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e translated with the back-translation technique. Furthermore, PDM, TI, and CE will need to be translated in all targeted languages. The factor structure of all translated measures will be assessed. Data will be collected using an online questionnaire on Qualtrics. Participants will be recruited using the snowball samp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.363 | 0.828 | [] | 447 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.122767 | [
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affective, continuance, and normative commitment. These three dimensions reflect the personal desire of respondents to stay in the organization (e.g., “I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this organization”), necessity to stay (e.g., “right now, staying with my organization is a matter of necessit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.69 | ["career"] | 435 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.123350 | [
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ial identity regarding the groups they belong to. Social identity theory has been used to think about processes that happen in organizational settings ( Hogg and Terry, 2000 ). Incorporating social identity theory into the leadership literature allows for considering not only the leader, the follower, or their dyadic r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.634 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.123515 | [
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fit based on the constellation of these indices. Mediation To investigate the mediation effect, we will use bias-corrected bootstrapping to estimate confidence intervals for the indirect effect based on the recommendation of MacKinnon et al. (2007) and results of MacKinnon et al. (2004) and Fritz and MacKinnon (2007) .... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.84 | ["networking", "education"] | 424 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.123698 | [
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Front Psychol . 2018 Sep 6;9:1677. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01677 The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization Mafalda F Mascarenhas Mafalda F Mascarenhas 1 ISPA Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal Find articles by Mafalda F Mascarenhas 1 , Felix Dübbe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.844 | ["education", "leadership", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.123872 | [
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wska Magdalena Hoszowska 3 University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland Find articles by Magdalena Hoszowska 3 , Aylin Köseoğlu Aylin Köseoğlu 4 Faculty of Social Sciences, Özyeğin University, Istanbul, Turkey Find articles by Aylin Köseoğlu 4 , Ralitsa Karakasheva Ralitsa Karakasheva 5 Department Neuro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.7 | ["education", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.124009 | [
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se B Topal 6 Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey Find articles by Ayse B Topal 6 , David Izydorczyk David Izydorczyk 7 Faculty of Human Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Find articles by David Izydorczyk 7 , Jérémy E Lemoine Jérémy E Lemoine 8... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.702 | ["education", "economy"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.124139 | [
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Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France Find articles by Jérémy E Lemoine 8, 9, * Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 ISPA Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal 2 Department of Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands 3 University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.684 | ["education", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.124279 | [
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Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom 6 Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey 7 Faculty of Human Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 8 ESCP Europe Business School, London, United Kingdom 9 C2S, Laboratory of Psychology: ‘Cognition, Health, Socializ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.684 | ["education", "economy"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.124407 | [
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y: Alejandro Amillano, University of Deusto, Spain; Charles Jacob, University of Pennsylvania, United States ✉ *Correspondence: Jérémy E. Lemoine, jeremy.lemoine@univ-reims.fr This article was submitted to Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology Received 2017 Oct 30; Ac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.82 | ["education"] | 465 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.124560 | [
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oğlu, Karakasheva, Topal, Izydorczyk and Lemoine. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the origi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.846 | ["innovation"] | 498 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.124698 | [
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permitted which does not comply with these terms. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC6144575 PMID: 30258380 Abstract Identity leadership (IL) describes that the effectiveness of a leader will depend upon his capacity to represent a given group, to make the group go forward, to create a group identity, and to make the group... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.48 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 504 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.124837 | [
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weight in the decision process to his followers. We aim to explore the mechanisms through which a leader who creates a shared group identity can increase organizational commitment. In the first study, we plan to conduct a cross-cultural correlational study where we aim to test if the relationship between IL and organiz... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.614 | 0.838 | ["decision_making", "education", "leadership", "management", "networking"] | 463 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.124969 | [
