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Managing Stress June 9, 2025 Español Get help now If you or someone you know is struggling or in crisis, confidential, free, 24/7/365 help is available. Call or text 988 or chat 988lifeline.org. See Resources for help . Key points Everyone experiences occasional stress; it is a normal part of life. Long-term stress can lead to worsening health problems. Managing stress daily can prevent you from developing long-term stress. Find resources if you are struggling to cope with stress for extra support.
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struggling to cope with stress for extra support. How it impacts everyday life Everyone experiences stress, which is your body's physical and emotional response to new or challenging situations. 1 This can occur when you face problems such as those related to work, school, health, and relationships. Feeling stress can be a normal coping response and can forge a healthy sense of our ability to solve problems.
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a healthy sense of our ability to solve problems. However, when the stress is long term, known as chronic stress, it can lead to worsening health problems. 2 Stress can cause the following: Feelings of fear, anger, sadness, worry, numbness, or frustration Changes in appetite, energy, desires, and interests Trouble concentrating and making decisions Nightmares or problems sleeping Physical reactions, such as headaches, body pains, stomach problems, or skin rashes Worsening of chronic health problems and ment
|
https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/living-with/index.html
|
Managing Stress | Mental Health
|
cdc.gov
| 0.7
| 0.854
|
["decision_making"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.933297
|
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] |
shes Worsening of chronic health problems and mental health conditions Increased use of alcohol , drugs , and other substances Healthy ways to cope with stress Learning to cope in a healthy way can help reduce your stress. Taking small steps in your daily life to manage stress can have a big impact. Everyone manages stress differently. You can find and manage what triggers your stress and the right combination of healthy techniques that work for you. Take care of your mind.
|
https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/living-with/index.html
|
Managing Stress | Mental Health
|
cdc.gov
| 0.996
| 0.864
|
[]
| 478
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.933322
|
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] |
l for and write them down. 4 Connect with others. Talk with people you trust about your concerns and how you are feeling. Connect with your community-based or faith-based organizations. Gratitude works Gratitude may be the best kept secret to help reduce stress and feel better. Practicing gratitude every day can improve your physical and emotional well-being. Take care of your body. Get enough sleep. Go to bed and wake up at the same time each day to help you sleep better .
|
https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/living-with/index.html
|
Managing Stress | Mental Health
|
cdc.gov
| 0.696
| 0.716
|
[]
| 478
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.933344
|
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the same time each day to help you sleep better . Adults need 7 or more hours per night. 5 Move more. Staying physically healthy can improve your emotional well-being. Every little bit of physical activity helps. Start small and build up to 2 ½ hours a week. Break it into smaller amounts such as 20 to 30 minutes a day. Eat healthy. Have fruits and vegetables, lean protein, whole grains, and low-fat or no-fat dairy. Limit foods with unhealthy fats, salt, and added sugars. See Healthy Eating Tips .
|
https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/living-with/index.html
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Managing Stress | Mental Health
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cdc.gov
| 0.1
| 0.73
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[]
| 501
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Stress Management
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topic
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2026-01-09T23:48:12.933367
|
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rove your mental health. See how to get started . Resources and support Resources CDC's Improve Your Emotional Well-Being CDC's Coping with a Disaster or Traumatic Event Tools for Supporting Emotional Wellbeing in Children and Youth I'm So Stressed Out! Fact Sheet (NIMH) Stress: MedlinePlus Caring for Your Mental Health - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (nih.gov) Mindfulness Coach – PTSD: National Center for PTSD (va.gov) June 9, 2025 Sources Print Share Facebook LinkedIn Twitter Syndicate Conten
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https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/living-with/index.html
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Managing Stress | Mental Health
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cdc.gov
| 0.7
| 0.856
|
[]
| 512
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Stress Management
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topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.933387
|
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] |
t Share Facebook LinkedIn Twitter Syndicate Content Source: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control References National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). I’m so stressed out fact sheet. Retrieved on June 24, 2024 from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/so-stressed-out-fact-sheet National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2022). Stress. Retrieved on June 24, 2024 from https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/stress CDC. (2023). Worry and Anxiety .
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2026-01-09T23:48:12.933406
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ov/health/stress CDC. (2023). Worry and Anxiety . Retrieved on July 18, 2024 from https://www.cdc.gov/howrightnow/emotion/worry/index.html . National Institute of Mental Health. (2024). Caring for your mental health . Retrieved on June 24, 2024 from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/caring-for-your-mental-health CDC. (2024). About Sleep. Retrieved on July 12, 2024 from https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about/index.html
|
https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/living-with/index.html
|
Managing Stress | Mental Health
|
cdc.gov
| 0.684
| 0.54
|
[]
| 419
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.933425
|
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] |
Scand J Work Environ Health . 2025 Jun 26;51(4):265–281. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.4219 Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis Indra Dannheim Indra Dannheim , MA 1 Regional Innovative Centre of Health and Quality of Live Fulda (RIGL), Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany. 2 Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.691
| 0.824
|
["leadership", "management"]
| 457
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949485
|
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] |
a University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany. Find articles by Indra Dannheim 1, 2, ✉ , Helena Ludwig-Walz Helena Ludwig-Walz , Dr 3 Federal Institute for Population Research (BiB), Wiesbaden, Germany. Find articles by Helena Ludwig-Walz 3 , Halina Kirsch Halina Kirsch , MSc 2 Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany. Find articles by Halina Kirsch 2 , Martin Bujard Martin Bujard , Prof, Dr 3 Federal Institute for Population Research (Bi
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.86
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949585
|
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] |
Dr 3 Federal Institute for Population Research (BiB), Wiesbaden, Germany. 4 Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Find articles by Martin Bujard 3, 4 , Anette E Buyken Anette E Buyken , Prof, Dr 5 Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany. Find articles by Anette E Buyken 5 , Katherine M Richardson Katherine M Richardson , Prof, Dr 6 Department of Management & Management Scienc
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.854
|
["management"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949624
|
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] |
Dr 6 Department of Management & Management Science, Lubin School of Business, Pace University, New York, USA. Find articles by Katherine M Richardson 6 , Anja Kroke Anja Kroke , Prof, Dr 2 Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany. Find articles by Anja Kroke 2 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Regional Innovative Centre of Health and Quality of Live Fulda (RIGL), Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.858
|
["management"]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949654
