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nt organisations in the world have brought to limelight the role of leaders in shaping the ethical climate of their organisations. As a result, several studies across different organisational/occupational contexts and climes have examined and unanimously proven that ethical leadership was positively related to ethical ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.639 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 414 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.606297 | [
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ween ethical leadership and ethical climate Hypotheses Hypothesis 1 : Ethical leadership will be positively related to perceived leader integrity. Hypothesis 2 : Perceived leader integrity will be positively related to ethical climate. Hypothesis 3 : Ethical leadership will be positively related to ethical climate. Hyp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 452 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.606557 | [
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BMC Psychol . 2020 May 20;8:52. doi: 10.1186/s40359-020-00420-6 Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context Ibeawuchi K Enwereuzor Ibeawuchi K Enwereuzor 1 Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, 410001 Nigeria Find articles by I... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.673 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.606648 | [
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d articles by Ike E Onyishi 1 , Florence Chiji Albi-Oparaocha Florence Chiji Albi-Oparaocha 2 College of Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, P. M. B. 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria Find articles by Florence Chiji Albi-Oparaocha 2 , Kenneth Amaeshi Kenneth Amaeshi 3 University of Edinbur... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.852 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.606702 | [
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rticle notes Copyright and License information 1 Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, 410001 Nigeria 2 College of Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, P. M. B. 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria 3 University of Edinburgh Business School, University of Edinburgh, 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.83 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 449 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.606859 | [
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eb 7; Accepted 2020 May 10; Collection date 2020. © The Author(s) 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the origina... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.836 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 430 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.606945 | [
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in permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.686 | ["innovation"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607006 | [
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e studies that was conducted in teaching context. Besides, the mechanisms involved between ethical leadership and ethical climate seems not to have been addressed in literature. Thus, this paper reports the findings of a study that investigated the mediating role of perceived leader integrity in the ethical leadership–... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "ethics", "communication", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607125 | [
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ng measures of ethical leadership, perceived leader integrity, ethical climate, and demographics. Results The results from OLS regression-based path analysis showed that: 1) ethical leadership was positively related to perceived leader integrity, 2) perceived leader integrity was positively related to ethical climate, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.672 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 508 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607260 | [
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imate was mediated by perceived leader integrity. Conclusions The current study extends the social learning theory by identifying perceived leader integrity as a mechanism underlying the relationship between ethical leadership and ethical climate. The findings have some implications for personnel selection especially i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.68 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education", "networking"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607351 | [
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r integrity, School, Teaching context Background The attention of the general public, researchers, and other stakeholders have been drawn to the inherent dangers of dubious organisational practices following the scandalous incidents that occurred in organisations such as Enron, WorldCom, Adelphia, Siemens, Tyco Interna... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.696 | ["ethics", "education"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607439 | [
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uggest that unethical behaviour may be one of the probable major issues confronting the contemporary world of work. Unfortunately, it has equally been argued that some organisations are so engrossed with meeting their performance goals at the detriment of taking into consideration the ethical aspect of accomplishing su... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.616 | 0.866 | ["ethics", "philosophy"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607501 | [
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ns across countries (for details, see [ 2 , 62 ]). For example, Hamilton and Gabriel [ 23 ] identified some fraudulent practices perpetrated by organisations in Nigeria to include funds diversion, secret commission and bribery, false invoicing, theft of inventory assets, and cheque forgery. Nigeria is a West African co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.33 | 0.848 | [] | 452 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607554 | [
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. She is regarded as the most populous in Africa. She is a member of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and regarded as one of the major crude oil producers in the world, which constitutes the major source of foreign exchange revenue for the country. However, in spite of being an oil-rich country... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.32 | 0.874 | ["diplomacy", "economy"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607613 | [
