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New Dir Stud Leadersh . 2025 Dec 12;2025(188):29–37. doi: 10.1002/yd.70020 Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators Jera E Niewoehner‐Green Jera E Niewoehner‐Green 1 Department of Agricultural Communication, Education and Leadership, The Ohio State University, Columbus,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "education", "communication"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.595106 | [
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DaNel Hogan 2 , Alexandria Sedar Alexandria Sedar 3 Waters Center for Systems Thinking, Tucson, Arizona, USA Find articles by Alexandria Sedar 3 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Department of Agricultural Communication, Education and Leadership, The Ohio State University, Columbus, O... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.578 | 0.68 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy", "communication"] | 453 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.595454 | [
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ing, Tucson, Arizona, USA ✉ Corresponding author. Received 2025 Nov 22; Accepted 2025 Nov 22; Issue date 2025 Winter. © 2025 The Author(s). New Directions for Student Leadership published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Licen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.593 | 0.688 | ["leadership", "innovation"] | 473 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.595620 | [
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ly cited and is not used for commercial purposes. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC12826125 PMID: 41387304 ABSTRACT This article explores the concept of systems thinking as a crucial skill for leadership students navigating a complex, interconnected world. We assert that incorporating systems thinking into leadership edu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.643 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "networking", "education"] | 433 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.595756 | [
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errelationships, and dynamics of various systems. The article outlines key systems thinking language, principles, and skills that support systems literacy, then illustrates their application through the presentation of three case studies: Jacinda Ardern's leadership during the COVID‐19 pandemic, Dr. Darryll Pines's app... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "education", "communication", "networking", "resume"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.595928 | [
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can be integrated into diverse learning environments and noting considerations for educators as they introduce systems thinking into their work. 1. Introduction Public health is a system. The economy is a system. Agriculture is a system. We are completely embedded in systems, and their complexity continues to grow. Reg... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.686 | ["communication", "crisis", "economy", "education"] | 463 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.596076 | [
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s and addressing challenges locally and globally. Building leadership capacity through systems thinking supports the ability to examine the structure, interrelationships, and dynamics of groups, organizations, and broader communities, which can enable individuals to be more adaptable and innovative (Kapsali 2011 ; Swan... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.641 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "communication", "crisis", "networking"] | 508 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.596217 | [
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urriculum to reach an interdisciplinary audience. In this article, we will provide some systems thinking background, introduce systems thinking language and skills, provide example applications through case studies, and highlight pathways for integrating systems thinking into leadership education. 2. Systems Thinking O... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "resume", "education", "philosophy"] | 478 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.596362 | [
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y, and a methodology (Cabrera and Cabrera 2019 ). Systems thinking has been applied in natural sciences, computer sciences, and social sciences, from complex mathematical modeling to descriptive narratives. In the broadest sense, systems thinking is considered the ability to recognize, understand, and synthesize intera... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.572 | 0.82 | [] | 420 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.596474 | [
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designed for a specific purpose (Meadows 2008 ). While there are many definitions of systems thinking, Arnold and Wade (2015, 7 ) developed the following definition by aggregating them into, “…a set of synergistic analytic skills used to improve the capability of identifying and understanding systems, predicting their ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.568 | 0.85 | [] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.596603 | [
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nding of systems thinking, Meadows ( 2008 ) reminded us how this approach to understanding the world and problem‐solving has been used for over a millennium. 2.1. Indigenous Roots of Systems Thinking The core principles of systems thinking, relationality, interdependence, emergence, and circularity have been foundation... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.852 | [] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.596724 | [
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art of a dynamic, interconnected web of relationships that includes people, land, ancestors, future generations, and more‐than‐human kin (non‐human life forms such as plants, animals, rivers, etc.) (Goodchild 2021 ; Kimmerer 2013 ). Knowledge is not just extracted or measured—it is lived, embodied, and sustained throug... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.844 | ["decision_making", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.596869 | [
