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Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2022 Sep 28;19(19):12373. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191912373 Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees’ Performance and Well-Being: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review Bruna Ferrara Bruna Ferrara 1 Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, 00193 Rome, Ital... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.581 | 0.828 | ["philosophy"] | 447 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.904368 | [
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ent of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, 00193 Rome, Italy Find articles by Martina Pansini 1, * , Clara De Vincenzi Clara De Vincenzi 1 Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, 00193 Rome, Italy Find articles by Clara De Vincenzi 1 , Ilaria Buonomo Ilaria Buonomo 1 Department... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.847 | [] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.904862 | [
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Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, 00193 Rome, Italy Find articles by Paula Benevene 1 Editors: Gabriela Topa 1 , Xuesong Zhai 1 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Department of Human Studies, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta, 00193 Rome, Italy * Corre... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.856 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.905130 | [
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Collection date 2022 Oct. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9566387 PMID: 36231675 Abstract Remote wo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.68 | ["innovation"] | 447 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.905309 | [
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de the organization due to the use of technology. Several research papers showed that different assumptions are linked to remote work because of the flexibility and autonomy granted to employees when working remotely or from home. This review consistently aims to describe remote work’s role in employees’ well-being and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.85 | ["family", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.905446 | [
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hed from 2010 until 2021 were selected for this review. Findings showed various and mixed consequences on employees’ performance and well-being. Specifically, remote working affects employees’ perceptions about themselves and their workplaces and contributes to their physical and mental health, particularly regarding w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.812 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 427 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.905869 | [
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ng implementation will be discussed in the paper. Keywords: employees wellbeing, work-health balance, occupational health promotion, innovative, intrapreneurial skills, positive attitudes at work, smart learning, working environments 1. Introduction According to Eurofound 2020 [ 1 ] estimates, approximately 40% of empl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.417 | 0.852 | ["education"] | 511 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.905949 | [
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and before the outbreak, just 15% of the employed in the EU had ever worked from home [ 3 ]. While remote work (or work from home) was not introduced because of the pandemic, the healthcare emergency pushed enormously towards this shift. Therefore, adopting new forms of work organization based on flexibility and autono... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.876 | ["family", "strategy", "crisis", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 505 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.906021 | [
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niversally accepted definition of telework [ 5 ]. Instead, according to the studies published in the last two years, different names covering different patterns of new ways of working emerged. In most cases, the same term is used for several types of work, leading to overlaps. Apart from telework, other terms referring... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.37 | 0.894 | ["leadership", "family", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.906091 | [
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10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], telecommuting [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], or e-working [ 17 ]. These constitute the most recurrent terminology covering different patterns of work organization outside the workplace. Despite the lexical issue, all these terms are built around two main concepts: (1) being physically outside the organization’s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.436 | 0.858 | [] | 470 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.910064 | [
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ill use the abovementioned terms interchangeably. Apart from the definition issue, the amount of weekly work schedule arranged as remote working depends on each organization and, eventually, the choice can be left to employees [ 18 ]. Such solutions have proven to decrease office costs (e.g., related to heating, office... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.556 | 0.842 | ["decision_making"] | 443 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.910250 | [
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, lower traffic congestion and pollution) [ 20 ]. Several assumptions are linked to remote work because of the flexibility and autonomy granted to employees when working from home. First, it is assumed that remote work may lower employees’ stress and burnout, and reduce work fatigue and work-home conflict, thus enhanci... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.832 | ["career", "family", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 420 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.910380 | [
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which, in turn, increases job performance [ 21 ]. On the other hand, there are other assumptions about the potential drawbacks of remote work at both individual and organizational levels. For example, employees working from home might face problems linked to poor ergonomic facilities, leading to muscular pain or even w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "career", "family", "philosophy"] | 448 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.910455 | [