|
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] |
iences, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany. 6 Department of Management & Management Science, Lubin School of Business, Pace University, New York, USA. ✉ Correspondence to: Indra Dannheim, M.A., Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Leipziger Straße 123, 36037 Fulda, Germany. [E-mail: indra.dannheim@oe.hs-fulda.de ] ✉ Corresponding author. Received 2024 Aug 8; Prepublished 2025 Mar 18; Issue date 2025 Jul 1.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.683
| 0.664
|
["management"]
| 416
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949678
|
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] |
Prepublished 2025 Mar 18; Issue date 2025 Jul 1. Copyright: © Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC12278447 PMID: 40101167 Abstract Objective Based on the well-documented role of supervisors' in fostering healthy workplaces and managing the impact of work-related stress, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.846
|
["management", "leadership", "innovation"]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949701
|
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] |
of leader-targeted stress management interventions (SMI) on their psychological stress, mindfulness, mental health, and work- and leadership-related outcomes. Methods Eligible studies, including randomized controlled trials or controlled before–after studies, examining the effects of leader-targeted SMI on supervisors' psychological stress, mindfulness, mental health, and work- and leadership-related outcomes, were identified in four electronic databases and supplemented by manual search strategies.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.818
|
["leadership", "management"]
| 504
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949721
|
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] |
ses and supplemented by manual search strategies. Screening for eligibility, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and certainty of evidence grading, following PRISMA guidelines and Cochrane Handbook recommendations, were done in duplicate. Data were pooled in random effects models to synthesize g-scores. Sensitivity and moderator analyses were used to assess the robustness of the results and explore potential sources of heterogeneity.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.314
| 0.822
|
[]
| 443
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949743
|
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] |
s and explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Results The 25 studies (N=2466 participants) meeting the full inclusion criteria varied widely in population characteristics, intervention types, duration, delivery methods, and examined outcomes. The overall intervention effect was g=0.13 [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.24– -0.01] after excluding outliers. Significant intervention effects were found for mental health [g=-0.38 (95% CI -0.69– -0.08)] and, after excluding influential cases, work- [g=-0.32 (95
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.684
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949763
|
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] |
er excluding influential cases, work- [g=-0.32 (95% CI -0.63– -0.00)] and leadership-related outcomes [g=-0.23 (95% CI -0.44– -0.02)]. Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggests that leader-targeted SMI can be an effective approach for promoting occupational health. Key terms : evidence-based workplace health promotion, healthy leadership, occupational health, program evaluation Creating healthy workplaces is a major task in today's occupational settings, especially considering the increasing economic burden ass
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.68
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949787
|
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lly considering the increasing economic burden associated with work-related stress and mental health issues ( 1 – 3 ). Supervisors have been shown to play an important role in creating and promoting healthy workplaces ( 4 , 5 ). They are chiefly responsible for establishing and anchoring health-promoting structures and processes ( 6 , 7 ), shaping the health-promoting design of the workplace through their behavior ( 8 , 9 ), and serving as role models to their subordinates ( 8 – 11 ).
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.698
| 0.868
|
[]
| 489
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949805
|
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as role models to their subordinates ( 8 – 11 ). Simultaneously, supervisors themselves are confronted with numerous stressors at work that may substantially increase the risk of negative health effects ( 12 – 14 ). Heavy deadlines, performance pressure, the need to manage multiple tasks simultaneously, and frequent disruptions are commonly reported stressors ( 7 , 15 ). Survey data from approximately 20 000 employees in 2018 indicated that managers across various industries were significantly more likely
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.856
|
["management"]
| 510
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949825
|
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] |
various industries were significantly more likely to face higher job demands than employees without management responsibility ( 15 ). Based on the well-documented role of supervisors' in workplaces and the challenge of coping with diverse work-related stressors, leader-targeted stress management interventions (SMI) have garnered increasing recognition ( 5 , 16 , 17 ). These interventions have been proposed as an effective measure to enhance and sustain workforce health ( 18 , 19 ), including the health of s
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.856
|
["management", "leadership", "crisis", "career"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949847
|
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] |
orce health ( 18 , 19 ), including the health of supervisors themselves ( 20 – 22 ). SMI are broadly defined as activities or programs that an organization initiates to diminish work-related stressors or assist in mitigating the negative outcomes resulting from exposure to such stressors ( 23 ). These interventions can be categorized into cognitive-behavioral, relaxation, multimodal, or organization-focused initiatives as well as alternative approaches ( 24 , 25 ).
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.694
| 0.844
|
[]
| 469
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949864
|
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] |
es as well as alternative approaches ( 24 , 25 ). The Transactional Stress Model ( 26 ) provides a valuable framework for understanding how leader-targeted SMI operate as it conceptualizes stress as a dynamic process arising from the interaction between an individual and their environment. According to this model, the way supervisors perceive and evaluate stressors, as well as their ability to apply effective coping mechanisms, determines their emotional and behavioral responses to stress.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.699
| 0.85
|
["leadership"]
| 494
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949888
|
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] |
eir emotional and behavioral responses to stress. SMI targeted at supervisors align with this framework by equipping them with tools and strategies needed to appraise and manage work-related stressors more effectively, thereby enhancing their own well-being and enabling them to foster healthier workplace environments for their followers. Along with the increasing application of leader-targeted SMI, investigations into their effectiveness have emerged.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.691
| 0.822
|
["leadership", "resume"]
| 455
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949912
|
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] |
fic occupational settings like healthcare ( 31 ). Some reviews solely examined intervention effects at the follower level ( 32 ), while others have included all employees, regardless of their supervisory position ( 24 ). Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the effectiveness of SMI targeted at supervisors can be influenced by aspects such as intervention type, training setting, delivery method, or target group.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.323
| 0.826
|
[]
| 417
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949930
|
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] |
aining setting, delivery method, or target group. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify and summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of leader-targeted SMI on supervisors' psychological stress (eg, job stress), mindfulness, mental health (eg, burnout, anxiety, depression), work-related outcomes (eg, absenteeism, productivity), and leadership-related outcomes (eg, leadership style, performance).
