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they are broad and do not allow for identifying single behaviors that help leaders to be effective when interacting with their followers ( Banks et al., 2023 ; van Knippenberg & Sitkin, 2013 ). Scholars are therefore calling for more research on specific behaviors, meaning leader behavior at the micro-level ( Hemshorn ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.144545
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er et al., 2023 ; Van Quaquebeke & Felps, 2018 ). This is important because “a focus on discrete, identifiable behaviors allows for meaningful scholarly conversations about what leaders actually do” ( Fischer et al., 2023, p. 2 ). Leader communication techniques can be considered leader communication behavior at the mi...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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and may influence how followers think, feel, and act ( E. H. Liu et al., 2023 ; Meyer et al., 2016 ). Only recently, scholars have started to offer a clear definition of what leader communication is “textual, verbal, and embodied signals that leaders deliver to others, both purposefully and unintentionally, with the po...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.144613
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affect others” ( E. H. Liu et al., 2023, p. 2 ). We approach the framework development based on this definition and thus take on a leader-centric perspective on leader communication ( Fairhurst & Connaughton, 2014 ). 2.1. Outcomes of Leader Communication There are multiple taxonomies for categorizing relevant outcomes ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.144648
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009 ; DeRue et al., 2011 ; Hiller et al., 2011 ). In the field of leadership interventions, outcomes are commonly grouped into three broad categories: cognition (i.e., followers’ thoughts and perceptions), affect (i.e., followers’ emotions and relational experiences), and behavior (i.e., followers’ actions and performa...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
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se we see leader communication techniques as micro-level interventions—deliberate communicative acts through which leaders attempt to shape followers’ experiences and responses (see also E. H. Liu et al., 2023 ). From this perspective, leader communication techniques do not merely transmit information but serve as inte...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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vention logic outlined by Avolio et al. ( 2009 ). As such, the cognitive–affective–behavioral categorization provides a parsimonious yet comprehensive structure for integrating relevant outcomes. Cognitive follower outcomes refer to followers’ mental perceptions, understanding, and thoughts; this includes how followers...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.144734
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so be understood as a cognitive follower outcome. Affective follower outcomes in the workplace refer to followers’ emotions toward their leader, work colleagues, tasks, or organization ( Avolio et al., 2009 ; Pearsall et al., 2009 ); this includes how followers feel about the leader, the task, and themselves. For examp...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.144765
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which can be understood as an affective outcome. Another study on leader communication found that the manner in which a leader communicates has a positive impact on followers’ sense of belonging ( Y. Liu et al., 2022 ), which we also understand as an affective follower outcome. Lastly, behavioral follower outcomes refe...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.144797
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rari et al., 2016 ); this includes followers’ performance-relevant behavior and behavioral intentions. Several studies examined whether followers’ performance improves depending on how the leader communicates. The findings indicated that when leaders use communication techniques such as setting goals, followers improve...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.144851
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re to the instructions provided by a navigation system—a form of leadership guiding drivers’ actions and decisions ( Niebuhr & Michalsky, 2019 ). The study showed that when the leading navigation system had a more appealing voice, drivers followed navigation instructions for a longer period (even if they were incorrect...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.144899
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g relatively immediately (i.e., proximal outcomes), while others happen less immediately (i.e., distal outcomes). To capture this, we categorize the cognitive, affective, and behavioral follower outcomes as either proximal or distal outcomes (see also Day & Dragoni, 2015 ; Heavey et al., 2013 ). We consider proximal ou...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.144934
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is, we expect them to occur in direct response to a one-time contact with the leader. Distal outcomes, on the other hand, capture outcomes that occur when participants interact with their leaders across subsequent, distinct scenarios, often requiring situational diversity to observe an effect. For example, followers’ t...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.144965
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leader communication techniques in one situation. In contrast, occupational self-efficacy and affective commitment can be considered distal follower outcomes, which reflect deeper, more enduring effects of the leader’s influence on followers. 2.2. A Framework for Leader Communication Techniques Scholars have demonstrat...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.145004
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= 5.80, SD = 1.21) significantly more often than the unintended cognitive ( M = 4.91, SD = 1.33) and behavioral leader communication techniques ( M = 4.38, SD = 1.47; F (1.64, 139.69) = 28.49, p < 0.001, ges = 0.16). Similarly, in the behavioral vignette of the same scenario, participants perceived the intended behavio...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.145034
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016 ; Mio et al., 2005 ; Van Quaquebeke & Felps, 2018 ; Weiss et al., 2018 ). However, there is no overarching framework that categorizes these techniques and compares their effect on different outcomes (i.e., follower cognition, affect, and behavior). While existing research in communication has established a classifi...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.145062
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ly no widely accepted classification based on the intended impact or content of the communication techniques. To address this, we build our framework on two well-established theoretical foundations. First, the cognitive–affective–behavioral taxonomy draws from extensive leadership intervention research identifying thes...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.145091
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nse to leadership ( Avolio et al., 2009 ; Kim et al., 2020 ). This taxonomy offers a parsimonious yet comprehensive lens through which to examine the effects of leader communication techniques. Second, communication research includes channels of communication—namely verbal, para-verbal, and nonverbal modes ( Sundaram &...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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Communication
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.145120
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of the voice (paraverbal), and forms of movement of the body and face (nonverbal). Building on these two theoretical foundations, we distinguish leader communication techniques according to their impact level—that is, the type of follower outcome they are meant to influence: cognitive (e.g., thoughts, perceptions), aff...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.145171
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channel used (verbal, para-verbal, or nonverbal). While a single technique may theoretically affect multiple types of outcomes, our allocation of the techniques focuses on the category in which its strongest or most direct impact is expected. This dual lens enables us to analyze leader communication both in terms of wh...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
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512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145203
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cation techniques (see Table 1 ) that considers (a) the communication channel (verbal, paraverbal, or nonverbal communication) and (b) the intended follower impact (cognitive, affective, or behavioral impact). We focus primarily on communication techniques that are expected to have a positive effect on followers becaus...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
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topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145232
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e, and behavioral reactions within the workplace. While we recognize that communication is a two-way process and not solely directed from leader to follower (see Fairhurst & Connaughton, 2014 for a more detailed discussion), research on leader–follower interactions suggests a simultaneous influence process, rendering t...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
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Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145264
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ffective leader communication techniques ( M = 4.11, SD = 1.48; F (2, 170) = 57.48, p < 0.001, ges = 0.28). For the cognitive vignette of the scenario marching drill , results showed that participants recognized the intended cognitive leader communication techniques ( M = 5.22, SD = 1.25) just as often as the unintende...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
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512
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topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145293
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nt for our study, enabling us to develop and test the framework effectively. Consequently, communication behaviors that are direct reactions to follower behaviors (e.g., listening, Kluger et al., 2024 ; attentiveness, Decuypere & Pircher Verdorfer, 2022 ) are not included in the framework. Table 1. Overview of verbal, ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145328
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bal = All Aspects of the Voice Nonverbal = All Forms of Movement of the Body and Face, as well as Body Position Follower Impact Cognitive = leader communication techniques intended to influence followers’ thoughts, perception, memory, and learning Asking questions Suggestion question (4.00) Confirmation request (4.00) ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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1
0.694
["philosophy", "leadership", "communication", "ethics", "education"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145357
[ 0.0021493197418749332, 0.023605555295944214, -0.04151536524295807, -0.02707979641854763, 0.0012168659595772624, 0.03288429230451584, 0.04515031725168228, 0.02990632690489292, -0.013468539342284203, -0.03805992007255554, 0.049577243626117706, -0.10500442236661911, -0.018368350341916084, 0.0...
