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9 0.11 * −0.26 ** −0.30 ** −0.22 ** −0.28 ** Open in a new tab *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Hypotheses Testing To examine our hypotheses, the multiple regression analyses was carried out in SPSS version 22.0, which was combined with bootstrapping analyses with bias-corrected CI based on 5,000 bootstrap samples. Results are s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.533 | 0.734 | [] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.534385 | [
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1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Age –0.02 0.02 −0.14 * –0.13 −0.14 * Gender –0.03 –0.03 −0.13 * −0.13 * −0.13 ** Education 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.08 Tenure 0.13 0.08 −0.18 ** −0.15 * −0.15 * SBL 0.42 *** 0.28 *** −0.32 *** −0.25 *** FOCC −0.27 *** −0.17 ** JC 0.35 *** SBL × JC −0.13 ** R 2 0.20 0.33 0.20 0.17 0.22 F 1... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.64 | ["education"] | 423 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.534467 | [
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in a new tab *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. SBL, strengths-based leadership; FOCC, felt obligation for constructive change; JC, job control; SBL × JC, interaction of strengths-based leadership and job control. Hypothesis 1 postulated that strengths-based leadership was negatively related to employee turnover inte... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.662 | 0.704 | ["leadership", "career", "networking"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.534532 | [
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p < 0.001), indicating that strengths-based leadership negatively relates to employee turnover intention. Hypothesis 1 is supported. Hypothesis 2 supposed that felt obligation for constructive change mediated the relationship between strengths-based leadership and turnover intention. As shown in model 5 in Table 4 , co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.645 | 0.69 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 481 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.534593 | [
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on for constructive change (β = −0.13, p < 0.01). The data analysis showed that job control satisfies the three criteria for acting as a substitute of strengths-based leadership, which supported Hypothesis 3. As in Figure 2 , we conducted the interaction slope analyses to show the relationship of strengths-based leader... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.673 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "career", "networking", "economy"] | 482 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.534654 | [
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to further elaborate on this interaction effect. Specifically, the positive relationship between strengths-based leadership and felt obligation for constructive change was weaker for employees with a higher level of job control [β = 0.17, CI: (0.05, 0.23)] than for employees with a lower level of job control [β = 0.38,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.706 | ["career", "leadership", "networking", "economy"] | 500 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.534713 | [
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ationship between strengths use and job crafting. Hypothesis 4 assumed that job control could weaken the mediating effect of felt obligation for constructive change on the relationship between strengths-based leadership and turnover intention. PROCESS (model 7) was utilized to test the moderated mediation effect. The r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.643 | 0.676 | ["leadership", "career", "networking"] | 441 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.534772 | [
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.02, CI: (0.002, 0.04)], supporting hypothesis 4. Furthermore, we conducted the difference test of the indirect effects. The results showed that the mediation effect of felt obligation for constructive change was significantly different at high (M + SD) and low (M − SD) level of job control [difference estimate = 0.04,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.389 | 0.712 | ["career"] | 511 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.534834 | [
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l of job control [β = −0.02, CI: (−0.07, −0.004)] than for employees with a lower level of job control [β = −0.06, CI: (−0.12, −0.02)], which further supported hypothesis 4. Discussion This study conducts a survey of 317 employees working in various organizations and investigates the relationship between strengths-base... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.637 | 0.706 | ["career", "leadership", "networking", "education"] | 507 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.534923 | [
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erating role of job control in this relationship. As predicted, all the hypotheses are supported by the study data. This study offers several theoretical contributions and practical implications. Theoretical Contributions This study offers three contributions to previous literature on the strengths-based leadership and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.659 | 0.836 | ["education", "leadership", "networking", "career"] | 508 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535027 | [
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based leadership and employee turnover intention. The results demonstrate that strengths-based leadership is negatively related to employee turnover intention. This finding is consistent with previous study suggesting that strengths-based leadership has a negative relationship with employee turnover ( Burkus, 2011 ). T... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "networking", "economy", "education"] | 511 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535099 | [
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ders can build a positive climate contributing to employees’ task performance ( Ding et al., 2020 ), innovative behavior ( Ding and Yu, 2020a ), and even psychological well-being ( Ding and Yu, 2021b ), thereby increasing employees’ work engagement and reducing their turnover intention ( Burkus, 2011 ). Therefore, this... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.513 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 456 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535164 | [