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.689
| 0.81
|
["leadership", "career"]
| 447
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949954
|
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] |
l included studies to check for eligible studies. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Eligibility criteria were defined following the population-intervention-comparison-outcome-study (PICOS) design scheme (34). Population: studies that enrolled supervisors as the target group, independently of gender, management level and number of employees. Studies focusing on supervisors, who are diagnosed with a mental disease were excluded as well as studies, which did not distinguish between employees and supervisors.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.832
|
["management"]
| 509
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949975
|
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] |
ot distinguish between employees and supervisors. Intervention: studies comparing stress management interventions targeted at supervisors with a waitlist or passive control group, or with an active control group receiving an alternative intervention. Interventions that focused on improving supervisors' leadership skills, for example by improving employee-supervisors' relationships or staff empowerment were excluded.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.922
| 0.802
|
["leadership", "management", "networking"]
| 419
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.949995
|
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] |
relationships or staff empowerment were excluded. Comparison: no intervention (including waitlist and passive control groups) or alternative intervention. Outcome: studies with any measure of (i) psychological stress (eg, perceived stress, job stress), (ii) mindfulness, (iii) mental health (eg, burnout, anxiety, depression), (iv) work-related outcomes (eg, work performance, absenteeism, productivity) or (v) leadership-related outcomes (eg, transformational leadership, authentic leadership, health-oriented l
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.82
|
["leadership", "networking", "career"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950015
|
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0.04878315329551697
] |
ential disagreements were resolved by discussion. We also contacted authors of several publications via email to request relevant data. One author ( 37 ) supplied additional, unpublished data. Coding of study characteristics For each included study, the following characteristics were coded: (i) study framework: first author, year of publication, country and study design; (ii) participants: age, percent female, higher proportion (>50%) of female participants (yes, no), management level and occupational setti
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.842
|
["management", "negotiation"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950035
|
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] |
(yes, no), management level and occupational setting (eg, healthcare, production or public administration), type of control group (alternative intervention, passive or waitlist control group); (iii) intervention : format, length (<1, 1–4, 5–8, 9–12, and >12 weeks), training setting (face-to-face, virtual or hybrid), home practice (yes or no), delivery mode (self-practice, group or individual session, or mixed format), type (cognitive behavioral, relaxation, biofeedback, organization-focused, alternative to
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.896
| 0.68
|
["management"]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950054
|
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] |
biofeedback, organization-focused, alternative to the others or multimodal in accordance to ( 24 ), number of intervention components (1, 2 or 3), follow-up periods (short-, medium- or long-term (<3, 3–12 or >12 months); (iv) outcome domains : the primary outcome data were structured by classifying the initially reported constructs into review outcomes across the following domains: (a) psychological stress (including perceived stress and job stress), (b) mindfulness, (c) mental health (including subsyndroma
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.694
|
["career"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950075
|
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] |
dfulness, (c) mental health (including subsyndromal symptoms and general mental health), (d) work-related outcomes and (e) leadership-related outcomes. See table 1 and supplementary material S4 and S5 for detailed information on analyzed outcome domains and applied measurement instruments. Table 1. Outcome domains and subcategories based on constructs from primary studies. [NA=not applicable]. Main level outcome categories Subcategories a Original reported constructs Stress, Psychological NA General subject
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.832
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950097
|
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] |
onstructs Stress, Psychological NA General subjective stress b Secondary Traumatic Stress Stress Stress in general b Stress reactivity Job stress Effort–reward ratio Irritation Work-related stress Work-stress Perceived stress Perceived stress Mindfulness NA Mindfulness Leaders’ mindfulness Trait mindfulness Mental health Subsyndromal symptoms Anxiety Burnout Depression Depressive symptoms Negative effect State anxiety b State or current anxiety Symptoms of depression and anxiety b Trait anxiety b Trait or d
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.684
|
["leadership", "career"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950118
|
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] |
epression and anxiety b Trait anxiety b Trait or dispositional anxiety General mental health Emotional distress General mental health Symptoms of distress Psychological distress Work-related outcomes NA Career satisfaction General work performance Global job satisfaction Job satisfaction Job performance b Non-specific sickness absence days Lost productive time (absenteeism days) b Sickness absence Presenteeism b Leadership-related outcomes NA Abusive leadership Authentic leadership Health promoting self-car
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.678
|
["leadership", "career"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950138
|
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] |
supplementary table S7 for detailed information. When a study presented more than one measure (including more than one follow-up measurement) per outcome, we calculated the weighted mean and pooled standard deviation (SD), according to Cohen ( 38 ) and displayed in equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ): M p o o l e d = M 1 * n 1 + M 2 * n 2 n 1 + n 2 (1) S D p o o l e d = ( n 1 - 1 ) * S D 1 2 + ( n 2 - 1 ) * S D 2 2 n 1 + n 2 - 2 (2) If both self- and follower-reported data were available, we prioritized the inclusio
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.702
|
[]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950159
|
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] |
mized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) ( 40 ). Based on the overall risk of bias judgment, each domain of bias was rated as 'low RoB', 'moderate RoB' or 'serious RoB', 'critical RoB' or 'no information on RoB'. For the meta-analysis, we employed the RoB2 scheme, where a 'moderate RoB' in CBA is classified as 'some concern RoB', while 'serious' and 'critical RoB' were assigned as 'high RoB'. Detailed information on rating criteria for RoB assessment are presented in supplementary material S6.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.862
|
["decision_making"]
| 499
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950180
|
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] |
sment are presented in supplementary material S6. Synthesis methods To conduct the meta-analyses, we used the statistical software R Studio (version 4.3.3) ( 41 ), utilizing the 'meta' package ( 42 ). We performed meta-analyses when data from ≥4 studies with different study populations could be pooled. If the included studies did not furnish adequate data for incorporation into the meta-analysis (eg, reporting no SD/effect) and, despite our requests, we did not receive the necessary information from the aut
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.858
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950197
|
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] |
ty, and >75% indicated high heterogeneity ( 45 ). We tried to explain heterogeneity by conducting exploratory moderator analyses, when ≥10 studies per outcome were examined ( 47 ). Categorical moderators [RoB, study design, control group, follow-up, management level, higher proportion (>50%) of female participants (>50%), intervention type, number of intervention components, intervention length, delivery mode and training setting] were explored via subgroup analyses (supplementary material S11) and continuo