ction (4.14) Three-part lists (3.50) Affective = leader communication techniques intended to influence followers’ emotions and strengthen leader–follower relationship Formulate a statement Agreeing (4.71) Praising others (4.86) Expressing confidence that goals can be achieved (4.71) Personal pronouns (4.00) Speaking in...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.895
0.68
["communication", "leadership", "philosophy", "networking"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145388
[ -0.005317773204296827, 0.03340980410575867, 0.021555550396442413, -0.019393598660826683, -0.0326058566570282, 0.06025915592908859, 0.0563487708568573, 0.018356146290898323, -0.0037401446606963873, -0.026828598231077194, -0.015269330702722073, -0.026706965640187263, 0.05078260600566864, -0....
s (3.71) Intended pauses (3.57) Word repetition (3.50) Facial expressions Eye contact (4.86) Intensity of facial expressions (4.43) Gestures Body gestures (3.86) Head position (4.00) Smiling (3.86) Behavioral = leader communication techniques intended to influence followers’ behavior Asking questions Control question (...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.895
0.682
["philosophy", "leadership", "communication"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145417
[ 0.012869361788034439, 0.028202250599861145, 0.03524569422006607, -0.024236280471086502, -0.0039433687925338745, 0.06826627254486084, 0.02509392984211445, 0.02066863887012005, -0.03292465955018997, -0.0018374655628576875, 0.04927593842148781, -0.049497414380311966, -0.0015832997160032392, -...
g goals (4.86) Formulate an imperative sentence Command (4.57) Open in a new tab Note. Experts rated how effective they consider each leader communication technique to be in influencing followers’ cognitions, affect, and behavior using a scale from 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective). The listed techniques have an average...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.999
0.698
["leadership", "communication", "philosophy"]
493
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145446
[ 0.035309240221977234, 0.054722413420677185, 0.016515228897333145, -0.07584968209266663, -0.03446030616760254, 0.008170070126652718, 0.05067528039216995, 0.038282282650470734, -0.060980137437582016, -0.010688213631510735, -0.01871027611196041, 0.04311099648475647, 0.061543844640254974, 0.01...
are among the five highest effective techniques. Some techniques are listed, for example, in the cognitive category despite having higher mean levels in the affective category (e.g., expressing moral conviction) because selection was based on within-category effectiveness rankings at the time of vignette development, i...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.385
0.666
["ethics"]
427
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145477
[ 0.08165633678436279, 0.030470814555883408, -0.019589629024267197, -0.05293402448296547, -0.03460698574781418, 0.02192077599465847, -0.06970168650150299, 0.06707753241062164, -0.007074473425745964, 0.03530031815171242, 0.0027670348063111305, 0.06483475863933563, -0.0010563748655840755, 0.02...
tegories (see chapter vignette structure). 2.2.1. Communication Channel Leaders can communicate through multiple channels: verbal, paraverbal, and non-verbal ( Sundaram & Webster, 2000 ). Verbal leader communication techniques refer to linguistic elements, such as asking questions, talking with images, or using inclusi...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.924
0.674
["communication", "leadership", "philosophy"]
414
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145509
[ 0.032258473336696625, -0.04425088316202164, -0.05499161779880524, -0.07567238807678223, -0.08923324197530746, -0.024211769923567772, 0.04769143834710121, -0.03598376363515854, 0.05516230687499046, 0.006157598923891783, 0.06062298268079758, -0.027672680094838142, 0.027734411880373955, 0.028...
Quaquebeke & Felps, 2018 ; Weiss et al., 2018 ). For example, by asking questions in a respectful way, leaders can invite followers to share their thoughts ( Van Quaquebeke & Felps, 2018 ), or they can promote information exchange ( Meyer et al., 2016 ). Paraverbal leader communication techniques refer to aspects of th...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.922
0.844
["leadership", "rhetoric", "communication", "philosophy"]
419
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145539
[ -0.03690309450030327, 0.04162980243563652, -0.061279524117708206, -0.08211874961853027, -0.11775995045900345, 0.015288901515305042, 0.027475852519273758, -0.018140893429517746, 0.006005549803376198, 0.009346595034003258, 0.027777155861258507, -0.02652534656226635, 0.0070771221071481705, 0....