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in decision making (PDM) and collective efficacy. In the second study, we aim to explore the direction of the causality between IL and PDM. To test this hypothesis, we will conduct an experimental study in which (1) we will manipulate IL to test its influence on the perception of PDM and (2) we will manipulate PDM to t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.394 | 0.868 | ["education", "decision_making"] | 467 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.125098 | [
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e perception of PDM on organizational commitment. Keywords: identity leadership, organizational commitment, participation in decision making, collective efficacy, team identification, SEM Introduction Leadership research in psychology theorizes about what makes successful leaders attract and bind their followers as wel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.619 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "management", "decision_making"] | 463 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.125245 | [
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hrough very different paths ( Day et al., 2014 ). At the very beginning of organizational psychology, it was common sense that someone was either born as a leader, or not, and that there was only one effective leadership style ( Day et al., 2014 ). The task of the born leaders was to tell followers in an effective way ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.577 | 0.864 | ["leadership"] | 442 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.125371 | [
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d the contrary; leaders are made instead of born. It was proposed that there are characteristic traits which make you a good leader and these traits can be defined, measured, and taught so that theoretically, everybody could become a leader ( Blake and Mouton, 1979 ). Overall those theories exclusively focused on the c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 431 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.125500 | [
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relationship between a leader and his followers. More contemporary theories focused on this relationship between the leader and his followers. Authentic leadership theory focuses on leaders who have an honest relationship with their subordinates and are self-aware of their goals and aspirations. There is a focus on the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.602 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.125628 | [
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followers by his innate charisma which is attributed to the leader based on the displayed behavior ( Conger and Kanungo, 1988 ). Regarding the relationship between leader and follower, transformational leadership theory ( Judge and Piccolo, 2004 ) proposes that a leader can exert influence by activating and serving hig... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "strategy", "motivation", "networking"] | 485 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.125756 | [
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m in personal growth ( Judge and Piccolo, 2004 ). Similarly, in the leader–member-exchange theory, leaders and members influence each other within a dyadic bond which is built on trust and respect ( Graen and Uhl-Bien, 1995 ). The follower and leader often develop even an emotional relationship and support each other (... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.58 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 504 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.125927 | [
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ationship between the leader and a single member. Indeed, one of the criticisms to the leadership literature is its focus on dyadic relationships (e.g., Yukl, 1999 ) while ignoring group level processes and the dynamic relationship between leaders and their teams ( Hunter et al., 2007 ). Furthermore, a major part of so... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.406 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "networking", "management"] | 483 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.126057 | [
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oup ( Gardner et al., 2010 ; Dinh et al., 2014 ). The theory of identity leadership (IL) is attempting to close that gap ( Hogg, 2001 ) by focusing on the group identity and the group level processes that happen within a group: between the leader and his group members and between the group members themselves. Important... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.872 | ["leadership", "management"] | 486 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.126194 | [
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se of identity for the team to be more effective. As will be discussed in the following section, one aspect of IL (identity entrepreneurship; Haslam et al., 2011 ) describes that creating and shaping a shared sense of identity increases a leader’s effectiveness. Thus, IL provides guidelines on how to transform a group ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.54 | 0.852 | ["management", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 446 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.126323 | [
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, which is often not the case is newly companies. Identity Leadership This new approach of leadership has appeared more recently and it perceives leadership as a group process rather than the result of leader characteristics or of a one-to-one relationship ( Hogg, 2001 ). This model is based on the social identity theo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.651 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 461 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.126472 | [
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within a group with a shared identity ( Hogg, 2001 ; Hogg et al., 2012 ). In the first decade, social identity theory of leadership was more concerned with leader prototypicality. Empirical evidence suggested that leaders who were more prototypical of the group were more supported and more trusted by their followers ( ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.652 | 0.874 | ["leadership", "management"] | 503 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.126617 | [
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tity within its team: IL ( Haslam et al., 2011 ). The authors defined four dimensions of IL: identity prototypicality – refers to being “one of us,” to be an ideal member of the group; identity advancement – refers to the leader’s vision for the group and his ability to make the group go forward in achieving their goal... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.631 | 0.88 | ["leadership", "strategy", "management", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.126745 | [
