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Heliyon . 2018 Dec 24;4(12):e01061. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01061 The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity Aljoscha C Neubauer Aljoscha C Neubauer 1 University of Graz, Institute of Psychology, Graz, Austria Find articles by Aljoscha C Neubauer 1, ∗ , Ann... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.576 | 0.846 | ["education", "innovation"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.479336 | [
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Wallner 1 University of Graz, Institute of Psychology, Graz, Austria Find articles by Alexandra Wallner 1 , Gabriela Hofer Gabriela Hofer 1 University of Graz, Institute of Psychology, Graz, Austria Find articles by Gabriela Hofer 1 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 University of Graz... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.553 | 0.846 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 505 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.481114 | [
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; Accepted 2018 Dec 13; Collection date 2018 Dec. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC6307038 PMID: 30603696 Abstract The self–other knowledge asymmetry model (SOKA) assumes th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.403 | 0.852 | ["innovation", "education"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.481242 | [
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s (‘blind spot’); a third group of traits might be visible only to oneself and not to others (‘hidden area’), and finally a trait might neither be visible to oneself nor to one's peers (‘unknown area’). So far, this model has been tested only for personality traits and general intelligence, not for more specific abilit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.866 | ["innovation", "education"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.481401 | [
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al and intrapersonal competence; and creative potential/divergent thinking ability) are in which SOKA area. We administered performance tests for the six abilities in two samples – 233 14-year-olds and 215 18-year-olds – and collected self- and peer-ratings for each domain. Numerical intelligence and creativity were ju... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.382 | 0.848 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.481578 | [
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s (‘blind spot’), whereas the older group showed some insight into their own abilities as well (‘blind spot’ to ‘open area’). While in the younger group only the pupils themselves could validly estimate their intra- and interpersonal competence (‘hidden area’), in the older group peers were also successful in estimatin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.826 | [] | 417 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.481796 | [
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with low accuracy (‘hidden area’ to ‘open area’). For 18-year-olds, spatial ability was in the hidden area too, but in 14-year-olds this could neither be validly estimated by pupils themselves nor by peers (‘unknown area’). These results implicate the possibility of non-optimal career choices of young people, and could... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.388 | 0.854 | ["career", "decision_making"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.481953 | [
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bout us that we don't know about ourselves?” ( Vazire, 2010 , p. 281). This tricky question was asked by Simine Vazire, the author of the so-called self–other knowledge asymmetry model (SOKA), in which she described the phenomenon that many people have surprisingly insufficient insight into their own personality. This ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.416 | 0.834 | ["education"] | 440 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.482079 | [
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es that nobody knows yourself better than you do. Although self-ratings of personality can be a valid source when predicting professional and other life outcomes, and in spite of the fact that self-perceptions play a very important role in current conceptions of personality ( Roberts et al., 2007 ), it has also repeate... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.456 | 0.85 | ["career"] | 440 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.482194 | [
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Beer and Vazire, 2017 ; Vazire and Mehl, 2008 ). Much research has shown compelling evidence for the validity of informant reports, such as peers or even unknown persons, called zero-acquaintance judgements ( Borkenau and Liebler, 1992 ). That there does not have to be an overlap between self-judgements of personality ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.864 | ["philosophy", "motivation"] | 508 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.482319 | [
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by Vazire's (2010) proposition of the SOKA model. She started her research on the basis of Luft and Ingham's Johari window ( 1955 ), which contains four quadrants (see Fig. 1 ): (a) aspects of personality known to both the self and others (open area); (b) aspects not known to the self but known to others (blind area); ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.864 | [] | 449 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.482552 | [
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nknown to both self and others (unknown). Fig. 1. Open in a new tab Adaptation of the Johari window ( Luft and Ingham, 1955 ) and hypotheses about abilities. EMA = Emotional Management Ability. As pointed out by Vazire (2010) , the problem of people's limited insight into their personality traits not only has important... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.399 | 0.85 | ["management"] | 469 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.482714 | [
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as well as in work and organizational psychology. So far, the SOKA model has been studied mostly in the field of classical personality traits like the Big Five, as well as in two very general abilities (general intelligence and creativity). In several studies (e.g., Vazire, 2010 ; see also Beer and Vazire, 2017 ; Bolli... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.409 | 0.854 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 470 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.482834 | [