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ution based on data from the World Poverty Clock as the world’s poverty capital, having the highest number of people living in extreme poverty (see [ 59 ]). Furthermore, she has consecutively been ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world (see [ 51 – 55 ]). The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.862 | ["economy"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607713 | [
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esting and prosecuting persons involved in embezzlement of public funds in the country. Although, in the teaching/education context, offences such as cheating during examinations, impersonation, forgery of result slip, and stealing of question papers, among others, attract a fine of minimum of ₦50,000 and maximum of 5 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.458 | 0.836 | ["ethics", "education"] | 452 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607780 | [
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however, it is not devoid of unethical practices. For instance, in 2017, the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) blacklisted 72 out of the 600 Computer-Based Test (CBT) centres for their involvement in examination malpractice in the 2017 Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME; see [ 39 ]). In that... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.428 | 0.84 | ["ethics"] | 441 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607840 | [
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ch, however, dropped to 208 in 2018 (see [ 42 ]). Similarly, the West African Examinations Council (WAEC) in its 65th National Examinations Committee meeting decried the increasing rate of collusion to perpetrate examination malpractice which led to the cancellation of entire results (CER) or cancellation of specific s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.357 | 0.842 | ["interview"] | 459 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607919 | [
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ncil’s examinations for a number of years [ 24 ]. All in all, these call into question the ethical climate of the teaching/education context of Nigeria which calls for scholarly attention. Ethical climate refers to an aspect of organisational climate that represents the holistic impression of employees concerning the c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.844 | ["ethics", "education"] | 457 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.607975 | [
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isational members [ 5 ] as it pertains to ethics. Organisational values that concern ethical issues, as well as those that stipulate what are regarded as ethically acceptable behaviour, constitutes the ethical climate of an organisation [ 61 ]. In other words, it involves the shared perceptions of what ethically correc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.86 | ["ethics", "philosophy", "communication"] | 503 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608049 | [
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n an organisation, employees learn how to behave. They become aware of the values that are upheld and rewarded in the organisation and the ones that are unacceptable [ 61 ]. Notwithstanding that ethical climate has been extensively studied in a variety of organisations including technology, insurance, hotels and restau... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.452 | 0.87 | ["ethics", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608107 | [
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ucted in educational settings (e.g., [ 4 , 47 , 48 ]). However, these studies were conducted outside the Nigerian teaching/educational setting which may differ from that of Nigeria. As Van Aswegen and Engelbrecht [ 60 ], and Sağnak [ 47 ] point out, organisational leaders play an important role in determining the ethic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.864 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education"] | 495 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608187 | [
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r leaders for guidance and direction [ 11 , 28 ]. In teaching context for example, if the head teacher as a leader is seen as someone who condones unethical practices, then the rest of the teachers (subordinates) may also decide to engage in unethical practices such as aiding the pupils/students in engaging in examinat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.868 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making", "salary"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608286 | [
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g the ethical (or unethical) climate of an organisation. However, ethical aspect of leadership has been mostly unexplored, even when it offers great avenues for novel discoveries [ 10 ]. Given that research on ethical leadership is just emerging [ 36 ], only limited number of studies have been conducted on the link bet... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 416 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608363 | [
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g., [ 16 , 35 , 41 , 49 ]). As such, Mayer et al. [ 36 ] advocate for research on the link between ethical leadership and ethical climate to be conducted. However, most of the studies that have paid heed to the call so far were conducted outside teaching context. While these studies seem to have sufficiently proven tha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.61 | 0.876 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 501 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608444 | [
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how ethical leadership promotes ethical climate. To address this issue, the current study, therefore, attempts to identify a probable mechanism underlying the relationship between ethical leadership and ethical climate in teaching context. In that sense, this study attempts to open the black box of the link between eth... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education", "communication"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608504 | [