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.895
| 0.838
|
["management"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950220
|
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] |
analyses (supplementary material S11) and continuous moderators (age, % female, sample size, publication year) via meta-regression (supplementary material S12). Publication bias was assessed by conducting visual inspection of (contour-enhanced) funnel plots ( 48 , 49 ) (supplementary material S13). When a meta-analysis included ≥10 studies, we applied the Egger's test ( 50 ) (supplementary material S14). All statistical analyses were conducted in accordance with the methodological standards outlined in the
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.84
|
[]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950252
|
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] |
with the methodological standards outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions ( 34 ). Certainty of evidence assessment We utilized the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework ( 51 ) to evaluate the overall certainty of evidence for each primary outcome. Two review authors independently assessed the certainty of evidence for each outcome, with any discrepancies resolved through discussion.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.308
| 0.83
|
[]
| 465
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950289
|
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] |
ies ( 37 , 52 – 72 ) met full inclusion criteria. Details on the selection process and reasons for exclusion of the full-text screened studies are described in figure 1 and supplementary material S3. Study characteristics A comprehensive overview of the included publications is presented in table 2. Table 2. Characteristics of the studies included. [CBA=controlled before and after; IG=intevention group; CG=control group; ERI=effort–reward model; NR=not reported; PS=psychological stress; RCT=randomized contr
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.844
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950316
|
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] |
ted; PS=psychological stress; RCT=randomized control trial.]. First author (year); country; study design Control group; Follow-up period Management level; setting Number of participants (IG; CG) Intervention Intervention format Intervention type (number of intervention components); length Training setting (home practice); delivery mode Outcome categories Subcategories Allen (1980); Australia; CBA ( 52 ) Waitlist; short-term Middle; NR 10; 10 Biofeedback-based stress management training program Once-weekly 1
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 1
| 0.826
|
["management"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950342
|
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] |
d stress management training program Once-weekly 1-hr sessions Biofeedback ( 1 ); 5-8 wk Face-to-face (yes); individual sessions PS; mental health; work-related outcome Subsyndromal symptoms Bennett (2011); USA; RCT ( 53 ) Passive; medium-term Diverse; diverse settings 72; 73 Psycho- educational health and leadership development program Interactive learning elements (self-assessment, sumulation tools. short videos, reading material), web-based coaching and seminars, links to other online health courses, min
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 1
| 0.684
|
["leadership", "management"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950368
|
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] |
eminars, links to other online health courses, minimum of 10 hrs spend on user platform Multimodal ( 2 ); >12 wk Virtual (no); self-practice Mental health General mental health Blank (2018); Austria; RCT ( 54 ) Alternative (free time at home); short-term Middle; diverse settings 20; 20 Short vacation based on effort– recovery model 4 nights including one session of moderate physical activity and one session of active recovery Alternative to the others ( 1 ); <1week Face-to-face (no); mixed (individual sessi
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.714
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950389
|
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] |
<1week Face-to-face (no); mixed (individual sessions, self-practice) PS Perceived stress Cedstrand (2022); Sweden; CBA ( 55 ) passive; long-term Lower; production 54; 20 Co-created occupational health intervention built on behavior change weel framework; structured roundmaking and duties clarification and staffing plan 4 modules: 1 full-day face-to-face workshops plus a 2-hr online follow-up, 1 online full day plus 2x 3-hr online follow-ups Organization-focused ( 1 ); NR Hybrid (no); group sessions PS / De
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.696
|
[]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950409
|
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] |
used ( 1 ); NR Hybrid (no); group sessions PS / Deval (2017); France; CBA ( 56 ) Passive; short-term NR; service 53; 27 Acceptance and commitment therapy intervention 3x4-hr sessions including homework assignments on mindfulness and values-based action Cognitiv-behavioral ( 1 ); 5-8 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) PS; mindfulness; mental health; work-related outcomes Perceived stress; general mental health Gast (2022); Germany; RCT ( 57 ) Waitlist; short-term Diverse; production
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.696
|
["ethics"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950431
|
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] |
CT ( 57 ) Waitlist; short-term Diverse; production 36; 45 Intervention on own and employees work-related stress based on ERI model 1-day intervention incl. theoretical input, interactive group work, case discussion Multimodal ( 2 ); <1 week Virtual (no); group sessions PS; mental health Perceived stress, job stress; subsyndromal symptoms Igu (2023); Nigeria; RCT ( 58 ) Waitlist; mixed NR; teaching 38; 39 Problem-solving client-based psychoeducational intervention for managing workplace threats to mental hea
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.698
|
["management", "career"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950453
|
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] |
ntion for managing workplace threats to mental health 1 opening meeting, eight weekly coaching sessions of 120min Cognitive-behavioral ( 1 ); 9-12 wk Face-to-face (no); mixed (one group session, individual sessions) Mental health Subsyndromal symptoms Janka (2017); Austria, Germany, Luxembourg; RCT ( 59 ) Waitlist; Sshort-term Diverse; public adminstration 18; 18 Biofeedback training 9x45 mins sessions, home practice Biofeedback ( 1 ); 5-8 wk Face-to-face (yes); individual sessions PS Perceived stress Lange
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.895
| 0.694
|
["management"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950473
|
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] |
es); individual sessions PS Perceived stress Lange (2019); Germany; CBA ( 21 ) Passive; medium-term Diverse; mixed 19; 18 Mindful leadership intervention built on interest- and intrinstic motivation theories covering stress, stress management, mindfulness, leadership & communication 1-day training (7hr), two follow-up sessions (one-on-one coaching (30min); group session (90min) and digital based mindfulness/relaxation instructional videos (voluntary) Multimodal ( 3 ); 9-12 wk Hybrid (yes); mixed (group sess
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.895
| 0.684
|
["leadership", "communication", "management", "motivation"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950497
|
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] |
dal ( 3 ); 9-12 wk Hybrid (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) PS; mindfulness; leadership-related outcomes Job stress Li (2017); Germany; RCT ( 22 ) Passive; long-term Diverse; production 94; 94 Group-oriented stress prevention program built on ERI model 8x90 min sessions over 2 consecutive days, 2 refresher courses comprising 2x180 min sessions Cognitive-behavioral ( 1 ); >12 wk Face-to-face (no); goup sessions PS; mental health Job stress; subsyndromal symptoms Limm (2011); Germany; RCT ( 60 ) Wa
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.706
|
["leadership", "career"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950520
|
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] |
