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694. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/10987780 . [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 6. Milstein B, Wetterhall S. A Framework Featuring Steps and Standards for Program Evaluation. Health Promotion Practice. 2016 Jun 30;1(3):221–228. doi: 10.1177/152483990000100304. https://journals.sagepub.com/d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.527 | 0.67 | [] | 433 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.157704 | [
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ts suitable for a process and outcome evaluation. Flying Start [ 20 ] is part of Luton Borough Council, which is a part of the UK local government. It is a unitary local authority; as such, it provides all local services including health and social care, education, and learning. Flying Start aims to improve social, emo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.354 | 0.844 | ["education", "governance", "family"] | 411 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.158647 | [
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JMIR Res Protoc . 2019 Mar 5;8(3):e10075. doi: 10.2196/10075 Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework Rosemary Davidson Rosemary Davidson , PhD 1 Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom Fin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.846 | ["interview", "education"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.158810 | [
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United Kingdom Find articles by Gurch Randhawa 1 , Stephanie Cash Stephanie Cash , MA 2 Flying Start, Luton, United Kingdom Find articles by Stephanie Cash 2 Editor: Gunther Eysenbach Reviewed by: Beenish Chaudhry , Elske Ammenwerth , Les Becker , Hammad Durrani Author information Article notes Copyright and License in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.473 | 0.698 | ["philosophy", "interview", "education"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.158944 | [
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nding Author: Rosemary Davidson rosemary.davidson@beds.ac.uk ✉ Corresponding author. Received 2018 Feb 8; Revision requested 2018 Mar 31; Revised 2018 May 24; Accepted 2018 Nov 10; Collection date 2019 Mar. ©Rosemary Davidson, Gurch Randhawa, Stephanie Cash. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.487 | 0.674 | ["innovation", "strategy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.159037 | [
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tps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.researchprotocol... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.374 | 0.68 | ["philosophy", "innovation"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.159307 | [
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kground There is extensive literature on the methodology of evaluation research and the development and evaluation of complex interventions but little guidance on the formative stages before evaluation and how to work with partner organizations that wish to have their provision evaluated. It is important to be able to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.702 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.159449 | [
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in partnership with external organizations, in order to set up an evaluation. However, research evaluating programs or interventions rarely discusses these stages. Objective This study aimed to extend work on evaluability assessment and pre-evaluation planning by proposing an 8-Step Scoping Framework to enable the appr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.846 | ["strategy", "education"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.159582 | [
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sment and more recent evaluation guidance by describing the processes involved in working with partner organizations. Methods This paper documents the steps required to identify multiple complex interventions suitable for process and outcome evaluation. The steps were developed using an iterative approach by working al... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.826 | ["governance", "family"] | 459 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.159679 | [
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which interventions improve children’s outcomes. The process of identifying suitable programs for evaluation, thereby establishing the pre-evaluation steps, was tested using all Flying Start provision. Results The 8-Step Scoping Framework was described using the example of the local government organization Flying Start... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.377 | 0.84 | ["strategy", "governance", "family", "philosophy"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.162570 | [
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stions that encompass all programs offered by an organization, (2) gaining an in-depth understanding of the work and provision of an organization and engaging staff, (3) completing a data template per project/program offered, (4) assessing the robustness/validity of data across all programs, (5) deciding on projects su... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.527 | 0.694 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.163632 | [
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, (7) developing individual project evaluation protocols, and (8) applying for ethical approval from the university and partner organization. Conclusions This paper describes the processes involved in identifying suitable projects for evaluation. It adds to the existing literature on the assessment of specific programs... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.331 | 0.834 | ["strategy", "ethics", "education", "philosophy"] | 486 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.163946 | [
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tify suitable programs from a range of provision. This scoping framework particularly relates to academic partners and organizations tasked with delivering evidence-based services designed to meet local needs. The steps identified have been described in the context of early years provision but can be applied to a range... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.844 | ["strategy"] | 499 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.164114 | [
