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4905634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%20Doo-ik | Pak Doo-ik | Pak Doo-ik (Chosungul: 박두익; Hanja: 朴斗翼; born 17 December 1936) is a North Korean former footballer who played as a forward. He is well known for being the footballer who scored the goal which knocked out Italy from the group stage of the 1966 FIFA World Cup.
Career
Pak Doo-ik was born in Pyongyang. He represented North Korea at the 1966 FIFA World Cup in England, scoring the winning goal in their 1–0 win over Italy at Ayresome Park, Middlesbrough, a game since documented in the film The Game of Their Lives by British filmmaker Daniel Gordon. The result is still considered one of the World Cup's biggest ever upsets, with Italy – holders of a then joint-record two world titles – having been widely expected to face no difficulty in comfortably beating North Korea, who were making their tournament debut. Drawn in a group with Italy, Chile and the USSR, the North Koreans were based in the north-eastern English industrial town of Middlesbrough during the tournament, playing their matches at Ayresome Park stadium. After a 0–3 defeat against the USSR, their courageous and spirited display in an exciting 1–1 draw against Chile won the hearts of the local people. Their surprising win against the powerful Italians further cemented their popularity in the town. Pak, speaking in 2002 on a return to Middlesbrough with the surviving members of the 1966 North Korea team, recalled that "It was the day I learnt football is not all about winning. I learnt that playing football can improve diplomatic relations and promote peace."
After the victory, Pak, who was, at the time, a corporal in the North Korean army, was promoted to sergeant. An original ticket to the match is on display among other historical football items at the FIFA World Football Museum in Zurich. Although the North Koreans – having led 3–0 – eventually lost 3–5 to Portugal in their quarter-final match played at Goodison Park stadium in Liverpool, they did so cheered on by 3,000 fans from Middlesbrough who had made the coast-to-coast journey of 150 miles to support them. Pak and his teammates had made their mark on a town and a region, and written their names into World Cup folklore.
After the championship, Pak left the military and retired from football and became a gymnastics instructor. An Italian urban legend that persisted for a long time in the press had it that Pak was a dentist, although this was not the case. Ayresome Park stadium was demolished in 1997 and a housing estate built on the site. In honour of the famous goal, in the front garden of one new house were permanently placed cast-iron football boot stud marks in the earth, at the exact position of Pak Doo-ik's feet when he scored against Italy with his shot from the edge of the penalty area. During the 2008 Olympic torch relay in Pyongyang, he was the first to carry the Olympic torch.
International goals
Scores and results list North Korea's goal tally first.
References
1936 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
North Korean men's footballers
North Korea men's international footballers
1966 FIFA World Cup players
Moranbong Sports Club players
Footballers from Pyongyang
North Korean football managers
North Korean military personnel
People's Athletes |
480566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic%20Pot-Healer | Galactic Pot-Healer | Galactic Pot-Healer is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in 1969. The novel deals with a number of philosophical and political issues such as repressive societies, fatalism, and the search for meaning in life.
Dick also wrote a children's book set in the same universe, Nick and the Glimmung, in 1966. It was published posthumously in 1988.
Plot introduction
The story concerns a man who thanklessly heals pots in a totalitarian future Earth, only to be summoned by a godlike alien known as Glimmung, who has recruited him as part of a multispecies specialist team sent to "Plowman's Planet" (or Sirius Five) for a mystical quest, which is to raise the sunken cathedral of Heldscalla from a surreal alien ocean.
Plot summary
The novel opens in a dismal future America, the “Communal North American Citizen's Republic.” The United States government has become extremely intrusive and repressive, monitoring the actions, speech and even thoughts of its citizens.
The protagonist, Joe Fernwright, is a pot-healer, one who can perfectly restore pottery to brand new condition. Joe finds himself constantly depressed and idle at the opening of the novel. He is unemployed and on a war veteran's social security benefit, given that ceramic pottery has been replaced by plastics, and his profession is not in great demand. He longs for purpose and meaning in life. His one entertainment is to call various friends on the worldwide telephone network and swap puzzles. These puzzles are created by translating a common English proverb or phrase into another language by using a language translation computer, and then translating it back to English the same way. The object of the game is to guess the original from the double translation.
Joe finds meaning when he is summoned to "Plowman's Planet"/Sirius Five by a mysterious highly evolved alien, Glimmung, with seemingly godlike powers. Along with other similarly talented but depressed and alienated people and creatures from all over the galaxy they are employed by Glimmung, in a grand endeavor to raise an ancient sunken cathedral from the ocean floor.
Glimmung is also in a struggle with the Kalends, a species gifted with precognition who are constantly writing a book that supposedly foretells the future, one which inevitably is proven right. Glimmung is determined to continue with his struggle, even when the book predicts certain failure.
At the conclusion of the book, Fernwright and his companions are offered the opportunity to join a gestalt or hive mind that also encompasses Glimmung. Fernwright and an unnamed octopoid companion alone refuse the offer. Fernwright is then given various options, such as going back to earth, going with the octopoid to its planet, going to Mali's planet (a young humanoid female he had become romantically involved with and who chose to become a part of the collective conscious) or stay back on Sirius Five. The octopoid also suggests to him that he should start creating pots with the tools Glimmung has given him instead of just healing them. The story ends by saying the first pot he created was 'awful.'
Bibliographic information
Galactic Pot-Healer was originally published in 1969 by Berkley Medallion Books. A hardback edition was issued in 1969 by the Science Fiction Book Club (Nelson Doubleday, Inc.). It is currently published in the United States by Vintage Books, , and in the United Kingdom by Gollancz.
An audiobook version of Galactic Pot-Healer was released in 1998 by Blackstone Audio. The audiobook is read by Tom Parker. Another version released in 2013 by Brilliance Audio, read by Phil Gigante, is unabridged and runs 6 hrs 10 minutes.
1969 American novels
1969 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Philip K. Dick
Berkley Books books
Dystopian novels
Fiction about unemployment
Novels set on fictional planets
Novels about mass surveillance
Fiction set around Sirius |
3040185 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/215-%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%20%28%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F%29 | 215-та дивізія (Німецька імперія) | 215-та дивізія (Німецька імперія)
215-та дивізія- загальновійськове з'єднання в складі Прусської армії в період Першої Світової Війни.
Історія
Дивізія була сформована 8 вересня 1916 року на Західному фронті, але вже на початку листопада 1916 року була переміщена на Східний фронт. Тут вона залишилася після закінчення війни на Україні, повернулася 16 березня 1919 року додому і була там демобілізована і, нарешті, розпущена.
215-та дивізія брала участь у визволенні Донбасу навесні 1918 року, після запеклих боїв в районі Барвінкове де їм протистояли частини Донецької армії і 3-ї РСЧА. 19 квітня німці переломили опір червоноармійців після чого проникли в Донбас і звільнили Слов'янськ і Бахмут і почали очищати вугільні райони від більшовиків.
Бої за Барвінкове
Бойовий календар
1916
15-17 вересня — резерв армійського відділу А
З 18 вересня до 2 листопада — бої в Шампані
2 листопада в 8 — транспорт на схід
з 8 листопада — бої на верхів'ях Штір-Стохід
1917
до 1 грудня — Бої на Верхньому Стиру — Стохід
2 до 17 грудня — перемир'я
з 17 грудня — перемир'я
1918
до 18 лютого — перемир'я
З 18 лютого по 21 червня — бойові дії в підтримку України
З 22 червня по 15 листопада — окупація України
з 16 листопада — евакуація з України
Склад
61-ша резервна піхотна бригада
Резервний запасний полк № 2
Ландверскій піхотний полк № 71
Резервний піхотний полк № 224
3-й ескадрон / резервний гусарський полк № 8
Артилерійський командир № 215
Польовий артилерійський полк № 274
Командир відділу новин № 215
Командування
Генерал-майор Отто Ульріх 7 вересня по 9 вересня 1916 р
Генерал-лейтенант Теодор фон Верніц З 10 вересня 1916 р по 16 березня 1919 р
Примітки
Джерела
Ruhmeshalle unserer Alten Armee. Herausgegeben auf Grund amtlichen Materials des Reichsarchivs, Militär-Verlag, Berlin 1927, S. 75, 167.
Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army Which Participated in the War (1914—1918). United States War Office as War Department Dokument Nr. 905, Office of the Adjutant, 1920, S. 682—683.
Історія Бахмута
Історія Краматорська |
4862001 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0 | Ублиска | Ублиска — присілок в Бєжаницькому районі Псковської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 152 особи. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Чихачьовське муніципальне утворення.
Історія
Від 2005 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Чихачьовське муніципальне утворення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Бєжаницького району |
4152535 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanacetum%20albanicum | Tanacetum albanicum | Tanacetum albanicum — вид рослин з роду пижмо (Tanacetum) й родини айстрових (Asteraceae).
Середовище проживання
Ендемік Албанії.
Примітки
albanicum
Флора Албанії
Рослини, описані 2017 |
36409024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita%20Acharia | Amrita Acharia | Amrita Acharia (also spelled Acharya) is a British actress of NepaleseUkrainian
origins. She is best known for her roles as Irri in the HBO series Game of Thrones and as Dr. Ruby Walker in the ITV series The Good Karma Hospital.
Early life
Acharia was born in Patan, Nepal. Her father is Nepalese and met her Ukrainian mother while studying in Lviv. Acharia grew up in Kathmandu, Ukraine, England and Norway. She spent her first seven years in Nepal, before her father's job took the family to England and then, as a teenager, to Tromsø, Norway.
At the age of 19, having finished high school in Norway, Acharia moved to England seeking a career in acting. She trained at ALRA.
Career
Acharia played the role of Irri, a Dothraki servant of Daenerys Targaryen in the first two seasons of Game of Thrones. Her character died during the second season. In a scene cut from the broadcast programmes, Irri was strangled by her fellow handmaiden Doreah (played by Roxanne McKee). Acharia suffered from bruising on her neck the following day after encouraging McKee to "go for it" during the scene.
Amrita also made an appearance as a school girl in the biographical film The Devil's Double.
Acharia played the lead in the Norwegian feature film "I Am Yours", a role which landed her a nomination for Best Actress at the Norwegian Amanda Awards. The film was chosen as Norway's foreign-language Academy Awards submission.
In 2016 Acharia appeared in the role as State Prosecutor in the Norwegian TV-series Frikjent.
From 2017 to present she has starred as Dr Ruby Walker in the ITV series The Good Karma Hospital. Acharia plays an NHS junior doctor who, faced with frustration at work and issues in her personal life, responds to an advert to work at a public hospital in the southern Indian state of Kerala (although the show was actually filmed in Sri Lanka rather than India). She was longlisted for the 2019 National Television Awards in the Best Drama Performance category for the role.
She is the lead in the British psychological thriller Welcome to Curiosity which is supposedly the world's first film to be entirely crowdfunded. The producers raised £200,000 through crowdfunding. It relates four interconnected stories based around a serial killer's escape from prison.
Personal life
Acharia completed the London Marathon in 2016, with a time of 03:46:07.
She is an ambassador for the charity ChoraChori, which works to support displaced and trafficked Nepalese children from India. She speaks Ukrainian, Russian, English, and Norwegian. She does not speak Nepali, but stated she is planning to learn it.
She got married in 2023 and posted an Instagram Story about it showing her dancing at her wedding.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre credits
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Amrita Acharya Dunne Photos from the London Marathon 2016.
Living people
Nepalese emigrants to Norway
Norwegian people of Nepalese descent
Norwegian people of Ukrainian descent
21st-century Nepalese actresses
21st-century Norwegian actresses
Norwegian television actresses
Norwegian film actresses
Norwegian expatriates in England
Actresses from Kathmandu
Bahun
1987 births |
3051293 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%20%D0%B7%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%202021 | Кубок Європи з метань 2021 | Кубок Європи з метань 2021 був проведений 8-9 травня в Спліті.
Змагання відбувалися на головній та допоміжній аренах стадіону «Парк Младежі», а чоловіки та жінки груп А у штовханні ядра змагалися на арені античного амфітеатру, розташованому в Соліні, передмісті Спліта.
Первісно рішення про проведення Кубку в португальській Лейрії впродовж трьох сезонів поспіль (2020—2022) було прийнято виконавчим комітетом Європейської легкоатлетичної асоціації 3 березня 2019. Спочатку змагання планувались до проведення 13-14 березня, проте на початку лютого було оголошено про їх перенесення на більш пізні дати через пандемію коронавірусної хвороби. Наприкінці березня 2021 було оголошено про нові дати та місце проведення змагань — 8-9 травня у Спліті.
Програма змагань включала чотири метальні легкоатлетичні дисципліни (штовхання ядра, метання диска, метання молота, метання списа) серед чоловіків та жінок у абсолютній віковій категорії (дорослі) та серед молоді.
На Кубку були показані високі результати у метанні списа. У перший день змагань німець Йоганнес Феттер переміг з чудовою серію з шести вдалих спроб (91,12 — 90,43 — 89,63 — 88,34 — 84,20 — 88,23). Наступного дня полька Марія Андрейчик метнула спис на 71,40 (в іншій спробі вона також показала першокласний результат — 69,68), ставши п'ятою спортсменкою в історії дисципліни, якій вдалось перетнути 70-метровий рубіж, та піднявшись на третю сходинку у рейтингу усіх часів.
Без перемог полишили Спліт Павел Файдек та Аніта Влодарчик, фаворити Кубку у метанні молота. Для Влодарчик це був перший старт після довгої перерви, викликаної травмою коліна. Вона посіла друге місце, небагато програвши співвітчизниці Мальвіні Копрон. Файдек же був лише четвертим зі скромним як для себе результатом 74,48.
Індивідуальна першість
Чоловіки
Жінки
Командна першість
Кожна країна могла виставити по 2 спортсмени у кожній дисципліні серед дорослих та по одному — серед молоді. В залік йшов кращий результат в кожній метальній дисципліні, після чого він переводився в очки за допомогою Міжнародної таблиці переводу результатів Світової легкої атлетики. За сумою отриманих очок визначались переможці та призери в командному заліку Кубка. У межах командного заліку медалі отримували всі атлети країни, яка посіла призове місце, за умови виконання таким атлетом всіх спроб (необов'язково успішних) у змаганнях.
Золоті нагороди за підсумками командної першості отримали легкоатлети Німеччини, Польщі, Білорусі та Туреччини.
Чоловіки
Жінки
Медальний залік
До медального заліку включені нагороди за підсумками індивідуальної та командної першостей.
Виступ українців
Склад команди України для участі в Кубку Європи з метань був затверджений рішенням виконавчого комітету Легкої атлетики України. Згодом з'ясувалось, що списометальник Олександр Ничипорчук пропустить Кубок Європи через травму. У складі збірної його замінив Дмитро Шеремет.
Проте, українським легкоатлетам так і недовелось виступити у Спліті. 6 травня збірна України прилетіла у Хорватію. Згідно з санітарними протоколами змагань, команди здають кілька тестів на коронавірус перед виїздом і по приїзду. Перед вильотом у всієї команди тести були негативними, але в Спліті один з тестів, Олександра Іваненка, дав позитивний результат. Повторний тест теж дав позитивний результат. Оскільки вся команда летіла разом, тобто був контакт, згідно з санітарними протоколами вся збірна була недопущена до змагань та змушена повернутись до України.
Індивідуальна першість
Командна першість
Онлайн-трансляція
Європейська легкоатлетична асоціація здійснювала вебтрансляцію змагань на власному YouTube-каналі .
Див. також
Чемпіонат Європи з легкої атлетики серед молоді 2021
Командний чемпіонат Європи з легкої атлетики 2021
Примітки
Джерела
Результати змагань на вебсайті Європейської легкоатлетичної асоціації
Офіційний вебсайт змагань (архівна версія)
Прес-релізи Європейської легкоатлетичної асоціації :
2021
Європа
Легка атлетика
Європа
Легка атлетика
Легка атлетика |
252376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogi%20Maresuke | Nogi Maresuke | Nogi Maresuke
Count , also known as Kiten, Count Nogi GCB (December 25, 1849September 13, 1912), was a Japanese general in the Imperial Japanese Army and a governor-general of Taiwan. He was one of the commanders during the 1894 capture of Port Arthur from China and a prominent figure in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, as commander of the forces which captured Port Arthur from the Russians.
He was a national hero in Imperial Japan as a model of feudal loyalty and self-sacrifice, ultimately to the point of suicide. In the Satsuma Rebellion, he lost a banner of the emperor in battle, for which he tried to atone with suicidal bravery in order to recapture it, until ordered to stop. In the Russo-Japanese War, he captured Port Arthur but he felt that he had lost too many of his soldiers, so requested permission to commit suicide, which the emperor refused. These two events, as well as his desire not to outlive his master, motivated his suicide on the day of the funeral of the Emperor Meiji. His example brought attention to the concept of bushido and the controversial samurai practice of junshi (following the lord in death).
Early life
Nogi Nakito was born on December 25, 1849, at the Chōfu Domain Mansion in Edo (present-day Roppongi, Tokyo), the third son of samurai cavalry officer (umamawari) Nogi Maretsugu and his wife Hisako. His father served the Chōfu Domain, a subsidiary domain of the Chōshū Domain, and held land worth 80 koku. His childhood name was Nakito (無人), literally "no one", to prevent evil spirits from coming to harm him. He was briefly known as Bunzō, after which he was renamed Maresuke. As he claimed descent from the Izumo Minamoto clan through the Sasaki clan, he often used the name Minamoto no Maresuke in his signatures.
Early military career
In November 1869, by the order of the Nagato domain's lord, he enlisted in Fushimi Goshin Heisha to be trained in the French style for the domanial Army. After completing the training, he was reassigned to the Kawatō Barrack in Kyoto as an instructor, and then as Toyōra domain's Army trainer in charge of coastal defense troops.
In 1871, Nogi was commissioned as a major in the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army. Around this time, he renamed himself Maresuke taking a kanji from the name of his father. In 1875, he became the 14th Infantry Regiment's attaché. The next year (1876), Nogi was named as the Kumamoto regional troop's Staff Officer, and transferred to command the 1st Infantry Regiment, and for his service in the Satsuma Rebellion, against the forces of Saigō Takamori in Kyūshū, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel on April 22, 1877. In a fierce battle at that time, he lost the 14th Infantry Regiment's regimental banner, which was considered to be the property of the Emperor, to the enemy. Its loss was an extreme disgrace. Nogi considered this such a grave mistake that he listed it as one of the reasons for his later suicide.
On August 27, 1876, Nogi married Shizuko, the fourth daughter of Satsuma samurai Yuji Sadano, who was then 20 years old. As Nogi was 28 years old, it was a very late marriage for that time, considering that the average age to marry was in the early 20s. On August 28, 1877, their first son Katsunori was born, and Nogi bought his first house at Niizakamachi, Akasaka, Tokyo. In 1879, his second son Yasunori was born. He was promoted to colonel on April 29, 1880.
He was posted to Nagoya during the early Meiji era. The warehouse in the Sannomaru enceinte of Nagoya Castle was probably constructed in 1880 (Meiji 13) as an army ammunition depot. It was named later after him.
Promoted major general on May 21, 1885, in 1887 Nogi went to Germany with Kawakami Soroku to study European military strategy and tactics.
In 1894, during the First Sino-Japanese War, Major-General Nogi commanded the First Infantry Brigade which penetrated the Chinese defenses and successfully occupied Port Arthur in only one day of combat. As such, he was a senior commander during the Port Arthur massacre. The following year, he was promoted to lieutenant general (April 29, 1895) and assigned to the Second Division, tasked with the invasion of Taiwan. Nogi remained with the occupation forces in Taiwan until 1898. In 1899, he was recalled to Japan, and placed in command of the newly formed 11th Infantry Brigade, based in Kagawa.
Political career
After the war, he was elevated to danshaku (baron); and he was conferred with the Order of the Golden Kite, 1st class.
Nogi was appointed as the third Japanese Governor-General of Taiwan from October 14, 1896, to February 1898. When moving to Taiwan, he moved his entire family, and during their time in Taiwan, his mother contracted malaria and died. This led Nogi to take measures to improve on the health care infrastructure of the island.
However, unlike many of his contemporaries as officers, Nogi expressed no interest in pursuing politics.
Russo-Japanese War
In 1904, Nogi was recalled to active service on the occasion of the Russo-Japanese War, and was promoted to army general in command of the Japanese Third Army, with an initial strength of approximately 90,000 men and assigned to the capture of the Russian-held Port Arthur on the southern tip of Liaodong Peninsula, Manchuria. Nogi's forces landed shortly after the Battle of Nanshan, in which his eldest son, serving with the Japanese Second Army, was killed. Advancing slowly down the Liaodong Peninsula, Nogi encountered unexpectedly strong resistance, and far more fortifications than he had experienced ten years earlier against the Chinese.
The attack against Port Arthur quickly turned into the lengthy Siege of Port Arthur, an engagement lasting from August 1, 1904, to January 2, 1905, costing the Japanese massive losses. Due to the mounting casualties and failure of Nogi to overcome Port Arthur's defenses, there was mounting pressure within the Japanese government and military to relieve him of command. However, in an unprecedented action, Emperor Meiji spoke out during the Supreme War Council (Japan) meeting, defending Nogi and demanding that he be kept in command.
After the fall of Port Arthur, Nogi was regarded as a national hero. He led his Third Army against the Russian forces at the final Battle of Mukden, ending the land combat phase of operations of the war.
British historian Richard Storry noted that Nogi imposed the best of the Japanese samurai tradition on the men under his command such that "...the conduct of the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War towards both prisoners and Chinese civilians won the respect, and indeed admiration, of the world".
Both of Nogi's sons, who were army lieutenants during the war, were killed in action. Though Nogi's elder son Katsunori (August 28, 1879 – May 27, 1904) had been a sickly child, he had managed to enter the imperial military academy on his third try. He was hit in the abdomen at the Battle of Nanshan and died of blood loss while undergoing surgery at a field hospital. His second son Yasunori (December 16, 1881 – November 30, 1904), a second lieutenant at Port Arthur, fell on a rocky slope, striking his head and dying instantly. Yasunori received a posthumous promotion to lieutenant, and was buried by his father in the Aoyama cemetery.
At the end of the war, Nogi made a report directly to Emperor Meiji during a Gozen Kaigi. When explaining battles of the Siege of Port Arthur in detail, he broke down and wept, apologizing for the 56,000 lives lost in that campaign and asking to be allowed to kill himself in atonement. Emperor Meiji told him that suicide was unacceptable, as all responsibility for the war was due to imperial orders, and that Nogi must remain alive, at least as long as he himself lived.
Postwar career
After the war, Nogi was elevated to the title of count and awarded the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon, 1917.
As head of the Peers' School from 1908 to 1912, he was the mentor of the young Hirohito, and was, perhaps, the most important influence on the life of the future emperor of Japan.
Nogi spent most of his personal fortune on hospitals for wounded soldiers and on memorial monuments erected around the country in commemoration of those killed during the Russo-Japanese War. He also successfully petitioned the Japanese government to erect a Russian-style memorial monument in Port Arthur to the Russian dead of that campaign.
Scouting
Nogi is significant to Scouting in Japan, as in 1911, he went to England in attendance on Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito for the coronation of King George V. The General, as the "Defender of Port Arthur" was introduced to General Robert Baden-Powell, the "Defender of Mafeking", by Lord Kitchener, whose expression "Once a Scout, always a Scout" remains to this day.
Suicide
Nogi and his wife Shizuko committed suicide by seppuku shortly after the Emperor Meiji's funeral cortege left the palace. The ritual suicide was in accordance with the samurai practice of following one's master to death (junshi). In his suicide letter, he said that he wished to expiate for his disgrace in Kyūshū, and for the thousands of casualties at Port Arthur. He also donated his body to medical science.All four members of the Nogi family are buried at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo. Under State Shinto, Nogi was revered as a kami. Nogi Shrine, a Shinto shrine in his honor, still exists on the site of his house in Nogizaka, Tokyo. His memory is also honored in other locations such as the Nogi Shrine in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, where the mausoleum of Emperor Meiji was established.
Legacy
Nogi's seppuku immediately created a sensation and a controversy. Some writers claimed that it reflected Nogi's disgust with the profligacy and decline in moral values of late Meiji Japan. Others pointed to Nogi's own suicide note, calling it an act of atonement for mistakes in his military career. In either case, Nogi's suicide marked the end of an era, and it had a profound impact on contemporary writers, such as Mori Ōgai, Kuroiwa Ruikō and Natsume Sōseki. For the public, Nogi became a symbol of loyalty and sacrifice.
The epic historical novel Saka no Ue no Kumo portrays Nogi as floundering at the Siege of Port Arthur and having to be relieved by Kodama Gentarō. Several books have been released in recent years rehabilitating Nogi's image and showing he was a competent leader.
The Nogi Warehouse in the Sannomaru enceinte of Nagoya Castle was named after him.
Man of letters
Nogi is also noted in Japan as a man of letters. His Kanshi poems (poems in the Chinese language) were especially popular among the Japanese during his time. Three of his Kanshi poems are famous.
Right after the Battle of Nanshan of 1904, in which he lost his eldest son, he wrote:
After the battle of Hill 203 of 1904–05, in which he lost his second son, he wrote:
After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, he wrote:
Honors
Peerages
1895: Baron (August 20)
1907: Count (September 21)
Decorations
1897: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (June 26; Second Class: April 29, 1894)
1906: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Kite (April 1) (Third Class: August 20, 1895)
1906: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (April 1). (Second Class: August 20, 1895; Third Class: April 7, 1885)
1905: Pour le Mérite (January 10)
1907: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (April 16)
1909: Chilean Gold Medal of Merit (April 28)
1911: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania (October 25)
1911: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
1911: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Military Division (UK) (GCB) (January 1).
Court order of precedence
1871: Senior seventh rank (December)
1873: Sixth rank (June 25)
1879: Senior sixth rank (December 20)
1880: Fifth rank (June 8)
1885: Senior fifth rank (July 25)
1893: Senior fourth rank (April 11)
1896: Third rank (December 21)
1904: Senior third rank (June 6)
1909: Second rank (July 10)
1916: Senior second rank (posthumous)
Portrayals
Maresuke was portrayed by Tatsuya Nakadai in the 1980 Japanese war drama film The Battle of Port Arthur (sometimes referred as 203 Kochi). Directed by Toshio Masuda the film depicted the Siege of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War and starred Nakadai as General Maresuke, Tetsurō Tamba as General Kodama Gentarō, and Toshirō Mifune as Emperor Meiji.
In the NHK television adaptation of Ryōtarō Shiba's epic Saka no Ue no Kumo, which aired from 2009 to 2011, Nogi was portrayed by actor Akira Emoto.
In the manga and NHK television adaptation of Monster, General Nogi is mentioned by the Turkish elder and community leader, Mr. Deniz, convincing the others to trust Dr. Kenzo Tenma and a local prostitute when they attempt to convince the leaders of Frankfurt's Turkish Quarter to be wary of an imminent arson attack by neo-Nazis, led by The Baby. Deniz makes reference to an incident wherein General Nogi saved an Ottoman fleet of the Turkish Navy that had run aground in the Pacific. Although this is most likely a confusion with Yamada Torajirō who did assist after the sinking of Ottoman frigate Ertuğrul
Notes
References
Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ;
Benesch, Oleg (2014). Inventing the Way of the Samurai: Nationalism, Internationalism, and Bushido in Modern Japan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; ;
Buruma, Ian. (2004). Inventing Japan: 1853–1964. New York: Modern Library. ;
Ching, Leo T.S. (2001). Becoming Japanese: Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation.. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; ;
Connaughton, Richard. (1988). The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear: a Military History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05.. London: Routledge. ;
Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson and David L Bongard. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. ;
Jukes, Geoffrey. (2002). The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ;
Keene, Donald. Emperor Of Japan: Meiji And His World, 1852-1912 New York: Columbia University Press. ;
Lyell, Thomas Reginald Guise. (1948). A Case History of Japan. London: Sheed & Ward.
Noss, John Boyer. (1949). Man's Religions. New York: MacMillan.
Storry, Richard. (1960). A History of Modern Japan. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.
Wolferen, Karel van. (1990). The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation. New York: Vintage. ;
External links
Portrait of Nogi
Nogi Shrine in Nogizaka, Tokyo. There is another in Shimonoseki and several others throughout Japan.
1849 births
1912 suicides
1912 deaths
Governors-General of Taiwan
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Japanese generals
Japanese military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Japanese military personnel who died by suicide
Japanese military personnel of the First Sino-Japanese War
Japanese war criminals
Joint suicides
Kazoku
Mōri retainers
Scouting pioneers
People from Minato
Military personnel from Tokyo
People of Meiji-period Japan
People of the Boshin War
Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Scouting in Japan
Seppuku from Meiji period to present
Suicides by sharp instrument in Japan
Imperial Japanese Army officers
Emperor Meiji
Deified Japanese men
Burials at Aoyama Cemetery |
26129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv%20Gandhi | Rajiv Gandhi | Rajiv Gandhi (20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991) was an Indian politician who served as the 6th Prime Minister of India from 1984 to 1989. He took office after the assassination of his mother, then–prime minister Indira Gandhi, to become at the age of 40 the youngest Indian prime minister. He served until his defeat at the 1989 election, and then became Leader of the Opposition, Lok Sabha, resigning in December 1990, six months before his own assassination.
Gandhi was not related to the world-famous Mahatma Gandhi. Instead, he was from the politically powerful Nehru–Gandhi family, which had been associated with the Indian National Congress party. For much of his childhood, his maternal grandfather Jawaharlal Nehru was prime minister. Gandhi attended The Doon School, an elite boarding institution, and the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. He returned to India in 1966 and became a professional pilot for the state-owned Indian Airlines. In 1968, he married Sonia Maino; the couple settled in Delhi for a domestic life with their children Rahul and Priyanka. For much of the 1970s, his mother was prime minister and his younger brother Sanjay an MP; despite this, Gandhi remained apolitical.
After Sanjay died in a plane crash in 1980, Gandhi reluctantly entered politics at the behest of his mother. The following year he won his brother's Parliamentary seat of Amethi and became a member of the Lok Sabha—the lower house of India's Parliament. As part of his political grooming, Rajiv was made general secretary of the Congress party and given significant responsibility in organising the 1982 Asian Games.
On the morning of 31 October 1984, his mother (the then prime minister) was assassinated by her two Sikh bodyguards Satwant Singh and Beant Singh in the aftermath of Operation Blue Star, an Indian military action to remove Sikh separatist activists from the Golden Temple of the Harmandir Sahib. Later that day, Gandhi was appointed prime minister. His leadership was tested over the next few days as organised mobs of Congress supporters rioted against the Sikh community, resulting in anti-Sikh massacres in Delhi. Sources estimate the number of Sikh deaths at about 8,000–17,000. That December, the Congress party won the largest Lok Sabha majority to date, 414 seats out of 541. Gandhi's period in office was mired in controversies; perhaps the greatest crises were the Bhopal disaster, Bofors scandal and Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum. Soon after the installation of Gul Shah as chief minister in Jammu and Kashmir, the 1986 Kashmir riots erupted. In 1988, he reversed the coup in Maldives, antagonising militant Tamil groups such as PLOTE, intervening and then sending peacekeeping troops to Sri Lanka in 1987, leading to open conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). In mid-1987, the Bofors scandal damaged his corruption-free image and resulted in a major defeat for his party in the 1989 election.
Gandhi remained Congress president until the elections in 1991. While campaigning for the elections, he was assassinated by a suicide bomber from the LTTE. His widow Sonia became the president of the Congress party in 1998 and led the party to victory in the 2004 and 2009 parliamentary elections. His son Rahul was a Member of Parliament from 2004 and was the President of the Indian National Congress until 2019 and his daughter Priyanka Gandhi was a general secretary of the INC. In 1991, the Indian government posthumously awarded Gandhi the Bharat Ratna, the country's highest civilian award. At the India Leadership Conclave in 2009, the Revolutionary Leader of Modern India award was conferred posthumously on Gandhi.