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iends and from strangers in a round-robin design. Through this approach, Vazire (2010) showed that in the open area (a) there are the observable, nonevaluative traits like extraversion; in the blind spot (b) there are evaluative traits like intelligence, and in the hidden area (c) there are internal (unobservable) non-... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.86 | [] | 512 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.482970 | [
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deal solely with clinical fields ( Carlson et al., 2013 ) or social relations ( Uziel, 2012 ). What is completely unknown is: Where in the SOKA model are specific cognitive abilities like verbal, numerical and spatial intelligence, or other abilities like creativity and emotional competencies located? So far, no study ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.854 | ["philosophy", "innovation", "education"] | 499 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.483044 | [
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as informant-ratings of the very same abilities. Therefore, we want to analyze the location of six defined abilities in the SOKA model: verbal, numerical and spatial intelligence (which are part of most current intelligence models; Hunt, 2010 ), creativity (or more exactly the creative potential as measured by divergen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.692 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 490 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.483106 | [
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/competence ( Freudenthaler and Neubauer, 2005 ). This research question is not only relevant from a theoretical point of view but also has important practical implications regarding career counselling, especially for young people: Are they (or their peers, parents, etc.) aware of their abilities and talents, so that t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.832 | ["decision_making", "career", "war_conflict"] | 434 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.483177 | [
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y on their interests but also on their abilities? This is particularly important, considering that abilities and interests mostly display surprisingly low relationships, as shown in the meta-analysis by Pässler et al. (2015) . The large importance of abilities for later professional success has been documented in sever... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.557 | 0.84 | ["networking", "career"] | 466 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.483257 | [
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tions around .5 for cognitive intelligence tests. For the big five, however, meta-analytically smaller correlations with job success have been reported, mostly between .1 and .2, maximally up to .3 ( Barrick et al., 2001 ). For emotional abilities, however, evidence on the importance for job success is much less clear.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.471 | 0.714 | ["career"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.483461 | [
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is relevant for job success, and although the relationships are small, EI shows an incremental contribution over and above cognitive intelligence. For creativity, however, no meta-analysis on relationship with job success is available. What do we know about the validity of self- versus informant ratings of abilities? E... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.848 | ["philosophy", "networking", "career", "innovation", "education"] | 475 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.483562 | [
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s, self- and informant ratings in the same study. To derive hypotheses, we thus needed to look into studies of (a) self-estimates of abilities and (b) informant estimates of abilities. A recent metasynthesis by Zell and Krizan (2014) has shown that self-estimates of quite diverse abilities are of low to medium validity... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6307038/ | The self–other knowledge asymmetry in cognitive intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creativity - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.87 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Self-Awareness Personal Leadership | topic | 2026-04-07T02:39:54.483676 | [
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End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Self-Awareness Personal Leadership Content 2
This corpus was automatically generated by the Deku Corpus Builder for use in RAG-based AI applications.
Dataset Structure
Each record contains:
text: The content textsource_url: Original source URLsource_title: Title of the source documentsource_domain: Domain of the sourcelicense_type: License classification (e.g.public_domain,cc_by,cc_by_sa)attribution_required: Boolean — True for CC BY / CC BY-SA and other attribution-required licensesattribution_text: Formatted Creative Commons attribution string (empty if not required)license_url: URL to the CC license deed (empty if not required)relevance_score: Relevance to the subject (0-1)quality_score: Content quality score (0-1)topics: JSON array of detected topicscharacter_count: Length of the textsubject_name: The subject this content relates tosubject_type: "personality" or "topic"extraction_date: When the content was extractedembedding: Pre-computed 384-dimensional embedding vector
Attribution
0 of 340 chunks in this corpus require attribution under their source license.
When building lessons from these chunks, the attribution_text field must be surfaced
in the lesson output per the Legend Leadership Attribution Tracking Spec.
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("PhillyMac/Self_Awareness_Personal_Leadership_Content_2")
# Access attribution-required chunks
for item in dataset["train"]:
if item["attribution_required"]:
print(item["attribution_text"])
Integration with RAG
This dataset is designed to be integrated with existing embedded corpuses. The embeddings use the sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 model, compatible with FAISS indexing.
License
Content is sourced from public domain and Creative Commons licensed materials.
See individual license_type fields for per-chunk licensing details.
Generated By
Deku Corpus Builder - An automated corpus building system for AI applications.
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