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a specific time frame for the end of work [ 22 ]. More than that, work isolation may jeopardize employees’ sense of belonging to their organization [ 23 ] and compromise receiving social support from colleagues, increasing the risk of stress and anxiety [ 22 ]. Overall, current research defining what remote working is ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.58 | 0.852 | ["negotiation"] | 498 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.910839 | [
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esses and employees’ well-being and productivity. At the same time, the last two years required organizations to massively use ICT-based solutions, which implied workplace-relevant changes in HR practices and organizational models, due to the higher flexibility required [ 24 ]. Significant challenges are posed by the n... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.403 | 0.826 | ["management", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 419 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.910922 | [
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rmance and recognize individual and team results. Remote work cannot allow the direct monitoring and assessment of the work done during the time spent in the office [ 4 ]. At the same time, the unprecedented times in which this shift occurred did not allow organizations to clearly structure such processes [ 24 ]. Simil... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.58 | 0.874 | ["management"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.910995 | [
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a flexible work environment [ 21 ], and others suffering from the reduced attendance in the office [ 23 ]. Remote work is due to stay after the emergence of the pandemic, and organizational changes are far from being concluded [ 25 ]. However, the speed and the rate of the shift toward partial or total remote work depe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.872 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911154 | [
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the employees’ disposal, the employees’ skills and competencies in dealing with these new ways of working, and the feasibility of dislocating tasks and duties outside the office. Undoubtedly, time, working conditions and organizational processes are linked to substantial differences in teleworkers’ performance and well... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.848 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911240 | [
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unities linked to teleworking and which conditions and settings shape the teleworkers’ satisfaction, well-being, safety, and performance [ 18 ]. To sum up, the spread of papers describing the role of teleworking on employees generated a massive amount of knowledge, that is potentially helpful for managers and researche... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.388 | 0.826 | ["management", "education", "philosophy"] | 433 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911374 | [
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nt sustainable for individuals and organizations. At the same time, findings on the effects and the applicability of remote working are still mixed. For these reasons, this paper aims to provide a systematic literature review of the risks and opportunities for employees’ stress and well-being when teleworking, as they ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.858 | ["philosophy"] | 508 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911461 | [
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d published in a time range from 2010 until 2021. Regarding the exclusion criteria, publications different than research articles in peer-reviewed journals and conceptual papers on remote working were considered unrelated to this review. 2.1. Information Sources and Search Strategy Databases and search engines, such as... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.854 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911560 | [
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g combination of keywords: “remote working” or “telework” or “eworking” or “e-working” or “work from home” or “home-based tele-work” or “virtual working” or telecommuting or “smart working” or “agile working” or “agile work” or “smart work” or “teleworking” or “ework” or “e-work” or “home working” or “home work” or “ho... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.702 | ["family"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911631 | [
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“well-being” or “well-being” or “stress” or “technostress” or “tecnostress” The keywords covered two main topics: the definition of remote working and psychosocial dimensions. These were searched in the publication title or/and abstract or/and paper keywords. 2.2. Data Collection Process As shown in Figure 1 , after ap... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.828 | [] | 429 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911695 | [
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of 20 papers was deemed suitable for this review. Table 1 reports for each paper information about the methods (study methodology, sample), the teleworking definition, and the tested relationships. Figure 1. Open in a new tab PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews which included searches of databases and r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.331 | 0.858 | ["networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911782 | [
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an the total number across all databases/registers). Table 1. Characteristics of included studies. Authors Paper Characteristic Participant Characteristics Remote Working Definition Effects Reported Year Study Methodology Organization (Type) Participants Antecedents Positive Outcomes Negative Outcomes Fonner et al., 20... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.842 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911852 | [