romal symptoms Limm (2011); Germany; RCT ( 60 ) Waitlist; long-term Diverse; production 75; 79 Group-oriented stress prevention program built on effort-reward imbalance model 8x90 min sessions over 2 consecutive days, 2 refresher courses comprising 2x 180 min sessions Cognitive-behavioral ( 1 ); >12 wk Face-to-face (no); group sessions PS; mental health Job stress; subsyndromal symptoms First author (year); country; study design Control group; Follow-up period Management level; setting Number of participant
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.694
|
["management", "career"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950545
|
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] |
od Management level; setting Number of participants (IG; CG) Intervention Intervention format Intervention type (N); length Training setting (home practice); delivery mode Outcome categories Subcategories Ly (2014); Sweden; RCT ( 62 ) Waitlist; short-term Middle; diverse 36; 37 Acceptance and commitment therapy based smartphone intervention 6 modules (short audio lecture, 2-3 texts, 2-4 exercises); minimum of daily 15 min spend on program Cognitiv-behavioral ( 1 ); 5-8 wk Virtual (no); self-practice PS; men
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.895
| 0.696
|
["management"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950567
|
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] |
( 1 ); 5-8 wk Virtual (no); self-practice PS; mental health; leadership-related outcome Perceived stress; general mental health Martin (2020); Australia; RCT ( 63 ) Waitlist; medium-term Top; diverse 78; 104 Self- administered educational intervention on promoting mental health focused skills development DVD program (60 mins), resource kit (30-page manual, fact sheets, booklets, posters), telephone support (6x30 mins) Cognitiv-behavioral ( 1 ); NR Virtual (no); self-practice Mental; work-related outcomes G
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 1
| 0.69
|
["leadership"]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950587
|
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] |
no); self-practice Mental; work-related outcomes General mental health Mellner (2022); Sweden; RCT ( 64 ) Waitlist; mixed Diverse; service 20; 20 Mindfulness-based stress reduction program 8-week structured group format including weekly 2.5 hr group sessions plus web-based audio recordings Multimodal ( 2 ); 5-8 wk Face-to-face (yes); group sessions Mindfulness / Munafo (2016); Italy; RCT ( 37 ) Alternative (daily stress diary); short-term Diverse; finance; public adminstration 16; 15 Respiratory sinus arrhy
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.694
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950604
|
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] |
ublic adminstration 16; 15 Respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback intervention Weekly 45min sessions Biofeedback ( 1 ); 5-8 wk Face-to-face (no); individual sessions Mental health Subsyndromal symptoms Ni (2022); China; CBA ( 61 ) Waitlist; short-term Lower; production 36; 36 Mindfulness self-training based on mindfulness cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction Daily mindfulness practices (3 min breathing space, 10 min mindfulness of breathing mediation, body scan mediation, and mindful w
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.895
| 0.688
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950624
|
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] |
hing mediation, body scan mediation, and mindful walking) Multimodal ( 2 ); 1-4 wk Hybrid (no); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) Mindfulness / Nübold (2020); Germany, Netherlands; RCT ( 65 ) Waitlist; short-term NR; diverse 93; 80 Self-guided, app-based mindfulness meditation training Guided mindfulness meditation exercises developed by Headspace, Inc Relaxation ( 1 ); 1-4 wk Virtual (no); self-practice Mindfulness; leadership-related outcome / Reitz (2020); England; CBA ( 66 ) Waitlist; short-term NR;
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.4
| 0.694
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950644
|
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] |
020); England; CBA ( 66 ) Waitlist; short-term NR; diverse 27; 30 Mindful leader intervention based on mindfulness‐based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 3 half-day workshops every two wk, 1 full day workshop, 1 small group conference call over 8 wk Multimodal ( 2 ); 5-8 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) Mindfulness; leadership-related outcome / Sawyer (2023); USA; RCT ( 67 ) Waitlist; medium-term Lower; healthcare 39; 38 Psychoeducational Group Program on
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.7
|
["leadership"]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950664
|
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] |
lthcare 39; 38 Psychoeducational Group Program on mental well-being based on an integrative theoretical framework of mindfulness, acceptance and commitment therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy Nine weekly 90 min online group sessions promoting self-care, growth and adaptive coping Multimodal ( 2 ); 9-12 wk Virtual (no); group sessions PS; mental health; work-related outcome Perceived stress; subsyndromal symptoms Shonin (2014); UK; RCT ( 68 ) Alternative (education group program on cognitive behavioral
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.69
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950682
|
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] |
e (education group program on cognitive behavioral theory); mixed Middle; NR 76; 76 Meditation awareness training Weekly 90 min workshops, daily self-practice, two optional one-to-one support sessions (50 min) plus daily self-practice Relaxation ( 1 ); 5-8 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) PS; mental health; work-related outcomes Job stress; general mental health Vonderlin (2021); Germany; CBA ( 69 ) Passive; medium-term Diverse; diverse 117; 117 Health-promoting leadership interv
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.895
| 0.69
|
["leadership", "career"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950701
|
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] |
iverse 117; 117 Health-promoting leadership intervention covering the topics (a) health-promoting selfcare, (b) health-promoting staff-care, and (c) addressing employees under stress built on the health-oriented leadership model 3 full-day courses (8 hr each), 2x3-hr booster, optional mindfulness practice; 30 hr over a period of 6 months Multimodal ( 3 ); >12 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) Mental health; leadership-related outcome Subsyndromal symptoms First author (year); coun
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.686
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950721
|
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] |
me Subsyndromal symptoms First author (year); country; study design Control group; Follow-up period Management level; setting Number of participants (IG; CG) Intervention Intervention format Intervention type (N); length Training setting (home practice); delivery mode Outcome categories Subcategories Vonderlin (2023); Germany; CBA ( 20 ) Passive; long-term Diverse; healthcare and science 13; 269 Health-promoting leadership intervention covering the topics (a) health-promoting selfcare, (b) health-promoting
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.896
| 0.676
|
["leadership", "management"]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950741
|
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] |
) health-promoting selfcare, (b) health-promoting staff-care, and (c) addressing employees under stress built on the health-oriented leadership model 3 full-day courses (8 hr each), 2x3-hr booster, optional mindfulness practice; 30 hr over 6 months Multimodal ( 3 ); >12 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) Work-related outcome / Wasylkiw (2015); Canada; CBA ( 70 ) Passive; short-term Middle; healthcare 11; 10 Intensive weekend retreat on mindfulness 14 x16 hrs of mindfulness-based gu
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.696
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950761
|
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] |
on mindfulness 14 x16 hrs of mindfulness-based guided practice, follow-up 2-hr webinar intensive weekend retreat on mindfulness Relaxation ( 1 ); 5-8 wk Hybrid (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) PS; mindfulness; leadership-related outcomes Perceived stress Yong (2020); South Korea; CBA ( 71 ) Passive; mixed Middle; healthcare 27; 27 Holy Name Meditation Program based on Easwaran’s 8-point program Five weekly sessions followed by 3 monthly 90 min sessions Relaxation ( 1 ); >12 wk Face-to-face (yes
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.896
| 0.702
|
["leadership"]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950780
|
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] |