nd pauses in speech ( Sundaram & Webster, 2000 ). Research on vocal characteristics has revealed that followers tend to prefer and elect male and female leaders with a lower voice pitch over those with a higher voice pitch ( Anderson & Klofstad, 2012 ; Klofstad, 2016 ). Nonverbal leader communication techniques compris...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.993
0.848
["leadership", "communication", "rhetoric"]
464
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145567
[ -0.011859530583024025, 0.004705508705228567, 0.04711456596851349, -0.10337647795677185, -0.026784168556332588, 0.023901792243123055, -0.014861085452139378, -0.0994846373796463, 0.014797713607549667, -0.03203462064266205, 0.027995750308036804, -0.024480720981955528, -0.058041710406541824, -...
s, or body postures ( Sundaram & Webster, 2000 ). For example, a study showed that those leaders who maintain eye contact with their followers for more extended periods and more frequently are perceived as both more charismatic and more prototypical of their position by their followers ( Maran et al., 2019 ). 2.2.2. Fo...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.296
0.722
["leadership", "education"]
511
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145600
[ 0.015124536119401455, 0.032724641263484955, 0.021885188296437263, 0.0022343832533806562, 0.000719608215149492, -0.01805035211145878, 0.002999914111569524, 0.032506849616765976, -0.010241151787340641, 0.03171588480472565, 0.05619221180677414, 0.06111004576086998, 0.0630926564335823, -0.0193...
ioral follower outcomes, and we argue that leader communication techniques can be purposefully used to target these outcomes (e.g., E. H. Liu et al., 2023 ). Therefore, this research proposes a categorization of leader communication techniques based on their primary intended target: followers’ cognition, affect, or beh...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.696
["leadership", "communication", "philosophy"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145631
[ 0.04737183079123497, 0.018109843134880066, 0.04884089156985283, -0.05055270716547966, -0.001515849493443966, -0.01619093492627144, 0.06773366034030914, 0.02625283971428871, 0.021267935633659363, 0.026006553322076797, 0.02659042738378048, 0.04711318388581276, 0.052192457020282745, 0.0455579...
signs, or language that a leader uses to influence followers’ mental perceptions, thoughts, and understanding of tasks and people (see also Berson et al., 2015 ; Hodgkinson & Healey, 2008 ; Meyer et al., 2016 ). For example, leader communication techniques such as explaining , asking questions , and expressing moral co...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.86
["leadership", "philosophy", "communication", "ethics"]
511
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145660
[ 0.0754685252904892, 0.031772680580616, 0.03161225840449333, -0.04119867458939552, -0.020611273124814034, 0.0011378464987501502, 0.07685957103967667, 0.01987392082810402, 0.03020961955189705, 0.039616722613573074, 0.017757972702383995, 0.04237017035484314, 0.005611719097942114, 0.0774862468...
Antonakis et al., 2016 ; Van Quaquebeke & Felps, 2018 ). These cognitive techniques are not assumed to produce cognitive outcomes by definition; rather, they are hypothesized to do so based on the assumption—grounded in leadership psychology and leader communication—that leaders’ behaviors shape followers’ cognitive re...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.895
0.714
["leadership", "communication"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145688
[ 0.03894371911883354, 0.030700664967298508, 0.03603041172027588, -0.05466463044285774, 0.01526002585887909, 0.0009140220936387777, 0.024408750236034393, 0.01485348679125309, 0.08495797216892242, 0.06125705689191818, 0.026980692520737648, 0.06723333895206451, 0.04937363043427467, 0.010555122...
rs ( Lord & Emrich, 2000 ), and leaders are thought to shape followers’ interpretations of their environment, we posit that leader communication techniques that structure or direct attention on the task at hand or the specific content of an issue are likely to influence cognitive outcomes. Accordingly, we propose the f...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.844
["leadership", "communication"]
511
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145717
[ 0.09767505526542664, 0.0044751036912202835, 0.03620697557926178, -0.0674656331539154, 0.018296167254447937, -0.02581838332116604, 0.07887814939022064, 0.026779113337397575, 0.05334939435124397, 0.07374969124794006, -0.02610773593187332, 0.0802578553557396, 0.07630044966936111, 0.0710077136...
ers’ task understanding, followers’ perception of task relevance, followers’ lack of role ambiguity, leader clarity, and leader competence) and distal cognitive follower outcomes (i.e., followers’ occupational self-efficacy, followers’ attitudes toward job tasks, leader endorsement, and leader persuasiveness). Affectiv...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.895
0.826
["leadership", "communication", "networking", "career", "war_conflict"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145745
[ 0.06495575606822968, 0.03662947565317154, 0.017645783722400665, -0.045966025441884995, -0.036396998912096024, -0.01960911601781845, 0.07243562489748001, 0.04087788611650467, 0.051070913672447205, -0.01852685585618019, 0.00574680557474494, 0.09062658250331879, 0.0383523553609848, 0.00153105...
ues ( M = 4.55, SD = 1.22) significantly less often than both the intended cognitive and unintended behavioral leader communication techniques ( F (2, 170) = 8.94, p < 0.001, ges = 0.05). For the affective vignette of the same scenario, participants perceived the intended affective leader communication techniques ( M =...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.732
["leadership", "communication"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145776
[ 0.09129521250724792, 0.055566057562828064, 0.03773186355829239, -0.023048853501677513, 0.03122510202229023, -0.0025654002092778683, 0.0040935915894806385, 0.06118471547961235, 0.027419235557317734, 0.012828060425817966, 0.026753375306725502, 0.03938143327832222, 0.04151659086346626, 0.0198...
rengthen the leader–follower relationship (see also Antonakis et al., 2011 ; Emrich et al., 2001 ; Maran et al., 2019 ). For example, leader communication techniques such as praising others, agreeing , and keeping eye contact are assumed to be affective in nature because they provide supportiveness, approval, and relat...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.864
["leadership", "communication", "networking", "philosophy"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145806
[ -0.043546803295612335, 0.04774398356676102, 0.04014342650771141, -0.007901915349066257, -0.03813483193516731, -0.00963013805449009, 0.0335804782807827, 0.006098849233239889, 0.05979558452963829, -0.027844594791531563, 0.002627057023346424, 0.02636251412332058, 0.033023934811353683, 0.02926...