Early life and career
Rajiv Gandhi was born in Bombay (Mumbai) on 20 August 1944 to Indira and Feroze Gandhi. In 1951, Rajiv and his younger brother Sanjay were admitted to Shiv Niketan school, where the teachers said Gandhi was shy and introverted, and "greatly enjoyed painting and drawing". He was admitted to the preparatory Welham Boys' School and then moved to The Doon School, Dehradun in 1954, where Sanjay joined him two years later. At Doon, Gandhi's senior was Mani Shankar Aiyar, who later became a prominent member in his inner circle. Gandhi was also educated at the Ecole d'Humanité, an international boarding school in Switzerland. He left the Doon School in 1961 with a second-class certificate, having performed well in his final subjects apart from a pass mark in chemistry.
During Gandhi's final year at Doon, his mother and Albert D'Rozario, the scientific attaché at the Indian High Commission in London, arranged his application to Cambridge University. D'Rozario, who had been a college classmate of Gandhi's father Feroze, recommended that Gandhi should read engineering, and met with Mark Pryor, the Senior Tutor at Trinity College, Cambridge. Pryor arranged for Gandhi's conditional admission to Trinity, contingent on his passing the Mechanical Sciences Qualifying (MSQ) Examination with acceptable marks. After studying for his A-levels at the sixth form college of Davies, Laing & Dick in London, Gandhi sat the MSQ Examination in March 1962 but was unsuccessful. He passed on his second attempt in June, and was admitted to Trinity on 4 September 1962, joining the college in October. While at Trinity, he joined the Cambridge University Boat Club.
During Gandhi's time at Cambridge, his mother and D'Rozario remained concerned about his well-being. D'Rozario, who along with his wife Sophy often hosted Gandhi at their Finchley home, took Gandhi to task for his inattention towards his studies. Despite his support, Gandhi failed end-of-year exams and left Trinity in 1965 without a degree, though he kept in touch with his former mentor in his retirement. In 1966 he began a course in mechanical engineering at Imperial College London, but also failed to complete it. Gandhi really was not studious enough, as he went on to admit later.
Gandhi returned to India in 1966, the year his mother became prime minister. He went to Delhi and became a member of the Flying Club, where he trained as a pilot. In 1970, he was employed as a pilot by Indian Airlines; unlike Sanjay, he did not exhibit any interest of joining politics. In 1968, after three years of courtship, he married Edvige Antonia Albina Màino, who changed her name to Sonia Gandhi and made India her home. Their first child, a son, Rahul was born in 1970. In 1972, the couple had a daughter, Priyanka, who married Robert Vadra. Gandhi was a friend of Amitabh Bachchan, and was familiar with Bachchan even before he launched his acting career. Rajiv, Sanjay and Bachchan spent time together when Bachchan was student in Delhi University and a resident of New Delhi. In the 1980s, Bachchan entered politics to support Gandhi.
Entry into politics
On 23 June 1980, Rajiv's younger brother Sanjay Gandhi died unexpectedly in an aeroplane crash. At that time, Rajiv Gandhi was in London as part of his foreign tour. Hearing the news, he returned to Delhi and cremated Sanjay's body. As per Agarwal, in the week following Sanjay's death, Shankaracharya Swami Shri Swaroopanand, a saint from Badrinath, visited the family's house to offer his condolences. He advised Rajiv not to fly aeroplanes and instead "dedicate himself to the service of the nation". Seventy members of the Congress party signed a proposal and went to Indira, urging Rajiv to enter politics. Indira told them it was Rajiv's decision whether to enter politics. When he was questioned about it, he replied, "If my mother gets help from it, then I will enter politics". Rajiv entered politics on 16 February 1981, when he addressed a national farmers' rally in Delhi. During this time, he was still an employee of Air India.
Participation in active politics
On 4 May 1981, Indira Gandhi presided over a meeting of the All India Congress Committee. Vasantdada Patil proposed Rajiv as a candidate for the Amethi constituency, which was accepted by all members at the meeting. A week later, the party officially announced his candidacy for the constituency. He then paid the party membership fees of the party and flew to Sultanpur to file his nomination papers and completed other formalities. He won the seat, defeating Lok Dal candidate Sharad Yadav by a margin of 237,000 votes. He took his oath on 17 August as Member of Parliament.
Rajiv Gandhi's first political tour was to England, where he attended the wedding ceremony of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981. In December the same year, he was put in charge of the Indian Youth Congress. He first showed his organisational ability by "working round the clock" on the 1982 Asian Games. He was one of 33 members of the Indian parliament who were part of the Games' organising committee; sports historian Boria Majumdar writes that being "son of the prime minister he had a moral and unofficial authority" over the others. The report submitted by the Asian Games committee mentions Gandhi's "drive, zeal and initiative" for the "outstanding success" of the games.
1984 anti-Sikh riots post Indira Gandhi's death
On 31 October 1984, the prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi's mother, Indira Gandhi, was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards, which led to violent riots against Sikhs. At a Boat Club rally 19 days after the assassination, Gandhi said, "Some riots took place in the country following the murder of Indiraji. We know the people were very angry and for a few days it seemed that India had been shaken. But, when a mighty tree falls, it is only natural that the earth around it does shake a little". According to Verinder Grover, the statement made by Gandhi was a "virtual justification" of the riots. Congress leader Mani Shankar Aiyar wrote, "Did it constitute an incitement to mass murder?" He also criticised Gandhi for his reluctance to bring the army from Meerut to handle the mob.
Prime Minister of India
Rajiv Gandhi was in West Bengal on 31 October 1984 when his mother, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, to avenge the military attack on the Golden Temple during Operation Blue Star. Sardar Buta Singh and President Zail Singh pressed Rajiv to succeed his mother as prime minister within hours of her murder. Commenting on the anti-Sikh riots in Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi said, "When a giant tree falls, the earth below shakes"; a statement for which he was widely criticised. Many Congress politicians were accused of orchestrating the violence.
Soon after assuming office, Gandhi asked President Singh to dissolve Parliament and hold fresh elections, as the Lok Sabha had completed its five-year term. Gandhi officially became the president of the Congress party, which won a landslide victory with the largest majority in history of the Indian Parliament, giving Gandhi absolute control of government. He benefited from his youth and a general perception of being free of a background in corrupt politics. Gandhi took his oath on 31 December 1984; at 40, he was the youngest prime minister of India. Historian Meena Agarwal writes that even after taking the Prime Ministerial oath, he was a relatively unknown figure, "novice in politics" as he assumed the post after being an MP for three years.
Prime Minister roles
Cabinet ministers
After his swearing-in as prime minister, Gandhi appointed his fourteen-member cabinet. He said he would monitor their performance and would "fire ministers who do not come to the mark". From the Third Indira Gandhi ministry, he removed two powerful figures; Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee and Railway Minister A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury. Mohsina Kidwai became the Minister of Railways; she was the only female figure in the cabinet. Former Home Minister PV Narasimha Rao was put in charge of defence. V. P. Singh, who was initially appointed as the Finance Minister, was given the Defence Ministry in 1987. During his tenure as prime minister, Gandhi frequently shuffled his cabinet ministers, drawing criticism from the magazine India Today, which called it a "wheel of confusion". The West Bengal chief minister Jyoti Basu said, "The Cabinet change reflects the instability of the Congress (I) Government at the Centre". He also administered and created the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
Dosco Mafia or Doon Cabinet
Gandhi, an alumnus of The Doon School, drew criticism from the media for appointing many old boys to his administration. His inner circle was labelled a "Doon Cabinet" or "Dosco Mafia", and Washington Post reported, "The catch phrase around Delhi these days is that the 'Doon School runs India,' but that is too simple an analysis for a complex, chaotic country with so many competing spheres of influence." Gandhi's reliance on Doon alumni for political advice later led Prime Minister Morarji Desai to remark, "If I had anything to do with this place, I'd close it down".
Anti-defection law
Gandhi's first action as prime minister was passing the anti-defection law in January 1985. According to this law, an elected Member of Parliament or legislative assembly could not join an opposition party until the next election. Historian Manish Telikicherla Chary calls it a measure of curbing corruption and bribery of ministers by switching parties so they could gain majority. Many such defections occurred during the 1980s as elected leaders of the Congress party joined opposition parties.
1985 Congress Sandesh Yatra
Rajiv Gandhi had announced 'Sandesh Yatra' at the plenary session of AICC in Mumbai in 1985. The All India Congress Seva Dal ran it across the country. Pradesh Congress Committees (PCCs) and party leaders made four simultaneous trips from Mumbai, Kashmir, Kanyakumari and the Northeast. The yatra, which lasted for more than three months, concluded at Delhi's Ramlila Maidan.
Mass connect programmes though Bharat Yatra
In 1990, Rajiv Gandhi undertook Bharat Yatra through different modes – padyatra, the second class carriage of an ordinary passenger train. He chose Champaran as the starting point for his 'Bharat Yatra'. Rajiv Gandhi started the Sadbhavna Yatra from Charminar in Hyderabad on 19 October 1990.
Shah Bano case
In 1985, the Supreme Court of India ruled in favour of Muslim divorcee Shah Bano, declaring that her husband should give her alimony. Some Indian Muslims treated it as an encroachment upon Muslim Personal Law and protested against it. Gandhi agreed to their demands. In 1986, the Parliament of India passed The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986, which nullified the Supreme Court's judgment in the Shah Bano case. The Act diluted the Supreme Court judgment and allowed maintenance payments to divorced women only during the period of Iddah, or until 90 days after the divorce, according to the provisions of Islamic law. This was in contrast to Section 125 of the Code. Indian magazine Business and Economics called it a minority appeasement by Gandhi. Lawyer and former Law Minister of India, Ram Jethmalani, called the Act "retrogressive obscurantism for short-term minority populism". Gandhi's colleague Arif Mohammad Khan, who was then a Member of Parliament, resigned in protest.
Economic policy
In his election manifesto for the 1984 general election, he did not mention any economic reforms, but after assuming office he tried to liberalise the country's economy. He sought to liberalise India's trade policies but faced stiff opposition to the proposed reforms. He did so by providing incentives to make private production profitable. Subsidies were given to corporate companies to increase industrial production, especially of durable goods. It was hoped this would increase economic growth and improve the quality of investment. Rural and tribal people protested because they saw them as "pro-rich" and "pro-city" reforms.
Gandhi increased government support for science, technology and associated industries, and reduced import quotas, taxes and tariffs on technology-based industries, especially computers, airlines, defence and telecommunications. In 1986, he announced a National Policy on Education to modernise and expand higher education programs across India. In 1986, he founded the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya System, which is a Central government-based education institution that provides rural populations with free residential education from grades six to twelve. His efforts created MTNL in 1986, and his public call offices—better known as PCOs—helped develop the telephone network in rural areas. He introduced measures to significantly reduce the Licence Raj after 1990, allowing businesses and individuals to purchase capital, consumer goods and import without bureaucratic restrictions.
Foreign policy
According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of Indian foreign policy and an ideologue of Congress party, Rajiv Gandhi's vision for a new world order was premised on India's place in its front rank. According to Laskar, the "whole gamut" of Rajiv Gandhi's foreign policy was "geared towards" making India "strong, independent, self-reliant and in the front rank of the nations of the world." According to Laskar, Rajiv Gandhi's diplomacy was "properly calibrated" so as to be "conciliatory and accommodating when required" and "assertive when the occasion demanded."
In 1986, by request of the president of Seychelles France-Albert René, Gandhi sent India's navy to Seychelles to oppose an attempted coup against René. The intervention of India averted the coup. This mission was codenamed as Operation Flowers are Blooming. In 1987, India re-occupied the Quaid Post in the disputed Siachen region of the Indo-Pakistani border after winning what was termed Operation Rajiv. In the 1988 Maldives coup d'état, the Maldives president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom asked for help from Gandhi. He dispatched 1500 soldiers and the coup was suppressed.
On Thursday, 9 June 1988, at the fifteenth special session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at Headquarters, New York, Gandhi made vocal his views on a world free of nuclear weapons, to be realised through an, 'Action Plan for Ushering in a Nuclear-Weapon Free and Non-Violent World Order.'
He said:
Alas, nuclear weapons are not the only weapons of mass destruction. New knowledge is being generated in the life sciences. Military applications of these developments could rapidly undermine the existing convention against the military use of biological weapons. The ambit of our concern must extend to all means of mass annihilation.
This was based on his prior historic speech before the Japanese National Diet on 29 November 1985, in which he said:
Let us remove the mental partitions which obstruct the ennobling vision of the human family linked together in peace and prosperity. The Buddha's message of compassion is the very condition of human survival in our age.
The foiled bid of India recently to enter the Nuclear Suppliers Group, echoed his policy of non-proliferation to be linked to universal disarmament, which the World Nuclear Association refuses to recognise; non-proliferation being seen by India as essentially a weapon of the arms control regime, of the big nuclear powers as United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China.
Pakistan
In February 1987, the Pakistani president Zia-ul-Haq visited Delhi, where he met Gandhi to discuss "routine military exercises of the Indian army" on the borders of Rajasthan and Punjab. Gandhi reciprocated, in December 1988, by visiting Islamabad and meeting the new prime minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto, to reaffirm the 1972 Shimla agreement.
Sri Lanka
The Sri Lankan Civil War broke out with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which was demanding an independent Tamil state in Sri Lanka. Gandhi discussed the matter with the Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa at the SAARC meeting in 1986. In that year, the Sri Lankan army blockaded the Tamil majority district of Jaffna; Gandhi ordered relief supplies to be dropped into the area by parachute because the Sri Lankan navy did not allow the Indian Navy to enter.
Gandhi signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in July 1987. The accord "envisaged a devolution of power to the Tamil-majority areas", dissolved the LTTE, and designated Tamil as an official language of Sri Lanka. Gandhi said:
The Government of India believe that, despite some problems and delays, many of which were foreseen but unavoidable in the resolution of an issue of this magnitude and complexity, this Agreement represents the only way of safeguarding legitimate Tamil interests and ensuring a durable peace in Sri Lanka. Some have chosen to criticise the Agreement. None has shown a better way of meeting the legitimate aspirations of the Tamils in Sri Lanka, restoring peace in that country and of meeting our own security concern in the region. We have accepted a role which is difficult, but which is in our national interests to discharge. We shall not shrink our obligations and commitments. This is a national endeavour.
Chanderasekar withdrew the IPKF in 1989.
Assault by Sri Lankan guard
On 30 July 1987, a day after Gandhi went to Sri Lanka and signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, an honour guard named Vijitha Rohana hit him on his shoulder with his rifle; Gandhi's quick reflexes saved him from injury. The guard was then dragged off by his security personnel. The guard said his intention was to kill Gandhi because of "the damage he had caused" to Sri Lanka. Wijemuni was imprisoned for years for the assault. Gandhi later said about the incident:
When I was inspecting the guard of honour and as I walked past one person, I saw through the corner of my eye some movement. I ducked down a little bit in a reflex action. By my ducking, he missed my head and the brunt of the blow came on my shoulder below the left ear.
Regional issues
Punjab
Soon after assuming office, Gandhi released the leaders of the Akali Dal who had been imprisoned since 1984's Operation Blue Star during Indira Gandhi's prime ministership. He lifted the ban on All India Sikh Students Federation and filed an inquiry into the 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots. He also held a closed-door meeting with senior Akali Dal leaders to find a solution to the Punjab problem. Despite Akali opposition, in January 1985, Gandhi signed the Rajiv-Longowal Accord with Akali leader HS Longowal. Punjab's state assembly election was scheduled in September 1985, but Longowal died and was replaced by Surjit Singh Barnala, who formed the government. After two years, in 1987, Barnala resigned his office because of a breakdown of law and order, leading to the implementation of President's rule in the state.
In May 1988, Gandhi launched the Operation Black Thunder to clear the Golden Temple in Amritsar of arms and gunmen. Two groups called National Security Guard and Special Action Group were created; they surrounded the temple in a 10-day siege during which the extremists' weapons were confiscated. Congress leader Anand Sharma said, "Operation Black Thunder effectively demonstrated the will of Rajiv Gandhi's government to take firm action to bring peace to Punjab".
Northeast India
Gandhi's prime-ministership marked an increase of insurgency in northeast India. Mizo National Front demanded independence for Mizoram. In 1987, Gandhi addressed this problem; Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were given the status of states that were earlier union territories. Gandhi also ended the Assam Movement, which was launched by Assamese people to protest against the alleged illegal migration of Bangladeshi Muslims and immigration of other Bengalis to their state, which had reduced the Assamese to a minority there. He signed the Assam Accord on 15 August 1985. According to the accord, foreigners who came to the state between 1951 and 1961 were given full citizenship but those who arrived there between 1961 and 1971 did not get right to vote for the next ten years.
Technology
Gandhi employed former Rockwell International executive Sam Pitroda as his adviser on public information infrastructure and innovation. During Gandhi's time in office, public sector telecom companies MTNL and VSNL was developed. According to Pitroda, Gandhi's ability to resist pressure from multi-national companies to abandon his plan to spread telecommunication services has been an important factor in India's development. According to news website Oneindia, "About 20 years ago telephones were considered to be a thing for the use of the rich, but credit goes to Rajiv Gandhi for taking them to the rural masses". Pitroda also said their plan to expand India's telephone network succeeded because of Gandhi's political support. According to Pitroda, by 2007 they were "adding six million phones every month". Gandhi's government also allowed the import of fully assembled motherboards, which led to the price of computers being reduced. According to some commentators, the seed for the information technology (IT) revolution was also planted during Rajiv Gandhi's time.
Bofors scandal, HDW scandal and 1989 elections defeat
Rajiv Gandhi's finance minister, V. P. Singh, uncovered compromising details about government and political corruption, to the consternation of Congress leaders. Transferred to the Defence Ministry, Singh uncovered what became known as the Bofors scandal, which involved millions of US dollars and concerned alleged payoffs by the Swedish arms company Bofors through Italian businessman and Gandhi family associate Ottavio Quattrocchi, in return for Indian contracts. Upon discovering the scandal, Singh was dismissed from office and later resigned his Congress membership. Gandhi was later personally implicated in the scandal when the investigation was continued by Narasimhan Ram and Chitra Subramaniam of The Hindu newspaper, damaging his image as an honest politician. In 2004, he was posthumously cleared of this allegation.
In an interview in July 2005, V. P. Singh explained that his fall out with Rajiv Gandhi was not due to the Bofors deal, but rather due to the HDW deal. Courtesy a contract signed with the German
company HDW in 1981, the Indian government had agreed to purchase two ready submarines built in Germany by HDW and two submarines in CKD form to be assembled in Mazagaon docks. V. P. Singh had received a telegram from the Indian ambassador in Germany, stating that an Indian agents had received commissions in the HDW submarine deal. He told Rajiv Gandhi about this and instituted an enquiry. This led to differences and V. P. Singh resigned from the cabinet.
In his book, Unknown Facets of Rajiv Gandhi, Jyoti Basu and Indrajit Gupta, released in November 2013, former CBI director Dr. A P Mukherjee wrote that Gandhi wanted commission paid by defence suppliers to be used exclusively for meeting running expenses of the Congress party. Mukherjee said Gandhi explained his position in a meeting between the two at the prime minister's residence on 19 June 1989. In May 2015, Indian president Pranab Mukherjee said the scandal was a "media trial" as "no Indian court has as yet established it as a scandal".
Opposition parties Lok Dal, Indian National Congress (Socialist) and Jan Morcha united under Singh to form the Janata Dal. Singh led the National Front coalition to victory in 1989 elections and he was sworn in as prime minister. Though the coalition won 143 seats compared to Congress's 197, it gained majority in the lower house of the parliament through outside support from the Bharatiya Janta Party under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani and the left parties such as the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the Communist Party of India. Eminent lawyer and politician, former Law Minister of India Ram Jethmalani said that as prime minister, Gandhi was "lacklustre and mediocre".
Posthumous reports
Allegations of black money
In November 1991, Schweizer Illustrierte magazine published an article on black money held in secret accounts by Imelda Marcos and 14 other rulers of Third World countries. Citing McKinsey as a source, the article stated that Rajiv Gandhi held 2.5 billion Swiss francs in secret Indian accounts in Switzerland. Several leaders of opposition parties in India raised the issue, citing the Schweizer Illustrierte article. In December 1991, Amal Datta raised the issue in the Indian Parliament; the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Shivraj Patil, expunged Rajiv Gandhi's name from the proceedings. In December 2011, Subramanian Swamy wrote to the director of the Central Bureau of Investigation, citing the article and asking him to take action on black money accounts of the Nehru-Gandhi family. On 29 December 2011, Ram Jethmalani made an indirect reference to the issue in the Rajya Sabha, calling it a shame that one of India's former prime ministers was named by a Swiss magazine. This was met by an uproar and a demand for withdrawal of the remark by the ruling Congress party members.
Funding from Russian KGB secret police
In 1992, the Indian newspapers Times of India and The Hindu published reports alleging that Rajiv Gandhi had received funds from the KGB. The Russian government confirmed this disclosure and defended the payments as necessary for Soviet ideological interest. In their 1994 book The State Within a State, journalists Yevgenia Albats and Catherine Fitzpatrick quoted a letter signed by Viktor Chebrikov, head of the KGB, in the 1980s. The letter says the KGB maintained contact with Gandhi, who expressed his gratitude to the KGB for benefits accruing to his family from commercial dealings of a controlled firm. A considerable portion of funds obtained from this channel were used to support his party. Albats later said that in December 1985, Chebrikov had asked for authorisation from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to make payments to family members of Rajiv Gandhi, including Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi. The payments were authorised by a resolution and endorsed by the USSR Council of Ministers, and had been paid since 1971. In December 2001, Subramanian Swamy filed a writ petition in the Delhi High Court; the court ordered CBI to ascertain the truth of the allegations in May 2002. After two years, the CBI told the Court Russia would not entertain such queries without a registered FIR.
Assassination
Rajiv Gandhi's last public meeting was on 21 May 1991, at Sriperumbudur, a village approximately from Madras (present-day Chennai), where he was assassinated while campaigning for the Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha Congress candidate. At 10:10 pm, a woman later identified as Thenmozhi Rajaratnam – a member of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – approached Gandhi in public and greeted him. She then bent down to touch his feet and detonated a belt laden with of RDX explosives tucked under her dress. The explosion killed Gandhi, Rajaratnam, and at least 14 other people. The assassination was captured by a 21-year-old local photographer, whose camera and film were found at the site. The cameraman, named Haribabu, died in the blast but the camera remained intact. Gandhi's mutilated body was airlifted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi for post-mortem, reconstruction, and embalming.
A state funeral was held for Gandhi on 24 May 1991; it was telecast live and was attended by dignitaries from over 60 countries. He was cremated at Vir Bhumi, on the banks of the river Yamuna near the shrines of his mother Indira Gandhi, brother Sanjay Gandhi, and grandfather Jawaharlal Nehru.
Aftermath
The Supreme Court judgement, by Justice K. T. Thomas, confirmed that Gandhi was killed because of personal animosity by the LTTE chief Prabhakaran arising from his sending the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka and the IPKF atrocities against Sri Lankan Tamils. The Gandhi administration had already antagonised other Tamil militant organisations like PLOTE for reversing the 1988 military coup in Maldives. The judgement further cites the death of Thileepan in a hunger strike and the suicide by 12 LTTE cadres in a vessel in Oct 1987.
In the Jain Commission report, various people and agencies are named as suspects in the murder of Rajiv Gandhi. Among them, the cleric Chandraswami was suspected of involvement, including financing the assassination. Nalini Sriharan, the only surviving member of the five-member squad behind the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, is serving life imprisonment. Arrested on 14 June 1991, she and 25 others were sentenced to death by a special court on 28 January 1998. The court confirmed the death sentences of four of the convicts, including Nalini, on 11 May 1999. Nalini was a close friend of an LTTE operative known as Sriharan alias Murugan, another convict in the case who has been sentenced to death. Nalini later gave birth to a girl, Harithra, in prison. Nalini's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in April 2000. Rajiv's widow, Sonia Gandhi, intervened and asked for clemency for Nalini on the grounds of the latter being a mother. Later, it was reported that Gandhi's daughter, Priyanka, had met Nalini at Vellore Central Prison in March 2008. Nalini regrets the killing of Gandhi and said the real conspirators have not been caught yet.
In August 2011, the president of India rejected the clemency pleas of Murugan and two others on death row—Suthendraraja, alias Santhan, and Perarivalan, alias Arivu. The execution of the three convicts was scheduled for 9 September 2011. However, the Madras High Court intervened and stayed their executions for eight weeks based on their petitions. In 2010, Nalini had petitioned the Madras High Court seeking release because she had served more than 20 years in prison. She argued that even life convicts were released after 14 years. The state government rejected her request. Murugan, Santhan and Perarivalan have said they are political prisoners rather than ordinary criminals. On 18 February 2014, the Supreme Court of India commuted the death sentences of Murugan, Santhan and Perarivalan to life imprisonment, holding that the 11-year-long delay in deciding their mercy petition had a dehumanising effect on them. On 19 February 2014 Tamil Nadu government decided to release all seven convicts in Rajiv Gandhi's assassination case, including A. G. Perarivalan and Nalini. The Government of India challenged this decision before the Supreme Court, which referred the case to a Constitution Bench.
The report of the Jain Commission created controversy when it accused the Tamil Nadu chief minister Karunanidhi of a role in the assassination, leading to Congress withdrawing its support for the I. K. Gujral government and fresh elections in 1998. LTTE spokesman Anton Balasingham told the Indian television channel NDTV the killing was a "great tragedy, a monumental historical tragedy which we deeply regret". A memorial called Vir Bhumi was constructed at the place of Gandhi's cremation in Delhi. In 1992, the Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award was instituted by the Indian National Congress Party.
Since his death, 21 May has been declared Anti-Terrorism Day in India.
Institutions named after Gandhi
A Right to Information (RTI) request filed in August 2009 found that more than 450 government projects and schemes are named after the Gandhi-Nehru family. In May 2012, Zee News reported there were 16 government schemes named after Gandhi, including Rajiv Awas Yojana and Rajiv Gandhi Udyami Mitra Yojana. In March 2015, Haryana sports minister Anil Vij said that at that time there were 232 rural stadia in India, with 226 of them being named after him. He said the government was "planning to rename" all the stadia in Haryana state named after him. Vij drew criticism from Congress leader Kuldeep Sharma, who said it was an "insult to their national leaders".
State honours
In popular culture
A number of films have been made in India focusing on Rajiv Gandhi's life especially on his assassination. India's Rajiv is a 1991 Indian documentary television series by Simi Garewal, released closely after Gandhi's assassination it covers his life up to that event. Indian films specifically focusing on the assassination plot include The Terrorist (1997) by Santosh Sivan, Cyanide (2006) by A. M. R. Ramesh, Kuttrapathirikai (2007) by R. K. Selvamani with Anupam Kher in the role of Gandhi, Mission 90 Days (2007) by Major Ravi, and Madras Cafe (2013) by Shoojit Sircar starring Sanjay Gurbaxani as the former prime minister.
Pradhanmantri, a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired on ABP News and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenureship of Rajiv Gandhi in the episodes "Rajiv Gandhi becomes PM and Shah Bano case", "Ayodhya dispute", "Rajiv Gandhi and Bofors scandal", and "Rise of LTTE and Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi" with Mohit Chauhan portraying the role of Gandhi.
References
Cited sources
Further reading
Bhagwati, Jaimini. The Promise of India: How Prime Ministers Nehru to Modi Shaped the Nation (1947-2019) (Penguin Random House India, 2019), chapter 5.
Blakeslee, David S. "Politics and public goods in developing countries: Evidence from the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi." Journal of Public Economics 163 (2018): 1–19. online
Guha, Ramachandra. India after Gandhi : the history of the world's largest democracy (2007) pp 565–594. online
Haskins, James. India under Indira and Rajiv Gandhi (1989) online
Kaarthikenyan, D. R., and Radhavinod Raju. Rajiv Gandhi Assassination (Sterling Publishers, 2008).
Kapur, Harish. "India's foreign policy under Rajiv Gandhi." The Round Table 76.304 (1987): 469–480. India's foreign policy under Rajiv Gandhi
Kapur, Harish. Foreign policies of India's prime ministers (Lancer Publishers LLC, 2013) online.
Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) excerpt pp 117–130.
Manor, James. "Rajiv Gandhi and post-election India: opportunities and risks." The World Today 41.3 (1985): 51–54. online
Mehta, Ved. Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's kingdom (Yale UP, 1995) online scholarly history of politics.
Nugent, Nicholas. Rajiv Gandhi : son of a dynasty (BBC Books, 1990) online
Ramanujam, V., Dabhade, M.S. Rajiv Gandhi's Summit Diplomacy: A Study of the Beijing Summit, 1988 China Report (2019). No. 55(4). pp. 310–327
Roberts, Michael. "Killing Rajiv Gandhi: Dhanu's sacrificial metamorphosis in death." South Asian History and Culture 1.1 (2009): 25–41. online
Shourie, Arun. These lethal, inexorable laws: Rajiv, his men and his regime (Delhi: South Asia Books, 1992).
Weiner, Myron. "Rajiv Gandhi: A mid-term assessment." in India Briefing, 1987 (Routledge, 2019) pp. 1–23.
Zaitcev A. — The activity of the Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty in Modern Indian English-language Historiography (from 1991 to the present) Genesis: Historical research (2022). – № 7. – pp. 1–13. DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2022.7.38347 EDN: EPEXHR URL: The activity of the Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty in Modern Indian English-language Historiography (from 1991 to the present)
External links
Profile at PMO website
1944 births
1991 deaths
1984 anti-Sikh riots
1991 murders in Asia
Assassinated prime ministers
Children of prime ministers of India
The Doon School alumni
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Deaths by explosive device |
2946488 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5 | Тасанде | Тасанде — село в Ірані, у дегестані Дегшаль, в Центральному бахші, шагрестані Астане-Ашрафіє остану Ґілян. За даними перепису 2006 року, його населення становило 139 осіб, що проживали у складі 41 сім'ї.
Клімат
Середня річна температура становить 14,71°C, середня максимальна – 28,67°C, а середня мінімальна – 0,08°C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 1176 мм.
Примітки
Населені пункти шагрестану Астане-Ашрафіє |
33086213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Hamilton%20%28linguist%29 | Alexander Hamilton (linguist) | Alexander Hamilton (linguist)
Alexander Hamilton (1762–1824) was a British linguist who was one of the first Europeans to study the Sanskrit language. He taught the language to most of the earliest European scholars of Indo-European linguistics. He became the first professor of Sanskrit in Europe.
In India
Hamilton seems to have been born in India, but Scotland is not impossible. He was a first cousin of his namesake, American statesman Alexander Hamilton. He became a lieutenant in the navy of the East India Company and arrived in 1783. While stationed in India he joined the Asiatic Society of Bengal founded by Sir William Jones and Sir Charles Wilkins. He also married a Bengali woman.
In France
After the death of Jones in India, Wilkins and Hamilton were the only Europeans who had studied Sanskrit. Both returned to Europe around 1797. Wilkins remained in England but Hamilton went to France after the Treaty of Amiens (1802) to collate Sanskrit manuscripts held at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
After war broke out between Britain and France in 1803 Hamilton was interned as an enemy alien, but was released to carry on his researches at the insistence of the French scholar Constantine Volney. Hamilton taught Sanskrit to Volney and others, including Friedrich Schlegel and Jean-Louis Burnouf, the father of Eugene Burnouf. Hamilton spend most of his time compiling a catalogue of Indian manuscripts in the library which was published in 1807. Hamilton lived in Schlegel's house, the former house of Baron d'Holbach in Rue de Clichy, together with Sulpiz Boisserée and his brother.
In 1806 he was appointed at Hertford College, becoming the first Sanskrit professor in Europe. In 1808 Hamilton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He became professor of "Sanscrit and Hindoo literature" at Haileybury College. He assisted Wilkins with his revisions to his translation of the Hitopadesha.
In 1813, Hamilton completed his catalogue of the Bibliothèque Nationale manuscripts. Following the end of the Napoleonic wars many German scholars came to study with him, notably Franz Bopp and August Wilhelm Schlegel.