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teachers’ ethical leadership style and the perception of ethical climate by subordinate teachers. Although a previous study by Van Aswegen and Engelbrecht [ 60 ] have attempted to examine the moderating role of perceived leader integrity in the relationship between transformational leadership and ethical climate, no st... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.692 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "war_conflict", "education"] | 488 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608591 | [
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p between ethical leadership and ethical climate. This study thus examines a model in which the influence of ethical leadership on ethical climate is mediated by perceived leader integrity among teachers. The rationale for teachers in this study was because they are at the forefront of educating students. Therefore, th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education", "career"] | 432 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608651 | [
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ss through them throughout their teaching career. They also serve as role models and mentors to their students who look up to them for guidance and direction in life. Therefore, how ethically compliant teachers are may reflect in the ethical conduct of their current and former students. Hence, understanding the role of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.85 | ["ethics", "leadership", "philosophy", "career", "education"] | 471 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608726 | [
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ture that has been conducted in teaching context. The results of this study have the potential to provide valuable information not only to school management and teachers but also to other stakeholders in the education sector. Theoretical foundations and hypotheses development Social learning theory serves as a theoreti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.652 | 0.822 | ["education", "leadership", "ethics", "management", "philosophy"] | 424 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608807 | [
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ill engender ethical climate in teaching context. Social learning theory proposes that individuals are influenced by observing role models in their environment [ 7 ]. According to Bandura [ 7 ], almost anything that can be learned through direct experience can also be learned by vicarious experience, through observing ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.424 | 0.834 | ["ethics", "education"] | 440 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608868 | [
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ces make it easy to learn in an anticipatory way. In work setting, employees can learn what type of behaviours are accepted, commended, and penalised through role modelling. Thus, they become informed about the advantages of the modelled behaviour and the disadvantages of improper behaviour. For a person to be regarded... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.407 | 0.874 | ["philosophy"] | 509 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608927 | [
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r and status of the individual in question [ 7 ]. When those that are looked at by others as likely role models occupy high status or powerful position, others will attempt to emulate their behaviour because it expresses expectations and approved norms [ 7 ]. A leader such as a head teacher is a significant and possibl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.544 | 0.876 | ["education", "leadership"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.608983 | [
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r of other teachers to accomplish schoolwork-related outcomes. A social learning viewpoint on ethical leadership will suggest that ethical leaders (head teachers) influence the ethical behaviour of their subordinates (i.e., other teachers who occupy lower cadre in the school) through modelling. Thus, if head teachers a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609041 | [
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credibility in their own conduct as role models because other teachers may be suspicious about ethical assertions made by such leaders. A head teacher becomes attractive and credible as an ethical role model by engaging in behaviours that are appraised by subordinates as ethical. Therefore, ethical leaders become socia... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.56 | 0.828 | ["ethics", "leadership", "war_conflict", "education"] | 414 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609133 | [
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and meting out punishment for misconduct [ 56 ]. By setting the ethical tone of a school and providing a road map to guide the ethical conduct of the subordinates, such leaders are likely to be perceived by the subordinates as leaders who maintain high level of integrity in discharging their leadership responsibilities... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.673 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 416 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609200 | [
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may cascade to the ethical climate of the school. In other words, teachers are likely to see ethical head teachers as those with integrity which, over time may contribute to the formation of ethical climate of the school. Thus, we extend the social learning perspective by incorporating perceived leader integrity as a p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.573 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "education", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 415 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609263 | [
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fluence of ethical leaders in a teaching context. That is, ethical leadership will lead to perception of leader integrity which subsequently will lead to perception of being surrounded by high level of ethical climate in the school. Previous studies based on social learning theory have provided support for this theory ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 504 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609323 | [
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their links to important organisational outcomes. Ethical leadership and ethical climate Grojean, Resick, Dickson, and Smith [ 22 ] assert that besides enhancing organisational efficiency, leaders equally have the responsibilities of guiding the behaviours of their subordinates and institutionalising the ethical values... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.693 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609382 | [