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to create a shared identity (as when politicians use “we” instead of “I” and “you”; Steffens and Haslam, 2013 ), and identity impresarioship – the ability to create moments that make the group matter. Reicher et al. (2005) described that for a leader to be efficient, it is not only necessary to create a shared social i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.878 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.126874 | [
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ed social identity (i.e., initiating a regular meeting to discuss group related matters and problems). Moreover, IL leads to a better perceived performance of the leader and lower turnover intentions by followers ( Steffens and Haslam, 2013 ). Followers are also more willing to follow and support the leader ( Haslam an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 458 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.126998 | [
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higher job satisfaction ( Cicero et al., 2010 ). In addition, a meta-analysis by Mathieu and Zajac (1990) found that a leader who initiates structure also increases organizational commitment among his followers. Organizational commitment refers to a psychological relationship an individual develops with an organization... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.473 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "career", "philosophy"] | 510 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.127130 | [
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belonging within an organization ( Nascimento et al., 2008 ). Therefore, we expect that IL will significantly predict organizational commitment. Team Identification Prior research suggests that IL, especially leader prototypicality, increases team identification (TI; Hogg and van Knippenberg, 2003 ) a term which refers... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.582 | 0.852 | ["management", "leadership"] | 505 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.127268 | [
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her members of the group ( Dutton et al., 1994 ). Furthermore, TI has been found to be highly positively correlated with group commitment ( Wann and Pierce, 2003 ). Also, identifying with a collective is proposed to lead to an increase in organizational commitment ( Meyer et al., 2006 ; Johnson and Yang, 2010 ). Finall... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.411 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 460 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.127395 | [
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eadership on affective organizational commitment. We suspect that the positive effect of IL on organizational commitment is partly explained by how much the individual identifies with the team and thus that TI partially mediates the relationship between IL and organizational commitment. Participation in Decision Making... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.824 | ["management", "networking", "decision_making"] | 446 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.127520 | [
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ionship between IL and organizational commitment. A leader who is “one of us,” who is “doing it for us,” who is “crafting a sense of us” and who is “making us matter” ( Haslam et al., 2011 ), will likely facilitate the willingness of group members to participate in decision making. When there is a shared sense of socia... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "decision_making"] | 461 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.127644 | [
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oup members might be more willing to participate. Participation in decision making (PDM) can be conceptualized as a process of decision making that includes various parties ( Knoop, 1995 ; Witt et al., 2000 ): from a decision made by one person to a combined group decision. PDM allows people to have more control over t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.523 | 0.884 | ["decision_making", "career"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.127767 | [
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d greater work commitment ( Mathieu and Zajac, 1990 ; Knoop, 1995 ; Scott-Ladd et al., 2006 ). Mathieu and Zajac (1990) found in their meta-analysis that leader communication and participative leadership were strongly correlated with organizational commitment. Thus, we expect that IL predicts PDM and that PDM predicts ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.411 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 453 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.127914 | [
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mmitment is partially explained by perceived PDM. Collective Efficacy While we are expecting that the relationship between IL and organizational commitment is partially mediated by PDM, this may not be the case for all workers in all teams. This mediation may be influenced by the level of team efficacy perceived by the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.852 | ["management", "networking"] | 465 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.128040 | [
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in effects through his actions ( Bandura, 1998 ). When acting as a group, human agency is complemented by collective agency. Thus, collective efficacy (CE) is about shared beliefs in a group’s collective power and an emerging group-property rather than just the sum of the individual self-efficacy beliefs ( Bandura, 199... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.868 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.128164 | [
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hen they believe that the CE of their group is high. Hence, we suspect that the positive relationship between PDM and organizational commitment will be moderated by CE. In addition, we suspect that people will strive for more participation if they perceive themselves as being capable of succeeding as a team. Therefore,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.852 | ["networking", "management"] | 465 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.128286 | [