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entify projects suitable for academic evaluation. Keywords: complex interventions, early years, evaluation, multistakeholder provision Introduction There is extensive literature on evaluation research methodology and development and evaluation of complex interventions, from identifying existing evidence to measuring ou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.364 | 0.834 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.164228 | [
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ams for evaluation and the ways to work with partner organizations that wish to have their provision evaluated in order to build an evidence base related to their particular local, geographical or cultural context beyond basic advice [ 8 - 10 ]. A possible disadvantage of conducting a robust evaluation is the risk of f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.385 | 0.834 | ["strategy", "decision_making"] | 423 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.164349 | [
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uencing future funding decisions and reputations. Research on program evaluation rarely discusses the steps involved prior to evaluation in order to identify suitable projects, often with academic institutions working in partnership with external organizations to set up an evaluation. Guidance assumes that projects hav... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.81 | ["decision_making"] | 411 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.164477 | [
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led instructions to plan and conduct evaluations. For example, Newcomer et al assumed that the projects to be evaluated were already chosen, and evaluators and organization staff had planned their evaluation approach [ 11 ]. They described the fundamental considerations that evaluators and organizations should address ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.381 | 0.84 | ["communication"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.164589 | [
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propriate evaluation design, or identifying ways to apply an evaluation framework in a particular disciplinary context [ 12 ]. Pre-evaluation activities are mostly discussed in the literature on evaluability assessment, which was first conceptualized in the late 70s [ 13 ] after the costly, large-scale evaluations of m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.522 | 0.85 | [] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.164663 | [
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sults, were thought to be the result of inadequate program definition and lack of development and specification of causal links between intervention actions and expected results. In response, a “pre-assessment of evaluability” was developed to improve evaluation methodology, not by assessing whether a program can be ev... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.698 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.164774 | [
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sults-oriented management, and whether evaluation is likely to contribute to improved program performance” [ 14 ]. Evaluability assessment has been revived in recent years, because the demand for evidence-based practice of has increased [ 15 ]. Evaluability assessment is a systematic method to plan robust evaluations a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.419 | 0.854 | ["management", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.164850 | [
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sions on evaluation methodology before funds are committed. The approach is viewed as a way to balance the growing demand for evidence through evaluation when limited resources are available [ 15 ]. A recent rapid scoping review showed the range of interventions that have been assessed by evaluability assessment method... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.355 | 0.862 | ["crisis"] | 509 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.164925 | [
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and National Driver Retraining Programme [ 19 ]. Evaluability assessment focuses on the feasibility of evaluating a specific intervention and usually involves the following key stages: structured engagement with stakeholders to understand the context of a particular intervention and ensure evaluation findings are meani... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.533 | 0.694 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.164997 | [
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ish quality of evidence already available, and recommendations for proposed evaluation designs. Evaluability assessment allows researchers to assess the suitability of a specific intervention for evaluation by working through the aforementioned four stages. As it is designed to assess the suitability of a particular in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.533 | 0.834 | ["strategy"] | 485 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165066 | [
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ise to identify projects suitable for evaluation. The 8-Step Scoping Framework detailed here guides researchers and stakeholders through the stages prior to evaluability assessment, where the appetite for evaluation exists but the scope is ill defined. The 8 steps described are discussed using an example of a local gov... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.383 | 0.844 | ["governance"] | 486 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165132 | [
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ld be applied and tailored, where appropriate, to all the projects to be evaluated: Observations of staff and facilitator training sessions Observations of intervention sessions with facilitators working with families and children Individual interviews (or focus groups, where deemed appropriate) with staff once interve... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.561 | 0.696 | ["interview", "family"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165197 | [
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rom the point of pregnancy to the age of 5 years. The importance of the early years and inequality in developmental outcomes is well documented [ 21 - 26 ]. Flying Start and the University of Bedfordshire are developing a process and outcome-evaluation framework to establish the efficacy of their multistakeholder provi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.5 | 0.836 | ["strategy", "interview", "social_justice", "education"] | 413 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165278 | [