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based leadership and employee turnover intention. Second, by investigating the potential mediating role of employee felt obligation for constructive change in the relationship between strengths-based leadership and employee turnover intention, this study contributes to a better understanding of why strengths-based lead... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.659 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "education", "communication", "networking"] | 447 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535220 | [
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addresses the call from a study by Dionne et al. (2002) to advance the substitutes for leadership theory by examining indirect leader effects that may be mediated by substitutes such as individual characteristic. Our findings indicate that employee felt obligation for constructive change acting as a substitute of stren... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "communication", "networking", "education"] | 445 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535277 | [
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based leadership and employee turnover intention. This phenomenon is aligned to the theoretical notion that strengths-based leaders help subordinates to identify, develop, and leverage their strengths at work, which can build better relationship between supervisors and subordinates. To reciprocate supervisors, subordin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "networking", "career"] | 477 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535339 | [
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nd Yu, 2020b ), such as lower turnover intention. Given that, this study helps to better understand the potential psychological mechanism underlying the linkage of strengths-based leadership and employee turnover intention. Third, one of the key criticisms of strengths-based leadership study has been the lack of bounda... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535389 | [
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hs-based leadership through the substitutes for leadership theory by providing insights into job control as a substitute of strengths-based leadership and highlighting the importance of understanding the boundary conditions of the strengths-based leadership. Therefore, similar to previous studies that servant leadershi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.625 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535442 | [
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hat although strengths-based leadership is beneficial for both the employees and organizations, this may not be the case for any organizational context. On the contrary, there may be cases in which employee turnover intention is reduced, but this is not related to the direct contribution of strengths-based leadership. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535499 | [
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adership and innovative behaviors is not more significant when job control is introduced as a moderator. In summary, drawing on the substitutes for leadership theory, this study extends prior study on strengths-based leadership by demonstrating the importance of job control on the effects of leaders’ behaviors. Practic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.678 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "career", "education"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535557 | [
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ngths-based leadership behaviors would generally elicit higher levels of felt obligation for constructive change and lower levels of turnover intention among their employees. For organizations, it is necessary to foster, accelerate, and reinforce strengths-based leadership behaviors and provide strengths-based leadersh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "management"] | 502 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535613 | [
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ir won and employees’ strengths in the workplace. Second, based on the finding about the mediational effect of felt obligation for constructive change on the relationship between strengths-based leadership and employee turnover intention, organizations can reduce employees’ turnover intention by facilitating employees’... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535678 | [
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he suggestions proposed by Fuller and Hester (2010) , namely, job autonomy, position in organization hierarchy, accessing to resource, and accessing to information. Third, since job control is found to be a substitute for strengths-based leadership in the direct relationship of strengths-based leadership and employee f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.618 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "networking", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535734 | [
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t obligation for constructive change, it is recommended that organizations provide employees with freedom, independence, and discretion in their daily work to positively impact job control. Allowing employees freedom, independence, and discretion in organizing work and procedures help to protect the organization from l... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "social_justice", "career"] | 506 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535797 | [
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haviors are not embedded within the organization. Limitations and Future Study Directions This study is not without limitations. First, we collected study data from a single source. However, single-resource data were suitable for this study because the outcome variable was employee’s work attitude (i.e., turnover inten... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.672 | ["education"] | 415 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535853 | [
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rces, except self-report ( Mobley et al., 1978 ). In order to address the CMV concerns related to self-report data, we have taken multiple remedies and the statistical tests showed that CMV was unlikely to be a problem. For future studies, it is recommended that longitudinal study design or experimental study should be... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.441 | 0.842 | ["education", "leadership", "communication"] | 440 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535918 | [
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d of time commensurate with the changing context. Second, this study only analyzed strengths-based leadership approach without controlling other competing leadership approaches. Antonakis (2017 , p. 10) argued that failing “to control for these competing constructs will engender omitted variable bias and does not infor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.657 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.535999 | [
