell them you want their help. You want them to support the newly elected national government. You want them to take their disputes to the regional center for ajudication. You want them to report when they see men burying bombs on the road. If they do this you will make sure they have irrigation for the fields and that a bus will come three days a week to take their kids to the school in the regional center. And, most of all, you will protect them from the men in the hills who come at night.\n\n\nArtillery shells can't have that conversation. \n\n\nWar is only sometimes about killing people and blowing shit up. That's the easy part. ",
"Looking at the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, Infantry soldiers' roles is not only to \"Close with and destroy the enemy,\" but they also meet with the locals and conduct patrols through the villages. You can only see so much from a tank and your manoeuvrability is limited. ",
"Modern militaries rarely have open pitched battles. Instead we have guerrilla style city fighting. In this style of fighting artillery is not very useful because it harms too many civilians. We do use some \"surgical\" uses of missiles and drone strikes to take out buildings or blocks when we think civilian deaths would be within acceptable margins, but most work is now done on foot by infantry. ",
"Modern military engagements are powerful countries rolling into people living in 1500s quality infrastructure and using 1930s quality weapons. There is only so much you can do to justify taking out a mud hut with a battleship. ",
"To take and hold ground. None of the fancy artillery rounds or tanks or helicopters are able to do so. Tanks and artillery pieces require infantry to keep the other side's infantry from using their man-portable AT weapons. Aircraft by their very nature (not on the ground) can only support ground forces. It's a team effort and if you take one of the four team members away the other 3 become far less effective. \n\nSource, personal experience on 4 continents and decades of history study.",
"conflicts don't entirely consist of war, they have a pre war and a post war period, generally during post war period if a territory is captured then keeping its people under control (so as to prevent rebellion or war time protests), in pre war conditions or time frame infantry are the ones that help in keeping the your regions line defended (due to tensions) and during war you can carry out targeted strikes but their always gonna be local resistance considering the fact you are invading them and taking their livelihoods, so all of that including the fact that an invader would rather keep the civilian casualties at bare minimum, infantry is probably the most important asset. Also there is a paradox or a argument (not factual) that when two nuclear powers are at an conflict there can only be small scale wars (infantry level) to keep the losses lower. This a broad topic though so there are a whole lot of things that go here, people with more military expertise might help you better, but to a citizen this is probably the conditions that would workout",
"Infantry takes and holds ground, while jets, tanks and artillery move rapidly about the battlefield and make holes in people, things and the landscape.",
"Their role is to take up space. \n\nYou can capture territory with missiles and airplanes and tanks, but it takes boots on the ground to hold territory. A thousand pairs of eyes with a thousand guns, otherwise the enemy could just sneak back when no one was looking.\n\nWill those soldiers suffer casualties in the face of heavy weapons? Sure. But the idea is to put them in places secure enough heavy weapons can't easily reach, but dangerous enough you have to worry about guerrillas and saboteurs trying to sneak in.\n\n",
"No one has touched on your references to the second world war yet. As far as bombing whole cities goes, it wasn't like \"Oh hey, let's fire bomb Dresden tomorrow.\" There *was* hesitation and planning, including dropping propoganda and pamphlets in the days and weeks prior to the actual bombings. They gave civilians and inadvertently the military time to leave. The main purpose of bombing whole cities is not to kill soldiers but to destroy infrastructure, to include factories, supply lines, housing (which damages morale), and communication lines."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
9ql89e | does rubbing alcohol actually kill germs on surfaces? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ql89e/eli5_does_rubbing_alcohol_actually_kill_germs_on/ | {
"a_id": [
"e8a1jhp",
"e8a5d3k"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Alcohol denatures free proteins and destroys many strains of bacteria and viruses. It's one of the reasons we use it for disinfecting cuts and scrapes.\n\nYou don't want to overdo alcohol cleaning, however, because the few cells that don't die are more likely to be resistant to alcohol, and can grow out of control.\n\nIt's better to swap between alcohol and other cleaning agents (sometimes you have no alternative, bleach on a computer screen probably isn't good), because it can keep the bugs from gaining an immunity.",
" Alcohol disrupts many essential functions for bacteria, although it is unclear which of these disruptions lead to cellular death. \nProbable effects:\n\n* The most accepted view is that alcohol affects the lipid cell membrane. Alcohol changes the behavior of all membrane proteins by changing mobility in the membrane. It also changes permeability and at high enough concentrations can disrupt the membrane itself. It is thought that alcohol is more effective against gram-negative (with lipid outer membrane) than gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan cell wall) bacteria for because of its strong effects on the membrane.\n* As we can see by alcohol's effects on people, alcohol can traverse cellular membranes. Inside the cell alcohol at high enough concentration denatures proteins.\n* As a solvent, alcohol has major influence on cellular metabolic function by changing the environment in which enzymes catalyze reactions."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
2lx2fr | why doesn't wine or beer eventually settle / separate into water and sediment? | Since most drinks are 90%+ water, why don't they eventually settle into water + whatever. Take a really old bottle of wine for example. It was originally just grape juice, which is a lot of water with some sugars and other compounds from the grape. Since presumably all those other things in the grape juice probably have different densities, given enough time, why don't they eventually settle to the bottom or rise to the top, resulting in layers of each of the finite components in the drink? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lx2fr/eli5_why_doesnt_wine_or_beer_eventually_settle/ | {
"a_id": [
"clyydyd",
"clz1mes"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"If something is actually dissolved in liquid, it's not going to settle out so easily. Usually what settles out isn't really dissolved, just suspended in the solution. In beer, it's yeast. Usually yeast are filtered out before bottling, but a lot of homebrewers will keep the yeast in there and carbonate the beer by continuing to ferment it in the bottle, which will lead to some sediment.",
"Good quality beer and wine does indeed contain solids which settle to the bottom of the bottle over time.\n\nThe rest is in a solution, not a suspension. Solutions are stable mixtures that will not ever sediment.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution"
]
] | |
6bcox1 | why are scanned documents so much larger than the original electronic versions of the same document? | I created a PDF on my computer. It was 100kb (for example). When I printed it and scanned it back the copy was 500kb. It's the same document and the copy is also a PDF. Why the variance in sizes? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6bcox1/eli5why_are_scanned_documents_so_much_larger_than/ | {
"a_id": [
"dhlit4a"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Your PDF file is either going to be a string of text (which doesn't take much space at all) or an image file saved as a PDF (which takes up a little more space) A computer-generated PDF will always be more efficient. \n\nWhen you scan it, the scanner has a higher resolution \"camera\" than the original resolution on the PDF (if it was in an image format) so as not to miss any parts. The image is then stored as a higher-resolution image than it had been originally. \n\ntl;dr the scanner breaks the picture into tiny pieces to allow for scanning in high-detail items like handwriting or images "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
4gjfdm | (maybe eli15) wikipedia's annihilation feynman diagram | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4gjfdm/eli5_maybe_eli15_wikipedias_annihilation_feynman/ | {
"a_id": [
"d2i1r57"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The particles don't actually move backwards in time. Feynman diagrams show this, and a clever way of thinking about antiparticles as particles moving backwards in time came out of these diagrams, but it does not actually happen (or at least it has not been shown to work this way). If you want to learn more about the diagrams, I suggest you read Feynman's book QED. And yes, space is just the distance between the particles. Generally Feynman diagrams are shown in one spatial dimension to make the diagrams easy to draw and understand"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
5faih4 | why does a remote get a "new charge" when you hit it or move the battery a bit? | Title says er' all | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5faih4/eli5_why_does_a_remote_get_a_new_charge_when_you/ | {
"a_id": [
"daisr6t",
"daitfqy"
],
"score": [
4,
7
],
"text": [
"Because you get build up inside the battery. \nInside the battery, esssentially one material is being broken down to combine with another material and this causes an electrical charge- Sometimes there's a build up as the material breaks down, and the process stops. Giving them a bang can loosen up the build up, and get the process started again. ",
"Thats primarily because the ions in the battery get a bit shaken up resulting in the movement of the free electron exchange taking place within the battery, which causes a small voltage difference and current flows. I sometimes chew on the battery a little bit, not to completely deform its original shape but to compress the chemicals inside it a little bit which keeps the batteries going on for a couple of more days after the low batteru syndrome kicks in."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
2oicb9 | why is the bottom of the ocean relatively barren? (compared to dry land) | if someone where to scuba dive right off a random shore, staying in shallow depths, 99% of the time you will just find sand and gravel. even in the rare places where plants can be found, these are small and nowhere near as big/elaborate as dry-land flora. Why is this? why are there no huge underwater forests? or large swathes of seagrass covered areas? there is decent amounts of light, friendly tempertures in the tropics, obviously water... what is missing? nutrients?
edit: before you say coral reefs, there is nowhere near as much flora diversity and range of size in there compared to a land-based ecosystem. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2oicb9/eli5_why_is_the_bottom_of_the_ocean_relatively/ | {
"a_id": [
"cmndlzu",
"cmndx31"
],
"score": [
4,
4
],
"text": [
"If you are close to shore, then you will find tons of plant life like coral reefs or kelp forests. If you get into deeper water, sunlight cannot penetrate down to the sea floor, so big plant life can't survive.",
"Once you go deep enough, no light can pass through. So, no plant life. Only source of nutrition is whatever dies and sinks down. Creatures living the depths are exactly that - scavengers. They only rely on whatever sinks or dares to enter the depth. This makes for a very slim chance of living and a very sparse food chain. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
30yo44 | why do people in movies always use boiling water and towels when a woman is in labor? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30yo44/eli5_why_do_people_in_movies_always_use_boiling/ | {
"a_id": [
"cpx0mv4",
"cpx2ag7",
"cpx2csp",
"cpx403d",
"cpx7pck",
"cpxe8vd"
],
"score": [
31,
23,
17,
8,
2,
7
],
"text": [
"Because people in movies are idiots?\n\nSeriously though. ...\n\nTowels because the birthing process is rather messy.\n\nAnd boiling the water sterilizes it so you can clean things up without contaminating the baby or the mother. Although if you're not boiling the towels I reckon there's a fault in that logic somewhere.\n\nAlso I think it's to give something for the dad to do so he doesn't get in the way.",
"They made soup after they were done cleaning the baby I think.",
"I've heard it's a way to get people who're in the way, out of the way while making them feel as if they're helping.",
"I could see this in some movie scene with a lady in labor and everyone in hysteria.\n\n\"You three, go get towels and boil some water!\"\n\n\"What's that even for!?\"\n\n\"Nothing ...but everyone is in the way so it will give you something to do.\"\n",
"Oddly enough there is a really effective (in my own opinion) drug free pain management using towels and near boiling water. But it is really not what they are doing in the movies. \n\nBasically, most things in movies and TV shows about birth and babies is not what really happens, and unfortunately causes a lot of people to go into it with false expectations. A lot of births are actually really long and boring, and look gross from an outside perspective, so of course it is hammed up and dramatised onscreen. ",
"Baby's are really vulnerable to disease when they're first born (no immune system to speak of, no antibodies from breast milk yet). So the absolute first thing you need to do is dunk them in some boiling water to sterilize them. Then you need the towels to dry it off. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
57w6az | i understand the basics of html but for a program to read it and create something that must have code. and then something must need to read that code and so on. so how does it all start? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/57w6az/eli5_i_understand_the_basics_of_html_but_for_a/ | {
"a_id": [
"d8vggn5",
"d8vowo1"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Well, programmers (Tim Berners-Lee & colleagues) used an existing programming language (Objective-C on the NeXT computer) to create a web browser ([WorldWideWeb] (_URL_0_)), a program to interpret and display HTML code. The idea of HTML was not totally new: there was an existing markup language (SGML) that they could adopt & extend. ",
"Software developer here,\n\nComputers are electrical machines that have a set of behaviors physically wired into them. These behaviors are all that the machine can do. In order to compute anything that is computable, a machine has to be \"Turing Complete\" aka have a minimum set of behaviors. Any such computer is therefore a \"Turing Machine\". Anything beyond that is just hardware acceleration of a given task. For example, not all CPU types can multiply or divide, you have to write a program to do that for those architectures from more basic behavior.\n\nThese behaviors are enumerated, they're each given a unique number to identify them. This is called an \"opcode\", or operation code, or instruction. A CPU has a set of inputs and outputs, a type of memory called a \"register\". You computer is a \"Harvard Machine\", a specific case of a Turing Machine, where it has separate inputs for data as instructions.\n\nA program, then, is a sequence of these instructions. Programs are a form of data that drive a CPU.\n\nThe first programs where physically wired into the machines, the program *WAS* the CPU. These were not Turing Machines. General purpose computing machines came later, and they were programmed by opcodes encoded in punch cards or punch tape. This was the typical method of programming a computer through the 1970s.\n\nIn 1955, someone wrote the opcode instructions in punch cards that described a program that could read the FORTRAN programming language and translate that into opcodes which were either stored on punch cards or executed. Hence, the first *commercial* programming language \"compiler\" was born. Hand coding opcodes stayed popular into the early 70s, and programming languages really took off there when we had teletype and later video terminals.\n\nSo to be clear, early computers could be started in a state where they would accept opcodes entered by the user. Computers today are built on the assumption that it will be executing a program already prepared. By the 1980s, personal computers were undergoing a revolution and there was already a critical mass of software already available.\n\nSo today, we write software using compiler software that has been built upon a legacy of software going all the way back to octal encoders and punch cards."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldWideWeb"
],
[]
] | ||
a892v5 | why do people who are sleeping next to each other tend to roll over/move at the same time? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a892v5/eli5_why_do_people_who_are_sleeping_next_to_each/ | {
"a_id": [
"ec8tjk8"
],
"score": [
18
],
"text": [
"We don't tend to think of ourselves as being \"aware\" of our surroundings when we sleep, but consider that you can be startled awake by noise or movement in your vicinity, and this becomes easier to understand. \n\nWhen you sleep with a partner - especially one you have been doing so with for some time - you become inured to their presence in your subconscious. You are still aware of them however; and they of you. When one of you moves, the other notices, and we will often subconsciously readjust ourselves to compensate for comfort in some way."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
bdz05e | why did notre dame have a 700+ year old wooden frame behind/above its stone walls? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bdz05e/eli5_why_did_notre_dame_have_a_700_year_old/ | {
"a_id": [
"el1tch5",
"el1te3v"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Because it was built several hundred years ago using wood that was several hundred years old already",
"Easier to raise a wooden frame, also wood allows a little bit of flex, stone does not. Any bit of stress or erratic movement of the earth is more absorbed by wood than it would be by stone."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
eycudr | how does a country adjust their currency for inflation? | If inflation is roughly 2% per year, wouldn't it eventually devalue like the Zimbabwean dollar? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eycudr/eli5_how_does_a_country_adjust_their_currency_for/ | {
"a_id": [
"fggebrm",
"fggek3a"
],
"score": [
4,
8
],
"text": [
"Yes. Inflation does indeed devalue the money. This is fairly slow but very much real. An American dollar is worth significantly less than it was in the 50s.",
"Yes, but it is going to happen so slowly that it isn't really a concern. $1 being worth $1.02 next year and $1.05 the year after that isn't a concern because the markets and wages have time to adjust to the inflation. A loaf of bread costing $1 this year and $2 next year isn't an issue if your wages increase at the same rate.\n\nHyperinflation - like what happened in Zimbabwe - is a problem because it is happening so fast that the markets _can't_ adapt. A loaf of bread costing $1 in the morning and $10 in the _afternoon_ is a big problem, because your wages become close to worthless as soon as they are earned."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
vxbpw | what is the simplest explanation of what starcraft is and who these players are? | These guys I'm always seeing - do they play this game for a living? Are they getting paid to play? I read the Wikipedia page about the game and I get that it's a popular series of games, but I really don't understand what it's all about and who all of these guys are. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/vxbpw/what_is_the_simplest_explanation_of_what/ | {
"a_id": [
"c58fow9"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Starcraft (and it's successor Starcraft 2) are very popular computer games. Many people play and many people like to watch tournaments with professional players. Yes, there are professional players, who play the game for a living. Since there is a lot of interest in the game (and watching the tournaments and other games) there is enough revenue to support it. The creators of the game (a company called Blizzard) are also hosting tournaments.\n\nSouth Korea is well known for having a lot of Starcraft fans. They even have whole TV channels dedicated to the game."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
5vs6if | how is "eeny meeny miny moe" deemed racist? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5vs6if/eli5how_is_eeny_meeny_miny_moe_deemed_racist/ | {
"a_id": [
"de4eg57",
"de4esd9",
"de4etnm",
"de4ew6o"
],
"score": [
6,
3,
11,
7
],
"text": [
"Perhaps you learned it as \"catch a tiger by the toe\", but that's a very recent change to make the rhyme more politically correct. The \"tiger\" word used to be another word that rhymes with tiger and is racist. Thus the rhyme is racist.",
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe is an old counting rhyme. Over the years various different versions of the words have existed. \n\nHistorically, one of the more famous and commonly used versions in the USA used the word nigger in the second line. This version also made it into song and into books. So the reason it is deemed racist is because for a hell of a long time it *was* racist. And a connotation like that doesn't always go away even if you change the wording. ",
"The rhyme used to be \"eeny meeny miny moe, catch a nigger by his toe.\" It's been changed to be a bit more modern, but the historical implication is still there. \n\nThere was a recent controversy about a Walking Dead T-shirt that said \"eeny meeny miny moe\" with an image of a bloody, barbed-wire wrapped baseball bat. I don't actually think the words \"Walking Dead\" turned up anywhere on the shirt, so without a passing familiarity with the show, the imagery could easily be thought of as lynching-related, rather than a TV reference. I hadn't seen the show in a few years and didn't get the reference right away (it was vaguely spoiled by a friend, recently), so I was a little confused when I saw it on the news until it was explained to me.",
"Wikipedia has a good overview of it. Long story short at some point a version of this super old rhyme contained the n word. If you ask your parents there's a chance they've heard it that way, however most younger kids didn't even realize that this was an option. On a side note, bringing attention to this alternate version by making a big deal out of it in an attempt to ban it is called the \"Streisand effect\".\n\n_URL_0_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeny,_meeny,_miny,_moe#Racist_interpretations"
]
] | ||
ch1h1e | if falling asleep at the wheel is such a big problem, why don’t people just pull over to the side of the road and sleep in their car? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ch1h1e/eli5_if_falling_asleep_at_the_wheel_is_such_a_big/ | {
"a_id": [
"euno4oh",
"eunojgz",
"eunopfy"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Because people are stubborn.",
"Nobody wants to sleep in a car, and especially not along the side of the interstate. Taking a nap in a car parked right next to such high-speed (and possibly also sleep-deprived) traffic is a brilliant way to make sure you never wake up. Not to mention, usually when people are driving tired, it is because they're on a tight schedule and can't stop to sleep. Ex: Truckers, road-tripping families...",
"Because the road isn't necessarily a good place to nap. To start with, the shoulder of most roads isn't terribly large. Even on a major interstate highway you've got basically just enough room to fit your car. Sleeping that close to other drivers barreling past you at high speeds, is not a safe decision. \n\nUp next, the kinds of sections of road where people tend to get tired, are relatively isolated. Falling asleep in your car, in the middle of nowhere can leave you in a fairly vulnerable position. \n\nFinally, this behavior is likely illegal in a lot of instances. Stopping on the side of the interstate for instance is a problem unless you're stopping for an emergency situation (broken down, etc). \n\nEven truckers stop at either truck-stops, or designated rest areas.\n\nEdit: If you find yourself in this situation, stop in the nearest town you can find. Find a McDonald's or a Walmart parking lot. They'll likely be friendly (my local Walmart in particular is good about letting truckers and RV's part and sleep, provided you go to the far-end of the lot, and don't cause trouble. This is the safest option for sure."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
32onjp | how do people estimate that we're losing x species of animals every y? | I often see many wildlife conservation advertisements throwing out some kind of figure like "900 species of fish in the Amazon are lost every year" or "deforestation has led to the loss of over 10000 species since 2004". How are they able to make such claims? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32onjp/eli5_how_do_people_estimate_that_were_losing_x/ | {
"a_id": [
"cqd5067"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Some of it is a bit sensationalist, and they *don't* actually know that. They estimate that there are X species per square mile of rainforest we haven't discovered yet, so if we lose Y square miles of rainforest every year they say we may have lost *as many as* X times Y species. The \"as many as\" part is important, we may only have lost one species, or we could have lost way more, or none at all, but since nobody went and counted them it's hard to know for sure."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
78hq0t | how do we find and bottle heavier than air gases like argon? are these gases always present floating around and just need separated or are they created when needed? | How do they separate gases in the first place? So many questions. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/78hq0t/eli5_how_do_we_find_and_bottle_heavier_than_air/ | {
"a_id": [
"dotx0mh"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"At temperatures above the condensation point all gasses are considered to be evenly mixed in the air around you. So even though Argon is heavier than Nitrogen, they are still evenly mixed in the air. \n\nWe find and bottle them by condensing air at very cold temperatures, then slowly warming it up and taking each gas as it boils into a gas at it's typical boiling point. \n\nAtomic gases like Argon can't be \"created\". They are atomic. But if not present in the air they can often be liberated from molecular bonds using heat, catalysts or chemical reactions. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
3two6g | how do gel pens work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3two6g/eli5_how_do_gel_pens_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"cx9zu57",
"cxa1wce"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
" > A gel pen uses ink in which pigment is suspended in a water-based gel. Because the ink is thick and opaque, it shows up more clearly on dark or slick surfaces than the typical inks used in ballpoint or felt tip pens. Gel pens can be used for many types of writing and illustration.\n\n > The general design of a gel pen is similar to that of a regular rollerball pen, with a barrel containing the writing mechanism and a cap, and a reservoir filled with ink. The barrels can be created in many different sizes and designs; some have finger grips of rubber or plastic. The size of the nib or pen tip ranges from 0.18 mm to 1.5 mm.\n\n_URL_0_\n",
"Also of note: _URL_0_\n\nPart of the Begin Japanology series that takes about 2 minutes to explain regular ball point pens and then how gel pens are different and how they work."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_pen"
],
[
"https://youtu.be/GLV4k08o404?t=2m37s"
]
] | ||
5w6029 | how do actors cry on command? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5w6029/eli5_how_do_actors_cry_on_command/ | {
"a_id": [
"de7j9x2",
"de7jbkl",
"de7joir"
],
"score": [
6,
55,
8
],
"text": [
"There are a lot of tear-inducing methods that actors use.\n\nIf you go on YouTube, there are a lot of videos on that topic.\n\nThe way that I use, and personally find the easiest is induced yawning.\n\nWhen most people yawn, their eyes get teary, so that gave me the idea to do that to make myself cry.\n\nI can make myself yawn, but I don’t know if that’s a common ability or not, so I don’t know.\n\nBut the trick is to be able to hide the yawn. Be doing the yawning on the inside of your throat, but keep your face straight.\n\nOnce the tears start to form, work from there and add expression. Don’t overdo it though.\n\nWhen someone cries, their natural reaction is to hide it, so don’t overdo it, or else it’ll look fake.",
"Professionally trained actor here. \n\nSo, there are several ways of doing this. There are physical ways, some people have things they can do to their body to induce tears, like pinching a nerve or the such. But most actors who need to generate tears do so through emotional memory. We think very intensely about a memory when we were sad, concentrating on that memory and bringing it to the present. If done intensely enough, it can reliably bring you to tears. ",
"Personally, the only reliable method I have is tear sticks. Basically a chemical I dab under my eyes or nose and it makes my eyes water "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
1zpg0i | why is it that sound effects in movies and tv doesn't sound real, but as soon as a phone vibrates or a message tone beeps, then i have to look if it was my phone that made the noise? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zpg0i/eli5_why_is_it_that_sound_effects_in_movies_and/ | {
"a_id": [
"cfvqs4j",
"cfvqyp9",
"cfvrryo"
],
"score": [
5,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"I think its more the fact that your brain is accustomed to the fact that its an important sound that needs your attention.Your brain hears it and sends a signal as that is what is trained to do.Kind of like a baby crying where its almost instinctual and automatic",
"I've noticed some commercials using this technique to their advantage. Whenever they want your attention they put in some kind of phone tones or vibrations and usually it makes me go, \"which phone is it that is calling, ohhh it's just the TV.\"",
"It may have something to do with a TV being able to replicate high pitched sounds more accurately than low pitched sound, due to the TV speakers being comparatively small."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
b7o156 | what is polio? | In the midst of all this antivaxxer ridiculousness that’s happening right now, I wanted to ask - what IS polio? What are the symptoms? Is it fatal? How is it spread? I always thought polio had something to do with a crooked spine.. please enlighten me! Ps vaccinate your damn kids | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b7o156/eli5_what_is_polio/ | {
"a_id": [
"ejsyrj0"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"[This page](_URL_0_) from the CDC website tells you all you need to know.\n\nPolio is a virus. Most people who get Polio will have mild symptoms or none at all, however in 1 out of 200 people it causes paralysis which can lead to permanent disability and death. The crooked spine is just a result of this paralysis, since the muscles in the body don't develop properly and evenly.\n\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://www.cdc.gov/polio/about/index.htm"
]
] | |
ct99yg | why should we wash our hands after we touch our genitalia? | I googled it, and I can't really find anything definitive and official. I thought this was basic hygiene but apparently its not, according to the several people mad at me for telling them they need to wash their hands after touching their dick (i.e. masturbating, peeing, etc.) I know a question similar to this has been asked a very long time ago, but not specifically one regarding genitalia, so I hope its alright.