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e the provision offered meets local needs [ 27 ]. In this paper, the term “provision” most often refers to all the work of an organization to discern what it offers; “programs” or “services” are terms more likely used by an organization to describe the services they offer to the public or clients; and “intervention” is... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.466 | 0.706 | ["strategy"] | 459 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165343 | [
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t is subject to a process and outcome evaluation. There is limited information in the literature about the steps required to identify suitable interventions before conducting an evaluation. This paper therefore aims (1) to extend work on evaluability assessment and pre-evaluation scoping by proposing an 8-Step Scoping ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.854 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165421 | [
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ble for evaluation and (2) to add to the literature on evaluability assessment and more recent evaluation guidance by describing the processes involved when working with partner organizations. Methods This paper documents the steps involved in identifying multiple complex interventions suitable for process and outcome ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.814 | [] | 415 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165482 | [
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amework to identify complex health interventions. The framework guides the selection of suitable interventions for evaluation from a range of projects. Evaluability assessment allows in-depth appraisal of one project and is particularly important when considering the evaluation of larger, costly interventions before ma... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.82 | ["strategy", "decision_making"] | 426 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165550 | [
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ailed evaluation planning ( Figure 1 ). Figure 1. Open in a new tab Context of 8-Step Scoping Framework in relation to evaluability assessment and evaluation planning. To refine these stages, an iterative approach was taken in order to develop the steps described below. The process was developed through regular meeting... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.376 | 0.856 | ["strategy", "economy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165623 | [
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d were able to form a critical understanding of stakeholder priorities, and practical considerations were balanced with research objectives. A log was maintained to document progress during the process of identifying projects suitable for evaluation. The 8-Step Scoping Framework was developed over an 11-month period th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.553 | 0.818 | ["philosophy"] | 417 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165689 | [
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ton Borough Council, and associated stakeholders. Table 1 details the nature of the meetings, attendee numbers, affiliations, and their roles in the development of the pre-evaluation framework. The meetings were conducted concurrently during the development of the framework. All meetings, except the Scoping Framework p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.844 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165756 | [
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nderstanding of Flying Start provision, range, number, and development of services. The Partnership Board and Project Evaluation Group meetings allowed the input of a range of professionals on evaluation scoping strategy, identification of framework steps, and feedback on framework development through various iteration... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.572 | 0.836 | ["strategy", "career"] | 507 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165822 | [
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oping criteria to Flying Start projects. Table 1. Characteristics of the meetings used to develop the 8-Step Scoping Framework. Characteristic LBC a and Flying Start Partnership Board Flying Start Project-Evaluation Group Flying Start staff Scoping Framework planning Number of meetings held over the framework-developme... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.846 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165899 | [
0.06084297224879265,
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ears services Forum to discuss evaluation approaches for Flying Start services Staff to update on progress and discuss any arising matters Mapping of Scoping Framework progress Attendees Council heads of services, Flying Start staff, early years and public sector organizations, midwives, nutritionists, general practiti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.566 | 0.69 | ["education", "management", "interview"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.165969 | [
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ears services, and university evaluation team Flying Start senior staff and university evaluation team Approximate number of attendees 15-20 stakeholders 8-12 15-20 3-5 Role in framework development Input from a range of professionals and feedback on framework development Identifying framework steps through various ite... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.588 | 0.694 | ["management", "education", "strategy", "career"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166038 | [
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services/programs offered Open in a new tab a LBC: Luton Borough Council. Formulation of the steps was led by the following key aims: to determine ways to obtain a full understanding of the provision offered by an organization; to arrive at a consensus on the type of questions to be asked in order to assess suitability... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.403 | 0.724 | ["strategy", "philosophy", "decision_making", "negotiation"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166105 | [
