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ur cycles across the critical sea-land interface. However, there was also a negative overall tendency of actors with a sea versus land focus not to engage with each other. Not tested Lowest level of aggregation Western Australia 57 Negative Positive Southern Madagascar 17 Negative Positive Coastal southern Kenya 17 Not... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.346 | 0.86 | [] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015161 | [
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lignment implies a selection process where, for example, actors prefer to engage with other actors and ecological entities in ways to enhance the social-ecological fit. b Two linked social entities are linked to two interdependent ecological entities, see Fig. 3b c Same social entity is linked to two interdependent eco... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.846 | [] | 479 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015224 | [
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l assumptions were often not clearly articulated. Only one study expressed an explicit ambition to elaborate causal assumptions where the social-ecological network could potentially explain social-ecological outcomes (the “Global network outcome” and “Global outcomes derived from and mediated by individual choices and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.832 | ["networking", "economy", "decision_making", "education"] | 481 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015285 | [
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itly elaborates causality and causal assumptions. One study fits to the highest level of aggregation, and is based in the coastal Pacific Northwest of the USA 20 . Two studies fit in the middle level of aggregation. The first spans the coral triangle and beyond in the Indo West Pacific and includes 13 states 55 . The s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.538 | 0.874 | ["economy", "education"] | 482 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015338 | [
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inica and the southeast coast of Saint Lucia 56 . Three studies fit in the lowest level of aggregation. The first encompasses two cases: an agricultural landscape in Madagascar, and a small-scale fishery in Kenya 17 , 63 . The second study is based in Western Australia and analyzes a large-scale conservation program 57... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.58 | 0.868 | ["education", "networking"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015393 | [
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k constructs at various levels of aggregation – at the lowest level, an analysis of full-fledged social-ecological networks ( Fig. 1 and 3a ), and at the highest level, a compressed version in which social and ecological nodes were merged into one combined node ( Fig. 3d , see also section in Supplementary Information ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.606 | 0.862 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 505 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015445 | [
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n micro-level configurations (“motifs”) 10 ( Fig. 3b & c ). It is not our intention to delve deeply into exactly how social-ecological networks could and should be analyzed given different study aims and empirical considerations (the Supplementary Information provides some suggestions of suitable analytical methods for... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.838 | ["networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015496 | [
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logical interdependencies can be theoretically and empirically associated with, in this example, differing capacities to effectively address environmental problems at appropriate scales. Fig 3. Social-ecological alignment in social-ecological networks. Open in a new tab (a) represents an example of a social-ecological ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.605 | 0.838 | ["networking", "communication"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015560 | [
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at capture distinct aspects of social- ecological alignment. In (b), two linked social entities are separately linked to two interdependent ecological entities, hence this configuration represents a closed loop where social- and ecological links are aligned horizontally (closed four cycle). In (c), the same social enti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.826 | ["philosophy"] | 454 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015622 | [
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losed triangle, representing vertical alignment). The histograms in (b) and (c) depict how frequent these configurations appear in the social-ecological network compared to what we would expect by chance (i.e., the blue bars represent the results from a large number of simulated random networks, and the red bar represe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.856 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015678 | [
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gical entities, but the social and ecological links are preserved as separate links (here laid out in the two planes named ‘ecological connectivity’ and ‘social connectivity’) 55 . The top plane captures to what extent the social and ecological links are aligned, i.e., the degree of social-ecological alignment, where a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.569 | 0.854 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015730 | [
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) suggests that horizontal social and ecological alignment ( Fig. 3b , d ) are more common among higher levels of aggregation ( Table 2 ). The propensities of actors to strive towards a tight alignment between an actor and any two interdependent ecological entities (vertical social-ecological alignment, Fig. 3c ), howe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.374 | 0.872 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015778 | [
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ological structure relied on a two- case cross-sectional comparison at the lowest level of aggregation. Nonetheless, results from this study indicate that vertical social-ecological alignment ( Fig. 3c ) is associated with more desirable outcomes. Based on the small number of cases, we refrain from drawing any far-reac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.405 | 0.844 | ["communication", "education"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015840 | [