essions Relaxation ( 1 ); >12 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) Mental health; work-related outcome; leadership-related outcome Subsyndromal symptoms Zolnierczyk-Zreda (2016); Poland; RCT ( 72 ) Waitlist; medium-term Middle; finance and service 72; 72 Mindfulness‐based stress reduction training 8 weekly 180 min group sessions, one 7-hr group session (the ‘Mindfulness Day’), individual follow-up session, daily homework exercises Multimodal ( 2 ); 9-12 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.895
| 0.688
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950803
|
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] |
timodal ( 2 ); 9-12 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) PS; mental health; work-related outcome Job stress; subsyndromal symptoms Open in a new tab Among the 25 identified studies, 15 were RCT ( 22 , 37 , 53 , 54 , 57 – 60 , 62 – 65 , 67 , 68 , 72 ) and 10 CBA ( 20 , 21 , 52 , 55 , 56 , 61 , 66 , 69 – 71 ). Publications spanned >40 years of research: 12 studies were published in 2020–2023 ( 20 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 63 – 67 , 69 , 71 ), 10 in 2014 –2019 ( 21 , 22 , 37 , 54 , 56 , 59
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.702
|
["career"]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950824
|
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] |
na ( 61 ), Nigeria ( 58 ) and South Korea ( 71 ). In total, 2466 supervisors participated in the included studies, with 1120 assigned to the intervention arm. Sample size ranged from 9–269 participants, with an average of 45 supervisors participating in the intervention groups and 41 supervisors in the control groups. The mean age of participants, which was reported in 17 studies, was 43.2 years. Based on 24 studies providing data on gender there was a nearly equal distribution between female (49,8%) and ma
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.874
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950841
|
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] |
y equal distribution between female (49,8%) and male (50,2%) participants. Supervisors represented diverse management levels and worked in various occupational settings, including finance, healthcare, science, service, production, public administration or school. Overall, the identified occupational stress management interventions targeting supervisors could be categorized into different types. The majority (k=10) were multimodal interventions ( 20 , 21 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 62 , 64 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 72 ), combin
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.852
|
["management"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950863
|
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] |
, 56 , 57 , 62 , 64 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 72 ), combining cognitive-behavioral, relaxation, or leadership-specific components. Six studies (25%) applied a cognitive-behavioral approach ( 22 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 63 ), four (16%) focused on relaxation techniques ( 65 , 68 , 70 , 71 ), followed by biofeedback ( 37 , 52 , 59 ), organization-focused ( 55 ), and alternative intervention ( 54 ). Most multimodal interventions (66%) applied two different intervention type components.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.306
| 0.876
|
["leadership"]
| 475
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950885
|
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] |
plied two different intervention type components. Interventions varied widely, from one 8-hour virtual group sessions ( 57 ) to eight weekly 180-minute group sessions with individual follow-up sessions and daily homework exercises over three months ( 72 ) or interventions providing 30 hours of learning over six months ( 20 , 69 ). Most commonly, interventions employed multiple delivery modes, including group or individual sessions and self-practice ( 20 , 21 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 61 , 66 , 68 – 72 ).
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.3
| 0.872
|
[]
| 500
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950903
|
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] |
e ( 20 , 21 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 61 , 66 , 68 – 72 ). Specifically, all three biofeedback interventions ( 37 , 52 , 59 ) were administered through individual face-to-face sessions, while virtual training formats (k=6) ( 53 , 57 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 67 ) included group sessions or self-practice. Home practice was encouraged in 48% of included studies. The majority of studies (91%) compared intervention effects to waitlist (k=13) ( 52 , 57 – 67 , 72 ) or passive (k=9) ( 20 – 22 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 69 – 71 ) control grou
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.295
| 0.82
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950920
|
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] |
( 20 – 22 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 69 – 71 ) control groups. Among the included studies, eleven (44%) measured short-term ( 37 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 66 , 70 ), six (24%) medium-term ( 21 , 53 , 63 , 67 , 69 , 72 ), and four (16%) long-term outcomes ( 20 , 55 , 60 ). Additionally, four publications (16%) combined data from short- and medium-term follow-ups ( 58 , 64 , 68 , 71 ). In total, five distinct outcome categories were examined: (i) psychological stress, (ii) mindfulness, (iii) mental hea
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.824
|
[]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950938
|
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] |
logical stress, (ii) mindfulness, (iii) mental health, (iv) work-related outcomes and (v.) leadership-related outcomes. When ≥4 studies were available measuring similar constructs, we further subdivided these outcome categories into subcategories. As a result, the following four subcategories emerged: (i.i.) perceived stress, (i.ii.) job stress, (iii.i.) subsyndromal symptoms, and (iii.ii.) general mental health. On average, studies reported two outcome categories or three (sub)categories.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.699
| 0.674
|
["leadership", "career"]
| 494
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950959
|
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] |
two outcome categories or three (sub)categories. Additional information on grouped outcome categories, including the original reported constructs and measurement instruments used, is provided in table 1 and supplementary material S4 and S5. Results of the meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses Overall, 21 studies could be included in the meta-analysis (see table 3 and supplementary material S8). On the outcome category level, the number of pooled studies for meta-analyses varied between k=12 for mental hea
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.846
|
[]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950976
|
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] |
r meta-analyses varied between k=12 for mental health and k=5 for work-related outcomes (see table 3 and supplementary material S9). When pooling all intervention outcomes, the meta-analysis revealed no significant intervention effect for leader-targeted SMI in comparison to passive, active or waitlist control groups [g=-0.18 (95% CI -0.38– 0.03)] (table 3 and supplementary material S8). After removing outliers due to baseline imbalance and large effect sizes ( 58 , 69 , 72 ), a significant intervention eff
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.854
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.950998
|
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] |
s ( 58 , 69 , 72 ), a significant intervention effect on leader-targeted SMI emerged [g=-0.13 (95% CI -0.24– -0.01)] Table 3. Summary of findings. [CI=confidence interval]. Outcome Number of studies (reference) g standardized mean difference scores, 95% CI (Hedges’ g) Summary of findings Certainty of evidence (GRADE) All analyzed interventions All interventions 21 studies ( 20 – 22 , 37 , 53 – 56 , 58 , 60 – 70 , 72 ) All studies: -0.18 (95% CI -0.38–0.03); Without outliers: -0.13 (95% CI -0.24– -0.01)* Aft
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.728
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951017
|
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] |
ution is warranted when interpreting the results. / Main level outcome categories Psychological Stress 11 studies ( 21 , 22 , 54 – 56 , 60 , 62 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 7 , 2 ) All studies: -0.02 (95% CI-0.43–0.39); Without outliers (k=9): -0.12 (95% CI -0.28–0.04) No significant effect on psychological stress was observed among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions when contrasted with supervisors undergoing alternative interventions or the control group.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.698