Edit: i meant why, not why NOT. Thanks for commenting | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ct99yg/eli5_why_should_we_wash_our_hands_after_we_touch/ | {
"a_id": [
"exjf321",
"exjfy5h",
"exkc30i"
],
"score": [
11,
7,
3
],
"text": [
"It's because your genitals share fabric space with your ass, which sweats. Everything down there is touching, transferring, damp, and hot for the whole day. You're touching fecal matter and urinary stains, and germs, and you should really wash your hands or never touch anything ever again.",
"There's nothing inherent to your genitals that makes them dirty. If you were out of a shower and naked you'd remain about as clean as you ever were. Your body is home to about 10 trillion various microscopic organisms at any point. Most of them live on your skin just fine without hurting anyone. \n\nYour genitals do tend to be a good breeding ground for various bits just because you keep it hidden away in your underwear. Making for a nice warm, damp place for them to breed. \n\nHowever by contrast, your hands are constantly wandering your environment and picking up dirt and germs from god knows where. So it's more precise to say your hands are probably dirtier than your genitals you have secreted away from the environment in nice clean underwear. \n\nSo wash your hands just because your hands always need washing. \n\nAs to why your buddies are weird about it. Socially, it's just a fear of contaminations. It's deeply rooted in our psyche even when we intellectually might know better.",
"Your dick sweats, you touched your dick, don't touch me with your dick sweat hands. When I started working I was surprised at the number of people who don't wash their hands after using the bathroom. Some even come out of the stall and walk straight out of the door. These are the same guys that try to shake my hand good morning. No thanks. I come off as a jerk, but I don't care anymore."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | |
1flwef | what a spotter does in a sniper team. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1flwef/eli5_what_a_spotter_does_in_a_sniper_team/ | {
"a_id": [
"cablamq",
"cac6x42"
],
"score": [
10,
2
],
"text": [
"The sniper has a very sophisticated sight on their gun. The spotter uses instruments of his own to tell the sniper how to set his gun to account for wind, temperature, humidity, etc. They work as a team to make the best shot.",
"So, for starters, you have to understand that Snipers are not marksmen - they're mathematicians, physicists, and meteorologists. They take the current weather conditions (wind speed, air pressure, air temperature), the curvature of the Earth, the direction the Earth is spinning relative to themselves and their target, the range of their weapon and so on to come up with a set of numbers. The one with the firearm then uses those numbers to set up their scope and to know where to put the + to hit the target. And then, after they've weaponized Science for a bit, they pull a trigger. \n\nThe only difference between the spotter and the one with the gun is that the one with the gun actually makes the shot and needs a little more training in breath control and the like. That's about it, really. Both of them are more than capable of doing the math to hit someone a half mile away.\n\nA lot of times, the one with the gun isn't even looking at the target, but at some point dozens of feet away. The Spotter can then relay information on the target's movements. The Spotter is also in a position to better see the results of the shot, when taken."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
6te9ru | why does over sleeping makr you feel "hungover"? | Question in the title. Finished work at 4am and accidentally slept through till 2pm, felt groggy and sorta hungover all day | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6te9ru/eli5_why_does_over_sleeping_makr_you_feel_hungover/ | {
"a_id": [
"dlk4mpa",
"dlk574l",
"dlkdfyr",
"dlkfp4e"
],
"score": [
24,
33,
3,
5
],
"text": [
"Two reasons:\n\n* While you're sleeping, you're not drinking. You're essentially dehydrating slowly, whereas normally you'd be drinking some juice or water in the morning. You've just gone for 10 hours without something to drink.\n* Unless you're young (like this sub would suggest), sleeping longer tends to make the neck stiff, further increasing grogginess.",
"ELI5 answer: You just effectively gave yourself jet lag and probably had low blood sugar when you woke up because you hadn't eaten for at least 10 hours.\n\nELIHighschoolStudent answer:\n\n-Sleep [occurs in cycles](_URL_0_). If you've been up for a long period of time you'll still only get a few deep sleep cycles which means you can still have a sleep deficit even if you just slept for 10 hours.\n\n-Your body has what's known as a circadian rhythm. It's what makes you wake up in the morning so you can hunt/gather and get tired at night so you can sleep and recover. Staying up into your primary window of circadian low (WoCL) which occurs in the early AM hours tends to mess with that system causing you to be tired/energetic at random times until it can reset itself.\n\n-When you woke up you hadn't eaten in at least 10 hours. Probably longer depending on what you did last night. Your blood sugar levels were probably pretty low making you feel lethargic. Of course once you did eat the insulin reaction in your body made you feel tired again (post lunch slump). ",
"I've noticed, now that I've been working several years and gotten into a pretty stable sleeping pattern , that if I sleep later than 930 am, I'll wake up with a headache. \n\nThis is really frustrating as I'm coming to terms with the fact that...I can't sleep late anymore?\n\nNot sure if it's the dehydration (mentioned elsewhere in this thread) or if my body is used to caffeine at a certain time and is showing withdrawal symptoms. It sucks though. My wife and I have to make a concerted effort to get up on time on the weekends and eat breakfast/have coffee.",
"The effect is part of a syndrome called \"weekend headache\" or \"Saturday syndrome.\" The most likely explanation is basically jet lag (you've messed with your circadian rhythm), but there is also evidence that it may simply come down to not drinking coffee in the morning (if that is something you usually do).\n\nIt is NOT likely dehydration. Humans are not delicate flowers. We are DESIGNED to sleep for ~8 hours (even more for children) with no ill effects. If you are so dehydrated that you are becoming groggy and out of it, you need to be at the hospital because that is a medical emergency."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://www.catalystathletics.com/articles/images/2014-04-14-cooperSleep.jpg"
],
[],
[]
] | |
4x3qak | how is ai difficulty programmed in strategy games? (i.e.: chess, civ v, etc) | In games where the AI can be of varying difficulties, how does the computer act more or less 'smart' when playing. Is it easier to make a smart AI, or a dumb AI? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4x3qak/eli5how_is_ai_difficulty_programmed_in_strategy/ | {
"a_id": [
"d6c6u7i",
"d6c6wa7",
"d6cm3a2"
],
"score": [
5,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"Well of course it's easier to make a dumb AI. You can make the stupidest AI possible by having it do nothing at all.\n\nYou make the AI smarter by having it go through more advanced decision making routines, by allocating more resources to considering its moves, etc.\n\nFor example a super \"easy\" Civ's programming might say:\n\"On turn 1 build a warrior\".\n\nA more competent Civ might say:\n\"On turn 1, if you don't have a warrior, build a warrior\".\n\nAnd you can continue to make it more complex:\n\"On turn 1, if you don't have a warrior, build a warrior, unless you are on a 1 tile island\"\n\nAnd so on and so forth:\n\"On turn 1, if you don't have a warrior, build a warrior, unless you are on a 1 tile island. Examine your neighbors and calculate if any seem 'weak'. If so, once the warrior is done, build another warrior and start killing barbarians to gain xp. Then build a 3rd warrior and try to attack the weak Civ.\"\n\nStrategy for them is basically layers upon layers upon layers of varying rules which attempt to emulate what a reasonably competent human player would do. Many fall short of this goal due to the complexity of the game involved. For relatively simple games like Chess though the computer can know every outcome from every move so their strategy is making moves that lead to the most favorable possible outcome.\n\nGenerally they program the AI to be the most competent it can be. This is the 'normal' AI. \"Harder\" and \"Expert\" etc. AIs are usually just the same AI except they give the AI player huge bonuses to production, income, or whatever. \"Easy\" AIs are usually the normal AI except they are not 'allowed' to use certain strategies or routines in order to make them 'stupider'.",
"_URL_0_\n\nThat is probably the most complete, yet easy to understand video. Basically AI in video games is a misnomer. It boils down to \"if this, then that\" Meaning \"this\" being your move, and \"that\" being the counter move. (This actually gets VERY complex.)\n\nIn strategy games like Civ, higher difficulty means (oftentimes) breaking rules, as in less resources used, unit construction time reduced, enemy units more powerful, etc. But also being more aggressive. \n\nIn chess it would mean being more aggressive, taking more pieces more often. \n\nWatch the video. I can't help you program, I don't know how to code.",
"Nobody has yet to give you a correct/complete answer to the chess instance, which is somewhat different than what you get in something like Civ V.\n\nA typical AI for a strategy game (both chess and Civ) will consist of two main parts that make it smart:\n\n1. The ability to evaluate the current state of the game with regards to whether one player is in a \"good\" or \"bad\" position, which then provides a \"score\".\n\n2. The knowledge of what actions will improve the score for the AI and reduce the score for the (presumably human) opponent.\n\nWhere Civ and Chess differ is that in Chess there's a reasonable number of possible moves - each piece is restricted in how it can move, and the other pieces on the board also restrict how they move. In Civ, that's not the case - the AI could move any unit to anywhere on the map, send any amount of money, build any number of units, etc.\n\nSo in Chess, the computer can try out these different actions in its \"head\" and then assign a score to each one. The move it takes is whatever provides the best score. But the score of a move is not just the score of the board position after the move, but is also based on the score it could get from future moves from that point. So it's actually calculating scores in a tree-like structure - there might be 30 possible moves, and each of those moves has about 30 possible moves, etc.\n\nAn easy way to modify the difficulty of an AI in Chess is to change how deep the AI goes in evaluating all of these future moves. The depth is called a \"ply\". More advanced AI can use more plies, but they take longer to computer as you go on. This is why a more advanced chess AI will take longer to complete its move.\n\nYou can also make an AI smarter by making it better at evaluating board positions. However, it's trickier to provide a smooth, slide scale of difficulty by removing or adding these heuristics.\n\nIn Civ, the AI will use heuristics not only for evaluating the game score, but also for the best actions to take, since it can't reason through all of them."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cIfowwJj_GA"
],
[]
] | |
35pgef | why is "40 hours a week" considered a full time job? | Why is it not 30 or 50? Who decided this was the perfect number? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35pgef/eli5_why_is_40_hours_a_week_considered_a_full/ | {
"a_id": [
"cr6in9e",
"cr6ipd6",
"cr6j2kj",
"cr6k270",
"cr6oogt"
],
"score": [
2,
17,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It used to be higher - well, technically there used to be no standard - and labor right's activists got it lowered to that amount. It's a compromise between employers (who would probably prefer something higher with no paid overtime) and workers (who would prefer something lower with more paid overtime). But it's pretty arbitrary.",
"From [Wiki:](_URL_0_)\n\nThe eight-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement, also known as the short-time movement, had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where industrial production in large factories transformed working life. The use of child labour was common. The working day could range from 10 to 16 hours for six days a week.\n\nRobert Owen had raised the demand for a ten-hour day in 1810, and instituted it in his socialist enterprise at New Lanark. By 1817 he had formulated the goal of the eight-hour day and coined the slogan: \"Eight hours' labour, Eight hours' recreation, Eight hours' rest\". Women and children in England were granted the ten-hour day in 1847. French workers won the 12-hour day after the February revolution of 1848. A shorter working day and improved working conditions were part of the general protests and agitation for Chartist reforms and the early organization of trade unions.\n\nKarl Marx saw it as of vital importance to the workers health, saying in Das Kapital: \"By extending the working day, therefore, capitalist production...not only produces a deterioration of human labour power by robbing it of its normal moral and physical conditions of development and activity, but also produces the premature exhaustion and death of this labour power itself.\"\n\nThe International Workingmen's Association took up the demand for an eight-hour day at its convention in Geneva in August 1866, declaring The legal limitation of the working day is a preliminary condition without which all further attempts at improvements and emancipation of the working class must prove abortive, and The Congress proposes eight hours as the legal limit of the working day.\n\nAlthough there were initial successes in achieving an eight-hour day in New Zealand and by the Australian labour movement for skilled workers in the 1840s and 1850s, most employed people had to wait to the early and mid twentieth century for the condition to be widely achieved through the industrialized world through legislative action.\n\nThe eight-hour day movement forms part of the early history for the celebration of Labour Day, and May Day in many nations and cultures.",
"is there any chance of this being lowered again in the near future?",
"During the industrial revolution people were being worked like slaves and had no free time with crappy pay. Along with things like pay increases and the end of the *company store* the day was divided up into thirds with a 2 day weekend that had previously been a vague idea. ",
"Basically, Henry Ford.\n\nIn the late 19th and early 20th century, labor unions had been fighting hard for reduced workweeks, which were then commonly 60 hours or even more (and usually six days a week). Unfortunately, ALSO at the time, the response of business leaders like Ford to labor unions was usually to hire goons to beat them up or kill them.\n\nBut Ford was interested in applying scientific principles to making money, and so he did studies to find the optimal work week length, and eventually discovered that you get the maximum *sustained* productivity by working people 40 hours a week. Work them more, and eventually productivity drops below the 40-hour line.\n\nThis caught on with business, and for awhile business leaders understood the concept. And researchers continued to study the problem. Does the effect only occur with blue-collar assembly-line workers? Nope, it happens with all kinds of workers: blue-collar, white-collar, science, engineering, and Red Bull-fueled 20-somethings who would be hacking on their home computer if they weren't at work. Bottom line: work people more than 40 hours a week *on a routine basis,* and your productivity suffers.\n\nHowever, when the MBAs, finance types and lawyers started seizing control of business back in the 60s, they couldn't wrap their heads around such a concept, so the 40-hour week started to be eroded, and today, a 40-hour week is nothing but antique fiction for a lot of people. It persists because the businesses that do it don't have anything to compare it to: they assume they've got high productivity because they simply haven't tried 40-hour weeks.\n\nAnd business suffers for it. In one study I read a few years back, one of the authors had read a book about the creation of the first Macintosh computer. In it, the engineers were bragging about the *insane* hours they put in. The researcher made some estimates, and concluded Apple could have brought the Mac to market ONE YEAR SOONER if they'd all just worked 40-hour weeks."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day"
],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
2notxi | what is opec and how is affecting oil prices? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2notxi/eli5what_is_opec_and_how_is_affecting_oil_prices/ | {
"a_id": [
"cmfh2q7",
"cmfh41j",
"cmfh8vg"
],
"score": [
2,
12,
5
],
"text": [
"OPEC is the international oil cartel made up of a group of oil producing and exporting countries such as Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, etc. By corroborating on various aspects of the international trade of oil, they can control the prices among other things.\n\nFor example, if they determine the price of oil is too low, then they will lower the export quotas for each OPEC country, requiring them to withhold large amounts of oil in their own reserves until the price goes back up.",
"They are a collection of the biggest oil producing countries. They had a meeting to decide whether or not to slow down oil production. They decided not to slow it down and because there is plenty in surplus at the minute then supply is greater than the demand which forces down the price.",
"OPEC is a big club for oil exporting countries - the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.\n\nNo one on Earth 'makes' oil. We just dig it up and sell it. So, we can save money sometimes by selling less, and saving more to dig up later. OPEC decides if we should do that.\n\nToday, they decided not to do that. They are going to sit back and let everything happen like there was no OPEC. They are doing this because a whole lot of new digging just started up in the US, and they think that the US will slow down a little on it's own if they don't try to help.\n\nThey're right - we dug up so much oil so fast that some people digging oil can't sell it for as much money as they paid to dig it up. Those people will have to stop digging up oil. But not all of the new oil diggers will have to."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
3rg2xw | how does the mona lisa look so much less faded than the declaration of independence? | The Declaration of Independence is not nearly as old as the Mona Lisa, but the Declaration looks so much more faded. With the Mona Lisa on display at the Louvre, tons of photos are taken every day, and its not kept in low light like the Declaration. Or is the real Mona Lisa not in the Louvre? Or has it been repainted by people? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3rg2xw/eli5_how_does_the_mona_lisa_look_so_much_less/ | {
"a_id": [
"cwnra3l"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Declaration of Independence was written with iron gall ink on parchment. Both the ink and paper are much less stable and subject to fading than oil paint on wood. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
42hhsi | why do animals scatter away from humans but allow other creatures to hang around or pass through? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/42hhsi/eli5_why_do_animals_scatter_away_from_humans_but/ | {
"a_id": [
"czabziz",
"czaisls",
"czazz1o"
],
"score": [
3,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"One of the major things I've thought about on this subject is, that they may have developed a mistrust of us over time due to us hunting them, it probably has more factors than this but its one of the things i have thought a lot about.",
"They aren't reacting to you as a human. They are reacting to you as a threat. Animals, especially herd animals have what are called fixed reaction patterns and react to movement that is too slow, as stalking, or too fast, as charging. As animals not native to most habitats, human activities will be perceived as too fast or too slow because we don't have any sense of the natural pace of the habitat, we don't belong and don't know how to act. ",
"They aren't used to us is the main reason. Consider animals that are used to being around humans all day, such as pigeons, and they don't try to avoid us at all. When you see an animal in the wild it is used to the creatures hanging around and passing through. A human is an unfamiliar animal and therefore a potential threat, so they scatter. It's not unique to being human, any animal they haven't encountered before would cause them to scatter."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
6qqpu7 | how do ballet performers not destroy their feet? | I'm not so much speaking as a immediate reaction to them performing. More so, in the long run. Kind of like how NFL Football careers and UFC fighters have a very short career because of the head trauma. How do ballerinas treat and take care of their feet so they can perform for longer periods of time? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qqpu7/eli5_how_do_ballet_performers_not_destroy_their/ | {
"a_id": [
"dkz8k3u"
],
"score": [
11
],
"text": [
"They [usually do](_URL_0_). It's one of the sacrifices they make for their art."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/16/a1/a7/16a1a7bbdc52a83846433089d29f2b3b.jpg"
]
] | |
3co13u | why is the war on uber ride sharing so on going in australia? | Like this recent news article: _URL_0_
Why go governments need to do this? Isn't uber still paying taxes? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3co13u/eli5why_is_the_war_on_uber_ride_sharing_so_on/ | {
"a_id": [
"csxbfcb"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The taxi industry is tightly regulated to ensure public safety - drivers must be appropriately licensed, have undergone training, have had background checks run and so on. To own a taxi you need to have purchased a taxi license, of which there are very few and those few cost 200-300k. This is all legislated. Essentially taxi owners are furious that this company has come in and broken the law so unashamedly and completely devalued what is a massive investment on their part. "
]
} | [] | [
"http://www.news.com.au/finance/business/wa-government-to-hire-private-eyes-to-investigate-uber/story-fnda1bsz-1227435735593"
] | [
[]
] | |
anj0v5 | why do some cities want to ban all diesel fueled cars, regardless of the fact euro 6 diesels have lower co2 emissions? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/anj0v5/eli5_why_do_some_cities_want_to_ban_all_diesel/ | {
"a_id": [
"eftotb4",
"eftqjv5",
"eftt11o",
"eftwf23",
"eftwio7",
"eftz1ie",
"eftzhtl",
"eftzmin",
"efu02jf",
"efu0bqf",
"efu200p",
"efu22su",
"efu2mn0",
"efu4l2z",
"efu5u4n"
],
"score": [
102,
665,
76,
2,
16,
5,
5,
12,
2,
14,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Fine particle emissions.\n\nFine particle emissions are damaging to old buildings, particularly those with soft stone facades. Many European cities have huge collections of such buildings, and a thriving tourism industry dependent on them. I see fewer calls for this sort of ban in the US.",
"There's a lot of other combustion products that can be more damaging than CO2. For diesel engines, one of the big pollutants of concern is ozone. Diesels don't directly make ozone, but they do make precursors like oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC's). In sunlight these can react and create ozone and other stuff that's not good, and cloud cover really doesn't change that fact because these chemicals can end up above the cloud cover where it's always sunny. \n\nPretty much every city has a problem with ozone, because pretty much every city has a lot of cars that are already constantly driving around. That means there's a lot of NOx and VOC's just by default. By banning the worst contributors to that problem, a city can make a first step towards solving a pretty much unsolvable problem. ",
"There is much more to combustion than CO2. Particulate matter and VOCs, among other things, are the more harmful ones. ",
"What cities are planning this? Any source info? ",
"NOx emissions and particulate matter (soot, the black cloud from the stack of old big rigs). Diesel engines burn hotter than their gasoline counterparts and a byproduct of that is nitric oxide emmissions. Soot is a byproduct of incomplete combustion meaning all of the fuel in the cyclinder wasn't used fully before being discharged into the exhaust. ",
"??? CO2 has frig-all to do with air quality in a city. CO2 relates to global warming.\n\n",