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also address how exogenous macro social-political variables condition the effect that structures of social-ecological networks can have on outcomes (as well as control for the implication of other core governance challenges potentially also being present). However, we argue that the heuristic showed utility in enabling... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8943905/ | Improving network approaches to the study of complex social ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.435 | 0.814 | ["communication", "crisis", "networking"] | 404 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.015897 | [
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t humans are an integral component of ecosystems. Within EBM, human and ecological well-being are tightly coupled. Sustainability in both is only possible when they are addressed together. EBM balances the various interconnected needs of society and the environment It is a management approach that addresses cumulative ... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.58 | 0.82 | ["communication", "management", "war_conflict"] | 426 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.223465 | [
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Ecosystem-Based Management NOAA’s IEA supports EBM For many years, NOAA has recognized the value and importance of moving towards Ecosystem-Based Management as an integrated way to meet the Agency’s missions and mandates. NOAA’s Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) program is developing and implementing a collaborativ... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.585 | 0.824 | ["management", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 444 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.223637 | [
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s trust marine resources in an ecosystem context. Ecosystem-Based Management is defined as: An integrated approach that incorporates the entire ecosystem, including humans, into resource management decisions, and is guided by an adaptive management approach. Continuum of Ecosystem-Based Management EBM integrates humans... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.465 | 0.83 | ["management", "decision_making"] | 466 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.223714 | [
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ves across management objectives and/ or sectors. To this end, a primary goal of EBM is to balance the various interconnected needs of society and the environment. EBM manages ecosystem components as intrinsically linked A fundamental principle of EBM is that individual ecosystem components (biological, physical, chemi... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.597 | 0.822 | ["management"] | 439 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.223809 | [
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ponents within a coupled socio-ecological system. For management to be effective, it needs to consider the relationships between those components, as well as the trade-offs of potential management actions on components in addition to the target component or objective. For the same reason, i.e. that components are linke... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.442 | 0.848 | ["management", "networking", "economy", "philosophy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.223872 | [
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her linked components residing in the same space. EBM considers the whole ecosystem and how changes (human or natural) in one component might propagate through the system to influence the various other components in the system. EBM is a stepwise process EBM may seem too complex but by taking a stepwise process that is ... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.431 | 0.872 | ["management", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.223927 | [
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m and the tradeoffs across them when making decisions. EBM does not replace existing management approaches but it builds on them so it does not require an immediate or drastic shift. Rather it seeks to broaden the scope of traditional resource management to bring a more holistic set of information to the table to infor... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.584 | 0.866 | ["management", "decision_making", "philosophy", "communication", "economy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.223988 | [
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vice needs within a broader ecosystem context all the way to full multi-sector EBM. EBM is also not a “one-size-fits-all” framework. Though many may have the perception that EBM is only about supporting or achieving full multi-sector integration, and while this goal is important and potentially what ultimately we need ... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.44 | 0.848 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 464 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.224062 | [
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al management approaches in an ecosystem context. Making decisions in an ecosystem context falls along what we might call an "ecosystem-based management continuum" or spectrum of levels of integration of information or assessment. You can see this continuum in the figure above. EBM has different meanings There are many... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.588 | 0.83 | ["management", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 432 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.224131 | [
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contain similar language with slight variations. Below is a word cloud depicting words that participants of the Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance Coordination and Support Action workshop most associated with EBM. Below are definitions from a variety of organizations that capture many of the fundamental aspects of this h... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.585 | 0.85 | ["management", "networking", "diplomacy"] | 506 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.224182 | [
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op defined the meaning of the ecosystem approach. This workshop was part of the Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance Coordination and Support Action Work Package 4: Ecosystem approach to ocean health and stressors - Workshop on Making the ecosystem approach operational More About This Topic: Science in support of Ecosystem... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.581 | 0.852 | ["strategy", "management", "networking", "diplomacy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.224254 | [