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today must serve those seven generations into the future (Haudenosaunee Confederacy n.d .). Robin Wall Kimmerer ( 2013 , 20) spoke of reciprocity as a core ecological and cultural value: “All flourishing is mutual.” Tyson Yunkaporta ( 2019 ) critiqued linear logic in favor of relational pattern‐based understanding root... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.395 | 0.842 | ["ethics", "education"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.597020 | [
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ponsive standpoint,” rooted in ethical, relational, intellectual, and operational processes that reinforce “that all things are related and connected” (Goodchild 2021 , 55). These perspectives reveal that what we now call systems thinking has long been practiced by Indigenous peoples—often without naming it as such, bu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.854 | ["ethics", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.597145 | [
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ciplines such as physics and biology as early as the 1920s (von Bertalanffy 1968 ). Over time there was a consensus that a re‐orientation of science to that of a systems approach was needed and the idea of a “general systems theory” (GST) was introduced by von Bertalanffy ( 1968 ). This laid the groundwork for the fiel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.378 | 0.854 | [] | 458 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.597272 | [
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atural and human‐constructed world (Akpan 2025 ). At its core, GST regards systems as ensembles of interacting parts—physical, biological, social, or symbolic in nature (Chen and Stroup 1993 ). Iterations of GST have since been applied across disciplines to challenge linear and reductionist thinking (Hammond 2010 ). Bu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.429 | 0.848 | ["crisis", "governance", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.597408 | [
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man systems, including government, business, and education, giving rise to the discipline of system dynamics (Chen and Stroup 1993 ). His concepts have influenced contemporary systems thinkers and helped integrate systems thinking into PreK–16 education (Forrester 2009 ). Despite its widespread application across disci... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.812 | ["education", "resume", "governance"] | 421 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.597548 | [
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remains inconsistently integrated into curricula. Often cited as a higher‐order critical thinking skill, it can be challenging to teach and learn without intentional scaffolding and contextually relevant instruction (Hung 2008 ). Early studies identified how students from elementary through post‐secondary levels strugg... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.588 | 0.84 | ["networking"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.597673 | [
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rates of change into or out of stocks) particularly in environments where systems thinking was not explicitly taught (Ben‐Zvi‐Assaraf and Orion 2004 ; Booth Sweeney and Sterman 2001 ; Kali et al. 2003 ). However, even for students in elementary school, subsequent studies indicated students constructed causal loop diagr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.411 | 0.84 | ["education"] | 455 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.597815 | [
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2010 ; Waters Center for Systems Thinking 2018 ). When embedded across disciplines and supported with appropriate tools, systems thinking increased holistic understanding of systems and the ability to identify interrelationships (Hiller et al. 2012 ). Systems thinking also supported skills such as describing interconne... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.834 | ["networking"] | 464 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.597966 | [
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system (Elsawah et al. 2021 ) as well as identif. Further, systems thinking in the classroom emphasized the importance of seeing the overall picture and the necessity of understanding the interrelation of a system's components (Gero and Zach 2014 ). 2.3. Systems Thinking Language and Skills Valerdi and Rouse ( 2010 ) c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.844 | ["education"] | 461 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.598098 | [
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gin with teaching and learning remains ambiguous. Broadly, a systems thinker must be able to gain insight into the system and then apply this insight to address problems (Arnold and Wade 2017 ). These two facets of systems thinking enable the thinker to approach a system from the outside to understand its behavior and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.415 | 0.876 | ["communication", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.598231 | [
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in succession, thus reinforcing each other as a thinker addresses a system of interest. To define, measure, and assess systems thinking, Arnold and Wade ( 2017 ) grouped systems thinking skills that support these facets into four domains: (1) Mindset —how to approach systemic problems, (2) Content —what is in a system,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.476 | 0.836 | ["communication"] | 424 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.598367 | [
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what happens when content and structure interact. Within these domains are skills that can be assessed as a system thinker matures in their processes. Whether used as a self‐assessment tool or for student evaluation, these rubrics offer a helpful guide for developing systems thinking. Foundational to the development of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.582 | 0.858 | [] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.598714 | [