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ltures, working as a group has a different value. The Hofstede study ( Hofstede, 2001 ) measures a global orientation toward the individual and its own interests or the collective (individualism/collectivism). Considering that the IL theory is based on social identity and group processes, and that different cultures be... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.575 | 0.856 | ["decision_making", "ethics", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.128410 | [
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in terms of individualism-collectivism values by using two clusters of countries: one composed of individualistic countries and the other composed of collectivistic countries. In a large research study, van Dick et al. (2018) analyzed the generalizability of the IL model across 20 countries. Although those countries va... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.367 | 0.824 | ["ethics", "education"] | 427 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.128548 | [
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was generalizable among all of them except Nepal. In all countries, IL predicts various outcomes such as job satisfaction, burnout, or organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore, efficacy beliefs work cross-culturally, in individualistic as well as collectivistic cultures ( Earley, 1994 ). Hence, we hypothesize t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.476 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "career"] | 491 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.128673 | [
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a promising new approach in leadership research. Having a leader who creates and fosters a shared identity in the team leads to positive outcomes in the workplace such as higher job satisfaction ( Cicero et al., 2010 ), lower turnover intentions by followers ( Steffens and Haslam, 2013 ), and it may also increase organ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.458 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "management", "career"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.128796 | [
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fication with the team and by facilitating the willingness of group members to participate in decision making. These relationships, however, may be moderated and influenced by factors like perceived CE, and the individualism-collectivism values in a country. This leads to the following hypotheses. In Study 1, we propos... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.856 | ["management", "decision_making", "ethics", "networking", "education"] | 485 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.128925 | [
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the impact of IL on OC is mediated by TI and PDM. A higher level of IL will lead to both a higher level of TI (H2) and a higher level of PDM (H3). Moreover, we expect that a higher level of TI (H4) and PDM (H5) will increase OC. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the relationship between IL and PDM (H6) as well as PDM an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.872 | ["networking"] | 460 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.129053 | [
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individualistic and collectivistic cultures (H8). In Study 2, we will use an experimental design and focus on the causal relationship between IL and PDM. We hypothesize that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between IL and PDM, i.e., a leader who creates a shared sense of identity will make his subordinates ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "networking", "decision_making", "education"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.129208 | [
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. FIGURE 1. Open in a new tab Hypothesized model. Study 1 Method Participants Participants in Study 1 will be recruited from two clusters of countries according to their individualistic-collectivistic orientation. We used the measure of individualism/collectivism defined by the Hofstede study ( Hofstede, 2001 ) which m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.84 | ["education", "war_conflict"] | 478 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.129337 | [
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from 1 (collectivistic) to 100 (individualistic). In order to construct our two clusters, we used 50 as a cut-off point ( Hofstede, 2001 ). Therefore, the collectivist cluster is comprised of Bulgaria (30), Portugal (27), and Turkey (37) and the individualist cluster is composed of France (71), Germany (67), Netherland... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.864 | [] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.129548 | [
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0 error variances, 11 factor loadings, five variances, seven regression path coefficients) which yields an estimated sample size of 430 per country cluster when 10 observations per estimated parameter are used ( Bentler and Chou, 1987 ; Bollen, 1989 ). Due to the explorative nature of this study, we have no clear idea ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.379 | 0.86 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 483 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.129757 | [
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ver the more sophisticated Monte Carlo estimates. There are three inclusion criteria: (1) participants should work in an organization, (2) have a direct supervisor, and (3) be part of a team of at least three people. Participation will be anonymous and voluntary. Measures Leadership Participants will be asked to evalua... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "management"] | 473 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.129935 | [
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eting the IL Inventory ( Steffens et al., 2014 ). The inventory is a 15-item questionnaire reflecting the four dimensions of the IL theory: identity prototypicality (e.g., “this leader embodies what the group stands for”), identity advancement (e.g., “this leader stands up for the group”), identity entrepreneurship (e.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.603 | 0.7 | ["leadership"] | 495 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.130125 | [
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vises activities that bring the group together”). Items will be rated on a seven-point Likert scale (1 = not at all ; 7 = completely ). Cronbach’s α varied from 0.88 to 0.92 ( Steffens et al., 2014 ). Organizational commitment Participants’ organizational commitment will be measured by the 18-item scale developed by Me... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.555 | 0.692 | [] | 459 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.130244 | [
