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nd were more risk averse than men. Fonseca et al. (2012) found that gender differences in financial literacy could be explained by the coefficient differences, or how literacy was formed. This can help government to develop proper policies to reduce the gender gap, and improve the saving and investment decisions of fem... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627155/ | Mapping the knowledge domain of financial decision making | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.862 | ["decision_making", "governance", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.473732 | [
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heimer’s disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment can lead to poor decision making, as a result of cognitive decline. Bangma et al. (2017) also found that normal aging had a negative impact on a complex financial decision-making task. Lichtenberg et al. (2015) constructed a new assessment instrument called the Lichten... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627155/ | Mapping the knowledge domain of financial decision making | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["decision_making", "agents", "education"] | 503 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.473766 | [
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on did not sufficiently benefit retail investors. Overall, the emerging research trend identified from the latest citation bursts since 2016 suggests that the role of financial literacy, gender difference and age in FDM will still be appealing to researchers in the domain of financial related decision making in the upc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627155/ | Mapping the knowledge domain of financial decision making | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.854 | ["education", "decision_making"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.473794 | [
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erview of the knowledge domain of financial related decision making. In general, there has been a steady increase in FDM research from 2010 to 2021, and the annual number of articles published on FDM increased from 38 to 140, suggesting an increasing and sustained interest from researchers on this topic. It is reasonab... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627155/ | Mapping the knowledge domain of financial decision making | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.99 | 0.848 | ["decision_making", "salary", "education", "philosophy"] | 449 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.473823 | [
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research domain of FDM in the subsequent decades. The analysis of top journals identified that the most prolific journals are Journal of Marketing Research , Frontiers in Psychology and PLoS One . These journals and other productive journals belong to a number of disciplines such as marketing, economics, business, psyc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627155/ | Mapping the knowledge domain of financial decision making | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.384 | 0.822 | ["philosophy"] | 418 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.473849 | [
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the interdisciplinary nature of the FDM research. The results of geographical distribution indicated that the United States, China, and England are the most prolific country in FDM research, and there was a major collaboration cluster gathering around United States, suggesting its significant role in FDM research throu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627155/ | Mapping the knowledge domain of financial decision making | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.397 | 0.838 | ["communication", "economy", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 483 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.473876 | [
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ad less cooperation with other countries/regions. It might because that China is geographically far apart from other countries/regions. In the future, scholars in China are recommended to cooperate more with scholars from other countries and continents, performing collaborative research in FDM. The results of co-occurr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627155/ | Mapping the knowledge domain of financial decision making | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.84 | ["decision_making", "economy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.473905 | [
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logy, Computer Science, which demonstrated this topic was closely related to these disciplines. The results of the co-citation analysis revealed a number of prominent clusters, such as financial decision, investment decision, financing decision, multiple criteria decision analysis, gender difference, affective science ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627155/ | Mapping the knowledge domain of financial decision making | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.84 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.473931 | [
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ng their significant role in this research domain. Financial decisions are of vital importance both for individuals and companies. A company’s performance is closely related to the financial capacity of their leaders ( Wang, 2010 ; Hernádi and Ormos, 2012 ; Munir and Li, 2016 ). However, studies suggest that different ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627155/ | Mapping the knowledge domain of financial decision making | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.932 | 0.822 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "decision_making"] | 395 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.473958 | [
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Brain Sci . 2024 Jul 22;14(7):734. doi: 10.3390/brainsci14070734 Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality Davide Crivelli Davide Crivelli 1 International Research Center for Cognitive Appl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.664 | ["decision_making", "networking"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.599966 | [
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.); michela.balconi@unicatt.it (M.B.) 2 Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy Find articles by Davide Crivelli 1, 2, * , Carlotta Acconito Carlotta Acconito 1 International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.678 | [] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600043 | [