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2014 ), ethical leadership ( Elci et al., 2012 ), and transformational leadership ( Green et al., 2013 ) with employee turnover intention. However, these leadership styles were not considered as control variables in this study. Thus, future studies need to examine the incremental predictive validity of strengths-based ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "ethics", "education", "philosophy"] | 431 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.537705 | [
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olling for these competing leadership approaches. Third, this study focused on employees working in various organizations in China, which might limit the generalizability of our findings. Hence, future study needs to investigate the proposed theoretical model in a cross-organizational and cultural background. In additi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "education"] | 442 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.537820 | [
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pact the influence of strengths-based leadership. Future study could broaden it to include organizational context, organizational strategy, to name just a few. Furthermore, we expect that job control would moderate the linkage of strengths-based leadership with other employee outcomes such as job satisfaction, trust, a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "career", "strategy", "management", "education"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.537888 | [
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ubsequent effects on the individual, team, and organizational outcomes will make strengths-based leadership more credible. Data Availability Statement The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Auth... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.686 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 507 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.537987 | [
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d together with LZ and ZL amended the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. P... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.504 | 0.862 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.538051 | [
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d organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the employees who participated in this study. The autho... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9043138/ | Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.84 | ["education"] | 431 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.538114 | [
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en employee growth mindset and innovative behavior and the indirect relationship of employee growth mindset with innovative behavior via strengths use. This study advances growth mindset and innovative behavior theories and research. Keywords: growth mindset, innovative behavior, strengths use, strengths-based leadersh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.476 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "education", "networking"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.743887 | [
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dership. The Cronbach's α of this scale was 0.94. Innovative Behavior Consistent with previous research (e.g., Nazir et al., 2019 ; Purc and Laguna, 2019 ), innovative behavior was measured with a six-item scale developed by Scott and Bruce ( 1994 ). As items of this scale were in English, we obtained the Chinese innov... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.684 | [] | 428 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.744207 | [
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vative behavior, employee strengths use mediates the relationship between growth mindset and innovative behavior, and strengths-based leadership not only enhances the direct relationship between employee growth mindset and strengths use, but also strengthens the indirect relationship of growth mindset with innovative b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.649 | 0.814 | ["networking", "leadership", "education"] | 437 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.744375 | [
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strengths-based leadership in this relationship. Data with a sample of 244 employees working in diverse Chinese organizations were collected at two points in time. Results of bootstrapping analyses demonstrated that growth mindset is positively related to innovative behavior, employee strengths use partially mediates t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 511 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.744550 | [
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Front Psychol . 2022 Jun 20;13:814154. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.814154 Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior: The Roles of Employee Strengths Use and Strengths-Based Leadership Qiang Liu Qiang Liu 1 School of Economics and Management, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China Find articles by Qiang Liu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.657 | 0.848 | ["education", "leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.744752 | [
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g Tong 1, * Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 School of Economics and Management, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China Edited by: Carlos Francisco De Sousa Reis, University of Coimbra, Portugal Reviewed by: Samma Faiz Rasool, Zhejiang University of Technology, China; Rita... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.7 | ["education", "philosophy", "management"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.744931 | [
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ng Tong tongyuq@126.com This article was submitted to Organizational Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology Received 2021 Nov 12; Accepted 2022 May 18; Collection date 2022. Copyright © 2022 Liu and Tong. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attributio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.586 | 0.854 | ["innovation"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745061 | [
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(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9252464 PMID: 35795437 Abstract This study aimed to investigate the relatio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.636 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "networking", "education"] | 502 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745221 | [