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ould feel guilty if I left my organization now”). Respondents rated items on a seven-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree ; 7 = strongly agree ). Cronbach’s α ranged from 0.77 to 0.85 ( Meyer et al., 1993 ). Team identification Respondents will be administered the group identification measure ( Doosje et al., 1995... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.546 | 0.73 | ["management"] | 507 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.130375 | [
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t Likert scale (1 = not at all ; 7 = extremely ). For the aim of this study, the items will be adapted for an organizational context. The scale has a good reliability, Cronbach α = 0.83 ( Doosje et al., 1995 ). Participation in Decision Making Participants will be asked to complete a group adapted version of the PDM sc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.368 | 0.884 | ["decision_making", "management", "education"] | 495 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.130507 | [
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sions in various contexts such as work appraisal. Answers will be scored on a five-point scale (1 = we discuss things in a great detail and come to a decision based on consensus regarding the issue ; 2 = we discuss things in a great deal and his/her decision is usually adopted ; 3 = we discuss things in a great deal an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.75 | ["decision_making"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.130635 | [
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scuss things very much and the group make most of the decisions ). The scale is reported to have good reliability, Cronbach α = 0.90 ( Witt et al., 2000 ). Collective efficacy Participant will complete the seven-item CE Beliefs scale ( Riggs et al., 1994 ) which measures CE in an organizational setting. On a seven-poin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.371 | 0.848 | ["management", "decision_making"] | 424 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.130779 | [
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the team I work with has above average ability”). The scale is reported to have good reliability, Cronbach α = 0.88 ( Riggs et al., 1994 ). Socio-demographic information Participants will be asked to provide socio-demographic information (sex, age, nationality, and education), as well as information regarding their job... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.864 | ["philosophy", "management", "career", "education"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.130910 | [
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team size, and number of years spent working in their team. Procedure The materials will be translated into the languages of the targeted countries. The questionnaires (i.e., IL, PDM, OC, CE, and TI) which did not previously exist in the target languages (Bulgarian, Dutch, French, German, Polish, Portuguese, and Turkis... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.83 | ["management"] | 431 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.131034 | [
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the back-translation technique ( Brislin, 1970 ). The IL measure was already validated in Dutch, French, German, and Turkish ( van Dick et al., 2018 ). The adapted versions of OC in Dutch, French, German, Polish, Portuguese, and Turkish were already validated ( de Gilder et al., 1997 ; Vandenberghe et al., 2001 ; Wasti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.864 | [] | 476 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.131143 | [
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t. Participation will be anonymous and voluntary. After giving their informed consent, participants will answer three inclusion criteria questions (e.g., “are you currently working as an employee?”). Those who correspond to our target population will then have to answer the questionnaire including measures of the IL, P... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.692 | ["philosophy", "communication"] | 493 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.131281 | [
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randomized, in order to avoid any order effects. Planned Analysis We will report all data exclusions (if any), all manipulations, and all measures in the studies. All analyses will be done with the GNU R software ( R Core Team, 2013 ). Moderation and mediation effects based on entire sample To investigate the underlyin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.874 | ["management", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 510 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.131417 | [
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tructural equation modeling analysis based on the entire sample. The hypothesized model is depicted in Figure 1 .The latent variables IL, OC, PDM, and CE are defined by three indicators each. These indicators will be generated by item parceling. Parceling is when items are combined (summed or averaged) prior to an anal... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.846 | [] | 448 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.131515 | [
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ndicators of latent constructs ( Cattell, 1956 ). Instead of parcels, for TI, we will use the four corresponding items as indicators. As shown in Figure 1 , we hypothesize that the relationship between IL and OC is partially mediated by TI. Furthermore, PDM partially mediates the relationship between IL and OC. In addi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.846 | ["networking"] | 439 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.131609 | [
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M as well as the relationship between PDM and OC. For the analyses, we will use the lavaan package in R ( Rosseel, 2012 ). Before the actual analyses, we will evaluate the univariate normality assumption by examining skewness and kurtosis using the psych package ( Revelle, 2017 ). Absolute values of skewness and kurtos... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.874 | ["ethics", "networking"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.131703 | [
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st ( Mardia, 1970 ) by using the MVN package ( Korkmaz et al., 2014 ). Model fit We will follow the recommendations from Kline (2011) and Schermelleh-Engel et al. (2003) and use several fit indices to interpret the model fit in general. First, we will use Chi-square (χ 2 ) and its associated p value, χ 2 /df. Because χ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.342 | 0.878 | [] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.131787 | [