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that support the cultivation of a systems thinking lens. To explore the nature of systems thinking and establish common systems thinking language, we turn to the Habits of a Systems Thinker (Habits), developed by the Waters Center for Systems Thinking ( 2020 ), which closely aligns with the skill domains outlined by Ar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.424 | 0.862 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.598852 | [
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Habits offer a complementary set of practice‐based entry points that educators and students can apply across contexts. An example of one of the Habits is depicted in Figure 1 and all the Habits can be found at: https://thinkingtoolsstudio.waterscenterst.org/cards . FIGURE 1. Open in a new tab One of the fourteen Habits... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.571 | 0.698 | [] | 471 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.598963 | [
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hinking. 2020 Waters Center for Systems Thinking. Originally developed in the early 2000s by the Waters Foundation, the Habits have evolved through decades of use in PreK–12 schools, community organizations, and business settings. The Habits help systems thinkers approach complexity by cultivating the skills, mindsets,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.573 | 0.854 | ["education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.599101 | [
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ons of individuals learning to engage with complex systems. The grouping of the Habits in this way was originally organized by Melanie Houston of Drexel University. 2.4. Seeing Systems as Parts and as a Whole Systems thinking begins with seeing both the Big Picture of the system as a whole and the interconnected relati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.544 | 0.842 | ["education", "networking"] | 434 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.599234 | [
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a system requires time, curiosity, and humility. As systems thinkers Consider Issues Fully , they Test Assumptions by Changing Perspectives and seek out the viewpoints of others to ensure their model of the system is as complete and accurate as possible. Systems thinkers focus on examining the beliefs and attitudes tha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.846 | ["communication", "decision_making"] | 473 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.599377 | [
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and the world and make decisions (Meadows 2008 ). Using visual thinking tools to communicate their understanding, systems thinkers can surface and test assumptions to more clearly represent a system's current state and to imagine a desired state of the system in the future. 2.5. Understanding System Behavior As the big... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.561 | 0.852 | ["communication", "decision_making"] | 482 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.599546 | [
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he understanding system of behavior is increased. Focus is given to how the elements in the system are Changing Over Time and the impacts those Accumulations have on other parts of the system through their interconnectedness. A systems thinker recognizes that a system's Structure, the interconnected parts and underlyin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.854 | ["networking"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.599679 | [
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instead focus on cause‐and‐effect relationships within the system. Recognizing and Identifying the Circular Nature of these complex cause and effect relationships between the elements of the system and the impact Time Delays have on observing and achieving desired results, prepare systems thinkers to make the best evid... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.54 | 0.848 | ["networking", "decision_making", "economy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.599807 | [
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aborative modeling of the system, a systems thinker Considers Consequences while identifying points of intervention in the system's structure to Leverage Action . Making Meaningful Connections among the parts of a system and beyond its boundaries aids in using new learning and discoveries about the structure and its cu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.372 | 0.858 | ["networking", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.599935 | [
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Approximation is used to monitor key metrics, both qualitative and quantitative, to assess if progress toward desired results is being made and adjust strategies and actions if not. Just as systems are complex interconnections of parts making up a whole with recursive feedback loops, so is the nature of being a systems... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.556 | 0.854 | ["networking", "war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 480 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.600076 | [
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s of studying and analyzing a system of interest. This starts with understanding the structure of the system to explain its behavior to ultimately make evidence‐based decisions and take action to change the system's structure and therefore behavior. The best way to fully understand this process is to see how others hav... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.858 | ["decision_making", "education"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.600212 | [
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can be integrated into instruction using systems language, employing visual tools, and developing simulations. The interdisciplinary nature of leadership studies lends itself to the use of case studies to apply systems thinking concepts to real‐world scenarios, encourage critical thinking and reflection, and provide a ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 479 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.600358 | [