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s due to its positive effect on students' motivation and achievement (Yeager and Dweck, 2020 ; Xu et al., 2021 ). Dweck ( 2006 ) suggested that individual mindsets can be divided into two categories, namely, growth mindset, and fixed mindset. Individuals with a growth mindset believe that their attributes such as intel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.555 | 0.844 | ["motivation"] | 456 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745342 | [
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attributes are stable (Yeager and Dweck, 2020 ). Many studies have indicated that people with a growth mindset are more likely to learn from their mistakes and reach higher levels of learning performance and achievement than people with a fixed mindset (e.g., Asbury et al., 2016 ; Bostwick and Becker-Blease, 2018 ; Yea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 511 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745469 | [
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(Keating and Heslin, 2015 ), task performance, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior (Han and Stieha, 2020 ). Unfortunately, we have less knowledge of the relationship between employee growth mindset and innovative behavior. Innovative behavior has been defined as “an employee's intentional introduc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.836 | ["networking", "career", "resume", "education", "philosophy"] | 471 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745534 | [
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it, or organization” (Yuan and Woodman, 2010 , p. 324); it is a crucial influencing factor of organizational effectiveness and sustainable development (Scott and Bruce, 1994 ; Aryee et al., 2012 ). To motivate employees to exhibit more innovative behaviors, researchers have identified many antecedents to innovative beh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.401 | 0.85 | ["motivation", "innovation"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745593 | [
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, 2017 ), conscientiousness, and openness to experience (George and Zhou, 2001 ). However, to the best of our knowledge, no prior research has been found to empirically investigate the relationship between employee growth mindset and innovative behavior. In essence, innovative behavior is characterized by risk and diff... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.383 | 0.868 | ["communication", "crisis", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745661 | [
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ddressing issues (Chao et al., 2017 ), it is possible to postulate that employee growth mindset is positively related to innovative behavior. Thus, the first aim of this study is to test this relationship. In addition, although prior literature has investigated the effects of growth mindset from diverse perspectives (e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.714 | ["education", "networking"] | 494 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745722 | [
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th mindset can lead to various positive outcomes. A recent study has investigated the cognitive mechanism (i.e., reasoning ability) underlying the effect of growth mindset (Wang et al., 2020 ). However, it is worth noting that behavioral process is also an important perspective for explaining the effect of mindset (Mey... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.37 | 0.676 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 413 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745783 | [
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literature on growth mindset neglects this point. Strengths use, defined as the behaviors that individuals proactively leverage their own strengths in various contexts (Van Woerkom et al., 2016 ), might serve as a potential mediator between growth mindset and innovative behavior because employees who regard personal st... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.513 | 0.858 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745846 | [
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leading to increased innovative behavior (Ding et al., 2021 ). As a result, the study's second aim is to investigate the behavioral process mechanism (i.e., employee strengths use) through which growth mindset is positively related to innovative behavior. More importantly, the efficacy of individual characteristics is ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.467 | 0.672 | ["leadership", "education"] | 413 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745906 | [
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and Leffler, 2011 ). For instance, Tierney et al. ( 1999 ) found that employees high in adaptive cognitive style can execute more invention disclosure forms when the relationship between employee and supervisor is supportive and of high quality. In a similar vein, when a supervisor executes more strengths-based leaders... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 479 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.745970 | [
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thereby leading to increased innovative behavior. Strengths-based leadership refers to the extent to which leaders take various actions to promote their own and employees' strengths identification, deployment, and development (Burkus, 2011 ). Strengths-based leadership conveys an important cue to employees that leverag... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.82 | ["leadership"] | 434 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.746031 | [
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er organizations or leaders (Ding and Yu, 2021 ). According to trait activation theory, when a situation relevant to a trait provides cues for the display of trait-related behaviors, individuals will exhibit more relevant behaviors (Tett et al., 2021 ). Based on this logic, we can postulate that when strengths-based le... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.846 | ["leadership"] | 481 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.746125 | [
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d subsequently execute more innovative behaviors. Therefore, the third aim of this study is to test the positively moderating effect of strengths-based leadership on the relationships between growth mindset, strengths use, and innovative behavior. In sum, this study aimed to develop and examine a moderated mediation mo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "education", "networking"] | 501 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.746295 | [
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and innovative behavior literature in three ways. First, this is the first study to empirically investigate the relationship between employee growth mindset and innovative behavior, which provides new insight into the antecedent to innovative behavior, and extends previous research on the effect of growth mindset. Seco... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.587 | 0.846 | ["education", "networking"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.746466 | [