Death
Hamilton died at Liscard on 30 December 1824, aged 62.
Works
Hamilton published:
The Hitopadesa in the Sanscrit Language, London, 1811;
Terms of Sanscrit Grammar, London, 1815; and
A Key to the Chronology of the Hindus, 1820.
He also wrote magazine articles on ancient Indian geography. The catalogue was translated, annotated, and published by Louis-Mathieu Langlès in the Magasin Encyclopédique, 1807.
References
Attribution
1762 births
1824 deaths
English orientalists
English Indologists
British Sanskrit scholars
British East India Company Marine personnel
Sanskrit–English translators |
2045857 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%20%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC | Елізабет фон Арнім | Елізабет фон Арнім (ім'я при народженні — Мері Аннет Бошамп, ; 31 серпня 1866 — 9 лютого 1941) — британська письменниця, народжена в Австралії. В першому шлюбі — графиня фон Арнім-Шлагентін, за другим чоловіком — графиня Расселл. Перед публікацією першої книги змінила ім'я на Елізабет, з того часу її незмінно називають Елізабет фон Арнім. Писала також під псевдонімом Аліса Чолмонделі.
Біографія
Вона народилася в будинку своєї сім'ї в Кіррібілі (нині — частина Сіднея), Австралія. Коли їй було три роки, сім'я повернулася до Англії, де й пройшло її дитинство. Її батьками були Генрі Еррон Бошапм (1825—1907), купець, та Елізабет Вайс Ласеттер (1836—1919). Вона мала чотирьох братів і сестру, а також кузину з Нової Зеландії, Кетлін Бошамп, яка згодом вийшла заміж за письменника Джона Міддлтона Меррі та писала під псевдонімом Кетрін Менсфілд.
У 1891 році Елізабет вийшла заміж за графа Хеннінга Августа фон Арнім-Шлагентіна, прусського аристократа, якого зустріла під час поїздки з батьком до Італії. Спочатку подружжя мешкало в Берліні, а згодом переїхало в сільську місцевість — в Нассенхойде, Померанія (нині територія Польщі), до родового маєтку. У пари було п'ятеро дітей — чотири дочки та син. Вчителями дітей були Едвард Форстер і Г'ю Волпол.
У 1908 році Арнім залишила Нассенхойде та повернулася до Лондона. Граф фон Арнім помер в 1910 році, і в тому ж році вона переїхала в Рандонь (Швейцарія), де побудувала будиночок Шале Солей і розважалась з друзями з літературного товариства. З 1910 до 1913 року вона була коханкою романіста Герберта Уеллса. У 1916 році вона вийшла заміж за Джона Френсіса Стенлі Расселла, 2-го графа Расселла, старшого брата Бертрана Расселла. Але шлюб виявився невдалим, постійні сварки стали причиною розриву стосунків та від'їзду Елізабет до Сполучених Штатів в 1919 році (хоча офіційно вони ніколи не розлучилися до смерті Френка в 1931 році). У 1920 році в неї почався роман з Олександром Стюартом Фрером-Рівзом (1892—1984), британським видавцем, який був майже на 30 років молодший за неї; він згодом одружився і назвав свою єдину дочку Елізабет на її честь.
Після від'їзду з Німеччини, вона мешкала в Лондоні, Франції та Швейцарії. У 1939 році, з початком Другої світової війни, вона повернулася в Сполучені Штати, де й померла від грипу в ізоляторі Ріверсайд в Чарлстоні, Південна Кароліна, 9 лютого 1941 року, у віці 74 років. ЇЇ кремували на кладовищі Форт Лінкольн, штат Меріленд, і в 1947 році її прах було перевезено до Англії, де й поховано разом з прахом її брата Сіднея на кладовищі Сент-Маргарет, Тайлорс Грін, Пенн, Бакінгемшир. На надгробній плиті викарбовано напис латиною: parva sed apta (невелика, але придатна, натякаючи на її невисокий зріст).
Письменницька кар'єра
Шукаючі розради від нещасливого шлюбу (її перший чоловік мав борги, сума яких постійно збільшувалась, через що він був відправлений до в'язниці за шахрайство), вона, взявши псевдонім "Елізабет", розпочала кар'єру як письменниця, опублікувавши напів-автобіографічний сатиричний роман «Елізабет і її німецький сад» (1898). Цей твір, в якому авторка детально описала створення саду та спроби інтегруватися в німецьке вище товариство, мав великий успіх і був перевиданий двадцять разів в тому ж році. Напів-автобірграфічним був і її другий роман під назвою «Самотнє літо» (1899). Наступні її романи «Благодійниця» (1901), «Віра» (1921) та «Любов» (1925) також були напів-автобіографічні. В інших творах, таких як «Два тижня з життя принцеси Прісцилли» (1905) та «Фрейлейн Шмідт і містер Анструтер» (1907) показано протиставлення англійського та німецького характерів та дотепні спостереження з життя провінційної Німеччини. Вона написала близько двадцяти книг, спершу вона їх підписувала "від автора «Елізабет і її німецький сад», а пізніше просто "Елізабет". Незважаючи на те, що вона ніколи не писала офіційної автобіографії, її книга «Всі собаки в моєму житті» (1936), де описано її любов до домашніх тварин, містить багато спостережень того кола суспільства, частиною якого вона була.
Визнання
Її роман «Віра» (1921), трагікомічний сюжет якого засновувався на її згубному шлюбі з графом Расселом, був сприйнятий досить критично. Джон Міддлтон Меррі означив його як «Буремний перевал» Джейн Остін. Її роман «Зачарований квітень» (1922), який було написано після місячної відпустки на Італійській Рив'єрі, є, мабуть, найлегшим і найбільш життєрадісним з усіх її романів, він був адаптований для сцени і екрану: як вистава на Бродвеї в 1925 році; як повнометражний фільм (з Енн Гардінг, Френком Морганом та Кетрін Александер в головних ролях) в 1935 році, що не користувався особливою популярністю; більш вдалою виявилася екранізація 1991 року, фільм отримав три номінації на Оскар (у головній ролях Міранда Річардсон, Джозі Лоуренс, Джим Бродбент та Джоан Плоурайт); як вистава 2003 року, яка була нагороджена премією Tony; музичний спектакль у 2010 році; а в 2015 році як серіал на BBC Radio 4.
Теренс де Вер Вайт зазначив, що саме роман «Зачарований квітень» допоміг італійському курорту Портофіно прославитись на весь світ та привабити туристів. Він також користується найбільшим попитом з усіх її робіт, ставши "книгою місяця" в Америці після публікації.
Її роман «Містер Скеффінгтон» (1940) було екранізовано кінокомпанією «Warner Bros.» в 1944 році з Клодом Рейнсом і Бетті Девіс в головних ролях.
1983 року, британський видавець Віраго передрукував збірку її романів з передмовами сучасних письменників. Деякі письменники намагаються стверджувати, що вона в певному роді феміністка, «Читацька енциклопедія» повідомляє, що багато з її більш пізніх романів це просто "вичерпані здійснення". Можливо, найкращий приклад саркастичної дотепності фон Арнім і незвичайного ставлення до життя, міститься в одному з її листів: «Я така рада, що я не померла з різних приводів, коли я щиро бажала цього; можливо, я б пропустила багато прекрасної погоди».
Бібліографія
«Елізабет і її німецький сад» (1898)
«Самотне літо» (1899)
«Книга мелодій для малюка Квітня» (1900)
«Благодійниця» (1901)
«Випробування Елізабет» (1901)
«Пригоди Елізабет в Рюгені» (1904)
«Два тижня з життя принцеси Прісцилли» (1905, )
«Фрейлейн Шмідт і містер Анструтер» (1907)
«Мандрівники в фургонах» (1909)
«Дружина пастора» (1914)
«Крістіна» (1917, , під псевдонімом Аліса Чолмонделі)
«Христофор і Колумб» (1919)
«В горах» (1920)
«Віра» (1921)
«Зачарований квітень» (1922)
«Любов» (1925)
«Знайомство з Саллі» (1926)
«Спокута» (1929)
«Батько» (1931)
«Жасминова ферма» (1934)
«Всі собаки в моєму житті» (1936)
«Містер Скеффінгтон» (1940)
Джерела
Ланки
Британські письменниці
Померли від грипу |
140683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathias | Agathias | Agathias Scholasticus (582/594) was a Greek poet and the principal historian of part of the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian I between 552 and 558.
Biography
Agathias was a native of Myrina (Mysia), an Aeolian city in western Asia Minor. His father was Memnonius. His mother was presumably Pericleia. A brother of Agathias is mentioned in primary sources, but his name has not survived. Their probable sister Eugenia is known by name. The Suda clarifies that Agathias was active in the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian I, mentioning him as a contemporary of Paul the Silentiary, Macedonius of Thessalonica and Tribonian.
Agathias mentions being present in Alexandria as a law student at the time when an earthquake destroyed Berytus (Beirut). The law school of Berytus had been recognized as one of the three official law schools of the empire (533). Within a few years, as the result of the disastrous earthquake of 551, the students were transferred to Sidon. The dating of the event to 551: as a law student, Agathias could be in his early twenties, which would place his birth to .
He mentions leaving Alexandria for Constantinople shortly following the earthquake. Agathias visited the island of Kos, where "he witnessed the devastation caused by the earthquake". At the fourth year of his legal studies, Agathias and fellow students Aemilianus, John and Rufinus are mentioned making a joint offering to Michael the Archangel at Sosthenium, where they prayed for a "prosperous future".
He returned to Constantinople in 554 to finish his training, and practised as an advocatus (scholasticus) in the courts. John of Epiphania reports that Agathias practiced his profession in the capital. Evagrius Scholasticus and Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos describe Agathias as a rhetor ("public speaker"). The Suda and a passage of John of Nikiû call him "Agathias the scholastic". He is known to have served as pater civitatis ("Father of the City", effectively a magistrate) of Smyrna. He is credited with constructing public latrines for the city. While Agathias mentions these buildings, he fails to mention his own role in constructing them.
Myrina is known to have erected statues to honor Agathias, his father Memnonius, and Agathias' unnamed brother. He seems to have been known to his contemporaries more as an advocatus and a poet. There are few mentions of Agathias as a historian.
Few details survive of his personal life – mainly in his extant poems. One of them tells the story of his pet cat eating his partridge. Another (Gr.Anth. 7.220) responds to his seeing the tomb of the courtesan Lais of Corinth, implying a visit to that city, which he refers to using the poetic name Ephyra. No full account of his life survives.
Writings
Literature, however, was Agathias' favorite pursuit, and he remains best known as a poet. Of his Daphniaca, a collection of short poems in hexameter on 'love and romance' in nine books, only the introduction has survived. But he also composed over a hundred epigrams, which he published together with epigrams by friends and contemporaries in a Cycle of New Epigrams or Cycle of Agathias, probably early in the reign of emperor Justin II (r. 565–578). This work largely survives in the Greek Anthology—the edition by Maximus Planudes preserves examples not found elsewhere. Agathias's poems exhibit considerable taste and elegance.
He also wrote marginal notes on the Description of Greece of Pausanias.
Histories
Almost equally valued are Agathias's Histories, which he started in the reign of Justin II. He explains his own motivation in writing it, as simply being unwilling to let "the momentous events of his own times" go unrecorded. He credits his friends with encouraging him to start this endeavor, particularly one Eutychianus. This work in five books, On the Reign of Justinian, continues the history of Procopius, whose style it imitates, and is the chief authority for the period 552–558. It deals chiefly with the struggles of the Imperial army, under the command of general Narses, against the Goths, Vandals, Franks and Persians.
The work survives, but seems incomplete. Passages of his history indicate that Agathias had planned to cover both the final years of Justin II and the fall of the Huns but the work in its known form includes neither. Menander Protector implies that Agathias died before having a chance to complete his history. The latest event mentioned in the Histories is the death of the Persian king Khosrau I (r. 531–579); which indicates that Agathias was still alive in the reign of Tiberius II Constantine (r. 578–582). The emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) is never mentioned, suggesting that Agathias was dead by 582.
Menander Protector continued the history of Agathias, covering the period from 558 to 582. Evagrius Scholasticus alludes to Agathias' work, but he doesn't seem to have had access to the full History.
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, Agathias's Histories "abound in philosophic reflection. He is able and reliable, though he gathered his information from eye-witnesses, and not, as Procopius, in the exercise of high military and political offices. He delights in depicting the manners, customs, and religion of the foreign peoples of whom he writes; the great disturbances of his time, earthquakes, plagues, famines, attract his attention, and he does not fail to insert "many incidental notices of cities, forts, and rivers, philosophers, and subordinate commanders." Many of his facts are not to be found elsewhere, and he has always been looked on as a valuable authority for the period he describes."
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "The author prides himself on his honesty and impartiality, but he is lacking in judgment and knowledge of facts; the work, however, is valuable from the importance of the events of which it treats".
Christian commentators note the superficiality of Agathias' Christianity: "There are reasons for doubting that he was a Christian, though it seems improbable that he could have been at that late date a genuine pagan" (Catholic Encyclopedia). "No overt pagan could expect a public career during the reign of Justinian, yet the depth and breadth of Agathias' culture was not Christian" (Kaldellis).
Agathias (Histories 2.31) is the only authority for the story of Justinian's closing of the re-founded Platonic (actually neoplatonic) Academy in Athens (529), which is sometimes cited as the closing date of "Antiquity". The dispersed neo-Platonists, with as much of their library as could be transported, found temporary refuge in the Persian capital of Ctesiphon, and afterwards— under treaty guarantees of security that form a document in the history of freedom of thought— at Edessa, which just a century later became one of the places where Muslim thinkers encountered ancient Greek culture and took an interest in its science and medicine.
Agathias's Histories are also a source of information about pre-Islamic Iran, providing—in summary form—"our earliest substantial evidence for the Khvadhaynamagh tradition", that later formed the basis of Ferdowsi's Shahname and provided much of the Iranian material for al-Tabari's History.
Agathias recorded the earliest description of the rules of backgammon, which he calls τάβλη (tabula) as it is still called in Greece, in a story relating an unlucky game played by the emperor Zeno. Zeno had a stack of seven checkers, three stacks of two checkers and two blots, checkers that stand alone on a point and are therefore in danger of being put outside the board by an incoming opponent checker. Zeno threw the three dice with which the game was played and obtained 2, 5 and 6. The white and black checkers were so distributed on the points that the only way to use all of the three results, as required by the game rules, was to break the three stacks of two checkers into blots, thus exposing them to capture and ruining the game for Zeno.
Editions and translations of the Histories
Bonaventura Vulcanius (1594)
Barthold G. Niebuhr, in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (Bonn, 1828)
Jean P. Migne, in Patrologia Graeca, vol. 88 (Paris, 1860), col. 1248–1608 (based on Niebuhr's edition)
Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, in Historici Graeci Minores, vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1871), pp. 132–453.
R. Keydell, Agathiae Myrinaei Historiarum libri quinque in Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, vol. 2, Series Berolinensis, Walter de Gruyter, 1967
S. Costanza, Agathiae Myrinaei Historiarum libri quinque (Universita degli Studi, Messina, 1969)
J. D. Frendo, Agathias: The Histories in Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae (English translation with introduction and short notes), vol. 2A, Series Berolinensis, Walter de Gruyter, 1975
P. Maraval, Agathias, Histoires, Guerres et malheurs du temps sous Justinien (French), Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2007,
A. Alexakis, Ἀγαθίου Σχολαστικοῦ, Ἱστορίαι (in Greek) Athens, Kanakis Editions, 2008,
References
Further reading
A. Alexakis, "Two verses of Ovid liberally translated by Agathias of Myrina (Metamorphoses 8.877-878 and Historiae 2.3.7)", in Byzantinische Zeitschrift 101.2 (2008), pp. 609–616.
A. Cameron, 'Agathias on the Sasanians', in Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 23 (1969) pp 67–183.
A. Cameron, Agathias (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970). .
A. Kaldellis, 'Things are not what they are: Agathias Mythistoricus and the last laugh of Classical', in Classical Quarterly, 53 (2003) pp 295–300.
A. Kaldellis, 'The Historical and Religious Views of Agathias: A Reinterpretation', in , 69 (1999) pp 206–252.
A. Kaldellis, 'Agathias on history and poetry', in Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 38 (1997), pp 295–306
W. S. Teuffel, 'Agathias von Myrine', in Philologus (1846)
C. Krumbacher, (2nd ed. 1897)
S. Smith, Greek Epigram and Byzantine Culture: Gender, Desire, and Denial in the Age of Justinian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019).
External links
Poems by Agathias English translations
Agathias on the Persians: excerpts from History (English)
Gerald Bechtle, Bryn Mawr Classical Review of Rainer Thiel, Simplikios und das Ende der neuplatonischen Schule in Athen, Stuttgart, 1999 (in English).
Encyclopedia of Past Events
Ancient Greek poets
Epigrammatists of the Greek Anthology
Ancient Greek anthologists
Ancient Greek historians
Historians of Justinian I
530s births
6th-century deaths
Byzantine literature
Byzantine poets
6th-century Greek poets
6th-century Byzantine historians
Aeolians
Greek-language historians from the Roman Empire
6th-century Byzantine writers |
1703094 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%85 | Рафах | Рафах:
Рафах — (Rafiah,Rafah, у давнину Рафія) місто у Секторі Газа Палестинської автономії на кордоні з Єгиптом.
Рафах — одна з провінцій Палестинської автономії.
Рафах — місто у Єгипті на кордоні з Палестинською автономією.
КПП Рафах — прикордонний пункт між Єгиптом та Сектором Газа. |
2631327 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%20%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%20%28%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%97%D1%81%D1%82%29 | Марк Фрейзер (хокеїст) | Марк Фрейзер (хокеїст)
Марк Александр Фрейзер (29 вересня 1986, Оттава) — канадський хокеїст, захисник клубу СМ-Л ТПС.
Ігрова кар'єра
Хокейну кар'єру розпочав 2004 року виступами за команду «Кіченер Рейнджерс».
2005 року був обраний на драфті НХЛ під 84-м загальним номером командою «Нью-Джерсі Девілс».
Захищав кольори професійних команд «Нью-Джерсі Девілс», «Торонто Мейпл-Ліфс» та «Едмонтон Ойлерс». Наразі ж грає за клуб СМ-Л ТПС.
Наразі провів 224 матчі в НХЛ, включаючи 5 ігор плей-оф Кубка Стенлі.
Статистика
Посилання
Канадські хокеїсти
Хокеїсти «Нью-Джерсі Девілс»
Хокеїсти «Торонто Мейпл-Ліфс»
Хокеїсти «Едмонтон Ойлерс»
Хокеїсти ТПС
Хокеїсти АХЛ
Задрафтовані «Нью-Джерсі Девілс»
Уродженці Оттави
Спортсмени Оттави |
63433248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigolds%20in%20Flower | Marigolds in Flower | Marigolds in Flower is a 1998 Russian drama film directed by Sergey Snezhkin.
Plot
The film tells about the "new Russians" who want to buy a cottage and find themselves in the house of a dead writer, whose family members meet the main characters in different ways.
Cast
Era Ziganshina as Seraphima
Marina Solopchenko as Anna (as Marina Salopchenko)
Kseniya Rappoport as Yelena
Yuliya Sharikova as Masha
Lyubov Malinovskaya as Inessa Iosifovna
German Orlov as Billi Bons
Sergey Dreyden as Nikolai (as Sergey Dontsov)
Nikolay Lavrov as Rusetsky
Aleksandr Tyutryumov as Dzhigurda
Ivan I. Krasko as Trofimych
References
External links
1998 films
1990s Russian-language films
Russian drama films
1998 drama films
Lenfilm films |
18326743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada%C5%84ska | Radańska | Radańska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osie, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately north of Osie, north of Świecie, and north of Bydgoszcz.
References
Villages in Świecie County |
4161878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Brown%20%28politician%29 | Scott Brown (politician) | Scott Brown (politician)
Scott Philip Brown (born September 12, 1959) is an American diplomat, attorney, and politician who served as the United States ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa. He is a former United States senator from Massachusetts (2010–2013), and also was the 2014 Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in New Hampshire. Before his Senate tenure, Brown served as a member of the Massachusetts General Court, first in the State House of Representatives (1998–2004) and then in the State Senate (2004–2010).
In 2010, Brown faced Democratic candidate Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley in a special election which occurred after the 2009 death of longtime Senator Ted Kennedy. While initially trailing Coakley by a large margin, Brown saw a sudden late surge and posted a come-from-behind win to become the first Republican elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972. Brown ran for a full Senate term in 2012, but lost to Democratic challenger Elizabeth Warren. After his defeat, Brown joined the board of directors of Kadant paper company, joined Fox News as a commentator, and joined Nixon Peabody where he provided legal services.
After re-establishing residence in New Hampshire, Brown then campaigned for the U.S. Senate from New Hampshire in the 2014 elections. Brown won the Republican nomination by a significant margin, but was defeated by incumbent Democrat Jeanne Shaheen in the general election. In 2017, he was nominated by President Donald Trump and confirmed by the Senate as U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa.
From January to August 2021, Brown served as dean of New England Law Boston, a private law school. In April 2022, Brown became head of The Competitiveness Coalition, a newly formed conservative coalition group.
Early life and education (1959–1978)
Brown is of English ancestry, from a family that has been in New Hampshire since the colonial era. His earliest American ancestor was 17th century immigrant Francis Matthews, who sailed from Devonshire, England. Brown is part of a 9th generation New Hampshire family and was born on September 12, 1959 at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard located on Seavey's Island in Kittery, Maine. Brown's father, Claude Bruce Brown, and mother, Judith Ann "Judi" (née Rugg), divorced when he was about a year old. When he was a young child, his mother moved with him to Wakefield, Massachusetts. He often spent his summers in Newburyport, Massachusetts, where his father served as a city councilor for 18 years. He also spent summers in Portsmouth, New Hampshire during his youth. His father and his grandfather were Republicans. His father has said that young Scott became interested in running for political office in the mid-1960s while accompanying him on a campaign for state office.
Brown had a difficult childhood; after her divorce, his working mother received welfare benefits. Brown experienced sexual abuse from a camp counselor who threatened to kill the 10-year-old boy if he told anyone – which he did not disclose, even to his family, until his autobiography Against All Odds (2011) – and physical abuse from his stepfathers. During various periods of his childhood, Brown lived with his grandparents and his aunt. He shoplifted many times, and was arrested for stealing record albums and brought before Judge Samuel Zoll in Salem, Massachusetts at the age of 13 or 14. Zoll asked Brown if his siblings would like seeing him play basketball in jail and required Brown to write a 1,500-word essay on that question as his punishment. Brown later said, "that was the last time I ever stole."
He graduated from Wakefield High School in 1977. He received a Bachelor of Arts in History, cum laude from Tufts University in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School in 1985. During his undergraduate career at Tufts, Brown was a member of the Kappa chapter of Zeta Psi International Fraternity.
Early career (1978–1992)
Army National Guard service
Brown has said the rescue efforts of Army National Guard during the Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 impressed him. When he was 19, he joined the Massachusetts Army National Guard, received his basic training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, and attended Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) classes at the campus of Northeastern University. He was trained in infantry, quartermaster, and airborne duties, and in 1994 he joined the Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG). He was active in the Guard for 35 years rising to the rank of colonel. As the Army National Guard's head defense attorney in New England, Brown defended Guard members who had disciplinary difficulties such as positive drug tests, and provided estate planning and real estate advice to those who were about to deploy to war zones. He spent ten days to two weeks with the Guard in Kazakhstan and a week in Paraguay.
He was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in preparing for troops mobilization for Operation Noble Eagle (the mobilization of National Guard and U.S. Army Reserve personnel to provide security on military installations, airports, and other potential homeland targets) shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks, and later for mobilization support for Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom of the Iraq War. He credits his military experience with causing him to focus on veteran's issues as well as issues of war and peace. He has served on the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, the Hidden Wounds of War Commission, and the Governor's Task Force on Returning Veterans during his career as a legislator.
On May 2, 2011, Brown announced that he would soon go to Afghanistan for training as part of his Army National Guard service. When deployed in August 2011 for a week of training, he spent most of his time in Kabul.
On August 1, 2012, Brown was promoted to colonel in a private ceremony presided over by fellow senator John McCain. He officially retired from the Army on May 13, 2014, after 35 years of service, and was awarded the Legion of Merit.
Modeling
In June 1982, Brown, then a 22-year-old law student at Boston College, won Cosmopolitan magazine's "America's Sexiest Man" contest. After two weeks on a crash diet of "three cans of tuna a day" and intensive workouts he was featured in the magazine's centerfold, posing nude but strategically positioned so that according to Brown, "You don't see anything". In the accompanying interview, he referred to himself as "a bit of a patriot" and stated that he had political ambitions. The Cosmopolitan appearance and its $1,000 fee helped pay for law school, and began for Brown a "long, lucrative" part-time catalog and print modeling career in New York and Boston during the 1980s. Brown took a leave of absence from Boston College and further pursued his modeling career in New York where he was represented by Wilhelmina Models while taking classes at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. He returned to Boston, after nearly two years, to continue his studies at Boston College and continued to work as a model represented by Boston agent, Maggie Trichon of Maggie Inc.
State political career (1992–2010)
Brown "caught the political bug" in 1992 when he was elected property assessor of Wrentham, Massachusetts. In 1995, he was elected to the Wrentham Board of Selectmen.
He successfully ran for the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1998, representing the 9th Norfolk District for three terms. Brown again moved up the ladder of state politics to the state Senate in March 2004 when he won a special election to replace Democrat Cheryl Jacques. Brown was re-elected for a full term in November 2004, and again in November 2006, running without opposition the second time. He won re-election in November 2008, defeating Democratic candidate Sara Orozco by a 59–41 percent margin. Following his re-election, Brown was one of five Republicans in the 40-seat Massachusetts Senate. In the Massachusetts Senate, Brown served on committees dealing with consumer protection, professional licensing, education, election laws, public safety, and veterans' affairs.
In February 2007, a controversy arose after Brown's appearance at King Philip Regional High School in Wrentham, Massachusetts as part of a debate on gay marriage. The high school students had launched a Facebook group attack on Brown and had made a derogatory remark about his daughter, Ayla. During his presentation, Brown defended himself and his daughter by directly quoting several vulgar statements they had made and announcing the names of the students who had written the statements. Critics questioned whether Brown should have quoted the profane comments in front of a high school audience.
In January 2010, The Boston Globe reported that during six terms in the Legislature, three each in the House and Senate, Brown had a modest record of legislative initiatives, but he had carved out a niche as a leading advocate for veterans. Richard Tisei of Wakefield, Massachusetts, the leader of the Republican minority in the state Senate, called Brown "the acknowledged expert on veterans' issues". State Senator Jack Hart, a Democrat of South Boston, said: "He does his homework, he's comprehensive in his approach, and on veterans' issues, he's one of them and has done a very good job on their behalf."
Brown lists among his achievements as a legislator his authorship of a 2007 law that created a check-off box on state income tax forms for veterans to indicate whether they served in Iraq or Afghanistan. The state uses the information to notify veterans of available services and benefits, including the Welcome Home Bonus that provides $1,000 for those returning from active duty in Afghanistan or Iraq.
U.S. Senate (2010–2013)
2010 election
On September 12, 2009, Brown announced his run for the U.S. Senate seat that became vacant with the death of Ted Kennedy, saying the state "needs an independent thinker". Washington Post columnist Kathleen Parker said that Brown's political positions did not fall neatly into party lines, and called Brown "mainstream in a nation that defines itself as mostly conservative". Boris Shor, political scientist at the Harris School of Public Policy, described Brown as a liberal Republican by national standards, but well-suited for his Massachusetts constituency. Shor explained the support Brown was receiving from the conservative national Republican Party as due to their "decentralized decision" to support the candidate most likely to win.
Brown won a landslide victory in the Republican primary on December 8, 2009, defeating late entrant and perennial candidate Jack E. Robinson by a margin of 89 percent to 11 percent.
Brown's opponents in the general election were Democratic nominee, Attorney General Martha Coakley, and independent Joseph L. Kennedy (no relation to the Kennedy family). At the outset, he faced overwhelming odds because he was relatively unknown compared to Coakley, he was running as a Republican in a very Democratic state, and much of his campaigning had to be done during the Christmas and New Year's season when citizens do not generally pay much attention to politics. No Republican had been elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972. He polled far behind Coakley for several months, but closed the gap in the early weeks of January.
One week before the January special election, a controversy arose over a Coakley approved television ad. The ad referenced the conscientious objector amendment Brown had sponsored for inclusion in a 2005 proposed state measure on patients' rights. This amendment would have allowed individual healthcare workers and hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraceptive care (the morning-after pill) to rape victims if they objected due to a religious belief. After the amendment failed, Brown did vote for the main bill which, along with other patient rights, requires healthcare workers and hospitals to provide such care. Coakley's ad featured a male voice that said, "Brown even favors letting hospitals deny emergency contraception to rape victims," over the ad's graphic which had the words, "Deny rape victims care". Brown's daughter Ayla called the Coakley ad "completely inaccurate and misleading", and stated that her father would never deny care to a rape victim. Brown criticized Coakley for running what he described as attack ads.
In the 2010 Senate race, although Brown was not endorsed by the Greater Boston Tea Party group, the group organized a fund-raising breakfast for him in Boston. The Tea Party Express also endorsed Brown and bought ads on the national cable networks supporting Brown.
When told that at various times he has been labeled a conservative, moderate and a liberal Republican, he responded "I'm a Scott Brown Republican." According to Politifact, while Brown was a Massachusetts legislator, he voted about 90 percent with the state Republican leadership; however, Republican Leadership in the Massachusetts legislature is generally considered far more moderate than the national Republican Party.
A week before the general election, Brown raised $1.3 million from over 16,000 donors in a 24-hour moneybomb. His campaign office stated it raised $5 million over the period from January 11–15. Charlie Cook of the Cook Political Report stated on January 17 that he would put his "finger on the scale" for Brown as the favorite. The Rothenberg Political Report released a statement that "the combination of public and private survey research and anecdotal information now strongly suggests that Republican Scott Brown will defeat Democrat Martha Coakley in tomorrow's race." Suffolk University's polling of three bellwether counties on January 18 had Brown leading Coakley by double-digit margins. Brown won the January 19 election, performing well in traditional Republican strongholds and holding rival Coakley's margins down in many Democratic precincts.
On election night, after Coakley conceded, Brown gave a victory speech that stated, "It all started with me, my truck, and a few dedicated volunteers. It ended with Air Force One making an emergency run to Logan. I didn't mind when President Obama came here and criticized me – that happens in campaigns. But when he criticized my truck, that's where I draw the line." Brown's upset win stunned the national Democratic party, and foreshadowed nationwide success for Republicans in 2010.
2012 election
October 2011 polling showed Brown's approvals had fallen and he faced a competitive re-election if matched against Democrat Elizabeth Warren. However, his numbers in early March 2012 showed he led Warren by 8 points in the polls. In March 2012, Brown's lead had narrowed to 2.3%, within the margin of error. As of September 2012, several polls showed Warren with a lead over Brown (with one still giving Brown an edge).
On November 6, 2012, Brown was defeated by Elizabeth Warren in the general election. Warren was able to garner 54% of the vote, while Brown won 46%.
2014 election
After much anticipation by the media, Brown announced that he would run for U.S. Senate seat in New Hampshire. Born at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, to parents who lived near downtown Portsmouth, Brown then spent his early childhood in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and later in Wakefield, Massachusetts following his parents' divorce. He has also been a taxpayer and owned a home in Rye, New Hampshire for more than two decades. In December 2013, he sold his primary home in Massachusetts and expressed to the Rye town clerk "his intention to establish residency and register to vote".
Polling done by various agencies in April and May 2014 showed incumbent Senator Jeanne Shaheen leading Brown by 3 to 5 points. A poll conducted in May by the Republican Governors Association showed Brown leading Jeanne Shaheen by 5 points. In late August, a WMUR/UNH poll showed Shaheen leading Brown by two points, 46 to 44. Polls were mixed in the final three weeks of the election, with most showing Shaheen ahead by 1–8 percentage points, and weekly polls by NH1 News, New England College, and Vox Populi showing Brown leading by 1–4 points.