nition; rather, they are hypothesized to do so based on the assumption that leadership is an emotional process, in which leaders’ behaviors elicit emotional reactions in their followers ( Dasborough & Ashkanasy, 2002 ). Because affective techniques emphasize the relationship between leader and follower and convey emoti...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.308
0.832
["leadership", "motivation", "networking"]
467
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145834
[ 0.018110308796167374, 0.043391428887844086, 0.0843563973903656, 0.01781095378100872, 0.04829396679997444, 0.016623839735984802, -0.01953800581395626, -0.02147965505719185, 0.030261803418397903, 0.026614051312208176, -0.029900966212153435, -0.023715712130069733, 0.06082361936569214, -0.0085...
e propose the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 2. Affective leader communication techniques will influence proximal affective follower outcomes (i.e., followers’ task motivation, followers’ sense of belonging, and leader warmth) and distal affective follower outcomes (i.e., followers’ self-esteem, followers’ affective ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.676
["leadership", "communication", "motivation", "war_conflict"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145862
[ 0.05066518113017082, 0.04147053882479668, 0.03059765323996544, -0.022771751508116722, -0.028254935517907143, -0.018067268654704094, 0.03736608475446701, 0.0346895232796669, 0.017465461045503616, 0.000020193316231598146, 0.04007585719227791, 0.035117294639348984, 0.06381334364414215, 0.0324...
s, or language that a leader uses to influence followers’ behavior directly (see also Antonakis et al., 2022 ; Latham & Locke, 2007 ; Locke et al., 1981 ). For example, leader communication techniques such as setting goals , making a proposition , and giving precise instructions are assumed to be behavioral in nature b...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.915
0.848
["leadership", "communication", "philosophy"]
441
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145894
[ 0.00695784529671073, 0.013018742203712463, -0.010404941625893116, -0.035448260605335236, -0.020693618804216385, 0.08473619073629379, 0.03849205747246742, 0.025883883237838745, 0.025556564331054688, 0.06779558956623077, 0.015960533171892166, 0.07278632372617722, 0.06680405884981155, 0.02813...
Antonakis et al., 2022 ; Latham & Locke, 2007 ). These behavioral techniques are not assumed to produce behavioral outcomes by definition; rather, they are hypothesized to do so based on the assumption that an essential function of leadership is to guide and influence followers’ behaviors toward desired objectives ( Yu...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.4
0.854
["leadership", "war_conflict"]
506
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145948
[ -0.017691580578684807, 0.03572038188576698, 0.012770996429026127, -0.028055328875780106, -0.016855794936418533, 0.012018343433737755, -0.016659071668982506, -0.02990303374826908, -0.013695081695914268, 0.0585617870092392, 0.015420977957546711, 0.04864231124520302, 0.06405817717313766, 0.00...
owers’ behavioral intentions and actual behavior. Accordingly, we propose the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 3. Behavioral leader communication techniques will influence proximal behavioral follower outcomes (i.e., followers’ behavioral intention to perform a task) and distal behavioral follower outcomes (i.e., follo...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.684
["leadership", "philosophy", "communication"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.145994
[ 0.03295250982046127, 0.005916779860854149, 0.04430865868926048, -0.08590881526470184, -0.04429887235164642, -0.0504685640335083, 0.022829324007034302, 0.03027627244591713, 0.061312027275562286, 0.04156740382313728, -0.004772077314555645, 0.040690284222364426, 0.014327188953757286, 0.072363...
o develop and test a framework of leader communication techniques. To this end, we conducted a survey with subject matter experts, followed by two pre-studies and a main study. More specifically, we first organized the communication techniques that have been studied in previous research into a framework that distinguis...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.848
["communication", "leadership", "education"]
511
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146026
[ 0.06454057991504669, -0.007594956550747156, 0.023686904460191727, -0.04695223644375801, -0.02471521496772766, -0.01920611411333084, 0.031086375936865807, -0.003953339997678995, 0.017681727185845375, 0.02521333284676075, 0.01926420070230961, 0.04275927320122719, 0.027185894548892975, 0.0480...
d (i.e., communication that influences followers’ cognition, affect, or behavior). We then administered a survey to subject matter experts for the purpose of categorizing communication techniques according to their impact on followers. Description and results of the subject matter experts survey can be found online ( h...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.995
0.688
["communication", "education"]
473
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146056
[ 0.06728258728981018, -0.03842244669795036, 0.03113248012959957, -0.0012175923911854625, -0.011091765016317368, -0.01610715687274933, 0.057907745242118835, 0.059866249561309814, 0.03476465493440628, 0.04776505380868912, -0.03840784355998039, 0.018956046551465988, -0.012326507829129696, 0.03...
and test the study materials for the main study. In the main study, we conducted an experimental vignette study to test whether the cognitive, affective, or behavioral leader communication techniques impact followers’ cognition, affect, or behavior. We conducted the two pre-studies and the main study in a military sett...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.914
0.688
["education", "leadership", "communication", "war_conflict"]
443
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146086
[ 0.04206017032265663, 0.034362781792879105, 0.04935953766107559, -0.032342251390218735, 0.022731324657797813, 0.021906184032559395, -0.006187330931425095, 0.011956115253269672, -0.00799950398504734, 0.04408026114106178, -0.0007216728408820927, 0.0683719739317894, 0.046888191252946854, 0.055...
for data collection ( Newman et al., 2021 ). 3.1. Pre-Studies 1 and 2: Vignette Development To test the proposed framework, we designed a vignette experiment. In vignette experiments, participants are presented with fictitious scenarios ( Atzmüller & Steiner, 2010 ). Subsequently, participants typically respond to ques...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.4
0.698
[]
511
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146116
[ -0.005811882205307484, 0.0690046101808548, -0.018949927762150764, 0.007114741951227188, 0.06468752771615982, -0.008458642289042473, -0.015136073343455791, -0.010915223509073257, 0.03799058869481087, 0.03555035591125488, -0.005039508454501629, 0.004564519505947828, 0.029184428974986076, -0....