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ership given that they strive to convey high ethical values to their subordinates. Accordingly, ethical leadership refers to the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships , and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication , rein... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "ethics", "communication", "decision_making", "networking"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609488 | [
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e with general expectations on how leaders ought to behave in a corporate environment. This suggests that leaders should be honest, fair, trustworthy, and caring and answerable for their conduct, as well as to reward and punish subordinates accordingly in order to hold them accountable for their actions. By acting as r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "ethics", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609572 | [
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signal to the subordinates (i.e., lower-cadre teachers) that nothing short of doing the right thing is expected from them and valued by the organisation. In no time, the lower-cadre teachers are more likely to perceive an ethical climate in their school. Consistent with this view, Grojean et al. [ 22 ] acknowledge that... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.854 | ["ethics", "education", "leadership"] | 484 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609631 | [
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luence on the ethical climate of an organisation. Lending support to the above argument, Neubert et al. [ 41 ] collected Internet-based data from full-time employees and found a positive relationship between ethical leadership and ethical climate. Mayer et al. [ 35 ] examined the mediating role of ethical climate in th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.659 | 0.834 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking", "rhetoric"] | 439 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609686 | [
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a variety of organisations in the United States. Mayer et al.’s results show that ethical leadership was positively related to ethical climate, and that ethical climate mediated the relationship between ethical leadership and employee misconduct. Similarly, in South Korea, Shin [ 49 ] found a positive relationship betw... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.661 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 469 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609788 | [
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tions of the ethical climate of the organisation. In similar vein, Lu and Lin [ 32 ] also found positive relationship between ethical leadership and ethical climate based on data collected from employees of Taiwan International Ports Corporation (TIPC) in Taiwan. Demirtas and Akdogan [ 16 ] examined the indirect relati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.643 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking", "communication", "rhetoric"] | 458 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609888 | [
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and turnover intention) through ethical climate. The participants involved middle-level managers, engineers, chiefs of the maintenance shops, and blue-collar full-time employees of aviation industries. The results show that ethical leadership was positively related to ethical climate. Ethical climate partially mediated... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.822 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking", "management"] | 499 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.609949 | [
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etween ethical leadership and turnover intention. More recently, Al Halbusi, Williams, Mansoor, Hassan, and Hamid [ 1 ] found that ethical leadership was positively related to employees’ ethical behaviour in Baghdad (Republic of Iraq). In sum, the above studies have unanimously provided strong evidence showing that eth... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "governance"] | 470 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610025 | [
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isational/occupational contexts but not teaching. Moreover, most of these studies were conducted in the United States and Asia with their own cultural peculiarities. As such, research is yet to ascertain whether similar findings would be obtained in Nigerian teaching context. Besides, one key question that remains to b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.476 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "ethics", "communication", "networking"] | 499 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610090 | [
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ethical leadership-ethical climate relationship? Asking such a question is very important because according to Baron and Kenny [ 8 ], when there is such consistency in the relationship between two variables, then it is likely that there is a mediator between them that tend to facilitate the relationship. Accordingly, i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.587 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 486 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610138 | [
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k between ethical leadership and ethical climate. As such, the current study complements the literature in this area by opening the black box behind the ethical leadership-ethical climate relationship. Perceived leader integrity as a mediator Perceptions of leader integrity has been identified as a fundamental characte... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610198 | [
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in minimising the incertitude surrounding the decision to follow [ 30 ]. When a leader is seen by followers as having integrity, they become confident that the leader will lead in honest, felicitous, and concordant manner in line with professed vision [ 40 ]. Given the importance of leader integrity in subordinates’ im... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.658 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "ethics", "strategy", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610255 | [