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ebsite NOAA Coastal and Marine Planning NOAA Fisheries Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Related External/International Activities: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea - Ecosystem Approach Ecosystem-Based Management Tools Network Ecosystem-Based Management in New Zealand Sustainable Seas Challenge E... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.58 | 0.676 | ["management", "communication", "strategy", "crisis", "networking"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.224412 | [
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ps Towards Marine and Coastal Ecosystem-based Management: An Introductory Guide Lenfest Ocean Program, Fishery Ecosystem Task Force Large Marine Ecosystem:LEARN Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance Coordination and Support Action Work Package 4: Ecosystem approach to ocean health... | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.552 | 0.686 | ["management", "strategy", "networking", "war_conflict", "diplomacy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.224470 | [
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nagement (Southeast Asia focus built by NOAA Fisheries International Affairs and Seafood Inspection) | https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/about-iea/ecosystem-based-management | Ecosystem-Based Management | integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov | unknown | false | 0.531 | 0.726 | [] | 100 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.224534 | [
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An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital economy Download PDF Download PDF Subjects Evolutionary ecology Interdisciplinary studies Abstract Economic and social interactions are shifting to digital platforms which grow into vast ecosystems where user engagement creates value for members while ... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.544 | 0.83 | ["economy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.455524 | [
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s, including new technologies and volatile demands, through dynamic innovation in a decentralized decision-making setting. This renders digital platform ecosystems complex adaptive systems. Recognizing that natural ecosystems are a prime example of complex adaptive systems, we propose a systematic hierarchical framewor... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.454 | 0.832 | ["decision_making", "innovation", "philosophy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.455745 | [
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cieties to natural ecosystems embedded in biomes, products to species, and technologies and elements of business strategy to the genetic makeup of a species. As digital platforms face heightened scrutiny about their socio-economic power and societal value, our approach contributes to the development of deeper understan... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.61 | 0.842 | ["strategy", "economy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.455826 | [
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or multi stakeholder symbiotic evolution in digital innovation ecosystems Article Open access 02 July 2025 Diverse values of nature for sustainability Article Open access 09 August 2023 Quantifying disturbance effects on ecosystem services in a changing climate Article 05 March 2025 Introduction Rapid digitalisation of... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.617 | 0.698 | ["philosophy", "ethics", "innovation"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.455926 | [
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e of economic, social, and other interactions such as e-commerce, mobility, and social organization. Such platforms can grow into vast ecosystems of multiple member groups who create, exchange, and consume value generated from the facilitated interactions. The remarkable success of the digital platform ecosystem busine... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.481 | 0.85 | ["philosophy", "economy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456083 | [
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mpanies by market capitalisation globally were digital platform ecosystems including Microsoft, Apple, Alphabet (the parent company of Google), Amazon, and Meta 1 . The unprecedented accumulation of economic power by major ecosystems, evading the scrutiny of competition authorities, has raised significant concerns of p... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.473 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456154 | [
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e, understand, and debate the economics of digital platform ecosystems and the impact the economic dominance of a few ecosystems has on our socio-environmental systems. Vividly illustrating the scale of this challenge is the frequently cited statement associated with Jack Ma, the founder of China’s prominent Alibaba ec... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.42 | 0.864 | ["crisis", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456284 | [
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f WhatsApp and Google’s acquisition of an online advertising company DoubleClick, which only furnished the incumbency of these tech giants, illustrate the challenges faced by the competition authorities worldwide in identifying effective measures to limit the accumulation of economic power by major ecosystems. During t... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.485 | 0.84 | ["motivation", "crisis", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456371 | [
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tems, have inspired a handful of transfers of insights from ecology to explain their dynamics, pioneered by Moore coining the term 'business ecosystems' and discussing a 'new ecology of competition' 3 . To discuss economic power of platform orchestrators stemming from their critical position in the network of interacti... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.643 | 0.858 | ["networking", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456443 | [
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on the network in relation to their abundance 5 . Or, Lianos and Carballa-Smichowski 6 recently explored network-based indicators such as centrality to measure market power, a concept also applied extensively to identify key components critical for various types of interactions within natural ecosystems 7 . While such ... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.535 | 0.846 | ["networking", "resume", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456542 | [