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with systems thinking principles and the Habits. We used Claude 3.7 and ChatGPT to generate ideas for case studies, then edited and checked references. The cases include nation‐state, higher education, and business contexts and describe several systems challenges, such as strategic management through crisis, navigating... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.84 | ["crisis", "llm", "education", "leadership", "strategy"] | 506 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.600493 | [
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rs demonstrated a systems thinking approach. 3.1. Case 1: Systems Thinking in Crisis—Jacinda Ardern and New Zealand's COVID‐19 Response In early 2020, as COVID‐19 spread rapidly around the globe, world leaders faced mounting uncertainty and public fear. In New Zealand, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern led a swift, coordin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.577 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "communication", "decision_making", "crisis"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.600628 | [
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ed and made decisions under pressure (Wilson 2020 ). From the outset, Ardern framed the pandemic not only as a public health crisis but as a challenge with far‐reaching impacts across economic, emotional, and social systems. Her now‐famous message—“Be strong. Be kind.” became a widely shared call to action and was cite... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "crisis", "communication", "decision_making", "family"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.600759 | [
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ectly answering questions and acknowledging people's fears, reinforcing a sense of transparency and national cohesion. Meanwhile, her government implemented science‐based lockdowns, prioritized mental health resources, and introduced economic relief measures tailored to vulnerable populations. Her administration's stra... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.806 | ["strategy", "governance"] | 473 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.600896 | [
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es, businesses, educators, and frontline workers. The decision to “go hard and go early” with lockdown was grounded in epidemiological modeling and expert public health guidance (Cousins 2020 ). This approach reflected an awareness of delays between action and outcomes, with the intent of mitigating impacts before they... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "communication", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.601026 | [
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ay have contributed to public cooperation and trust (Wilson 2020 ). Her administration also focused on addressing underlying structural factors—such as income inequality and access to healthcare—and developed responses across multiple ministries to adapt to emerging needs (Jefferies and Boddy 2023 ; Wilson 2020 ). Publ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.355 | 0.814 | ["leadership", "communication", "social_justice"] | 412 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.601164 | [
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ith scientists, educators, and community leaders. Her government held regular briefings with public health officials, forums with Māori leaders and community organizations. Her engagement with Māori iwi (i.e., tribes or nations) and health providers was perceived by many as a respectful acknowledgment of tino rangatira... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "governance", "philosophy"] | 488 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.601295 | [
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overnment's response (Jefferies and Boddy 2023 ). Public support was reflected in polling and electoral outcomes: a Newshub–Reid Research poll in May 2020 found that 91.6% of respondents supported the nationwide lockdown (Smith 2020 ), and her Labour Party won a significant re‐election victory later that year (New Zeal... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.339 | 0.846 | ["war_conflict", "management"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.601425 | [
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and shift toward longer‐term management strategies. Despite anti‐mandate protests and public fatigue, her administration maintained an emphasis on empathy and transparent messaging, which researchers suggest helped maintain institutional trust (Jefferies and Boddy 2023 ). Five years later, New Zealand's early response ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.38 | 0.834 | ["management", "war_conflict", "education"] | 509 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.601559 | [
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itutional resilience (Jefferies and Boddy 2023 ). 3.1.1. Connection to Select Systems Thinking Principles and Habits Seeing a system as parts and as a whole : Practicing the Habits of Seeks to Understand the Big Picture and Makes Meaningful Connections Between Systems , Ardern consistently acknowledged the pandemic as ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.854 | ["networking", "crisis", "economy", "education"] | 504 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.601693 | [
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nd's health system, economy, and social cohesion. Understanding system behavior : Her government used data modeling, scenario planning, Surfaced and Tested Assumptions , and Changed Perspectives to Increase Understanding by gathering input from various sectors to anticipate how the system might behave over time. They a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.846 | ["strategy", "networking", "governance", "economy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.601826 | [