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oni@unicatt.it (M.B.) 2 Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy Find articles by Carlotta Acconito 1, 2 , Michela Balconi Michela Balconi 1 International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Faculty of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.68 | [] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600075 | [
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2 Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy Find articles by Michela Balconi 1, 2 Editor: Valentina Moro Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 International Research Center for Cognitive Applied N... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.678 | ["philosophy"] | 510 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600110 | [
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michela.balconi@unicatt.it (M.B.) 2 Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: davide.crivelli@unicatt.it ; Tel.: +39-(0)2-72345929 Roles Valentina Moro : Academic Editor Received 2024 Jul 3; Revised 2024 Jul 1... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.319 | 0.666 | [] | 428 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600139 | [
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y the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC11274958 PMID: 39061474 Abstract Studies on decision-making have classicall... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.905 | 0.676 | ["decision_making", "innovation"] | 476 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600172 | [
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ent of decisional processes is the emotional one. Indeed, the emotional route in decision-making plays a crucial role, especially in situations characterized by ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk. Despite that, individual differences concerning such components and their associations with individual traits, decisional sty... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.832 | ["decision_making", "networking", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600202 | [
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ensity toward using an emotional or cognitive information-processing route in decision-making, EEG and autonomic correlates of the decisional performance as collected via wearable non-invasive devices, and individual personality and decisional traits. Participants completed a novel task based on realistic decisional sc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.83 | ["decision_making", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600237 | [
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personality traits, individual differences, and decisional styles. Data analyses highlighted two main findings. Firstly, different personality traits and decisional styles showed significant and specific correlations, with an individual propensity toward either emotional or cognitive information processing for decision... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.82 | ["decision_making", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 511 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600265 | [
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les, maximization traits, and personality traits, suggesting different latent profiles. Keywords: decision-making, personality, executive functions, EEG, emotions, decisional style, heart rate 1. Introduction The term decision-making could be defined as a pivotal skill or instrumental ability that allows individuals to... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.902 | 0.852 | ["decision_making"] | 492 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600292 | [
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ss linked to executive functions (EFs) [ 1 , 4 ]. Encompassing high-level and goal-directed cognitive skills controlling emotion, thinking, and action, EFs are categorized as cold or hot based on emotional involvement and the affective/motivational connotation of the decisional situation [ 5 ]. Specifically, hot EFs in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.844 | ["motivation", "philosophy", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600321 | [
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ive information-processing, involving flexibility, inhibition, working memory, planning, and organizing. Starting from these premises, cold EFs require more conscious control, mental effort and critical analysis compared with hot EFs [ 6 , 7 ]. Both EF types rely on partly overlapping brain regions, representing higher... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.326 | 0.81 | ["strategy", "economy", "philosophy"] | 411 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600349 | [
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ollaborating in real-world problem-solving [ 5 ]. Traditionally, decision-making studies have focused solely on the cognitive aspects (cold EFs), considering logical inference and cos–benefit calculation, but recent research has emphasized the emotional component in decision-making (hot EFs), crucial in ambiguous, unce... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.903 | 0.846 | ["decision_making", "economy"] | 486 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600376 | [
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evaluations have been discussed [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. The presence of a cognitive and emotional component in decision-making processes has led to the development of the so-called “dual decision-making model” [ 16 ], with two distinct systems that alternately compete and cooperate to arrive at a decision. Specifically, the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.916 | 0.846 | ["decision_making"] | 437 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600403 | [
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systems [ 14 , 17 , 18 ]: System 1 and System 2. System 1 is the intuitive, automatic, unconscious and effortless system, referring to the emotional component of information processing and fast processes supporting intuitive decisional strategies. On the other hand, System 2 is a controlled, deliberate, conscious, and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.687 | 0.828 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 434 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600430 | [
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rative and controlled decision-making strategies. Despite recognizing the interplay between cognitive and emotional processes, there’s limited research on individual differences related to information processing for decisions, decisional styles, and psychophysiological profiles. A neuroscientific multi-methodological a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.822 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600459 | [