There were five total debates during the election, three of which were televised. The televised U.S. Senate Debates were hosted by WMUR-TV, NECN, and NH1 News. The WMUR Debate was moderated by George Stephanopoulos of ABC and Josh McElveen of WMUR-TV and was held at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown. The NH1 News Debate was moderated by Wolf Blitzer of CNN and Paul Steinhauser of NH1 and was held at the NH1 Media Center in Concord. The NECN Debate was moderated by Chuck Todd of NBC and was held at the Capitol Center for the Arts in Concord.
Brown was defeated by Shaheen by a margin of 51.6% to 48.4%.
Tenure
Brown was sworn into office on February 4, 2010, by Vice President Joe Biden, in his capacity as President of the Senate, on the floor of the Senate. As a Class I Senator, his term lasted until January 3, 2013.
Brown was among the speakers at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in Washington, D.C., introducing former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney. Despite his appearance at CPAC, where he alluded to his election as making "big government spenders ... [not] feel good at all", Brown refused to rule out a vote for a Democratic "jobs bill" proposal, and praised both Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada and then-senior Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts for indicating their willingness to work with him across party lines. Brown was one of five Republican senators to vote for cloture on the jobs bill. The motion passed in the Senate 62–30 on February 22, 2010. In an up or down vote on the bill itself on February 24, 2010, Brown voted for final passage, helping to pass the bill 70–28.
According to The Washington Post, Brown voted with the majority of Republicans 80% of the time. In the same poll, "56% of Massachusetts voters believed he had kept his promise to be an independent voice in the U.S. Senate."
Brown's views on the 2011 budget cuts and his departures from Republican consensus placed him at odds with some of his fellow Republicans and prominent Tea Party conservatives, including Glenn Beck. He said he opposed these measures because he believed that they would have a negative impact on low income families and children.
In late June 2010, Brown was ranked as "the most popular officeholder in Massachusetts" according to a poll conducted by The Boston Globe. 55% of those polled had favorable opinions of Brown nearly five months after his January 19, 2010, special election victory to finish the term of the late Senator Edward Kennedy. 50% of respondents generally approved of how Brown had handled his new position.
On March 30, 2011, the Democratic Senate Campaign Committee released a poll showing that Brown remained the "most popular politician in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, with an approval rating of 73 percent." Brown's "'re-elect' score was comfortably above 50 percent, which is unusual for a Republican in an overwhelmingly Democratic state."
Committee assignments
Brown's committee assignments were as follows.
Committee on Armed Services
Subcommittee on Airland (Ranking Member)
Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery
Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information and International Security (Ranking Member)
Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia
Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Committee on Veterans' Affairs
Caucus memberships
Senate Oceans Caucus
Private sector (2013–2017)
On February 13, 2013, Fox News Channel hired Brown as an on-air contributor. In February 2014, it was reported that Brown was no longer under contract with Fox News; however Brown's contract was renewed.
Following Brown's defeat in the 2012 U.S Senate race there was wide speculation that he would run again in 2013 due to John Kerry resigning from the other Massachusetts Senate seat to become Secretary of State. However, on February 1, 2013, he ruled out undertaking a third U.S. Senate campaign in less than four years.
In March 2013 Brown joined Nixon Peabody, a company which provides legal and lobbying services. Nixon Peabody reported that Brown would be working with the financial services and commercial real estate industries. In April 2014 Brown left the company. This work later received media attention when Lawrence Lessig with the Mayday PAC called Brown a lobbyist during the 2014 Senate election campaign. Brown's campaign denied the claim and said that Lessig had breached the honor code of Harvard University in making it.
While visiting the Iowa State Fair in August 2013, Brown stated he was considering a 2016 presidential run.
On August 21, 2013, Brown, during an interview on WBZ's NightSide With Dan Rea radio program, said he would not be a candidate for Massachusetts governor in 2014.
In September 2013, Brown joined the advisory board of Airtronic USA/Global Digital Solutions, a wireless communications and small arms manufacturer and exporter.
In early February 2014, Brown's email list was used to promote "a video from a doctor warning against flu vaccines, fluoridated water, and excessive exercising, among other questionable medical claims." The email generated news coverage. Brown subsequently cut ties with the vendor that sent the email.
On March 13, 2014, Brown began seeking campaign staff while aggressively courting New Hampshire's political elite, marking what local Republicans considered serious steps toward launching a Senate campaign against Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen.
On April 2, 2014, a local New Hampshire station reported that Brown "confirmed and announced on NH Today that he is running for the US Senate in NH" against Democratic Incumbent Jeanne Shaheen, and would announce the next week.
Post-2014 campaign
Brown had stated that win or lose in his 2014 New Hampshire Senatorial bid, he planned to remain a New Hampshire resident for the rest of his life. In January 2015, it was revealed that shortly after losing to Shaheen, Brown, age 55, filed an application to the Massachusetts State Retirement Board to claim a state pension. Brown did not rule out running for office again in the future. Brown is also working as a contributor for Fox News Channel and as an on-call host for Fox & Friends. Brown served as a featured speaker at the 2015 Republican Leadership Summit in Nashua, New Hampshire. Brown continues to play an active role in politics, campaigning and fundraising with senatorial and congressional candidates and meeting with Republican candidates for president in New Hampshire.
In 2015, Brown used his Facebook page to promote AdvoCare, a company that uses multi-level marketing to sell nutrition, weight-loss, energy, and sports performance products. He said that he had lost 30 pounds in 24 days on the regimen. He later added that neither he nor his wife were "paid spokesrepresentatives for Advocare," although he was confirmed as being an independent representative of the company. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington has requested a Federal Trade Commission investigation of Brown's non-disclosure of financial interest in AdvoCare.
In February 2016, Brown became the first current or former U.S. Senator to endorse Donald Trump's presidential election bid. He introduced Trump to Anthony Scaramucci, who later briefly served as Trump's communications director.
In an August 2016 sexual harassment lawsuit against Fox News, Andrea Tantaros claimed that Brown made sexually suggestive comments to her and touched her without her consent. Brown denied the allegations.
Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa (2017–2020)
On April 20, 2017, it was reported that Brown was nominated by President Donald Trump to be the next United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa. He was confirmed by the Senate as Ambassador to New Zealand on June 8, 2017 and arrived in New Zealand on June 25. He was confirmed as Ambassador to Samoa a month later.
In October 2017, the U.S. State Department advised Brown to be more culturally sensitive after he called United States Peace Corps volunteers "beautiful" and told servers at an event that they could make good money in the food service industry. The State Department conducted a review and Brown was counseled on standards of conduct for government employees.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Brown used a private jet to dodge the mandatory New Zealand quarantine. During this time, 112 other international diplomats used the government run quarantine facilities, which were temporarily housed in New Zealand hotels, to spend 14 days in monitored quarantine, but Brown's group of 6 did not. Brown's flouting of the uniform quarantine – partly credited with keeping New Zealand mostly COVID-19 free – caused a furor as was made known after Brown had returned from a "working holiday" in the US.
Brown departed New Zealand on December 20, 2020, at the close of his term, leaving Kevin Covert as the chargé d'affaires.
Post-ambassadorship
In December 2020, Brown became the dean of New England Law Boston. He had been selected for this position in November 2019, with an initial agreement being made that he would assume the position in December 2020, at the end of his commitment with the State Department to serve as ambassador. He started his tenure as dean in January 2021. He resigned from this job in August 2021, with his resignation letter citing a difference of vision from that of the board of directors, and declaring that he would "re-engage in the political arena," by supporting,
"candidates and causes who share my vision of re-building the Republican Party and moving our country beyond partisan gridlock."
In April 2022, it was reported that Brown would lead "The Competitiveness Coalition", a coalition formed in opposition to the proposed American Innovation and Choice Online Act (AICO). Organizations included in the coalition include the National Taxpayers Union, Americans for Prosperity, and the R Street Institute.
Political positions
Scott Brown is a moderate Republican. Brown describes himself as socially moderate and fiscally conservative. He said he is a "pro-choice moderate Republican." He said that he voted 50–50 with Democrats and Republicans and said he is bipartisan. He identifies himself as a "Reagan Republican". He has said, "I'm going to be the only person down there who is going to be the independent voter and thinker ... I've always been the underdog in one shape or form."
The University of Chicago's Boris Schor completed an analysis of his tenure in the state legislature and concluded that his voting record was more liberal than two-thirds of Massachusetts Republican state legislators. "He has supported abortion rights and come out against a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage – an issue he has said should be up to states to decide.
As a state legislator, he also supported Massachusetts' legislation to provide universal healthcare." However, in 2010, Brown was endorsed by the conservative Tea Party Express. After being elected, Brown said that "[he's] not a Tea Party member." As a United States Senator, Congressional Quarterly found that Brown voted with President Obama's 2011 positions on legislation 69.6% of the time. According to GovTrack, Brown was the third most moderate Republican Senator during his tenure in the Senate. He has a lifetime 53% conservative rating from the American Conservative Union and a 50% liberal rating from the Americans for Democratic Action. In 2012, the non-partisan National Journal gave him a rating of 54% conservative and 46% liberal.
Fiscal policy
Brown is a signer of Americans for Tax Reform's Taxpayer Protection Pledge. In a letter to the editor of The Boston Globe written on January 8, 2012, Brown wrote, "With out-of-control government spending and rising debt and deficits, politicians in Washington have proven time and time again that they cannot manage hard-earned taxpayer money responsibly. So why should we give them even more?"
Brown opposed a proposed multibillion-dollar tax on banks to recoup bailout money and prescribing of bank executive compensation. Brown, discussing the proposal through a spokesperson, said that he is "opposed to higher taxes, especially in the midst of a severe recession". He also opposed it on the grounds that the tax would likely be passed onto consumers in the form of higher service and ATM fees. In September 2010, Brown opposed a Senate bill creating a $30 billion government fund aimed at encouraging lending to small businesses. The bill combined the fund with $12 billion in new tax breaks. Brown criticized the bill for including a provision much like the Troubled Asset Relief Program, stating: "Banks making lending decisions with government funds is not the way to get our economy moving again."
On December 12, 2010, The Boston Globe reported that "[c]ampaign contributions to [Brown] from the financial industry spiked sharply during a critical three-week period last summer as the fate of the Wall Street regulatory overhaul hung in the balance and Brown used the leverage of his swing vote to win key concessions sought by firms." Brown received more than ten times the amount of contributions from the financial services industry as House Financial Services Committee chairman (and author of the legislation) Barney Frank during the same period. According to the Globe:
In December 2011, with a temporary payroll tax cut set to expire at the end of the month, the Senate considered the Middle Class Tax Cut Act of 2011, which would extend the tax cut for 113 million workers or families and fund the plan by a 3.25 percent surtax on incomes over $1 million. Brown voted against proceeding to take up the bill (i.e., voted against cloture that would end the filibuster). He announced that his opposition was to the surtax on high incomes.
Foreign policy
Brown supported President Barack Obama's decision to send 30,000 more troops to fight in Afghanistan. He cited Stanley McChrystal's recommendations as a reason for his support. He also advocates that suspected terrorists be tried in military tribunals and not civilian courts. He also supported the limited use of "enhanced interrogation techniques", including waterboarding against non-citizen terrorist suspects. He supports a two-state solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in which Israel and a new, independent Palestinian state would co-exist side by side.
Veterans services
In 2007, Brown wrote a law establishing a check off box on State income tax forms to allow a filer to indicate if he or she is a veteran of the Iraq or Afghanistan wars. The measure's purpose is to locate and inform returning veterans of benefits they qualify for. Known as the "Welcome Home" bonus, it was passed with bipartisan support. Brown also amended the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, with Senator Jack Reed (RI), to create a dedicated military liaison office within the newly formed Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which aside from defending against unscrupulous lenders, also ensures protection of military families against fraudulent life insurance policies. The measure passed the United States Senate 99 to 1.
Health care
Brown supported the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform, which requires all residents to have health insurance, with a state-subsidized plan created for those who cannot afford to insure themselves. Brown opposed President Obama's health care reform plan in the form approved. He stated that the plan was fiscally unsound, and during his campaign he pledged to be the 41st vote to filibuster the bill in the Senate.
Brown voted for a state measure on patients' rights that, among other provisions, requires emergency rooms to provide what is known as the morning-after pill to rape victims to prevent an unwanted pregnancy from developing. In consideration of health care workers who might have a religious objection to administering this medication, Brown attached what became known as the Conscientious Objector amendment which would have exempted these workers, as well as religious hospitals, from being required to provide this medication. However, Brown's amendment also required that all hospitals still had to provide a means for the patient to receive the medication, either by providing another healthcare worker willing to administer the medication, or, in the case of religious hospitals, to provide transportation to another facility, and in a timely manner. The amendment did not pass. Brown remains in favor of allowing religious hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraception on moral or religious grounds, as he stated in the January 5, 2010 candidate debate.
Energy policy
Brown supports expanding solar, wind, and nuclear power, and offshore drilling exploration as a means to reduce the country's dependence on foreign oil. But, when faced with the controversial issue of whether an offshore wind farm should be allowed in the waters off the Cape Cod coast in Massachusetts, a major tourist destination and boating location, he expressed opposition, saying he believed it would hinder tourism and boating in the area.
Congressional ethics
Brown is an avid supporter of bipartisan cooperation among members of Congress. He has said that his goal in Congress is "to work in a bipartisan and bicameral manner." According to a Congressional Weekly study, in 2011 Brown was the second-most bipartisan U.S. Senator, voting with his own party only 54% of the time. By comparison, his partner in the Massachusetts Senate delegation, Senator John Kerry, voted with his own party 96% of the time, and the entire Massachusetts delegation to the House of Representatives voted with their party over 90% of the time. This centrism, though he was also sometimes described as libertarian in his ideology, had earned him criticism from the movement conservatives some of whom considered him a RINO or insufficiently conservative.
During the second half of 2011, Brown wrote the 2011 version of the STOCK Act, a move to ban insider trading in Congress. The act, which was co-written with Senator Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY), would prohibit asset trading by members of Congress (and their staff) who have advance knowledge of their assets' behavior due to their involvement in Congress. The bill was verbally supported by President Barack Obama during his third State of the Union address, and passed a major procedural hurdle in the Senate by a vote of 93–2 on January 30, 2012.
Social issues
Abortion and reproductive issues
Brown has stated that Roe v. Wade is settled law and is self-described as "pro-choice" or pro-abortion rights. When the Republicans approved a stricter anti-abortion platform, Brown sent a letter to protest the decision calling it a "mistake". When he ran for the Senate in New Hampshire in 2014, his campaign said that "he is pro-choice and will protect a woman's right to choose." He is against intact dilation and evacuation abortions (known legally as "partial birth abortion") and has spoken in favor of parental consent for minors who seek an abortion. In 2005, Brown supported a 24-hour waiting requirement as well as one that women receive photographs of ultrasounds before an abortion. In 2002, he selected the statement "abortion should always be legally available" in a questionnaire. He said he would not use abortion as a litmus test in Supreme Court confirmations. He opposes federal funding for elective abortion in accordance with the Hyde Amendment. He supported funding for Planned Parenthood. In 2012, he supported the Shaheen Amendment to allow the military to provide abortions for servicewomen who were the victims of rape or incest.
As a state legislator and senator, Brown has mixed reviews from abortion rights and anti-abortion special interest groups. In 2000, he was given a 100% score from Planned Parenthood and a 0% score from Massachusetts Citizens for Life. In 2002, NARAL Pro-Choice Massachusetts gave him a 100% rating for supporting abortion rights positions. However, as a United States Senator, in 2011 he was rated 45% by NARAL Pro-Choice America and 75% by the anti-abortion group, National Right to Life.
Regarding other reproductive issues, Brown says that he supports a woman's ability to access contraception and use birth control, but he did vote against requiring businesses with religious objections to provide birth control. As a state legislator, he also supported stem-cell research voting for a bill that included embryonic stem-cell research in 2005. He authored legislation to fund research for stem cells from umbilical cords. In 2005, he broke with his party by voting with Democrats in support of a bill to allow embryonic stem cell research. However, he later opposed funding for embryonic stem-cell research.
Family law
Brown has supported a presumption of shared parenting after divorce and was a co-sponsor of Fathers and Families HB 1460. He also voted for reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 2012.
Immigration
Brown voted against the DREAM Act. He also opposed President Obama's executive order to decrease the deportation of undocumented immigrants. During his campaign for Senate, his platform included tighter regulation on immigration. Brown opposed bilingual education classes in Massachusetts schools; Brown did respond to a survey and said that most undocumented immigrants should be deported but that there should be some exceptions. In 2004, Brown voted to allow undocumented immigrants to receive in-state tuition, but later opposed it in 2014.
As a US Senator in 2011, Scott Brown was the lead sponsor for a bipartisan resolution in Congress to apologize to Chinese Americans and Chinese immigrants for decades of discrimination, sinophobia, and violence, during the period from the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 through 1943 . After the resolution passed unanimously, Brown noted to the LA Times that this "cannot undo the hurt caused by past discrimination against Chinese immigrants, but it is important that we acknowledge the wrongs that were committed many years ago".
In 2012, Brown introduced legislation to give 10,500 employee visas to Irish immigrants. He argued that the Irish had fallen behind in the US immigration system. The Federation for American Immigration Reform, which seeks to reduce legal as well as illegal immigration, gave Brown a 100% rating in 2010 and Numbers USA, another PAC which seeks to restrict legal immigration, gave Brown an overall 32% rating.
Gun policy
Following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012, Brown became the first Republican Senator to support a federal ban on assault weapons. During campaigning in September 2014, he said he would not propose new legislation if he returned to Congress and would listen to all viewpoints if others presented a bill.
In 2008, Brown had an A rating from the National Rifle Association (NRA), but received a 43% score in 2012. In 2014, Gun Owners of America gave him a 30% grade and New Hampshire Firearms Coalition gave him a 14% rating; both groups are supportive of gun rights and oppose gun control.
Drug policy
After the Massachusetts Sensible Marijuana Policy Initiative was passed in 2008 and subsequently implemented, he proposed in the State Senate to enact higher fines for "drugged driving". In 2012, he opposed a state initiative to legalize the use of medicinal marijuana in Massachusetts. He also said efforts should be made to end drug trade in Afghanistan.
Same-sex marriage and LGBT rights
Brown voted for a 2004 state constitutional amendment to define marriage as between "one man and one woman" and which would have established civil unions. In 2007, Brown explained that he was opposed to gay marriage but also pointed "out that he does support civil unions for same-sex couples." Brown refers to the currently legalized same-sex marriage in New Hampshire and Massachusetts as a settled issue, which he does not wish to change. Brown has said he personally believes marriage is between a man and a woman, but would still oppose a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage. He is in favor of civil unions. He opposes ending the Defense of Marriage Act, but otherwise favors leaving the issue to the states to decide. After initially claiming neutrality on "don't ask, don't tell", the ban on openly gay military personnel, he joined a handful of Republicans who broke with their party to repeal the ban in December 2010. In 2012, he voted in favor of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act which included provisions to assist victims regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity and which prohibited its funds from being given to programs that discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. He was one of 15 Republicans in the Senate who voted in favor of the re-authorization.
When asked about same-sex marriage, he focused on the economy; "Brown said the economic challenges in regards to jobs, healthcare and college tuition affect both straight and gay couples and that is what he is working to address." In 2012, his campaign said "Senator Brown is a supporter of civil unions, but believes that marriage is between a man and a woman. He believes that individual states are best positioned to decide whether to allow gay marriage, and he does not support a 'one size fits all' approach from the federal government."
He was endorsed by Log Cabin Republicans which supports same-sex marriage and other gay rights. The Log Cabin Republicans gave him their top award after he voted to repeal DADT. The Human Rights Campaign (HRC), an advocacy group which measures support for LGBT rights, has given Brown mixed ratings. In 2010, the HRC gave him a 33% score and in 2012 he was given a 55% score. The American Civil Liberties Union, which supports gay rights among other civil rights causes, gave Brown a rating of 50% in 2012.
Crime and security
Brown supports strengthening New Hampshire sex offender penalties, the death penalty, the right to bear arms (with some restrictions such as licenses and background checks) and strengthening border enforcement and creating an employment verification system with penalties for companies that hire illegal immigrants.
Intellectual property law
Brown opposed the PROTECT IP Act and the Stop Online Piracy Act.
Organizational associations and honors
Brown was a 35-year member of the Army National Guard, retiring as a colonel in the Judge Advocate General's Corps. Brown was awarded the Army Commendation Medal for meritorious service in organizing the National Guard to quickly support homeland security following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. He has also completed Airborne School and been awarded the Meritorious Service Medal.
Brown has received the Public Servant of the Year Award from the United Chamber of Commerce for his leadership in reforming the state's sex offender laws and protecting victims' rights. Brown's family has helped raise funds for such non-profit organizations as Horace Mann Educational Associates (HMEA, Inc.), Wrentham Developmental Center, Charles River Arc, and the Arc of Northern Bristol County, all for the care and support of those with developmental disabilities. He has also been recognized by the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) for his work in creating an environment that encourages job growth and expansion in Massachusetts. The Boston Globe selected Brown as the 2010 Bostonian of the Year, citing his "profound impact on national politics in the last year".
Personal life
Brown is married to former NH1 News reporter Gail Huff, whom he met through modeling. They have two daughters, Ayla, an American Idol semi-finalist and 2010 graduate of Boston College, and Arianna, a competitive equestrian and 2012 graduate of Syracuse University. Arianna earned a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from Cornell University in 2018 and is a practicing vet. Gail announced in September 2021 her candidacy in a run for New Hampshire's 1st congressional district in the 2022 election.
Besides their primary home in Rye, New Hampshire, the couple owns three rental condos in Boston, and a timeshare on the Caribbean island of Aruba.
Brown and his family are members of the Christian Reformed Church in North America. They also have a relationship with a Trappist community of Trappist nuns at Mount St. Mary's Abbey in Wrentham, Massachusetts. The Brown family has "assisted efforts to raise $5.5 million" to replace the abbey's candy factory with a new greener facility with solar panels and a wind turbine.
Brown plays guitar in his spare time, and as of February 2014 had appeared on stage multiple times with American power pop band Cheap Trick as a guest musician. Brown is currently playing guitar with his band "Scott Brown and the Diplomats."
Brown coached his local Rye, New Hampshire, junior high school boys basketball team in the 2015–16 and 2016–17 seasons before returning to the coaching in 2021.
References
External links
2010 Campaign Website, archived October 16, 2014
– Biographic profile of current activities in New Zealand
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1959 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to New Zealand
Ambassadors of the United States to Samoa
American military lawyers
American members of the Christian Reformed Church in North America
American people of English descent
Boston College Law School alumni
United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps
Male models from Massachusetts
Massachusetts lawyers
Massachusetts National Guard personnel
Republican Party Massachusetts state senators
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
National Guard (United States) colonels
New Hampshire Republicans
People from Kittery, Maine
People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
People from Rye, New Hampshire
People from Wakefield, Massachusetts
People from Wrentham, Massachusetts
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Republican Party United States senators from Massachusetts
Trump administration personnel
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Members of Congress who became lobbyists |
2421680 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRI | IMRI | IMRI
Імрі Зів (нар. 12 вересня 1991 року) — ізраїльський співак, представник Ізраїлю на конкурсі Євробачення 2017.
Біографія
Імрі Зів народився 12 вересня 1991 року в Год-га-Шароні. У 2015 і 2016 роках брав участь у Євробаченні як бек-вокаліст. У 2017 році брав участь у четвертому сезоні національного відбіркового туру HaKokhav HaBa і став переможцем. Це дало змогу йому представляти Ізраїль на конкурсі Євробачення-2017. За підсумками голосування посів 23 місце.
Примітки
Музиканти за алфавітом
Ізраїльські співаки
Персоналії за алфавітом
Учасники Євробачення 2017 |
4153113 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%20%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5 | Мар'яна Вівіана де Агірре | Мар'яна Вівіана де Агірре у Боса (хрещена 3 грудня 1775) - перша леді Чилі як дружина президента Франциско Рамона Вікуньї (1775-1849), з яким у неї було шестеро дітей.
Вона народилася в Сантьяго, Чилі, від батька Хосе Сантоса де Агірре-і-Дієса де Асендегі, 2-го маркіза Монтепіо, та матері Антонії де Боза-де-Ліма-і-Андіа-Ірарасаваль. Оскільки вона народилася 1775 року, невідомо як її вважати: селяниною чи шляхтанкою Чилі XVIII століття.
Див. також
Заколот Фігероа
Сім'я Вікунья
Список літератури
Персоналії:Сантьяго
Народились 1775
Дружини президентів Чилі |
33809990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar%20Harfouch | Omar Harfouch | Omar Harfouch (Arabic: عمر حرفوش; born 20 April 1969 in Tripoli, Lebanon) is composer, and a businessman. Owner of a communications group in Ukraine, he is known in France for his participation in the reality show I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of here! and for his many appearances at jet set parties, in videos, and in celebrity magazines. He is a regular donor and guest at AMFAR charity dinner in Cannes. Co-owner of the international TV channel HDFashion & LifeStyle.Owner of the French magazine Entrevue.
Career in Ukraine
Omar Harfouch is of Lebanese origin. In Kyiv, he and his brother Walid Harfouch own the Supernova media group which includes the FM radio in Ukraine, radio Supernova. He is the publisher and editor of Paparazzi, a magazine in Russian.
Declaring that "the world of fashion needed a revolution," he and Walid founded a Geneva-based company in charge of organizing beauty contests in Ukraine in which the jury is composed of Internet users and voters.
In 2023, Omar Harfouch, together with his wife, Yulia Harfouch, co-founded the international TV channel HDFashion & LifeStyle.
Career in France
He became known to the general public in France in April 2006, when he took part in the reality show I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of here! for the benefit of Reporters Without Borders. During the show, he became the center of a controversy when he said he was a victim of "racist remarks" (he has black skin) of Marielle Goitschel, who in turn claimed to have treated him as "just a shrimp" (minus in French).
He organized the Miss Europe competition with Endemol, initially presented on TF1, but the channel decided to sell it.
In May 2006, after participating in the radio broadcast of Cauet dechire on Fun Radio, he filed a complaint against Cauet for defamation and racial abuse for statements uttered during the show and published by the magazine Entrevue in July 2006. A few months later, Cauet was found guilty of public defamation of an individual and sentenced to a 500 euro fine and one euro in damages.
including two against Geneviève de Fontenay, and four against Entrevue.
In October 2006, he released a book, Mystères, scandales et... fortune (Mysteries, Scandals and... Fortune). The same year, he released his autobiography, Omar Harfouch: Confessions of a millionaire.
In 2023, Omar became the owner of the French magazine Entrevue.
Public activity
Harfouch launched a large-scale anti-corruption project in Lebanon. Together with members of the European Parliament, he allegedly discovered in foreign accounts, and also claims to have seized the first $150 million stolen from the Lebanese budget.
Omar Harfouch was recognized for his work "Save a life, you save humanity" during the 11th edition of the CAEL AWARDS in Dubai. The piece was presented in various significant venues, including the European Commission in Brussels, highlighting themes of harmony and solidarity.
Political activity
Omar Harfouch has campaigned for the establishment of a secular third republic. His positions have been reported in many Lebanese media. He will go as far as announcing the creation of a Lebanese government in exile to get things moving. Then, he will run for the general elections on 15 May 2022 in the Tripoli constituency. He will not be elected, which will not prevent him from continuing to advocate for "a non-confessional elective system that guarantees greater representativeness and greater freedom to Lebanese citizens." The fight against corruption is also a priority for him. At a conference in Rome, in the Italian Parliament, he recalled that "We must fight against the high rate of corruption that affects the country and guarantee the fundamental rights of Lebanese men and women, including the right to inheritance for all, religious freedom and childcare for women. I also intend to draw inspiration from the Italian legal system, as I consider it to be one of the most effective at European level in terms of its approach to fighting organised crime."
From the end of 2022, he will multiply his trips and international meetings to defend his institutional reform project. In Italy, he received the support of MP Roberto Bagnasco (Forza Italia) who, during a colloquium on 9 March 2023, declared: "The attention we pay to Lebanon is dictated by our desire to facilitate its transition to a third republic, more liberal, which goes beyond the confessional scheme, as advocated by our friend Harfouch." He will also receive the support of Carol Moseley-Braun, the first African-American woman to be elected to the US Senate. This close friend of US President Joe Biden said at a press conference on 22 February 2023 that she would speak to the US President about Omar Harfouch and his Third Republic project."
Omar Harfouch has also been noted for his statements on Israel. Following the historic agreement on the maritime border between Lebanon and Israel, he advocates a lasting economic peace and campaigns for peaceful relations between the two countries.
References
External links
Personal Website
1969 births
Living people
Lebanese businesspeople
French people of Lebanese descent
Lebanese Sunni Muslims
Lebanese Sunni politicians |
39508668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood%20%28surname%29 | Kirkwood (surname) | Kirkwood (surname)
Kirkwood is a surname of Scottish origin which means "the wood near the church." Notable people with the surname include:
Antoinette Kirkwood (1930–2014), English musician and composer
Archy Kirkwood, Baron Kirkwood of Kirkhope (born 1946), British politician
Billy Kirkwood (born 1958), Scottish football athlete and coach
Bob Kirkwood (1939–2017), United States businessman in California
Bryan Kirkwood (born 1976), Scottish-born British television producer
Carly Flynn (fl. 1990s–present), New Zealand journalist, born Carly Kirkwood
Carol Kirkwood (fl. 1980s–present), Scottish BBC TV presenter
Craig Kirkwood (born 1974), United States lawyer
Cris Kirkwood (born 1960), United States musician
Curt Kirkwood (born 1957), United States musician
Dan Kirkwood (1900–1977), Scottish athlete in football
Daniel Kirkwood (1814–1895), United States astronomer
Daniel Kirkwood (footballer born 1867), Scottish athlete in football
David Kirkwood (1872–1955), British politician
Davie Kirkwood (born 1967), Scottish athlete in football
Don Kirkwood (born 1949), United States athlete in baseball
Euan Kirkwood (born 1934), Scottish cricketer
Fred Kirkwood (1890–1956), Australian athlete in football
Harry Kirkwood (fl. 1930s–1960s), British naval captain
Henry Kirkwood (1886–1954), English cricketer and British Army officer
James Kirkwood (disambiguation), any of several men with the name
Jimmy Kirkwood (born 1962), Irish field hockey player and cricketer
Joe Kirkwood, Jr. (1920–2006), Australian-born United States golfer and film actor
Joe Kirkwood, Sr. (1897–1970), Australian golfer and actor
John A. Kirkwood (1851–1930), United States military hero
John Gamble Kirkwood (1907–1959), United States chemist and physicist
Julieta Kirkwood (1936–1985), Chilean sociologist, political scientist, professor, and activist
Keith Kirkwood (born 1993), American football player
Ken Kirkwood (born 1969), Canadian bioethicist
Kyle Kirkwood (born 1998), American Racing driver
Lucy Kirkwood (born 1984), British playwright
Mary Kirkwood (1904–1995), American artist
Pat Kirkwood (racing driver) (1927–2001), United States NASCAR participant
Patricia Kirkwood (1921–2007), British stage actress
Robert C. Kirkwood (1909–1964), United States politician in California
Sam Kirkwood (1910–1980), Irish athlete in football
Samuel J. Kirkwood (1813–1894), United States politician
Thomas William Kirkwood (1884–?), Scottish athlete in polo
Thomas Kirkwood (born 1951), South Africa-born English biologist
Te Rongo Kirkwood (fl. 2000s–present), New Zealand glass sculptor
See also
Wood (surname)
References
Surnames of Scottish origin |
97552 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%204355 | IC 4355 | IC 4355 — галактика типу Sa (спіральна галактика) у сузір'ї Гончі Пси.