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echanism through which growth mindset is positively associated with innovative behavior. Third, by investigating the moderating effect of strengths-based leadership, this study helps find a better way of maximizing the effects of growth mindset in terms of enhanced strengths use and innovative behavior. This study is o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.641 | 0.846 | ["education", "leadership"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.746622 | [
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“Method” section presents participants, data collection procedures, and measures. In the “Results” section, we displayed the results of confirmatory factor analyses, descriptive statistics, and hypotheses testing. The “Discussion” section explains the theoretical and practical implications, potential limitations, and d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.802 | ["education"] | 413 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.746743 | [
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ummarized this study in the “Conclusion” section. THEORY AND HYPOTHESES Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior Over the past two decades, mindset research has gradually triggered researchers' interest (e.g., Caniëls et al., 2018 ) in that mindset dominates our ways of perceiving the world and then influences our attitu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.844 | ["motivation", "education"] | 463 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.746870 | [
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e two types of mindset (Yeager and Dweck, 2020 ). Importantly, in recent years, researchers have paid more attention to growth mindset because growth mindset can bring out more benefits to individuals such as increased intrinsic motivation compared with fixed mindset (Zhao et al., 2018 ) and decreased perceived cogniti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.626 | 0.86 | ["motivation", "salary"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.746993 | [
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nts, intelligence, strengths, and abilities as malleable. In the face of difficulties and setbacks, individuals high in growth mindset are more optimistic and resilient (Blackwell et al., 2007 ). Moreover, there was evidence that growth mindset is related to adaptive health and psychosocial outcomes such as lower anxie... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.474 | 0.86 | ["crisis"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.747133 | [
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d outcomes for employees such as increased work engagement (Keating and Heslin, 2015 ; Zeng et al., 2019 ) and decreased work stress (Zhao and Chen, 2021 ), less is known about the relationship between employee growth mindset and innovative behavior. This study postulates that growth mindset employees will execute more... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.472 | 0.858 | ["crisis", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.747261 | [
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nd progress, according to the research (Paunesku et al., 2015 ; Chao et al., 2017 ). As innovative behavior is challenging and risky (Yuan and Woodman, 2010 ; Hsu and Chen, 2017 ), employees with a growth mindset might execute more innovation at work so as to learn from the process of innovation. Furthermore, growth mi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.872 | ["innovation"] | 510 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.747398 | [
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to attain their goals (Abernethy et al., 2021 ). These positive behaviors not only contribute to employee innovation but also are the manifestation of employee innovative behavior. More importantly, O'Keefe et al. ( 2018 ) have pointed out that growth mindset might have a positive relationship with innovation. As a res... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.373 | 0.688 | ["innovation", "networking", "rhetoric"] | 439 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.747520 | [
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ionale and the argument by O'Keefe et al. (2018). Hypothesis 1: Employee growth mindset is positively related to innovative behavior. The Mediating Role of Employee Strengths Use Alongside the development of positive psychology, strengths-based approaches have garnered more and more attention from scholars and practiti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.463 | 0.704 | ["rhetoric"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.747658 | [
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positive effect on employees' attitudes, motivation, emotions, behaviors, and performance (e.g., Bakker and Van Woerkom, 2018 ; Bakker and van Wingerden, 2021 ). Employees who capitalize on strengths at work, for example, are more engaged at work and experience higher levels of work meaningfulness and job satisfaction ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.854 | ["motivation", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.747797 | [
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y (Proctor et al., 2011 ), and be negatively associated with feelings of depression and stress (Wood et al., 2011 ; Huber et al., 2017 ). More importantly, when employees utilize their strengths at work, they are more apt to exhibit more innovative behaviors because strengths use can foster employees' positive affect (... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.854 | [] | 497 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.747913 | [
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, thereby promoting employee innovative behavior. Recent empirical research has provided evidence for the positive relationship between employee strengths use and innovative behavior (Ding et al., 2021 ). Given that strengths use can lead to various positive outcomes, several scholars have investigated the antecedents ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.846 | ["networking"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.748043 | [
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ve personality (Yi-Feng Chen et al., 2021 ), and strengths endorsement (Tang et al., 2019 ) contribute to enhanced strengths use. Nevertheless, we have yet to know whether growth mindset as a crucial individual characteristic (Mesler et al., 2021 ) relates to strengths use. This study believes that growth mindset is po... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.625 | 0.862 | ["education"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.748164 | [