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ing holistic impression about their organisation. Perceived leader integrity, according to Craig and Gustafson [ 15 ], refers to employees’ perception of the moral behaviour demonstrated by their leader. This suggests that perception of leader integrity elicit a judgment that the leader is seen as a moral person. There... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.656 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "ethics", "decision_making"] | 484 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610308 | [
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n accordance with followers’ expectations [ 15 ]. According to Badaracco and Ellsworth [ 6 ], leaders with integrity will strive to be consistent in whatever they believe in, how they lead others, and the type of organisations they want to identify with. They keep to their words even when it appears to be inconvenient ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "communication", "decision_making", "ethics"] | 467 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610364 | [
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sions that are related to decision-making [ 60 ]. As Malan and Smit [ 33 ] stated, leaders are committed and loyal to the organisation when they lead with integrity and demonstrate what consistency in behaviour means in line with what they say. Consistency in terms of decisions and behaviour will make a leader to be se... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.878 | ["leadership", "ethics", "decision_making"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610439 | [
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adopts ethical leadership style as also having integrity. This is because by being cautious of ethical standards and paying close attention to the consequences of personal and organisational decisions on ethical issues, ethical leaders signal to subordinates the importance and value attached to integrity. Honesty, fair... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.556 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "leadership", "decision_making", "salary"] | 419 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610512 | [
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appear to be the watch word of an ethical leader. Thus, adopting ethical leadership is likely to make subordinates perceive such a leader as someone with high integrity. In turn, subordinates may come to view themselves as being surrounded by ethical climate in their school. Consistent with this view, Litwin and String... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education"] | 459 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610571 | [
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on the perception of the organisational members. In that sense, perceiving a head teacher as having integrity may be an important mechanism through which ethical leaders promote the ethical climate of their school. Existing studies can be used to draw inference for our arguments regarding the role of perceived leader i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.51 | 0.85 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education", "networking", "philosophy"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610671 | [
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and some aspects of ethical climate among employees of medium and large organisations in South Africa (e.g., [ 60 ]). In another study, it was reported that organisational justice mediated the positive relationship between ethical leadership and employees’ ethical behaviour [ 1 ]. In addition, Neubert et al. [ 41 ] fou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.474 | 0.844 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking", "social_justice", "philosophy"] | 483 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610777 | [
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among full-time employees based on Internet data. In addition, Schminke et al. [ 48 ] found that leader Utilizer score (U-score or moral development utilization), which refers to the consistency between the leader’s moral development and actions, moderated the relationship between leader moral development and organisat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.522 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking"] | 489 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610878 | [
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igh U-score leaders than for low U-score leaders. Given the promising empirical support for perceived leader integrity, one would expect that ethical leadership will be related to perceived leader integrity which in turn is likely to mediate the ethical leadership–ethical climate relationship among teachers. See Fig. 1... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.671 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.610980 | [
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e will be mediated by perceived leader integrity. Method Participants Three hundred and thirty-six (336) teachers (with an average of 18 teachers per school) from 19 primary schools participated in this study. The small number of teachers makes it possible for each head teacher to be able to interact directly with the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.625 | 0.854 | ["education", "leadership", "ethics"] | 495 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611055 | [
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105 (31.3%) male and 231 (68.8%) female teachers. In terms of age, 41 (12.2%), were less than 25 years, 205 (61.0%) were between the ages of 25 and 40 years, 73 (21.7%), were between the ages of 41 and 56 years, while 17 (5.1%) were above the age of 56 years. The married ones among them were 217 (64.6%) while the singl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.368 | 0.714 | ["career"] | 436 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611137 | [
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e junior staff while 243 (72%) were senior staff. Of these participants, four (4) (1.2%) of them had teacher training certificate, 10 (3.0%) had senior secondary school certificate, 109 (32.4%) had an ordinary national diploma (OND) or a national certificate of education (NCE), 163 (48.5%) had a highest national diplom... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.357 | 0.706 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611196 | [