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sion on suitable projects, space for negotiation with project leads, and development of stand-alone project-evaluation protocols per chosen project. Meeting minutes with decisions made were typed up and circulated for comment and discussion as the framework steps were defined and clarified. The process of identifying s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.541 | 0.824 | ["strategy", "decision_making", "negotiation"] | 439 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166176 | [
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eps, was tested using all Flying Start provision. During the framework-development period, 36 programs/services were offered by Flying Start to families in Luton. First and successive drafts of the Scoping Framework were presented to Flying Start, council staff, researchers, and associated stakeholders over time. Resul... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.36 | 0.854 | ["strategy", "governance"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166240 | [
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ent organization Flying Start to illustrate how each step contributes to the ultimate aim of finding projects suitable for process and outcome evaluation. Figure 2. Open in a new tab The 8-Step Scoping Framework for identifying complex health interventions suitable for evaluation. Step 1 – Formulating Overarching Key Q... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.432 | 0.858 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166317 | [
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ether the organization has an overarching aim guiding the content and purpose of their provision. Can this be translated into a research question to guide an evaluation? When considering multiple projects, is there a coherent research question that encompasses all projects? Most organizations will have key aims or a mi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.862 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166382 | [
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its focus and that the research question aligns with the objectives of the organization. In the case of Flying Start, a part of the Luton Borough Council, the overarching research question to guide the evaluation strategy was “What impact does an integrated early year’s strategy make on a life ready for learning at age... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.551 | 0.85 | ["strategy", "family", "education"] | 472 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166467 | [
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art succeeded in improving child/family outcomes? Was Flying Start more successful with certain groups and why? What aspects of Flying Start did participants (families) find most beneficial? Irrespective of whether the organization has specific programs it wishes to evaluate or is led in consultation with an academic p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.405 | 0.86 | ["strategy", "family"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166535 | [
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Start, the requirement to evaluate their provision was a priority, but what was to be evaluated was unclear. Through a series of meetings, a logic model was developed to identify a set of questions that would help to both understand the provision and assess its suitability for evaluation [ 28 ]. What services would len... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.862 | ["strategy"] | 500 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166602 | [
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building a credible evidence base for their work? How to be strategic with the evaluation, given the finite resources and research capacity? In order to answer these questions, it is essential to negotiate access to the organization and be available to attend meetings, particularly where staff are given a forum to disc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.399 | 0.87 | ["strategy", "negotiation"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166679 | [
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working in a considerable range of ways to deliver services. The researcher can begin understanding in detail how provision fits together, who it is aimed at, and the level of need it attempts to address. Underlying all these issues, however, is an understanding of the pressures an organization faces, such as lack of s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.438 | 0.864 | ["communication", "strategy", "governance"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166749 | [
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funding, getting services up and running, and reaching those who need help most but are least likely to access services. Attending meetings and building relationships cement trust [ 1 ] and allays fears around being the subject of an evaluation. If a researcher is available to answer questions and give advice more gene... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.862 | ["networking"] | 510 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166838 | [
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y across all services, not only the interventions chosen for evaluation. Step 3 – Completion of a Data Template per Project/Program Offered Understanding the range and content of an organization’s provision is different from establishing suitability for evaluation. With Flying Start, a template was developed for projec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.846 | ["philosophy", "strategy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166904 | [
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to inception; key performance indicators linked to outcomes (eg, communication and language, nutrition and diet, and social and emotional development); the data available and what it signifies; who owns the data (is it in the public domain?); who the data custodian is; how often data is collected; opportunities for tra... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.704 | ["communication", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.166988 | [
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are likely to be involved in more than one program; and the start date and length of intervention ( Multimedia Appendix 1 ). Researchers also agreed on key terminology during the process to avoid misunderstandings. For example, the term “provision” was used to describe the range of work an organization does to discern ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.87 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.167066 | [