iable (e.g., cognitive, affective, and behavioral leader communication techniques) while keeping all other factors constant (e.g., all other attributes and behaviors of the leader), allowing for the study of causal effects on dependent variables (e.g., follower outcomes; Aguinis & Bradley, 2014 ). We designed vignettes...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.688
["leadership", "communication", "education"]
510
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146146
[ 0.008380935527384281, 0.014865129254758358, 0.04249818995594978, -0.04944192245602608, 0.017156152054667473, 0.036772556602954865, 0.01564163900911808, -0.0202698465436697, -0.00040245905984193087, 0.02898075059056282, 0.04671669378876686, 0.05678177252411842, 0.06469374150037766, 0.047567...
d three vignettes describing different scenarios. This resulted in the development of nine vignettes (three conditions × three scenarios). 3.1.1. Scenarios We created vignettes for three different scenarios that are common in the military context in which the present study was conducted. In each of these three scenario...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.295
0.86
["war_conflict", "leadership", "education"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146174
[ -0.010527306236326694, -0.029695387929677963, 0.01138833537697792, -0.09471924602985382, 0.01772807352244854, 0.06471789628267288, -0.005762225948274136, -0.026189304888248444, -0.004933289252221584, -0.020214933902025223, -0.007194332778453827, -0.03693877533078194, 0.05609807372093201, -...
erent topics, namely (1) room tidiness, (2) marching drills, and (3) voluntary continuation after basic military training. We chose these three scenarios because they were frequently mentioned in conversations with military experts, they are common topics in military service and training, and every recruit is regularly...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.4
0.852
["war_conflict", "leadership"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146207
[ 0.0026913436595350504, 0.028090549632906914, 0.041384559124708176, -0.022228768095374107, 0.017962107434868813, 0.08197125047445297, 0.04654429852962494, -0.01588851399719715, -0.07920534163713455, -0.011882442981004715, 0.06264062225818634, 0.02717863954603672, 0.033351995050907135, 0.021...
the lieutenant explains the importance of maintaining a tidy room in the military context. He attempts to persuade the recruits to adhere to this standard in the future. In the scenario of voluntary marching drills , the lieutenant illustrates the significance of practicing marching drills and the recruits’ active enga...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.297
0.848
["war_conflict", "philosophy"]
508
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146236
[ 0.024613156914711, 0.019582334905862808, 0.0879063755273819, 0.020826371386647224, -0.0369531586766243, 0.029280653223395348, 0.01928144134581089, -0.04542142525315285, -0.07829407602548599, 0.008179416880011559, 0.021013138815760612, 0.03776136413216591, 0.04888257011771202, 0.00053195044...
arious types of marching, formations, and routes. The lieutenant provides the orders, and the recruits execute them in unison. In the scenario of voluntary continuation after basic military training , the lieutenant illustrates the advantages and possibilities of the military cadre training. After the mandatory basic m...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.395
0.842
["war_conflict", "philosophy"]
476
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146266
[ -0.006375923287123442, -0.010810445994138718, 0.06331391632556915, 0.0015493819955736399, 0.002898732665926218, 0.019656358286738396, -0.058427613228559494, -0.01913035474717617, -0.06563076376914978, -0.04635501280426979, 0.0087660513818264, 0.08396356552839279, 0.019749939441680908, 0.03...
l authorities of the Swiss confederation, 2025 ). Going beyond this, they can also voluntarily pursue a military career, which allows them to be promoted and take on leadership roles ( Swiss Armed Forces, 2022 ). The Swiss Armed Forces rely on soldiers taking leadership roles, and therefore, they try to convince recrui...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.315
0.844
["leadership", "war_conflict", "decision_making", "career"]
441
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146297
[ -0.05654079467058182, -0.004327850881963968, 0.07419957220554352, 0.04616361856460571, 0.1077316552400589, 0.025505635887384415, -0.05335380882024765, -0.024829579517245293, -0.069057896733284, -0.005517792422324419, -0.034058578312397, 0.009489696472883224, 0.06576886773109436, 0.04031198...
l authorities of the Swiss confederation, 2025 ). However, it is challenging to identify a sufficient number of individuals who are willing to serve as leaders voluntarily. Therefore, in the scenario voluntary continuation after basic military training , the lieutenant seeks to persuade the recruits to continue their s...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.702
["leadership", "communication", "war_conflict"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146327
[ -0.035205401480197906, 0.012717483565211296, 0.07585297524929047, -0.03813542425632477, 0.08947592973709106, 0.061671048402786255, 0.039426110684871674, -0.017389560118317604, -0.057151686400175095, -0.009012026712298393, 0.03453199192881584, 0.07609334588050842, 0.07094760984182358, -0.01...
communication techniques of one condition (i.e., either cognitive, affective, or behavioral techniques). To achieve this objective, we included the five most effective leader communication techniques from each category into each vignette of the respective condition. We used the mean effectiveness scores from the subjec...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.99
0.824
["communication", "leadership"]
449
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146358
[ 0.08127119392156601, 0.027229472994804382, 0.008202084340155125, -0.04146210849285126, -0.044170577079057693, 0.009487418457865715, 0.033211737871170044, 0.033906180411577225, -0.006405333057045937, 0.008536183275282383, -0.025116881355643272, 0.01583889126777649, 0.04122074693441391, 0.06...
ader communication techniques for each condition. The most effective leader communication techniques for each condition are printed in bold in Table 1 . If a leader communication technique scored among the five most effective techniques for more than one category (cognitive, affective, and behavioral impact level), we ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.99
0.832
["communication", "leadership"]
452
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146386
[ 0.027627943083643913, 0.019630447030067444, -0.014109481126070023, -0.06694578379392624, -0.040510017424821854, -0.014188619330525398, 0.04727970436215401, 0.042368315160274506, -0.06877683103084564, 0.012732897885143757, 0.023005325347185135, 0.04153653606772423, 0.02351805567741394, 0.01...