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to deploy their strengths in various positive ways (Jach et al., 2018 ). More importantly, Zhao et al. ( 2021 ) suggested that growth mindset is able to lead to valuable outcomes through behavioral mechanisms. Based on this argument, we postulated that growth mindset can positively influence innovative behavior via str... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.624 | 0.848 | ["networking", "rhetoric"] | 497 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.748283 | [
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employee growth mindset and innovative behavior. The Moderating Effect of Strengths-Based Leadership Although strengths-based leadership has been demonstrated to be quite effective in promoting employee strengths use (Ding and Yu, 2021 ), we have yet to know whether it can act as a moderator between employee growth min... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "networking", "education"] | 491 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.748401 | [
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etween employee growth mindset and strengths use. As demonstrated earlier, according to trait activation theory, when a situation relevant to a trait provides cues for a display of trait-related behaviors, individuals will exhibit more such behaviors (Tett et al., 2021 ). A great deal of empirical research has supporte... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.684 | ["rhetoric"] | 416 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.748528 | [
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Luria et al., 2019 ). For instance, Javed et al. ( 2020 ) found that openness to experience will have a stronger influence on innovative work behavior when ethical leadership is high rather than low. Growth mindset can be treated as a specific strength-related trait (Ryazanov and Christenfeld, 2018 ). If a contextual f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 508 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.748683 | [
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tend to make the most of their strengths at work. Because substantial literature has shown that leadership can serve as an activation factor of traits in employees (e.g., Colbert and Witt, 2009 ; Xu and Yu, 2019 ), it is possible to anticipate strengths-based leadership as a moderator in the relationship between growth... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.589 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.748839 | [
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eir leaders appreciate and encourage employee strengths use (Ding et al., 2020 ). Based on the logic of trait activation theory, employees who hold a growth mindset will take advantage of their own strengths at work if their leaders exhibit more strengths-based leadership behaviors. This is because the signal that stre... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.824 | ["leadership"] | 424 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.748992 | [
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activating strengths-related traits of employees. Accordingly, we believe that strengths-based leadership might enhance the positive relationship between growth mindset and strengths use. Furthermore, as strengths use might mediate the growth mindset-innovative behavior linkage, it is reasonable to believe that strengt... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.671 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 468 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.749150 | [
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... | ||
employee growth mindset and innovative behavior. Based on the above discussion, we postulated the following hypotheses. Hypothesis 3. Strengths-based leadership positively moderates the relationship between growth mindset and strengths use in such a way that the relationship of growth mindset with strengths use is stro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.651 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 511 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.749281 | [
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ffect of strengths use on the relationship between growth mindset and innovative behavior in such a way that the mediational effect of strengths use is stronger when strengths-based leadership is high rather than low. The proposed research model is presented in Figure 1 . Figure 1. Open in a new tab The research model.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.48 | 0.87 | ["leadership", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.749402 | [
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vey method has been a popular method for data collection (Heeringa et al., 2017 ). A large number of extant studies have adopted this method to conduct empirical research (e.g., Rasool et al., 2022 ; Wang et al., 2022 ). Participants and Procedure In this study, we adopted a convenience sampling method to recruit parti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.682 | ["education"] | 415 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.749591 | [
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line questionnaires were applied to collect data. The first author invited 413 employees from various organizations (e.g., education industry and high-technology industry) in China through his social network to voluntarily participate in this study. We promised that the information about participants is only applied fo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.522 | 0.832 | ["education", "economy", "networking", "social_justice", "philosophy"] | 462 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.749714 | [
-0.0028039216995239258,
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to stop participating in this study at any time. To reduce common method variance (CMV), data were collected at two points in time, separated by a month interval. After receiving informed consent from the participants, we first distributed self-administrated online questionnaire comprising demographic variables, growth... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 472 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.749834 | [
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stionnaires were obtained (84.02% response rate). One month later, an online questionnaire regarding strengths use and innovative behavior scales was distributed to participants who responded at Time 1. We received 299 questionnaires (86.17% response rate) at Time 2. After discarding ineffective data, which cannot be m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.599 | 0.708 | [] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.749948 | [