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fic term used to describe a project, program, or service that lends itself to a process and outcome evaluation. An evaluation workshop was then organized with all project leads and other key Flying Start staff with the aim of encouraging staff to think about ways to evaluate their provision, answer evaluation and resea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.337 | 0.86 | ["strategy"] | 477 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.167135 | [
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ere offered by Flying Start to families in Luton. The staff divided them into 8 domains: Antenatal/baby, Communication, Life course approach to healthy weight, Child mental health, Strong and supportive parents, System changes, Child safety, and Other. The event helped engage stakeholders in meaningful ways [ 29 ], fos... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.527 | 0.862 | ["communication", "strategy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.167251 | [
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f their provision, and offer overall criteria to refer to in order to understand why some provision may be more suitable for evaluation. Possession of the completed data templates allowed different projects to be assessed and compared, leading to the next step. Step 4 – Assessing Robustness/Validity of Data Across All ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.403 | 0.84 | ["strategy", "leadership"] | 460 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.167338 | [
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or evaluation could be approached systematically. It was easier to approach project leads with any follow-up questions after referring to the templates. Key criteria ( Table 2 ) for deciding on projects were assessment of quality of data (ie, use of validated outcome tools/scales for data collection); presence of an ex... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.555 | 0.866 | [] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.167430 | [
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rvention [ 29 ]; whether a theory can be identified or developed if no theory is evident [ 2 ]; presence of any other factors that drive the program, such as experience and professional practice [ 1 ]; whether the intervention is developed to a point that it can reasonably be expected to have a worthwhile effect [ 2 ];... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.734 | ["career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.167526 | [
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ble to make comparisons with control groups in order to measure progress of those using a service or participating in an intervention. Practical considerations were paramount; for example, had a project already started [ 9 ]? How long would the project/intervention run for? What were the funding restrictions? Strategic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.866 | ["strategy"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.167600 | [
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nd therefore yield the quantity and depth of data required. Table 2. Criteria for assessing data related to projects/interventions. Criteria Sign 4 HENRY a Incredible Years Parents as Partners Data quality/outcome data Sufficient Sufficient Sufficient Sufficient Theoretical basis Yes Yes Yes Yes In-built evaluation too... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.373 | 0.85 | [] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.167715 | [
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data Baseline data Baseline data Has the project started? Yes Yes Yes Under negotiation Funding terms Funded Funded Funded Under negotiation Is it scalable or does it involve multiple cohorts? Yes Yes Yes Yes Open in a new tab a HENRY: Healthy Exercise Nutrition for the Really Young. Services that appear suitable for e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.341 | 0.858 | ["negotiation"] | 493 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.167811 | [
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as issues with recruitment or referral processes. Such problems are particularly significant when working with vulnerable families to, for example, assess the level of support required and willingness to engage with or attend services. Strategic decisions may have to be made to focus attention and resources elsewhere i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.395 | 0.83 | ["strategy", "decision_making"] | 457 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.168192 | [
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cruitment, or referrals of suitable participants. An exception may be made if a decision is taken to focus only on an early stage process study of an intervention that may not take off but may have strategic importance to an organization and contribute to academic debate. Such negotiations are most constructive when th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.832 | ["strategy", "decision_making", "negotiation", "networking", "education"] | 431 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.168358 | [
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e discussions and fruitful working relationships. Step 5 – Decision on Projects Suitable for Evaluation and Requiring Additional Data By applying the abovementioned criteria in step 4, the projects lending themselves to evaluation were identified. Research capacity [ 1 ] was then used as a guiding factor to ascertain w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.834 | ["decision_making", "networking"] | 435 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.168481 | [
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with timelines for each project under evaluation. As Flying Start offers a wide range of early years provision, it was also important, where practicably possible, to reflect diversity in the projects chosen. The provision/ interventions chosen were Sign 4 Little Talkers/Big Feelings [ 30 , 31 ], which uses sign languag... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.866 | ["strategy", "family"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.168570 | [