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mplex Cause and Effect Relationships , considering feedback loops in public compliance. Using system understanding to make change : Instead of isolated solutions, Ardern's team used Understanding of Systems Structure to Identify Possible Leverage Points , by making small but high‐impact decisions like wage subsidies, M... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.361 | 0.84 | ["management", "decision_making", "networking"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.601957 | [
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ated the Habit of Considers Issues Fully by taking into account the social, cultural, economic and communication dimensions of the crisis. 3.2. Case 2: Breaking Barriers: Dr. Darryll Pines' Systems Approach to Engineering Education In Andreychek et al.’s ( 2020 ) coverage of Dr. Darryll Pines 11‐year tenure as dean of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.704 | ["education", "leadership", "communication", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 500 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.602100 | [
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adership style which transformed the institution. Known colloquially as the “walkabout dean,” Pines regularly left his office to engage directly with students, faculty, and staff —embodying his core philosophy of, “…instilling a community culture that promotes a greater good: to strive not just for personal achievement... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.828 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 426 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.602295 | [
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state, and society” (Andreychek et al. 2020 , 1). This hands‐on approach earned him widespread respect, with stakeholders consistently describing him as “selfless,” “genuine,” “diplomatic,” and “deeply caring” (Andreychek et al. 2020 , 3). Pines had a remarkable ability to unite stakeholders across campus. He was consi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.551 | 0.824 | ["diplomacy", "education", "philosophy"] | 436 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.602428 | [
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and commitment to interdisciplinary partnerships. He established collaborations with numerous academic units including the School of Architecture and College of Arts and Humanities. Leveraging relationships established during his time working with the US government, Pines brought significant investment to the school th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.381 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "networking", "governance", "economy", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.602566 | [
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roved recruitment, retention, and support for women faculty across the entire institution, as he actively engaged campus deans to integrate these activities into faculty culture. Pines revolutionized engineering education at the University of Maryland through a comprehensive approach to hands‐on learning. He establishe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.828 | ["education"] | 484 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.602686 | [
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e student retention and nurture applied thinking. Under his leadership, a culture of meaningful, real‐world competition flourished, with students participating in, and often winning, dozens of competitions, including first place in the Department of Energy Solar Decathlon 2011 and setting world records with the human‐p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.425 | 0.83 | ["leadership"] | 468 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.602825 | [
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people's potential when given the right support. “What I've come to realize with most people, but definitely with engineers, is that someone always has an idea,” Pines explained “All you need to do is give them the resources, a little bit of space, and the right guidance—then stand back and see what happens” (Andreyche... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.406 | 0.864 | ["crisis"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.602982 | [
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elop innovative solutions for technological and societal challenges with minimal restrictions beyond a timeline for execution. Pines significantly improved diversity and inclusion at the Clark School through consistent, purposeful efforts, doubling the number of tenured and tenure‐track female and underrepresented facu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.372 | 0.814 | ["crisis", "education"] | 432 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.603115 | [
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Center for Minorities in Science and Engineering. His commitment yielded impressive results and by 2020 the UMD Clark School ranked among the top 10 in conferring degrees to African American students at all levels, prompting a board member and business leader to observe how Pines “genuinely understands and realizes the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "strategy", "economy", "education"] | 477 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.603242 | [
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rough this vision and collaborative approach, Dr. Pines transformed the Clark School into a premier engineering institution and a gateway for the entire campus to create positive change in the world. 3.2.1. Connection to Select Systems Thinking Principles and Habits Paying attention to structure to shift systems : Rath... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.574 | 0.684 | ["strategy", "innovation", "networking", "salary", "economy"] | 451 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.603380 | [
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Structure to Identify Possible Leverage Actions . He intentionally established structures—like labs, competitions, and open‐ended challenges like Mpact—which naturally generated the innovative culture he sought. Accumulations shape outcomes over time : Dr. Pines consistently focused on long‐term, measurable indicators ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.415 | 0.844 | ["communication", "crisis", "salary"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.603536 | [