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form ecosystems, past applications of ecological concepts to such ecosystems have been fragmented and yield limited insight. Thus, a deeper and more coherent understanding of the workings of digital platform ecosystems could be achieved through a comprehensive and guided transfer of concepts from the domain of natural ... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.504 | 0.856 | ["philosophy", "resume"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456610 | [
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d dynamics of the two domains, nature and the digital economy 8 , 9 , 10 . Their principal structure and dynamics, together with the resulting patterns of their behaviour allow us to adopt the view of digital platform ecosystems as complex adaptive systems 11 . This provides a solid conceptual basis for a systematic li... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.612 | 0.852 | ["philosophy", "economy"] | 463 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456673 | [
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ghly studied example of complex adaptive systems. Within the conceptualization of digital platform ecosystems as complex adaptive systems, we recognize that these ecosystems are embedded within their respective context, the digital economy—just like natural ecosystems are an inherent part of nature. We rely on a well-e... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.457 | 0.834 | ["philosophy", "economy"] | 504 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456743 | [
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the digital economy hosting platform ecosystems. The resultant framework organizes key elements and processes within and surrounding the digital platform ecosystems based on parallels between the two domains. Therefore, this organization allows for a structured transfer of concepts and methods from ecology and evolutio... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.47 | 0.824 | ["economy", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 452 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456803 | [
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collection of entities, which form a structural foundation for an individual component at the level above. On the left-hand side, in green, the realm of natural ecosystems is represented. The figure illustrates that genetic information at the Micro level (a collection of genes) forms an organism hosted at the Meso leve... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.578 | 0.836 | ["philosophy"] | 435 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456908 | [
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ward theoretically grounded scientific analogies. We demonstrate the potential of this approach to describe and explain critical phenomena and concerns in the domain of the digital economy by presenting several concepts providing easy-to-understand yet powerful new analogies from the realm of nature. We surmise that ou... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.433 | 0.842 | ["economy", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.456967 | [
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the implementation of appropriate enforcement to effectively govern digital platform ecosystems. Digital platform ecosystems as complex adaptive systems Natural ecosystems have long been recognized as complex adaptive systems 11 . In fact, the development of complex adaptive system theory was spurred by observations of... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.617 | 0.844 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457037 | [
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ystem structure and the dynamics of its components. Complex adaptive system theory stylizes real-world systems as populations of entities, called agents, driven by the pursuit of survival and thriving. Agents are often heterogenous, characterized by unique attributes defined by the information ‘encoded’ within them. Ag... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.416 | 0.836 | ["philosophy"] | 476 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457288 | [
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is enabled by the evolution of their attributes. Successful agents proliferate in the population while other less successful variants may diminish. The multitude of dynamic interactions among agents, collective co-adaptation, and the evolutionary processes shaping their attributes contribute to the systems’ complexity ... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.446 | 0.808 | [] | 413 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457360 | [
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organization, synergism, and non-linear dynamics. The comparison of capitalist economy to an evolutionary process was coined by Joseph Schumpeter 12 , which subsequently developed into evolutionary economics, with the central idea that new technologies emerge through random changes in, and recombination of, existing te... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.575 | 0.828 | ["economy"] | 447 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457442 | [
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ar to natural selection in ecology 13 , 14 , 15 . The digital platform ecosystem business model strongly relies on rapid and dynamic innovation in technology, and importantly, in business strategy 16 , 17 . Ecosystem orchestrators continuously explore opportunities to adapt in response to new market developments. As wi... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.448 | 0.842 | ["philosophy", "strategy", "innovation", "economy"] | 483 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457494 | [
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s detrimental changes usually diminish over time. Like natural ecosystems, digital platform ecosystems build on idiosyncratic interactions of multiple heterogeneous entities—products—that occur through strategic partnership and integration aligning key actors and underpinned by flows of finances and user behaviour data... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.453 | 0.82 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 434 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457552 | [