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ut their gender, marital status, age, tenure with current organisation, and highest educational qualification with which we created their demographic profile. Ethical leadership We assessed ethical leadership with the 10-item unidimensional Ethical Leadership Scale (ELS; [ 11 ]). The ELS appears to be the mostly used s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "ethics", "resume", "family", "education"] | 445 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611254 | [
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hometric properties (e.g., [ 1 , 16 , 41 , 49 ]). Respondents rated each item on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ( strongly disagree ) to 5 ( strongly agree ) to indicate the degree to which each statement describes their head teacher. Sample item includes: “Makes fair and balanced decisions”. A respondent can obtain a ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.394 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "ethics", "family"] | 450 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611314 | [
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teacher employs greater ethical leadership style. A high Cronbach’s alpha (α) of .89 obtained both in the current sample and in a recent study in Nigeria by Enwereuzor, Adeyemi, and Onyishi [ 19 ] is comparable to the .92 reported by Brown et al. Together, these indicate that the scale is highly reliable by surpassing ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "education", "decision_making", "ethics"] | 439 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611366 | [
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lains the choice of the ELS in the current study. Perceived leader integrity Perceived leader integrity was assessed with the 31-item Perceived Leader Integrity Scale (PLIS; [ 15 ]). The PLIS is an established means of assessing perception of leader integrity and widely used in research (e.g., [ 14 , 38 ]), which justi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.884 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education", "decision_making"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611418 | [
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ow well each item describes their immediate head teacher. Sample item include: “Would use my mistakes to attack me personally”. The items on the scale are negatively worded. Hence, we reverse scored them such that higher scores represent perceptions of higher leader integrity. A possible score on this scale ranged from... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.452 | 0.712 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 478 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611485 | [
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s also reported in a United States sample [ 14 ]. We obtained a comparable Cronbach’s α of .90 in the current sample, which exceeds the minimum benchmark of .70 required for research purpose [ 27 ]. The Cronbach’s α value obtained in the current sample indicates that the scale is highly reliable. Ethical climate We ass... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.586 | 0.862 | ["ethics", "philosophy"] | 469 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611536 | [
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The scale was designed to assess ethical climate. Respondents rated each item on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 ( strongly disagree ) to 5 ( strongly agree ) to indicate the degree of their agreement or disagreement with statement such as “People in my department recognize a moral dilemma right away”. A possible score ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.844 | ["ethics", "negotiation"] | 432 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611612 | [
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ter perception of organisational ethical climate. Arnaud reported Cronbach’s α ranging from .80 to .90 for each of the dimensions of the short form. The Cronbach’s α for the overall ethical climate in the current study was .79, which compares well with a recent study that reported .93 [ 20 ] and indicates that the scal... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.605 | 0.692 | ["ethics", "education", "philosophy"] | 413 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611668 | [
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ld of .70 stipulated for research purpose [ 27 ]. The popularity of the scale and established psychometric properties explain why the scale was used in the current study. Procedure We invited teachers to participate in the current study through a cover letter that was approved by the head teacher of each of the schools... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.522 | 0.864 | ["education", "family"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611721 | [
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participants to be honest in their responses, and informed them that the data would be used for research purposes only. Specifically, they were informed to report their ages in ranges rather than their true ages because our experience indicate that participants are reluctant to disclose their real ages in research in N... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.832 | ["philosophy", "social_justice"] | 426 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611785 | [
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raw at any time without any negative consequence. We collected data in three-time periods to minimise biases that may emanate when data for antecedent and outcome variables are collected at the same time from the same source [ 45 ]. At Time 1 (T 1), we collected data on participants’ demographics and ethical leadership... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.666 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 494 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611872 | [
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for ethical climate after another 2 weeks (T 3). Only participants that participated in the preceding wave of data collection were eligible to participate in the subsequent wave. Given the nature of data collection, we asked those that participated in T 1 to include any form of identification on the questionnaire which... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.551 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "ethics"] | 457 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.611983 | [
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ollect data in recent studies (e.g., [ 1 , 29 ]). All completed copies of the questionnaire were returned directly back to us, after which we verbally thanked the participants for their participation. Three hundred and forty-seven teachers participated from T 1 to T 3 out of the 379 teachers who initially agreed to par... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.86 | [] | 457 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612105 | [