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of-fit criteria: the root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA; Steiger, 1990 ), the comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler, 1990 ), the standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR; Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1989 ), and the Tucker–Lewis index (TLI; Tucker and Lewis, 1973 ). As recommended by Chen et al. (2008) as well as... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.343 | 0.836 | [] | 427 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.131881 | [
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elationship between IL is mediated by TI and PDM. In addition, we will use the ratio of indirect effect to total effect ( Wen and Fan, 2015 ) as additional indicator. Moderation Although interaction or moderation effects are common in social sciences, estimating such effects in SEM, however, is difficult and not straig... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.357 | 0.868 | ["crisis", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.131974 | [
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ang, 1996 ; Algina and Moulder, 2001 ; Marsh et al., 2004b ; Little et al., 2006 ), which are mostly based on the product indicator model from Kenny and Judd (1984) . We will use the double-mean-centering approach proposed by Lin et al. (2010) which is identical or superior to the single-mean-centering ( Marsh et al., ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.349 | 0.846 | [] | 418 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.132054 | [
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t al., 2006 ) that have been proposed previously. Thus, we can test H6 and H7 and explore if CE moderates the relationship between IL and PDM as well as PDM and OC. Differences between groups We will use multiple-group analyses to explore and test H8, i.e., whether differences in the structural parameters across groups... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.346 | 0.866 | ["networking"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.132148 | [
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ls with a likelihood ratio test ( Bentler and Bonett, 1980 ; Bollen, 1989 ; Ryu, 2015 ). First, we will compare a baseline model wherein no constraints were specified and a second model where all factor loadings were constrained to be invariant between the groups. In the next step, we will compare this model with a mod... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.868 | [] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.132227 | [
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trained and constrained models, subsequent likelihood ratio tests will be conducted, where different paths will be constrained and tested against the unconstrained model. Anticipated Results A leader who creates a shared sense of identity can lead to more commitment to the organization. We therefore expect to find a po... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.832 | ["networking", "leadership"] | 445 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.132338 | [
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e hypothesize that TI mediates this relationship. We further hypothesize that PDM is mediating the relationship between IL and OC, because when there is a shared sense of social identity, the leader might create more opportunities for the members to participate and group members might be more willing to participate. Ad... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.874 | ["networking", "leadership"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.132430 | [
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OC mediated by PDM is higher for participants with higher CE. Finally, we propose this as a cross-cultural model which is generalizable across individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Depending on which hypotheses are supported by the results, different pieces of advice could be given to developing or established l... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.424 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.132541 | [
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from adopting IL behaviors, since OC leads to beneficial outcomes such as higher performance and employee well-being ( Kurtessis et al., 2017 ). A possible mediation of the effect of IL on OC by TI and PDM would suggest that if a leader is wondering how to best foster organizational commitment in his followers, we woul... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.546 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 465 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.132655 | [
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olved and able to participate in decision making. Furthermore, a leader might strengthen OC by promoting identification within the group. Also if we find that CE is moderating the mediation of PDM, we would advise leaders that when attempting to increase OC by letting their followers participate in decision making, the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.852 | ["decision_making", "leadership", "management", "crisis"] | 475 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.132750 | [
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ith challenges and coming to a decision together. It is important to identify the potential mediators and moderators of the relationship between IL and work commitment. This would help to better understand the impact of IL, to explore the way it works and to design programs that maximize its impact on organizational co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.42 | 0.844 | ["decision_making", "crisis", "networking", "education"] | 469 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.132854 | [
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this study that future research should focus on. First, the clusters of individualistic and collectivistic countries that will be tested include only European countries and Turkey, thus sampling cultures from other continents can be potentially helpful to improve our understanding. Additionally, although the study will... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.414 | 0.838 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 483 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.132945 | [