n technique had the highest effectiveness rating. In cases in which two leader communication techniques had the same effectiveness rating, we decided on the technique with the lower standard deviation. We list the means and standard deviations for all effectiveness scores in Table S1 in the Supplementary Materials . Ea...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.991
0.838
["leadership", "communication", "decision_making"]
456
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146417
[ 0.02005455084145069, 0.032906580716371536, -0.023185521364212036, -0.05906268209218979, -0.04643400013446808, 0.019208168610930443, 0.00009184423106489703, 0.06135154888033867, -0.041188862174749374, -0.004249466583132744, 0.023050552234053612, 0.11060640960931778, 0.11160631477832794, 0.0...
fly described the scenario and initial situation. This was followed by the main section, in which the leader (lieutenant) delivered a speech to his followers (recruits), using either cognitive, affective, or behavioral leader communication techniques. For example, in the cognitive vignettes, the leader uses cognitive l...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.991
0.83
["leadership", "communication", "ethics", "rhetoric"]
455
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146445
[ 0.05972175672650337, 0.07816307991743088, -0.0011163166491314769, -0.04624031111598015, -0.036352287977933884, 0.03671794384717941, 0.09174660593271255, -0.004248200450092554, -0.03602069988846779, 0.045491792261600494, 0.07227379828691483, 0.04298154264688492, -0.004446614999324083, 0.046...
a proposition , and expressing moral conviction . In the affective vignettes, the leader uses leader communication techniques such as praising others , agreeing and keeping eye contact , and in the behavioral vignettes, the leader uses leader communication techniques such as setting goals and giving precise instruction...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.995
0.842
["leadership", "communication", "ethics"]
477
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146474
[ 0.02501416951417923, 0.08850427716970444, 0.006334550678730011, -0.07005918771028519, -0.02389318123459816, 0.05768469348549843, 0.05315787345170975, -0.005787596572190523, 0.0017847887938842177, 0.020273085683584213, 0.016883261501789093, 0.04882952570915222, 0.056004978716373444, 0.02352...
ntences, and (c) leader communication techniques. The vignettes within the same scenario only differed between conditions in the type of leader communication technique used (cognitive, affective, or behavioral leader communication techniques). 3.2. Pre-Study 1: Testing the Initial Vignettes For the initially developed ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.998
0.832
["leadership", "communication", "war_conflict", "education"]
490
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146506
[ -0.010019049048423767, 0.02231273241341114, -0.0003223220119252801, -0.08111173659563065, -0.025855671614408493, 0.03493516892194748, 0.035468656569719315, -0.008331665769219398, 0.005192663054913282, 0.027349190786480904, 0.002540797460824251, 0.0046001216396689415, 0.07025416195392609, 0...
n techniques that were included in the vignettes. To this end, we conducted a within-subjects online survey as a pre-study, presenting the vignettes in a written format. An additional aim of the pre-study was to find out whether all nine developed vignettes were comparable in their tone, meaning that the vignettes were...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.309
0.844
["education", "communication", "philosophy"]
462
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146534
[ 0.030984770506620407, 0.027660571038722992, 0.01565839909017086, -0.015033186413347721, 0.0060417200438678265, 0.08295652270317078, 0.01640273444354534, 0.026164280250668526, -0.01433488354086876, -0.03242813050746918, -0.029534045606851578, 0.015385979786515236, 0.03158507123589516, -0.05...
wiss Armed Forces participated in this pre-study. The sample consisted of 83 male, 2 female, and 1 non-binary military recruits, of whom 63 were soldiers, 17 were sergeants, and 6 were lieutenants. They were between 18 and 25 ( M = 20.25, SD = 1.14) years old. Participants received a monetary reward of CHF 10 (approxim...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.316
0.846
["war_conflict", "salary", "education", "philosophy"]
439
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146565
[ 0.04039820656180382, 0.043243225663900375, -0.034790392965078354, 0.06652455031871796, 0.03672647476196289, 0.04925438016653061, 0.04542923718690872, 0.07806701213121414, -0.039250072091817856, 0.10498548299074173, 0.03873258829116821, -0.0741419792175293, 0.04318842664361, 0.0474078431725...
l nine developed vignettes in a randomized order. After each vignette, participants indicated which leader communication techniques they recognized in the vignettes. They were asked to indicate whether they perceived the leader communication techniques described therein (“Below you can see three groups of different beh...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.985
0.82
["leadership", "communication", "rhetoric"]
426
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146604
[ 0.0041063702665269375, -0.02952438034117222, 0.07711530476808548, -0.09528391063213348, 0.029982373118400574, 0.12045074999332428, 0.03392845764756203, -0.020087769255042076, -0.03560933843255043, -0.020516378805041313, 0.024220207706093788, 0.07721157371997833, 0.033796072006225586, -0.02...
they apply to the lieutenant’s previous speech”). In the first item, we listed the five cognitive leader communication techniques; in the second item, we listed the four affective leader communication techniques (we could not implement the fifth technique, eye contact, in the written version of the vignette); and in th...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.866
["leadership", "communication", "rhetoric"]
511
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146640
[ 0.03764630854129791, 0.05184810981154442, 0.02818967029452324, -0.09289726614952087, -0.013674730435013771, 0.1009337306022644, 0.027320029214024544, 0.0009637000621296465, -0.06592901796102524, 0.0161468293517828, 0.09126397222280502, 0.01686624437570572, 0.016698218882083893, 0.007304733...
xt survey page if they answered all items. 3.2.3. Results and Discussion We computed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and pairwise t-tests with Bonferroni correction to examine the extent to which participants recognized the leader communication techniques that were built into the vignettes. Resul...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.714
["leadership", "communication", "education"]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146670
[ 0.06483511626720428, 0.04266905412077904, 0.06779199093580246, -0.11085562407970428, -0.032496124505996704, 0.04042559117078781, 0.06675031036138535, 0.04549484699964523, 0.04853910580277443, 0.04925667122006416, 0.02318316511809826, 0.039081379771232605, 0.039701905101537704, 0.0337942242...