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d a product define its ‘niche’ in the market 14 . Digital platform ecosystems generate value through the harnessing of synergies across members 19 , 20 , enabled by continuous innovation of technology and business strategy that drive the competitiveness of the ecosystems’ products. Strong reliance on innovation, along ... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.616 | 0.852 | ["innovation", "philosophy", "strategy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457605 | [
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uction 21 and make the complex adaptive system model a particularly well-suited framework for their analysis and understanding. Hierarchical framework for the digital economy The observation that digital platform ecosystems, as complex adaptive systems, share structural and functional characteristics with natural ecosy... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.608 | 0.84 | ["economy", "philosophy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457674 | [
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hierarchies observed in nature and those found in digital economies. The framework includes five major levels—Micro, Meso, Macro, Mega, and Meta, which gives rise to a concise name, the 5 M Framework . Biological prototypes for Micro, Meso, Macro, and Mega levels are, respectively, genes, species, ecosystems, and biome... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.567 | 0.828 | ["philosophy"] | 443 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457752 | [
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ogical, and evolutionary processes and phenomena. At each level, entities act and adapt, and the fittest survive and thrive, while their interactions lead to the emergence of higher-level entities. Namely, genes that encode information for defining traits collectively shape individuals of a species, while species linke... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.526 | 0.83 | ["philosophy"] | 434 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457806 | [
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form an ecosystem that is hosted by a biome 23 . Interactions within and between these four levels lead to ecological and evolutionary dynamics, which we capture within an interaction-dedicated Meta level—a fifth level in our 5 M Framework. Correspondingly, we systematically identify analogies between processes and phe... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.412 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "economy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457866 | [
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epts and tools from evolutionary biology and ecology to the realm of digital platform ecosystems. Thus, we consider fundamentals of digital business such as elements of technology, knowledge, and business strategy (including user behaviour data) at the Micro level of our 5 M Framework—analogous to genes; products at th... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.677 | 0.696 | ["philosophy", "strategy", "education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.457955 | [
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hosting platform ecosystems at the Mega level—analogous to biomes, and interactions within and between these four levels at the Meta level (see Fig. 1 ). Fig. 1: The schematic structure of the 5 M Framework. Full size image The figure illustrates the hierarchy of the five levels of the 5 M Framework and the correspondi... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.617 | 0.874 | ["philosophy", "economy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458029 | [
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ollectively form an ecosystem at the Macro level. Several ecosystems may co-exist in a biome, which is hosted at the Mega level. On the right-hand side is the digital economy depicted, in blue. Analogously to the genes found in nature, individual knowledge and technological components are located at the Micro level. A ... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.592 | 0.866 | ["philosophy", "economy", "education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458095 | [
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complementary components combine to co-create value. Digital platform ecosystems may co-exist with each other within a wider society. In both domains, individual components at the Mega level, i.e., biomes or wider societies form the total existence of these domains. Lastly, the white stripes in the figure illustrate th... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.457 | 0.856 | ["philosophy"] | 509 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458156 | [
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tanding the complexities inherent to each domain. The logos and pictograms in this figure are used for illustrative purposes. Transferring concepts and tools from ecology to digital economy The digital economy has emerged only recently, hence the existing approaches for describing and understanding its complexities as ... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.451 | 0.82 | ["economy"] | 417 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458208 | [
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ernance are in their early stages of development. We propose that the development of such approaches can benefit from the wealth of knowledge and experience accumulated in ecology and evolutionary biology for understanding and managing natural ecosystems. The 5 M Framework, designed through analogical inference, facili... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.571 | 0.832 | ["management", "resume", "economy", "education"] | 454 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458267 | [
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nd tools between the natural and digital domains. Here we briefly discuss some candidate concepts and methodologies , which demonstrate the potential of our 5 M Framework to facilitate the identification of a variety of useful analogies. The criteria for their selection were their 1) accessibility for non-specialists i... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.561 | 0.84 | ["crisis", "interview", "economy"] | 442 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458329 | [
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and 3) diversity and coverage of all 5 M levels. The actual application of each of candidate concepts, theories, and models would naturally require a separate, thorough process, which is beyond the scope of this paper. Facilitated by our proposed 5 M Framework, future research may explore many more approaches from ecol... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.581 | 0.854 | ["communication", "innovation", "resume", "interview", "education"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458430 | [