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the internal validity of this piece of research. Based on the literature, we assumed that IL of a leader will predict the level of PDM among his followers. However, it is also possible that followers who have a higher level of PDM will be more likely to perceive their leader as an identity leader than those who have a ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "networking", "education"] | 439 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.133036 | [
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r in the literature nor based on our first study. Therefore, the second study will address this issue by using an experimental design which will provide in-depth understanding of the relationship between IL and PDM. By manipulating the degree of IL and PDM, we will aim to establish whether scoring high on IL encourages... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.878 | ["education", "networking", "leadership", "communication"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.133134 | [
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ional relationship of IL, OC, TI, PDM, and CE within two country clusters. To further investigate the direction of the underlying causal processes, in Study 2, we will use an experimental design and focus on the causal relationship between IL and PDM. We hypothesize that there is a bidirectional causal relationship bet... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.87 | ["networking", "leadership", "decision_making", "education"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.133241 | [
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(H9) and (2) greater PDM will increase the perception of shared identity created by the leader (H10). Method Participants An a priori sample size calculation with G-Power 3.1 ( Faul et al., 2007 ) showed that for six conditions of IL manipulation, 36 participants per condition are required to achieve a power of 0.80 wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.88 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.133348 | [
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size estimate resulted in 64 participants per group, based on α = 0.05, a power of 0.80, and an expected medium effect size, d = 0.5. Therefore, this study aims to recruit 344 participants. Participants will be recruited in English speaking countries using the snowball sampling technique: via email, social media, perso... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.361 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "communication", "management", "education"] | 510 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.133444 | [
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d (3) be part of a team of at least three people. Participation will be anonymous and voluntary. Materials and Procedure After giving their informed consent, participants will answer the same three inclusion criteria questions as used in Study 1. Those who correspond to our target population will be randomly assigned t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.377 | 0.862 | ["management", "decision_making", "education", "philosophy"] | 505 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.133541 | [
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icipation in the decision making process at work. In regard of IL manipulation, participants will be presented with a short description of the behavior of a manager in the workplace based on the IL model. In every description, each of the four dimensions of IL will be manipulated to be either in the high or in the low ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.364 | 0.848 | ["management", "decision_making"] | 422 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.133635 | [
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mplify what it means to a member of this group”). Thus, there will be six possible versions: one with all dimensions being in the high version, one with all dimensions being in the low version, and four more in which the hypothetical manager would score high on one dimension but low on the other three dimensions. In th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.872 | ["management", "decision_making"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.133726 | [
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d the decision making process (e.g., “your supervisor listens to each and every one of you and you, all together, come to a decision that everybody agrees to”) or barely involved in the decision making process (e.g., “your supervisor comes to most of the decisions, without considering what you have to say”). All manipu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.874 | ["decision_making"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.133828 | [
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measuring IL ( Steffens et al., 2014 ) and PDM ( Witt et al., 2000 ). These two measures are described in section “Study 1.” For the six manipulation of IL conditions, participants will answer the PDM first and then the IL (which will be used as a manipulation check). For the manipulation of the two PDM conditions, the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.371 | 0.884 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 510 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.133924 | [
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provide the same socio-demographic information as in Study 1. Planned Analysis R ( R Core Team, 2013 ) will be employed to investigate the direction of the relationship between IL and PDM with an online experiment. Identity leadership In order to examine how IL, defined as four dimensions by Haslam et al. (2011) , affe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.876 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "communication", "management", "networking"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.134014 | [
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entation of the leader will be either (1) high on the four dimensions, or (2) low on the four dimensions, or high on one of the dimensions and low on the other – (3) prototypicality dimension is high – rest is low, (4) advancement dimension is high – rest is low, (5) entrepreneurship dimension is high – rest is low, an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.722 | ["leadership"] | 462 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.134118 | [
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six different descriptions of the leader on PDM. First, we will test the normality of the distribution of the residuals by analyzing the skewness and kurtosis as well as using residuals vs. fitted and normal QQ plots ( Hwu et al., 2002 ; Field, 2013 ). Afterward, the Levene test will be employed to assess the homogenei... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.876 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 511 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.134215 | [