Цей об'єкт міститься в оригінальній редакції індексного каталогу.
Посилання
IC 4355 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі
IC 4355 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі
Перевірена інформація про IC 4355
IC 4355 в базі SIMBAD
IC 4355 в базі Vizier
IC 4355 в базі NASA Extragalactic Database
Бази даних про об'єкти NGC/IC
IC 4355
IC 4355
IC 4355 |
4730370 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANDU%20Owners%20Group | CANDU Owners Group | CANDU Owners Group — це приватна некомерційна корпорація, яка добровільно фінансується компаніями CANDU, що працюють у всьому світі, Канадськими ядерними лабораторіями (CNL) та учасниками-постачальниками. Він присвячений забезпеченню програм співпраці, взаємодопомоги та обміну інформацією для успішної підтримки, розвитку, експлуатації, обслуговування та економіки технології CANDU. Усі оператори CANDU у світі є членами COG. Це включає станції в Канаді (атомна електростанція Пікерінг, атомна електростанція Дарлінгтон, атомна електростанція Брюс і атомна електростанція Point Lepreau), Аргентині (атомна електростанція Embalse), Китаї (атомна електростанція Ціньшань), Індії (атомна електростанція Раджастхан), Пакистан (атомний енергетичний комплекс у Карачі), Південна Корея (атомна електростанція Wolseong) та Румунія (атомна електростанція Чернавода). Його штаб-квартира знаходиться в Торонто, Онтаріо, Канада.
COG було створено в 1984 році за угодою між канадськими компаніями Ontario Hydro (тепер Ontario Power Generation), Hydro-Québec і New Brunswick Power, які належать CANDU, а також Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. Він став некомерційною корпорацією в 1999 році.
Примітки
Енергетика Індії |
405045 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%81%D0%B0%20%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0 | Божко Раїса Альбертівна | Божко Раїса Альбертівна
Раїса Альбертівна Карагезян (27 жовтня 1948, м. Горіс, Вірменія), у шлюбі Божко — українська перекладачка.
Біографія
Народилася 27 жовтня 1948 р. в м. Горіс (Вірменія).
Закінчила геологічний факультет Єреванського університету.
Працює в жанрі художнього перекладу. В її перекладах на вірменську побачили світ твори українських письменників В. Земляка, П. Загребельного, Г. Тютюнника, Ю. Мушкетика, В. Дрозда; антологія українського оповідання «Древо життя», українські народні лічилки «Квітучий сад», українські народні казки.
Одружена з літературознавцем і перекладачем Олександром Божком.
Посилання
Національна спілка письменників України. Письменницький довідник
Радянські перекладачки
Українські перекладачки
Лауреати премії імені Максима Рильського |
1414550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Quiet%20Duel | The Quiet Duel | The Quiet Duel
is a 1949 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa.
Plot
The film centers on Dr. Kyoji Fujisaki, a young, idealistic doctor who, during his service as an army physician during World War II, contracted syphilis from the blood of a patient when he accidentally cut himself during an operation.
Contaminated with this infectious, typically shameful, and then-virtually incurable disease, Fujisaki returns home from the war to the clinic presided over by his obstetrician father, Dr. Konosuke Fujisaki. He comes into contact with the patient who contaminated him, in the process seeing the consequences of ignoring the disease. Treating himself in secret with Salvarsan and tormented by his sense of injustice for not being able to help the man, he rejects Misao, his fiancé of six years, without explanation, as he does not wish her to have to wait for a number of years until he is cured. Heartbroken, Misao becomes engaged to another man. She makes one last plea to Fujisaki, but he stands firm in rejecting her.
Cast
Toshiro Mifune as Dr. Kyoji Fujisaki
as Misao Matsumoto
Takashi Shimura as Dr. Konosuke Fujisaki
as Susumu Nakada
as Patrolman Nosaka
Noriko Sengoku as apprentice nurse Rui Minegishi
Chieko Nakakita as Takiko Nakada
as the dealer
Masateru Sasaki as the old soldier
Seiji Izumi as the policeman
Tadashi Date as the father of the boy with appendicitis
Shigeyuki Miyajima as the officer
Production
Production was interrupted due to a lengthy strike at the Toho movie studio, and Kurosawa would ultimately finish the movie at rival studio Daiei. At that time Daiei also owned a baseball team, the Daiei Stars, whose players visited the movie set during filming.
Home video
The Quiet Duel was released on DVD in the U.S. by BCI Eclipse, as the first title in their "Director's Series". It was never released in U.K. cinemas, but was released on DVD in the U.K. in 2006 under the title "The Silent Duel".
References
External links
1983 Review of film at New York Times
The Quiet Duel at Akira Kurosawa Info
Review of film at Hackwriters
1949 films
1949 drama films
Japanese drama films
Japanese black-and-white films
Films about syphilis
Medical-themed films
Daiei Film films
Films directed by Akira Kurosawa
Films produced by Sōjirō Motoki
Films with screenplays by Akira Kurosawa
Films with screenplays by Senkichi Taniguchi
Films scored by Akira Ifukube
1940s pregnancy films
Japanese pregnancy films |
529783 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD | Сен-Ремімон | Сен-Ремімон — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Лотарингія, департамент Мерт і Мозель
Сен-Ремімон — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Гранд-Ест, департамент Вогези |
362024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-stock%20company | Joint-stock company | Joint-stock company
A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the continued existence of the company.
In modern-day corporate law, the existence of a joint-stock company is often synonymous with incorporation (possession of legal personality separate from shareholders) and limited liability (shareholders are liable for the company's debts only to the value of the money they have invested in the company). Therefore, joint-stock companies are commonly known as corporations or limited companies.
Some jurisdictions still provide the possibility of registering joint-stock companies without limited liability. In the United Kingdom and in other countries that have adopted its model of company law, they are known as unlimited companies.
A joint-stock company is an artificial person; it has legal existence separate from persons composing it. It can sue and can be sued in its own name. It is created by law, established for commercial purposes, and comprises a large number of members. The shares of each member can be purchased, sold, and transferred without the consent of other members. Its capital is divided into transferable shares, suitable for large undertakings.
Advantages
Ownership refers to a large number of privileges. The company is managed on behalf of the shareholders by a board of directors, elected at an annual general meeting.
The shareholders also vote to accept or reject an annual report and audited set of accounts. Individual shareholders can sometimes stand for directorships within the company if a vacancy occurs, but that is uncommon.
A joint-stock company also differs from other company forms, as it lacks internal ownership (hence its shareholders). This means that although the shareholder(s) in the joint-stock company may also work for the company as employees or by contract, when they act as shareholders they are always exterior to the company, which may help keep ownership business-oriented and impersonal.
Provided sales and assets exist within the company, a joint-stock company is effectively a forum for three- party trading: Owners, i.e. shareholders, are seeking financial funds (profits) and offer economic assets, in the form of capital. Employees, contractors and other contracted parties seek compensation and offer labor for this. Utilisers, ie customers, clients and other stakeholders, seek products and services, and offer financial funds for this.
The shareholders are usually not liable for any of the company debts that extend beyond the company's ability to pay up to the amount of them.
Early joint-stock companies
China
The earliest records of joint-stock companies appear in China during the Tang and Song dynasties. The Tang dynasty saw the development of the heben, the earliest form of joint stock company with an active partner and one or two passive investors. By the Song dynasty this had expanded into the douniu, a large pool of shareholders with management in the hands of jingshang, merchants who operated their businesses using investors' funds, with investor compensation based on profit-sharing, reducing the risk of individual merchants and burdens of interest payment.
Europe
Finding the earliest joint-stock company is a matter of definition. An early form of joint-stock company was the medieval commenda, although it was usually employed for a single commercial expedition. Around 1350 in France at Toulouse, 96 shares of the Société des Moulins du Bazacle, or Bazacle Milling Company were traded at a value that depended on the profitability of the mills the society owned, making it probably the first company of its kind in history. The Swedish company Stora has documented a stock transfer for an eighth of the company (or more specifically, the mountain in which the copper resource was available) as early as 1288.
In more recent history, the earliest joint-stock company recognized in England was the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands, founded in 1551 with 240 shareholders. It became the Muscovy Company, which had a monopoly on trade between Russia and England, when royal charter was granted in 1555. The most notable joint-stock company from the British Isles was the East India Company, which was granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600 with the intention of establishing trade on the Indian subcontinent. The charter effectively granted the newly formed Honourable East India Company a fifteen-year monopoly on all English trade in the East Indies.
Soon afterwards, in 1602, the Dutch East India Company issued shares that were made tradable on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. The development enhanced the ability of joint-stock companies to attract capital from investors, as they could now easily dispose of their shares. In 1612, it became the first 'corporation' in intercontinental trade with 'locked in' capital and limited liability. The joint-stock company became a more viable financial structure than previous guilds or state-regulated companies. The first joint-stock companies to be implemented in the Americas were the London Company and the Plymouth Company.
Transferable shares aim to achieve positive returns on equity, which is evidenced by investment in companies like the East India Company, which used the financing model to manage their trade on the Indian subcontinent. Joint-stock companies paid out divisions (dividends) to their shareholders by dividing up the profits of the voyage in the proportion of shares held. Divisions were usually cash, but when working capital was low and detrimental to the survival of the company, divisions were either postponed or paid out in remaining cargo, which could be sold by shareholders for profit.
However, in general, incorporation was possible by royal charter or private act, and it was limited because of the government's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted.
As a result of the rapid expansion of capital-intensive enterprises in the course of the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, many businesses came to be operated as unincorporated associations or extended partnerships, with large numbers of members. Nevertheless, membership of such associations was usually for a short term so their nature was constantly changing.
Consequently, registration and incorporation of companies, without specific legislation, was introduced by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. Initially, companies incorporated under this Act did not have limited liability, but it became common for companies to include a limited liability clause in their internal rules. In the case of Hallett v Dowdall, the Court of the Exchequer held that such clauses bound people who have notice of them. Four years later, the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 provided for limited liability for all joint-stock companies provided, among other things, that they included the word "limited" in their company name. The landmark case of Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd established that a company with legal liability, not being a partnership, had a distinct legal personality that was separate from that of its individual shareholders.
Corporate law
The existence of a corporation requires a special legal framework and body of law that specifically grants the corporation legal personality, and it typically views a corporation as a fictional person, a legal person, or a moral person (as opposed to a natural person) which shields its owners (shareholders) from "corporate" losses or liabilities; losses are limited to the number of shares owned. It furthermore creates an inducement to new investors (marketable stocks and future stock issuance). Corporate statutes typically empower corporations to own property, sign binding contracts, and pay taxes in a capacity separate from that of its shareholders, who are sometimes referred to as "members". The corporation is also empowered to borrow money, both conventionally and directly to the public, by issuing interest-bearing bonds. Corporations subsist indefinitely; "death" comes only by absorption (takeover) or bankruptcy. According to Lord Chancellor Haldane,
This 'directing will' is embodied in a corporate Board of Directors. The legal personality has two economic implications. It grants creditors (as opposed to shareholders or employees) priority over the corporate assets upon liquidation. Second, corporate assets cannot be withdrawn by its shareholders, and assets of the firm cannot be taken by personal creditors of its shareholders. The second feature requires special legislation and a special legal framework, as it cannot be reproduced via standard contract law.
The regulations most favorable to incorporation include:
Financial disclosure
In many jurisdictions, corporations whose shareholders benefit from limited liability are required to publish annual financial statements and other data so that creditors who do business with the corporation are able to assess the creditworthiness of the corporation and cannot enforce claims against shareholders. Shareholders, therefore, experience some loss of privacy in return for limited liability. That requirement generally applies in Europe, but not in common law jurisdictions, except for publicly traded corporations (for which financial disclosure is required for investor protection).
Corporate taxation
In many countries, corporate profits are taxed at a corporate tax rate, and dividends paid to shareholders are taxed at a separate rate. Such a system is sometimes referred to as "double taxation" because any profits distributed to shareholders will eventually be taxed twice. One solution, followed by as in the case of the Australian and UK tax systems, is for the recipient of the dividend to be entitled to a tax credit to address the fact that the profits represented by the dividend have already been taxed. The company profit being passed on is thus effectively taxed only at the rate of tax paid by the eventual recipient of the dividend.
In other systems, dividends are taxed at a lower rate than other income (for example, in the US), or shareholders are taxed directly on the corporation's profits, while dividends are not taxed (for example, S corporations in the US).
Closely held corporations and publicly traded corporations
The institution most often referenced by the word "corporation" is publicly traded, which means that the company's shares are traded on a public stock exchange (for example, the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq in the United States) whose shares of stock of corporations are bought and sold by and to the general public. Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations.
However, the majority of corporations are privately held, or closely held, so there is no ready market for the trading of shares. Many such corporations are owned and managed by a small group of businesspeople or companies, but the size of such a corporation can be as vast as the largest public corporations.
Closely held corporations have some advantages over publicly traded corporations. A small, closely held company can often make company-changing decisions much more rapidly than a publicly traded company, as there will generally be fewer voting shareholders, and the shareholders would have common interests. A publicly traded company is also at the mercy of the market, with capital flow in and out based not only on what the company is doing but also on what the market and even what the competitors, major and minor, are doing.
However, publicly traded companies also have advantages over their closely held counterparts. Publicly traded companies often have more working capital and can delegate debt throughout all shareholders. Therefore, shareholders of publicly traded company will each take a much smaller hit to their returns as opposed to those involved with a closely held corporation. Publicly traded companies, however, can suffer from that advantage. A closely held corporation can often voluntarily take a hit to profit with little to no repercussions if it is not a sustained loss. A publicly traded company often comes under extreme scrutiny if profit and growth are not evident to stock holders, thus stock holders may sell, further damaging the company. Often, that blow is enough to make a small public company fail.
Often, communities benefit from a closely held company more so than from a public company. A closely held company is far more likely to stay in a single place that has treated it well even if that means going through hard times. Shareholders can incur some of the damage the company may receive from a bad year or slow period in the company profits. Closely held companies often have a better relationship with workers. In larger, publicly traded companies, often after only one bad year, the first area to feel the effects is the workforce with layoffs or worker hours, wages or benefits being cut. Again, in a closely held business the shareholders can incur the profit damage rather than passing it to the workers.
The affairs of publicly traded and closely held corporations are similar in many respects. The main difference in most countries is that publicly traded corporations have the burden of complying with additional securities laws, which (especially in the US) may require additional periodic disclosure (with more stringent requirements), stricter corporate governance standards as well as additional procedural obligations in connection with major corporate transactions (for example, mergers) or events (for example, elections of directors).
A closely held corporation may be a subsidiary of another corporation (its parent company), which may itself be either a closely held or a public corporation. In some jurisdictions, the subsidiary of a listed public corporation is also defined as a public corporation (for example, in Australia).
By countries
Australia
In Australia corporations are registered and regulated by the Commonwealth Government through the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Corporations law has been largely codified in the Corporations Act 2001.
Brazil
In Brazil there are many different types of legal entities, but the two most common ones commercially speaking are (i) , identified by "Ltda." or "Limitada" after the company's name, equivalent to the British limited liability company, and (ii) or , identified by "SA" or "Companhia" in the company's name, equivalent to the British public limited company. The "Ltda." is mainly governed by the new Civil Code, enacted in 2002, and the "SA", by Law 6.404, dated December 15, 1976, as amended.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, a joint-stock company is called:
(often abbreviated d.d. or D.D.) in both the Bosnian language and the Croatian language, while the Serbian language uses:
(often abbreviated a.d. or A.D. - Cyrillic alphabet : акционарско друштво or а.д.).
The specified form of organization means that the company (private or state-owned) is organized on the Bosnian market (Federation of BiH and RS entity level) as a legal entity that has shares (Bosnian/Croatian: dionica or vrijednosni papir; Serbian: akcija or hartija od vrijednosti - Cyrillic: акција or хартија од вриједности) that can be traded in a free market or stock exchanges in the Bosnia and Herzegovina (listed in Sarajevo Stock Exchange or Banja Luka Stock Exchange).
Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, a joint-stock company is called a or (or )
Canada
In Canada both the federal government and the provinces have corporate statutes, and thus a corporation may be incorporated either provincially or federally. Many older corporations in Canada stem from Acts of Parliament passed before the introduction of general corporation law. The oldest corporation in Canada is the Hudson's Bay Company; though its business has always been based in Canada, its Royal Charter was issued in England by King Charles II in 1670, and became a Canadian charter by amendment in 1970 when it moved its corporate headquarters from London to Canada. Federally recognized corporations are regulated by the Canada Business Corporations Act.
Chile
The Chilean form of joint-stock company is called Sociedad por Acciones (often abbreviated "SpA"). They were created in 2007 by Law N° 20.190, and they are the most recent variety of societary types, as they represent a simplified form of corporation – originally conceived for venture capital companies.
According to the Ministry of Economy's Business and Society Registry, SpAs accounted for 71.42% of new businesses in October 2023. SpAs are popular in Chile for their legal structure that offers flexibility and freedoms not found in other business types. Key features include:
Flexibility and Simplification: SpAs have a flexible, simplified corporate structure, allowing for a range of commercial activities under one social objective, ideal for diversified ambitions.
Management and Administration: SpAs provide various management options, adaptable to partner needs, with easy changes in partnership composition through share trading, supporting agile and customized management structures.
Single Shareholder: SpAs can have one shareholder, offering total control to individual entrepreneurs, with shareholder liability limited to their contributions, protecting personal assets in financial difficulties.
Legal and Tax Requirements: SpAs must meet specific legal and tax requirements, including registered addresses and legal representatives, with the option for full or simplified accounting.
These attributes make SpAs an attractive choice for entrepreneurs and small businesses in Chile, offering a balance of flexibility, control, and legal protection.
Czech Republic and Slovakia
The Czech form of the public limited company is called and its private counterpart is called .
Their Slovak equivalents are called and .
German-speaking countries
Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein recognize two forms of company limited by shares: the (AG), analogous to public limited companies (or corporations in US/Can) in the English-speaking world, and the (GmbH), similar to the modern private limited company.
Italy
Italy recognizes three types of company limited by shares: the public limited company (società per azioni, or S.p.A.), the private limited company (società a responsabilità limitata, or S.r.l.), and the publicly traded partnership (società in accomandita per azioni, or S.a.p.a.). The latter is a hybrid of the limited partnership and public limited company, having two categories of shareholders, some with and some without limited liability, and is rarely used in practice.
Japan
In Japan, both the state and local public entities under the Local Autonomy Act (now 47 prefectures, made in the 19th century and municipalities) are considered to be . Non-profit corporations may be established under the Civil Code.
The term or (企業 kigyō) is used to refer to business corporations. The predominant form is the Kabushiki gaisha (株式会社), used by public corporations as well as smaller enterprises. Mochibun kaisha (持分会社), a form for smaller enterprises, are becoming increasingly common. Between 2002 and 2008, the existed to bridge the gap between for-profit companies and non-governmental and non-profit organizations.
Latvia
In Latvia, which uses a model similar to Germany, a public stock company is called an akciju sabiedrība (a/s, A/S or AS), whereas a private, 'limited liability company' is called a sabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību (SIA). State-owned variants of these companies add an initial capital V (valsts - 'state'), as in VAS and VSIA.
Norway
In Norway, a joint-stock company is called an aksjeselskap, abbreviated AS. A special and by far less common form of joint-stock companies, intended for companies with a large number of shareholders, is the publicly traded joint-stock companies, called allmennaksjeselskap and abbreviated ASA. A joint-stock company must be incorporated, has an independent legal personality and limited liability, and is required to have a certain capital upon incorporation. Ordinary joint-stock companies must have a minimum capital of NOK 30,000 upon incorporation, which was reduced from 100,000 in 2012. Publicly traded joint-stock companies must have a minimum capital of NOK 1 million.
Russia
See: Open joint-stock company (OJSC).
Spain
In Spain there are two types of companies with limited liability: (i) "S.L.", or Sociedad Limitada (a private limited company), and (ii) "S.A.", or Sociedad Anónima (similar to a public limited company).
Ukraine
The Ukrainian form of the private limited company is called товариство з обмеженою відповідальністю (ТОВ or ТзОВ).
Several types of joint stock companies exist in Ukraine. Due to specifics of the Soviet economy, all enterprises in the Soviet republic as the rest of the Soviet Union were state owned and private entrepreneurship was strictly prohibited and criminally prosecuted. Following the Gorbachev initiated broad spectrum reforms (perestroika), there was introduced a term of khozraschet and permission for organization of public economic entities called cooperatives.
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine's economy, along with those of the rest of the former Soviet republics, was further liberalized. Along with private entrepreneurship, many state owned companies were privatized, primarily by the former party's apparatchiks which gave a rise of another term "Red directors". Many companies started to be sold at open market and commercialized. Those companies were transformed in joint-stock companies by selling their shares for mutual cooperation and investment.
As in the rest former Soviet republics (predominantly Russia) in Ukraine were created following commercial companies:
National Joint-stock company
Open Joint-stock company
Closed Joint-stock company
In 2009 further reforms were introduced and open joint-stock companies were forced to be restructured as public joint-stock company or private joint-stock company.
Minimum amount of share capital is 1,250 minimum wages (as of 1 January 2017 ₴4,000,000 or US$148,000).
Ukraine National Securities and Stock Market Commission is the main stock market state authority.
United Kingdom
Most companies are regulated by the Companies Act 2006. The most common type of company is the private limited company ("Limited" or "Ltd"). Private limited companies can either be limited by shares or by guarantee. Other corporate forms include the public limited company ("plc") and the private unlimited company.
Some corporations, both public and private sector, are formed by Royal Charter or Act of Parliament.
A special type of corporation is a corporation sole, which is an office held by an individual natural person (the incumbent), but which has a continuing legal entity separate from that person.
United States
Several types of conventional corporations exist in the United States. Generically, any business entity that is recognized as distinct from the people who own it (i.e., is not a sole proprietorship or a partnership) is a corporation. This generic label includes entities that are known by such legal labels as 'association', 'organization' and 'limited liability company', as well as corporations proper.
Only a company that has been formally incorporated according to the laws of a particular state is called a "corporation." A corporation was defined in the Dartmouth College case of 1819, in which Chief Justice Marshall of the United States Supreme Court stated: "A corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law." A corporation is a legal entity, distinct and separate from the individuals who create and operate it. As a legal entity the corporation can acquire, own, and dispose of property in its own name like buildings, land and equipment. It can also incur liabilities and enter into contracts like franchising and leasing. American corporations can be either profit-making companies or non-profit entities. Tax-exempt non-profit corporations are often called "501(c)3 corporations," after the section of the Internal Revenue Code that addresses the tax exemption for many of them.
In some states, such as Colorado, a corporation may represent itself pro se in courts of law in some situations
The federal government can only create corporate entities pursuant to relevant powers in the U.S. Constitution. Thus, virtually all corporations in the U.S. are incorporated under the laws of a particular state. A major exception to the federal non-participation in the incorporation of private businesses is in banking; under the National Bank Act, banks may receive charters from the federal government as national banks, subjecting them to the regulation of the federal Office of the Comptroller of the Currency rather than state banking regulators.
All states have some kind of "general corporation law" (California, Delaware, Kansas, Nevada and Ohio actually use that exact name) which authorizes the formation of private corporations without having to obtain a charter for each one from the state legislature (as was formerly the case in the 19th century). Many states have separate, self-contained laws authorizing the formation and operation of certain specific types of corporations that are wholly independent of the state general corporation law. For example, in California, nonprofit corporations are incorporated under the Nonprofit Corporation Law, and in Illinois, insurers are incorporated under the Illinois Insurance Code.
Corporations are created by filing the requisite documents with a particular state government. The process is called "incorporation", referring to the abstract concept of clothing the entity with a "veil" of artificial personhood (embodying, or "corporating" it, 'corpus' being the Latin word for 'body'). Only certain corporations, including banks, are chartered. Others simply file their articles of incorporation with the state government as part of a registration process.
Once incorporated, a corporation has artificial personhood everywhere it may operate, until such time as the corporation may be dissolved. A corporation that operates in one state while being incorporated in another is a "foreign corporation". This label also applies to corporations incorporated outside of the United States. Foreign corporations must usually register with the secretary of state's office in each state to lawfully conduct business in that state.
A corporation is legally a citizen of the state (or other jurisdiction) in which it is incorporated (except when circumstances direct the corporation be classified as a citizen of the state in which it has its head office, or the state in which it does the majority of its business). Corporate business law differs dramatically from state to state. Many prospective corporations choose to incorporate in a state whose laws are most favorable to its business interests. Many large corporations are incorporated in Delaware, for example, without being physically located there because that state has very favorable corporate tax and disclosure laws.
Companies set up for privacy or asset protection often incorporate in Nevada, which does not require disclosure of share ownership. Many states, particularly smaller ones, have modeled their corporate statutes after the Model Business Corporation Act, one of many model sets of law prepared and published by the American Bar Association.
As juristic persons, corporations have certain rights that attach to natural persons. The vast majority of them attach to corporations under state law, especially the law of the state in which the company is incorporated – since the corporations very existence is predicated on the laws of that state. A few rights also attach by federal constitutional and statutory law, but they are few and far between compared to the rights of natural persons. For example, a corporation has the personal right to bring a lawsuit (as well as the capacity to be sued) and, like a natural person, a corporation can be libeled.
Harvard College, an undergraduate school of Harvard University, formally the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), is the oldest corporation in the western hemisphere. Founded in 1636, the second of Harvard's two governing boards was incorporated by the Great and General Court of Massachusetts in 1650. Significantly, Massachusetts itself was a corporate colony at that time – owned and operated by the Massachusetts Bay Company (until it lost its charter in 1684) – so Harvard College is a corporation created by a corporation.
Many nations have modeled their own corporate laws on American business law. Corporate law in Saudi Arabia, for example, follows the model of New York State corporate law. In addition to typical corporations in the United States, the federal government, in 1971 passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), which authorized the creation of 12 regional native corporations for Alaska Natives and over 200 village corporations that were entitled to a settlement of land and cash. In addition to the 12 regional corporations, the legislation permitted a 13th regional corporation without a land settlement for those Alaska Natives living out of the State of Alaska at the time of passage of ANCSA.
Other business entities
Almost every recognized type of organization carries out some economic activities (for example, the family). Other organizations that may carry out activities that are generally considered to be business exist under the laws of various countries:
Consumers' cooperative
Holding company
Limited company (Ltd)
Limited liability company (LLC)
Limited liability limited partnership (LLLP)
Limited liability partnership (LLP)
Limited partnership (LP)
Low-profit limited liability company (L3C)
Not-for-profit corporation
Open joint-stock company (OJSC)
Partnership
Sole proprietorship
Trust company
See also
Aktieselskab
Public–private partnership
References
Further reading
External links
The History of the Corporate Business Firm
Legal entities
Types of business entity
ja:ジョイント・ストック・カンパニー |
250232 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29 | Українка (Вінницький район) | Українка (Вінницький район)
Українка — село в Україні, у Літинській селищній громаді Вінницького району Вінницької області. Населення становить 183 особи; площа — 0,106 км². До 2020 належало до Кулизької сільської ради (разом з селом Кулига). Селом протікає річка Згар. Колишня назва Українки — Майдан Борківський.
Історія
Засноване в 1965 році
12 червня 2020 року, відповідно до Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України № 707-р «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Вінницької області», увійшло до складу Літинської селищної громади.
19 липня 2020 року, в результаті адміністративно-територіальної реформи та ліквідації Літинського району, село увійшло до складу Вінницького району.
Примітки
Література
Кулига // Історія міст і сіл Української РСР : у 26 т. / П.Т. Тронько (голова Головної редколегії). — К. : Головна редакція УРЕ АН УРСР, 1967 - 1974 — том Вінницька область / А.Ф. Олійник (голова редколегії тому), 1972 : 788с. — С.408 (Українка)
Посилання
Українка на сайті Верховної Ради України
Погода в селі Українка
Села Вінницької області
Населені пункти Вінницького району |
1839311 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0 | Розливна машина | Розливна машина — машина для розливання чавуну на металургійних заводах та штейну і деяких шлаків на заводах кольорової металургії. Машини бувають стрічкові або карусельні. Розливні машини стрічкового типу являють собою похилий конвеєр з двох ланцюгів, до яких прикріплено металеві форми — мульди. На таких машинах розливають в основному чавун і рідше — кольорові метали, феросплави, штейни і шлаки. Карусельні розливні машини являють собою обертові столи, на яких встановлено форми — кокілі, що автоматично перекидаються після твердіння металу. Машини такого типу застосовують для розливання кольорових металів.
Література
Розливна машина. //
Металургія |
2372518 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0 | Мілєнко Прохаска | Мілєнко Прохаска (17 вересня 1925 — 29 травня 2014) — хорватський композитор, музичний аранжувальник та диригент оркестру.
Відомий передусім як засновник низки відомих хорватських оркестрових колективів, а також своєю довгорічною службою у Танцювальному оркестрі Радіо Загреба (сучасний Біг-бенд Хорватського радіотелебачення).
Біографія
Народився у Загребі. У дитячій музичній школі вивчав гру на скрипці, потім на контрабасі, а надалі навчався у Zagreb Music Academy, яку закінчив 1956 р. за фахом викладача музики. З середини 1950-х і до кінця 1980-х був гравцем на контрабасі Загребського філармонічного оркестра, Симфонічного оркестра Радіо Загреба, Оркестра Югославського радіо, Загребського джазового квартета, а також кількох інших музичних колективів. Також був директором Загребсього фестиваля популярної музики (Zagrebfest) з 1967 по 1969 р.
1988 року отримав Премію Владимира Назора за значні досягнення у музиці.
У 1989 р. припинив кар'єру виконувача та обійняв посаду диригента Танцювального оркестра Радіо Загреба. З 1996 по 1998 р. був диригентом біг-бенда Хорватської армії. Диригував оркестрами на п'яти Eurovision Song Contests (двічі в Лондоні, двічі в Дубліні та один раз в Мадриді), а також часто гастролював у різних країнах світу.
Твори
Як композитор відомий передусім в жанрі джазу, але писав твори також для симфонічних оркестрів, а також створював аранжировки для популярних хорватських співаків, таких, як Йосіпа Лісац, Габі Новак та Арсен Дедич. Прем'єри кількох його творів виконувалися в Карнегі-холі в Нью-Йорку та в Парижі, а також такими відомими колективами, як Modern Jazz Quartet, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra та Паризький філармонічний оркестр. Також писав музичне супроводження для фільмів, телепередач та театральних спектаклей.
Також писав військову музику, серед якої найвідомішим з його творів є марш у джазовому стилі «Адріатичний міст».
Примітки
Посилання
Miljenko Prohaska biography at the Croatian Musicians Union website (хор.)
Miljenko Prohaska discography at Diskografija.com (хор.)
Хорватські композитори
Хорватські диригенти
Джазмени |
2919553 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8 | Беляни-Ярослави | Беляни-Ярослави — село в Польщі, у гміні Беляни Соколовського повіту Мазовецького воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Седлецького воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Соколовського повіту |
5743585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opat%C3%B3w%20County | Opatów County | Opatów County
Opatów County is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Opatów, which lies east of the regional capital Kielce. The only other town in the county is Ożarów, lying north-east of Opatów.
The county covers an area of . As of 2019 its total population is 53,942, out of which the population of Opatów is 6,466, that of Ożarów is 4,569, and the rural population is 42,907.
Neighbouring counties
Opatów County is bordered by Ostrowiec County and Lipsko County to the north, Opole Lubelskie County to the north-east, Kraśnik County and Sandomierz County to the east, Staszów County to the south-west, and Kielce County to the west.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into eight gminas (two urban-rural and six rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
References
Land counties of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship |
2781009 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B3 | Чака-Сіяг | Чака-Сіяг — село в Ірані, у дегестані Нагр-е Міян, у бахші Заліян, шагрестані Шазанд остану Марказі. За даними перепису 2006 року, його населення становило 343 особи, що проживали у складі 100 сімей.
Клімат
Середня річна температура становить 10,82°C, середня максимальна – 30,36°C, а середня мінімальна – -11,93°C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 280 мм.