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ies amongst students and faculty, he was able to track progress, identify when momentum was stalled, and course‐correct. This helped him stay committed to structural change over time using Successive Approximation after Checking Results and Changing Actions to avoid mistaking gradual progress for permanent success. Men... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.584 | 0.828 | [] | 427 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.603659 | [
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ng How Mental Models Affect Current Reality , Dr. Pines helped people across the institution Surface and Test Assumptions about who belongs in STEM and what leadership looks like. Recognizing a System's Structure Generates Its Behavior , he helped build structures rooted in the mental model that everyone has a place in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.856 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.603806 | [
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hip, both individual and institutional mental models began to shift. By Observing How Elements Within a System Change Over Time, Generating Patterns and Trends , Dr. Pines helped embed inclusion into the institution's fabric, shaping not just outcomes, but the culture and identity of the institution itself. 3.3. Case 3... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.848 | ["crisis", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.603934 | [
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ts company not around profit maximization, but around purpose, environmental responsibility, and the well‐being of people and planet. Its founder, Yvon Chouinard, described himself as a “reluctant businessman” who never intended to build a company, but instead set out to solve problems for climbers, surfers, workers, a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.858 | [] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.604048 | [
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rough Growth .She observed how, “…this is not a company trying to do less harm to the environment, but one trying to cause positive good,” (Meadows 1993 ). From supply chains to employee policies to environmental activism, Patagonia made decisions which reflected a long‐term view of impact and a deep awareness of inter... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.379 | 0.852 | ["decision_making", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.604177 | [
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ssociated with conventional cotton (Chouinard 2016 ). It also invested in repair and reuse initiatives to reduce waste and committed 1% of sales to grassroots environmental organizations (Stanley and Chouinard 2012 ). Chouinard ( 2016 , 105) frequently quoted environmentalist Edward Abbey, stating, “…growth for the sak... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.838 | ["war_conflict"] | 472 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.604321 | [
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odels and advocate for regenerative alternatives. Instead of prioritizing short‐term profit or linear growth, Patagonia developed systems‐based indicators such as product lifespan, environmental impact per garment, supply chain transparency, and investment in community resilience (Patagonia 2022 ; Stanley and Chouinard... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.342 | 0.82 | [] | 437 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.604432 | [
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o 2020, Patagonia expanded its public engagement. The company launched Patagonia Action Works to connect customers with grassroots organizations (Weller 2018 ), supported the Bears Ears Inter‐Tribal Coalition ( 2022 ), and distributed the film Public Trust to raise awareness about land protection and Indigenous soverei... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.834 | ["war_conflict"] | 469 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.604560 | [
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its role within social and environmental systems. Across leadership transitions, Patagonia has maintained coherence in its mission. Its approach demonstrates how a values‐based organization can remain adaptive and trusted by embedding feedback, transparency, and purpose across its operations. 3.3.1. Connection to Selec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.581 | 0.684 | ["leadership", "networking", "ethics"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.604696 | [
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g Picture and Makes Meaningful Connections Within and Between Systems , recognizing how business decisions are not isolated acts but part of broader socioecological systems. From design, sourcing, and culture, the company integrates its values across the organization and operates with an awareness of its embeddedness i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.544 | 0.842 | ["decision_making", "ethics", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.604837 | [
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of Actions , Patagonia remains attuned to how business decisions affect people, ecosystems, and future generations. This awareness fuels the company's drive to Surfaces and Tests Assumptions about dominant economic beliefs—such as the necessity of constant growth—and explores models where business can succeed by doing ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.394 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 510 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.604976 | [
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its systems‐based mission even as leadership and market conditions have changed. By Considering How Mental Models Affect Current Reality and the Future , the company has shaped an organizational mental model that businesses should serve environmental and social systems, not just markets. By Observing How Elements Withi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.836 | ["leadership"] | 470 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.605117 | [