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he Really Young (HENRY) [ 32 - 34 ], an obesity-prevention program for families with children below 5 years of age; Incredible Years [ 35 - 37 ], a parenting program for high risk socioeconomically disadvantaged families with children aged 3-5 years old having behavioral problems; and Parents as Partners [ 38 , 39 ], w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.471 | 0.704 | ["family", "networking"] | 461 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.168662 | [
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and developmental outcomes ( Table 3 ). Table 3. Complex interventions identified by application of the 8-Step Scoping Framework. Project characteristics Sign 4 HENRY a Incredible Years Parents as Partners Scope To improve vocabulary and communication in preschool children Obesity prevention for parents of preschool ch... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.846 | ["family", "education", "communication", "networking", "resume"] | 510 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.168756 | [
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Aims To investigate the impact of Sign 4 on early years outcomes and implementation, and lay and professional views To investigate pre- and postintervention impact on self-reported outcomes and implementation, and lay and professional views To investigate pre- and postintervention impact on self-reported outcomes and i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.647 | ["career"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.168898 | [
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d lay and professional views Number of participants (n) Preschool children (1500) Parents (20) Staff (30) Stakeholders (5) Parents (200) Facilitators (10) Stakeholders (5) Parents (140) Facilitators (10) Stakeholders (5) Parents (100) Facilitators (12) Stakeholders (5) Data type Early years outcomes, well-being scales,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.68 | ["interview", "career", "family", "education"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.169000 | [
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questionnaires, and interviews Open in a new tab a HENRY: Healthy Exercise Nutrition for the Really Young. These projects already have systems in place to collect outcome data pre- and postintervention, with some opportunities to compare outcome data with existing larger datasets. Two of the four chosen are established... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.495 | 0.828 | ["interview"] | 446 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.169098 | [
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blished evidence demonstrating improved outcomes. In terms of conducting evaluation research in Luton, we identified further cross-cutting questions resulting from the development of an in-depth knowledge of both provision and context, such as how established programs perform when implemented in highly ethnically and c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.374 | 0.7 | ["strategy", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.169199 | [
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adaptation [ 2 ]; whether Flying Start is able to replicate the positive results reported from pilot studies or improve on outcomes published elsewhere; and collecting qualitative process data to understand how such improved outcomes were achieved (or not), which is an aspect of particular value to Flying Start, given ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.706 | [] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.169285 | [
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ith follow-up interviews at 6 and 12 months The five steps described then lead to the sixth step, developing individual evaluation protocols. Step 6 – Negotiating With Chosen Project Leads Both Within and Outside the Organization In order to develop a separate, specific evaluation protocol per project, it was necessary... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.868 | ["interview"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.169388 | [
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as a plan to conduct a robust process and outcome evaluation; however, it was vital to receive regular feedback from Flying Start staff on what was achievable. This would include negotiating access to observe particular staff training sessions, meetings, mentoring, and shadowing routine visits and key program sessions ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.403 | 0.702 | [] | 510 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.169492 | [
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... | ||
the anxieties of stressed staff with challenging workloads; and actively listening to personnel involved at all levels about their concerns and aspects/dimensions of the programs that they particularly wanted to know more about, given their expertise of the local context and population demographics. While working in de... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.463 | 0.7 | ["strategy", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.169605 | [
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hole, specifically, the potential themes underlying all projects delivered. In the case of Flying Start provision, a training course attended by a large proportion of Luton’s early years workforce—Five to Thrive [ 40 , 41 ]—was of particular interest; this course coaches staff to apply evidence-based neuroscientific ap... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.355 | 0.834 | ["strategy", "family"] | 469 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.169712 | [
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, playing, relaxing, and cuddling their children. Representing a cornerstone of the Flying Start strategy, all study protocols included the aim of investigating the impact of this training on staff as a part of each process evaluation. Step 7 – Development of Individual Project Evaluation Protocols Protocol drafts were... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.555 | 0.83 | ["strategy", "family", "education"] | 435 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.169805 | [
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d questioned the evaluation approach and content. For particular projects where Flying Start had subcontracted part of the delivery to a partner organization offering the intervention, the protocols were also sent out externally for feedback and clarification as well as to academic colleagues based in other universitie... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.82 | [] | 429 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.169895 | [