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etic diversity essential for species adaptation in volatile environments. In such environments, originally neutral or even disadvantageous mutations may become advantageous to thriving and survival – the phenomenon of preadaptation 26 . Likewise, technological or economic innovations are not always beneficial or profit... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.413 | 0.826 | ["innovation"] | 445 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458498 | [
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conomic innovation through evolutionary dynamics The Micro level of the 5 M Framework enables the comparison of innovation to evolution for the context of the digital economy. Genetic elements, whose combined information determines a living organism, are compared to the underlying fundamentals of products offered by a ... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.41 | 0.83 | ["innovation", "philosophy", "strategy", "economy", "education"] | 468 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458566 | [
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usiness strategy (including user behaviour data). For example, digital streaming services such as Spotify and Netflix emerged from a combination of various innovations in smartphone capabilities, high-volume data transfer, digital payments, and the introduction of machine learning to determine user preferences, among o... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.468 | 0.83 | ["innovation", "strategy", "crisis", "salary", "ai_basics"] | 490 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458627 | [
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n as a pivotal catalyst for fostering innovation. The evolutionary arms race theory underscores that continuous competition is costly to individual agents but, through survival of the fittest, ensures the continuation of species. In nature, each genetic innovation creates a new selection pressure, which may prompt furt... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.372 | 0.844 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458705 | [
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echanisms against pathogens, e.g., growth-inhibiting antibiotic compounds, prompting counteractive innovations, such as developing enzymes that neutralize such compounds in response. Similarly, successful innovations in competitive economic systems provide strategic advantages, which pressures other agents toward furth... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.456 | 0.814 | ["innovation", "strategy", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 472 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458777 | [
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altered the course of the evolutionary arms race. Open innovation models adopted by many digital platform ecosystems facilitate innovation within their ecosystems 25 , however, large established companies gravitate toward proven technological and business solutions, which reduces space for innovation. Furthermore, domi... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.436 | 0.812 | ["innovation", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 445 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458871 | [
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s, or various forms of anticompetitive behaviour. Similarly, operating under tight fiscal constraints, governments are often tempted to support selected areas of innovation based on anticipations of their promise. However, such a skewed approach may not be optimal in settings characterized by significant uncertainty ar... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.384 | 0.842 | ["innovation", "philosophy", "governance"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.458950 | [
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ndeed serve as the driver of economic growth 14 . This is especially true for the digital economy, where innovations are constantly being produced, restored, and replaced 17 . For example, Global Positioning System (GPS), originally developed for weapons guidance, was co-opted for commercial navigation use and is now a... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.407 | 0.846 | ["strategy", "management", "innovation", "economy"] | 495 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459006 | [
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provision of ecosystem services in the long run. Monoculture is a well-known example: despite providing greater yield in the short run, genetically homogenous crops do not allow for the replenishment of certain key soil nutrients and increase susceptibility to pests, diseases, or climate shocks. To maintain yield, farm... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.387 | 0.828 | ["strategy"] | 422 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459061 | [
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the long run further degrades the ecosystem 27 . Adverse experiences with monoculture demonstrate how a race for efficiency in managed ecosystems can exacerbate diversity loss and hinder innovation, making them vulnerable to collapse. These observations have prompted modern ecosystem management to prioritize genetic di... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.594 | 0.818 | ["management", "innovation", "economy"] | 424 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459132 | [
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hat could also be applied to the digital economy. However, innovation diversity often directly clashes with the self-serving objectives of ecosystem orchestrators, and current regulations do not adequately emphasize or protect it 28 . Overall, ecological reasoning underscores the importance of ensuring favourable condi... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.447 | 0.822 | ["innovation", "economy", "philosophy"] | 455 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459198 | [
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ersity, innovation, and resilience of ecosystems. At the meso level: understanding product dynamics through species survival and proliferation strategies The Meso level of the 5 M Framework focuses on products and species. Products, whether goods or services, are foundational elements of economic activity, offering uti... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.585 | 0.828 | ["innovation"] | 453 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459258 | [