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, T 2, and T 3), 336 were used for data analysis. The remaining 11 were discarded due to improper completion. Data collection lasted from January to April, 2018. Data analysis First, we conducted structural equation modelling (SEM) using Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 20 to test whether the hypothesized m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.854 | [] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612252 | [
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ics (means and standard deviations), and correlations among the study variables using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Next, we used ordinary least squares (OLS) regression-based path analysis based on 5000 bias-corrected (BC) bootstrapped samples to test the hypotheses. The OLS was perfor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.333 | 0.842 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 471 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612316 | [
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rather than using separate regression to test it. In this analysis, mediation exists if the BC confidence interval (CI) is entirely different from zero. Results The model adequacy was assessed using goodness-of-fit indices: the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), non-normed fit index (NNFI), and comparativ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.36 | 0.836 | ["ethics"] | 437 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612374 | [
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values up to .08 indicate acceptable fit [ 12 ]. NNFI and CFI values of .95 are judged as reflecting a good fit, whereas values of .90 represents acceptable fit [ 12 , 26 ]. Although, the results of the SEM revealed that the chi-square was significant ( x 2 = 1924.64, df = 17) = p < .001) due to the sample size [ 9 ], ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.73 | ["ethics"] | 450 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612445 | [
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to the data (NNFI = .98, CFI = .98, RMSEA = .02). Table 1 reports the means, standard deviations, and correlations among the variables. None of the demographic variables (i.e., gender, marital status, job position, education, and age) was significantly correlated with ethical leadership. Among the demographic variables... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.706 | ["leadership", "ethics", "career", "education"] | 491 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612500 | [
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ns with perceived leader integrity, respectively. These suggest that female teachers are less likely to perceive their leader (e.g., head teacher) in their workplace as someone with integrity as compared to their male counterparts, and also senior staff members are more likely to perceive their leader in their workplac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.634 | 0.862 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612553 | [
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correlation with ethical climate ( r = −.13, p = .014), indicating that those who are married are less likely to perceive ethical climate in their organisation than their unmarried workmates. Ethical leadership ( r = .42, p < .001) and perceived leader integrity ( r = .25, p < .001) were significantly and positively co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.646 | 0.69 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 439 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612603 | [
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nary evidence for confirmation of the hypotheses. The results of the OLS regression-based path analysis used for testing the hypotheses are summarised in Table 2 . Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and correlations Variable M SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Gender – – – 2 Marital status – – – – 3 Job position – – −.17 ** .40 ***... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.424 | 0.674 | ["leadership", "ethics", "career", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612660 | [
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I 107.98 17.64 −.12 * −.01 .12 * .02 .01 .25 *** – 8 Ethical climate 67.72 10.96 −.10 −.13* −.06 −.01 .02 .42 *** .25 *** Open in a new tab N = 336, * = p < .05 (2-tailed), ** = p < .01 (2-tailed), *** = p < .001 (2-tailed). PLI Perceived leader integrity. Gender was coded 0 = male, 1 = female; marital status: 0 = sing... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.613 | 0.662 | ["ethics", "education", "leadership", "career"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612728 | [
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/bachelor degree, 5 = postgraduate degree, such that higher scores indicated higher educational qualification. Age was coded 1 = < 25 years, 2 = 25–40 years, 3 = 41–56 years, 4 = > 56, with higher scores representing older age Table 2. Simple mediation from ethical leadership to perceived leader integrity to ethical cl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.732 | ["leadership", "ethics", "resume", "education"] | 474 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612779 | [
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.030 .153 = .004 EL ➝ EC .529 .067 .396 .662 < . 001 EL ➝ PLI ➝ EC .050 .026 .005 .106 Open in a new tab BC bootstrapping results were based on 5000 bootstrapped samples SE Standard error, BC Bias corrected, CI Confidence interval, EL Ethical leadership, PLI Perceived leader integrity, EC Ethical climate In the OLS reg... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.724 | ["leadership", "ethics", "career"] | 511 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612844 | [
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e hypotheses given that these three demographic variables were significantly correlated with perceived leader integrity or ethical climate as shown in Table 1 . Gender was significantly and negatively related to both perceived leader integrity (estimate = − 4.699, 95% CI: − 8.700, −.697, p = .021) and ethical climate (... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.64 | 0.718 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.612967 | [