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g its practices without losing its core identity. This systemic integration of values and feedback process makes resilience a feature of the organization. The case studies presented here applied the Habits and principles of systems thinking in three different contexts and could be used as a teaching tool in both high s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.603 | 0.852 | ["education", "ethics"] | 469 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.605264 | [
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t student/participant needs or field of study. 4. Building Systems Language Into Education This article focused primarily on systems language through the Habits because of the strong connection to cognitive skill‐building and language's key role in supporting systems thinking methods and practices (Elsawah et al. 2021 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.824 | ["education", "networking"] | 432 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.605394 | [
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sible and build understanding of complex systems. One example of these are causal loop diagrams, visual tools used in systems thinking to illustrate the relationships between parts of a system. They show how variables influence one another through reinforcing or balancing feedback loops, helping to identify dynamic beh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.334 | 0.856 | ["networking"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.605535 | [
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to reveal trends, patterns, and shifts that might not be visible from isolated data points (Booth Sweeney and Meadows 2010 ). A final example of a systems thinking method is identifying systems archetypes. Systems archetypes are common patterns of behavior in systems that recur across different contexts and include str... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.382 | 0.856 | ["education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.605694 | [
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wledge needed to apply tools and concepts in ongoing sense‐making of shifting systems. Systems thinking language, methods, and practices are not taught or learned sequentially, nor are they mutually exclusive. A systems thinker may begin with a conceptual understanding, experiment with visual tools, and reflect on thei... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.572 | 0.844 | ["resume", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.605817 | [
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s's ( 1978 ) “reflective practitioner” and double‐loop learning , where individuals and organizations critically examine and revise the underlying assumptions shaping their decisions based on feedback. Systems thinking can be integrated into PreK‐12 education through subject‐specific content, social‐emotional learning,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.596 | 0.83 | ["education", "leadership", "communication", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.605946 | [
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s for peer conflict resolution (Waters Center 2018 ), and middle and high schoolers can explore leadership identity through behavior‐over‐time graphs. Like universities, schools can adopt systems thinking cultures in classrooms and organizational leadership. Some examples are included in Table 1 . TABLE 1. Integrating ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.435 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "education", "resume", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.606076 | [
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movies the following discussion prompts can be used: “What systems are you noticing?” “Which Habits of a Systems Thinker are most evident?” “What mental models were influencing the behavior of individuals or groups?” “Where in this system is there potential for intervention?” “How do elements of the system change over ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.551 | 0.85 | ["resume", "family"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.606201 | [
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problems or personal systems (family, work, school). Assessment Prompt Pre‐ and post‐assessment to gauge the increased complexity of students' thinking over time: “Think of a system you are a part of and describe it.” Educators can note the student's ability to identify connections within and between systems, recognize... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.474 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "networking", "family", "education"] | 439 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.606328 | [
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and the role of leaders to shift complex systems. Integration into Programs or Departments Workshops using the ladder of inference or Habits for strategic planning, curriculum review, or team building. Embed Habits into rubrics or reflections. Open in a new tab For personal and professional skill cultivation, many reso... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.828 | ["strategy", "leadership", "management", "career"] | 439 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.606454 | [
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its and principles into programs and departments. Tools, like the ladder of inference, which is tied closely to mental models, can be used to build shared understanding of events. The Habits cards and their questions can be used among peers during strategic planning discussions. Resources for further learning include b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.856 | ["strategy", "education"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.606581 | [
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Systems Thinker, and online tools, archetypes, and Habits courses on the Waters Center's Thinking Tools Studio. 5. Considerations This article focuses primarily on introducing systems thinking language and Habits through case studies. While these entry points provide practical ways to build foundational systems thinkin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.419 | 0.818 | [] | 415 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.606697 | [