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nts, neurofunctional correlates, and core constituents of decisional processes. This involves investigating explicit components through ecological tasks and complementing them with physiological markers like electroencephalography (EEG) and autonomic activity [ 20 , 21 ]. Indeed, EEG monitors brain electrical activity,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.854 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600486 | [
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[ 24 , 25 ], and affective regulation [ 24 , 26 ]. Conversely, changes in physiological arousal and parasympathetic activity as measures via electrodermal measures (Skin Conductance Level and Response—SCL and SCR) and cardiovascular measures (Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability—HR and HRV) mirror stress levels and em... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.844 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600516 | [
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rences in information processing for decision-making should include the exploration of personality traits and styles. Numerous studies have established a connection between personality and higher cognitive functions, including decision-making [ 3 , 28 ]. For example, Emotional Stability and Conscientiousness in the Big... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.844 | ["decision_making", "communication", "networking", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600546 | [
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ision-making styles, as measured by the General Decision-Making Style (GDMS) inventory, and negatively with Dependent and Avoidant styles [ 30 , 31 ]. Personality traits are also associated with individual tendencies in emotional or cognitive information processing. In the Big Five model, Openness and Conscientiousness... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.697 | 0.842 | ["philosophy", "decision_making"] | 487 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600576 | [
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motional information processing [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. By examining GDMS factors, instead, Rational and Dependent decision-making styles align with cognitive information processing, whereas the Spontaneous style aligns with emotional information processing [ 30 ]. Again, drawing parallels between the Big Five traits and GDM... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.689 | 0.832 | ["philosophy", "decision_making"] | 446 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600606 | [
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les aligning with Openness and Conscientiousness. The Intuitive style has also been correlated with high Agreeableness and Extroversion, suggesting a connection between Relational and Intuitive styles and cognitive information processing. Furthermore, various personality traits and decision-making styles may exhibit as... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.834 | ["decision_making", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600635 | [
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between HRV and personality traits linked to flexible decision-making, such as Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability [ 37 ]. Regarding EEG, while no previous studies—to the best of our knowledge—have directly linked EEG profiles to decision-making styles, it is plausible to hypothesize associations based on the fun... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.842 | ["decision_making", "education"] | 511 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600663 | [
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rking memory, and emotion regulation [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 38 , 39 ], this EEG pattern might be associated with the Rational decision-making style. This style characterizes individuals who strive to select the best possible choice by analyzing multiple alternatives. Similarly, the beta band, reflecting workload management a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.856 | ["decision_making", "management"] | 503 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600690 | [
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r, evaluating, and choosing between alternatives. Within this methodological framework, our pilot explorative study employed a multi-methodological approach, collecting behavioral, EEG, autonomic, and self-report data related to decision-making using non-invasive wearable devices. The goal was to explore the link betwe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.826 | ["decision_making", "war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600718 | [
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, and EEG and autonomic correlates during a realistic decision task. Concerning the relationship between individual propensity toward emotional or cognitive information processing and individual differences, we anticipated that a preference for emotional information processing would correlate with greater Emotional Sta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.69 | 0.812 | ["philosophy", "decision_making", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 451 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600747 | [
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tions with Openness and Conscientiousness traits. Furthermore, we expected correlations between Rational and Dependent GDMS styles and cognitive information processing, as well as Spontaneous style, with a preference for emotional information processing. Secondly, regarding individual profiles and EEG correlates, we hy... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.83 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600777 | [
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highest standards. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Sample Twenty-four adult individuals (13/11 M/F; M age = 35.3, SD age = 11.7) without any specific area of professional specialization gave their written informed consent to participate in the pilot explorative study. Recruitment was managed via consecutive sampling. No ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.694 | ["education", "career", "salary", "philosophy"] | 511 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600809 | [
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apy with psychoactive drugs, clinically relevant distress level, altered global cognitive functioning, and occurrence of major stressful life events in the past six months. All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and a minimum schooling level of eighteen years, as all participants had master’s degrees... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.295 | 0.854 | ["strategy", "career", "resume", "education"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600838 | [