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the original intervention or evaluations thereof. Once protocol drafts were approved, topic guide questions were formulated for the proposed process evaluation for each project. These questions were tailored for interviews with different stakeholders—Flying Start leads/commissioners, project leads, frontline staff/sess... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.567 | 0.834 | ["interview", "philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.170042 | [
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propriate) involved in the delivery of each project in order to draw upon their expertise and ensure key topics were explored sufficiently and no aspects were overlooked. With agreement on the content of the topic guides, information sheets, and consent forms, it was possible to apply for ethical approval. Step 8 – App... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.864 | ["ethics", "philosophy", "negotiation", "education"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.170155 | [
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e, has systems in place as a result of systematic and ongoing evaluations of health interventions, a local authority working with an academic partner is less common. Ethical approval was sought from both the University of Bedfordshire and Luton Borough Council. Applications had to fulfil requirements of both the Instit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.363 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "resume", "interview", "education", "philosophy"] | 438 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.170369 | [
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ormed consent, data protection, and data storage. We worked with the Council’s Information Governance Team to ensure the requirements of their Tier 3 Information Sharing Agreement, detailing data-sharing processes for each Flying Start project under evaluation, were met as well as to write a master Information Sharing ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.398 | 0.828 | ["philosophy", "negotiation", "management"] | 437 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.170532 | [
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re to as part of the evaluation research process. Additional time was required to ensure that the Council’s data-sharing and informed consent guidance was met, which must also adhere to European Union law in this area. Finally, each research protocol was registered in the ISRCTN (International Standard Registered Clini... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.852 | ["governance", "war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.170645 | [
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ote transparency and reduce duplication and selective reporting [ 27 , 42 - 44 ]. Discussion Overview This paper describes the preparation and work required to identify multiple complex projects/interventions suitable for process and outcome evaluation from a range of provision offered by an organization (in this case,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.37 | 0.83 | ["strategy"] | 430 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.170721 | [
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of local council provision in the United Kingdom. It details the complexities of academic partners working with a local authority to lay the foundation for a robust evaluation, with the aim of sharing this learning with others who are considering working within a similar model. We outline these steps in relation to pre... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.365 | 0.844 | ["strategy", "education"] | 485 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.170798 | [
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sment, prior to embarking on evaluation research. Our work adds to existing literature on evaluation methodology by setting out the steps required, particularly related to academic partners and organizations tasked with delivering services designed to meet local needs. After the 8 steps are completed, or the process is... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.852 | [] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.170859 | [
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e large scale, costly interventions requiring considerable resources to evaluate and pressure to produce conclusive results. Furthermore, an advantage of using the 8 steps prior to evaluability assessment is that many of the questions about an intervention’s performance and expected outcomes have already been explored ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.816 | ["philosophy", "management"] | 411 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.170932 | [
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de about intervention management and performance. For smaller scale interventions, the use of the 8-Step Scoping Framework may be sufficient to allow progression to the evaluation-planning stage. Limitations The 8-Step Pre-evaluation Framework covers the early stages of evaluation planning to identify complex intervent... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.459 | 0.848 | ["strategy", "communication", "management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171048 | [
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5 , 46 ] and how including such expertise may strengthen an evaluation and offer a business case for future funding or commissioning decisions [ 47 ]. Further work should be undertaken to address how and when economic expertise would fit in to evaluation planning and how additional resources would be factored in to all... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.429 | 0.876 | ["communication", "strategy", "decision_making", "governance"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171116 | [
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base but is intended to be applied in other contexts where the goal is to develop a program of evaluation to identify what works. This could be, for example, healthcare, national government, or educational settings. Key criteria are that some form of program, provision, or service be offered with a defined purpose to c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.87 | ["strategy", "governance", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171185 | [