"The problem with diesel is that it produces pollutants which are incredibly bad for human health in much larger quantities than petrol engines. Yes they emit lower CO2 but this doesn’t have the same effect on human health as NOx and particulates.\n\nIn Europe we’ve been told to buy diesels by successive governments and car makers who turned a blind eye to this to meet CO2 targets, but the full extent of the damage diesel emissions does to people is becoming more clear.\n\nEuro 6 cuts the particulates but mostly using devices such as DPF’s (diesel particulate filters) which don’t really kick in unless you’re on a long motorway journey with the engine temp up high, therefore quite often these controls are not working effectively in city centres.\n\nNetflix’s dirty money explains this all really well, and also claims governments are car makers are still failing to address diesel concerns, but the increasing awareness of the damage they do (VW scandal) means people and city’s are taking steps to get diesel cars out of city centres where they do the most damage in order to make up for the lack of action on a national level.\n\nI’ve got both a petrol and diesel car (albeit a Euro 3 pre DPF) and can always tell a strong difference between the two. Diesel fumes are rancid.",
"Because CO2 is not a human-health dangerous pollutant, while other pollutants like NOx and VOCs are actually dangerous to human health. CO2 matters for climate change, but it doesn't make you less healthy directly.",
"What really kicked it off, though, is the fact that it appears that tons of manufacturers (first and foremost, VW, obviously) were completely cheating. Like, straight up lying and cheating.\n\nWe already know that emissions certification cycles aren't a great replica of real world driving conditions. But, you need something standardized and that can simulate various driving conditions, so okay, fine, it's not great but it's what we've got. But this already means that, while cars are optimized to reduce emissions to meet these regulations, they actually emit more in the real world.\n\nBut what research eventually showed is that these diesel engines were putting out WAAAAAAY more emissions than they're supposed to, according to what they submitted to regulators. And at least in VW's case, they did this by basically changing the way the car operates when it detects that it's in a test condition to reduce emissions.\n\nThe push to ban diesels is in no small part a reaction to this, not just in the moral sense but also in the practical sense, because it wasn't only VW who was found to be polluting so much more.",
"I'm surprised nobody has really collated all of the various answers into a coherent explanation. \n\nTo summarise:\n\n- Diesels ARE more CO2 efficient, especially if we compare with petrol IC cars without turbochargers (which is still relatively common). \n\nHOWEVER\n\n- Diesels produce more particulate matter (i.e. soot from incomplete combustion)\n\n- Diesels produce more NOx as a result of higher combustion temperatures\n\nThese would both be fine to human health if dispersed evenly around the world - for example, heavy shipping burns bunker oil which is WAAAAAAY dirtier than diesel/petrol. They burn it out in the oceans where it cannot accumulate, with limited numbers of ships, and there are not many humans for it to cause a health risk to. \n\nUnfortunately, cities are the perfect place for accumulation of NOx and PM - they are places with buildings which limits natural ventilation with huge amounts of vehicle numbers. In certain conditions (atmospheric temperature inversions), NOx can really accumulate, causing smog (that yellowy/brown fog is what NOx looks like). All that with the highest population densities in the world, meaning health risks are magnified. \n\nThe issue of diesels is not about global warming. It is about human health. Both CO2 and NOx/PM are types of pollution, but one type of pollution is mainly environmental damage, and the others cause more direct human harm (as well as some environmental damage). \n\nAs always, we value human life above all - after all, the environment really doesn't care that much about human life. Right now, local air pollution (NOx/PM) are killing millions, but rising CO2 won't be as obviously killing people for a little while longer. And we do like to wait until the last moment to act...",
"I dont know how all the standards work across the world. But even the latest EPA regs arent required under a certain power level. Plus all the older equipment you have out there. \n\nNot to mention all the people reflashing their stuff so they can remove DPFs anyways.",
"Diesel engines make a lot of soot. I mean A LOT OF SOOT. This soot creates a bigger problem for global warming than CO2. That is why here in the states we do all we can to curb all emissions from diesels. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nNew cars have to have an additive to inject into the exhaust to help remove and burn the excess emissions. Europe does not.",
"I am a bike messenger/courier in one of the busiest cities in the world, so on a daily basis I'm breathing in a lot more fumes than your average city worker. Diesel is the worst as it has fine particles that can go deeper into lungs, you can almost feel it. Disgusting smell. All the cabs, vans, lorries, buses run on diesel and it's suffocating at times, especially as it seems to linger in the air for longer. Half the time I'm trying to hold my breath, which isn't condusive to physical exertion.\n\nI'm starting to worry about the long term effects and damage. I've doing this job for 2 and half years, generally get a kick out of it and enjoy the work and due to the daily cardio feel the fittest I've ever been in my life, yet the damage from the fumes - particularly diesel - is starting to make me think it's just not worth it. I keep reading pollution linked to cancer, respiratory problems, brain damage and a never ending list of problems, which is weighing on my mind a lot. Particularly with this overcast weather during winter holding the fumes in.",
"It's even worse for the environment than normal fuel that's why in general we should be looking to stop using fuels altogether so we can keep our planets air clean and if we DO use them we need to create technology that sucks up the after fumes rather than going into the air.",
"QUESTION: can anyone with actual knowledge on this tell me; whether or not a car running diesel and getting 40 miles to the gallon would produce more or less environmental damage than a petrol car getting 20 miles to the gallon? This is providing they travel the same distance (ignoring any extra incentive to travel more distance because you can).\n\nIt don't know the comparative environmental impact of producing said fuels nor the impact of burning them.\n\nOn another note being a citizen of the United States, I can say that my visit to England two years ago was it definitely eye-opening in terms of diesel pollution. I knew they use many more diesel cars but until then I had no real idea how many. It seems like most of the cars there were running on diesel, and while I don't exactly mind the smell of diesel exhaust, it was quite a thing to experience. It was obviously harder to breathe near roads. BMW's, Toyota's, hyundais, Ford's, trucks, compacts, didn't matter. Many vehicles had a diesel engine including my rental.\n\n\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
5wyn8k | what would it take for us to be able to (assuming it's ever possible) create a spacecraft capable of going even half the speed of light? also, is constant acceleration feasible in terms of space travel? | *assuming it's even possible | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5wyn8k/eli5what_would_it_take_for_us_to_be_able_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"deduped",
"dedv2au"
],
"score": [
6,
2
],
"text": [
"The problem is that you have to carry your fuel with you, so to do this you would need a fuel source so efficient that even a miniscule amount can provide massive force to accelerate the spacecraft *and* the unspent fuel. No fuel source currently available to us can accomplish this. Unless we discover new substance with nearly magical properties, this will be impossible.",
"The simple answer is \"probably something nuclear, or to do with as-of-yet exotic physics\" because we simply cannot achieve the amount of energy output and efficiency from conventional chemical reactions alone. (That is, unless you're intent on building a spaceship that would dwarf the Death Star, mainly comprised of fuel tanks.)\n\nBussard Ramjets are a technology which propose a possible way to constantly accelerate towards the thing you want to reach. But to build one, it would depend on a much more detailed understanding of magnetism and nuclear fusion than anyone currently grasps. (They use a magnetic field to funnel stuff into a nuclear \"jet engine\". So far it's a matter of some frustration how to make it slow down once it's going fast.)\n\nThe Alcubierre Drive is a technology you may have heard of, due to the popularity of [pictures like this](_URL_0_), but the idea for this kind of engine only works if negative energy density exists. (No one's sure if negative mass is a thing, and there are no obvious ways to find out.)\n\nThe EM Drive doesn't promise all that much more advantage than existing Ion Engines. And while Ion Engines could work, they would take thousands of years to cover small handfuls of lightyears. So on that front, there's a solution, but it's not very preferable.\n\nThere are many other solutions+downsides that have been conceived over the years. This has been a matter of considerable thought for engineers and theoretical physicists for more than half a century and still an ongoing matter of intense research. If you're interested and not afraid of science-speak, check out [ProjectRHO's Atomic Rockets](_URL_1_) by Winchell Cheung.\n\n\n\n\n\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--jf_6nN4K--/huktzitxzojen9b5nvoi.jpg",
"http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/torchships.php"
]
] | |
2vh2kv | bill clinton was impeached for lying to congress, not for cheating on his wife. but why was congress investigating his affair in the first place? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vh2kv/eli5_bill_clinton_was_impeached_for_lying_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"cohk8u9",
"cohkn3i"
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text": [
"Because Paula Jones filed [sexual harassment](_URL_0_) charges against him, during the proceedings of which he allegedly perjured himself. ",
"Congress is allowed to investigate the actions of the President at any time, for any reason they wish. It is one of the checks-and-balances of our governmental system. \n\nSpecifically this was done because of sexual harassment charges filed against him. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones"
],
[]
] | ||
2t0zei | how does someone die from cardiac arrest after days of online gaming? | Evidently it happens often? [Example](_URL_0_) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2t0zei/eli5_how_does_someone_die_from_cardiac_arrest/ | {
"a_id": [
"cnupv1r",
"cnuqc2k"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Probably had a condition already coupled with lack of food rest and water. His strained body simply gave out. There is only so much a body can do with that limited of resources and still being demanded to perform. I have seen cases like this where they died of dehydration. They simply never got up to drink.",
"More than likely a blood clot that caused a pulmonary embolism or an MI. Sitting and inactive for long periods of time will cause it. Develops in the legs as deep vein thrombosis and can travel to your heart or lungs blocking the blood flow causing cardiac arrest."
]
} | [] | [
"http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/19/world/taiwan-gamer-death/index.html"
] | [
[],
[]
] | |
e74aax | why is functional programming said to be better for multithreading than object oriented programming? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e74aax/eli5_why_is_functional_programming_said_to_be/ | {
"a_id": [
"f9vafpk"
],
"score": [
21
],
"text": [
"It's all about data immutability and, more generally, managing state. Functional languages, in general, embrace and even enforce data immutability. You can't change your data, which means other threads can't change the data, which means you can't have conflicts or data corruption due to multithreading. \n\nWith OO languages you can do the same exact thing by keeping your data immutable, but by tradition OO languages don't treat data immutability as the default. It's often easier to make mutable state data than it is to make your data immutable. This leads to situations where you have to worry about the same pieces of data being modified simultaneously on multiple threads, which means you need locks. Locks slow down performance and can lead to other problems as well (deadlocks, lock contention, etc)\n\nMulti-threaded programming is a bigger and deeper topic than most people like to acknowledge. Getting it right is extremely difficult. Making data immutable by default seems like a real small thing, but it's one less thing for a programmer to worry about."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
38df3d | the dye used in ct scan, why did it not create the warming sensation except in certain areas. | I have never had a CT Scan before, and when they said it would be a warming sensation everywhere, it wasn't. It basically warmed up my groin area, my arms, and made my left eye itch like a mofo. If it's supposed to follow your veins, and it's supposed to feel warming everywhere, why would someone feel it only in certain areas?
(The Best I could Find was [this](_URL_0_) ) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38df3d/eli5_the_dye_used_in_ct_scan_why_did_it_not/ | {
"a_id": [
"cru6k9i"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The dye they inject you with is Iodine based.\n\nIn areas with high blood flow you get a warming sensation. Less blood flow, less iodine, less warmth.\n\nAs you might imagine, with the femoral arteries passing through your groin area and supplying your legs with blood, quite a bit flows through there (not to mention, all the blood vessels for your genitals, and the increased sensitivity of the entire area). Of course, quite a bit goes to your head, which explains the \"warm flush\" and metallic taste in your mouth. We can't forget the large arteries supplying your arms, which is why you get that inner arm/arm pit warmth. Most people also get warmth in the chest, for obvious reasons.\n\nSome parts, like your lower legs, feet, and hands, have less blood flow, relatively speaking, and thus, less warming. It's still there, it's just far less in comparison so we don't notice."
]
} | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rf9hj/what_causes_the_warm_sensationhot_flash_when_you/"
] | [
[]
] | |
33m5yd | why do people still fall for pyramid schemes or mlm's? | Shouldn't these things be well known or easy enough for others to google first and figure out what terrible results they yield? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33m5yd/eli5_why_do_people_still_fall_for_pyramid_schemes/ | {
"a_id": [
"cqm70vg",
"cqm72gt",
"cqm72vp",
"cqm7bpg",
"cqm7ih4",
"cqm86cf",
"cqmcjqm",
"cqmdhsu"
],
"score": [
9,
3,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"the true answer is that they are blinded by greed. look for example at all the people who gave money to bernie madoff. Years before he was 'outed' by his son, a reporter at Barron's, a major financial paper, wrote an article questioning madoffs returns (\"Those returns have been so consistent that some on the Street have begun speculating that Madoff's market-making operation subsidizes and smooths his hedge-fund returns.\"). Anyone who was interested could have found it. There were also other warning signs, such as big firms that would not invest with him. Yet very wealthy people, presumably with money managers, all ignored these signs. Why? Simple greed, for the most part.\n\n[barrons article from 2001](_URL_0_) - he was arrested in 2008. \n\n[another link if that's paywalled, although this might be too.](_URL_1_)",
"SHOULD they know better? Yes. WILL they? No, and probably never ever will. People are so easy to scan it's almost scary. ",
"That catchy spill about retiring in a couple of years while sitting at home receiving paychecks from all the people working under you is so tempting to so many. ",
"because many people prefer easy money to actual work, even though the chances to be successful are rather small",
"The fact is that there will always be people who are less able to discern a good plan from a stupid idea, and those people will always fall for a trick. Its the same with Pyramid schemes. You and I know they are ridiculous, and are designed to make money for one person, the person selling the scheme in the first instance. There is no accounting for idiocy, and no known cure either. \n\nDespite knowing that “it’s too good to be true” and there is no “easy money”, we all want to believe it’s possible. So when someone pitches that possibility, I think people get wrapped up in the fantasy of it all and their critical thinking goes out the window.",
"You don't know it until you (almost) fall for it. At least, that was the case with me.\n\nI am a college-educated young adult, but the recruiters who try to suck you in are REALLY good talkers. That, and the fact that I had a free summer and was desperate to find any job I could.",
"I work in a credit union and a member wanted to withdraw his life savings of $20K to send to an online investment website. I asked him if he had seen any reviews for it, or how reputable they were, etc. He said his friend told him about it and had already made a 25% profit in just a month. I told him that sounded extremely fishy that they could make that much money in such a short amount of time. He insisted that it was all on the level and withdrew his money to send there.\n\nAbout 6 months later, the fed announced that the website was a huge ponzi scheme and they were trying to recover the assets of everyone who \"invested\". I told him. I freaking told him it sounded off, but he still wanted to do it. He was blinded by greed and lost his life savings.",
"Basically, most people try to trust their friends, neighbors, and family. In the same way that if your friend/neighbor/relative has religious beliefs you think are wacky, or political beliefs you think are tacky, you try to change the topic rather than challenge him directly, because it's so hard, and so rude, to flat out contradict someone in a public setting... do you have any experience with that?\n\nYou could compare it to the small-scale versions of the multi-level marketing schemes, where unscrupulous companies use gullible teenagers and their families to sell knives or some crap like that. CutCo knives are the most well-known version. For all the work they do, the teenagers barely earn above minimum wage; all of their parents' friends and co-workers are pressured into buying mediocre knives that they could have bought more cheaply online, if they needed them at all; the parents have irritated everyone they know for little gain to themselves; the only winner is the employers. The bottom line is that friendships are worth quite a lot in cold hard cash, and time is also worth something, and friendship entitles you to talk to your parents' friends about your knives (or whatever), and so you can use the boredom and politeness of your parents' friends to \"monetize\" the value of the friendship and withdraw value in the form of over-priced knives. But of course no one likes to feel like a scammer, so the more people you sell knives to, the more obsessed with the *ideology* of the knives you become - because if the knives are good you're a great salesman, and if the knives are bad you're a pathetic fuck-up.\n\nYou can observe the same extreme difficulty in contradicting people on financial point, in a more innocent setting, when people are sharing bad financial advice. I've tried many times to gently, gently introduce people who are close to my family to the idea that you should not own specific stocks and bonds (unless you have some specific reason to do so, like a company option-incentive plan), but instead invest in indices. However, it is extremely hard to tell people that decades of financial research proves that their \"gut instincts\" are bullshit. They have financial \"wisdom\" passed on to them from their fathers, from the barbershop, from Reader's Digest, from invest-o-tainment on cable news channels: they think their nonsensical principles are common sense, and common sense is wacky professor-talk.\n\nAnyway, pyramid schemes and MLMs just take this same pattern and milk it with real money at stake, and add an extra level of pressure for the people who are abused in one step of the scheme to become the abusers in the next step. Because the masterminds of the schemes are usually abusing a closed-loop of social connections, any one particular scheme will often devastate particular families, or communities, or religions, which amplifies the disaster by concentrating the damage on one network of people, instead of spreading it out over a wider area. The con man convinces one friend, and that friend convinces a second guy, and that guy convinces a mutual friend of theirs to be the third victim: now you can see that if you play golf with these three guys once in a while, it makes the con man seem like an obvious legitimate guy... and doubly so if you find out, independently, that your golf partners, your doctor, and your wife's cousin all happen to be invested in the same scheme. At that point not only do you feel like you can't question the common sense of these five people, but if it's coming from all these different directions, you feel like everyone but you knows about the scheme, you're the last to find out, you can't let them know how ignorant you are....\n\nThese sorts of schemes are sometimes just referred to, collectively, as \"affinity fraud\", because from a bird's-eye view the defining character isn't really the exact details of the chicanery they're engaged in or the specific fraud they've cooked up, but the con-men's skill at using their social identity to inspire trust in these networks of people who feel affinity for them. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://online.barrons.com/articles/SB989019667829349012",
"http://online.barrons.com/articles/SB122973813073623485?tesla=y"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
8a1d9p | why is it that when you think of eating something sour or really sweet, you feel as though you’re tasting it despite nothing being in your mouth? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8a1d9p/eli5_why_is_it_that_when_you_think_of_eating/ | {
"a_id": [
"dwv1y4t",
"dwv2cpw",
"dwv56mt",
"dwv6kzh"
],
"score": [
128,
36,
15,
2
],
"text": [
"Conditioning. Have you heard of \"Pavlov's dogs?\" Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment where he would feed dogs, but only after a bell rings. Eventually, the sound of the bell made the dogs salivate even if they weren't given food. They associated the bell with food and their mouths anticipated that.\n\nThis is also why you feel the need to go to the bathroom even more when you're near a bathroom.\n\nAnd also why your mouth waters when you think of certain foods.",
"Everything you hear, see, taste, touch, smell, is all happening in your brain. Remembering a taste is no different than remembering a smell or a sound or a sight or a touch. You're literally recalling the sensory perception in your brain where it happened in the first place.",
"man i wish i had that super power. brownies for days, none of the calories and stomach pain",
"I've been wondering about this too. When I grab the jar of pickles in the fridge I instantly get a tart sensation in my mouth. This is different from my mouth watering when I'm looking at a food menu or something in a restaurant."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
aeapde | why does the air behind a fan seem relatively undisturbed while the air in front of a fan is gusting? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aeapde/eli5_why_does_the_air_behind_a_fan_seem/ | {
"a_id": [
"ednsotv",
"edolke7",
"edor6zx"
],
"score": [
98,
13,
12
],
"text": [
"The air from behind is being drawn in from all directions, but it's being pushed out as a column in a single direction.",
"Like the hour glass from the board games. The smaller spout in the middle has the sand moving fast through a small hole, while the sand on top move much slower. ",
"The air coming into the back is being sucked in steadily from an almost donut-shaped area spanning 200 degrees or more. By contrast, the air coming out the front of the fan is having its movement violently altered by the rapid movement of the fan blades and redirected into a narrow cone of maybe 45 degrees. It's not just that the air output from the fan \"is gusting,\" it is actually *turbulent* in the sense that it's not moving in a clean smooth line the way it is moving into the back of the fan."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
6p90ql | what criteria do ingredients need to meet in order to be classified as "active/medical"? | Many times have I seen two sections in ingredient lists; "active" and "non-medical" (or some variation to the terms). To my understanding "active" is anything that possess medical properties to it, but what sort of qualities does a substance need to possess or have the capacity to do in order to be considered "medical"?