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power and further test the robustness of the reported findings. The analysis—based on an average obtained effect size of 0.56, α = 0.05, and N = 24—estimated an average achieved power equal to 0.84 (GPower version 3.1.9.7; [ 42 ]). The experimental study was conducted in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration (2013),... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.309 | 0.7 | ["ethics", "education"] | 463 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600866 | [
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at rest and during the experimental task. 2.2.1. Behavioural Data Acquisition The experimental task, devised to investigate individual propensity toward emotional and cognitive information processing in real-life decision-making situations, was administered via an experiment-management platform (PsyToolkit, version 3.4... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.676 | ["philosophy", "management", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600894 | [
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riments, collecting behavioral and response time (RT) data in millisecond timing precision. Specifically, they were asked to immerse themselves in four scenarios presenting realistic situations in which they had to make a difficult and affectively engaging decision. Each decisional situation was then followed by four s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.691 | 0.834 | ["decision_making", "crisis"] | 453 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600921 | [
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le (1 = “totally disagree”, 5 = “totally agree”). Two of the statements were designed to implicitly stress affective connotations of the decisional process and prompt an emotional information-processing route to decisional outcomes, while the other two implicitly stressed rational connotations of the decisional process... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.84 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600948 | [
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cal notes concerning the task and its validation and for an exemplifying scenario with related statements. For each scenario, response scores and RTs were collected and used to compute two indices: the Emotional Component Propensity index (ECP i ) and the Cognitive Component Propensity index (CCP i ). We opted to incor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.87 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.600976 | [
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sional process but also the mental load imposed by such a process. Indeed, by weighing participants’ responses on their RTs, it is possible to account for the level of cognitive effort that connotes the appraisal and decision-making processes of each individual in each different situation. This approach assumes that sh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.9 | 0.84 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 501 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601003 | [
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information-processing route in decision-making. The ECP i and CCP i were calculated considering the response scores and RTs given to statements with, respectively, emotional vs. cognitive connotation across the four scenarios converted in a common decile scale as follows: ECP i = (Resp Emo-Org − Resp Emo-Med )/((RT Em... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.866 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 511 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601032 | [
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but are related to cognition-connoted statements. Please see Supplementary Material S2 for the specifics on ECP i and CCP i calculations. 2.2.2. Electrophysiological Data Acquisition To collect electrophysiological data in a resting state and highlight task-related variations in EEG power, we used the Muse TM headband ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.704 | [] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601056 | [
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(AF7 and AF8) and temporoparietal (TP9 and TP10) areas. While we acknowledge that EEG recording, as performed here, presents limitations in terms of spatial resolution and topographic mapping, our choice to use a wearable device was guided by the predominant intent to preserve the ecological validity of the setting and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.295 | 0.864 | ["philosophy", "decision_making", "education"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601086 | [
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the recording montage) since we did not aim at discussing anatomical-functional correlates of observed EEG responses. We do, instead, considered it crucial to maintain recording and task performance as naturally as possible. The EEG data were gathered using the mobile app Mind Monitor and transferred via Bluetooth to a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.866 | ["philosophy"] | 510 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601113 | [
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rted in real time in Power Spectral Density (PSD) via Fast Fourier Transformation, and PSD values were computed for each frequency band using 2 s epochs: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), and gamma (30–44 Hz). Then, average PSD values were extracted for both baseline (eye-open and eyes-c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.874 | ["ethics", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601139 | [
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nx of the second finger of the non-dominant hand. Specifically, electrodermal activity was sampled at 40 Hz, and SCR was derived from SCL via an automated moving average approach. On the other hand, cardiovascular measures were sampled at 100 Hz, and HR was derived by fluctuations of blood volume per pulse data via an ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.324 | 0.834 | [] | 416 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601164 | [
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s the standard deviation of inter-beat intervals. The inbuilt accelerometer was used to monitor hand movements to remove potential interference from the recording during analysis. Task-related variations in autonomic indices were computed as follows: TR AI = ((AI task − AI open-bl )/AI open-bl ) × 100 Please see Supple... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.858 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601190 | [