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orm their regular work ata site other than the ordinary workplace, supported by technological connections” [ 27 ]. high-intensity telework lower work-life conflict; higher job satisfaction Fonner et al., 2012 [ 23 ]. 2012 Quantitative ns N = 192 (89 teleworkers and 103 office-based employees) Telework is a “work arrang... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.531 | 0.842 | ["networking", "career", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 463 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911924 | [
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, supported by technological connections” [ 27 ]. high connectivity due to telework lower identification; higher stress from interruptions Grant et al., 2013 [ 28 ] 2013 Qualitative five organizations across three sectors (private, public and voluntary) N = 11 (e-workers) E-work is defined as “any form of substitution ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.858 | ["philosophy", "communication", "networking"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.911992 | [
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orkers to the work” [ 29 ] Over-working and lack of time for recuperation adverse impacts on well-being Higgins et al.., 2014 [ 30 ] 2014 Quantitative ns N = 16,145 (7102 men and 9043 women) Telework is “the practice of working from home, making use of the Internet, email, and the telephone” [ 30 ] telework and high wo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.88 | ["family", "career", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.913355 | [
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s) ns teleworking days high positive job-related affective well-being (PAWB); low negative job-related affective well-being (NAWB) Henke et al., 2016 [ 22 ] 2016 Quantitative ns ns Telecommuting is “working from a home office or, less commonly, from another offsite location of the employee’s choosing” [ 22 ]. low-inten... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.504 | 0.854 | ["career", "family"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.913478 | [
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orkers) Telework is “… a flexible work arrangement whereby workers work in locations, remote from their central offices or production facilities, with no personal contact with co-workers, but the ability to communicate with co-workers usingICT” [ 33 ]. Social support and teleworker support higher job satisfaction; lowe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.854 | ["career", "communication"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.913693 | [
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mitment lower work-life balance (WLB) Leung et al., 2017 [ 35 ] 2017 Qualitative ns N = 509 (teleworkers) Telecommuting is a “flexible work arrangement that allows employees, usually with the aid of ICTs, to perform their tasks in various locations, primarily at home” [ 19 , 36 ]. low flexibility, high permeability and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.544 | 0.872 | ["family", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.913777 | [
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s “an alternative work arrangement in which employees perform tasks elsewhere that are normally done in a primary or central workplace, for at least some portion of their work schedule, using electronic media to interact with others inside and outside the organization” [ 38 ]. technology and job characteristics higher ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.533 | 0.86 | ["career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.913847 | [
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k practice thatinvolves members of an organization substituting a portion of theirtypical work hours to work away from a central workplace—typically principally from home—using technology to interact withothers as needed to conduct work tasks.’’ [ 21 ]. social support, participation and task autonomy higher work-relate... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.844 | ["family"] | 511 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.913932 | [
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nable greater control to the employees, providing psychological and tangible resources to enhance well-being” [ 41 , 42 , 43 ] Flexible employment arrangements higher workplace performance Giménez-Nadal et al., 2019 [ 44 ] 2019 Quantitative ns N = 43,374 (22,083 males; 21,291 females) ns male teleworkers lower levels o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.553 | 0.86 | ["career", "philosophy", "family"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914004 | [
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onal performance, social and professional relationships, learning, work motivation Delanoeije et al., 2020 [ 46 ] 2020 Quantitative Engineering N = 78 (39 intervention group; 39 control group) Home-based telework is “a work arrangement that allows employees to execute working tasks from home during some portion of the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.854 | ["family", "philosophy", "communication", "motivation", "networking"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914236 | [
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ent and performance Kazekami 2020 [ 47 ] 2020 Quantitative ns N = 9200 (regular employees) ns Teleworking commuters or low-intensity teleworkers higher productivity; higher life satisfaction Song et al., 2020 [ 48 ] 2020 Quantitative ns ns Telework corresponds to “conducting formal, paid work at home during normal busi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.714 | ["philosophy", "family", "negotiation"] | 475 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914305 | [
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their employers” [ 26 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. telework lower subjective well-being; higher stress level Darouei et al., 2021 [ 54 ] 2021 Quantitative Legal, academia, IT N = 34 (professional workers) Telecommuting is “a policy that enables employees to perform their job at home during some part of the week and stay... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.342 | 0.882 | ["career", "family", "communication", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914374 | [
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t al., 2021 [ 55 ] 2021 Quantitative Public universities N = 392 (academics) ns high-intensity telework higher stress and conflict within the organization Kapoor et al., 2021 [ 56 ] 2021 Quantitative ns N = 326 (employees) Telework is “the work that can be operated from any location of employees’ convenience from where... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.864 | ["resume", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914451 | [