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6p90ql/eli5_what_criteria_do_ingredients_need_to_meet_in/ | {
"a_id": [
"dkniahi"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It needs to enact a physiological change on your body, as opposed to simply being processed like normal food. \n\nThe change has to be noticeable and measurable, and often directed towards a specific medicinal goal."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
85k7e2 | auto depreciation process and the pros/cons of leasing v. buying used | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/85k7e2/eli5_auto_depreciation_process_and_the_proscons/ | {
"a_id": [
"dvy2wa6"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Cars depreciate most early on, so buying used means somebody else loses the value instead of you. The reasons for more rapid depreciation early on is that, when the price is too close to new then people just prefer to buy new -- they know the whole vehicle's history, they get the new car incentives, financing is typically cheaper (not many 0% or 1.9% financing specials on used cars). Additionally, a dealer is going to only offer so much that they make a profit when re-selling. So the day after buying a $35k car, the dealer will only give you $31k for it... The dealer wants their $2k for detailing & advertising expenses, salesperson's commission & profits why buy a year old car for more than $33k when a new one at $35k probably costs you less (taking into account interest rate differences)?\n\nAs new cars are less of a direct competitor, the depreciation curve flattens out. So buying a car that's like 2 years old means somebody else has lost 1/3 of the value, and you still get many years of use out of that vehicle. You could sell after 2 more years and lose maybe another 20% of its value, or keep driving it for a decade or more.\n\nLeasing means you only get a few years use and then have nothing when the lease is up. You are effectively renting the car and paying for the drop in value over that time plus a fee for being allowed to use the car. Cars of different values can cost the same to lease due to differences in depreciation over the life of the lease... say a BMW will decline from $45k to $30k in 3 years, while a Dodge falls from $25k to $10k -- each lose $15k over 3 years, so the leases may be similar even though the BMW costs almost twice as much."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
bvrw7i | what is the difference between a single-celled organism and just a regular cell? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bvrw7i/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_a/ | {
"a_id": [
"epsr9qe",
"epstcqm"
],
"score": [
8,
6
],
"text": [
"A single cell organism can reproduce on its own. A cell inside a multicellular organism might undergo a mitosis for the purpose of organ building and cell replacement, but will not be able to achieve reproduction.",
"I think it'd be helpful to define \"single celled organism\" vs \"regular cell.\" I'm going to assume that by \"single celled organism\" you're lumping things like archaebacteria, prokaryotes, and eubacteria together. I'm going to assume that by \"regular cell\" you mean if I just took a random cell from you. \n\n\nThe single celled organism has to do everything on its own. It can't really rely on other cells to come help it. There's great examples of symbiotic relationships that involve single celled organisms, such as nitrogen fixing bacteria on plant roots, but let's ignore those for simplicity. The single celled organism is just one cell, so one cell has to do everything - taking out the trash, getting nutrients, etc. \n\n\nThe regular cell can afford to be specialized because it's in a network with other cells that will support it. Blood cells are specialized to carry oxygen / co2. Kidney cells are specialized to filter. White blood cells are specialized to fight foreign bodies. And so forth. While each of these cells do need to do things like eat, take out the trash, and so forth, they also have other cells to help with that. Other cells can alleviate the burden so each cell can focus on what it's good at. \n\n\nYou can think of the former as a jack of all trades and the latter as a group of experts working together. Both have their pros and cons."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
6oh154 | why and when did moustache get associated with perverts? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6oh154/eli5_why_and_when_did_moustache_get_associated/ | {
"a_id": [
"dkh9toh"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"When porn movies started to become popular in the 70s, many proeminent actors used a moustache because it was a fashion trend among males back then. On the 80s, the moustache fashion was long gone but the bulk of the porn market (and piracy) was comprised by the titles shot a few years earlier. So, the moustache quickly became a porn actor fashion stereotype and got almost instantly associated with male sex performers. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
2sfsbh | how did people get caught committing a crime, such as murder or arson, before dna, fingerprints, etc were used? | I feel like back in the 17-1800s that I would be able to murder somebody or commit arson without being caught... How were so many people caught?
Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2sfsbh/eli5_how_did_people_get_caught_committing_a_crime/ | {
"a_id": [
"cnp1fad",
"cnp22kt",
"cnp5m70"
],
"score": [
2,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"Eye witnesses. Good ol' fashion law enforcement tactics of determining motives, timeline, and suspects. And when enforcement got a suspect they thought was guilty but wouldn't confess, they would interrogate and beat a confession out of them. ",
"There are a few ways of looking at this, some obvious, some less:\n\n1. on the obvious side, we have good ole investigation - motives, witnesses, interviewing, and other forms physical evidence (blood, blood type, weapons, shoe prints and so on). \n\nThe less obvious is something we don't often talk about:\n\n2. Yesterday's \"strongest physical evidence\" was perceived as \"really strong\" - heck, it was the strongest physical evidence imaginable! The entire bar of evidence changes when new forms exist and only then do we perceive that old forms of evidence are flimsy. \n\nFurther, it's worth noting that the discovery of stronger forms bites both way in the courtroom - just as we now have DNA evidence, we now also have a defense strategy of \"there was no DNA evidence found\". So...even though we have a knife, victim blood and so on, the absence of DNA of the perpetrator at the crime scene or on the victims person casts doubt on guilt where it could not have done so in the prior to DNA evidence.\n\n",
"The same way they do now. Most crimes are not solved with DNA or even fingerprints, despite what CSI tells you. Solving crimes mostly involves talking to people, especially ~~snitches~~ confidential informants. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | |
9sxdmm | when planes crash, how do most black boxes survive? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9sxdmm/eli5_when_planes_crash_how_do_most_black_boxes/ | {
"a_id": [
"e8tvyj7",
"e8tz1nz",
"e8u1rz9",
"e8s3mws",
"e8s3ony",
"e8s3uo6",
"e8s3x9m",
"e8s7yqb",
"e8ske2o",
"e8sltz2",
"e8spfco",
"e8srvx1",
"e8ssg6x",
"e8std69",
"e8sui1i",
"e8sv15t",
"e8svx9z",
"e8sw13m",
"e8swe4c",
"e8swksj",
"e8swlyd",
"e8sxvow",
"e8t2qrg",
"e8t4ub4",
"e8tb4rk",
"e8tbvev",
"e8tcmj6",
"e8td4c5",
"e8tg5gg",
"e8tgaml",
"e8thh9p"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2,
39,
3539,
83,
863,
7029,
423,
117,
12,
24,
133,
2,
4,
2,
96,
24,
13,
3,
2,
7,
3,
2,
2,
26,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"This reminds me of comedian that wondered in his act, “why not make the whole plane out of the stuff that they use to make the black box?” I wondered that too, as a kid. ",
"It's about scaling. If there isn't fire, most ants would survive plane crashes. Electronics are light and extremely strong like ants. Additionally, they have material to slow them down a bit more gradually. It's not how fast you are going, it's how fast you stop.\n\nThat said, sometimes they don't survive the most violent of impacts or water damage. There have been many iterations to address their limitations over the years. It is hypothesized in the last [Indian Air accident](_URL_0_), that the pilots knowingly tried to continue the flight to record over their screwup. Apparently, after 120 minutes on this model, it loops.",
"Fun fact: the black box? Actually bright orange.",
"They're placed in the far back surrounded by layers of collision padding and fireproofing. \n\nAlso, most pilots don't want to die and therefore try to slow the crash down as much as they can by pulling up just before impact. The planes that do a nosedive straight into the ground or sea rarely have their black boxes survive. ",
"They're made of nothing but very strong components. By international law, flight recorders have to be able to crash from 500kph to 0 in 45 cm and still be fully recoverable.\n\n",
"They are small and can therefore be made very sturdy. \nYou can make anything survive a crash with enough reinforcement if the content of said box doesn't mind being rapidly deaccelerated.",
"Firstly the flight recorders are incased in layers of steel and foam to protect it from any impact or fire. In addition the recording is done on media which can be read even if slightly damaged and exposed to the elements. Early flight recorders scratched lines into metal foil but now they use magnetic tape. Even if a flight recorder is shredded into small bits and put in salt water for months the magnetic tape still holds information and can be pieced together by investigators.",
"Imagine carrying a rock on a flight, and then going through the rubble of the crash to find the rock. That rock is going to probably be fine. Black boxes are stronger than rocks.",
"Planes need to be light in weight, so they can fly in the air. Cue, Aluminum..... Black boxes, though, they are much smaller and can be made with the strongest things with the purpose to record and be strong. They are also painted in orange so that it is easy to find them. \n\n\nAlso, the technical term for Black boxes is Flight Recorders. ",
"Another question would be (imo): Why do we need to find black boxes in these days. Why aren't planes sending this data also nonstop via satellites to a secure storage that doesn't fly with 1000km/h through the air. At least we would know the exact coordinates of where a plane hit the water instead of 'owh it gone from our radar'\n\n\nats-b doesn't count, not enough coverage, not enough frequency, no voicerecordings.",
"Black boxes actually very often don't survive. However, the black box itself is not the interesting part; it's the recording medium inside that you care about. And that medium is encased in an extremely strong container that can withstand most impacts itself. \n\nAdditionally, the black boxes are mounted in the aft section of the plane, just before the horizontal stabilisers. This is the section of the plane most likely to stay partially in-tact.",
"You put your phone in a case to prevent it from taking the hard hit from the ground. Another example is those \"egg container\" contests where they put an egg inside and drop it from like 30 feet. The goal is to insulate the egg so it won't break.\n\nBlack boxes are like SUPER ULTRA CASES that are built around recording devices that are designed to take really hard hits. Special insulation, shock-absorbing materials, sturdy recording equipment, etc.",
"If you built the entire plan like a black box, it wouldn't be a plane anymore, it would be a tank. \n\n\nIf you take a really TOUGH plane that can still fly, accelerate it and its contents up to 300MPH and 50,000 feet then let it freefall, whenever it stops, the contents of the plan (including its passengers and cargo) were falling at the same rate. They also stop rapidly, so from their perspective in zeroG(ish) freefall, you basically just hit them with an entire planet at 300MPH. \n\n\nNow of all the thing on that plane, really only one is capable of surviving that kind of impact, followed by fire and\\\\or deep submersion for prolonged periods under salt water. The blackbox. \n\n\nPlans, fragile by design to fly effectively. \nHumans, fragile by evolution, not designed to withstand such forces.\n\nBlackbox, \"we got you fam.\" \n",
"Can anyone explain why this data isn't also backed up on the cloud?\n\nSure, it is an awful lot of data but seems like something worth the price.",
"In addition to being made out of amazing material that is very resilient, the “black boxes” are stored in the tail of the aircraft. This can help in some cases as the forward sections of the aircraft will absorb some impact before the tail section. This isn’t true in every case, but I’ve seen plenty of air crash pictures where the fuselage is highly damaged and only the tail is recognizable. ",
"They're in durable, compact, containers and there are multiples of them in different locations in the plane. During catastrophic crashes, it's likely one will be destroyed beyond usability, but the hope is that at least one will survive. There is usually one in the cockpit area and one closer to the tail.",
"A while ago there was an article in Flying Magazine on what they do to test black boxes:\n\n* Fire it from a cannon at a brick wall\n* Point flamethrowers at it for an hour or so\n* Put it in an oven for 24 hours\n* Put in salt water at simulated depth for two weeks\n\nThese times are most certainly not quite correct, the article was some time ago.",
"The black box is typically in the rear of the plane, so in most accidents, it will suffer from less impact.\n\nThey are also designed to withstand up to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit for one hour and upwards to 3000 times the force of gravity.",
"Black boxes have a lot of crash protection, like rubber and Kevlar and stuff like that. Layers on layers of it. With the advent of flash technology, black boxes are harder to break because they don't have moving parts any more. \n\nBlack boxes are also bright orange-red by the way, and not black. ",
"So the black box is made from extremely strong metal & foam like a pillow! It’s typically located in the rear of the plane most crashes impact forward of the vertical stabilizer! So when the plane crashes it is protected!",
"What I'd like to know is this: if the black box knows what caused the crash, why didn't it tell the pilot?",
"Where are the black boxes from 9/11?",
"Follow up question, does the black box need to be wiped to make more storage after a certain number of flights? Do they replace the storage device or just it just record over itself? ",
"Flight recorders are not indestructible, they're frequently very [badly damaged](_URL_0_) in crashes, and sometimes some or all the data is unreadable. \n\nit's just a tough steel box they're hoping will survive a crash intact enough to recover the data.",
"The sensors inside the the “black box” (which is actually orange) are a little bigger than a gaming computers graphics card.the surrounding material is the Bulk of it\n\nEdit: link _URL_0_",
"The kids who were awesome at the egg drop contest grew up and were given a bigger budget for essentially the same problem.",
"I remember reading about this. Black boxes can be broken but the probability of this happening is slim since in a crash the plane’s hull takes most of the damage dispersing the force of the impact.\n",
"Watch Aircraft Disaster series. What you will notice is all too often they do NOT survive intact. Rather they protected the actual data storage enough for it to be recoverable.",
"A combination of being in the tail of the plane which sees less damage and impact forces and being made to resist water, fire, and impact forces.\n\nThey actually are often damaged and sometimes not able to give full data to investigators.",
"On top of what everyone is saying about them being super strong and waterproof, they are stored at the tail end of the plane, so they rarely receive the brunt of the impact.",
"Black Boxes don't need to be able to fly, so they can be made extremely tough and extremely heavy/dense, to handle most physical effects like crashes and fire.\n\nPlanes have to be light enough to fly, but that means they can't be built to survive fires and crashes (beyond a certain point, of course).\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/air-india-trichy-dubai-flight-damage-airport-wall-see-photos-1366717-2018-10-12"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://img.thedailybeast.com/image/upload/c... | ||
8a0nzw | how are actors taxed on royalties from movies made in a different country? | I know New Zealand has a lot of things made there and it will obviously vary depending on country of residence, but is it by where they live, where it was filmed, where it was edited? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8a0nzw/eli5how_are_actors_taxed_on_royalties_from_movies/ | {
"a_id": [
"dwv4s4z"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I'm pretty sure an actor works for studio X, studio X gets paid by by distributors in other countries, and studio X pays the actor. So if an actor makes a movie for a studio in their own country, and that movie is distributed in other countries, the actor doesn't have foreign income. They have income from the studio in their own country."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
dwlh2d | how do local news and weather programs reach only those tvs in that specific, local region? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dwlh2d/eli5_how_do_local_news_and_weather_programs_reach/ | {
"a_id": [
"f7ksxat"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Depends on what you mean. \n\nFor satellite TV, it's a combination of the receiver only having channels for your area \"turned on\" and visible to you, and a \"spot beam\" that allows them to re-use frequencies. For example, local channels for New York and Los Angeles can use the same frequencies, because the \"beam\" of signal is focused on each place, preventing interference. \n\nFor the morning news show cutting to your local affiliate for the weather, your local affiliate is always receiving the national feed, before sending it to distributes to be sent to you. The local weather guy knows roughly what time he'll be put on, and the master control room waits for the \"and now, your local forecast\" and cuts over to the local guy. When he's done, they cut back to the national feed. \n\nFor local weather on cable systems, on the Weather Channel's Local on the 8s, The Weather Channel broadcasts a \"blank template\", and then a unit at your cable headend superimposes the graphics and text, and ads, local to your area. They call this unit \"The Weather Star\"."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
6okqir | how are sitcoms that are taped in front of a live audience taped? how long does it take? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6okqir/eli5_how_are_sitcoms_that_are_taped_in_front_of_a/ | {
"a_id": [
"dki5m81"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It will vary from show to show, so I will stick to answering specifically for Seinfeld.\n\nIt was generally filmed in chronological order, but anything filmed off site was filmed in advance and shown to the audience on screens to get the 'laugh track'. Although if they didn't like the audience laugh they would still use canned laughter, but most of the laughs are genuine (unlike some other shows like tbbt)\n\nA lot of 'outdoor' scenes were actually filmed in the studio as well.They had a few blocks of NY streetscapes set up. If you pay attention when watching you can notice the scenery repeating.\n\nIt would take about 3-4 hours to film an episode but this varied wildly depending on the storyboards. It was only ever meant to take a couple of hours but I don't think they ran on time once in their entire history. \n\nThe actors that weren't prepping for a scene would interact with the audience between takes to keep them interested. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
67jut5 | why can car commercials call out other brands directly, but most cleaning commercials compare themselves to the "leading brand"? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/67jut5/eli5_why_can_car_commercials_call_out_other/ | {
"a_id": [
"dgqy8b2"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It isn't illegal at all. Many advertisers just don't want to mention the name of their competitors in ads because they don't want to give them free exposure. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
2s7en6 | how can a thumbnail show an image if the image doesnt exist on the internet? | ex. when you upload to imgur it shows a thumbnail of what you're uploading:
_URL_0_
how can it do that? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2s7en6/eli5_how_can_a_thumbnail_show_an_image_if_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"cnmun0c"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Most replies so far seem to talk about thumbnails *after* the image has already been uploaded, which I don't think is what you were asking about.\n\nThe (imho) most likely option would be that a client-side-only thumbnail is created through Javascript.\n\nIn more detail: \nWhen you drag an image into Imgur there is a script (written in Javascript) that makes it all actually work; the brains of the operation if you will. This script will (likely, I haven't looked at the source) recognize the type of file you dragged on and comfirm it's indeed an image file.\n\nAfter this it can already load in the image and create a thumbnail to show you from it. Right-click on such a thumbnail and click \"Copy link location\" or your browser's equivalent. The link on Imgur will start with `data:image/jpeg;base64`, which means the image isn't actually hosted anywhere; it was generated. Because Javascript runs on the client-side (i.e.: your browser only) no uploading needs to take place for it to show you a thumbnail."
]
} | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/4eDygvc.png"
] | [
[]
] | |
6hzm81 | how is a chimera two genetically different animals? | For example, how does [this](_URL_0_) work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6hzm81/eli5_how_is_a_chimera_two_genetically_different/ | {
"a_id": [
"dj2d76e"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Basically you have two embryos, at a very early stage, for fraternal twins but they end up merging into one embryo. Some cells are from one, some cells are from the other, and they get a bit mixed up, but the embryonic stage is able to continue with normal development (these cells form skin, these cells over there form feet, etc)\n\nThere can even be cases where some cells are male and some are female."
