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Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2020 Oct 30;17(21):7976. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17217976 Supervisors’ Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important Antecedent of Work Engagement Inga Jona Jonsdottir Inga Jona Jonsdottir 1 School of Business, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; karik@hi.is Find articles by Inga Jona Jonsdottir 1, * , Kari Kristinsson Kari Kristinsson 1 School of Business, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; karik@hi.is Find articles by Kari Kristinsson 1 Author information
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301239
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( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC7662981 PMID: 33142984 Abstract Social support from supervisors is a job resource that has been found to be an important antecedent to work engagement. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding one of the key features of social support—i.e., supervisors’ active-empathetic listening—and its relation to employees’ work engagement.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301301
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g—and its relation to employees’ work engagement. To bridge this gap, this study explores how supervisors’ active-empathetic listening is associated with employees’ work engagement. Using a national representative sample ( N = 548), the results show that supervisors’ active-empathetic listening has a significant positive relationship with employee work engagement. Additionally, we show that active-empathetic listening does not affect all three dimensions of work engagement equally, with dedication being the
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301336
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work engagement equally, with dedication being the most affected by supervisors’ active-empathetic listening. We argue that supportive leadership which uses conscious and active listening-centred communication is highly significant for employees’ work engagement. Therefore, we suggest that organisations experiment in training their supervisors in active-empathetic listening as part of a broader strategy to increase employees’ engagement at work.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301368
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rategy to increase employees’ engagement at work. Keywords: active-empathetic listening, social support, supervisor, work engagement, work-related well-being 1. Introduction Work engagement is a positive, fulfilling, and emotional state of mind associated with work. Most scholars agree that work engagement is characterised by a high level of energy and strong identification with one’s work (see e.g., [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]).
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301393
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on with one’s work (see e.g., [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]). Several studies have provided empirical evidence that high levels of work engagement are positively associated with job satisfaction (e.g., [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]) and low turnover intention (e.g., [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]). Research findings also indicate that work engagement is a predictor of high job performance [ 1 , 11 ], client satisfaction [ 1 ], and customer loyalty [ 12 ]. In addition, work engagement has been negatively associated with burnout [ 8 , 13 ].
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301419
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en negatively associated with burnout [ 8 , 13 ]. According to Bakker and Demerouti [ 14 ], Halbesleben [ 15 ], and Bakker et al. [ 2 ], previous research has consistently confirmed the positive relationship between various job resources, such as social support from supervisors, work engagement, and positive work-related outcomes (see also, e.g., [ 3 , 5 , 7 , 16 ]). Social support is a job resource that has been found to be an important antecedent of work engagement [ 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 17 ].
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301443
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work engagement [ 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 17 ]. Workplace social support refers to employees’ interaction and relationships with supervisors and co-workers. Supportive communication is a key element of social support [ 18 ], and active listening, or supervisors’ listening-centred communication, is a key feature of supportive leadership communication [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Supportive communication, through active-empathetic listening, may improve mutual understanding and reduce individuals’ and work t
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301475
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l understanding and reduce individuals’ and work teams’ uncertainty and help them feel as if they have control over their work [ 18 ]. However, in spite of a growing body of research on work engagement and social support, there is a need for a better understanding of the key feature of workplace social support—i.e., supervisor’s active-empathetic listening—and how it may influence work engagement. This study seeks to further the understanding of supervisors’ active-empathetic listening as an important part
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301503
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active-empathetic listening as an important part of workplace social support, one which can foster employee work engagement. To achieve this objective, we first review the existing literature on key concepts and previous findings on work engagement in relation to predictors such as social support. We then present our methods and the results of our investigation, before concluding with a discussion and recommendations for further research. 2. Concepts and Prior Research 2.1.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301528
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her research. 2. Concepts and Prior Research 2.1. Well-Being at Work, Work Engagement, and Social Support Work-related well-being has been characterised by job satisfaction [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Further, it has been associated with the absence of mental strain—such as emotional exhaustion, reduced personal accomplishment, or a low self-evaluation of effectiveness at work—and the absence of cynicism or detachment from work [ 8 , 24 , 25 , 27 ].
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301550
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ism or detachment from work [ 8 , 24 , 25 , 27 ]. Previous research, as mentioned before, emphasises that employees’ work engagement is an important predictor of well-being at work. In essence, work engagement determines how employees experience their work. A positive, fulfilling, and affective-motivational state of work-related well-being that is characterised by vigour, dedication, and absorption is most often considered the definition of work engagement (see, e.g., [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]).
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301574
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on of work engagement (see, e.g., [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]). Vigour refers to the mental resilience of energetic employees while engaged in their work [ 1 ]. Dedication refers to high job accomplishment, a sense of significance, enthusiasm, and inspiration [ 13 ]. Absorption arises when individuals are fully concentrated on their job and find it difficult to disengage from what they are doing [ 1 , 5 , 13 ]. Work engagement is assumed to be the positive antipode of burnout [ 8 , 15 , 28 ]. According to Bakker et al.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301602
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rnout [ 8 , 15 , 28 ]. According to Bakker et al. [ 1 ], vigour and dedication are considered direct opposites of exhaustion and cynicism. Exhaustion and cynicism are two of the three core symptoms of burnout. However, work engagement is characterised by energetic and dedicated employees who are enthusiastic, involved, and fully concentrating on their work [ 1 ]. Schaufeli and Bakker’s [ 8 ] findings indicated that burnout and work engagement are negatively related and that burnout is mainly predicted by jo
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301621
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ional outcome, and employees’ well-being at work. Bakker and Demerouti [ 29 ] maintained that job resources refer to those physical, psychological, social, and organisational aspects of the job that might reduce the negative effects of high job demands (e.g., workload and unfavourable physical and mentally stressful work environment). The job resources identified in prior work engagement research are, e.g., job control, autonomy, performance feedback, social support, and job competence [ 1 , 2 , 15 , 30 ].
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301642
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support, and job competence [ 1 , 2 , 15 , 30 ]. Orgambídez-Ramos and de Almeida [ 5 ] said that, among the job resources included in the JD-R model, social support is considered to be one of the most important resources mediating work engagement and well-being at work (see also, e.g., [ 3 , 7 , 17 ]). Karasek and Theorell [ 31 ] (p. 69) has defined workplace social support as the “overall levels of helpful social interaction available on the job from both co-workers and supervisors” that might affect the
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301663
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co-workers and supervisors” that might affect the well-being of employees. Different types of workplace social support can involve offering concrete help and instrumental support, as well as advice on how to approach a problem, along with useful information dissemination and offering feedback and suggestions [ 32 , 33 ]. Jonsdottir et al. [ 34 ] pointed out that important types of social support in the workplace are offering advice, listening, and showing empathy or trust.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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advice, listening, and showing empathy or trust. Many scholars have concluded that job resources such as social support are an important antecedent and a salient predictor of work engagement and well-being at work. The findings of Hakanen et al. [ 13 ] showed that job resources such as job control, supervisory support, dissemination of information, and social climate are predictors of organisational commitment when mediated by work engagement.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301711
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ork engagement and job satisfaction was stronger. Othman and Nasurdin [ 6 ] studied nurses’ working conditions and found that supervisor support was positively related to the nurses’ work engagement, whereas co-workers’ support had little or no effect on their work engagement. Mattson and Hall [ 18 ] also argued that the key feature of social support is communication, an important dimension of which is active-empathetic listening [ 20 , 21 , 23 ]. 2.2.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301732
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ctive-empathetic listening [ 20 , 21 , 23 ]. 2.2. Supervisors’ Active-Empathetic Listening Jonsdottir and Fridriksdottir [ 21 ] pointed out that Mineyama et al. [ 23 ] used the term active listening in relation to supervisors’ listening-centred communication. Purdy [ 35 ] wrote about conscious and effective listening, which refers to active listening. Active listening is a way of listening to another person to gain a deeper understanding of the message and context.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301756
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deeper understanding of the message and context. It is also the skill of responding effectively to the other person and the message with emotional intelligence [ 20 , 21 , 35 , 36 ]. According to both Drollinger et al. [ 37 ] and Brownell [ 20 , 38 ], there are several stages in the active-empathetic listening process. These can be described as, firstly, the sensing stage. The words are heard, and the listener implies that he/she is truly listening through the use of body language, gestures, and other form
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662981/
Supervisors' Active-Empathetic Listening as an Important ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-16T23:12:31.301778
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End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Active-Listening-Content-1