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ower psychological well-being Open in a new tab Note. ns = not specified. In “Telework definition” is reported the definition referred to by the authors in each paper. 3. Results The details reported in Table 1 confirm the high variability in terms of types of organizations, participants’ characteristics, and remote wo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.303 | 0.698 | [] | 492 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914519 | [
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fluence on employees’ health and well-being. 3.1. Remote Working Influences the Perceptions of Oneself at Work and of the Workplace Several studies showed that teleworkers experienced higher job satisfaction [ 32 , 34 ], work engagement, and motivation [ 45 , 46 ]. Such effects are direct or mediated by dynamics relate... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.394 | 0.716 | ["motivation", "career", "war_conflict", "family"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914587 | [
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port from colleagues during teleworking improves beliefs about one’s work conditions; [ 32 , 39 ] Other outcomes mentionable in this category regard organizational commitment [ 34 ], enthusiasm [ 34 ], and sense of comfort [ 45 ]: the higher the frequency of teleworking, the higher the likelihood for workers to experie... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.694 | ["philosophy"] | 437 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914656 | [
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orking on perceived performance [ 40 , 45 , 46 ]. Since well-being and productivity are also connected, teleworking thus increases job and life satisfaction. Life satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between telework and productivity, so the higher the life satisfaction, the higher the productivity [ 47 ]. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.373 | 0.862 | ["career", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914724 | [
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higher the strain, and the lower the job satisfaction. Overall, being a teleworker is generally associated with positive outcomes related to the beliefs and emotions about oneself and one’s life. This is particularly true when teleworking reduces the strain from balancing personal and professional life and when the org... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.523 | 0.844 | ["career", "philosophy"] | 510 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914809 | [
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ceptions of the workplace are more heterogeneous. In some studies, remote workers show a more sustainable idea of work demands (e.g., lower perceived time pressure; [ 54 ]), a higher quality of work relationships, and opportunities for professional development [ 45 ]. In a study, employees listed aspects of work usuall... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.407 | 0.688 | ["decision_making", "networking", "career", "governance", "education"] | 454 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914877 | [
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as constitutional dimensions of e-working [ 28 ]. At the same time, telework was shown to create adverse effects on beliefs about work behaviors and roles, organization, and relationships. Telework was associated with higher job demands [ 34 , 37 ] and role ambiguity [ 37 ]; lower identification with the organization b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.384 | 0.868 | ["communication", "networking", "career", "governance", "war_conflict"] | 495 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.914943 | [
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her conflict within the organization [ 55 ]. 3.2. Teleworking Influences Employee Health Conditions and Work-Life Balance Several studies showed the preventive role of teleworking for employees’ health, reporting that being a remote worker decreases employee’s levels of stress [ 26 , 44 , 46 ], negative emotions [ 31 ]... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.846 | ["war_conflict"] | 431 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.915009 | [
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A protective role of teleworking emerged as well. Remote workers show higher positive affective well-being and higher happiness than their colleagues [ 31 , 47 ], above all when they are highly resilient [ 56 ]. Interestingly, Grant and colleagues [ 28 ] showed that it is not the mere teleworking arrangement, but the a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.848 | [] | 454 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.915068 | [
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hat heightens the levels of perceived well-being. Work-life balance is one of the main issues related to remote working. Current research on the role of teleworking on work-life balance showed mixed results. For example, studies focusing on positive outcomes showed a lower work-to-home conflict during teleworking days ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.864 | ["networking", "war_conflict", "family"] | 511 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.915159 | [
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mes showed an inverse relationship between remote working conditions and work-life balance, reporting higher conflict between the two [ 30 , 35 , 47 ], which was even confirmed in longitudinal studies (e.g., [ 34 ]). At the same time, some studies highlighted risks for mental health occurring during teleworking, showin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.516 | 0.862 | ["networking", "war_conflict"] | 494 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.915240 | [
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lacking, this connection is even stronger [ 39 ]. Within this category, Fonner and colleagues [ 23 ] described a specific type of stress occurring from interruptions during the working time due to ICT use. Studies about physical health are heterogeneous as well. Giménez-Nadal and colleagues [ 44 ] show that being a tel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.322 | 0.84 | ["networking"] | 425 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.915314 | [
-0.05296405032277107,