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ed contrast will be performed to compare any differences between the six groups ( Norusis, 2008 ). First, we will compare the high on all dimension condition with the five other conditions (1 vs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and then we will compare the low on all dimension condition with the four other conditions (2 vs. 3, 4, 5, 6)... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.894 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.134315 | [
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l use post hoc tests following the guidelines of Field (2013) to compare the differences between these four groups. Participation in decision making A t -test will be performed in order to detect if the level of PDM of team members has an effect on the perception of IL (H10). After checking the assumptions (normality, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.856 | ["management", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 466 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.134410 | [
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conditions using an independent-samples t -test. Lastly, we plan to report the 95% confidence interval ( Coe, 2002 ) and effect size using cohen’s d ( Cohen, 1988 ). Anticipated Results In Study 2, we manipulate the degree of IL practiced by a leader in six conditions. We anticipate that a leader with a high degree of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.872 | ["leadership", "management", "decision_making", "education"] | 470 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.134502 | [
0.060664307326078415,
0.062039874494075775,
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0.01920814998447895,
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ed to a leader with a medium or low degree of IL. In addition, we also anticipate that by manipulating the amount of PDM in a group, the leader will appear more as creating and fostering a shared identity in his team. This would allow us to formulate practical guidelines for increasing the organizational commitment of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.584 | 0.87 | ["leadership", "management", "decision_making", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.134595 | [
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te to the way managers approach decision making with their employees. Investigating the way in which one’s level of PDM shapes the image of their manager is particularly important, as managers can use PDM as a tool to enhance the shared sense of identity amongst the team. There are, however, certain limitations with re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.86 | ["management", "communication", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.134694 | [
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ntially influence responses and future research should aim to test the model in more realistic settings. Additionally, a more complex experimental design may want to establish additional relationships by including variables such as TI and CE. Conclusion Even though IL is still in its infancy, numerous studies have sugg... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.686 | ["networking"] | 435 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.134819 | [
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(e.g., Cicero et al., 2010 ; Hogg et al., 2012 ). The goal of our research study is to identify how a supervisor who adopts behaviors based on the IL principles can increase commitment in the organization among his followers. Therefore, this study may help to provide practical guidelines for supervisors as a way to inc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.868 | ["education", "leadership", "management", "decision_making"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.134912 | [
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and providing their followers with choices and opportunities to participate in decision making. Regarding the latter, we would recommend that leaders improve the perceptions of collective-efficacy held by their followers (e.g., through creating success stories, team encouragement, and the promotion of in-group collabor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.602 | 0.826 | ["decision_making", "leadership", "communication", "management", "networking"] | 458 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.135010 | [
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0.00094123... | ||
ve relationship toward organizational commitment. The model is not restricted for application in the work environment, but can also be transferred to other non-organizational contexts such as education, sports, politics or NGOs. Ethics Statement This study will be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of “... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.374 | 0.846 | ["education", "philosophy", "ethics", "networking", "resume"] | 509 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.135101 | [
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t in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the “Comité d’Ethique Interne du laboratoire C2S.” Author Contributions The initial design of this study was conceptualized by JL who also supervised the project and provided feedback. The rest of the authors also contributed to refining the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.51 | 0.854 | ["management", "economy", "education"] | 461 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.135247 | [
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0.008527430705726147,
0.02057039... | ||
on. MM and FD worked on the introduction section. The planned analysis section was produced by DI and AT. Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Acknowledg... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6144575/ | The Power of Choice: A Study Protocol on How Identity Leadership Fosters Commitment Toward the Organization - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.322 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict", "management", "networking"] | 500 | Self-Awareness Leadership Identity | topic | 2026-04-14T02:46:08.135324 | [
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0.015080314129590988,
0.0439772792160511,
-0.03175903484225273,
0.002574580... |
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