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d teacher) in their workplace as someone with integrity and also less likely to see their school as being pervaded by ethical climate as compared to their male counterparts. Marital status and job position were not significantly related to perceived leader integrity and ethical climate. The results also show that there... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.677 | 0.856 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking", "career", "education"] | 483 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.613098 | [
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% CI: .328, .776, p < .001), which confirms H 1 . Perceived leader integrity had a direct positive relationship with ethical climate (estimate = .091, 95% CI: .030, .153, p = .004), and thus confirms H 2 . Ethical leadership had a direct positive relationship with ethical climate (estimate = .529, 95% CI: .396, .662, p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.724 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.613268 | [
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ader integrity (estimate = .050, 95% CI: .005, .106). Thus, the relationship between ethical leadership and ethical climate was mediated by perceived leader integrity given that the CI was completely different from zero, therefore H 4 was confirmed. Discussion This study aimed to add to the literature on ethical leader... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.591 | 0.828 | ["ethics", "leadership", "networking", "education"] | 431 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.613334 | [
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ty as the mechanism underlying this relationship. The study provides evidence in confirmation of H 1 that ethical leadership was positively related to perceived leader integrity. This means that the more teachers report that their head teacher demonstrates ethical leadership style, the more likely such teachers also pe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education"] | 467 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.613490 | [
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ership on subordinates’ perception of the leader. That is, the more head teachers walk their ethical talk, the more subordinate teachers are likely to rate such head teachers high in terms of integrity. In line with H 2 , the results also showed that perceived leader integrity was positively related to ethical climate.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.86 | ["ethics", "leadership"] | 492 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.613631 | [
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kplace as being pervaded by high ethical climate. This could be because such perception of leader integrity may signal to the subordinate teachers that anything short of integrity are not condoned, which may make them perceive the climate of their school as highly ethical. There was also evidence in confirmation of H 3... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.87 | ["ethics", "leadership", "communication", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.613838 | [
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oth in words and in deeds by using reward and punishment to elicit ethical conduct from subordinates may covey to teachers that unethical conducts are not condoned in the organisation. With such a leader, the teachers are likely to perceive that ethical climate pervades their school. This finding seems to align with th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.852 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education", "war_conflict"] | 466 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.614088 | [
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haviour of credible leaders in their environment. This finding also supports those of Neubert et al. [ 41 ], Mayer et al. [ 35 ], Shin [ 49 ], and Demirtas and Akdogan [ 16 ] who found that ethical leadership was positively related to ethical climate. Therefore, this finding may be generalised to non-teaching contexts ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.579 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 480 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.614587 | [
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orted among different climes in previous studies. Consistent with H 4 , perceived leader integrity also played a mediatory role between ethical leadership and ethical climate. This indicates that the influence of ethical leadership on ethical climate could be attributed to the role played by perceived leader integrity ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.614720 | [
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ership on teachers’ perception of ethical climate. When head teachers place high importance on ethical matters by leading by example as reflected in their behaviour, subordinate teachers are likely to perceive that such leaders have integrity. In turn, the perception of integrity is likely to spawn a general impression... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.655 | 0.826 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education"] | 413 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.614840 | [
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ate that pervades their school is highly ethical. To our knowledge, this is the first study that provides new evidence showing that perceived leader integrity mediated the relationship between ethical leadership and ethical climate. Limitations, strengths, and directions for future research Some limitations should be h... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.85 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education", "networking"] | 512 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.614901 | [
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adership on ethical climate, there are other variables that may influence ethical climate. Perhaps trust in leader is particularly missing from the model tested in our study. For instance, a head teacher who is ethical in performing his or her leadership role may deservedly win the trust of the subordinate teachers whi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7238651/ | Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 416 | Integrity Ethical Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T14:08:22.615011 | [
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0.03870099410414696,
0.028706856071949005,
0.0422201... |
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