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ral Decision-Making Style—GDMS [ 30 , 44 ], the Maximization Scale—MS [ 45 ], the 10-item Big Five Inventory—BFI [ 46 ], and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire—FFMQ [ 47 ]. The GDMS permits the investigation of the individual’s decision-making style, which can be defined as Rational, Intuitive, Dependent, Avoidan... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.694 | 0.7 | ["decision_making"] | 471 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601216 | [
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e, 5 = strongly agree), each subject to 25 items. The difference between these five styles is in the way decisions are made: in the Rational style, all alternatives and their consequences are considered by researching as much information as possible; in the Intuitive style, global aspects are analyzed, and decisions ar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.716 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601246 | [
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; and in the Spontaneous style, decisions are made as quickly as possible. The MS is a 13-item questionnaire which permits to identify individual differences related to the tendency to maximize one’s choice or to be satisfied with a decision considered good enough. The questionnaire allows to compute three subscale sco... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["decision_making", "crisis"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601274 | [
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mirroring subjective effort and frustration when involved in decision-making; and High Standards, mirroring the strive, desire, and active search for the best option when involved in decision-making. The BFI, on the other hand, allows for an individual’s personality to be assessed along several five subscales (Extrover... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.698 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601304 | [
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point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). Specifically, Extroversion relates to being active and enthusiastic, Agreeableness to being pleasant and warm, Conscientiousness to being organized and self-disciplined, Emotional Stability to being calm, stable, and equilibrated, and Openness to being cre... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.852 | ["innovation", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601331 | [
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ting 39 items on a five-point Likert scale (1 = never true, 5 = always true). The five different aspects are Observing (the ability to note sensations, feelings, thoughts, etc.), Describing (the ability to label and represent verbally feelings, emotions, and thoughts), Acting with Awareness (individual awareness of own... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.856 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601363 | [
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d Not reacting to the inner experience (the ability to enact actual responses to internal and external stimuli instead of automatic reactions). 2.3. Data Analyses Data analyses in this study were planned according to two sequential steps and performed using Jamovi software (v. 2.3.28). The first one explored the patter... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.69 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy", "decision_making", "education"] | 500 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601390 | [
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dual traits via Pearson correlation coefficients. In the second one, we explored their correlations with physiological activity associated with decision-making performance. Specifically, in the first step, ECP i and CCP i were correlated with scale scores of the GDMS, MS, BFI, and FFMQ. In the second step, Pearson corr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.866 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601417 | [
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rodes: AF7, AF8, TP9, TP10; EEG bands: delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) or TR AI for autonomic indices (SCL, SCR; HR, HRV). Assumptions of normality for distributions of data entering correlation analyses were checked by computing asymmetry and kurtosis values and comparing them against the reference cut-off, defi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.858 | ["ethics", "family"] | 511 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601445 | [
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normal if asymmetry is between ±2 and kurtosis is between ±7 (see, as examples, [ 48 , 49 ]), in defining our cut-offs, we opted for stricter and more conservative rules. Also, the outcomes of correlation analyses were checked against the false discovery rate by applying the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure [ 50 ] to minim... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.86 | [] | 501 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601469 | [
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shades represent their 95% confidence intervals. Light blue profiles on top and at the right of each scatterplot represent the density plots for correlated variables. Notes: ECP i = Emotional Component Propensity index; CCP i = Cognitive Component Propensity index; BFI = Big Five Inventory; FFMQ = Five Facet Mindfulnes... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["decision_making"] | 511 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601496 | [
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en the GDMS Dependent score and theta TR PSD in AF7 ( r = 0.574, p = 0.032, Figure 2 a) and the GDMS Rational score and theta TR PSD in TP9 ( r = 0.554, p = 0.032, Figure 2 b). Again, analyses highlighted a positive significant correlation between the MS AlternativeSearch score and beta TR PSD in AF7 ( r = 0.623, p = 0... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.904 | [] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601520 | [
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a TR PSD in AF7; ( b ) Rational score and theta TR PSD in TP9; ( c ) Alternative Search and beta TR PSD in AF7. The straight lines represent the global linear trends, while the shades represent their 95% confidence intervals. Light blue profiles on top and at the right of each scatterplot represent the density plots fo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.862 | ["decision_making"] | 465 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601547 | [