]
} | [] | [
"https://www.reddit.com/r/aww/comments/6hwxrb/this_good_boy_is_a_chimera_which_is_an_animal/"
] | [
[]
] | |
1dvda4 | how does a potato power a light bulb? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dvda4/eli5_how_does_a_potato_power_a_light_bulb/ | {
"a_id": [
"c9u7wfq",
"c9u80hw"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Together with the wires you plug into the potato, it forms a crude battery. The two electrodes (usually one zinc and one copper) you stick into it act as cathode and anode, and the potato juice (acid) acts as an electrolyte.",
"It mostly doesn't.\n\nWhen you use a potato like that, you have a stick of Zink and a stick of Copper, which you stick into the potato. It's the metals (which slowly corrode away) that generate the electricity - if you keep taking electricity out of it, one of the metal sticks will corrode away to dust. The potato isn't spent.\n\n(Also, if your teacher uses the textbook I found at the library the other day, he's pre-wired the potato to a power-supply, so the light is good and bright)"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
5d138k | what exactly is a "safe space" and why is it evoking so much controversy nowadays? | I'm a non-american,so please explain me | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5d138k/eli5what_exactly_is_a_safe_space_and_why_is_it/ | {
"a_id": [
"da0yubl",
"da0z05r",
"da14l6n"
],
"score": [
16,
2,
5
],
"text": [
"Alright, I'm going to try to give you as unbiased an explanation as I can. A safe space is a zone, either in real life or online, where certain types of speech are banned. The goal is to make the people who enter the safe space more comfortable by protecting them from offensive speech targeting them.\n\nSupporters of safe spaces argue that they are a way for oppressed groups such as racial minorities, the LGBT+ community and women to have a place where they are guaranteed not to face harassment and can freely discuss the unique issues they face.\n\nThe main criticisms against safe spaces are that they stifle free speech and risk becoming echo chambers. Basically, people who choose to have a majority of their political and social discussions within safe spaces would only ever be exposed to their own ideas, which can lead to those ideas becoming more and more extreme.",
"A safe-space is somewhere where groups of usually oppressed people have where non-oppressed people can't come to. A good example is women's groups or lounges that exist in universities or spaces for LGBT people. These spaces in general, exist to make these people feel comfortable and escape places they feel are opressing them. For example, the queer group at my university has a lounge to study, they have knitting groups and various outings and invite speakers to talk about safe sex and other issues. \n\nI live in Australia and we have them in many universities in Melbourne like RMIT, Monash, Deakin and Melbourne Uni I think? \n\nI don't really understand the controversy, I think a lot of people who think modern women don't suffer sexism and feminism is harmful and unnecessary object to safe spaces. Others say it only leads to people feeling isolated and people become sensitive cry-babies or something? Or it's offensive to the non-oppressed group. Or people see it as indicative of a bigger problem. \n\n\n\nI'm sure there are people who can better explain the controversy because they are opposed to them whereas I don't see the big deal. ",
"The core idea of a \"safe space\" is a place where a minority group (LGBTQ+, trans people, racial/religious minorities) or someone that has a feeling of persecution or aggression against them can go and, theoretically, be safe. The idea of it is a sort of neutral, conflict-free ground where you can just go and decompress, or know that certain types of speech are not going to attack you.\n\nThe controversy comes when the idea gets extrapolated out to a great deal - where does a safe space start, and where does it end? Should somewhere like a university be a safe space? How do you define what kind of language is \"unsafe\"? Just outright hate speech? Or something that makes someone uncomfortable? Does this carry over to images or discussion? Does it cover what a professor can or should assign, or what kind of groups or events can be held? Who is a group that should *use* a safe space?"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | |
17d9y5 | pinterest. what, why, how? | Pinterest seems like something I'd like, but its pretty confusing. I just need someone to explain simply what it is, why it was created and how I use it?
Please and thank you! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17d9y5/eli5_pinterest_what_why_how/ | {
"a_id": [
"c84flh6"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Its very simple. Say you like cars, so you look up cars on pintrest. You will see a bunch of peoples posts about cars. There are categories as pics, how-to, and a few others. Say you want pics of cars, so you click that. Now you can look and pics of cars, but heres where the magic comes. If you \"like\" a pic, it will try to find similar pics to show you on your front page. So say your favorite car is a mustang, if you \"like\" a lot of pics of mustangs, it will try and only show you those. It may show you others as well, just not as much. \n\nTL;DR. It keeps tracks of your likes and finds what interests you."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
md12a | decaf coffee | 1.) How do they take the caffeine out of coffee beans
2.) Who in the fuck drinks it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/md12a/eli5_decaf_coffee/ | {
"a_id": [
"c2zxf4h",
"c2zy33g",
"c2zxf4h",
"c2zy33g"
],
"score": [
6,
2,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"1) The unroasted beans are washed in a solvent which removes the caffein. Then rinsed and repeated multiple times until the desired level of decaffeination is achieved.\n\n2) The types of people who talk in theatres. Bastards.",
"I drink it. I'm not the kind of person who talks in movie theaters. I'm the kind of person who has scumbag body chemistry; caffeine triggers horrible panic attacks. I developed a deep love for coffee before my body went all NO COFFEE JOY FOR YOU. It wasn't the caffeine I loved, but the simple pleasure of relaxing with a cup of coffee for a few minutes. Now decaf keeps me happy in that regard. Not awake. Just happy. ",
"1) The unroasted beans are washed in a solvent which removes the caffein. Then rinsed and repeated multiple times until the desired level of decaffeination is achieved.\n\n2) The types of people who talk in theatres. Bastards.",
"I drink it. I'm not the kind of person who talks in movie theaters. I'm the kind of person who has scumbag body chemistry; caffeine triggers horrible panic attacks. I developed a deep love for coffee before my body went all NO COFFEE JOY FOR YOU. It wasn't the caffeine I loved, but the simple pleasure of relaxing with a cup of coffee for a few minutes. Now decaf keeps me happy in that regard. Not awake. Just happy. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
4dgt3r | how did dreadlocks on a non african-american become associated with "cultural appropriation"? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dgt3r/eli5_how_did_dreadlocks_on_a_non_africanamerican/ | {
"a_id": [
"d1qrwr5",
"d1qs34e",
"d1qsbor",
"d1qsw6z",
"d1qztlt",
"d1riode"
],
"score": [
24,
12,
12,
2,
3,
6
],
"text": [
"When people invented the term cultural appropriation we already gave up on integration and cohabitation. In my opinion the people who drew the lines on what habits or styles belong to what race are the actual enemy, they are the oar dragging the water stirring shit up. I'm white and if a black guy wants to drive a VW I'm not gonna say \"hey only white people can drive VW\" I'm gonna say \"hey nice VW man looks nice\" and go about my day. Basically it's people who feel like they need to defend something that doesn't need defending. VW markets to all people, dreadlocks can happen to all people, what so are chopsticks off limits now for anyone not Asian? That's how stupid cultural appropriation sounds...",
"People are stupid and assume that dreadlocks are only associated with black people because they mentally associate the style with Rastafarian culture.\n\nIt's funny, because Rastafarians grow dreadlocks because of their interpretation of a passage in the Old Testament of the Bible (Numbers 6:5). If anything, they've appropriated Hebrew culture.",
"Because certain people do not know enough about the world's cultures. Then, in their ignorance, claimed sole ownership of certain practices for their own culture. Then they double down on their ignorance and proclaim \"cultural appropriation\" when others do it.\n\nDreadlocks were made popular, in the US, by non American blacks. Bob Marley of Jamaican decent, in the '70, comes to mind.",
"Remember watching someone giving Paul Simon the 5th degree for his horrible actions stealing from Ladysmith Black Mombazo. The result of working with him was to give them worldwide exposure, a major break. The lives of a lot of the young pc crowd seem to revolve around find targets to demonize and hate.",
"You may find [this previous post](_URL_0_) helpful.",
"Seems like you haven't really got any serious explanations of why appropriation is considered an issue yet, so I'll do my best.\nThis doesn't only apply to dreadlocks, but it serves as a pretty good illustration of appropriation as a whole. \n\nBasically, dreads have come to be associated closely with Rastafari which particularly through the influence of people like Bob Marley, has become a pretty familiar culture across the world. In and of itself, this isn't a problem, but the impression of Rastafari which, to stereotype a little bit, white, dreadlocked, college kids often have is seriously distorted. A lot of the symbols of Rastafari, including dreads, have been wrapped up in the weed-smoking, reggae listening subculture (imagine all the products you see branded with Bob Marley). What this fails to appreciate is that Rastafari is far more than this lazy stereotype: it's roots are very much in the liberation struggles of former slaves in the carribbean, and closely linked to the Black Nationalism of Marcus Garvey, and the Pan-Africanism of Haile Selassie. Even Marley has been recast as a kind of amiable stoner who sang feel-good reggae songs, when in actual fact much of his work was intensely political. \n\nThe problem of appropriation, therefore, is not exactly that a certain hairstyle should be restricted to one race, but that certain symbols may be picked up and used as a fashion statement by people who do not fully understand their significance. When these symbols are linked closely to really bitter struggles, and terrible repression which is still within living memory for many, it can understandably be seen as disrespectful. For something like the dreadlock, which was created as a mark of identity among people who considered their true identities to have been stolen (when they were enslaved), it can appear that appropriation is taking that identity once again. \n\nSorry, that turned into a bit of an epic, but hope it helps to understand it a bit."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ofj5r/eli5_why_cant_i_a_white_girl_wear_my_hair_in/"
],
[]
] | ||
3nom6x | why is it that sometimes a talkative group or classroom will get suddenly quiet for seemingly no reason? | It's something that's happened to myself countless times but that I've never exactly questioned. It always goes that a room will be really loud and a bunch of people will stop talking at the same time. It always seems to unnerve a large number of people in the room when it occurs, but never have I heard an explanation as to why it happens. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nom6x/eli5_why_is_it_that_sometimes_a_talkative_group/ | {
"a_id": [
"cvpwgu4",
"cvq7dz8"
],
"score": [
23,
2
],
"text": [
"There are lots of conversations going on, each of which has occasional silences between the people talking. Most of time that averages out to about the same number of people talking at any time, but sometimes it will randomly happen that lots of the silences will coincide and you get a quiet moment. Anyone left talking tends to wonder what happened and shut up too.",
"It's a form of flocking/herding behavior (_URL_0_). Each person is individually deciding whether or not to talk and how loudly, but they are also listening to what everyone else is doing. Loudness *tends* to encourage loudness, and quietness *tends* to encourage quietness, but the system as a whole can execute seemingly planned sudden changes without any actual coordination. As /u/Probate_Judge stated, there is an evolutionary advantage to paying attention to other members of the group suddenly falling silent too."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocking_(behavior)"
]
] | |
9s3hvr | does the efficient market hypothesis really mean you can never beat the market, you can just get the market returns? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9s3hvr/eli5_does_the_efficient_market_hypothesis_really/ | {
"a_id": [
"e8lrhph",
"e8lrlkj",
"e8lubsi",
"e8lxybo",
"e8ly98u",
"e8m0dnx"
],
"score": [
11,
2,
10,
4,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"ETFs have historically beat out many managed fund accounts. Save yourself the administrative fees and just buy into well diversified ETFs",
"It means that you can't beat the market consistently by buying when good news comes out or selling when bad news comes out, because the theory is that all available information is already reflected in the price. \n\nThere is a lot of speculation going on with speculators buying when they think *other* speculators will pay more because of some news, and the other way around.\n\nHowever you can beat the market by making wiser decisions than the general market. The general market often acts like any human; reacting overly optimistic to good news or overly pessimistic to bad news. \n\nThe key is being realistic as to what the news means for an investment - if anything - instead of trying to predict how other investors will react.",
"EMH doesn't say you can never get lucky. It just says (in its stronger forms) that you can't do it consistently.",
"The Efficient Market Hypothesis wouldn't completely rule out that a given person will beat the market, but it says that only happens due to luck. \n\nSuppose you have a strong hunch that Stock A is going to have a good year, or you place more weight on a part of their public earnings reports than most other investors do (you just can't have \"insider\" information; the EMH is just about a market where everyone has the same information and/or there aren't barriers to sharing private information). You buy Stock A heavily, and it does indeed have a good year. You get returns above the market, \"beating\" it. \n\nThe EMH says this is possible, but also that you just got lucky. Your investment strategy could just have easily lead to losses below the market, and continuing to apply it does not guarantee future success. The basic idea there is that if you had truly found a better way to read an earnings report, other investors should have found it too, bringing the market return up to where your return was. Otherwise, the market wouldn't be efficient. \n\nAcross a large sample of investors, or for a given investor over time, lucky picks and unlucky picks should balance out. In practice, someone can get lucky over and over just like you could have a hot streak at a casino. In fact, there pretty much *has* to be at least one person out there who is that lucky. But there's no way to predict who that will happen to or when their hot streak will end. Therefore, if you're just some guy looking to put your money in a mutual fund, picking some actively managed fund has the same expected return as picking one that just follows the market, except the first charges you more fees. ",
"Yes, that’s what the theory dictates. However it is considered an incorrect theory amongst investors, who tend to believe that there are market inefficiencies (caused by human imperfections, like the tendency to act emotionally or with bias, and the fact that we have imperfect information) that you can capitalize on to beat the market. \n\nSome markets are definitely more efficient than others too. Like the US is basically the most efficient because it has the most sophisticated and broad investor bases and American listed companies tend to provide more information in there filings than most other countries. ",
"No, the efficient market hypothesis does not say that, and all of the answers to this question show a serious misunderstanding of EMH.\n\nTo understand the statement of EMH, you first have to understand why it's problematic to talk about \"beating the market\". There are different ways of interpreting this phrase. One interpretation might be that there should be no arbitrage opportunities available in the market - in other words, two different ways of buying the same thing should have the same price. This is indeed a prediction of the efficient market hypothesis and it's almost (but not quite exactly) correct in the real world. The examples in which this prediction of the EMH does not work have been the subject of a lot of study recently, but as a first approximation you can say there are no arbitrage opportunities in the market. In this sense, you can't \"beat the market\".\n\nAnother way of interpreting this phrase is that you can get more mean return than the market average while taking on the same amount of risk (measured in terms of the variance of returns). The theory prevalent in the 1960s and 70s was the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), and it made the prediction that this was impossible. Since then, however, the CAPM has been disproved, and this prediction has been falsified. It is in fact possible to get more mean return than the market index without increasing the variance of returns. So, in this sense you can \"beat the market\". Many well-known investment strategies revolve around trying to figure out the best way to do this - value investing is an example.\n\nHaving cleared up the ambiguity of the phrase \"beating the market\", we can talk about what the EMH actually says - it says that at any point in time, market prices reflect all available information. The reason for the weakness of this claim is that all of the stronger versions of the model (like, for example, the CAPM) have been disproved. The EMH in this weak form seems to work well enough, but there are still serious problems with it ~~which I won't go into here~~.\n\nSince the OP requested it, here are some of the problems:\n\n* It is known from some empirical studies that the initial adjustment of stock prices to news (such as earnings announcements, for example) is incomplete. If the EMH were exactly true, then all of the adjustment to an earnings report should happen immediately after the report is released (the new information should be incorporated into the price the moment it becomes available). What we observe instead is that *almost* all of it occurs immediately, but on average there is a small but statistically significant part of the adjustment which occurs later (say, within one or two days, while the initial price movement takes a minute at most). Due to limits on leverage it's not really possible to make big profits by trading on this, so it's not such a serious problem, but it's still an indication that the model is not correct.\n* Momentum is a much bigger problem. Momentum refers to the short horizon phenomenon that if the price of a stock went up last month, then its price is more likely to go up this month as well. Curiously, the direction of momentum is reversed when the time horizon is extended to something like a year - on average, if a stock did well in the past year, it's more likely to do worse this year. *In theory* it is possible that this behavior is explained without the efficient market hypothesis being violated, but we have not found such an explanation. (In technical language, it would require the existence of one or several risk factors which vary very quickly over time. If these risk factors were identified then we could explain momentum within an efficient markets framework, but we have no clue where to look for them.) Behavioral finance researchers have made some attempts at trying to explain the momentum phenomenon using models where information travels slowly across market participants, but there are technical reasons why these models remain unconvincing. Momentum returns are significant and there are many hedge funds which use momentum as an integral part of their trading strategy. In short, momentum exists and we have no clue how to explain it, EMH or otherwise. (To see why this is so puzzling, it's because if everyone knew about momentum and adjusted their trading strategy to accommodate for it, then it would disappear. The fact that it has not disappeared means either that the information that momentum exists is not incorporated into prices, which would violate EMH, or that momentum is being caused by unidentified risk factors.)\n* There are markets in which there are arbitrage opportunities - covered interest parity violations are an example. Simply put, this means that you can get a better return on your savings if you convert all of it into Japanese yen and buy Japanese government bonds than you do if you just buy US government bonds (and you get rid of all of the exchange rate risk using some financial contracts). These violations have become very dramatic after the last recession, and I haven't seen a convincing explanation of what's causing this to happen, but it's a serious violation of the predictions of EMH. There are similar phenomena in other markets which have also become worse recently. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
dymafh | how are dentists able to fill cavities that are between your teeth with little space to perform the operation? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dymafh/eli5_how_are_dentists_able_to_fill_cavities_that/ | {
"a_id": [
"f81xdyo",
"f82jv7g"
],
"score": [
6,
4
],
"text": [
"* Small precise tools designed specifically for that procedure\n* Mildly elastic nature of one's teeth being able to move slightly in place without breaking, offering a little more space\n* Magnifying mirrors to see the area better\n* Drilling out the bad portion of the tooth itself creates some room to work in\n\nJust some of the ways, others will likely be able to offer first-hand information.",
"[This page from Garrison Dental gives a decent idea of how it works.](_URL_0_)\n\nEssentially, we drill down from the top of the tooth to access the decay that is in between. We refer to that process as “dropping a box”. Once we have cut the tooth (prepared it) adequately, we need to use a metal band in between the cut tooth and the tooth next door to hold the filling material in place while contouring it correctly. There are many different systems for that available but they all function is the same general manner. \n\nAll of our instruments are designed to work in very small spaces, sometimes measuring only a few mm in any dimension. We use magnification glasses called [loupes](_URL_1_) that help us see into those tiny spaces."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[
"https://www.garrisondental.com/learning-center/ajax/541",
"https://i.imgur.com/NvfXoPa.jpg"
]
] | ||
5003rl | how does the pricing structure work in an auction? | I'm from London and I'm thinking about gonig to an antiques fair, maybe buying a few items and then flogging them at an auction (think Bargain Hunt). The only thing I don't seem to understand very clearly, despite trying to research it online, is how I'm actually going to make any money doing that. Any explanations on how much of my money goes to the auction house, in taxes etc. etc. will be very much appreciated! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5003rl/eli5_how_does_the_pricing_structure_work_in_an/ | {
"a_id": [
"d70612s"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Each auction house sets its own fees, so you'd need to research them each individually. Generally they'll expect to charge both the buyer and the seller.\n\nSome auction houses might charge a flat rate on everything, whereas others might vary the rate depending on the hammer price. Then, on top of that, some auction houses are more choosy about what they'll put into their sales, so they may perhaps decide to charge a fee for providing a pre-auction valuation, or for adding items to the catalogue. This is partly designed to make sellers think carefully about what items they make available, as they'll see upfront that they'll sometimes be paying out even if the items don't sell - this is offset against the benefit of having your items widely promoted by established and respected auctioneers.\n\nSo, imagine you buy something for £100 hammer price. On top of that you'll have to pay VAT at 20 per cent (or whatever the prevailing rate is), plus the auction house fee, which could be maybe 15 per cent, or more or less. So you'll actually be paying £135 potentially for that item you bought. The auction house also take a percentage from the seller, so they might perhaps receive something around £80, from which they'll need to deduct any costs they incurred in travelling to the auction and transporting their items to the saleroom.\n\nAuction houses will expect items to be paid for and removed promptly after the sale has concluded. If they are not, and you need them to be stored temporarily, the salesroom will tend to also charge for providing that facility.\n\nYou may find that the larger, better known auction houses will only take an interest in items they expect to easily sell. This is because they already have a large operation and limited capacity to handle more untried items. However, the smaller auction houses will have days where they focus on general sales as well as days devoted to specific items like art, furniture, motor vehicles, etc\n\nWhen you visit an antiques fair, several of the stall-holders may be professionals who operate a self-employed business. That could mean that they themselves will already have a good understanding of auction values. The way you'll make the most money at auction is when two bidders want the same item, which pushes is price up. The other way to make money at an auction is if you can acquire items at low cost - this involves doing things like house clearances, or buying up liquidated stock from bankruptcies. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
9tcgy4 | salt water rinses | ELI5 why rinsing your mouth with salt water helps in healing if you have inflamed gums. Or why gargling with salt water helps a sore throat. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9tcgy4/eli5_salt_water_rinses/ | {
"a_id": [