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alth, as it decreases levels of pain and fatigue. However, Heiden and colleagues [ 55 ] demonstrated that an increase in the amount of time in telework is linked to higher levels of fatigue. 4. Discussion The findings show that remote working conditions influence employees’ quality of work and the pleasantness of the w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.856 | [] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.915373 | [
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tes to their physical and mental health, particularly with regards to work-life balance. A transversal theme that emerges from the findings is the impact of the frequency or intensity of telework during a regular work week. Although it could be hypothesized that the higher the amount of teleworking during the week, the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.319 | 0.842 | [] | 443 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.915431 | [
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e selected papers suggest a more complex picture. Some papers underlined the positive effects of part-time teleworking, showing that employees may benefit from office-based and remote working, thus improving their professional skills and strengthening their relational bonds at work [ 45 ]. At the same time, Suh [ 37 ] ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.848 | ["career"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.915658 | [
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higher work overload, while high-intensity teleworkers tend to experience higher role ambiguity than colleagues. Furthermore, the authors showed that low-intensity teleworkers might experience more severe difficulties and perceive their job more negatively than high-intensity telework colleagues. A possible reason for ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.395 | 0.828 | ["crisis", "career", "philosophy"] | 480 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.915790 | [
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ds occurring from both on-site work and telework. As reported, the intensity of teleworking impacts transversally all the dimensions that emerged in the results. This heterogeneous tendency mirrors the general findings, that turn out to be mixed and varied. Such variability may be due to the specific organizational con... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.37 | 0.824 | [] | 414 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.916213 | [
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individual differences of the employees involved. However, few studies addressed the role of such dimensions when studying the effects of remote work arrangements. Among these, Grant [ 28 ] showed that it is not the mere remote work arrangement but the ability to manage the boundaries between work-life and private life... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.395 | 0.856 | ["communication", "education"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.916294 | [
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to teleworkers reduces the strain perceived by employees more significantly than the telework itself. These few studies show that teleworking may generate different outcomes according to the strategic choices made within the organization when planning its introduction. Such choices will depend, for example, on the type... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.846 | ["strategy", "decision_making"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.916364 | [
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n promoting a strategic implementation of teleworking, depending on whether they are public or private, profit or non-profit, small, medium, or big. These dimensions will impact even middle managers’ roles and influence employees [ 57 ]. The same considerations can be made on the organizational sector. Studies publishe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.389 | 0.856 | ["strategy", "management", "education"] | 511 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.916440 | [
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ICT sector [ 58 , 59 ], thus underlining that not all organizations can easily switch to remote working arrangements. At the same time, the pandemic forced many organizations to do so. In a study on more than 400 organizations, Pèrez and colleagues [ 58 ] identified three main types of resources the organizations neede... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.86 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.916512 | [
0.02087189257144928,
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uch as tools, software, and equipment; organizational resources, intended as HR flexibility, management by results, and activity outsourcing. While the pandemic likely forced the acquisition of technological resources, human and organizational resources needed to be rearranged according to labor changes. Indeed, such r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.5 | 0.816 | ["management", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 448 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.916607 | [
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g dedicated training opportunities for employees. The amount of resources that organizations are willing to invest in teleworking conditions and effects will largely depend on their culture, which influences both strategical and human resources (above all regarding work-life balance, flexibility, transparency, ways and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.564 | 0.838 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.916679 | [
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cessful when they fit the current organizational value systems [ 59 ]. In this regard, knowledge creation and sharing are crucial to promoting a successful telework condition. The higher the consensus around the tools, dynamics, and processes embedded in remote working, the higher the chances for the employees to feel ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.459 | 0.848 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 472 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.916747 | [
-0.027148643508553505,
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this regard is employee autonomy and flexibility. Workers usually involved in job design and programming likely have a deep knowledge of their roles and tasks. Thanks to a higher understanding of their position and a better work organization and planning skills, the teleworking conditions may benefit their quality and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.387 | 0.856 | ["strategy", "career", "education"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.916883 | [