m tidiness—cognitive scenario Cognitive 5.38 (1.17) 2, 170 25.45 ** 0.12 c-a = 6.73 ** Affective 4.35 (1.41) a-b = −5.28 ** Behavioral 5.29 (1.20) c-b = 0.63 Room tidiness—affective scenario Cognitive 4.91 (1.33) 1.64, 139.69 28.49 ** 0.16 c-a = −4.92 ** Affective 5.80 (1.21) a-b = 6.18 ** Behavioral 4.38 (1.47) c-b = ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.1
0.726
[]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146697
[ 0.0788542851805687, 0.0046041738241910934, -0.03181064501404762, 0.03720351308584213, -0.03134816512465477, 0.04050006717443466, -0.02365703508257866, 0.08264929801225662, -0.017003342509269714, 0.06381388008594513, 0.03430376946926117, -0.12956589460372925, 0.06358138471841812, 0.05336263...
oral 6.08 (1.01) c-b = −5.93 ** Marching drills—cognitive scenario Cognitive 5.22 (1.25) 2, 170 8.94 ** 0.05 c-a = 3.88 ** Affective 4.55 (1.22) a-b = −3.39 ** Behavioral 5.12 (1.38) c-b = 0.61 Marching drills—affective scenario Cognitive 4.97 (1.30) 2, 170 33.33 ** 0.17 c-a = −4.89 ** Affective 5.79 (1.19) a-b = 7.94 ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.1
0.726
[]
511
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146728
[ 0.046753279864788055, 0.04047532379627228, -0.00264139287173748, 0.02756517194211483, -0.07091585546731949, 0.06394200772047043, -0.0497916117310524, 0.09396352618932724, -0.012611190788447857, 0.028255818411707878, -0.013257223181426525, -0.1012098491191864, 0.019515611231327057, 0.057604...
ective 4.45 (1.49) a-b = −6.67 ** Behavioral 5.78 (1.07) c-b = −3.65 ** Voluntary continuation—cognitive scenario Cognitive 4.95 (1.28) 1.86, 157.73 7.94 ** 0.04 c-a = 0.23 Affective 4.92 (1.24) a-b = 2.95 * Behavioral 4.34 (1.44) c-b = 3.62 ** Voluntary continuation—affective scenario Cognitive 4.54 (1.38) 1.84, 156.5...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.1
0.716
[]
512
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146754
[ 0.07723453640937805, 0.041315849870443344, -0.0016669936012476683, -0.015464010648429394, -0.016814276576042175, 0.07533998042345047, -0.03968275338411331, 0.07267186045646667, 0.06266564875841141, 0.03098633699119091, 0.0629580095410347, -0.09824904054403305, 0.011544430628418922, 0.00204...
o Cognitive 4.72 (1.41) 2, 170 13.06 ** 0.07 c-a = −3.61 ** Affective 5.41 (1.31) a-b = 4.76 ** Behavioral 4.49 (1.45) c-b = 1.31 Open in a new tab Note. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01. For the cognitive vignette of the scenario room tidiness , results showed that participants recognized the intended cognitive leader comm...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.734
["leadership", "communication"]
511
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146785
[ 0.09150809049606323, 0.0562920868396759, -0.002473205793648958, -0.07449941337108612, -0.001830136519856751, 0.04455253854393959, 0.03182751685380936, 0.04717298597097397, 0.04008860886096954, 0.03351398929953575, 0.025125429034233093, 0.027852602303028107, 0.08281224966049194, 0.048474561...
( M = 4.45, SD = 1.25; F (2, 170) = 33.33, p < 0.001, ges = 0.17). Similarly, in the behavioral vignette of the same scenario, participants perceived the intended behavioral leader communication techniques ( M = 5.78, SD = 1.07) significantly more often than the unintended cognitive ( M = 5.15, SD = 1.25) and affective...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.985
0.708
["leadership", "communication"]
425
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146814
[ 0.0941472128033638, 0.08154061436653137, 0.014566045254468918, -0.04642026126384735, 0.034341491758823395, -0.004496081732213497, -0.009641141630709171, 0.06791103631258011, 0.02872995287179947, 0.023195603862404823, 0.05046170577406883, 0.025244196876883507, 0.04873989149928093, 0.0196878...
F (1.85, 156.96) = 28.82, p < 0.001, ges = 0.15). For the cognitive vignette of the scenario voluntary continuation after basic military training , results showed that participants recognized the intended cognitive leader communication techniques ( M = 4.95, SD = 1.28) just as often as the unintended affective ( M = 4....
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.714
["leadership", "communication", "war_conflict"]
511
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146844
[ 0.03749039024114609, 0.058631330728530884, 0.02778928354382515, -0.045793671160936356, 0.01085873506963253, 0.04769971966743469, 0.0311092808842659, 0.020628375932574272, -0.024992685765028, 0.042303670197725296, 0.09033551812171936, 0.07824566215276718, 0.05098433792591095, 0.059730131179...