"e8v7z06"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"The bacteria that cause infection can’t live in a salt environment, salt kills those bacteria\n\nInterestingly, if you injure yourself in salt water and an infection results, salt water doesn’t kill those bacteria as they are adapted to a higher salt environment "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
qbm00 | why we can't just use our own dns to avoid government censorship | Am I correct in understanding that SOPA would have been implemented by removing sites from the current domain name servers? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qbm00/eli5_why_we_cant_just_use_our_own_dns_to_avoid/ | {
"a_id": [
"c3wap6g",
"c3warpr",
"c3wc3aa",
"c3wc9f8",
"c3wcm9i",
"c3wf2ho"
],
"score": [
20,
6,
4,
3,
104,
2
],
"text": [
"We can do that. But who would control it?\n\nThe P2P network Namecoin enables this, but it has issues with name squatting (people registering trademarks, hoping to sell the domains).\n\nThere are more traditional alternate DNS systems, but those need to be controlled by somebody, and chances are low lots of people will agree on how to run them.\n\nI have made a suggestion for a system based on trust:\n\n_URL_0_\n\n(It would be hard to implement, though.)",
"SOPA foresaw a number of ways of blocking access. One of these, as you mention, is by ordering your ISP to remove the offending website from the ISP's DNS servers. DNS roughly allows your computer to translate from \"_URL_1_\" to \"123.45.67.89\".\n\nThis DNS blocking is easily remedied by using an alternative DNS, e.g. one from the Netherlands. This is trivial for a savvy computer user, but not for your grandmother.\n\nHowever, SOPA also foresaw IP blocking, which means forbidding a connection between your computer and the offending website. This is more complicated to get around, but you could use an [Anonymizer proxy](_URL_0_).",
"No current technically feasible solution can *effectively* censor the internet, in a way that perps are actually inhibited in their actions.\n\nAny and all currently discussed measures are only targeted at the uninformed. That's why it's so bad. It removes stuff from the sight of exactly those people who should see more stuff.",
"Am I the only person who always manually sets 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4 as their DNS servers?",
"You can think of the \"Internet\" is a bunch of people taking to each other. But since our house and Timmy's house are on opposite sides of town, your tin can telephone string isn't long enough to reach Timmy's house. Instead, we use your tin can telephone to talk to our Internet Service Provider, Time Warner Cable, and ask them to please pass your message to Timmy. Time Warner Cable has a bunch of people with tin can telephones all over town, so they pass your message to each other until one of them gives it to Timmy.\n\n\"DNS\" is like a big telephone book. You give Time Warner Cable Timmy's name, and they looks up where Timmy's house is, and figure out who should pass your message to who in order to get your message to him.\n\nBut, there's two problems with this. The Government says they're allowed to erase names out of the telephone book. If they erase Timmy's name, you can still send him a message, as long as you can tell Time Warner Cable exactly where he lives. But that's not as good, because now you have to keep track of where all your friends live. If they move, you can't give them a message anymore. \n\nThat's the advantage of DNS. You don't have to keep track of your friends' addresses if you use the DNS system, because Timmy can update the telephone book when he moves, and Time Warner Cable will always be able to find Timmy (unless the government erases him.)\n\nBut there's a much bigger problem. The Government can just tell Time Warner Cable that they are sure Timmy is a terrorist, and Time Warner Cable is not allowed to pass any messages to Timmy. They haven't done this in America, yet but a lot of adults are worried that they might do it soon.\n\nTime Warner Cable won't disobey the government because they'd get in trouble, so they stop talking to Timmy. Now, Timmy can only use his tin can telephone to talk to his friends who live close to him, since Time Warner Cable is no longer willing to help him send or receive messages.\n\n\nThe solution that [/r/darknetplan](/r/darknetplan) is trying to do is to build our own network of tin can telephones all over town so we don't need Time Warner Cable anymore. We'll have to keep track of where we all live ourselves, but that's not hard. When you want to pass a message to timmy, you tell Harry, who tells Hermione, who tells Ron, who tells Timmy. It'll be really hard for the government to prevent Timmy from talking to people, since they have to convince everyone in town to stop talking to Timmy, not just Time Warner Cable. ",
"We could potentially do this, but that's a lot of infrastructure to duplicate, and there's nothing stopping the government from just outlawing this other DNS service and blocking traffic to it.\n\nAlso, it doesn't seem likely that SOPA would prevent any of *us* who know a little bit about this from finding some sort of solution. If nothing else, darknets like Freenet and TOR would start gaining traction. But the damage is to the free and open public Internet -- if only a few technorati are using Freenet, for example, it's not just inefficient, it's also useless.\n\nThink about it -- if you wanted to download Freenet, how would you do it? Google \"freenet\", you'd end up at _URL_0_. But if that domain and the Google search result are censored, you'll have a harder time getting somewhere credible.\n\nIt also makes it harder for someone to even stumble on the idea that SOPA is bad. Think about all the Republicans who are googling Santorum and finding [this](_URL_4_) as the first result, and things like [this](_URL_6_) and [this](_URL_2_) on the first page. Whether you think this is effective or not, it *is* a way to force people to at least be exposed to a view that's not their own. People who agree with us that censorship is bad will be on Freenet, but I guarantee that if this happens, like Bitcoin, everyone will immediately try to associate it with drugs and child porn, and our arguments to the contrary would be censored everywhere except Freenet.\n\nOr let me put it in more concrete terms: _URL_3_ would be censored. Youtube already self-censors [more than we'd like](http://www._URL_1_/watch?v=H1ho8tunttg), but SOPA does more than this -- if someone uploads some infringing content to Youtube, SOPA says that's Youtube's fault for not catching it, and _URL_1_ could go away because of it -- in fact, you don't even need due process, some media company could say \"Hey, that's our stuff!\" and seize _URL_1_. This would mean Youtube couldn't operate without manually approving every video, which would likely mean it would just go away. And I don't see Google trying to convince the general public to use unofficial DNS servers to get to Youtube -- look how long they supported IE6."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/Meshnet/comments/o3wex/wotdns_web_of_trust_based_domain_name_system/"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymizer",
"www.thepiratebay.org"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"freenetproject.org",
"youtube.com",
"http://santorumexposed.com/",
"Youtube.com",
"h... | |
396fsp | why do so many people enter the united states as illegal immigrants rather than going through the normal channels to legally be here? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/396fsp/eli5why_do_so_many_people_enter_the_united_states/ | {
"a_id": [
"cs0pwps",
"cs0px8i",
"cs0py5k",
"cs0q1am"
],
"score": [
6,
12,
8,
2
],
"text": [
"Because the United States places strict limits on the number of people who are allowed to immigrate to it every year.",
"Because it's very hard to come here legally and not that hard to get here illegally or just over stay a visa. And because even lousy jobs here are orders of magnitude better than jobs where they come from. It's not that complicated. ",
"Two big reasons:\n\n1. We do a poor job of enforcing our rules on illegal immigration. Deportation is relatively rare, and we don't police our visas all that closely, so it's not too hard to enter the country legally and overstay. Our border is also huge nad relatively porous, so you can just skip the visa altogether and get across the border.\n\n2. It takes a long time and a lot of money to get the right to live here and to work. Most people entering illegally don't have the time or money to go through the legal process. Even if they do, admission is uncertain.",
"The official channels are very limited. There's a quota on immigrants from each nation, and approval is based on skillset (for many countries, if you're not a doctor, engineer, or scientist, good luck). There's reams of paperwork to fill out, and you're required to pass a citizenship test that requires way more knowledge about the US than native citizens have."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
3udn8c | what actually is the adams apple? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3udn8c/eli5_what_actually_is_the_adams_apple/ | {
"a_id": [
"cxdyrsx",
"cxdyv7y"
],
"score": [
30,
7
],
"text": [
"Its cartilage around the larynx. Everyone has them but men have more prominent ones most of the time.",
"To expain it simply, one of its main funktions is to house to vocal chords. Male vocal chords grow bigger during puperty, and that is why men usally have deeper voices and bigger adams apples."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
5y8b46 | what are open source patents ? | Tesla Motors made their patents open source, what does that mean ? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5y8b46/eli5what_are_open_source_patents/ | {
"a_id": [
"denxhza",
"denxis4"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Open source means that people can access the source code of software, and do whatever they want with it. What Tesla did is quite a bit different: They pledge not to sue anyone who uses one of Tesla's patents, if those companies in turn let Tesla use their patents. ",
"It means they own the patent (the rights to control the use of the described invention) but have granted a license for others to use those inventions free of charge. They still own the rights to the patent. They are simply being nice by not requiring a royalty or payment for others to use them.\n\nTypically there is the condition that derivative inventions or applications of the patent also have to be open source, or sometimes this is done for non-commercial purposes only but I'm not sure if that applies here.\n\nAlways read the license. Open source usually doesn't mean \"completely unrestricted\"."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
3sfibp | on a molecular level, what is happening when a gene is "expressed"? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3sfibp/eli5_on_a_molecular_level_what_is_happening_when/ | {
"a_id": [
"cwwr1j7"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"This question goes a bit beyond an ELI5 but I can give you a very brief gist of it.\n\nDNA is stored inside the nucleus. Along the nucleus membrane, DNA is more densely packed (though not as compacted as chromosomes which only form during mitotic cellular division) than the DNA that tends to gather around the center. This provides an effective steric hinderance (too crowded) for any RNA polymerases to reach it and transcribe an mRNA, therefore preventing expression. This is one way a cell to downregulate a specific gene expression. This form of DNA regulation is pretty much permanent, i.e. for genes a cell and it's progeny line will never use.\n\nFor genes that are regularly turned on and off, you would have to look at histone (de)acetylation and DNA (de)methylation, both of which can be reversed (hence the de). Histone acetylation attaches an acetyl group to the N-terminal lysine tail of the histone (small multi-unit protein that DNA wraps around for storage), which loosens the degree of packing of which DNA coils around the histone. This allows for greater access of the DNA for RNA polymerases, upregulating genes. Deacetylation does the opposite, and therefore downregulates genes.\n\nDNA methylation basically provides little nubs of steric hinderance to RNA polymerases. Imagine if the RNA polymerase was a lawnmower, and the DNA is a patch of lawn. If you're only allowed to start at one place (the gene promoter for DNA), and someone were to drive multiple wooden stakes into the grass at your starting point, you would be blocked.\n\nNote that histone acetylation and DNA methylation are products of signal cascades of greater-than-ELI20 material, so any followup really can't be explained here. Try r/askscience for a greater picture?\n\nSource: B.S. in Molecular Genetics"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
bqdyvh | why are firecrackers so dangerous in enclosed spaces? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bqdyvh/eli5_why_are_firecrackers_so_dangerous_in/ | {
"a_id": [
"eo3mx99",
"eo3nrf1"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"Putting fireworks in a closed environment and the expanding gasses can't go anywhere thus blowing out where the structure is the weakest. This is more so when fireworks are underwater. Water can't be compressed and the ball of expanding gasses goes in all directions thus blowing toilets clean of the wall. Putting the fireworks between your fingertips the expanding gasses can blow out in all directions unhamperd. And thus leave the fingers attached the the rest of your hand. However bigger fireworks will still blow fingers hands forearms to bits.",
"When something explodes it releases lots of gasses VERY fast. Those gasses have to go somewhere and they will go through anything they have to in order to get there. Exposed to open air that means almost nothing. Might burn but those gasses can just expand all they want. In an enclosed space though, those same gasses cant escape and will cause real damage as they force their way outwards.\n\nThink of a bullet as an example. The gun powder in it when burned in the open doesn't do much of anything but flare up. But contained inside a bullet and in a gun, that same reaction of burning powder turns into something VERY dangerous as the gasses push that slug out of their way."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
9mtk71 | why does sugar need stirring in order to dissolve in hot drinks? | Well the title says it all really. Whenever you put sugar in your tea/coffee, you have to stir it so the beverage actually gets sweet. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9mtk71/eli5_why_does_sugar_need_stirring_in_order_to/ | {
"a_id": [
"e7h8j5c",
"e7h95s9",
"e7h9ei5",
"e7hg7f5",
"e7i0jw3"
],
"score": [
20,
11,
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"You don't, stirring just speeds the process up so you can enjoy your hot drink while it's still hot.\n\nMore detail: the sugars will eventually achieve a more or less homogenous distribution using nothing more than the agitation of the liquid being hot and moving about because of this. The thing is that would take hours because there is very little movement overall. Stirring speeds the process up significantly.",
"Ok so we're going to zoom in really close on the sugar, so that we're looking at one grain.\n\nBy itself in hot water, the grain will dissolve quickly because there is a lot of water all over the surface of the grain for it to dissolve into.\n\nIf you put that sugar on top of a lot of other sugar grains, half of the surface of the sugar grain is hidden by the other sugar and half is exposed to the hot water. This means it will dissolve half as fast.\n\nIf you put the sugar grain in the middle of a lump of sugar, most of the surface will be hidden and it will be really hard for any water to get to it. Eventually, the sugar grain will dissolve (assuming there is enough water) but it will take a long time.\n\nStirring the lump of sugar (lots of grains) in hot drinks breaks it up and means that the whole surface on all of the individual sugar grains will be exposed to hot water. This means they can dissolve into the water as fast as possible, making your drink sweet!",
"Think of the water near the sugar as being on a scale, where 0 is 'absolutely pure water, with no sugar in it', and 100 is 'as loaded up with sugar as it's possible to get' (or what people in the know call the saturation point).\n\nThings dissolve faster in water near the zero, pure-water end of the scale than they do towards the 100, saturation point end. However, it doesn't disperse immediately through the liquid -- it's going to take some time. The water near the sugar is going to be towards the saturation-point end of the scale, which slows down the dissolving of the sugar. When you stir your cup, that water is disturbed, and is replaced by more 'pure' water, which means that it can dissolve faster.",
"Have you ever dropped a red skittle into a glass of water to see what happens? The red shell dissolves and the red food coloring stays close to the skittle. Most of the rest of the glass of water stays clear. If the red food coloring isn't mixing with the rest of the water, then the dissolving sugar probably isn't either.\n\nWhen things dissolve, they can reach a saturation point, which means there's so much stuff dissolved, that nothing else can dissolve. Because the dissolved sugar stays at the bottom of the glass with the undissolved sugar, it means that the water at the bottom of the glass will eventually get saturated with sugar. You'll have to wait for the non-sugary water to mix with the sugary water before more can dissolve.\n\nIf you stir your drink with a spoon, it moves all the dissolved sugar all over the place so that the water touching the undissolved sugar is no longer saturated, letting more dissolve.",
"The sugar will dissolve and dissipate evenly throughout the liquid just fine on its own. Stirring simply speeds up the process."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
6dlzny | how did people way back in the day (i.e. medieval times) treat cavities? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6dlzny/eli5_how_did_people_way_back_in_the_day_ie/ | {
"a_id": [
"di3ok9k"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Sugar was significantly less abundant then so cavities were less common, but those that got them pretty much just lost the teeth."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
ezm6gg | what causes some animals to live in packs (lions, wolves) while very similar animals live alone (tigers, coyotes)? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ezm6gg/eli5_what_causes_some_animals_to_live_in_packs/ | {
"a_id": [
"fgodryx",
"fgofpse"
],
"score": [
16,
3
],
"text": [
"Basically, it comes down to diet for predators and safety for prey. If you have a diet of animals too big to kill solo, or have a predator that you easily find and kill you solo, you group up. If you eat small things, you won't want to share. If your strategy is hiding or injuring predators, you often won't want/need the safety of a herd.",
"Coyotes do actually have packs. Hunting is a different story. When it came news to farms and farm dogs one coyote with venture on to the property and start playing with a dog only to gain it's trust and lure it out to it's waiting pack. Foxes on the other hand are lone hunters"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
2nqsu7 | what exactly is rebate and how is it different from discount? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2nqsu7/eli5_what_exactly_is_rebate_and_how_is_it/ | {
"a_id": [
"cmg0642",
"cmg09sr"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Alright , When the store or site is offering a Discount you don't have to pay full price you pay what it is discounted too. When there is a mail in rebate you pay x amount upfront and then once you have bought it you send a slip or whatever they provide in and they give a part of x amount of money back to you .\n\nEdit : fuck my grammar I am too lazy to fix it . ",
"Its mental fuck marketing. Its a discount you have to work to get and will most likely end up saying fuck it and just forget about. Or a month after you manage to be responsible and follow up on it and it doesn't arrive you get to spend even more work in email hell or telephone hell where they are trained to make you feel like a poor cheap bastard the deeper in these systems you progress.\n\nEventually if you do get your rebate you're often left feeling alone, scared, and rethinking your life's choices. I mean...were those Raybans really worth two weeks of back and forth in email and hours upon hours convincing some stranger you definitely sent it in all to save $8?"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
5nzyht | it seems that a lot of time measurements are divisible by 6, is there a reason for this or is it coincidence? | Ex. Seconds in a minute (60), minutes in an hour (60), hours in a day (24), oftentimes days in a month (30) , months in a year (12) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nzyht/eli5_it_seems_that_a_lot_of_time_measurements_are/ | {
"a_id": [
"dcflaa1"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Partly coincidence.\n\nThere are 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute because those units are based on the ancient Babylonian counting system: since they had developed a system of counting on the fingers that allowed them to count to 60, they tended to use base 60 a lot.\n\nA month was originally the time between two new moons (the word \"month\" is related to the word \"moon\", and we still sometimes say \"many moons ago\" to mean \"many months ago\"); there are approximately 13 lunar months in a year, but because (a) 13 is a difficult number to work with and (b) lunar months don't exactly match up with the year anyhow, it was more convenient to divide the year into 12 months. This made it easier to, for example, divide the year into four seasons of three months each. If you divide the 365 days of a year into twelve months, you get slightly more than 30.4 days per month, so we settled on some months with 30 days, some with 31, and one with 28 (or 29 whenever a leap day is required).\n\nThe ancients originally divided the day -- meaning the period from sunrise to sunset -- into twelve hours, with six hours between sunrise and midday, and six hours between midday and sunset. This actually meant that hours had different durations depending on the time of year, so eventually every day was divided into 24 equal hours. I'm not sure why they went for 12 hours, but 12 does seem to have been a significant number for many cultures -- think of, for example, the 12 tribes of Israel, 12 disciples of Jesus, the 12 Imams, the 12 Olympians, the 12 tasks of Hercules, the 12 names of the Hindu sun god, the 12 days of Christmas and many more. It's also divisible by 2, 3, 4 and 6, compared with 10 which is divisible only by 2 and 5; so 12 is a bit easier to work with."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
br1cb5 | what do percentages on weather forecast apps mean? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/br1cb5/eli5_what_do_percentages_on_weather_forecast_apps/ | {
"a_id": [
"eo9lcyj"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"This percentage is the product of two values:\n\n1) The probability/certainty of a weather event occurring, and \n2) The fraction of land affected in the forecast area.\n\nFor example, 50% chance of rain over 50% of the forecast area results in a forecast of 25% rain, while a 100% chance of rain over 25% of the forecast area also results in a forecast of 25% rain."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
fiynr6 | what are reasons for purposely buying companies with debt? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fiynr6/eli5_what_are_reasons_for_purposely_buying/ | {
"a_id": [
"fkjx3i4",
"fkk0lpk"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Can you clarify? Do you mean buying a company that is in debt?",
"Is this buying a company \"that has debt\" or is this borrowing money (going in debt) to buy a company? \n\nMost companies have debt. It could be very short term debt (lines of credit) or long term debt like property loans or anything in between. Debt is a catchall term so to make any judgement about debt, the nature and amount needs to be broken down and scrutinized in detail. \n\nExample: a small company that bought a piece of real estate for $10m and borrowed $9m against it would be well worth purchasing if that real estate happened to be several acres in the middle of Tokyo. The market value of the real estate is worth far more than the debt.\n\nWhy do people/companies borrow money (go in debt) to purchase another company. The reasons here are many. Example: It might need technology from the other firm. It might be in a similar business and want to consolidate operations to save costs. The target company might be in a different geography and the purchasing company wants to expand there quickly. Generally speaking the decision to acquire and how to fund the acquisition are separate. Of course they are related. But it is generally wise to consider them separately."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
353prk | how are there so many key/lock combinations for doors/cars? is there a certain amount of combos possible, or are they neverending? | It bewilders me how there can be so many homes, car models, sheds, doors, etc. and each have their own key/lock combo...or are they not unique? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/353prk/eli5_how_are_there_so_many_keylock_combinations/ | {
"a_id": [
"cr0oncs",
"cr0os0f"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"A common house key may have 6 pins, each of which has 10 possible settings. That means there are 1,000,000 different keys that are possible with that particular key blank. The odds of a random key opening a random door are literally one in a million, and that's after you are granted the assumption that the key is the right kind.\n\nFor the most part this is good enough. Picking a door lock is fairly easy (especially if you extend \"picking\" to include other methods like bumping) so the danger of randomly guessing the right key is negligible. For things where a key really does mean the difference between keeping it safe and never seeing it again you can see more advanced technology (like a computer chip that may be capable of an inconceivably large number of combinations), but for a home or a shed where there's always an easier entry vector (e.g. knock out a window) it just doesn't make sense to use more than one-in-a-million odds. ",
"There are a limited number of combinations for each kind of lock, and lock smiths can order a master set of keys for a given lock; they just go through a big loop of keys until that particular lock opens.\n\nKeys are getting a bit more fancy where they are electronic and have microchips in them. The idea is to provide that many more combinations of something, like adding more pins and positions, but bytes are more compact than pins. There are ups and downs with this - the lock now needs power, the whole thing is more complex (arguably good and bad), and the system is vulnerable to encryption hacks."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