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l Decision-Making Style; MS = Maximization Scale. Furthermore, analyses highlighted significant positive correlations between the BFI Conscientiousness score and HRV TR AI ( r = 0.787, p = 0.001, Figure 3 a). Again, analyses highlighted a significant negative correlation between the GDMS Avoidant score and HRV TR AI ( ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.698 | 0.718 | ["decision_making"] | 489 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601594 | [
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esent the density plots for correlated variables. Notes: TR AI = task-related changes of autonomic indices; HRV = Heart Rate Variability; HR = Heart Rate; BFI = Big Five Inventory; GDMS = General Decision-Making Style; MS = Maximization Scale. No other correlation coefficient was found to reach the statistical threshol... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.848 | ["decision_making", "education"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601631 | [
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ant and specific correlations with individual propensity toward either emotional or cognitive information processing for decision-making. Secondly, task-related EEG and autonomic measures showed distinct correlation patterns with different decisional styles, maximization traits, and personality traits. As for the first... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.826 | ["decision_making", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601660 | [
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aits, as well as greater ActingWithAwareness and NotJudging FFMQ scores. On the other hand, those inclined toward cognitive information processing presented higher Agreeableness and Openness traits. Additionally, they tended to prefer both a Rational and Intuitive decision-making style. These associations align with ex... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy", "decision_making"] | 501 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601687 | [
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l information-processing routes [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Moreover, the Agreeableness trait correlates with effective self-regulation and reduced impulsivity [ 51 ], features that likely connote a rational and logical decision-making approach. In addition, individuals inclined toward an emotional route in decision-making obtai... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.842 | ["decision_making", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601715 | [
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at it could reflect a common grounding of mindfulness traits and the tendency to approach decision-making emotionally on self-awareness/regulation skills. We, nonetheless, acknowledge that this potential interpretation is tentative and requires further and specific testing, making it a subject for future empirical inve... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.836 | ["decision_making", "war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601743 | [
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tive decision-making style aligns with existing theorization on the meaning and correlates of GDMS factors [ 30 ]. The rational style involves searching for information and logically evaluating alternatives, while the intuitive style is characterized by attention to detail and reliance on intuitions. Despite the explic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.846 | ["philosophy", "decision_making"] | 506 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601773 | [
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, as well as on their integration and evaluation. This approach—involving methodical assessment of situations, opportunities, and constraints—resonates with the preference for a cognitive route in decision-making, characterized by a classically rational and logical way of appraising situations and making decisions. Tak... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.84 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601803 | [
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those connoted by greater affective balance and stress management skills, besides greater awareness and acceptance of their own behavior, thoughts, and affects. An optimal relationship with one’s own affective experiences might represent the key to justifying individual propensity toward emotional components even in de... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict", "decision_making", "management", "networking"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601832 | [
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nt decision-making style, while theta activity over posterior sites correlated with greater Rational GDMS scores. Greater beta TR PSD , instead, showed positive correlation with AlternativeSearch MS scores. Differently, greater HRV TR AI correlated with greater Conscientiousness BFI scores, greater HighStandards MS sco... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.687 | 0.818 | ["decision_making"] | 436 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601862 | [
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ndings partially supports the related hypotheses. While task-related modulations of theta activity were indeed associated with the Rational GDMS style, they also correlated with the Dependent style. As noted in the opening sections, no previous studies have directly explored the link between EEG modulations and decisio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.838 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601896 | [
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ppraisal of situations and consequences, and posterior task-related theta modulations aligns with evidence on the functional significance of theta oscillations over temporoparietal areas. Temporoparietal theta activity has, indeed, been linked to perspective-taking, prosocial choices, and social decision-making [ 52 , ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.842 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601924 | [
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reasoning, especially those who tend to search and appraise each available information and the consequence of their own choices. Differently, the unexpected correlation between a Dependent decision-making style, characterized by actively seeking suggestions and advice from others, and slow EEG activity over frontal sit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.692 | ["philosophy", "decision_making", "crisis", "networking", "agents"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601953 | [