Примітки
Населені пункти шагрестану Шазанд |
2778685 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4 | Задукабад | Задукабад — село в Ірані, у дегестані Есфандан, у Центральному бахші, шахрестані Коміджан остану Марказі. За даними перепису 2006 року, його населення становило 72 особи, що проживали у складі 21 сім'ї.
Клімат
Середня річна температура становить 12,21 °C, середня максимальна – 31,92 °C, а середня мінімальна – -11,27 °C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 275 мм.
Примітки
Населені пункти шагрестану Коміджан |
3062595 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%20%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0 | Сказання про хороброго Хочбара | Сказання про хороброго Хочбара
«Сказання про хороброго Хочбара» — радянський телевізійний художній фільм 1986 року, знятий на кіностудії «Ленфільм», історико-романтична драма за поемою Расула Гамзатова «Сказання про Хочбара, уздена з аулу Гідатль, про казі-кумухського хана, про хунзахського нуцала і його дочку Саадат».
Сюжет
Історія розповідається мандрівником-європейцем на ім'я Дон Ребо, який знаходився під час описуваних подій в Аварістані. Горець Хочбар живе в аулі Хотода, який залишився єдиним вільним аулом, який не підкоряється хунзахському нуцалу. Одного разу хунзахський загін нападає на Хотоду, причому син нуцала вбиває собаку Хочбара і забирає його папаху. Повернувшись в аул, Хочбар вирішує помститися: він і його товариші роблять набіг на Хунзах і викрадають дочку нуцала Саадат. Вона посватана з сином казі-кумухського хана, однак, щоб не зізнаватися у тому, що дочка викрадена, нуцал вирішує розірвати заручини ціною втрати дружби з ханом. Хочбар ставить умови, на яких він згоден повернути Саадат, і нуцалу доводиться погодитися. Саадат повертається в Хунзах, і її сватають вже за сина кумикського шамхала. Проте по дорозі на рівнину весільний поїзд легко можуть захопити люди хана. Нуцал в замішанні, і тут перед ним з'являється Хочбар і пропонує свої послуги: він доставить наречену нареченому, але нуцал повинен назавжди залишити в спокої Хотоду. Нуцал дає клятву. Хочбар їде з нареченою і її служницями через гори, потрапляючи в полон до хана. Там він змагається в боротьбі з сином хана Мусалавом і перемагає його. Розлучившись з ханом і його сином мирно, Хочбар доводить Саадат до рівнини. Несподівано Саадат зізнається Хочбару в любові і просить взяти її за дружину або служниці, але Хочбар не хоче порушити даного ним слова. Після весілля Хочбар повертається в аул. Незабаром нуцал запрошує його в Хунзах, куди приїхали Саадат з чоловіком Уланом. Коли Хочбар прибуває, його хапають і готуються спалити в ямі з вогнем. Перед смертю Хочбар знову бачить Саадат і намагається танцювати для молодят. Потім він хапає сина нуцала і кидається в огонь разом з ним. Саадат тікає і зривається в прірву над річкою.
У ролях
Костянтин Бутаєв — Хочбар
Абдурашид Максудов — Нуцал
Ірина Логунович — Саадат
Баганд Магомедов — Башир
Данило Подольський — Кікав-Омар
Мухтарбек Кантемиров — Магома
Магомед Халілов — Науш
Вітаутас Паукште — Дон Ребо
Юнус Юсупов — Лекав
Абдулкерім Керімов — Гула
Равшан Касімов — Улан
Сулейман Умалаєв — хан Казикумухський
Шаміль Гаджиєв — Мусалав
Анатолій Сливников — полковник
Знімальна група
Режисери: Асхаб Абакаров, Михайло Ордовський
Сценарій: Світлана Кармаліта, Олексій Герман
Художній керівник: Олексій Герман
Оператори-постановники: Олег Куховаренко, Микола Покопцев
Художник-постановник: Валерій Юркевич
Композитор: Ширвані Чалаєв
Звукорежисер: Михайло Вікторов
Директор картини: Ігор Колобов
Посилання
Фільми СРСР 1986
Фільми-драми СРСР
Фільми кіностудії «Ленфільм» |
436397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Cincinnati | USS Cincinnati | USS Cincinnati
Five ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Cincinnati, after the city of Cincinnati, Ohio.
was an ironclad river gunboat commissioned in 1862, sunk twice in battle and raised each time, and sold in 1866.
was a protected cruiser in service from 1894 to 1919.
was a light cruiser commissioned in 1924, on patrols in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II, and scrapped in 1946.
was a nuclear attack submarine in service from 1978 to 1996.
is an .
Sources
United States Navy ship names |
3311130 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%91%D0%B0-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%81%20%28%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%29 | Каягоґа-Гайтс (Огайо) | Каягоґа-Гайтс (Огайо)
Каягога-Гайтс — селище в США, в окрузі Каягога штату Огайо. Населення — 573 особи (2020).
Географія
Каягога-Гайтс розташована за координатами (41.436150, -81.653679). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році селище мало площу 8,33 км², з яких 7,96 км² — суходіл та 0,37 км² — водойми.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкало 638 осіб у 258 домогосподарствах у складі 169 родин. Густота населення становила 77 осіб/км². Було 278 помешкань (33/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 0,3 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 0,9 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 25,9 % — особи молодші 18 років, 58,0 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 16,1 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 40,5 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 83,9 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 87,0 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долари . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 17,5 % осіб, у тому числі 24,2 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 7,2 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 285 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 15,4 %, мистецтво, розваги та відпочинок — 10,2 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 9,8 %, публічна адміністрація — 9,5 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Селища Огайо
Населені пункти округу Каягога (округ) |
4524409 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8 | Секвани | Секвани — кельтське плем'я, що жило у східній частині Трансальпійської Галлії біля гельветів, едуїв, аллоброгів та лінгонів.Пізніше територія секванів склала особливу провінцію, під назвою Maxima Sequanorum із головним містом Везонціоном (нині Безансон). ІЗ інших міст були відомі Epamantadurum, Magetohria, Segobodium, Luxovium, Dittatium. Секвани були досить розвинутими і керувалися власними князями.
Географічне розташування секванів
Кордони секванів становили на південному сході гори Юра, які відокремлювали секванів від гельветів. На заході - річка Арар (нині Сона), яка відокремлювала секванів та едуїв. На півночі - Вогези.
Ворожнеча секванів та едуїв
На правому березі річки Арар проживало плем'я едуїв. У них на річці було місто Кабілінум і фортеця Бібракте.Едуї називалися родичами римлян і першими серед племен уклали з римлянами дружні взаємовідносини та союз.На лівому березі річки проживали секвани, які з давніх часів ворожі римлянам та едуям, тому вони нерідко приєднувалися до німців під час їх набігів на Італію, доводячи, що являють собою неабияку силу, бо в союзі з ними германці ставали сильнішими, ніж без них. Також ворожнечу підсилювала проблема панування на річці Арар, що поділяла їх, тому що кожне плем'я вважало Арар своєю власністю, вважаючи, що йому належать і провізні мита.
Секвани у Галльській війні
У перший рік Галльської війни (58 рік до нашої ери) Дівітіак із плем'я едуїв прибув до Риму шукати підтримки у сенату.Едуї і секвани вели запеклу боротьбу, але секвани найняли германців, які перейшли через Рейн на чолі з Аріовістом.Едуї зазнали поразки від германців, але секвани постраждали ще більше, тому що Аріовіст захопив владу, забрав найкращу землю і наказав захопити ще більше землі. Цезар вирішив розібратися з цією проблемою, якнайшвидше. Цезар перемагає Аріовіста та повертає секванам землі і свободу.
Повстання за правління Тиберія
відбулося в 21 році. Кельтська знать мала на меті повалення римського панування. До незначного повстання приєдналися полчища треверів під проводом Юлія Флора та едуї з секванами під проводом . Метою заколоту Сакровіра було не усунення, але перетворення римського управління. Повстання мало напівнаціональний характер, оскільки Сакровір вважав, що походить від побічного сина Цезаря, що свідчить про ненависть до чужоземних правителів, яка підсилювалась тягарем податків і фінансовою потребою.
Секвани і Галльська імперія
Галльська імперія проіснувала не довго, а її крах був вирішений заздалегідь. Цивілісу і навіть самим галлам вона була не потрібна. Ініціаторами змови були тревери і лінгони, які не знайшли підтримки. Лінгони хотіли змусити приєднатися до повстання секванів, але ті їх негайно вигнали зі своєї країни.
Також секвани вбили лінгона Юнія Сабіна нащадка побічного сина Цезаря, який очолював повстання в Галлії, разом з Юлієм Класіком (вождь треверов) та Юлієм Тутором (начальник гарнізонів середнього Рейну).
Примітки
Література
Арсеньев К. К. и Петрушевский Ф. Ф. Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона в 86 томах.
Страбон. География в 17 книгах.
Гай Юлий Цезарь. Записки о галльской войне. Книга I. Главы 31-54.
Теодор Моммзен. История Рима в 5 томах.
Кельтські племена |
17269264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan%20Gyuri%20Pascu | Ioan Gyuri Pascu | Ioan Gyuri Pascu (also credited as Ioan Ghiurico Pascu, Gyuri Pascu, and Ghyuri Pascu; August 31, 1961 – September 26, 2016) was a Romanian pop music singer, producer, actor, and comedian, also known for his participation in the comedy group Divertis and for his activity in Romanian cinema and television. Moving between rock music, rhythm and blues, reggae, and jazz, the multi-instrumentalist Pascu founded a number of bands and registered success particularly during the early 1990s, when he was the lead singer of a group known as The Blue Workers. Pascu was the manager of several alternative music acts with his label Tempo Music and remained an outspoken critic of Romanian commercial radio.
Noted for his impressions and musical acts within Divertis political satire shows, Pascu was also a successful actor, appearing in film productions such as Lucian Pintilie's An Unforgettable Summer and Cristian Mungiu's Occident, and portraying known characters in Romanian theater in various stage adaptations. He also wrote sports columns and was a writer of Christian literature.
He received an offer from Walt Disney Pictures, and he provides the voice of King Louie in 2006 for the Romanian version of the film, The Jungle Book.
Biography
Early life
Pascu was a native of Agnita (at the time part of Brașov Region, now in Sibiu County), where he graduated from primary school. He was born to an ethnic Romanian father and a half-Hungarian mother; on his mother's side, he was also the descendant of Poles and Slovaks. His mother was a Roman Catholic and his father, like Gyuri, was a Romanian Orthodox. His name reflects his complex heritage: Ioan was chosen as his Romanian name; his second name was the Hungarian Gyurika, but it was recorded as Ghiurico in his birth certificate and personal documents ever since—as Pascu later indicated, this was because neither his father nor the notary were familiar with Hungarian phonology. Pascu, who was fluent in the Hungarian language, preferred the hypocoristic Gyuri.
Pascu began to study piano when he was nine years old, and sang soprano in his school choir, entertaining his friends with impressions of well-known pop singers. During fifth grade, he started playing handball with an amateur team, discarding piano lessons and contemplating a career in acting. He also taught himself guitar.
At age fourteen, Pascu's voice changed. He was still a soprano in the choir, but had to use his head voice. As a high school student, Pascu had to enlist in the Union of Communist Youth (UTC), the Romanian communist regime compulsory youth organization. In 1976, he enrolled at the Agnita High School, which later became the Agro-Industrial High School. The same year, he gave up handball and began a more formal study of guitar music, using the Maria Boeru textbook as his guide. He debuted as an amateur actor in 1977, with a school theater performance at the Agnita House of Culture.
Pascu was also interested in the Cenaclul Flacăra concerts, an outlet for American folk-inspired and folk rock, tolerated under communism. He became familiar with Western music acts such as Olivia Newton-John and Queen, and active in the UTC's cultural brigade, wrote and performed his first folk-rock numbers.
Trandafirii Negri and Fundal
In May 1978, Pascu attended an International Workers' Day celebration in Mediaș, where he befriended brothers Septimiu and Horia Moldovan, who were in the same band as pop singer Elena Cârstea. According to Pascu's official site, they played Western rock hits for him, including Deep Purple's "Child in Time" and Uriah Heep's "July Morning". Between 1978 and 1980, Pascu sang with the Moldovans' band Trandafirii Negri, and was invited to perform with them at wedding parties and similar festivities. With the money he earned, he purchased his first acoustic guitar directly from the factory in Reghin, and taught himself to play drums. He composed one of his first published songs, "Melancolie" ("Melancholy"), in 1979.
In 1980, Pascu applied for Târgu Mureș' Szentgyörgyi István Drama School, but failed the entry exam. He worked in a state-owned factory as a lathe operator, and for several months in 1980, was conscripted into the Romanian Land Forces, where he met other amateur musicians who were undergoing military training. Together they founded the rock band Fundal, with Pascu as lead singer and drummer. They performed in the nationwide Cântarea României festival.
In 1982, their military term over, Pascu and Fundal returned to Mediaș, where Pascu was discovered by Romanian Radio's Radio Vacanța station. He was invited to perform at the station's youth concerts, where he met and befriended Teo Peter, bass player for Compact, and music promoter Andrei Partoș. During 1982, Pascu also played Cenaclul Flacăra concerts, and was billed for the UTC's Scînteia Tineretului shows. He later described his mentoring by rock singers Cristi Minculescu, Liviu Tudan, Adi Ordean and Vladi Cnejevici as his "third real school". In 1980, Pascu also discovered and became influenced by reggae music. He was introduced to the reggae style by The Police and its reggae fusion sessions, then became a fan of reggae numbers played by African diaspora students in Romanian universities. Twenty years later, Pascu told reporters: "Between 1980 and 1985, I was mad about Bob Marley."
University years and Divertis debut
In 1984, Pascu moved to Cluj-Napoca, and was admitted into the Cluj University Faculty of Letters, studying Romanian and Spanish. He had applied for the similar faculty at the University of Bucharest twice, but failed the entry exam. Soon after admission, he joined the university's theatrical company Ars Amatoria și Fiii, mentored by literary critic Ion Vartic. He performed radio comedy and parody theater during this time, and was involved in Vartic's Echinox literary club. Pascu continued his interest in sports, particularly soccer, and was a noted fan of the college soccer team FC Universitatea Cluj.
In 1986, while Ars Amatoria was touring Bucharest with an adaptation of Ion Luca Caragiale's plays, Pascu met and befriended members of the comedic ensemble and student group Divertis, which performed subtle political satire against Nicolae Ceaușescu's communist rule. Pascu had been a Divertis fan since 1982 and recalled, "I met with the Divertis boys after a show. They liked me [and] asked me to join the group". His first performance with Divertis took place in 1987, at Izvoru Mureșului resort in Harghita County. Pascu resumed his musical career, and also in 1987, was invited by Partoș to sing at a summer festival in Deva.
In 1988–1989, upon graduation, Pascu taught Romanian language and literature at a primary school in Ulmu, Călărași County, but gave up to pursue his singing career. Late in 1989, he was in Semenic, where he met Mircea Baniciu, former member of Romania's leading rock band Phoenix (later Transsylvania Phoenix). He was a guest in Baniciu's home just as the anti-communist Revolution erupted in Timișoara. He rejoined Divertis in Iași, but their scheduled show there was broken up by the communist authorities.
With the end of communism, Pascu diversified his career as an entertainer. After performing a solo music recital in February 1990, he renewed his contract with Divertis, and toured the country with them. Later that year, Divertis performed for the first time in a series of comedy shows airing on Romanian Television channels. The group worked with filmmaker and Traffic Police officer Virgil Vochină, adding comedy bits to his serialized road safety campaign, Reflecții rutiere ("Roadside Reflections"). From December 1990 to 1992, Pascu was employed as a program editor by the same station.
In 1992, with Mircea Rusu, Pascu released the extended play recording Ar putea fi ("It Could Be"). In partnership with his girlfriend Daniela Marin, he founded Tempo Music, which claimed to be Romania's first independent music label. Pascu also founded his own band, The Blue Workers.
First musical and comedic hits
Pascu recalled that during the 1990s, Divertis had to perform dozens of consecutive encores while on tour, which interfered with the group's regular Twin Peaks viewing parties. According to Gardianul newspaper, Pascu's activity with Divertis turned him into "one of the most popular figures in homegrown comedy". In his 2006 interview with Dilema Veche, Divertis founder Toni Grecu recalled that Pascu was notable as the only group member not born in the historical region of Moldavia.
In 1993, Pascu experienced his first significant success in music with the album Mixed Grill and the single "Țara arde și babele se piaptănă" ("The Country Is Burning and Old Women Are Combing Their Hair", referencing a Romanian proverb). A poll conducted by the journal Evenimentul Zilei nominated the track as the best song of 1993, and the nationwide station Radio Contact awarded Pascu its "Composer of the Year" title. Mixed Grill marked Pascu's brief experimentation with a fusion of rock and reggae. Hits such as "Gizzi" and "Mi-am luat colac" ("I Got Me a Lifebuoy") led some to consider him one of the pioneers of Romanian reggae, years ahead of acts like El Negro and Pacha Man. The mix of genres became characteristic of Pascu's work in music: "When I was writing records, I figured that, should someone, say, be playing my record at a party, they would have several kinds to choose from, and they would not grow bored. But it's not because of that, I think that's how inspiration visits me, that this is how I write. I won't stick to any one musical genre." In addition to the piano, guitar and drums, Pascu also began playing the harmonica.
Soon after marrying Daniela Marin in August 1993, Pascu was invited by director Lucian Pintilie to star in his film An Unforgettable Summer, alongside Kristin Scott Thomas, Claudiu Bleonț and Marcel Iureș. Pascu, who referred to filming on location as his mock-honeymoon, received good reviews for his performance.
Over the following years, Pascu and The Blue Workers released two EPs, the rhythm and blues record Mașina cu jazzolină ("The Jazzolin Engine") and Caseta pentru minte, inimă și gură ("The Cassette for the Mind, Heart and Mouth"). Pascu also appeared on a number of comedy recordings released by Divertis, earning Pascu the reputation of a protest song writer. He was inspired by Romanian politics and the social debates of the 1990s to write hits like "Morcovul românesc" ("The Romanian Carrot") and "Instalatorul" ("The Plumber"). Pascu acknowledged his political streak, recognized what he considered the necessary link between social phenomena and a songwriter's cultural perspective, and argued that songs should always tell a story. One of the parody songs included on Mașina cu jazzolină, titled "Africa, Africa", drew special interest in cultural circles with its satirical undertones. The lyrics suggested that modern Romania was no better than the average African nation. According to historian Sorin Mitu, "Africa, Africa" showed "the Romanians' tendency to relate to extra-European realities", a trend he observed during Ceaușescu's final decade, and then throughout the early post-revolutionary period.
In 1995, after a series of festivals where he sang together with The Blue Workers, Pascu had a solo recital at Brașov's Golden Stag Festival, and was awarded the Best Album trophy by the music magazine Actualitatea Muzicală, for Mașina cu jazzolină. He was also the opening act for Western rock groups touring Romania: the British bands Jethro Tull, Beats International and Asia, and Germany's Scorpions. As a television actor, Pascu was also taking part in the development of Romania's advertising industry. He was chiefly remembered in pop culture as the spokesman for Connex, one of the first mobile phone operators in Romania, with the catchphrase Alo, Maria? ("Hello, Maria?").
In February 1997, Pascu released the album Gânduri nevinovate ("Innocent Thoughts"). According to his website, it can be considered as Pascu's "first less commercial record." Pascu's daughter, Ana Iarina, was born later in the same month.
After 1997, Pascu prioritized his activity as a music promoter and producer. Between 1998 and 2000, he and his wife helped launch successful pop and alternative rock acts such as Vama Veche, Domnișoara Pogany and Dinu Olărașu. After releasing the song collection Poveștile lui Gyuri ("Gyuri's Stories") in 1999, he gave up music, stating that he had become disenchanted with newer pop trends, but returned in 2000 with a limited-release record titled Lasă (muzică de casă), "Leave It (Home Music)". As stated on his website, the record registered success with "his closest fans" and with members of the Romanian-American community.
From Occident to Felix și Otilia
Also in 2000, Pascu began working with filmmaker Cristian Mungiu. He wrote the soundtrack to Mungiu's short film Zapping and appeared with Mircea Diaconu in Mungiu's medium-length film Corul pompierilor. They collaborated in Occident, which featured music composed by Pascu and his supporting role as "Gică", opposite Alexandru Papadopol ("Luci"). This contribution earned Pascu critical accolades. Film critic Alex. Leo Șerban referred to Pascu's "memorable" performance as Papadopol's "cynical, good for all neighbor", and cultural journalist Eugenia Vodă suggested that the "authentic by definition" Pascu added "diaphanous touches" to Mungiu's black comedy.
Two years after Occidents premiere, Pascu released the album Stângul de a visa ("The Left to Dream"), which was less of a commercial success and as Pascu noted, was inconsistent with the editorial policies of commercial radio. According to his website, it was not promoted by the mainstream radio stations, and sold most of its copies during live performances. In a 2009 interview, Pascu argued, "Every time I had songs to pitch, [the stations] would say: 'they're good, but they don't fit in with our policies.' [...] If commercial radio stations were to count, I haven't had put out a record since 1993." He also thanked the file sharing community for circulating copies of his music, even though he lost some royalties. Pascu voiced his opposition to the singing competitions phenomenon, stating that as a one-time member of the Mamaia Festival jury, he had a "bittersweet" experience of Romanian pop politics.
Pascu toured the country to mark the celebration of his 20th year in music, mostly performing in provincial clubs. He continued to give occasional concerts (including as an opening act for Italian singer Albano Carrisi in Arad), and starting in 2003, hosted the musical talk show Taverna on the national television channel, TVR 1. With Divertis, Pascu became a co-host of a regular comedy program on Antena 1, which filmed on location in the United States. He had a recurring sketch on the show titled Felix și Otilea ("Felix and Otilea"), opposite female pop singers Monica Anghel and Jojo, and comedians Cătălin Mireuță and Daniel Buzdugan. He was a voice actor on Animat Planet, a cartoon show produced by Divertis for Antena 1. For these contributions, Pascu was designated "the best comedian of 2003" in a TVR 1 poll.
He released the solo albums O stea ("A Star") and Jocul de-a joaca ("Pretending to Play"), both in 2004. In July 2005, he was invited to sing Brazil's National Anthem at an exhibition soccer match between the 1994 World Cup-winning Brazilian squad and the Romanian team. The same year, he released a greatest hits record, titled 12 ani, 12 balade ("12 Years, 12 Ballads"). Pascu reunited with The Blue Workers for a 2005 nationwide tour and a 2006 performance at the Children's Palace in Bucharest. They appeared at ProEtnica festival in Sighișoara, which celebrated ethnic minorities and the practice of toleration.
Pascu parted with Divertis in 2007. At the time, he indicated that he could no longer handle their tight schedule. The break was not total, though, since Pascu continued to appear on Animat Planet. In a 2007 interview, reflecting on that show's impact, he stated, "I'm not much of a fan of political humor. I simply like the impromptu kind of humor [...]. If [the joke] happens to be political, it is because that is what we have to do in this series." In 2012, he asserted that his break with political humor was definitive, and against the consensus in Divertis—in 2007, Pascu noted there was already a disagreement between him and Toni Grecu. Shortly after his departure, a conflict between Grecu and the other Divertis actors broke Divertis into competing halves.
Pascu released the album La jumătatea vieții ("Halfway through Life") at Cluj-Napoca recital, in November 2007. He resumed his stage career during this time as well. In spring 2007, he starred as Rică Venturiano in an adaptation of Caragiale's O noapte furtunoasă, commemorating the 130th anniversary of the play's first public performance. Pascu appeared in Marius Barna's documentary film Utopia impusă ("Forced Utopia"), which investigated ordinary life in Communist Romania, with singer Dan Bittman, literary critic Ion Bogdan Lefter, actor-politician Mircea Diaconu, and historian Marius Oprea.
Writing debut and Pro TV projects
At the age of forty, Pascu began publishing Christian literature, specializing in essays about mysticism. When asked about his beliefs, he declared himself inspired by the Orthodox priest Arsenie Boca and Bulgarian-born New Age mystic Omraam Mikhaël Aïvanhov. In 2007, he said, "We must understand that our destiny, our earthly road, is that of rebuilding the connection with Divinity, with God." Although an Orthodox, Pascu went on pilgrimage to the Roman Catholic Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes.
Pascu was also asked to appear in a Hungarian-produced film, in the role of a Romanian Police officer, and starred in a stage production of Eugène Ionesco's Le Viscomte. He had cameos in television commercials and wrote sports columns in periodicals, including the leisure magazine Time Out Bucharest. In the 2008–2009 season, he played Chief Inspector Fane Popovici in Vine poliția!, a comedy series produced by Pro TV and based on Spain's Los Hombres de Paco. Television critic Cezar Paul-Bădescu called it a "catastrophic" failure.
In April 2009, Pascu provided the comedic intermezzos at UNITER Awards Gala, but his performance received mixed reviews. Three months later, he was the opening act for American folk artist Suzanne Vega at her Bucharest show. Pascu noted that he had honored the invitation only after consulting with his daughter, a Vega fan, and that he adapted his electric guitar songs to the "unplugged" setting, playing the mandolin.
In autumn, he reunited with most of his Divertis colleagues after they moved from Antena 1 to Pro TV. He appeared in a Metropolis Theater production of The Lower Depths by Maxim Gorky, with veteran Ștefan Radof in the lead role. The play opened to good reviews, and Pascu's presence, along with that of other comedic actors (Alexandru Bindea, Tudorel Filimon), was considered an unusual directorial touch to Gorky's tragedy. Pascu and his Blue Workers performed at the Sibiu Jazz Festival. Late in 2009, Pascu and his wife agreed to a divorce.
In April 2010, Pascu sparked criticism in the media when he agreed to perform at a Timișoara rally of Gregorian Bivolaru's Yoga movement (MISA). Bivolaru's legal troubles and allegations regarding MISA's sexual policies were the center of public debates; when contacted by reporters, Pascu stressed that it was a regular gig and stated, "Those people have never harmed me and I have no reason to be avoiding their company." Pascu's activities for that year included other live concerts, including one held during the Bookfest event of June. In November, he was a guest at the Mircea Baniciu tribute concert, entertaining the public with musical impressions of folk singers Nicu Alifantis and Victor Socaciu, and performing Pasărea Colibri classics. Pascu also purchased his own drinking establishment and live music venue, a Bucharest tavern he named Gyuri's Pub, which hosted performances by the Moldovan folk singer Radu Captari. A collaborator of Pascu on solo music projects during spring 2010, Captari sang and played the guitar while riding a horse.
2010 stroke and Divertis split
In late 2010, it was reported that Pascu had suffered a stroke and was recovering at the University Hospital of Bucharest. Romania's media speculated that the stroke was caused by the stress of his divorce, although Pascu had stated that the separation was amiable. His career was jeopardized by the stroke, so Pascu decided to quit drinking alcohol. Pascu resumed artistic life, studying for the part of Cadâr in Victor Ion Popa's comedy Take, Ianke and Cadâr. The production went on a tour of Romanian theaters in the early months of 2011.
Pascu returned to Land of Jokes, the comedic series produced by one half of Divertis for Pro TV, where he played the lead character Nemuriciul (a spoof on Highlander: The Series). His return highlighted the conflict between Toni Grecu, who was producing a political comedy show for the same station, and the less politicized Land of Jokes. In June 2011, Pascu and the other Land of Jokes comedians announced that their split with Divertis was final, and that their contract with Pro TV had reached an end. In an interview with Adevărul daily, the freelance comedians announced that they were considering other offers; Pascu criticized Pro TV's focus on producing talent shows. Pascu later acknowledged that he strongly disliked Pro TV features such as Romania's Got Talent, even though his daughter Iarina appeared on it as part of a gospel music ensemble.
The new comedy troupe took the name Distractis, since "the Land of Jokes brand was left with Pro TV", and in August 2011, signed with TVR 1. Media analyst Iulian Comanescu stated about the move, "The [Distractis] program managed a fifth place in ratings. It is the beginning of the end for one of the most upright and best loved brands in Romanian television."
In October 2011, Pascu returned to Cluj-Napoca as a celebrity host for the inauguration of Cluj Arena, home ground of the soccer club Universitatea. He traveled to Seattle and performed at a fund-raiser for a new Romanian Orthodox cultural center in America. In early 2012, he centered his musical activity on Suceava County, working with local singer-songwriter Lian Cubleșan. Their collaboration resulted in the ballad album Tropa, Tropa... €uropa!, released on January 20 at Câmpulung Moldovenesc, where Pascu and The Blue Workers performed a concert. Pascu appeared with his Occident colleague Mircea Diaconu on the short film Loto, playing the role of a car salesman.
Discography
Ar putea fi (EP, 1992)
Mixed Grill (studio album, 1993)
Mașina cu jazzolină (studio album, 1994)
Casetă pentru minte, inimă și gură (studio album, 1996)
Gânduri nevinovate (studio album, 1997)
Lasă (muzică de casă) (studio album, 2000)
Stângul de a visa (studio album, 2002)
Prinde o stea (studio album, 2003)
Jocul de-a joaca (studio album, 2004)
12 ani, 12 balade (greatest hits album, 2005)
La jumătatea vieții (studio album, 2007)
Tropa, Tropa... €uropa! (with Lian Cubleșan; studio album, 2012)
References
External links
Official Site
Gyuri's Pub (official site)
Tempo Music (official label)
Interview on Radio Lynx Romania
1961 births
2016 deaths
Romanian male singer-songwriters
Romanian rock guitarists
Romanian rock singers
Romanian folk rock musicians
Romanian reggae musicians
Romanian rhythm and blues musicians
Romanian jazz musicians
Romanian jazz pianists
Romanian mandolinists
Romanian multi-instrumentalists
Harmonica players
Rock drummers
Romanian record producers
Romanian comedians
Romanian male film actors
Romanian male stage actors
Romanian radio presenters
Romanian male television actors
Romanian television personalities
Comedy musicians
Impressionists (entertainers)
Romanian male voice actors
Romanian film score composers
Romanian columnists
Romanian essayists
Eastern Orthodox writers
New Age writers
People from Sibiu County
Romanian musicians of Hungarian descent
Romanian people of Polish descent
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Babeș-Bolyai University alumni
Romanian schoolteachers
Romanian restaurateurs
21st-century Romanian male actors
20th-century Romanian male actors |
2809893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi%20i | Mitsubishi i | Mitsubishi i
The is a kei car from automaker Mitsubishi Motors, first released in January 2006, twenty eight months after its debut at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. It is the first four-door automobile since the 1960s to employ a "rear midship" setup with the engine behind the passengers, in an attempt to improve safety and interior space without enlarging the overall exterior.
The innovative layout and styling of the i proved an immediate critical and commercial success, exceeding Mitsubishi's initial sales targets by 20 percent and winning thirteen awards in its first year. Although designed with the Japanese keijidōsha light automobile class in mind, the attention it generated led to its subsequent introduction in right hand drive markets in Asia, Oceania and Europe. It is also used as a basis of the 2009 i-MiEV battery electric vehicle.
Concepts: i, Se-Ro
Two prototypes were exhibited during the car's development. The first was the "i" Concept, which debuted at the 60th Frankfurt Motor Show in 2003, and previewed the car's striking exterior. Motoring journalists were quick to seize on the distinctive silhouette, calling it "a very good egg", and a "crystal ball" with which to see the future of Mitsubishi. One reviewer even speculated it to be an allusion by the vehicle's French-born designer Olivier Boulay to the Renault 4CV, France's popular post-war "people's car" with which the i shared its four-seat, rear-engined layout. Its styling was formally lauded when the i won the Grand Prize at the 50th anniversary Good Design Awards from the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in October 2006, the first kei car to win the award.
Explaining the choice of name, the company claimed that "i" could represent the owner (I, the nominative personal pronoun) as an encouragement to personal expression, or innovation, intelligence and imagination, keywords in the car's development. It was also a play on the Japanese word for love, 愛.