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ect of consideration and scrutiny by authorities. For example, traditionally, competition authorities assess a company’s monopoly power based on its product share in relevant markets. Products evolve through innovation and act as agents in a complex adaptive system model of the digital economy. Products can be compared... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.403 | 0.854 | ["innovation", "economy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459320 | [
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that enable it to occupy a certain ecological niche, providing the necessary resources and environmental conditions for its survival and thriving. Similarly to nature, products also occupy ‘niches’ 14 , defined by their position within the value creation network and their reliance on both financial as well as non-finan... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.421 | 0.854 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459381 | [
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rs can be diverse and multifaceted, tailored to meet evolving market conditions and consumer preferences. A grasp of these strategies is crucial for elucidating the workings of the digital economy and safeguarding consumer and broader societal welfare, which stands as the ultimate goal of regulators. Both species and p... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.391 | 0.848 | ["economy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459450 | [
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viduals of the same species exhibiting some variations, often due to geographical or ecological factors. Conversely, when species boundaries are blurred, broader groupings like genera (which include sister species) or functional guilds (comprising species with similar functions) may be used, depending on the analysis c... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.432 | 0.834 | ["economy"] | 487 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459510 | [
0.04584381729364395,
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may require finer- or coarser-grained categories. For example, LinkedIn can either be considered as one product within a vast ecosystem of Microsoft or it can be seen as several interconnected products such as online job board, social media for professional networking, and digital advertising, among others. Flexibility... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.446 | 0.832 | ["networking", "career", "philosophy"] | 443 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459567 | [
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ain the economics of digital platform ecosystems. Certain activities such as facilitation of interactions by the ecosystem orchestrator, ‘renting’ user attention 29 , or supplying data by the user, are novel forms of products produced and exchanged within the digital economy. The Meso level accommodates such novel prod... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.439 | 0.844 | ["philosophy", "economy"] | 470 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459651 | [
0.003290078602731228,
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akin to how species survive and thrive in nature. For instance, species’ foraging for food compares to seeking resources necessary for business growth such as finances, users’ attention, and data of users and their interactions. Optimal foraging theory explains how species adjust their strategies to optimize the effort... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.405 | 0.85 | ["philosophy", "ethics"] | 476 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459715 | [
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akin to how species survive and thrive in nature. For instance, species’ foraging for food compares to digital platform ecosystems seeking new resources such as consumer attention, data, or venture capital while optimizing between launching new products, entering new markets, or maintaining existing activities. For exa... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.557 | 0.834 | ["philosophy"] | 462 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459781 | [
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the ‘resource’, i.e., potential clients, is low. This is akin to animals spending less time in resource-poor than in resource-rich patches, despite similar travelling time between patches. Policies can influence the metric optimized by a digital platform ecosystem through monetary or non-monetary instruments, steering ... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.408 | 0.836 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459843 | [
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rs working within the ecosystems can better inform law enforcers and regulators about an intra-platform competition. On the other hand, consumers can also be conceived as foragers optimizing the search for products given their budgetary, time, or attention constraints. Given these diverse parallels, optimal foraging th... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.405 | 0.824 | ["philosophy", "governance"] | 426 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459917 | [
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the established utility theory in economics 31 . Theories of life history evolution explain how species optimize their traits to balance across existential processes. For example, the r/K selection theory stylizes the observation that species face a trade-off in the number of offspring they produce and the parental inv... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.404 | 0.852 | ["economy", "philosophy"] | 510 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.459977 | [
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ality of complementors and products hosted on the platform. Just as mature, well-functioning ecosystems include both r-type (high number of offspring, low parental investment) and K-type species (low number of offspring, high parental investment) 32 , diversity of complementors in terms of their product quality and the... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.544 | 0.83 | ["philosophy"] | 450 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460038 | [
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on r-type products may reduce consumer retention. Over-reliance on K-type products only would slow the rate of innovation. The trade-off between product quantity and quality is crucial for regulators to understand. For example, app stores such as Google Play may host several gaming apps with low investments e.g., simpl... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.383 | 0.674 | ["innovation", "economy"] | 411 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460108 | [