ev6vig | what should i understand by the term amplification and what is impedence matching? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ev6vig/eli5_what_should_i_understand_by_the_term/ | {
"a_id": [
"ffu3ddc"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Amplification has been well covered by others, so I'll talk about impedance matching. \n \nImpedance is like resistance. But resistance is essentially a DC (direct current) metric, it's always the same regardless of changes in the voltage or current in a circuit (well, mostly the same). But there are other things in circuits that respond differently depending on how the signal through them changes. Primarily these are capacitors and inductors, which can store energy using electric fields or magnetic fields. \n \nAn audio circuit (such as an audio amplifier) has a measurable impedance, both at the input and the output. Speakers also have an input impedance, mostly due to the speaker coil(s), which have a fair bit of inductance. \n \nIt turns out that if you do circuit analysis, you'll find that if the output impedance of an amplifier and the input impedance of a speaker it's connected to don't match, some of the output signal from the amp can bounce back. \n \nThis causes a little distortion, but more importantly it means that you aren't transferring the maximum energy possible to the speaker. If the output impedance of the amp and the input impedance of the speaker are the same, there is virtually no reflection and you get the best outcome."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | ||
20wbjy | why do hatches and suvs have rear windscreen wipers when sedans rarely if ever do | What's the downside of having rear wipers on Sedan/why don't they have them? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20wbjy/eli5_why_do_hatches_and_suvs_have_rear_windscreen/ | {
"a_id": [
"cg7c7xt",
"cg7g06z",
"cg7icqx",
"cg7ihbg",
"cg7j7z0",
"cg7ol32",
"cg7q7ew",
"cg7xtu3",
"cg7zky8",
"cg846v4"
],
"score": [
230,
15,
9,
4,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The aerodynamics of all cars creates a bubble of air behind them causing a loop affect when it rains. This loop effect causes rain to splash back on to the rear of the vehicle. In an SUV or other trunk less car, this means it splashes onto the rear windows. In a normal coupe or sedan, the rear is the trunk which gets hit the most. \n\nSo essentially it just not a necessary expense to add to sedan like cars. ",
"its less for rain and more for \"dirt\"\n\nwhile the vortex DOES push rain back onto the window this is a good thing. The problem is it also pushes dirt dust etc.. onto the window making it dirty and or hard to see out of. (while airflow prevents this on normal angled windows)\n\nThe wiper lets you clean the window (it can get quite dirty otherwise)",
"My Evolution 9 does and I use it a lot. Guess I'm in the minority. ",
"Many hatchback coupes have wipers on the read window. On sedans, they might just be tricky to design, because opening the trunk would interfere with the blades or motors.",
"Probably because it's hard to do, engineering- and/or cost-wise. The suggestions about speed and vortexes don't mean much when, in a sedan, you're trying to reverse in a rainy car park and can't see sh*t through the rear windscreen.",
"I thought the obvious answer was it would be too difficult to put rear windscreen wipers on sedans because sedans have rear windscreen that are at an angle, while hatches and suv's had straight vertical windscreens so it was easy to add wipers to them.\n\nI guess my common sense was wrong. I am not a smart man.",
"Cars with a more vertical widow toward the back get a lot more spray from the road, making it difficult to see without one. Not really a problem with slanted windows in front of a flat trunk.\n\n",
"The rear windshield on a sedan is at an angle, so as air moves over the car it flows down the glass and moves water off it. On an SUV the back of the vehicle is more vertical so the air moves over the roof but doesn't go down the glass. The aerodynamics of SUVs also cause a vortex to occur at the back which is the reason for more spray getting on the rear glass. ",
"Also, why do car washes put that bag over the rear wiper?",
"TIL not all cars have rear wipers.... I'm from the UK and literally every car has a rear wiper, I can't think of any car that doesn't. I'm coming to the US in 8 weeks time so I will have to keep an eye out for cars without... hmm I think I just realised I need to get out more"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
acut9a | what exactly is the process of companies selling our data? is it some sort of black marketplace they sell it on? | Just saw a post about how LA is suing the Weather Channel app for selling their data. So my question is broadly: is there some sort of black market where users data is auctioned off and sold to the highest bidder? Is this illegal, or do we give companies the ability to sell our data when we hit “Accept” in those apps? Like how come I can’t find a marketplace to buy people’s data? This whole thing is convoluted but very interesting. Would appreciate anyone’s insight that is in this area of knowledge. Thank you. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/acut9a/eli5_what_exactly_is_the_process_of_companies/ | {
"a_id": [
"edb7yfi"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"\" is there some sort of black market where users data is auctioned off and sold to the highest bidder? \" \n\n\nYes there are places on the darknet but there is also legal access to most data since the black market stuff is usually sold after criminals break into data collecting companies and steal the private data from them. \n\n\nBut in case you are in the US then your ISP likely sells your browsing history to the highest bidder: [_URL_1_](_URL_0_) \n\n\nThe collection and selling of private data is legal in case the person consented. This is the business model of e.g. Facebook (and alike). They basically collect all data they can get about you and then profile you. By using this profile they either sell targeted adds or the access to the collected data (and derived data) directly. \n\n\n\"Is this illegal, or do we give companies the ability to sell our data when we hit “Accept” in those apps?\" \n\n\nThis depends a little bit where you are located. In case being a US-Citizen then yes. In case being a member of the EU then it depends (but practically they collect and sell them anyways btw.). Sometimes you don't even have to accept anything for them to be allowed to collect data about you (mostly US law). "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/03/28/congress_approves_sale_of_internet_histories/",
"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/03/28/congress\\_approves\\_sale\\_of\\_internet\\_histories/"
]
] | |
6o50cr | why is full time employment 40+hrs and not less? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6o50cr/eli5why_is_full_time_employment_40hrs_and_not_less/ | {
"a_id": [
"dkenezv",
"dkenk3m",
"dkennbv"
],
"score": [
5,
2,
4
],
"text": [
"The amount of hours in an average week of work changed a lot throughout history.\n\nIn the late 19th, people on average used to work between 70 and 60 hours per week. This was needed for them to get a living wage. Overtime, as technology increase, so did the productivity. A employee was able to do more work in less hours because of cars, telecommunication, computer, machinery, etc.\n\nIf a company can have a better productivity, it usually mean that they can sell more and make more profit. This usually mean that employee ask for better salary and other advantage. This is in theory the trickle down of better technology.\n\nEmployers gain access to better technology because our civizilation and they give some of that productivity back to the employees.\n\nWe already see this trend continuing since a lot of job demand more around 35 to 37 hours per week and not 40. It's a way for employer to attract more employees by giving better work condition. ",
"It used to be a lot more. There had been movements promoting it since the Civil War, but the Ford Motor Company formally introduced it in 1917, when typically people worked 10-16 hours 6 days a week. It became universal during the Depression (when after all there wasn't a lot of work, let alone hours, to be had).\n\nIf you're running a business, you've got to be open sufficient hours for customers to, you know, do business with you. \n\n\n",
"Because by law, 40 hours is where overtime kicks in as specified in the [FLSA](_URL_0_). The original proposal was 30 hours, and congress eventually agreed on 40 hours."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act"
]
] | ||
5pfiqq | it's widely accepted that humans originated in africa (correct me if i'm wrong). how did human beings travel from africa to all continents? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pfiqq/eli5_its_widely_accepted_that_humans_originated/ | {
"a_id": [
"dcqsud4",
"dcqsuyr",
"dcqswih"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"They walked. Not all at once in some kind of marathon, but incrementally a hundred miles over a lifetime.",
"People travel...For food, for water, for game, for war, for mates, it's what people do, spread.",
"The spread from Africa into Eurasia where people likely settled for a while. Sea levels where lower at this time and there was a land bridge that stretched from Russia to Alaska and another one off the coast of china that connected to japan. After settling in eurasia people likely broke off in search of more resources and spread into Alaska and japan utilizing these land bridges. some of the people of Alaska likely headed south in search of more survivable climates and settled in the great planes of the united states other continued south into current day mexico and south america. Settlers of current day china likely developed boats around this time and spread into the pacific islands. so the short answer is generations of people walking millions of miles over millions of years."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
2sf0ju | if b.o. is the human's natural scent, then why is it so naturally offensive to all other humans? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2sf0ju/eli5_if_bo_is_the_humans_natural_scent_then_why/ | {
"a_id": [
"cnotdy0",
"cnotx55"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"BO comes from the bacteria eating your sweat (and other stuff your skin has on it), but if it's like your gut bacteria, it could be unique to you. This goes in line with why you don't mind your own farts, but gag at others'.",
"Foot fungus and tooth decay are natural, too. Natural doesn't have to mean pleasant.\n\nI'm sure that if you lived in a pre-running water society, you would be more accustomed to the scent of BO, and you wouldn't find it offensive. But since you've grown up in a society that values cleanliness, you do."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | ||
cyb41l | if the wind map shows winds moving west, why is the predicted path of hurricane dorian north and then north east? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cyb41l/eli5_if_the_wind_map_shows_winds_moving_west_why/ | {
"a_id": [
"eyqqq21",
"eyqr9ep",
"eyqsq51"
],
"score": [
3,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Wind is not the only thing that controls the direction of a hurricane. It's a big spinning funnel on top of water. The direction and speed of the spin, the direction of the tides, the depth of the water, and even the temperature of the water are going to influence the way the body of the hurricane moves.\n\nThe easiest analogy I can think of is this: Get yourself one of those little toy tops and start it spinning on a tabletop. Then point a fan at it (not on high, but on a medium speed). The fan will influence the top, sure, but it won't push it straight in the direction of the air. The centrifugal force of the top will angle its movement and might even move it out of the path of the fan.",
"Surface winds aren't equal to high altitude winds. A hurricane initially gets moved west by the trade winds, the further north it goes it's eventually taken over by the Jetstream which will push it back into an easterly direction. \n\nTopography also plays a role. Also the coriolis force, along with many other factors, hence why it takes supercomputers to calculate the path of a hurricane. And even then they can't do this with absolute certainty. You can Google hurricane spaghetti models and you'll end up with tons of different ways the path is calculated.\n\nIn the past years the European model has proven to be one of the best, because it uses much more data and factors than most other models.",
"Coriolis effect. \n\nSo, you and your buddies are playing catch on a playground. You get on opposite sides of a merry go round. As your other friend starts to push it, you find that you can't throw the ball directly at your friend any more. It seems to curve away from where you were aiming. \n\nReally, it's not the ball that is curving, but you and your buddy. \n\nRelative to the Earth's core, a person standing on the north or south pole is not moving. A person standing on the equator is moving sideways at about a thousand miles an hour. Going north, the surface of the earth is moving slower and slower, until you get to the pole, where you're not moving at all. Just rotating in place. \n\nThe hurricane is moving east at about the same speed as the planet is rotating at the equator. But as it moves north, the planet is moving slower. The hurricane is suddenly moving Eastward faster than the planet is spinning, so the hurricane's track turns that direction as well.\n\nThere are numerous other factors at work, but the \"turns east as it moves north\" is primarily due to the Coriolis effect."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
1ilo7t | what makes something louder? | When i turn up the volume, whats happening in my speakers (and to the sound-waves) that makes the music louder? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ilo7t/eli5_what_makes_something_louder/ | {
"a_id": [
"cb5nogw",
"cb5u8t6"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The more energy a sound-wave carries the louder (or more intense) that specific sound seems. The amplitude (or simply 'the height') of sound waves is a measure of the quantitative amount of energy. The higher the amplitude, the louder the sound. \n",
"Sound is a \"vibration\" of the air. The frequency of the vibration (how many times it vibrates per second) gives you the pitch of the sound. The amplitude of the vibration (how big it vibrates) gives you loudness.\n\nTo make sound with a speaker, there is a membrane that vibrates according to an electric signal. So let's say it vibrates 2000 times per second (this means it pushes and pulls, then repeats, 2000 times per second). If it pushes 1/8th of an inch, you'll get a certain sound. But if you turn up the volume, the signal is stronger and the speaker will push more, like half an inch. Even if it still pushes 2000 times per second (so it's the same pitch), it now moves more air with each vibration, which results in a louder sound."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] | |
w130y | how does wifi-based geolocation work? | How is that a device with no finite geolocation hardware like an iPad can determine its location so accurately using only wifi? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/w130y/eli5_how_does_wifibased_geolocation_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"c59bb6f"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Someone has a huge database of wifi network IDs paired with their location. Your device sees what network IDs it can see and then asks the database what the location for those IDs are.\n\nThe database might initially have been built by simply having someone drive around a city with wifi and gps and mapping what wifi networks are where. (Remember that controversy about Google street view cars recording some wifi data?) But it can also be refined by the users using it. If you send some wifi network IDs your phone is seeing, and the database knows the location of some of them but there is one new network it doesn't know about. Then it can guess that this new network is probably close to the other known ones. Also if your device has a gps, it can later send the actual gps location so the wifi database gets better information about the networks.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://blog.shinetech.com/2011/10/14/a-good-look-at-android-location-data/"
]
] | |
1gojrg | why does risk of down syndrome increase with the mother's age? | If the woman has all her eggs at birth, then why does the risk of Down Syndrome increase with age? I assume the eggs would have no reason to replicate, so how does the mutation occur? I searched ELI5 beforehand but found nothing.
Thanks!
~WaffleTwats | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1gojrg/eli5_why_does_risk_of_down_syndrome_increase_with/ | {
"a_id": [
"cam83m0",
"cam8oed",
"cam8ssq",
"camco7e",
"camgmvu",
"camhino",
"camhitk",
"camih5o",
"camn0fj",
"camnpht",
"camovas"
],
"score": [
294,
6,
14,
11,
5,
2,
2,
5,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The chance of having a child with Down syndrome increases with age because older eggs have a greater risk of improper chromosome division. If the cells don't split properly, an egg or a sperm cell could get an extra chromosome. If an egg with 24 chromosomes is fertilized, then the baby will end up with a total of 47 chromosomes. The same thing happens when a sperm with 24 chromosomes fertilizes an egg. If the extra chromosome happens to be number 21, then the child will have Down syndrome.",
"It is thought to have to do with the stability of the chromosome. As we get older, telomeres shorten. Telomeres serve many functions, a few of which are stability and protection for the ends of chromosomes as well as aiding in proper replication of the chromosome itself (in a roundabout way). So, randomly, you will have the failure of chromosome 21 to separate properly in an egg, one of which becomes the egg able to be fertilized. This is due to random chance, and since the chance of improper replication occurs during meiosis increases as you get older, the risk of trisomy 21 goes up. Keep in mind, nothing in biology is \"straight forward\" there are a lot of other factors that are involved. \nI haven't studied anything about trisomy 21 in about 4 years so there could have been advances in the knowledge base that makes my understanding obsolete. This is just an explanation, like you're five.",
"The structure of the eggs a female is born with do break down, like any other cell in the body, and with increased age, there are risks of a variety of mutations and complications during pregnancy. If a woman who is trying to conceive is 38 years old, the eggs are also 38 years old and not as \"healthy\" as when she was, say, 28. Errors can occur during meiosis (cell division), as well. \n\nRecent research has suggested that even a father's/man's sperm (which is produced all the time) is affected by his age and can contribute to some of the fetal abnormalities, though there's still a lot of discussion over this.",
"Serious question, but why do they look similar? ",
"I just want to say thanks you guys for having these fascinating and educational discussions. I love this subreddit. I learn things from it every day.",
"Just reading the first bunch of comments. You people are so smart! Thanks for making this community great. ",
"To piggy back on OP's question: does anyone here know if precocious puberty can also lead to a higher risk of Down Syndrome? ",
"Actually, they're now finding a lot of what they thought were maternal age problems are also paternal age problems, because sperm is made anew constantly, so you get copies of copies of copies, etc., and there are more mutations.",
"Because eggs go bad.",
"And this is why we don't put all of our eggs in one basket...",
"Basically, women have all their eggs for life at birth.. at 20 weeks in utero actually. Over time, these evil things called \"free radicals\" running around in our bodies damage the eggs. Because they are not newly made like sperm, older eggs are more exposed to these free electrons.\n\nSo freeze your eggs or have your kids young!"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | |
el6ocw | how do firearms work under water? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/el6ocw/eli5_how_do_firearms_work_under_water/ | {
"a_id": [
"fdfychd",
"fdfyikl",
"fdfyk9d"
],
"score": [
6,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Poorly. Water has a lot of mass and does not compress easily, so a bullet propelled by expanding gas isn't likely to travel very far, instead fragmenting and losing its energy after a very short distance.\n\nHowever if you are asking about the mechanism of action, firearms use burning gunpowder to produce quickly expanding gasses that propel the bullet. Gunpowder contains its own oxygen to combust (which you could probably deduce by it being contained in a sealed metal cartridge). Because of this there is no need for an external air supply and being sealed inside the cartridge prevents it becoming wet.",
"The bullet is pressed into the shell casing forming a seal. That keeps the gun powder and primer dry and able to be shot the same as if not in water. Essentially, everything needed for the ignition and burning to propel the bullet is kept dry. The gun itself can be submerged because nothing on it creates a fire or spark to make the bullet work. It just has to have a functioning trigger and hammer to strike the primer on the bullet, and they’re spring loaded so a little water won’t interfere with its action.",
"Many don't, so don't shoot there. The water in the barrel may noy get out of the way of the round fast enough, and can cause blow-back or barrel explosions. At the very least, the rounds tend to not go very far underwater before slowing or breaking apart.\n\nBullets work when wet because they are sealed, and all of the chemistry necessary to discharge the round."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
1a304e | why is social security paid separately from income tax? | Couldn't we just have a single income tax, from which social security was paid, along with all the other uses for that money? Why is there a separate line item on my check for this particular tax? I realize that it's not a flat percentage, like the income tax, but there are already plenty of special deductions that have shelves depending on your income. Why not social security? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1a304e/eli5_why_is_social_security_paid_separately_from/ | {
"a_id": [
"c8tmkwu"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"We *could* have a single income tax that covers Social Security, but that's not how the program was designed.\n\nBecause it's funded by a separate tax, the government can't just arbitrarily decide to cut Social Security. The Social Security payroll tax can *only* go to Social Security, so the money can't be moved to some other program."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] | |
3zxuzq | if we accept that taste preferences exist and vary between individuals, how do we decide that a food critic's ability to taste is objective or superior to any other person's? what does it take to become a food critic? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3zxuzq/eli5_if_we_accept_that_taste_preferences_exist/ | {
"a_id": [
"cypvl1z",
"cypvytc",
"cypw3vk",
"cyq3tfz"
],
"score": [
8,
3,
80,
24
],
"text": [
"There are taste preferences and taste standards. \"What is this item *supposed* to taste like\"\n\nThe ability to be able to accurately determine whether something tastes *like it should* is what separates critics and the like from normal folk who get to say \"I like it\" or \"I don't\".\n\nWine is a good example. Wine has a number of flavors that are supposed to be there, and more flavors that shouldn't. I happen to like a lot of wine's off flavors, so while I enjoy a slatey Riesling, I recognize that's because I like wine the way it should not be. A critic is able to find these off flavors, describe them, and mark them against since it deviates from standard.",
"They more often than not have some sort of culinary education which means they understand the science of cooking, and have experienced a wide range of foods to reach a comparison. But just like art critics, you put 100 of them in a room and they'll all have a different opinion and half the room will like something that the other half doesn't. Once you get passed the science it is definitely subjective. This is why food companies use taste tests with large numbers of people to find recipes to appeal to a large customer base.",
"A food critic's primary skill is the ability to author an entertaining story about the time they went to a restaurant and ate some food.",
"I work as a cheese scientist at a large food company and I've seen first hand why it is so important to have expertly trained/experience tasters and food critics. Most analytical tests in science can be performed through exact chemical/ physical or biological mean(isolating compounds, pH meters, growing bacteria...) however we still don't have any equipment or chemical assay nearly as good as a person's (or even other animal's) sense of taste and smell. We may be able to extract all of the chemicals that make up a food's flavor but we aren't very good at determining what that translates into taste wise.\n\nThis is why sensory science is so important to the food and cosmetic industry and the food critics you see on TV or quoted on food packages and ads are often times trained in being able to breakdown complex flavors in foods into easily understandable terms. When the average person eats a piece of Hershey's chocolate or drinks a glass of Coca Cola, they just taste chocolate or cola but recognize that they have the signature flavor that these two products are known for. Ask them to describe the sensory attributes (smell, texture, mouthfeel, taste, color) in more detail and they probably won't be to give you descriptive words that would allow anyone to figure out food they were describing. On the other hand, a person trained in understanding food sensory attributes would be able to describe the Coke with the degree of the three main flavors of a cola (citrus, vanilla and brown spices like cloves and nutmeg), mouthfeel, color, carbonation, sweetness... that would allow a sensory scientist to confirm that what they are drinking is indeed a Coke and not a pepsi or RC cola.\n\n These sensory experts are trained for months learning about all of the different flavors that exist, how to describe them, how to measure the degree of intensity that particular flavor has in a product... which is very valuable to companies that are creating new products or want to preserve the unique qualities of a product they already produce, especially when suppliers, production and packaging are changed. \n\nOf course there are many food critics that are not formally trained but they learn through experience how to pick apart flavors and describe them well. It's like with movie critics, journalists and other similar professions; the reason some are more successful and better at at it than the average person is because they have mastered the skill of communicating thoughts to either the written or spoken word better and more effectively.\n\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[]