The "i" Concept was powered by a 999 cc powerplant with the company's Mitsubishi Smart Idling (MSI) system, which turns off the engine automatically when the vehicle is stationary, and can restart it within 0.2 seconds. So equipped, Mitsubishi claimed the car was capable of fuel consumption of no more than .
The second prototype, called the Se-Ro and exhibited at the 2003 Tokyo Motor Show, previewed the production model's more conventional mechanical underpinnings, despite having a more radical appearance which bore little resemblance to the final design. Instead, its polished aluminium body was styled to resemble a zeppelin or airship, which Se-Ro design head Shuji Yamada described as a realization of his fantasies of the future from childhood. The aviation theme continued with the name; Se-Ro, short for "secret room", was a veiled reference to the Mitsubishi Zero fighter aircraft of World War II.
Technical details
Body and dimensions
A lightweight steel (not aluminium) structure and a rear-engined layout allowed Mitsubishi to incorporate a larger front crumple zone, in order to meet current safety legislation requirements without compromising interior space. With no powertrain in front of the driver, the designers were able to shorten the front overhang and lengthen the wheelbase to , giving greater legroom for passengers than many comparable kei cars whose wheelbase is typically less. The downside of this design was a reduction in cargo-carrying capacity, which was necessarily compromised by the engine's location in the rear.
Drivetrain
The i has a "rear-midship" engine mounted just ahead of the rear axle, a highly unusual configuration in a small car where front-engine design has dominated since the 1970s. The 3B20 three-cylinder powerplant has an aluminium cylinder block, a displacement of 659 cubic centimetres, and incorporates double overhead camshafts with MIVEC variable valve timing in the cylinder head. Initially only an intercooled and turbocharged engine was offered, until a naturally aspirated version was introduced for 2007. A four-speed automatic gearbox transmits power to the rear or all four wheels, depending on specification.
Suspension, brakes and tires
MacPherson struts are used in the front suspension, and an unusual three-link De Dion tube/Watt's linkage is used in the rear. Front discs with anti-lock braking (ABS) and electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) are standard across the range. In common with many other mid- or rear-engined vehicles its fifteen-inch wheels have uneven-sized tires, 145/65 on the fronts and wider 175/55 on the rears, in an effort to minimise the chances of oversteer caused by the rear-biased weight distribution.
Specifications
Three individual models, or grades, were available on the car's release in 2006; S, M, and G, in ascending order of price. They all shared the same five-door hatchback body style and turbocharged engine, but offered differing levels of options and standard equipment. In 2007 the base S model was given the new naturally aspirated powerplant, and was positioned below the two new grades, L and LX, whose engine it shared.
Domestic and international markets
Mass production began at the company's Mizushima plant in Kurashiki, Okayama, in December 2005, before it was released for sale on January 24, 2006. Priced from ¥1,281,000 to ¥1,617,000, Mitsubishi initially aimed for 5,000 cars per month within the domestic market, and managed to exceed its target in its first month by over 1,000. By the end of 2006, approximately 37,000 had been sold. The company has already exported the i to Singapore, Brunei, Hong Kong, and New Zealand, where like Japan they drive on the left, and introduced it to the United Kingdom on July 1, 2007, with a price of GBP£9,000 and a target of 300 sales per year.
Annual production and sales
(source: Facts & Figures 2012 , Mitsubishi Motors website)
Special editions
From July 25 to 31, 2006 the company displayed a unique Mitsubishi i Hello Kitty edition at the Mitsukoshi department store in Tokyo's Nihonbashi district. Based on the two-wheel drive G model, it had a pink paint scheme with co-ordinated interior, "Princess Kitty" decals on the doors and windows, a ribbon decal on the roof, and themed headrests with small, feline ears. The car, which was described as "the most quintessentially Japanese car...ever" for fusing two of the country's cultural icons—Hello Kitty and keijidōsha—was eventually sold in a charity auction on behalf of UNICEF.
Other limited production models include the i Play edition, a run of 3,000 cars only available in white or black, and featuring a dashboard-mounted slot for an iPod nano,
Also 100 of the i Kurashiki edition with faux denim upholstery, to be sold at a single Mitsubishi dealership in Kurashiki, Okayama, the prefecture where the bulk of Japan's domestic blue jeans manufacturers are located.
1st Anniversary special editions based on the L and M grades were also introduced in early 2007 to commemorate the car's first year on sale.
Electric car version
Mitsubishi has given the i a prominent role in the company's alternative propulsion research projects, developing a version using their MiEV (Mitsubishi innovative Electric Vehicle) technology in 2006 and exhibited at the 22nd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exposition in Yokohama. MMC provided three power companies with vehicles in 2006 and 2007 in order to evaluate how a "fast-charge" infrastructure might be developed for electric vehicles. Fleet testing by five power companies was conducted later in 2007, with a view to future public sales between 2008 and 2010.
The Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric car was launched in Japan for fleet customers in July 2009 and for the general public in April 2010. Sales to the public in Hong Kong began in May 2010, and a trial began in Australia in September 2010. Sales in several European countries began in late 2010 and between December 2011 and March 2012 for the United States west and east coasts, respectively.
Awards
The i won the 2007 Car of the Year award from the Japanese Automotive Researchers and Journalists Conference (RJC), and two other "Car of the Year" awards, from the Carview Corporation website and the Consumer's Choice. It also won the "Most Advanced Technology" Special Achievement Award at the 2006–07 Japan Car of the Year awards, where it was nominated unsuccessfully in the overall Car of the Year category, and ranked first in the Japan Mini-Car APEAL Study published by J.D. Power Asia Pacific in October 2006, with a higher score than any previous winner.
Aside from the 2006 Good Design Grand Prix, its style won Design Awards from the Japan Automotive Hall of Fame (JAHFA), and the magazines Popeye and Car Styling.
See also
Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric car
References
External links
Official sites:
• • •
Cars introduced in 2006
Hatchbacks
Kei cars
I
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
eo:Mitsubishi i |
25409 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%20I%20%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97%29 | Карл I (король Англії) | Карл I (король Англії)
Карл І (за англійською традицією Чарльз I; 19 листопада 1600 — 30 січня 1649) — король Англії й Ірландії з 1625 року, з династії Стюартів, син Якова І (Джеймса І Англійського, Джеймса (Якова) VI Шотландського), батько Карла ІІ. Правління Карла I відоме як Каролінська епоха.
Після того, як він успадковував трон свого батька, почалися незгоди з парламентом. Король прийняв Петицію про Права (1628 рік), але потім розпустив парламент і правив без нього (1629—1640, «одинадцять років тиранії»). Вів фінансову політику, що викликала народне невдоволення.
У ході англійської революції XVII століття був усунутий від влади і страчений 1649 року.
Молоді роки
Карл I був другим сином короля Англії та Шотландії Якова I та Анни Данської. Він народився 19 листопада 1600 у Данфермлінському палаці у Файфі, Шотландія. У дитинстві Карл не мав особливих здібностей, пізно навчився ходити й розмовляти. Після того, як його батько у 1603 році став королем Англії та переїхав до Лондона, принц Карл ще деякий час залишався в Шотландії, бо був вкрай хворобливою дитиною, яка важко переносила переїзди. Навіть досягнувши зрілості, Карл I продовжував відчувати проблеми зі здоров'ям, був невисоким — лише 162 см.
Спадкоємцем престолу Королівства Англія та Королівства Шотландія був старший брат Карла Генрі, принц Уельський, на якого покладались великі надії в англійському суспільстві. Карлу 1603 року було надано титул герцога Олбані, а у 1605 році він став герцогом Йоркським. Однак у 1612 році принц Генрі несподівано помер, і Карл став спадкоємцем короля Якова I, принцом Уельським і графом Честерським (із 1616 року).
Вже у 1620 році почались перемовини про шлюб принца Карла з іспанською інфантою, що спричинило невдоволення англійського парламенту, який прагнув до союзу з протестантськими державами. У той же час принц зблизився з фаворитом свого батька Джорджем Вільєрсом, 1-м герцогом Бекінгемом. У 1623 році вони разом здійснили авантюрну подорож до Мадрида й особисто втрутились у перемовини щодо шлюбу. Але особиста неприязнь між Бекінгемом та іспанським королівським двором, а також вимоги іспанців про перехід принца у католицьку віру зруйнували перемовини й весілля не відбулось. Більше того, Бекінгем і Карл після повернення до Королівства Англія виступили за розрив відносин з Іспанією та оголошення війни. Вже у 1624 році англійський експедиційний корпус висадився в Нідерландах для ведення воєнних дій проти іспанської армії. Одночасно почались перемовини про шлюб Карла і Генрієтти-Марії, дочки Генріха IV, короля Франції. Їх успішному завершенню сприяв Джордж Ґорінг
Сходження на престол
Вступивши на престол, Карл, для ведення війни на континенті, зажадав від парламенту субсидій; але парламент хотів вирішити спочатку справи про незаконні корабельні податки й про релігійні питання. Карл двічі розпускав парламент і самовладно збирав податки. Не отримавши достатньо грошей, Карл був змушений знову скликати парламент й затвердити «Петицію про Права».
Одноосібне правління та релігійні реформи
У 1628 році було вбито Бекінгема, який мав великий вплив на Карла. Тоді значну вагу отримав лорд-скарбник Річард Вестон, що виступав проти активної зовнішньої політики. Фактично усі внутрішні справи королівства Карл вирішував лише за порадами Вестона.
Незаконне збирання податків, всупереч «петиції про права», спричинило обурення у парламенті, який Карл знову розпустив 1629 року. У результаті Річарда Вестона було врятовано від імпічменту. Після цього він упродовж 11 років правив сам, добуваючи гроші поборами, штрафами, монополіями тощо. Після смерті Вестона у 1634 році політичну вагу набув Томас Вентворт, у подальшому граф Страффорд, людина талановита, але жорстока й властолюбна; він вигадав план введення абсолютної влади короля за допомогою регулярної армії, та з успіхом застосовував його сам, будучи намісником Ірландії. Бажаючи запровадити усюди в королівстві єдину Англіканську церкву, Карл переслідував пуританство, віддаючи перевагу навіть папізму; примасу Лоду він дозволив запровадити цноту духовенства, вчення про чистилище, молитву за померлих й багато інших догматів, що зближували церкву з Римом.
Політика в Шотландії
Основною метою політики Карла I було посилення влади короля та, що можливо, ще важливіше, церкви. Заради цього король був готовий пожертвувати традиційними правами станів і принципом недоторканності приватної власності його підданих. Трагедія правління Карла I полягала багато в чому не стільки метою короля, скільки методами її реалізації: майже завжди погано продуманими, надто прямолінійними і з чітко вираженим забарвленням келійності, що тягнуло за собою зростання невдоволення широких верств населення й посилення опозиції королю. Окрім того, на відміну від свого батька, Карл I не був близько знайомий з обстановкою в Шотландії, а серед його радників практично не було шотландців. У результаті єдиним способом комунікації з шотландськими опозиціонерами став силовий тиск, арешти й маніпулювання королівськими прерогативами.
У 1625 році Карл I видав «Акт про ревокацію», відповідно до якого анулювались всі земельні дарування королями Шотландії, починаючи з 1540 року. Передусім це стосувалось колишніх церковних земель, секуляризованих протягом Реформації. Дворяни могли зберегти ці землі у своїй власності, але за умови виплати грошової компенсації, яка йшла на підтримку церкви. Цей указ зачіпав більшу частину шотландського дворянства та спричинив масове невдоволення. Однак король відмовився розглядати петицію шотландців проти ревокації. Того ж року парламент Шотландії під тиском короля санкціював обкладання податком на чотири роки вперед. Це невдовзі призвело до того, що оподаткування земель і прибутків у країні стало постійним, а така практика не відповідала традиційним для Шотландії уявленням про джерела фінансування короля.
Практично з самого початку свого правління Карл I почав активно залучати на вищі державні посади єпископів. Першою особою королівської адміністрації Шотландії став Джон Споттісвуд, архієпископ Сент-Ендрюський, лорд-канцлер з 1635 року. Більшість у королівській раді перейшла до єпископів на збиток для шотландських аристократів, єпископи також фактично стали визначати склад Комітету статей і кандидатури на посади мирових суддів. Значна частина представників шотландського єпископату того часу не мала авторитету у своєї пастви й не мала зв'язків із дворянством. Аристократія ж, відсторонена від управління, не мала доступу до короля, двір якого практично постійно перебував у Лондоні.
Опозиція правлінню Карла I, передусім дворянська, виникла практично одразу після його вступу на престол. Прагнучи не допустити її посилення, король після 1626 року відмовлявся скликати парламент Шотландії та генеральну асамблею шотландської церкви. Тільки у 1633 році, під час першого приїзду короля в Шотландію, було скликано парламент, який під тиском Карла I затвердив акт про супрематію короля у питаннях релігії. Одночасно Карл I впровадив до шотландського богослужіння низку англіканських канонів та створив нове єпископство — Единбурзьке, на чолі якого встав Вільям Форбс, палкий прибічник англіканських реформ. Це спричинило вибух обурення в Шотландії, однак Карл I знову відмовився розглядати петицію шотландських дворян проти церковних нововведень та маніпулювання королем виборами до парламенту. Один з авторів петиції, лорд Балмеріно був у 1634 році заарештований і засуджений до смерті за звинуваченням у зраді.
Незважаючи на зростання опозиції королівським реформам у галузі богослужіння, Карл I продовжив політику зближення шотландського пресвітеріанства з англіканством. У 1636 році за підписом короля було видано реформовані канони шотландської церкви, в яких не згадувались пресвітерії та парафіяльні збори, а у 1637 році введено нову літургію, яка передбачала цілу низку англіканських елементів, культ святих, багате церковне убранство. Ці реформи були сприйняті у шотландському суспільстві як спроба реставрації католицьких обрядів і спричинили консолідацію всіх станів в опозиції католицизму, єпископату й авторитаризму короля.
Повстання у Шотландії
23 липня 1637 року спроба провести перше богослужіння за новою літургією в Единбурзі спричинила стихійне повстання городян. Цей бунт негайно підтримали у різних частинах Шотландії, він спричинив потік петицій королю з різних графств і міст проти реформи літургії. У відповідь Карл I наказав видалити з Единбурга петиціонерів. Лідери дворянської опозиції (Балмеріно, Лаудон, Роутс) подали королю протест проти єпископату й реформи церкви й оголосили про скликання зборів станів Шотландії. Під тиском наростання руху опору єпископи були змушені залишити шотландську королівську раду, більше того, низка її членів приєдналась до опозиції (граф Траквер, лорд Лорн).
28 лютого 1638 року в Единбурзі представники шотландської аристократії, дворянства, духовенства й міст підписали Національний ковенант — маніфест опозиції, який засуджував спроби реформування пресвітеріанської церкви й передбачав спільні дії шотландської нації для захисту релігії. Ковенант також затвердив супрематію парламенту у законодавчій сфері, зберігши, однак, лояльність до короля. Копії цього маніфесту були розіслані в основні міста і графства Шотландії, після чого всією країною підписання і клятви вірності Ковенанту набули масового характеру. Шотландський народ згуртувався навколо Національного Ковенанту на захист своєї віри.
На перемовини з ковенанторами король відрядив маркіза Гамільтона та запропонував призупинити дію нових канонів і літургії. Однак це вже не могло задовольнити шотландців, які тепер вимагали повної ліквідації єпископату. Провал місії Гамільтона змусив Карла I розширити свої поступки: 10 вересня 1638 року було скасовано дію «П'яти статей», всіх новацій у богослужінні й підтверджено «Негативну сповідь» Якова VI. Король також погодився на скликання генеральної асамблеї шотландської церкви у Глазго. На виборах ковенантери здобули повну перемогу. Отже, асамблея, скасувавши усі церковні реформи короля, ухвалила рішення про скасування єпископату. Це означало розрив із королем і початок війн між Карлом I та його шотландськими підданими, що увійшли до історії під назвою «Єпископські війни».
Громадянська війна
У цей час спалахнуло повстання в Ірландії, де Карл зібрав гроші від католиків, пообіцявши їм пільги, але не додержав обіцянки. Після остаточного розриву з парламентом Карл 23 серпня 1642 року, підняв у Ноттінгемі королівський прапор, з чого формально почалась громадянська війна. Після перших перемог Карла та нерішучих битв 1644 й 1645 років, 14 липня 1645 року відбулась битва під Несбі; тут у переможеного Карла було захоплено його папери, що викрили його оборудки з католиками, звернення по допомогу до іноземних держав, угоду з ірландцями. У травні 1646 року Карл з'явився у таборі шотландців у Келгемі й утримувався в Шотландії майже як в'язень, лавіруючи у своїх обіцянках між пуританами та пресвітеріанами, поки у січні 1647 року його за 400 тисяч фунтів стерлінгів передали в руки англійського парламенту, який ув'язнив його у Гольмбі під суворим наглядом. Звідти, захопленого армією Карла перевели у Гемптон Кортський палац.
Олівер Кромвель і Генрі Айртон запропонували йому умови повернення влади, дуже помірковані; але Карл, сподіваючись отримати більше вигод, таємно перемовлявся з парламентом і шотландцями й ухилявся від пропозицій Кромвеля; у листопаді 1647 року він втік на острів Вайт, але невдовзі знову потрапив у полон. З полону Карла намагався врятувати Артур Капель, але сам був змушений здатись у полон генералу Томасу Ферфаксу під Колчестером.
Суд і страта
Підбурення до повстання, спроби яких Карл продовжував здійснювати з в'язниці, призвели до петицій від усіх полків про призначення суду над ним. «Охвістя» обрало 150 комісарів (потім число їх зменшилось до 135), з юристом Джоном Бредшоу на чолі, для суду над королем. Карл постав перед цим судилищем, яке визнало його винним як тирана, зрадника й ворога вітчизни, та засудило його до смерті. 30 січня 1649 року Карла було страчено у палаці Вайтголл. У передсмертній промові Карл заявив з ешафоту натовпу: «Я маю сказати вам, що ваші вільності та свободи полягають у наявності уряду, у тих законах, які найкращим чином забезпечують вам життя і збереження майна. Це відбувається не через участь в управлінні, яке у жодному разі вам не належить. Підданий і володар — це абсолютно різні поняття». За кілька хвилин до страти Карл I продовжував відстоювати абсолютизм з такою самою впертістю, як і в роки найбільшого розквіту своєї могутності. Останньою його фразою було: «Пам'ятайте!».
Після страти кат підняв голову колишнього короля, але слова «ось голова зрадника» (традиційні під час страти зрадників і ворогів держави) не вимовив. Сучасники відзначають близький до шокового стан натовпу. У безпрецедентному жесті, голову короля пришили назад до тіла, щоб родичі мали можливість гідно попрощатись і поховати його.
Тіло Карла відвезли у Віндзор, де й було поховано 8 лютого у каплиці Святого Георгія.
Канонізація
Канонізований в Англіканській Церкві як Святий Мученик. День Пам'яті — 30 січня.
Характеристика
Приватне життя Карла було бездоганним; він мав смак у літературі й мистецтві, але не мав найбільш суттєвих якостей короля; стосовно улюбленців він виявляв прив'язаність, що доходила до слабкості, дворушництво вважав за політичну мудрість і легко порушував свої обіцянки.
Цікаві факти
На честь Карла I названо штати США — Північну й Південну Кароліну. За версією ж Вінстона Черчилля («Британія у новий час») ці штати назвали на честь Карла ІІ, сина Карла І, приблизно одночасно із перейменуванням міста Новий Амстердам у Нью-Йорк (на честь його брата герцога Йорка).
Родовід
Література
Англійська буржуазна революція XVII ст. Москва-1954
Гізо Ф. Історія Англійської революції. Ростов-на-Дону-1996
Disraeli, «Commentaries on the life and reign of Charles I» (Единбург, 1828 — 31)
Forest, «Arrest of the Five Members by Charles I» (Лондон, 1860)
Gardiner, «Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage, 1617—1623» (Лондон, 1869)
Wedgwood C. V. The Trial of Charles I. Лондон-1964
Bowle J. Charles I. Лондон-1975
Gregg P. King Charles I. Лондон-1981
Carlton C. Charles I. Лондон-1983
Примітки
Посилання
Королі Англії
Королі Шотландії
Обезголовлені
Страчені монархи
Скинуті монархи
Стюарти
Люди на марках
Уродженці Данфермліна
Померли в Лондоні
Принци Уельські |
91702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry%20County%2C%20Tennessee | Perry County, Tennessee | Perry County, Tennessee
Perry County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,366, with an average population density of , making it the least densely populated county in Tennessee. Its county seat and largest town is Linden. The county is named after American naval commander and War of 1812 hero Oliver Hazard Perry.
In 1806, the Cherokee ceded to the United States the land that would later become Perry County in the Treaty of Washington. The county was established by the Tennessee General Assembly in 1819 from parts of Wayne County, Hickman County, and Humphreys County. In 1845, the portions of Perry County located west of the Tennessee River were split off to form Decatur County.
Agriculture and forestry are the largest components of the local economy, supplemented by light industry and tourism. Perry County is one of the most economically disadvantaged counties in the state. It was severely impacted by the Great Recession of 2008, at one point having the second highest unemployment rate in the United States, and continues to lag behind the rest of the state in various economic indicators, including income inequality and poverty rates. Transportation infrastructure is limited, and no railroads, commercial airports, or freeways are present in the county.
Over 80 percent of the county is forested. The county's terrain is largely defined by its two major rivers, the Buffalo and the Tennessee, and features ridges and valleys that form tributaries to the rivers. Agriculture and outdoor recreation benefit from plentiful fresh water sources, fertile crop land, and abundant wildlife. Mousetail Landing State Park is the largest protected area in the county and a significant driver of nature tourism in the region.
History
Prehistory and early settlement
Archaeological evidence suggests a significant population of mound building Native Americans in the county, with several mounds located near the Tennessee River at Lady's Bluff. One of the largest mounds in the state was built between 1000 and 1300 CE in the county on Cedar Creek. Though it has been reduced in size due to erosion and agricultural activity, it still measures approximately high and in circumference. Archaeological surveys conducted in the 1970s and 1980s discovered evidence of early Archaic through late Woodland settlement concentrated in bottomland (low-lying alluvial land) in the Tennessee River basin near Mousetail Landing State Park, with evidence of Paleoindian occupation in one site. More recently, shore erosion associated with increased traffic on the river has exposed burial sites and middens associated with pre-European settlement in the park. Arrowheads and spear tips associated the Mississippian, Woodland, and Copena cultures have been found along the Tennessee River tributaries in the western half of the county. One example of ancient Native American statuary, an tall female figure unearthed prior to 1868 near a mound in the county, is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.
On January 7, 1806, with the signing of the Treaty of Washington, the Cherokee ceded to the United States a large tract of territory in the south-central portion of Tennessee that included the area that would become Perry County. Permanent settlement by people of European descent along with enslaved people of African descent began shortly after this treaty was ratified. The area was found to have very productive bottomland with an abundance of water, timber, and wild game. The earliest settlers likely arrived from nearby counties in Middle Tennessee, although some immigrated to the area from North Carolina, Alabama, and Kentucky.
Between 1810 and 1812, the first gristmill in the area was established on Cane Creek. The first known birth of a person of European descent in the area occurred in 1818 along Toms Creek. Some of the early settlers were veterans of the War of 1812, and some had probably received land grants in the area from the state of North Carolina for service in the American Revolution. It is likely the first settlers arrived via the Tennessee River based on the location of the first settlements being located near natural river landings.
Formation and early history
In 1819, the Tennessee General Assembly passed an act providing: The county, named in honor of Oliver Hazard Perry, was officially organized that same year.
In 1820, the first court in the county was held in the home of James Dickson (or Dixon) near Lick Creek under a Judge Humphreys. The county's first school was established by Ferney Stanley on Toms Creek the same year. In 1821, the county seat was established in Perryville, a river port located on the west bank of the Tennessee River and originally known as Midtown. A log courthouse was constructed in Perryville, but was later replaced with a brick structure. Early in its history, Perryville was a relatively important river port and settlement, with some sources noting David Crockett, Andrew Jackson, Sam Houston, and James K. Polk all having visited the town at some point. By 1837, however, the town was reportedly in a ruinous state and described as a "miserable looking settlement" by one traveler, even though it remained the county seat and an active river landing.
In 1825, the county's militia was formalized as the 68th Regiment, 11th Brigade, Tennessee Militia. Later, in 1827, the county militia was split into two regiments by the state legislature, with one regiment drawing from the area east of the Tennessee River, and the other drawing from the west, marking one of the first legal splits of the county along the river. In 1830, the settlement of Beardstown was established on a high bluff overlooking the Buffalo River.
By the early 1830s, significant deposits of iron ore had been discovered in the county. Sufficient quantities were being extracted to justify the construction of a large iron ore furnace on Cedar Creek near the Tennessee River between 1832 and 1834. At its peak, it processed 1,400 tons of pig iron annually, using both free and enslaved labor, and taking advantage of the most advanced "hot blast" smelting techniques available at the time. By 1838, a community had grown around the furnace, including mills, barracks for free and enslaved workers, a storehouse, blacksmith shops, and other workshops and outbuildings. The furnace shut down in 1862, during the Civil War, and was never brought back in to service. The Cedar Grove Iron Furnace is the only twin-stack iron furnace remaining in Tennessee. In addition to iron ore, some marble mining was conducted in the county in the middle of the 19th century.
In February 1833, the issue of nullification, or the ability of state governments to unilaterally invalidate Federal laws as unconstitutional, was raised in a mass meeting in Perryville. After speakers for and against Federal supremacy were heard, a resolution was passed unanimously supporting the right of the President to execute the laws passed by Congress, condemning the acts of nullification in South Carolina, and reaffirming the necessity of the maintenance of the Union. On July 10, 1843, the courthouse at Perryville was destroyed in a fire, and through at least late 1844 meetings that would otherwise have been held in the courthouse were held in warehouses along the river. No record exists of a courthouse being re-built in Perryville.
By the late 1830s, the difficulties of conducting government business in a county split by a major river that lacked reliable crossings was becoming more apparent. In 1837, a bill was passed in the state legislature creating an entry-taker's office in the eastern portion of the county, duplicating many of the county government's functions. Demands to separate the portion of the county west of the Tennessee River were increasing by 1845, citing the "danger and expense in attending courts...and other business in the county seat [of Perryville]" by people living on the opposite side. That year, bills proposing the creation of a new county formed by the portions of Perry County west of the river appeared in the state legislature. In November 1845 the legislature passed an act to create Decatur County from the land occupied by Perry County west of the Tennessee River. The seat of government and courts were then temporarily relocated from Perryville to a village near the new geographic center of the county known as Harrisburg.
In 1847, located approximately north of Harrisburg on the west bank of the Buffalo River were donated to the county by David B. Harris for the building of a new county seat. The town was initially named Milton, in honor of Milton Brown, but when it was discovered that there was already a town of the same name in the state, it was renamed Linden after the Thomas Campbell poem "Hohenlinden". The land was divided into plots and a public square, and the plots were sold off to provide funds for the construction of public buildings. Linden was established as the county seat in 1848, where it remains , and is the largest municipality in the county. A temporary structure to house the court was built in 1848, and was replaced by a wooden frame building in 1849. Harrisburg no longer exists as an organized entity or recognized location. During this time period, in 1844, the community of Flatwoods, originally known as Whitaker's Bluff, was established along the Buffalo River in the southern part of the county by a group of settlers from Halifax, North Carolina.
In 1850, it was reported that there were 10 grist mills, a saw mill, a furnace, and two tanneries in operation within the county. Additionally, 21 churches were organized, as well as 23 schools enrolling 685 students. Corn was the primary agricultural product at the time, though oats, sweet potatoes, and tobacco were also grown in smaller quantities. In 1854, Lobelville was established as a trading-post village on the west bank of the Buffalo River about north of Beardstown by a French trader named Henri de Lobel.
By the late 1850s, allegations and rumors of an impending slave insurrection began to spread throughout the southern United States. In 1856, the panic reached Perry County, when multiple enslaved persons were murdered over rumors of the plotting of a revolt. The total number of people killed by so-called vigilance committees is unclear, with contemporary reports citing as many as 15 being hanged, and later historical research noting between 10 and 12.
Civil War
The issue of whether or not Perry County would swing towards Unionist or Secessionist causes was not clear as late as May 1861, when a pro-Union convention was held in Linden to nominate a Republican candidate for Congress. In June 1861, however, it voted in favor of secession by a margin of 780 to 168. Even though the vote was overwhelmingly in favor of secession, the Unionist sentiment was strong and pervasive throughout the war, with men from the county volunteering for both sides in the conflict. About 300 men joined the Confederate Army, with about 200 joining the Union Army. One particularly notable Confederate unit formed in the county was Harder's Company of the 23rd Tennessee Infantry Regiment, raised in 1861 and composed of about 100 men from the Cedar Creek area. This unit fought throughout the war, seeing action at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Stones River, Chickamagua, and the Siege of Petersburg, after which they surrendered with the Army of Northern Virginia in 1865.
Both pro-Union and pro-Confederate irregular and guerrilla forces were organized in Perry County, and were known to have conducted raids on neighboring counties. Of note were the Perry County Jayhawkers, a group of Union-aligned partisans known to have engaged in fighting against opposing partisans in Hickman County and who burned the county seat of Centerville. Due to the rural, isolated nature of the region, away from the major railway lines and with only limited access to large landings on the Tennessee River, there were no large-scale engagements in the county. In February 1862, the Cedar Grove Iron Furnace was partially destroyed when it was shelled by Union gunboats USS Conestoga, USS Tyler, and USS Lexington. On April 27, 1862, a body was found by a group of children playing near Britt's Landing on the Tennessee River in Perry County. Investigation of papers found on the body revealed it to be that of Governor Louis P. Harvey of Wisconsin. Gov. Harvey had been conducting an inspection of hospitals where wounded soldiers were being treated after the Battle of Shiloh, and had drowned in the river on April 19 while returning to Wisconsin. In April 1863, the Mississippi Marine Brigade, a Union Army amphibious unit consisting of infantry and a number of gunboats, conducted some activity on the Tennessee River in the county. On the 23rd, following fighting further upriver near Clifton, the flotilla held at Britt's Landing before attempting to pass the shoals at the Duck River just down river.
Breckenridge's raid on Linden
Before dawn on May 12, 1863, a flotilla under the command of Lt. Cmdr. Ledyard Phelps composed of the USS Champion, USS Covington, USS Argosy, and the USS Silver Cloud landed elements of the Union Army's 6th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment on the Tennessee River west of Linden. The small force of 55 men led by Lt. Col. William Breckenridge, possibly a native of either Wayne County or Perry County, approached Linden at daybreak. The Confederate forces, totaling about 100 men under Lt. Col. William Frierson, were preparing to depart Linden to join General Van Dorn's force at Spring Hill and were taken completely by surprise. After a short skirmish against pickets, the Union cavalry captured Lt. Col. Frierson and 46 of his officers and men and killed three more before reinforcements could arrive. During this engagement, the county courthouse, which was being held by the Confederate forces, was burned, destroying most records from the early history of the county. The only Union loss during the engagement was one horse. Breckenridge then returned to the Tennessee River and transferred his prisoners to the awaiting riverboats for transportation to Cairo, Missouri. Intelligence gathered from the Confederates captured in the engagement provided significant details to Union leadership on the size, location, and intentions of Confederate forces in the Middle Tennessee, including plans to re-capture Fort Henry and attack Union forces under General Rosecrans. The amphibious landing and battle was recounted on the front page of the May 17, 1863, edition of the New York Times. Breckenridge later died of disease on October 15, 1863, and was buried at Shiloh National Cemetery.
Battles at Lobelville and Beardstown
A force of about 400 Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest crossed the Tennessee River at the Duck River on or about September 23, 1864, and worked their way south through the Buffalo River valley taking conscripts to reinforce their numbers. On September 27 or 29 (sources differ on the date) the force was engaged by the 2nd Tennessee Mounted Infantry, numbering about 250 men, at Lobelville. The Confederate forces retreated to Beardstown, and Federal forces attempted to locate them the following day, bypassing Beardstown for Cane Creek. The Confederates had their numbers reinforced to 600 men overnight and pursued the Federal forces east towards Centerville, who retreated through Confederate blocking forces and across the Duck River. The Confederates were then able to take control of Linden and the Buffalo River valley by the 30th.
