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Front Public Health . 2013 Aug 12;1:26. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2013.00026 Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process Kristina Rabarison Kristina Rabarison 1 College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Find articles by Kristina Rabarison 1 , R... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.569 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "education", "resume"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.497325 | [
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James W Holsinger Jr James W Holsinger Jr 1 College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Find articles by James W Holsinger Jr 1, * Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Edited by: Will R. Ross, W... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.856 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.497801 | [
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University at Albany, SUNY, USA ✉ *Correspondence: James W. Holsinger Jr, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, 111 Washington Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-0003, USA e-mail: jwh@uky.edu This article was submitted to Frontiers in Public Health Education and Promotion, a specialty of Frontiers in Public Health... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.828 | ["education"] | 436 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.498017 | [
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Copyright © 2013 Rabarison, Ingram and Holsinger. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.483 | 0.844 | ["innovation"] | 483 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.498203 | [
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permitted which does not comply with these terms. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC3856673 PMID: 24350195 Abstract Successful navigation through the accreditation process developed by the Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) requires strong and effective leadership. Situational leadership, a contingency theory of lea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.82 | ["leadership"] | 447 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.498337 | [
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ding a public health agency through this process. As a public health agency pursues accreditation, staff members progress from being uncertain and unfamiliar with the process to being knowledgeable and confident in their ability to fulfill the accreditation requirements. Situational leadership provides a framework that... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.642 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "resume", "education"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.498486 | [
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accreditation is demonstrated by tracking the process at a progressive Kentucky county public health agency that served as a PHAB beta test site. Keywords: situational leadership, public health accreditation, accreditation, leadership, student training Introduction The mission of public health, as identified by the 198... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.549 | 0.834 | ["leadership"] | 450 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.498613 | [
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conditions in which people can be healthy” ( 1 ). A strong infrastructure is central to the mission of public health, since it supports the delivery of key public health services. The critical role infrastructure plays in assuring public health is underscored in a 2003 IOM follow up report that identified strengthening... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.383 | 0.832 | ["governance"] | 421 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.498753 | [
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tial area of action for the twenty-first century. The 2003 report highlighted the key role that leadership plays in maintaining a strong public health system through the development of a competent public health workforce. It also identified the importance of leadership in such specific recommendations as making “leader... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "governance", "education"] | 509 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.498890 | [
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r entities within the public health system ( 2 ). Successful leadership is contingent upon developing a clear mission and executing a vision to guide progress ( 3 ). Various frameworks have been developed to guide public health leaders in developing a mission and vision, including the three Core Functions of Public Hea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.872 | ["leadership", "strategy"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.499044 | [
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ected from the day to day operations of a public health agency. The accreditation standards and measures developed by The Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) provide specific benchmarks to be utilized by agencies as a framework to guide their activities. While PHAB’s standards and measures can be used to guide org... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.393 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "strategy"] | 511 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.499221 | [
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g-term vision based on effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. Academic public health programs, as part of their curricula, educate students in leadership theories and models, and often include skill training at both the masters and doctoral levels. Students of public health rarely are provided the opportunity t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.581 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "strategy"] | 463 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.499347 | [
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real world situations prior to degree completion. This article discusses one opportunity to transfer leadership theory and practice from the classroom to the practice setting. In this instance, practice based field experience provided a public health doctoral student the opportunity to utilize concepts learned in the c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.614 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "interview", "education"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.499491 | [
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ed on leadership in the context of preparing for participation in a Beta Test of the PHAB pilot standards and measures. Situational Leadership Situational leadership theory suggests that leaders should adapt their leadership styles based on the readiness, current skills, and developmental level of team members ( 5 ). I... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "management"] | 457 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.499648 | [
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p style that best fits the needs of the follower. It is particularly well suited to leading public health agencies through the accreditation process as will be demonstrated. Utilizing Situational Leadership requires leaders to be aware of the perceptions of their followers. What leaders say they do is one thing; what f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.635 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 411 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.499779 | [