| 0.706
|
["management"]
| 488
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951039
|
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] |
g alternative interventions or the control group. Due to high heterogeneity and a contrary effect between high RoB and some concerns RoB studieIs, we downgraded the results to reflect ‘low certainty of evidence’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low ade Mindfulness 7 studies ( 21 , 56 , 61 , 64 – 66 , 70 ) All studies: -0.03 (95% CI -0.32–0.27); No outliers No significant effect was observed on mindfulness among supervisors engaged in occupational stress management interventions, in comparison to supervisors undergoing alternative int
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.864
|
["management"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951059
|
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] |
mparison to supervisors undergoing alternative interventions or serving as the control group. Given the small sample size and high RoB in five studies, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low bdf Mental health 12 studies ( 22 , 37 , 53 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 67 – 69 , 72 ) All studies: -0.38 (95% CI -0.69– -0.08)*; Without outliers (k=10): -0.21 (95% CI -0.41– -0.02)* A significant small-to-moderate effect on the improvement of mental health was observed among supervisors participatin
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.882
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951076
|
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] |
health was observed among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions compared to a control group or alternative intervention. After excluding outliers, the significant effect persisted. Considering that 50% of the included studies had a high RoB, along with moderate 95% confidence intervals across all studies and substantial heterogeneity, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.684
| 0.814
|
["management"]
| 422
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951099
|
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] |
we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low ade Work-related outcomes 5 studies ( 20 , 56 , 67 , 68 , 72 ) All studies: -0.68 (95% CI -1.84–0.48); Without outliers (k=4): -0.32 (95% CI -0.63– -0.00)* Without outliers, a small significant effect on the improvement of work-related outcomes was observed among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions, in comparison to supervisors in the control group or those undergoing alternative interventions.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.699
| 0.7
|
["management"]
| 494
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951121
|
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] |
up or those undergoing alternative interventions. Since 50% of the included studies had a high RoB, moderate 95% confidence intervals across all studies, high heterogeneity, as well as indications of publication bias, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘very low’. ⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very low bdfi Leadership-related outcomes 6 studies ( 21 , 62 , 65 , 66 , 69 , 70 ) All studies: -1.16 (95% CI -3.42–1.10); Without outliers (k=5): -0.23 (95% CI -0.44– -0.02)* Without outliers, a small significant effect on the impro
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.72
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951141
|
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] |
outliers, a small significant effect on the improvement of leadership-related outcomes was observed among supervisors compared to a control group or alternative intervention. Due to 50% of the included studies exhibiting a high RoB, a moderate 95% confidence interval, substantial heterogeneity, and indications of publication bias, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘very low’. ⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very low bdfi Subcategory level outcomes Psychological Stress: Perceived stress 5 studies ( 54 , 56 , 62 , 67 , 70 ) A
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.86
|
["leadership"]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951188
|
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] |
ived stress 5 studies ( 54 , 56 , 62 , 67 , 70 ) All studies: -0.15 (95% CI -0.38–0.08); No outliers Findings suggest that no significant effect on perceived stress was found among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions, in comparison to those undergoing alternative interventions or serving as the control group. Considering the small sample size, three out of five studies exhibiting a high RoB, and assumed publication bias, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.862
|
["management"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951224
|
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] |
we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low beh Psychological Stress: Job stress 5 studies ( 21 , 22 , 60 , 68 , 72 ) All studies: 0.02 (95% CI -1.09–1.14); No outliers No significant effect on job stress was observed among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions when contrasted with supervisors undergoing alternative interventions or comprising the control group.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.683
| 0.828
|
["career", "management"]
| 415
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951259
|
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] |
ve interventions or comprising the control group. Due to the contradictory effect size between studies with some concerns of RoB versus those with high RoB, along with a massive 95% confidence interval in high RoB studies and high heterogeneity, the certainty of evidence was downgraded to ‘very low’. ⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very low cde Mental health: Subsyndromal symptoms 8 studies ( 22 , 37 , 53 , 58 , 60 , 67 , 69 , 72 ) All studies: -0.36 (95% CI -0.80–0.07); Without outliers (k=7): -0.22 (95% CI 0.53–0.09) No significant
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.88
|
[]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.951288
|
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] |
ers (k=7): -0.22 (95% CI 0.53–0.09) No significant effect on general mental health was observed among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions when contrasted with supervisors undergoing alternative interventions or comprising the control group. Due to substantial heterogeneity and moderate 95% confidence intervals in both high RoB and in studies with some RoB concerns, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.691
| 0.826
|
["management"]
| 455
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952052
|
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] |
we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low ade Mental health: General mental health 5 studies ( 53 , 56 , 62 , 63 , 68 ) All studies: -0.32 (95% CI -0.88–0.24); No outliers No significant effect on general mental health was observed among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions when contrasted with supervisors undergoing alternative interventions or comprising the control group.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.686
| 0.832
|
["management"]
| 431
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952104
|
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] |
ve interventions or comprising the control group. Due to substantial heterogeneity and moderate 95% confidence intervals in both studies with high RoB and some RoB concerns, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low certainty’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low ade Open in a new tab * P≤0.05. a Downgraded by -0.5 points due to risk of bias. b Downgraded by -1 points due to risk of bias. c Downgraded by -1.5 points due to risk of bias. d Downgraded by -1 points due to inconsistency. e Downgraded by -0.5 due to imprecision.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.73
|
[]
| 508
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952132
|
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] |
istency. e Downgraded by -0.5 due to imprecision. f Downgraded by -1 due to imprecision. h Downgraded by -0.5 due to potential publication bias. i Downgraded by -1 due to publication bias. On the outcome category level, a significant small-to-moderate intervention effect for occupational stress management programs targeting supervisors was observed for mental health [g=-0.38, (95% CI -0.69 – -0.08)] (figure 2a), even after excluding influential cases [g=-0.21, (95% CI -0.41– -0.02)].