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and cultures is highly promising for promoting employee health and well-being in teleworking conditions. While the pandemic created the urgency to switch to home working, organizations can now recalibrate how they manage remote working conditions. Such strategies may regard employee training, the use of tangible and in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.384 | 0.832 | ["ethics", "family"] | 470 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.916964 | [
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vides practical and research-related suggestions. First, findings showed that employees with different dispositions may respond differently to remote working conditions. Clearly, organizations cannot directly intervene in employees’ personal dispositions, such as stress sensitivity regarding employees’ individual condi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.822 | ["management"] | 511 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917032 | [
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rking arrangements, such as work-life integration and boundaries management. Interestingly, in one of the papers selected for this review, these skills emerged as constituting elements of teleworking [ 28 ]. Managers and organizational counselors may provide the organizations with training projects aimed at strengtheni... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.41 | 0.838 | ["management"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917120 | [
-0.06464753299951553,
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hen preparing employees for teleworking, for example by elaborating skill profiles of employees showing a high degree of adaptation to this new arrangement, or by using longitudinal studies, that would allow for monitoring long-term effects of training opportunities. Second, it is crucial for organizations to define a ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.458 | 0.852 | ["career", "economy"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917196 | [
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otely, which job tasks can be completed out of the office and whether and how the employees are technically ready to do so. In other words, the “new normal” of teleworking may involve the effort to individuate the types of organizations better suit the use of teleworking and, within them, which employees (according to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.462 | 0.694 | ["career"] | 445 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917281 | [
-0.049354180693626404,
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0.048317838460206985,
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-... | ||
d the organization for using such an arrangement. Among the dimensions to be analyzed, if adequately addressed, organizational values can catalyze the effects of strategical choices, by boosting employees’ sense of belonging and meaningfulness related to the task. Even in this case, research could provide a valuable co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.463 | 0.836 | ["communication", "strategy", "decision_making", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 491 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917372 | [
0.03998805582523346,
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suggestions, our work is not without limitations. Firstly, it was not possible to include COVID-related papers in the review, because the unprecedented conditions in which organizations operated during the peak of the pandemic were not comparable with the experiences before COVID, or within organizations that used this... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.858 | ["crisis"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917645 | [
-0.019656026735901833,
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ars, because of their strong focus on emergency-related workplace conditions. Secondly, our review did not include grey literature (e.g., organizational reports), thus potentially losing valuable content, although not published in peer review scientific journals. 5. Conclusions This review considered remote working pub... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.688 | ["crisis"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917708 | [
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ell as the opportunities and challenges associated with its practice. We have highlighted how even before the pandemic, remote working shaped the employees’ perceptions of themselves and of the workplace, of their health, and regards their work-life balance. However, our results showed a heterogeneous picture linked to... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.382 | 0.84 | ["crisis"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917768 | [
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he organizational environments’ characteristics in which it was implemented. We believe that our results can be double useful. First, future studies could analyze how our analysis categories evolved following COVID. In other words, how employee perceptions have changed following the pandemic. Finally, based on remote w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.411 | 0.846 | ["salary"] | 512 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917835 | [
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ering the remote working specificities, and the individual and organizational factors that are essential for its sustainable and strategic use. Author Contributions B.F. conceived the paper, I.B., P.B. and M.P. gathered and analyzed the data, M.P., B.F., C.D.V., P.B and I.B. wrote the paper. All authors have read and a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.686 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 465 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917901 | [
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cable. Informed Consent Statement Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding Statement This research received no external funding. Footnotes Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Referen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9566387/ | Investigating the Role of Remote Working on Employees ... - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.694 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 508 | Leading Remote Hybrid Teams | topic | 2026-04-13T23:19:42.917964 | [
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