1.44) significantly less often than the intended cognitive and unintended affective leader communication techniques ( F (1.86, 157.73) = 7.94, p < 0.001, ges = 0.04). For the affective vignette of the same scenario, participants perceived the intended affective leader communication techniques ( M = 5.88, SD = 1.18) sig...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
1
0.722
["leadership", "communication"]
511
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.146875
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60; F (1.84, 156.59) = 38.56, p < 0.001, ges = 0.20). In the behavioral vignette of the same scenario, participants perceived the unintended affective ( M = 5.41, SD = 1.31) leader communication techniques significantly more often than the intended behavioral leader communication techniques ( M = 4.49, SD = 1.45), but ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.146904
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niques ( F (2, 170) = 13.06, p < 0.001, ges = 0.07). In addition, we conducted an ANOVA with repeated measures to assess whether the vignettes were perceived similarly in their tone (see Table 3 ). Results showed that, for the room tidiness scenarios, the vignettes differed significantly in their tone ( F (1.89, 160.56...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12383181/
Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on ... - PMC
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ons to reinforce trust in the escalation process. These findings highlight the importance of leadership follow-through in building trust. The perceived gap between feedback provision and action implementation is significant, as when employees feel their concerns are not addressed, organisational commitment can decline ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12563315/
Using Conversations, Listening and Leadership to Support Staff Wellness: The CALM Framework - PMC
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Full text links Cite Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Abstract This chapter explores how communication studies focuses on human communication among people in groups, teams, and organizations. While persuasive communication has long been at the heart of leadership development, the discipline's...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32187871/
Communication Studies: Effective Communication Leads to Effective Leadership - PubMed
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of skills for deliberative democracy and civic engagement. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. PubMed Disclaimer References Blake, R. R., & Mouton, J. S. (1981). Management by Grid® principles or situationalism: Which? Group & Organization Studies, 6(4), 439-455. Denning, S. (2009). The secret language of leadership: How le...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32187871/
Communication Studies: Effective Communication Leads to Effective Leadership - PubMed
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, NY: McGraw Hill Higher Education. Fairhurst, G. T., & Connaughton, S. L. (2014). Leadership communication. In L. L. Putnam & D. K. Mumby (Eds.), The Sage handbook of organizational communication: Advances in research, theory, and methods (3rd ed., pp. 401-423). Washington, DC: Sage. Heifetz, R., Grashow, A., & Linsky...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32187871/
Communication Studies: Effective Communication Leads to Effective Leadership - PubMed
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ons Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search MeSH terms Communication* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Education, Professional* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Humans Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search Leadership* Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeS...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32187871/
Communication Studies: Effective Communication Leads to Effective Leadership - PubMed
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organizational commitment and faculty engagement. In practical terms, this study would be beneficial for the management of the educational institutes to develop different ways of enhancing communication strategies within the institute. This study also provided directions for the future, for example, conducting the stud...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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ay communication reflects a harmonious viewpoint. To summarize different levels of communication strategies, several people place a strong emphasis on the informational side of organizational communication. Some place an emphasis on the environment when it comes to workplace communication. Internal communication tactic...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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faculty, authors divided these in three elements. These strategies include information flow, information adequacy, and information feedback. Previously, role of information flow and information adequacy have been explored in general perspective of organizational commitment (Walden et al., 2017 ). Researchers did not ex...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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Front Psychol . 2022 Jun 22;13:921797. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.921797 Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers Yan Ma Yan Ma 1 School of Foreign Languages, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, China Find articles by Yan Ma ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.509668
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ay 13; Collection date 2022. Copyright © 2022 Ma. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the origi...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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permitted which does not comply with these terms. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9257226 PMID: 35814063 Abstract Employees are critical stakeholders for an organization because they directly deal with the end-users and represent the entire firm. To recognize the strategic importance of the employees, organizations crea...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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trategies (i.e., information flow, information adequacy, and information feedback) on organizational commitment. The study also investigated the mediating effect of faculty engagement between communication strategies and organizational commitment. Self-administered survey aided in acquiring data from 276 English langua...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.509814
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rough the Structured Equation Modeling technique. The outcome of the study demonstrated that information flow and information feedback significantly impact organizational commitment and faculty engagement. The analysis also revealed that information adequacy significantly impacts organizational commitment but has no re...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.509852
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flow and organizational commitment and between information feedback and organization commitment. However, faculty engagement did not mediate the relationship between information adequacy and organizational commitment among English language teachers in China. In theoretical terms, the study contributed in terms of incor...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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t mediators and moderators in the existing model. Keywords: information flow, information adequacy, information feedback, faculty engagement, organizational commitment Introduction Faculty members have several important obligations toward their organizations. They are important stakeholders of organizations due to thei...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.509932
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ze the strategic importance of teachers for enhancing the performance of the institution. Therefore, these organizations develop systematic communication programs to keep them informed about the organizational issues. These communication programs consist of managers, supervisors, administrators, and internal communicat...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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s quite similar to employees of any organization. So, when organizations provide effective internal communication to employees about the organizational goals, they are more likely to work hard. Such employees advocate for the organization to everyone else and establish a strong relationship with the organization (Mishr...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.510024
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nificance of their roles in academic performance. So, why do some faculty members get more involved in the institution's operations? In the literature on organizational behavior and management, “organizational commitment” seems widely used. According to a research, faculty opinions toward their institution significantl...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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consider the work in a more favorable dimension. They desire to stay employed in the company, and are much more satisfied with their work. It is assumed that a committed employee is a good fighter for the organization (Lawrence et al., 2012 ). There are many factors which help in strengthening the commitment of employe...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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dged as a subset of organizational communication. It is vital for shaping employee-organization ties (in this case, faculty–organization interactions). It is also important for boosting workplace productivity (Men, 2014 ). The relationship development initiatives at organizational level such as communication efforts ma...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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organizational commitment (Mishra et al., 2014 ). Employee engagement (faculty engagement in this study) is better described as a pleasant and rewarding state of mind which relates to commitment, vitality, and immersion at work (Schaufeli et al., 2006 ). Such engagement is all about getting involved in work at hand and...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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n relationship quality in public relations (Men, 2014 ). A research implies that engagement's role in faculty–organization relationships is understudied (Saks, 2019 ). This is a shortcoming, because job engagement has been shown to be a determinant of long-term organizational commitment in studies (Saks, 2019 ). It is ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
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2026-03-18T22:42:00.510189
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s competitive advantage (Harrison et al., 2017 ). Effective communication is one of the important tasks of all academic, profit, and non-profit organizations. A growing body of research on higher education institutions have found that communication is critical for molding work attitudes and organizational productivity....
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
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["communication", "strategy", "education"]
464
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.510258
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ting organizational improvements (Keyton, 2017 ). Communication is dependent on the possibilities of interaction and relationship development. It provides stimulation for professional and personal relationships through a variety of organizational communication methods (Murphy, 2015 ). During the recent years, it is obs...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9257226/
Role of Communication Strategies in Organizational Commitment, Mediating Role of Faculty Engagement: Evidence From English Language Teachers - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
false
0.901
0.834
["communication", "networking", "career", "education"]
494
Communication
topic
2026-03-18T22:42:00.510299
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