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leaders meet their expectations is another ( 6 ). Given the novelty of accreditation, and the potential anxiety engendered during the different phases of the process, public health leaders need to be aware of and adapt their leadership styles to match the readiness, current skills, and developmental status of the team ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict"] | 422 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.500156 | [
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to successfully navigate this intricate process. Situational leadership is based on two behavioral categories: task behavior and relational behavior. Task behavior is “the extent to which the leader engages in spelling out the duties and responsibilities of an individual or group” ( 7 ). Relational behavior is “the ext... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.662 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 430 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.500389 | [
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nication if there is more than one person” ( 7 ). Thus, situational leadership provides a balance between (1) guidance and direction (task behavior), (2) socio-emotional support (relational behavior), and (3) the readiness level followers exhibit for a specific task ( 5 ). The leadership styles of situational leadershi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.500539 | [
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h task and high relationship” behaviors; Style 3 (S3) “Participating” characterized by “high relationship and low task” behaviors; Style 4 (S4) “Delegating” characterized by “low relationship and low task” behavior ( 5 ) (see Figure 1 ). Figure 1. Open in a new tab Situational leadership and public health accreditation... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 509 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.500694 | [
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willingness to accomplish a specific task” ( 5 ). The major components of readiness are ability defined as “the knowledge, experience, and skill that an individual or a group brings to a particular task or activity,” and willingness is defined as “the extent to which an individual or a group has the confidence, commitm... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.378 | 0.87 | ["motivation", "education"] | 496 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.500822 | [
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igh as followers develop ability and willingness. Leaders match their leadership style to the readiness level of their followers as follows: Level 1 (R1) occurs when the follower is “unable and unwilling” to perform the task and lacks confidence, motivation, and commitment; Level 2 (R2) occurs when the follower is “una... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.457 | 0.716 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "motivation"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.501029 | [
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task, possibly because of insecurity; and Level 4 (R4) occurs when the follower is “willing and able” to accomplish the task with confidence ( 5 ) (see Figure 1 ). Situational Leadership and Public Health Accreditation: A Local Health Agency Case Study While accreditation is not a new concept in the American health sec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.72 | ["leadership", "education"] | 511 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.501186 | [
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for decades], it is a new phenomenon in public health practice in the United States. Informal discussions concerning the accreditation of public health agencies have occurred for some time; however, accreditation received a significant boost from The Future of the Public’s Health in the Twenty-First Century , which sta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.704 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.501348 | [
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with regard to the performance of the core public health functions of assessment, assurance, and policy development and the EPHS” ( 8 ). This report led to the creation of the Exploring Accreditation project in 2004, the creation of PHAB in 2007, and ultimately the release of PHAB’s standards and measures for voluntary... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.862 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.501519 | [
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ards and evaluating performance against those standards, and has been shown to be associated with higher performing health systems. In a working paper for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), Mays demonstrated that clinical quality measures for care of myocardial infarctions were lower and mortality rates higher ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.387 | 0.828 | ["philosophy"] | 436 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.501645 | [
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to JCAHO accredited healthcare facilities ( 9 ). It may be postulated that accreditation of public health agencies will have a similar effect. PHAB states that its program is intended to develop and maintain “a high-performing governmental public health system that will make us the healthiest nation.” Thus, PHAB “is de... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.86 | ["philosophy", "governance"] | 511 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.501794 | [
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torial public health departments in the United States” ( 10 ). The PHAB accreditation process has seven steps; Pre-application, Application, Documentation Selection and Submission, Site Visit, Accreditation Decision, Reports, and Reaccreditation; and was developed after extensive review and revision, including a beta t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.375 | 0.822 | ["resume", "strategy", "decision_making"] | 418 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.501930 | [
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al, and local public health agencies ( 10 , 11 ). Following an interview with the director of a local public health agency regarding the agency’s experience as a beta test site, the authors noted that the agency’s accreditation experience closely matched the four situational leadership styles in relationship to the sta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "interview", "networking", "resume"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.502073 | [
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iscuss the application of situational leadership to the accreditation process. The agency was well prepared for accreditation given its previous commitment to continuous quality improvement, as evidenced by its application to be a beta test site. In addition, the agency director was a member of the Kentucky Department ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.589 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "management", "resume", "philosophy"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.502216 | [