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.698
| 0.694
|
["management"]
| 488
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952156
|
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] |
fluential cases [g=-0.21, (95% CI -0.41– -0.02)]. Significant small-to-moderate intervention effects on work-related outcomes (g=-0.32, (95% CI -0.63– -0.00)] and leadership-related outcomes [g=-0.23 (95% CI -0.44– -0.02)] were seen when outliers ( 69 , 72 ) were excluded (figure 2b and 2c). For psychological stress and mindfulness, no significant intervention effects were detected. The certainty of evidence was rated low for the outcomes of psychological stress, mindfulness, and mental health and very low
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.696
|
["leadership"]
| 511
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952180
|
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] |
ress, mindfulness, and mental health and very low for the outcomes of work- and leadership-related variables (see table 3 and supplementary material S9 for a detailed display of the calculated effect sizes and certainty of evidence ratings). On the subcategory level, effect sizes were calculated based on k=5 for perceived stress, job stress, and general mental health and k=8 for subsyndromal symptoms. Meta-analyses revealed no significant effects in any of the addressed subcategories.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.698
| 0.846
|
["leadership", "career"]
| 489
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952201
|
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] |
nt effects in any of the addressed subcategories. Sensitivity analysis on the subcategory level only identified outliers ( 58 ) in subsyndromal symptoms [g=-0.22, (95% CI 0.53– 0.09)], without discerning significant intervention effects (see supplementary material S10). The certainty of evidence was rated very low for job stress and low for perceived stress, subsyndromal symptoms, as well as general mental health (see table 3 and supplementary material S15). Figure 2a.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.695
| 0.84
|
["career"]
| 473
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952223
|
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] |
ble 3 and supplementary material S15). Figure 2a. Open in a new tab Forest plot of changes in mental health Figure 2b. Open in a new tab Forest plot of changes in work-related outcomes after exclusion of outliers. Figure 2c. Open in a new tab orest plot of changes in leadership-related outcomes after exclusion of outliers Heterogeneity and exploratory moderator analyses The meta-analyses revealed substantially high heterogeneity with I 2 >72% and wide prediction intervals for all interventions, all main and
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.1
| 0.862
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952242
|
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] |
tion intervals for all interventions, all main and subcategory level outcome categories except mindfulness and perceived stress (see supplementary material S8, S9 and S10). In order to explain heterogeneity in effect sizes, exploratory moderator analyses were performed (see supplementary material S11 and S12). When considering all analyzed interventions, moderator analyses indicated that leader-targeted SMI rated as having 'some concerns' due to the fact that their RoB produced significantly higher effect s
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.842
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952263
|
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] |
-0.17 (95% CI -0.56–0.22)] and other time frames. For psychological stress, the moderator analysis found that cognitive-behavioral interventions yielded significantly higher effect sizes [g=-0.17, (95% CI -0.36– -0,00)] compared to other intervention types. Regarding mental health, moderator analyses indicated that the intervention effect of leader-targeted SMI was significantly higher in RCT [g=-0.42, (95% CI, -0.79– -0.04)] compared to CBA [g=-0.21, (95% CI -0.44–0.01)].
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.695
| 0.676
|
["leadership"]
| 477
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952283
|
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] |
] compared to CBA [g=-0.21, (95% CI -0.44–0.01)]. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that interventions employing face-to-face training [g=-0.51, (95% CI, -0.97– -0.06)] and utilizing a mixed delivery mode approach [g=-0.76, (95% CI -1.43– -0.09)] yielded significantly larger effect sizes compared to interventions utilizing virtual training, as well as those employing a single delivery approach. Detailed information on moderator analyses is displayed in supplementary material S11 and S12.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.398
| 0.684
|
[]
| 491
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952301
|
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] |
d subcategories (see supplementary material S13). Visual examination indicates potential reporting bias for perceived stress, work-related outcomes, and leadership-related outcomes. Due to the limited number of studies pooled in these outcome categories (<10), statistical testing for funnel plot asymmetry was not feasible. Discussion The objective of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify and summarize the evidence regarding the effectiveness of leader-targeted SMI on supervisors' psycholog
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.7
| 0.834
|
["leadership"]
| 512
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952321
|
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] |
s of leader-targeted SMI on supervisors' psychological stress, mindfulness, mental health and work- and leadership-related outcomes. Overall, our results suggest that leader-targeted SMI have the potential to contribute to occupational health, particularly in improving supervisors' mental health as well as work- and leadership-related outcomes. A statistically significant intervention effect for leader-targeted SMI was observed after excluding influential cases.
|
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/
|
Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions
|
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| 0.693
| 0.816
|
["leadership"]
| 466
|
Stress Management
|
topic
|
2026-01-09T23:48:12.952343
|
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