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wide variety of settings and contexts where academic evaluation is required. However, further refinement will likely be required, as others apply the 8-Step Framework and report on its generalizability and their experiences of identifying projects/interventions for evaluation. The 8 steps are contingent upon an organiz... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.832 | ["strategy"] | 454 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171259 | [
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es to ensure that data collection can take place. It requires researchers with good interpersonal and communication skills who are able to ask the pertinent questions and develop positive working relationships [ 47 ]. It is also important to note that the process of identifying suitable interventions is, in part, itera... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.866 | ["communication", "networking"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171326 | [
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cient use of time while considering a wide range of provision. Evaluation Challenges, and Future Plans The 8-Step Scoping Framework will be refined by continuing to work with Flying Start to identify further projects for evaluation in 2019 as well as seeking detailed feedback on how the organization has found the exper... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.384 | 0.864 | ["strategy", "crisis"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171443 | [
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... | ||
it will be possible to reflect further and refine the steps set out in this paper. The ongoing impact of evaluation work is a dynamic process. As early results emerge, positive effects will reinforce original decisions to build an evidence base, whereas less conclusive or negative results may lead to skepticism and dis... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.339 | 0.86 | ["decision_making"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171517 | [
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r of how process findings should help improve different aspects of provision, may help resolve any arising issues. We highlight the importance of developing positive working relationships and harnessing the expertise of organizations to ensure an evaluation asks the pertinent questions and explores the key issues. Four... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.416 | 0.832 | ["strategy", "networking"] | 442 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171585 | [
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HENRY, Incredible Years, and Parents as Partners. The selected projects fulfil our evaluation criteria to varying degrees: They collect key outcome data, allow comparisons with control groups, are established or imminent, are sizeable and scalable to allow for a mixed-methods approach, and use databases to allow tracki... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.545 | 0.844 | [] | 475 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171646 | [
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enable us to assess what works and why it works. The steps identified have been described in the context of early years provision but can be applied to broader community-based evaluations. The process of formulating key evaluation questions in step 1 will ensure that the overarching evaluation strategy will retain its ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.864 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171716 | [
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tic and achievable goals with the help of a detailed timetable, including contingency plans and a degree of slippage. Consideration must be given to issues of fidelity, whereby interventions may differ substantially between areas/settings, as projects need to adapt and take into account the needs of different communiti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.854 | ["crisis"] | 511 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171858 | [
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f working with diverse communities, people do not fit into nicely packaged intervention and evaluation “boxes”. Abbreviations HENRY Healthy Exercise Nutrition for the Really Young LBC Luton Borough Council Multimedia Appendix 1 Data template for the project/program offered. resprot_v8i3e10075_app1.pdf (38.3KB, pdf) Foo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.834 | ["education"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.171934 | [
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tified projects for evaluation, liaised with project leads, developed and drafted individual project-evaluation protocols, applied for ethical approval, and drafted the manuscript. GR was the principal investigator and provided oversight for the study and comments on the entire manuscript. SC provided oversight for the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.824 | ["education", "ethics"] | 449 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.172001 | [
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ided comments and edits on the entire manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: RD received funding from the University of Bedfordshire and Flying Start Luton, UK, for this study. References 1. Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, Bond L, Bonell C, Hardeman W, Moore L, O'Cathain A, Tinati T, Wight D, Baird J. Process evaluation of c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.682 | ["education", "interview", "war_conflict"] | 466 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.172075 | [
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258. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/25791983 . [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 2. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new Medical Research Council guidance. Int J Nurs Stud. 2013 May;50(5):587–92. doi: 10.1... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6423464/ | Identification of Complex Health Interventions Suitable for Evaluation: Development and Validation of the 8-Step Scoping Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.71 | ["interview"] | 512 | Kotter Change Leadership Framework | topic | 2026-04-15T16:58:05.172141 | [
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