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ment and management, having completed in 2008 a local public health system performance assessment that demonstrated a relatively high (69%) score in the overall performance of the EPHS ( 12 ). During the initial interview with the agency director, it was apparent that leadership was viewed as a key element to accredita... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.41 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "management", "interview"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.502341 | [
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t and part time employes, as well as members of the local board of health. Early in the accreditation process, particularly during the pre-application and application stages, and partially during document submission, the agency staff was relatively unfamiliar with the accreditation process (R1 follower readiness level ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.564 | 0.696 | ["resume", "leadership"] | 474 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.502478 | [
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rimarily those shown in the S1 area in Figure 1 . Such actions involved informing the agency staff of the requirements and processes of accreditation and directing them through the process with high task behaviors answering the question: what is public health accreditation? She utilized a directing style of leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 511 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.502600 | [
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on and gained some confidence through identifying their roles in the process and the documents necessary for review, they transitioned to an R2 stage of follower readiness as depicted in Figure 1 , resulting in the director continuing highly directive behavior while adding high relationship behavior as well. A coaching... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 415 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.502724 | [
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le (S2 quadrant of the diagram) became important. While the leadership style was still high task, moving from direction to explanation occurred in order to answer the question, “Why is accreditation important to our agency?”. By the time the agency was ready for document submission its personnel had sufficient confiden... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.502860 | [
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necessitating a continuation of the S2 leadership style, including coaching, explaining, and continuously persuading public health agency staff members of the value of accreditation and the importance of each individual’s role in the agency’s effort. By the time the agency reached the PHAB’s beta test site visit phase,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 497 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.502996 | [
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low task behaviors characterized by quadrant S3. These follower-directed behaviors revolved primarily around encouraging and championing the efforts of a highly participatory agency staff, with agency leaders assuming the role of problem solvers instead of being more highly task oriented. By the conclusion of the PHAB ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.592 | 0.834 | ["leadership"] | 456 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.503175 | [
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embers had developed to an R4 stage of readiness. The agency staff was able, willing, and confident with respect to accreditation. As a result, the leader’s style had shifted to a low task and low relational behavior approach as described by quadrant S4. The director successfully delegated the accreditation coordinatio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.503369 | [
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its quality improvement, performance measurement, and management infrastructure. The agency had successfully completed the three prerequisites of PHAB accreditation by developing a community health assessment, a community health improvement plan, and a refined strategic plan with clear mission and vision statements tha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.531 | 0.83 | ["strategy", "management", "philosophy"] | 462 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.503631 | [
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g led by the full time accreditation coordinator. As a result of the commitment and intense preparation exhibited by the staff, on February 28, 2013, the agency was awarded 5-year accreditation status by PHAB. 1 Accreditation of the agency was a direct result of the leadership exhibited by the agency’s senior leadershi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.372 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "communication", "management", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 467 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.503838 | [
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collaboration between staff members and leaders. The use of a situational leadership approach contributed to team development. Conflict resolution was more readily accomplished by the leaders’ understanding of the needs of the staff members and the leaders’ ability to utilize an appropriate leadership style to meet the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.48 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "communication", "management", "ethics", "war_conflict"] | 473 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.503976 | [
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by staff members during the beta test experience. Summary Situational leadership theory and skills learned in the classroom were effective in understanding the leadership required to effectively guide a public health agency through the process of preparing for PHAB accreditation. This theory of leadership is an appropr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.828 | ["leadership"] | 436 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.504403 | [
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ibility as a follower driven model of leadership. Given the novelty and the complexity of the accreditation process, a highly functioning team is required and situational leadership provides a framework for public health agency leaders to successfully guide their teams through the process. Use of situational leadership... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.641 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 481 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.504548 | [
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ndards plan throughout the accreditation process. Thus, a classroom leadership theory was found to be useful as an approach to being faithful to public health’s mission to “assure conditions in which people can be healthy” ( 1 ). Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "networking", "faith_spirituality"] | 433 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.504803 | [