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in carrying out autonomous reasoning processes [ 56 ]. The greater theta activity over frontal areas might mirror the heightened need for cognitive control and emotion regulation during the decision-making process in individuals scoring high on the dependent style. The positive correlation of beta TR PSD and MS Alterna... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.688 | 0.83 | ["decision_making", "agents", "philosophy"] | 442 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.601980 | [
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significance of beta activity over frontal areas. Beta oscillations are considered indicative of workload management and endogenous top-down regulation of attention and mental resources [ 23 , 40 , 41 ]. It is plausible that individuals who consistently and systematically seek and assess alternative options or solution... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.684 | 0.822 | ["decision_making", "management"] | 422 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602006 | [
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neural resources to a realistic decisional task. Finally, our last hypothesis was partly confirmed by data in that both EmotionalStability and Conscientiousness showed significant correlations with autonomic indices but not as expected. Namely, only the Conscientiousness trait proved to be positively correlated with HR... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.7 | 0.85 | ["decision_making", "ethics"] | 511 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602032 | [
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and a negative correlation with GDMS Avoidant scores. Provided that the avoidant decision-making style was associated with ineffective self-regulation and low self-esteem [ 44 , 56 ], the inverse correlation with HRV—a marker of vagal tone and self-regulation [ 21 , 58 , 59 ]—outlines a consistent profile of altered re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.848 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602058 | [
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and efficient self-regulation skills in people who aim at maximizing the outcome of decisional processes, striving and actively searching for the best option available. As a concluding point, we acknowledge that the present study, while discussing novel findings concerning the association between individual differences... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.895 | 0.836 | ["decision_making", "education", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602086 | [
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ological correlates of the decisional performance, still represent a first pilot exploratory account of such relationships and present limitations. The actual sample size is limited, making this work a pilot study. Present correlation findings and related interpretations hint at interesting implications for the main re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 1 | 0.834 | ["decision_making", "philosophy", "networking", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602113 | [
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n decision-making, individual traits, and psychophysiological correlates of realistic decisional performance are associated, and which association pattern connote such relationships. Yet, they would benefit from replication and further testing on parallel or larger samples, especially the ones concerning the correlatio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.689 | 0.81 | ["decision_making", "philosophy", "networking"] | 444 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602140 | [
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check for their robustness and generalizability. Also, in the decisional task, only two settings (organizational/professional and healthcare/medical ones) were used as a frame for challenging and affectively engaging decisional scenarios. Future studies could try to collect data using different settings (e.g., emergenc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.685 | 0.804 | ["decision_making", "management", "crisis", "career", "family"] | 425 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602175 | [
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bservations and further test-related conclusions. In addition, data interpretation and theoretical-practical remarks could be further enriched by follow-up analyses with larger samples focusing on describing and profiling individuals showing particularly high vs. low propensity toward using an emotional/cognitive infor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.687 | 0.8 | ["decision_making", "networking", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 435 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602204 | [
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between-subjects comparisons or network analyses. Such additional explorations would plausibly provide interesting results and further food for thought. Supplementary Materials The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/brainsci14070734/s1 , Supplementary Material S1:... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.1 | 0.56 | ["communication", "networking", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602231 | [
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ons; Supplementary Material S3: Correlation matrices: behavioral, self-report, and psychophysiological data. brainsci-14-00734-s001.zip (289.5KB, zip) Author Contributions Conceptualization, M.B.; methodology, M.B. and D.C.; formal analysis, D.C. and M.B.; investigation, C.A. and D.C.; resources, M.B.; data curation, C... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.389 | 0.654 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 445 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602258 | [
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obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Data Availability Statement The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author due to ethical reasons for sensitive personal data protection (requests will be evaluated according to the GDPR—Reg. UE 2016/679 and its ethical guideline... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 453 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602285 | [
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ement This research received no external funding. Footnotes Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11274958/ | Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.311 | 0.83 | [] | 454 | Decision Making | topic | 2026-03-21T00:51:19.602311 | [
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