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mplex gaming apps. such complex open-world games. The concept of r- and K-strategy is yet an unexplored approach that may facilitate a better understanding of the product dynamics in digital economies as a simplified yet meaningful analogy. Thus, the analogy between products and species allows us to draw on extensive b... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.444 | 0.856 | ["strategy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460165 | [
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tegies are two examples that illustrate how these insights can inspire a more comprehensive and realistic understanding of the business strategies adopted by platforms. At the macro level: understanding ecosystem complexity and dynamics The Macro level compares digital platform ecosystems to natural ecosystems. The foc... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.469 | 0.858 | ["philosophy", "motivation"] | 509 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460219 | [
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pturing ‘value’, such as revenue or data 3 , 20 . Many large and established digital platform ecosystems are entrenched into the economy and society generating essential services, including e-commerce and social networking. The recent case of Microsoft outage demonstrates how disruptions of stable service provision can... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.507 | 0.84 | ["networking", "economy", "strategy", "philosophy"] | 478 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460280 | [
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of public concern and requires policy attention. Concepts and methodologies from ecology can help identify ecosystem vulnerabilities that may threaten vital services and guide the planning of effective contingency measures. In the digital economy, the orchestrator, complementors, and other ecosystem members bring their... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.458 | 0.836 | ["strategy", "networking", "economy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460334 | [
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h include strategic partnerships and integration aligning the key actors. Data constitutes an essential resource in digital platform ecosystems, and data exchange is crucial for synergistic value creation in the digital economy 34 . Just as energy and nutrient flows connect species into a stable food web, data—along wi... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.467 | 0.824 | ["strategy", "networking", "economy", "philosophy"] | 414 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460420 | [
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s—binds an ecosystem together (see Fig. 2 ). Fig. 2: Illustration of the network structures of financial, data, and influence flows for a stylized online travel agency platform. Full size image This figure illustrates a network of actors, represented by spherical labelled nodes, which collectively facilitate the produc... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.633 | 0.824 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 418 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460477 | [
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y platform, represented by the large blue sphere. Each layer represents a resource, which is created and/or exchanged between the actor nodes active (shown by colour) at that layer. For example, the online travel agency platform receives finances from hotel owners in the finance layer in green but also exchanges data a... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.415 | 0.862 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460550 | [
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and iii) product facilitators e.g., search engines. The financial and data exchanges and the exertion of influence between the actors support the value creation and consumption process within the online travel agency platform ecosystem. This hypothetical case represents the utility of multiplex network diagrams when an... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.617 | 0.816 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 414 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460632 | [
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sses within networks of complex adaptive systems. Separating each resource into a layer for the same network of actors allows us to analyze the flow and exchange of each resource within the network and identify differences in the flows for each resource. Multiplex network diagrams may also be used to illustrate the flo... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.522 | 0.864 | ["networking"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460692 | [
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side the system, while ecosystem boundaries are often flexible and depend on the scale, perspective, or specific ecological or management goals being considered. Like natural ecosystems, digital platform ecosystems do not have rigid boundaries as they simultaneously operate in several industries. Regulators must adapt ... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.502 | 0.818 | ["management", "economy", "philosophy"] | 455 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460778 | [
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eir cross-industry and cross-regional operations. In natural ecosystems, primary producers are the main recipients of boundary inputs. The way these inputs trickle down to other species organises the ecosystem into trophic levels , which measure the remoteness of any one species from the primary source. Financial inves... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.438 | 0.838 | ["economy", "philosophy"] | 469 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460846 | [
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n enter the ecosystem through different channels. For example, primary recipients of money issued in an economy, including banks or venture and investment funds, inject finances to start-ups and other companies, which then pass on to their customers and further to other members of the economic system. Governments may o... | https://www.nature.com/articles/s44260-025-00036-0 | An ecological perspective to master the complexities of the digital ... | nature.com | unknown | false | 0.481 | 0.852 | ["philosophy", "governance", "economy"] | 496 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:29.460905 | [
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