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be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Footnotes 1 http://www.phaboard.org/news-room/accredited-health-departments References 1. Institute of Medicine Committee on the Study for the Future of Public Health The Future of Public Health. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; (1988). [ Google Scholar ] 2. Inst... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.696 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 509 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.505075 | [
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Washington, DC: National Academies Press; (2003). [ Google Scholar ] 3. Jaques E. Requisite Organization: A Total System for Effective Managerial Organization and Managerial Leadership for the 21st Century. Arlington, VA: Cason Hall; (1998). [ Google Scholar ] 4. The Core Public Health Functions Steering Committee. 10 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.584 | 0.674 | ["leadership", "management"] | 464 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.505203 | [
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vices.html 5. Hersey P, Blanchard KH, Johnson DE. Management of Organizationl Behavior – Leading Human Resources. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall; (2008). [ Google Scholar ] 6. Kouzes JM, Posner BZ. Follower-oriented leadership. In: Goethals GR, Sorenson GJ, Burns JM. editors. Encyclopedia of Lead... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.663 | 0.702 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict"] | 493 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.505405 | [
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Other 59 Minutes. New York: Warner Books; (1984). [ Google Scholar ] 8. Mays GP. Can accreditation work in public health? Lessons from other service industries. Working Paper Prepared for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 2004 Nov 30. New Jersey: Princeton; (2004). [ Google Scholar ] 9. Public Health Accreditation Bo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.688 | ["war_conflict"] | 454 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.505539 | [
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oard – Version 1.0. Alexandria, VA: PHAB; (2011). Available from: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/12758866/PHAB%20Guide%20to%20National%20Public%20Health%20Department%20Accreditation%20Version%201.0.pdf. [ Google Scholar ] 10. Public Health Accreditation Board Evaluation of the Public Health Accreditation Board Beta Test. Alex... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.536 | [] | 493 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.505651 | [
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ugust2011.pdf [ Google Scholar ] 11. Rabarison K. Conversation with Health Director. Frankfort, KY: Franklin County Health Department; (2011). [ Google Scholar ] 12. Franklin County Health Department Local Public Health System Performance Assessment – Report of Results. Frankfort, KY: Franklin County Health Department;... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3856673/ | Application of Situational Leadership to the National Voluntary Public Health Accreditation Process - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.654 | ["philosophy"] | 418 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.505844 | [
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From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository File File history File usage on Commons Size of this preview: 711 × 599 pixels . Other resolutions: 285 × 240 pixels | 569 × 480 pixels | 911 × 768 pixels | 1,215 × 1,024 pixels | 1,841 × 1,552 pixels . Original file (1,841 × 1,552 pixels, file size: 431 KB, MIME type: ... | File:Figure of Situational Leadership.jpg | commons.wikimedia.org | public_domain | false | 0.559 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "management", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.717832 | [
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m https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2018/11/situational-leadership-model/ Summary [ edit ] Description Figure of Situational Leadership.jpg English: Figure of the Situationa Leadership model created with inspiration from https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2018/11/situational-leadership-model/ Date 18 February 2019 S... | File:Figure of Situational Leadership.jpg | commons.wikimedia.org | public_domain | false | 0.64 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "management", "motivation", "innovation"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.718156 | [
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s licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix – to adapt the work Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes ... | File:Figure of Situational Leadership.jpg | commons.wikimedia.org | public_domain | false | 0.315 | 0.852 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 442 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.718355 | [
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t suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC BY-SA 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 true ... | File:Figure of Situational Leadership.jpg | commons.wikimedia.org | public_domain | false | 0.319 | 0.86 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.718595 | [
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tional inception 18 February 2019 source of file original creation by uploader media type image/jpeg Retrieved from " https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Figure_of_Situational_Leadership.jpg&oldid=1027201657 " Categories : Leadership Situational leadership Hidden categories: CC-BY-SA-4.0 Self-published... | File:Figure of Situational Leadership.jpg | commons.wikimedia.org | public_domain | false | 0.605 | 0.51 | ["leadership"] | 325 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.718903 | [
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Situational Theories of Leadership Learning Outcomes Summarize the situational theories of leadership. Introduction Situational theories of leadership work on the assumption that the most effective style of leadership changes from situation to situation. To be most effective and successful, a leader must be able to ada... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.527 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "education"] | 468 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.940720 | [
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er a leader who is more autocratic and directive. For others, success will be more likely if the leader can step back and trust his team to make decisions and carry out plans without the leader’s direct involvement. On a similar note, not all types of industries and business settings require the same skills and leaders... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.425 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "management", "decision_making", "innovation", "networking"] | 498 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.940942 | [
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l connection with clients are far more important. Different theories have been developed that recognize the situational aspects of leadership. Each theory attempts to provide its own analysis of how leadership can be most successful in various situations. Let’s consider a few of the key theories. Hersey and Blanchard’s... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.502 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 497 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941022 | [