This corpus was automatically generated by the Deku Corpus Builder for use in RAG-based AI applications.

Dataset Structure

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  • attribution_text: Formatted Creative Commons attribution string (empty if not required)
  • license_url: URL to the CC license deed (empty if not required)
  • relevance_score: Relevance to the subject (0-1)
  • quality_score: Content quality score (0-1)
  • topics: JSON array of detected topics
  • character_count: Length of the text
  • subject_name: The subject this content relates to
  • subject_type: "personality" or "topic"
  • extraction_date: When the content was extracted
  • embedding: Pre-computed 384-dimensional embedding vector

Attribution

0 of 441 chunks in this corpus require attribution under their source license. When building lessons from these chunks, the attribution_text field must be surfaced in the lesson output per the Legend Leadership Attribution Tracking Spec.

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("PhillyMac/Active_Listening_Content_1")

# Access attribution-required chunks
for item in dataset["train"]:
    if item["attribution_required"]:
        print(item["attribution_text"])

Integration with RAG

This dataset is designed to be integrated with existing embedded corpuses. The embeddings use the sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 model, compatible with FAISS indexing.

License

Content is sourced from public domain and Creative Commons licensed materials. See individual license_type fields for per-chunk licensing details.

Generated By

Deku Corpus Builder - An automated corpus building system for AI applications.

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