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... | ||
achieved a bachelor's degree, 25.80% a master's degree, and 2.00% a doctor's degree. With respect to job level, 85.20% were general staff, 7.80% were front-line managers, 4.50% were middle-level managers, and 2.50% were the top-level managers. The average age of participants was 28.05 years (SD = 3.65), and the average... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.68 | ["management", "career"] | 421 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.750102 | [
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SD = 3.03). Table 1. Demographic characteristics. Characteristics Category Frequency Percentage Gender Male 116 47.54 Female 128 52.46 Job level Non-leader 208 85.25 Front-line leader 19 7.79 Middle leader 11 4.51 Senior leader 6 2.46 Education Specialist or under 27 11.07 Bachelor 149 61.07 Master 63 25.82 Doctor 5 2.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.577 | 0.698 | ["leadership", "career", "education"] | 450 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.750225 | [
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ur-item scale used by Kouzes and Posner ( 2019 ). Because the initial growth mindset scale was English-based edition, we obtained the Chinese edition of this scale following standard translation and back-translation procedures (Brislin, 1986 ). An example item was “Everyone, no matter who they are, can significantly ch... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.42 | 0.846 | [] | 489 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.750330 | [
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from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Furthermore, we also conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to test scale's validity (Li, 2015 ). The result of EFA showed that the four-item scale explains 84.88% of the variance in growth mindset. The Cronbach's α of this scale was 0.94. Strengths Use Strengths u... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.728 | ["career"] | 511 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.750456 | [
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nts.” Participants were asked to rate these items on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The result of EFA showed that the five-item scale explains 81.85% of the variance in strengths use. The Cronbach's α of this scale was 0.94. Strengths-Based Leadership We evaluated st... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.673 | 0.682 | ["leadership"] | 411 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.750583 | [
0.027472779154777527,
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ght-item scale developed by Ding et al. ( 2020 ). An example item was “My supervisor provides me with the opportunity to let me know what I am good at.” Participants were required to rate these items on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The result of EFA showed that the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.702 | ["leadership"] | 441 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.750724 | [
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0.036223601549863815,
0.005226803943514824,
-0.015705011785030365,
0.0... | ||
and back-translation procedure (Brislin, 1986 ). An example item was “I generate creative ideas.” Participants were asked to rate these items on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The result of EFA showed that the six-item scale explains 79.06% of the variance in innova... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.557 | 0.704 | ["innovation"] | 511 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.750844 | [
0.06782234460115433,
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-0.011733421124517918,
-0.04979... | ||
amine the discriminant validity of research variables. Analytical results are displayed in Table 2 . The four-factor measurement model concerning growth mindset, strengths-based leadership, strengths use, and innovative behavior showed a better fit to the data than alternative measurement models, which indicated that t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.818 | ["leadership"] | 441 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.750964 | [
0.10492707043886185,
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0.05528176575899124,
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0.0703603... | ||
matory factor analyses of the research variables. Models χ 2 df χ 2 /df RMSEA CFI TLI IFI Δχ 2 (Δdf) Four-factor model (Baseline) 557.36 220 2.53 0.08 0.94 0.93 0.94 - Three-factor model a 816.28 223 3.66 0.11 0.89 0.88 0.89 258.92 *** (3) Two-factor model b 1,345.44 225 5.98 0.14 0.80 0.77 0.80 788.08 *** (5) One fact... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.635 | 0.718 | ["leadership"] | 462 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.751125 | [
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mindset and strengths-based leadership combined. b Growth mindset and strengths-based leadership combined, and strengths use and innovative behavior combined. c All variables combined. *** p < 0.001 . Given that this study adopted a cross-sectional research design, we utilized the unmeasured common method factor method... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.66 | 0.706 | ["leadership", "education"] | 511 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.751290 | [
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items of growth mindset, strengths-based leadership, strengths use, and innovative behavior. Results of confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the five-factor measurement model comprising the common method factor and four research variables reports a better fit to the data (χ 2 = 532.58, df = 219, χ 2 /df = 2.4... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.712 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.751433 | [
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0.07173770666122437,
0.01672479696571827,
-0.02835690602660179,
0.0238063... | ||
factor merely elucidated 24.00% of variance, <25.00% (Williams et al., 1989 ). Hence, our study did not have severe CMV. Descriptive Statistics Table 3 reports the means (M), standard deviations (SD), and correlational coefficients of research variables. Results of correlational analyses showed that growth mindset is p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9252464/ | Employee Growth Mindset and Innovative Behavior - PMC - NIH | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.704 | ["leadership", "education"] | 474 | Strengths-Based Leadership | topic | 2026-04-14T19:40:40.751553 | [
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0.0465838648378849,
0.05081864073872566,
0.03698999434709549,
-0.015954554080963135,
0.017085... |
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