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oader set of competencies, tools, and frameworks. Systems thinking is multifaceted, and other critical elements, such as modeling, visual tools, and long‐term practice, deserve deeper exploration. The case studies presented are meant to illustrate application, but they are not exhaustive or universally transferable. Sy... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.824 | ["communication", "resume", "rhetoric"] | 458 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.609182 | [
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may not reflect current structures or strategies. For example, shifts in leadership or external pressures can dramatically alter system behavior, which may limit the longevity or relevance of a given case as a learning tool. Additionally, adopting systems thinking approaches often requires time, facilitation, and inten... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "education", "crisis"] | 496 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.609592 | [
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semester timelines, or departmental expectations. In some cases, integrating systems thinking into curricula may require broader cultural or structural shifts within an academic program or institution. Another consideration is when there are environments with high consensus among participants, such as groups with share... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.834 | ["communication", "crisis", "career", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.609763 | [
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the exploration of alternate perspectives or systemic blind spots. Without intentional efforts to bring in outside voices or conflicting viewpoints, students may miss opportunities to surface assumptions and explore complexity. Finally, the non‐linear, exploratory nature of systems thinking can be uncomfortable in lear... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.836 | ["communication", "crisis", "war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.609919 | [
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mindsets and habits, may also pose challenges in settings where standardized evaluation rubrics are the norm. 6. Conclusion With the increasing complexity of problems across sectors, there has been a call for more ‘systems leaders’ and ‘systems leadership’ (Dreier et al. 2019 ; Senge et al. 2015 ; Southern 2021 ). The ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.629 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "crisis"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.610059 | [
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ch encourage describing the system, seeking other perspectives, engaging in reflective learning, and facilitating dialogue to move from a reductionist to a more holistic approach to addressing problems. There is no one way to begin incorporating systems thinking into the leadership classroom, professional development, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "communication", "career", "education"] | 435 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.610187 | [
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fort to embed systems thinking into these spaces. As adrienne maree brown ( 2017 ) writes, “the large is a reflection of the small”—even small, grounded actions rooted in systems thinking can reflect and reinforce a more systems‐oriented world. This mindset shift can help reorient future leaders to focus on what is wit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "strategy", "networking"] | 512 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.610331 | [
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hich center connection, responsibility, and interdependence. For leadership educators, this orientation invites deeper integration of systems thinking principles, mindsets, and tools into teaching practice, helping students build the capacity to navigate complexity, collaborate across differences, and lead adaptively i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.63 | 0.68 | ["leadership", "networking", "economy"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.610462 | [
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nciples and Habits for Educators.” New Directions for Student Leadership 2025, no. 188: 29–37. 10.1002/yd.70020 References Akpan, B. 2025. “Systems Thinking—Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, Peter Senge, Donella Meadows.” In Science Education in Theory and Practice, edited by Akpan B., and Kennedy T. J., 417–426. Springer Texts ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.589 | 0.694 | ["leadership", "education"] | 483 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.610600 | [
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al. 2020. Engineering at Maryland, 20, no. 1. A. James Clark School of Engineering. https://view.publitas.com/umdclarkschool/spring‐2020‐engineering‐at‐maryland‐magazine/page/1 . [ Google Scholar ] Argyris, C. , and Schon D. A.. 1978. Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective. Addison‐Wesley Pub. Co. [ Go... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.598 | 0.68 | ["education"] | 496 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.610718 | [
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Science 44: 669–678. 10.1016/j.procs.2015.03.050. [ DOI ] [ Google Scholar ] Arnold, R. D. , and Wade J. P.. 2017. “A Complete Set of Systems Thinking Skills.” INCOSE 20, no. 3: 9–17. Presented at the 27th Annual INCOSE International Symposium (2017), 15–20 July. [ Google Scholar ] Assaraf, O. B.‐Z. , and Orion N.. 201... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12826125/ | Building Leadership Capacity Through Systems Thinking: Principles and Habits for Educators - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.614 | 0.718 | ["education"] | 511 | Strategic Thinking Leadership | topic | 2026-03-31T17:45:44.610911 | [
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