] | ||
8c4bny | how do nurses, drug users, etc inject a drug directly into a vein? how do they know the needle tip hasn't gone through the vein or even missed it completely? | I'd imagine most veins are less than 5mm in diameter, that's a pretty small target to land the tip of the needle in. How do they do it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8c4bny/eli5_how_do_nurses_drug_users_etc_inject_a_drug/ | {
"a_id": [
"dxbzn8p",
"dxbzt0y",
"dxbzw4b",
"dxbzxsf",
"dxc01u3",
"dxc6196",
"dxc6yqt",
"dxc74d7",
"dxc769f",
"dxc76rr",
"dxc7ldf",
"dxc878n",
"dxc88ix",
"dxc8jha",
"dxc8zlw",
"dxc91hm",
"dxc9g15",
"dxca0tm",
"dxca6i8",
"dxcakih",
"dxcay21",
"dxcb3a3",
"dxcb7d7",
"dxcbbnq",
"dxcbfae",
"dxccgk5",
"dxcdffq",
"dxcdrxb",
"dxcdtje",
"dxce705",
"dxcef0n",
"dxcer87",
"dxcf7va",
"dxcfoyv",
"dxcjcpz",
"dxck3fj",
"dxcnmsh",
"dxcnpco",
"dxcnrmr",
"dxco04l",
"dxcoe46",
"dxcq83k",
"dxcs6na",
"dxcyo79",
"dxd3ta1",
"dxdc14d"
],
"score": [
84,
6204,
846,
16,
689,
88,
5,
3,
75,
14,
986,
2,
2,
2,
329,
3,
8,
3,
2,
5,
2,
33,
21,
2,
2,
4,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"im pretty sure they pull back on the plunger when they think they are in a vein. if blood comes through, that means they are in a vein.",
"The \"flash\". Before pushing in, you draw back on the plunger. If the needle or catheter is in a vein, blood will easily be drawn back into the tubing or syringe and then you can push the medication or fluid in once you see that. If you're not in a vein, you won't easily pull blood out when drawing back.",
"When you pull the plunger back, it wont fill with anything and essentially snap back into place. So you pull back the plunger slightly while simultaneously pulling the needle out a little until you see the mushroom cloud of blood rush into the syringe. ",
"MA here (we can do blood draws/injections like a nurse): to answer your question, it really just depends. You can feel when the top of the needle misses a vein or goes through it. If you’re drawing blood, the biggest tell that you missed is if you put the vacuum tube on the blood draw needle and nothing comes out. ",
"The “flash” but mainly just practice, practice. I’ve done a lot of sticking and it just becomes easy after a while \n\nSticking IV’s in my fellow soldiers. IV’s and needles to draw blood form! ",
"Nurses, or anyone really, don't inject medication directly into a vein. They inject medication or fluid into a catheter which is inside the vein. \n\nMay seem like I am being nit picky here, but we use catheters for this very reason. You'll see vets inject stuff right in veins but it's not a common practice in medicine for humans.\n\nThere are lots of ways to determine that you are in the vein. You first get a 'flash' which means that blood has entered the needle. You then advance a plastic tube, which is the catheter, inside the vein. Once you are in the vein you pull blood back into the syringe which confirms that you are not in dead space or tissue. You then 'flush' the catheter with normal saline. Sometimes the vein can blow and you will see pooling of saline or blood. You know you are not in.\n\nA fun side note: when you give medicines in the muscle you should pull back on the plunger expecting no blood to make sure that you aren't in an artery or vein for the exact opposite reason .\n\nWhen delivering medication you can sometimes have a vein blow or the catheter dislodge. Some medication can sting big time and some don't really have many signs or symptoms other than the pooling of blood. \n\n",
"While pressing the needle into the skin you would put some pressure on the plunger. The plunger wont really move at all until it starts filling up with blood. So as soon as the plunger starts moving back and blood starts filling up, that is when you know that you have penetrated the vein and you should stop pushing. Also you have to apply a subtle pressure while injecting the needle in a vein so you don't rip right through it. (I am an EMT).",
"Though I’ve never punctured a human vein, I have collected blood from cows. The easiest way to describe it is the tactile sensation of piercing the vein versus the surrounding flesh.\n\nIf you’re just poking into the flesh, the needle moves through at a steady pace with firm pressure. But if you properly pierce a vein, there is very little resistance that you can feel. That sensation combined with a huge amount of practice and good technique can make anyone a master phlebotomist/IV drug user.",
"We actually insert a plastic catheter into the vein. When we start an IV the needle extends a wee bit farther than the straw like catheter. Then the catheter slides into the vein and the needle is retracted. The catheter sits in the vein. Choosing the right vein is key. It needs to be straight. \n\nYou start enough IVs, you get good at the process. \n\nI will say this, don’t EVER tell a nurse **WHERE** to start them simple out of your own preference. Every nurse has their sweet spots where they’re good at getting, and don’t go around setting them and you up for failure. Also depending on the exam, IV sites are specifically chosen. \n\n**DO** tell us if you medically need the IV in a certain spot due to dialysis or breast cancer. Or if you have some scar tissue. \n\nSource: ER nurse who’s pretty good at IVs. ",
"ER nurse here. We’re just cool like that. (Actually just a shit ton of practice. I can tell by feel and you get flash in the chamber of the cannula.)",
"Nurse here. The needle on an IV is covered with a plastic catheter. The needle slightly hangs out to pierce the skin. When I puncture the skin and hit the vein, you can see blood come up through the catheter and a small amount of blood will come into the part that we hold. That’s the flash. I insert IVs on babies and once this happens the IV is in the vein. the flash will happen and then I can advance the catheter fully in the vein and remove the needle and hook up the tubing. I was told in nursing school when you are in it will glide in smooth like butter. And this true. If it’s not in the vein, you won’t see the flash and it will be hard when trying to push the catheter. \n\nAlso we check placement by flushing a saline flush through the IV. If it’s in, you can push saline through it with no problems. If it’s not in the vein, it will not push through. If you went through the vein and punctured it, when you flush it, you will see the skin bubble up. We call this an infiltration and the vein is no good. ",
"Usually in a medical setting IV (in the vein) medications aren't directly injected by needle. First you would start an \"IV\" (inserting a needle and catheter into a vein) which as many have mentioned would have a flash of blood. This is a small container at the non business end of the needle that blood would backflow into to show you have hit the vein. Then you push the plastic catheter further in so the hub is the only part exposed. The needle is retracted and now you have a catheter in the vein ready to accept IV tubing. You would then have fluids ribbing through the tube and connect just a syringe via a special port to push medications into the IV tube. This leads to another common way to know if you're in the vein, which is infiltration. That's basically when the catheter isn't in the vein for one reason or another and the fluid is going into the surrounding spaces rather than the vein causing an obvious lump. Hope this made any sense whatsoever. ",
"Practice... With time you wont even have to see a vein to know where a vein is located... Practice again",
"You know how you get to Carnegie Hall don’t ya? Practice ",
"I've only ever put IVs in premature babies and newborns. If a neonate is small enough with low enough blood pressure you get no flashback but you'll know by feel just tapping the end of the plunger... a successful flush has little resistance. The smallest baby i cannulated was 275 grams.",
"1. Poke through skin\n2. Slowly insert needle until blood flows into the chamber (vein has been pierced)\n3. Draw back to make sure that you are still in the vein\n4. Inject fluids (blood plus medicine)\n5. Pull out and apply pressure",
"Okay so every comment I've seen thus far has been people medicine, but I work in a vet's office so I'll give you LD on how to get blood from a dog. \n\nWe typically get blood from the jugular vein, which is in the neck. We have someone restrain the dog's head slightly upwards while the tech feels for the vein, which has a nice bounce to it. They then put pressure on the vein below where they will draw and go ahead and stick. We don't go in at a 90 degree angle, more like 30 or 45 degrees. \n\nPutting in a catheter on a dog is much more difficult. We shave one of the front forelimbs and have someone hold off around the elbow joint to get the vein to pop. You poke and go in parallel to the vein once you've hit it. There's a flash in the port area, which is how you know you've got it. We then pull the needle out, leaving just a small piece of plastic tubing. We attach a stopcock type thing to the port to prevent the dog from bleeding and then wrap with several layers of tape and then vet-wrap(it's the stuff that they wrap your arm with after they draw blood but it has paw prints on it). Finally, we flush the catheter with a heparin and saline solution. \n\nTypically in animals we give medication subcutaneously or into the muscle. The only medications I've seen given IV has been the euthanasia solution and I believe we give our pre-anesthesia sedatives IV. We also give fluids through a catheter but we tend to prefer to give them subcutaneously. ",
"Flashback, you'll see it. Needle gauge can be smaller than veins, you'd be very surprised lol. One thing is when you are drawing blood, you can kinda just feel it, when you go through a vein, you just feel it once you done it so many times. ",
"Speaking for straight-up hypodermic needles (non IV catheters) you go for the vein and when you think you got it, you \"aspirate\" aka draw back on the plunger. If you're in the vein, you'll see blood come into the syringe. You are in. We also aspirate when doing IM (intramuscular injections) so we don't accidently shoot meds into the vein (very bad to shoot 1:1000 Epi in a vein).",
"Like other have said, \"flash\" is a good indicator. When you've got a needle in the vein, they'll bleed through the needle and out. When giving shots in the muscle, you're supposed to pull the plunger out to try to draw blood. No blood=no in a vein. When starting an IV, you advance until flash, then a bit more to make sure enough of the needle is in the vein. IVs started by medical are Teflon catheters over a needle, so the catheter gets left in and the stabby needle comes out. The catheter tip jar just shy of the hole of the needle, so if the tip of the needle is in the vein, the catheter may not. This is why you give it an extra jump. Another way to start IVs is to get flash, advance until flash stops (and you know you're out of the vein) then pull back just enough to get flash again. You'll miss much less and it's a great way to save an otherwise botched IV, but it looks less graceful and hurts a bit more. \n\nAdditionally, it takes muuuuuch more force to push something through a needle not in a vein. Fluids won't gravity flow, and syringe oush takes actual effort. For smaller or tougher targets, hospitals can bust out ultrasound to visualize better what they're poking. There's a whole technique in that too. \n\nFinally, there's Seldinger technique where you put a conservatively small catheter in a vessel, then run a wire in through the catheter. Pull the catheter out and leave the wire in. Run a much bigger catheter over the wire. This is common for arterial lines or central lines.\n\nTl;dr- practice is best way to do it, but there's some good techniques and skills to help those without. Still a bad idea to let IV drug users start their own IVs supposedly tho.",
"If you’re thinking of injecting something directly into your vein make sure it’s Dr prescribed. The effects are instantaneous. A lot of heroine users OD with the needle still in the vein. ",
"As a recovering IV drug addict I can speak on this a bit. It is easy to push into a vein and out the other side. That is why when injecting a drug intravenously it is important to pull back on the syringe before \"shooting\". If the needle is securely in the vein blood will be sucked up into the needle. If not, nothing will be drawn up and the plunger on the needle won't move much. I used to pull back a few times during a shot to make sure the needle hadn't moved out of the vein during the injection. Jesus Christ does this subject remind me of the worst best times of my life.",
"Reading everyone’s comments make me realize why I love being a phlebotomist so much. The “pop” feeling is real and r/popping is one of my favourite subs. No throwaway because don’t care enough. 12 years of phlebotomy: you know you want me to poke you. ",
"Try missing it a few times. You’ll never do it again. I’m amazed sometimes that I still have arms. The body is a wonderland. ",
"In the hospital setting we almost never give IV medications through a syringe with a metal needle. One of the first things they do in the ER or when the patient gets admitted is obtain IV access.\n\nThis is done with a plastic IV cannula sheath over a metal needle. Once the vein is penetrated, there is a \"flash chamber\" in which blood flows through the needle and gets absorbed by a small wad of cotton. This is how we know we're in the vein. Then we withdraw the metal needle and leave the plastic sheath catheter in the vein. A luer lock cap or \"pigtail\" extension is then connected to the IV to keep blood from oozing out of the catheter. We then test the patency of the IV by attaching a syringe to the luer lock and pulling back slightly on the plunger. Most of the time, we can get blood return in the syringe. That's how we know we have a properly working IV. Sometimes we can't get drawback, so we flush a little saline into the vein. If it doesn't form a \"bubble\" below the skin and the patient doesn't report any discomfort from the flush, it's also considered working.\n\nFrom there, we usually flush an IV catheter with saline before pushing any medications through it. That way we are confident that the medication is going into the vein and not the surrounding tissues.",
"You visualize the vein, pump the vein up using a tournequet, hold the vein down, and let it rip. The flash is the best part. You get a feel for what a vein feels like (spongy). I used to feel my husbands hand and antecubital veins while we watched TV. Weird I know. \nI love starting IVs. \nAlso the patient will tell you if its not in the vein pretty quickly because it can hurt.",
"since nobody is really answering the question...when you put the tip of the needle in the vein some blood will come out of the other end...think of it like a pipe full of rushing water is underground, so you stick a hollowed out arrow in the ground and strike the pipe clear through a side and then all the rushing water within the pipe flows through the hollowed out arrow and on the surface of the ground. until you see water coming out, you know for a fact that you haven’t penetrated the side of the pipe.....and to answer the question that you’re probly thinking right now, what if the arrow goes all the way through the pipe (in one side and out the other side)....well, there wouldn’t be any water flowing through the arrow cause it would just be back in dirt again. and now the pipe would have two holes in it. you should find a different spot to try at that point in time ha. hope this analogy makes sense.",
"Related question: Why are some nurses really good and others really bad at getting an IV in? Most of the time I get someone good and they get it first try. It hurts a bit but not too bad. And then every now and then someone stabs me 3-4 times before they finally get it. It hurts like hell and I'm left wondering if it's really in the right place.\n\nI've had a bajillion needles and IVs (plus I have to self-inject!) and I still look away.",
"EX-IV drug user here. Sadly, it's all a case of practice.\n\nAlso, you need to make sure you're in a vein, not an artery, you don't want to push stuff into an artery, holy fuck. The blood that comes out of an artery is a different colour, hence the rhyme thing \"pink, stop and think. Red, go ahead\"\n\n",
"Most IV needle sets will allow for a \"flashback\". As you advance the needle you know you're in the vein as soon as you see the flashback, or blood rushing back through the IV tubing. Then you just need to dip the angel of your needle and slide it in further along the inside of the vein. If you meet resistance, you have poked through. Some iv sets allow you to hold the needle in place and just advance the catheter, which will gently bump and slide along the inner walls of the vein. ",
"There are a couple of ways to fully understand if you hit the spot or not\n\n\nFor starters, when stabbing the vein with the needle. The needle is specially made so when you pull it back and seperate it from it's plastic part(that's the part that stays in your body) it will let blood seep into a mini cup inside of it,as to give feedback of weither or not you are inside the vein.\n\nSecondly,you will feel a great deal of resistence if you try to seperate them not inside the vein,those well trained can know in a second.\n\n\nThirdly,assuming all went well, but say the needle moved after... before administrating a drug, you do something called \"Saline Lock\",you take 10 cc of saline(it's just water,does nothing) if you are not in the vein you will either feel heavy resistence,or see the arm swell a bit from the water injected into it.\n\nA similler thing goes for those who are connected to an IV Bag, you wont see a swell,but the bag wont be drained,as well as if you put the bag lower then the heart,the tube will fill with blood.",
"You get a “flash back” of blood in the needle I guess if your a drug user you can just directly inject but in the medical profession we place a “lure” then use that wee straw sitting in the vein as an access site. There’s a technique to placing lures and you can go through or “blow” a vein. Practice over the years helps! I get lures in neonates now! ",
"Drug user here, you pull back on the plunger. If you don't see blood and just air, aka a vacuum, then you aren't in a vein. \n\nSometimes I think I poke through the vein and it bleeds internally, but I'm not sure how accurate that is.",
"The more important question is: when you put the needle in, how doesn't the material from your skin and muscles get stuck in the needle?",
"If you do it enough you can feel it gently \"pop\" through one side. Then, as noted below, you look for the flash. But that sensation that the needle has pierced the vein is real and actually obvious after a while.",
"Intensive Care doctor here. As others have said, you know you’re in the vein when you start to see a little bit of blood come back up the needle into the syringe. This happens because the blood in the vein is under pressure from the tourniquet, which is why the veins stand up and are easier to see.\n\nOnce in you can even aspirate a little to make sure. If you’re in, blood flows out freely. Keeping the needle tip in the vein is the hardest part, as you pointed out in the question. This is why you’ll usually lower the needle a little once the tip is in the vein, and then advance the needle slightly up along the vein at a flatter angle. This puts more of the needle into the vein and makes it easier to stay in the vein (with the needle at a flatter angle) rather than having the tip poke out the back of the vein (can happen easily if you go in too steep).\n\nHope that helps!!\n\nBonus points - nurses and doctors rarely, if ever, give drugs into a vein using a needle. We usually insert a cannula/“drip” first and then take the needle out of that, leaving the cannula behind. Cannula has a valve on it, and drugs are then injected through the valve and cannula into the vein. So once the drip/cannula goes in, there’s no needles left behind. ",
"When you draw back the plunger on a syringe an amount of blood will pour in, also if you are not in a vein whatever you are injecting will hurt badly.",
"It gives way. The vein. Once the needle pierces it, it gives way and there is an empty space in there.",
"Finally, something I know! (Am nurse, not drug user).\n\nIt's all about the flash, the pop, the resistance. It's all in perfect harmony. You feel the pop, you get the flash of blood, and you meet little to no resistance when injecting or flushing.\n\nFeels good man. ",
"After years of work and practice you just have that feeling... You can feel the needle going in vain. Hard to explain if you haven't tried to do it on someone else. Even when you have to take blood from artery you can feel pulsing coming from needle.",
"FYI: if you want to learn how to start an IV, learn from a nurse. If you want to learn how to be a rockstar at starting IV’s, learn from a paramedic. Starting an IV in an ER room is easy. Starting one on an elderly diabetic in a small ambulance while going 80mph and taking hard corners, or starting one in a dirty bathroom floor with no lights makes a person really good at starting IV’s. ",
"My arm veins are very prominent.. Especially on the left arm. And when I go for my frequent blood test I always insist they use the left. A few years ago I had stents put in My RCA and LAD. The cardiologist had difficulty inserting the catheter because in my groin area The arteries and veins are very deep.\n\nMy wife has a fistula on her right arm. I have lost count as to how many times the dialysis technician and blown the vein in that arm making it more difficult than it has to be. And it’s taking more than three months for the fistula to mature enough to be used on a regular basis.",
"Years ago, I had a friend who was a paramedic. We went out drinking one night, and he ended up crashing at my place. We were very hungover the next morning. I'm in the kitchen making coffee, and he goes out to his car, and comes back in with IV bags and tubes. I asked him what he was doing, and he said, \"I'm gonna teach you how to run an IV\".\n\nI had never put a needle in anyone before, so I was a little apprehensive. Being a medic, he's done this countless times. So he talks me through it, makes a little mark on his arm where with a pen where his vein is, and hands me the needle/catheter.\n\nHe hates being on the receiving end, apparently. I was also very bad at it, and took a long time. I had the needle in at the right angle, but couldn't figure out why I wasn't in the vein. So I'm digging around in his arm like crazy, and I start to feel the needle bumping against his vein. Then there was a little 'pop', when I entered the vein. Which was good, because he was starting to get a little waxy and shaky in the knees.\n\nAfter I was done, he did one on me. We attached the bags of saline and drank coffee. Best hangover cure of all time.\n\nSo you know you're in the vein when you feel the needle break through the vein wall. The catheter will also fill with blood immediately. ",
"I'm late to the party on this, but here is a story of what happens when they do miss the vein. My husband went in for a physical and when they drew blood he got the new girl. She stabbed him twice missing the vein, then she thought she had got it, but the flow was really really slow, it took quite a while to draw the sample. My patient, stupid, husband just sat there being stabbed because he didn't want to make the poor thing feel bad.\n\nFlash forward to later. She had stabbed through the vein again, but the blood from the other two punctures created a pool to fill the vial. However, it was a bad sample, and when they looked at it, there were almost no platelets, like 90% less than normal people. The Dr. called him personally and told him not to brush his teeth or do anything that might cause him to bleed, and to come in for a follow up test to verify. I can't remember what they said it might have been, but it was pretty dire. Long story short, he got a good sticker this time, and he was fine. Just a story about what can happen when they miss the vein. \n\nSee you at the bottom of the thread :( ",
"Some veins are tiny, some are quite large. \n\nIt’s a complex skill but there are ways to assess the appropriate placement of an IV during insertion as well as afterwards prior to use. The most reliable method for both is the ability to obtain blood return: either by back flow into the catheter, flash chamber or oozing from the hub during insertion, or the ability to aspirate blood from the extension tubing prior to future use.\n\nExperienced clinicians also learn the way it feels when our needle punctures the vein (there’s a certain ‘pop’ or give) and we know the direction the vein is running to narrow our angle and remove the stylet (the sharp/needle part, leaving only the ~flexible plastic catheter) to advance the catheter without damaging or puncturing the vein wall. \n\nFurthermore, if blood return in a properly placed iv isn’t readily obtainable, it can be possible by applying a tourniquet above the iv site to inflate the vein and prevent vein collapse to aspiration or it can be confirmed by placing a finger over the vein during a flush - there is a highly localized ‘rushing liquid’ type feeling called a thrill - that can help confirm proper placement. This coupled with the lack of (or proper quality of) resistance to flush, the lack of swelling and the lack of patient pain response, can also be a good way to confirm proper iv placement. \n\nLike I said, it’s a complex skill in which many clinicians who use ivs are lacking (unfortunately - being the reason why so many inpatients have infiltrated or malplaced IVs while their caregivers are none the wiser) and the bottom line is: if you’re not sure it’s in place, don’t use it - remove it and start over.",
"Infusion Nurse here.\n\n1. Get an IV KIT \n\n2. Find a good vein\n\n3. Guide your needle into the vein and await a flash of blood\n\n4. Drawl the blood to ensure you're in the vein\n\n5. Flush the site with normal saline and if it goes in smoothly you're good to go.\n\nResistance = failure\nBubble forms = failure\nsite hemmorage = failure\n\n:D tens of thousands of IVs done personally. \n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.