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d Ken Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory . This approach to leadership suggests the need to match two key elements appropriately: the leader’s leadership style and the followers’ maturity or preparedness levels. The theory identifies four main leadership approaches: Telling: Directive and authoritative approach.... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.549 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "communication"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941082 | [
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persuade the employees rather than simply directing them. Participating: The leader works with the team members to make decisions together. He supports and encourages them and is more democratic. Delegating: The leader assigns decision-making responsibility to team members but oversees their work. In addition to these ... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.644 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "management", "decision_making"] | 459 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941133 | [
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Followers have low competence and low commitment. Level M2: Followers have low competence, but high commitment. Level M3: Followers have high competence, but low commitment and confidence. Level M4: Followers have high competence and high commitment and confidence. In Hersey and Blanchard’s approach, the key to success... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.624 | 0.824 | ["leadership"] | 428 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941182 | [
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he corresponding maturity level of the employees. As a general rule, each of the four leadership styles is appropriate for the corresponding employee maturity level: Telling style works best for leading employees at the M1 level (low competence, low commitment). Selling style works best for leading employees at the M2 ... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.615 | 0.84 | ["leadership"] | 475 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941230 | [
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vel (high competence, low commitment/confidence). Delegating style works best for leading employees at the M4 level (high competence, high commitment/confidence). Maturity levels and leadership styles Identifying the employee maturity level becomes a very important part of the process, and the leader must have the will... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.533 | 0.846 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941276 | [
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f leadership has been developed by Daniel Goleman. His theory incorporates his development of the concept of emotional intelligence . He develops that idea into six categories of situational leadership, describing the leadership style and suggesting when each style is most appropriate and likely to be successful: Paces... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.657 | 0.824 | ["leadership"] | 416 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941380 | [
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and standards and drives employees to reach them. This works with highly motivated and competent employees, but can lead to burnout due to the high energy demands and stress levels. Authoritative Leader The leader authoritatively provides a direction and goals for the team, expecting the team to follow his lead. The de... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.455 | 0.868 | ["management", "leadership", "motivation", "education"] | 512 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941475 | [
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ghly experienced and knowledgeable and might resent being dictated to. Affiliative Leader A positive reinforcement and morale-boosting style. The leader praises and encourages the employees, refraining from criticism or reprimand. The goal is to foster team bonding and connectedness, along with a sense of belonging. Th... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.609 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "strategy", "management", "ethics", "education"] | 479 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941554 | [
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sufficient as a long-term or exclusive strategy. Coaching Leader The leader focuses on helping individual employees build their skills and develop their talents. This approach works best when employees are receptive to guidance and willing to hear about their weaknesses and where they need to improve. Democratic Leader... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.5 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "strategy"] | 469 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941619 | [
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and allowing them a voice in the final decision. This works well when the leader is in need of guidance and/or the employees are highly qualified to contribute and there are not strenuous time constraints that require quick decisions. Coercive Leader The leader acts as the ultimate authority and demands immediate compl... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.629 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "crisis"] | 476 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941669 | [
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ster, but is not advisable in healthy situations. Normative Decision Theory One final theory we will look at is Vroom and Yetton’s Normative Decision Theory . This approach is intended as a guide in determining the optimum amount of time and group input that should be committed to a decision. A leader has a number of o... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.468 | 0.862 | ["decision_making", "leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 463 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941726 | [
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information from team members to make decisions. He can consult team members individually and ask their advice before making the decision. He can consult team members as a group before making the decision. He can consult the team as a group and allow the team as a whole to make the decision. Victor Vroom and Phillip Ye... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.626 | 0.882 | ["decision_making", "management", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 511 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941781 | [
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ision to be made, and the answers will lead the decision maker to the suggested approach. The questions focus on a few key factors: Is decision quality highly important? Does the leader have sufficient information to make the decision? Is it highly important for team members to accept the decision? Are the team members... | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-principlesmanagement/chapter/situational-theories-of-leadership/ | Situational Theories of Leadership | Principles of Management | courses.lumenlearning.com | unknown | false | 0.596 | 0.87 | ["decision_making", "leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 504 | Situational Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T22:53:49.941829 | [
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