Reconstruction and the late 19th century
Martial law was lifted in the county in April 1865, when the civil court held its first session since Tennessee's secession and the beginning of the Civil War. At least some civil unrest continued until at least July of that year, when Federal forces were again dispatched to the county to conduct counter-guerilla operations. Due to the prevalence of small farms in the county, it did not experience the same levels of economic turmoil in counties that relied on plantation agriculture following the war. In 1868, a new two-story brick courthouse was built to replace the one burned during the war. Perry County was not immune to Reconstruction era racial violence against black citizens. In 1869, two black men who had been arrested for unknown crimes were removed from the county jail by a mob and shot.
In the late 19th century, the county was largely known for its tanneries and peanut cultivation. Peanut farming began in earnest in the late 1860s, replacing cotton as the primary export crop of the county. By 1886 over 500,000 bushels of peanuts per year were being produced. In the 1890s, the Southern Peanut Company was incorporated at Britt's Landing, which became the focal point of the peanut processing industry in the county. The dominance of the peanut as the primary cash crop in the county lasted through to the 1920s when the Southern Peanut Company went bankrupt. With the company's bankruptcy, the lack of processing and export facilities caused the market for peanuts in the county to collapse.
The first known black-owned farm in the county was established in 1871 on the north fork of Lick Creek. Tapp Craig and his wife, Amy Guthrie, both former slaves, purchased the farm with a down payment of a yoke of oxen, and paid off the farm over the next two years. The farm, still owned by the Craig family, is listed in the National Register of Historic Places due to its significance in the history of black farmers in Tennessee.
From about 1880 to 1884, the first regular newspaper in the county, the Linden Times, was published weekly. By the mid-1880s, the continued lack of railroad connections was reported as a cause for the lack of investment in the county. An 1886 editorial in the Nashville Daily American noted that many in the county were awaiting the construction of the proposed Nashville, Memphis, and Jackson Railroad, and viewed it as an essential step in the modernization and industrialization of the area. In 1887, Congress authorized the construction of a railroad bridge across the Tennessee River connecting Perry and Decatur counties. The Tennessee Midland Railroad laid tracks from Lexington, Tennessee to Perryville. While a terminus allowing the transfer of goods from rail to river shipping was constructed in Perryville, the bridge was never built and the railroad was never extended into Perry County. A second attempt to bring a railroad to Perry County was started around 1890 with construction beginning on the Florence Northern Railroad. Plans for the line's extension meant for it to eventually pass through Linden on its way from Florence, Alabama to Paducah, Kentucky. In 1894 the railroad was purchased by a Chattanooga company after about had been graded, but construction was never completed.
Early 20th century
Briefly, in the summer of 1903, Perry County was without a county government. That year the state legislature passed an act consolidating the civil districts in the county, and providing for a new special election to be held that would elect new officers. Due to an oversight in the writing of the act, the new county officers could not be seated until 30 days after the election.
By 1910, the population of the county peaked at 8,815. It then proceeded to decline to a low of 5,238 individuals in 1970, a number not seen since the census of 1830. During the First World War, a Selective Service Board was established in Linden. Over 1,500 men registered for the draft, and 254 individuals from Perry County served in the United States military from 1917 to 1919. Out of those who served, 10 were wounded and 27 were killed, a nearly 15% casualty rate.
In 1927, the county decided to renovate and expand the courthouse. In January 1928, the building burned as it was undergoing restoration. The county government decided to demolish the remains of the old courthouse and construct a new, larger building in the Colonial Revival style which was completed that same year. Also in 1928, construction started on the first bridge across the Tennessee River in West and Middle Tennessee, connecting Perry and Decatur counties. The bridge, named after World War I Medal of Honor recipient Alvin C. York, was opened on July 5, 1930, by Governor Henry Horton as part of a major road building program to provide additional links between Memphis and Nashville. The crossing would prove to be extremely popular, and was the fourth highest grossing toll bridge in the state in the month after its opening. This bridge was later demolished and replaced by a modern concrete bridge in 1986. The construction of the road bridge and completion of the highway reduced demand for rail service in the area, and service to the rail terminal at Perryville was discontinued in 1936.
By the 1930s, Perry County had acquired a reputation as a hotbed of illicit alcohol production. Its isolated nature on the eastern edge of a Federal law enforcement district meant that prohibition officers rarely operated in the area, allowing moonshine operations to run unimpeded. Liquor would be distributed to dealers in neighboring Hickman County for sale. Recovery from the Great Depression was slow in the county. By the late 1940s, wages had improved from their nadir in the 1930s, although unemployment was high among the predominant industries of farming and forestry.
During the Second World War, Perry County was located in the Tennessee Maneuver Area, though it is unclear to what extent exercises occurred within Perry County, if at all. The region was chosen due to its geographic similarity with anticipated combat areas in Western Europe, specifically, the region around the Rhine in Germany. Maneuvers began in June 1941 and training was suspended in March 1944 as Operation Overlord approached.
Late 20th century
In 1958, Interstate 40 was completed in Tennessee, crossing the length of the state but passing north of the county. Following this, businesses began to leave the county for locations nearer urban areas and adjacent to the highway; and when two garment factories and an automobile parts plant ceased operations, the conditions were set for long-term economic stagnation.
By the mid 1960s, an effort had commenced to protect areas of the county along the Tennessee River for conservation and recreation. In January 1967, the site at Mousetail Landing, then owned by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), was reported as under study for a future park. In 1968, a bill was vetoed by Governor Buford Ellington that would have provided funding to acquire land to establish a state park at the landing. By 1973, the park had seen further planning as part of a chain of four water-oriented parks along the Tennessee River, including Pickwick Landing State Park, Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park, and Paris Landing State Park. In 1977, Perry County leaders unanimously approved a resolution in support of the development of the park. That year, the TVA offered to give of land to the state, and a matching Federal grant of $1.1 million had been made available for the park's development. By 1979, the state had finalized plans to build the park and officially asked the TVA to turn over of riverfront land between Spring Creek and Lick Creek for the park. TVA approved the land transfer, with construction planned to begin late that year.
In 1971, an Old Order Mennonite community was established along Cane Creek near Lobelville. Both English as well as Plattdeutsch and Pennsylvania German speaking families settled in the area from other areas of Tennessee, from nearby states such as Arkansas, and internationally from Belize. This community generally avoids motor vehicles, except in certain limited situations sanctioned by their church, and most families are not connected to the electrical grid.
Nineteen farms in Perry County have been accepted into the Tennessee Century Farms Program. The program, established in 1975 by the Tennessee Department of Agriculture and now managed by the Center for Historic Preservation at Middle Tennessee State University, recognizes active farms that have been operated continuously by the same family for over 100 years. Included in the program are the Craig Farm and the Tucker Farm, established in 1818 and the oldest farm in the county.
Geography and geology
Perry County is located on the western edge of Middle Tennessee. The topography of Perry County is characterized by high ridges separating creeks flowing into the county's two rivers and is typical of the Western Highland Rim region of Tennessee. The highest point in Perry County is approximately above sea level, located on an unnamed ridge in the far southeastern portion of the county near the borders of Lewis County and Wayne County.
Rivers
Three rivers are found within Perry County: the Tennessee River, Buffalo River, and Duck River. The Tennessee River runs along the western boundary of the county, Buffalo River bisects the county, and a bend of the Duck River crosses into the county very briefly in its far northeastern corner. Even though the county's terrain is heavily influenced by the presence of water features, there are no dams in the county registered in the National Inventory of Dams.
Tennessee River
The Tennessee River forms the western border of Perry County, dividing it from Decatur County and Benton County. It flows south to north and is navigable through the entire length of the county. In 1944, with the construction of Kentucky Dam, portions of low-lying land adjacent to the river were inundated, although the societal and environmental impact was substantially lower than areas farther downstream. While the presence of the dam allows for some level of control against regular, catastrophic flooding along the basin, some areas of the western portion of the county do flood. At the National Weather Service designated flood stage of the river, portions of the county near Crooked Creek are inundated. At moderate and major flood stages, bottomland near Mousetail Landing State Park, Deer Creek, and Cedar Creek are inundated.
Lady's Bluff, located approximately west of Linden, is the tallest bluff on the lower Tennessee River, and overlooks the section of the river known as The Narrows. The river is narrow enough at this point that barges cannot pass side by side and must pass through individually. Lady's Bluff Small Wild Area is a small federally protected public access park that includes the bluff and surrounding woodland. One possibly apocryphal story of the origin of the name of the bluff stems from a supposed incident where a woman was kidnapped and used as bait for an ambush by Native Americans against white settlers encroaching on their land.
Buffalo River
The Buffalo River flows south to north through the county before entering the Duck River just north of the county line in Humphreys County, and over 25% of the river's total watershed area is within the county. The towns of Linden and Lobelville and the unincorporated communities of Flat Woods and Beardstown are located along the river. Four river outfitters are located along the river within the county and add to its value as a recreational river.
Topography and hydrography
Most of the western half of the county forms part of the watershed for the Tennessee River, while most of the eastern half drains into the Buffalo River. A very small portion of the far northeastern corner of the county drains into the Duck River. The water table is high due to the hard substrate, creating numerous springs and shallow wells, and is charged by the Highland Rim aquifer. Typical spring and well yields range from 1 to 400 gallons per minute (4.5 to 1820 liters per minute).
Buffalo Ridge bisects the county from north to south between the Tennessee and Buffalo rivers. The ridge reaches approximately above sea level, with a topographic prominence of about . Eight smaller spur ridges extend to the west from the main crest of Buffalo Ridge about , creating the drainages for nine major creeks that flow into the Tennessee River. These creeks are, from north to south, Blue Creek, Crooked Creek, Roans Creek, Toms Creek, Lick Creek, Spring Creek, Cypress Creek, Marsh Creek, and Cedar Creek. To the east of the Buffalo River, additional ridges run east to west, similar to the terrain west of Buffalo Ridge. These ridges form the basins for the main Buffalo River tributaries within the county, Coon Creek, Brush Creek, Hurricane Creek, Short Creek, and Cane Creek.
Large tracts of natural wetlands exist within the county. One estimate based on analysis of satellite photography by the Tennessee Valley Authority estimated approximately of forested wetlands and of non-forested wetlands. These wetlands occur primarily along stream courses, and are some of the most productive wildlife habitat in the region.
Soil and geology
Soil deposits from the three river drainages located in the county have created fertile bottomland that are used intensively for agricultural purposes. The soil profile is generally very deep, with slopes and soil types suitable for agriculture and building construction. The ridge tops are well drained and loamy, with significant chert rock deposits. Reserves of chert, sand, gravel, limestone, and phosphate can be found in the county. Cherty limestone deposits are the most extensive geologic feature of the county, and an impermeable siltstone and shale base below the chert formations has led to the emergence of numerous fresh water springs.
Blue and gray limestone outcrops are present in most valleys of the county. These limestone formations are part of the Lobelville formation of the Silurian Brownsport Group and of the Lower Helderberg Group. Significant numbers of fossils have been found in the limestone. By the late 1830s, the fossils of various newly cataloged species of mollusks and trilobites found in the county were described in reports to the General Assembly. Iron ore is extremely abundant, with numerous deposits to the west of Buffalo Ridge.
Adjacent counties
Humphreys County (north)
Hickman County (northeast)
Lewis County (southeast)
Wayne County (south)
Decatur County (west)
Benton County (northwest)
Weather and climate
Perry County has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), characterized by hot, humid summers and cold winters. The average winter temperature is , and the average summer temperature is . The record low of occurred on January 24, 1963, and the record high of occurred on July 17, 1980. Average seasonal snowfall is . Thunderstorms are relatively common in the county, with an average of 53 days per year seeing thunderstorm activity, usually between May and August.
National Weather Service records list sixteen tornadoes which have been reported in Perry County, with the first one recorded in 1909. Out of these, 14 were reported since 1999. The deadliest tornado recorded in the county happened on May 27, 1917, which killed five and injured an additional 67 people. Its intensity was estimated as EF/4. Perry County was also struck during the May 5, 1999, tornado outbreak. It was hit by the strongest tornado reported during the outbreak, killing three people and causing substantial damage to Linden. Another deadly tornado hit the county during the December 23, 2015, outbreak, with two killed.
Flora and fauna
About 80% of the county is wooded. Numerous species of economically important timber trees are found in the county, including white oak, walnut, black oak, hickory, and chestnut oak. 561 species of wild plants have been collected in the county. Perry County has numerous native game species, including whitetail deer, rabbit, eastern wild turkey, gray squirrel, and fox squirrel. Bobwhite quail are also present, however the population is low due to a lack of suitable habitat. Mourning dove nesting populations are typically also low, although large numbers transit the area during seasonal migrations. Common migratory waterfowl found in the county include wood duck, mallard, gadwall, Canada goose, and the Buffalo River and its tributaries are noted wood duck nesting locations. Mink, muskrat, and beaver are found throughout wetlands in the county. There are large populations of bobcat, opossum, gray fox, striped skunk, and coyote, as well as numerous species of reptiles, amphibians, and birds. Alexander Cave in the far northeastern part of the county is an important roosting and hibernation location for the endangered gray bat. Numerous fish species, including game fish such as the largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, crappie, and catfish are found in the rivers and streams of the county. The value of the large amount of game and fish found in the county was reported as early as 1932, and continues to be a major driver of tourism in the county.
The remains of prehistoric megafauna have been discovered in the county. In September 1820, the skeletal remains of a large animal, possibly a giant ground sloth (Megalonyx), were excavated in an unidentified cave in the county. The remains were reportedly recovered by a Nashville museum operator and collector, but have since been lost.
Wildlife reintroduction
By the late 1940s, fewer than 1,000 whitetail deer were found in the state, having been hunted to the brink of extirpation. In the early 1930s, the Tennessee Game and Fish Commission, the United States Forest Service, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the United States Navy began restocking efforts on public lands in the State. In 1949, the Game and Fish Commission began their first reintroduction effort in Perry County on public lands, later expanding reintroductions to private lands in the 1950s. By the 1950s, the populations had grown large enough to sustain a limited degree of hunting. In 1960, 30 deer were harvested in the county; by 1996, that number had risen to nearly 2,200.
By the 1950s, wild turkeys had been eliminated from the county. A reintroduction and habitat management program was conducted by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (the successor agency to the Game and Fish Commission), leading to the successful return of the species to the county. While the overall number of turkeys is moderate, good local populations are found within certain areas.
Demographics
Perry County is a rural, sparsely populated county with a population of 8,366, and average density of . It is the least densely populated county in Tennessee. Its population peaked at 8,815 in 1910 and began a steady decline through 1970. The population began growing again after 1970, with sharp increases in the 1970s and 1990s, and by 2020 it still had not surpassed the population numbers and density of the early 1900s. The county is significantly less diverse than the statewide average, with an estimated 93% of the population reporting as white versus 73.2% for the state in 2021.
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 8,366 people in 2,929 households residing in the county. The average household size was 2.68. A language other than English was spoken at home by 6.5% of the population.
Economy
Agriculture makes up a significant portion of the economy of Perry County. In 2017, 287 farms were in operation, averaging each. Over of land were utilized for a variety of agricultural activities, including crop production, forestry, and pasture land. A 2018 study showed that agriculture and ag-supporting industries contributed $49.6 million to the county's economy, with 525 jobs (about 17% of total employment in the county). Over , totaling about 10% of the county's area, are rated by the USDA as prime farmland. In 1999, the USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service reported that were planted in corn, were planted in soybeans, and another were left fallow as part of a conservation program. Additional smaller acreages were planted with sorghum, snap beans, watermelons, and sweet corn. Pasture and hay production utilized nearly of farmland in the county.
Mousetail Landing State Park, the largest protected area in the county, is a significant driver of regional nature tourism. In 2021, tourist expenditures in the county totaled $5.8 million, surpassing pre-pandemic spending by $600,000. This spending generated around $200,000 in local taxes, and 54 jobs totaling about $900,000 in wages were created through tourism-related employment. The county's other accessible protected area, the TVA-managed Lady's Bluff Small Wild Area, is a small preserve on and around Lady's Bluff on the Tennessee River north of Mousetail Landing popular with nature walkers and rock climbers. A third protected area, Dry Branch State Natural Area, is partially located in the far eastern corner of the county near the border of Lewis and Hickman counties, but is not open to the public. Four river outfitters are located within the county along the Buffalo River, as well as a Boy Scouts of America operated canoe base and camp, adding to the river's economic impact.
In 2007, the Perry County Chamber of Commerce began a concentrated marketing effort to draw more nature-oriented tourists to the area, using the slogan "Perry County: It's Just Our Nature". In 2008, the first annual Blooming Arts Festival was held in Linden in a further attempt to draw more tourists to the area. Only one hotel operates in Perry County, the Commodore Hotel in Linden.
The earliest known bank in Perry County was organized by 1890 as the Linden Bank and Trust. It experienced a series of mergers and buyouts, and is now a branch of FirstBank. The other bank operating in the county, the Bank of Perry County, was organized in 1905 as the Bank of Lobelville. By 1975, it had opened branches in both Lobelville and Linden.
Poverty and unemployment
Perry County ranks below state and national averages in numerous economic indicators. As of 2023, Perry County was one of eight Tennessee counties listed by the Appalachian Regional Commission as a distressed county, putting it in the bottom 10% of counties in the United States in terms of poverty rate, unemployment, and income. Perry County's Gini coefficient is .54, indicating a significantly higher level of income inequality than the rest of Tennessee. As of 2020, the gross domestic product of all industries in the county was $190 million. In 2019, the poverty rate in the county was estimated at 16.1%, three percent higher than the statewide average. The median household income was $41,034, and the per capita income was $27,970. Property values in the county are significantly below the statewide average. In 2019, the median value of owner-occupied housing was $88,100, compared to $167,200 statewide. The rate of owner-occupied housing however, was significantly higher at 82% versus the statewide average of 66%. Numerous challenges to economic expansion exist within the county, including a lack of reliable broadband internet access, no four-lane or controlled access highways, and no nearby US Department of Agriculture certified livestock meat processing.
Perry County was severely impacted by the economic recession of 2008 and 2009. Unemployment reached nearly 29%, which at the time was the highest in the state of Tennessee, and the second highest in the United States. The high unemployment rate was due to the closure of a major automotive parts plant that employed a significant portion of the county's residents. Governor Phil Bredesen made Perry County a focus of his state stimulus package in an effort to lower unemployment. Within two years, the unemployment rate was lowered to 14%, a reduction partially attributed to the governor's subsidized employment program. In 2012, an auto parts supplier opened an injection molded plastics facility in a then-shuttered factory space in Linden, providing over 400 jobs to the local community and substantially relieving unemployment in the county.
In April 2020, seasonally unadjusted unemployment peaked again at over 24%, compared to the state average of 15.6%. In 2020, a rubber parts manufacturer that was the largest employer in Lobelville shut down, significantly adding to the county's unemployment rate. As of October 2022 unemployment in Perry County was the third-highest in the state at 5.2%, behind Scott County and Bledsoe County, compared to the statewide unemployment rate of 3.5%.
Government
The government of Perry County is overseen by a County Mayor and a County Commission. The County Mayor is elected at-large every four years. The county is divided into six districts, each of which elect two Commissioners to the County Commission. The districts are further divided into two voting precincts, save for the districts encompassing Linden and Lobelville, which each have a single voting precinct. Commission meetings are held monthly. Additional elected officials include the property assessor, register of deeds, sheriff, county trustee, and road superintendent.
For the United States House of Representatives, Perry County is part of Tennessee's 7th congressional district. Additionally, the county is part of the 28th District for the state senate and the 72nd district for the state house. Perry County is legally considered part of Middle Tennessee, though prior to 1991 it was part of West Tennessee.
Courts, crime, and emergency services
Perry County has one elected judge who presides over the county's general sessions court and juvenile court. The county falls under the 32nd Judicial District of Tennessee, which includes a circuit court and chancery court. The 32nd Judicial District covers Perry, Lewis, and Hickman counties, and is presided over by Judge Michael Spitzer. The 32nd District's circuit court is the immediate appellate court for the county's general sessions and juvenile courts. Prior to August 2022, the county was part of the 21st District, which included Williamson County. After concerns were raised about elections for the court being controlled by the much more populous Williamson County, the 32nd District was created to split off the three smaller counties into a new district.
The county is served by one law enforcement agency, the Perry County Sheriff's Office, headed by an elected sheriff. The sheriff is responsible for all law enforcement functions, including crime prevention and investigation, apprehension of criminals, and patrolling the county's roads. Additionally, the sheriff's office is responsible for providing bailiffs to county courts, service court processes and orders, and operating the county's jail.
Crime rates in the county are lower than both the state and national average. Property crime rates are 13.7 per 1000 people, and violent crime rates are 2.5 per 1000 people, versus the statewide averages of 29.7 and 6.3 and national averages of 16.7 and 2 respectively. Public safety professionals make up .35% of the population, compared to a statewide average of .77%.
Perry County is home to a single professional, paid fire department, the Linden Fire Department, as well as a county rescue squad. Lobelville and a number of unincorporated communities within the county are host to volunteer fire departments.
Elections
Historically, like most of Middle Tennessee, Perry County was overwhelmingly Democratic. Although it voted to elect Warren G. Harding in his record popular vote landslide of 1920, otherwise no Republican presidential candidate managed to carry the county up to 2004. It did, though, give a plurality to segregationist Alabama Governor George Wallace in 1968. Since 2000, Perry County has seen a very rapid trend towards the Republican Party typical of many rural southern counties. In 2016, it was only marginally less Republican than the traditional Unionist Republican bastions of East Tennessee.
Cities and towns
Linden, the county seat, is an incorporated town located centrally in the county, at the intersection of U.S. Route 412 and Tennessee State Route 13, to the west of where Route 412 crosses the Buffalo River. Lobelville is an incorporated city located along State Route 13 west of the Buffalo River in the northern portion of the county. In addition to the two incorporated communities, numerous unincorporated populated places are located throughout the county.
Incorporated communities by population
Unincorporated communities
Beardstown
Bethel
Blue Sky
Chestnut Grove
Crooked Creek
DePriest Bend
Flat Woods
Horner
Howard
Pine View
Pope
Spring Creek
Sugar Hill
Transportation and infrastructure
Transportation infrastructure in Perry County includes one U.S. highway, numerous state highways, and one general aviation airport. No railroads or Interstate Highways are present within the county. The Alvin C. York Bridge carries U.S. Route 412 over the Tennessee river and is the only crossing of the river in the county. Although the western border of the county is a major navigable waterway, only one small landing servicing barges is located in the county, with no major commercial port facilities or marinas.
No public transportation systems or commercial scheduled passenger services of any type operate in the county. According to a 2015 study, Perry County commuters drove alone to work at the highest rate of any county in Tennessee, reflecting low access to carpooling opportunities or public transportation.
Poor transportation infrastructure has been a persistent issue in the county. One 1874 report noted the challenges to economic development brought on by a lack of rail access, paved roads, and bridges. In 1906, the lack of railroad access was again cited in regional newspapers as the limiting factor to economic growth and resource extraction.
Major highways
One federal highway, four primary state highways, and two secondary state highways transit the county. The lone federal highway, U.S. Route 412, connects Linden with the town of Parsons in Decatur County to the west and the town of Hohenwald in Lewis County to the east, with a western terminus near Dyersburg, Tennessee and eastern terminus near Columbia, Tennessee. Tennessee State Route 20 is concurrent with U.S. Route 412 through the county. Tennessee State Route 100 is also largely concurrent with U.S. Route 412, diverging from U.S. Route 412 east of Linden and entering Hickman County. The primary north-south route is Tennessee State Route 13, connecting with Interstate 40 north of Lobelville in Humphreys County. Tennessee State Route 438 transits the northern half of the county in a general east-west orientation, connecting Centerville in Hickman County with U.S. Route 412 near the Tennessee River. Tennessee State Route 128 connects the town of Clifton in Wayne, County with State Route 13 south of Linden. Tennessee State Route 48 only briefly crosses the county's far southeast corner.
U.S. Route 412 west of Linden, and State Route 13 south of Linden are designated as Tennessee Parkways. State Route 13 and State Route 128 are both designated and signed as part of the Tennessee River Trail Scenic Byway through their entire routes in the county.
Airports
Perry County is served by a small public general aviation airport, James Tucker Airport, constructed in 1962 south of Linden. Efforts to bring an airport to Perry County date back to 1946. A group of students from Lobelville High School petitioned the county to construct a public airport after having been introduced to aviation through the donation of a Link Trainer to the school. In addition to the public general aviation airport, a private-use helipad (FAA identifier 5TN8) is located at the now-closed Perry Community Hospital in Linden.
Pipelines
Tennessee Gas Pipeline operates a natural gas pipeline that bisects Perry County. A pumping station for the line is located in Lobelville, and was one of the largest pumping stations in the United States when it was constructed. This station and sections of the nearby pipeline are a listed EPA Superfund site. A lawsuit against the pipeline company concerning both the pipeline and the pumping station alleged the release of PCB contaminants into the local environment. As a result of this release, one study determined that those exposed suffered various neurological problems, including slowed reaction speeds and cognition problems.
Telecommunications and electric power
In 1900, Bell Telephone Company established service in the county. Lines were run from the north, diverging from the lines along the railroad in Waverly.
Typical of many rural counties, the rate of broadband internet adoption and availability remains low, with about 59% of households reporting access to broadband internet, compared to 78% statewide, .
Electric power in the county is provided through Meriwether Lewis Electric Cooperative, a non-profit utility cooperative that distributes power purchased from the Tennessee Valley Authority. Many parts of the county did not have electric service until after the middle of the 20th century. Some population centers, such as the community of Flatwoods in southern Perry County, did not receive power until 1950.
Education
Perry County has one unified school district, the Perry County School System. There are four schools in the district, including one high school (Perry County High School), and three primary schools (Linden Middle School, Linden Elementary School, and Lobelville School), overseen by the Perry County Board of Education. In addition to the four in-person facilities, the county also maintains the Perry County Virtual School, a public remote-learning system for students in grades 4 through 12.
The county's first high school was opened in Linden in 1922. Prior to that, all students wishing to have an education beyond the 8th grade had to attend school outside of the county. The county's current high school, Perry County High School, was established in 1963 in Linden with the consolidation of the high schools in Linden and Lobelville. A number of parents and school administrators in Lobelville resisted the consolidation due to the distance from Linden, as well as concerns that the new school would not be ready for the beginning of the 1963 school year. In response, a special school district was granted to Lobelville by the state legislature in 1963. However, in an effort to force the consolidation to proceed, the Tennessee Board of Education ruled that the district did not qualify for any funds and would not be accredited. A group of Lobelville parents sued to keep the school district open, with volunteer teachers filling in for the 1963 school year. The case went to the Tennessee Supreme Court where it affirmed in 1964 that the State Board of Education was within its rights to deny funding to the special school district with the justification that there was an insufficient number of students in the proposed special district to justify expenditure of resources. The consolidation went forward with the Lobelville school closing later that year.
Prior to the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the county exploited loopholes in state and federal laws to prevent black children from attending high school in the county. In 1954, the county hired a local black farmer and Korean War veteran, McDonald Craig, to drive a bus to transport black children to attend high school out of the county. Using a school bus he purchased from a local Chevrolet dealer, who also happened to be descended from Craig's enslaved grandparents' owners, Craig bussed black students to Montgomery High School in Lexington, Tennessee. This bussing program lasted until the fall of 1965, when the county's schools were integrated.
The county's high school graduation rate is very high, at 97.5%, versus a statewide average of 90.4%. Approximately 75% of the population over age 25 has a high school diploma or equivalent, while 12% have a bachelor's degree or higher. Both are significantly below the statewide averages of 87% and 27%, respectively.
In 1947, the county established a board and funding for a public library. By 1986 two public libraries had been established, one in Linden and another in Lobelville.
Media and entertainment
Throughout its history, numerous radio stations and newspapers have existed in Perry County. , the county is served by two radio stations, WOPC on the FM band and WMAK on the AM band. Six different newspapers are known to have been printed in the county, starting in 1880 with the Linden Times. Subsequent newspapers included the Linden Mail (1890s to 1910s), the New Age (1900s to 1920s), the Perry County News (1913 to late 1910s), and the Perry Countian (1924 to 1978). In 1976 the Buffalo River Review began publication. It merged with the Perry Countian in 1978 and continues publication weekly as the county's sole print newspaper.
Music and film
In 1928 the Weems String Band, a folk music group originating in the county, recorded with Columbia Records what is widely considered to be one of the best folk music recordings of the era. The two songs on the record are the only known works recorded by the group. The band was drawn by noted cartoonist Robert Crumb and featured in a series of trading cards done by the artist on musicians.
In 1957, the film Natchez Trace starring Zachary Scott, Marcia Henderson, and William Campbell, and directed by Alan Crosland, Jr. was filmed in the southern part of the county near Flatwoods. Numerous locals appeared as extras in the lost film which chronicled the life of John Murrell, a bandit who operated in the area in the early 19th century.
Perry County was featured in a 1992 episode of the television show Unsolved Mysteries. The episode discussed the case of George Owens, an elderly man from Nolensville, Tennessee, who disappeared on July 22, 1985. Owens was last seen in Lobelville, where he purchased ice cream and cigars from a shop. Six days after this sighting his car was found on a wooded hilltop in a remote portion of the county. He was declared legally deceased by a court in 1993.
Sports and athletics
While Perry County does not currently host any professional or semi-professional athletics teams, historically at least two semi-professional baseball organizations operated in the county. From the 1920s to the late 1940s, both Lobelville and Linden fielded teams, and baseball was considered the prime pastime for residents of the county. It was of such popularity that rivalry games on holidays would be accompanied by noted musical acts, including at least one appearance by Bill Monroe, widely considered the father of bluegrass music. Linden's team, the Owls, won at least three state baseball championships.
Perry County high school athletic teams have achieved some notability in state-wide competitions, especially in basketball. In 1955, Linden High School began a three-year streak of winning the state high school boys' basketball championship. Following Linden High School's consolidation with Lobelville High School, Perry County High School again won boys' basketball state championships in 1976, 1977, and 1997.
Health and healthcare
Perry County is served by a local health department that provides basic healthcare services, including vaccinations, disease testing, primary care, and pediatrics. In addition to services provided by the health department, a small clinic funded by a Rural Health Initiative Grant was constructed in 1979 to provide essential outpatient services in the county.
As of 2019, 14.5% of the county's population under the age of 65 lacked health insurance. Additionally, 15.6% of the population under the age of 65 was disabled.
In November 2020, the sole hospital in the county, Perry Community Hospital in Linden, announced it would be closing temporarily. Shortly prior to this, the hospital had announced cessation of all services except for the emergency room. The hospital did not reopen, however, and as of 2022 there were no plans to reopen. Prior to its closure, the hospital had over $2 million in accounts payable due. In 2019, the hospital had come under investigation by insurance provider BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee for over $4.5 million in overpayments due to improper billing practices.
COVID-19 pandemic
As of early September 2022, Perry County reported a total of 2,599 COVID-19 cases, along with 56 deaths and 63 hospitalizations. As of August 22, 2022, 42.8% of the county's population was fully vaccinated against COVID-19, nearly 15% below the state-wide vaccination rate.
Notable individuals
McDonald Craig – musician
Kelsie B. Harder – professor and onomastician (name scholar)
Bob Harris – professional basketball player
Kirk Haston – politician and former professional basketball player
Clyde Milan – professional baseball player, manager, and coach with the Washington Senators
Obediah Pickard – musician
Thetus W. Sims – politician, member of the United States House of Representatives
Helen Craig Smith – author and educator
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee § Perry County
List of counties in Tennessee
Timeline of Perry County, Tennessee history
References
External links
Perry County Tennessee Government
Perry County Chamber of Commerce
The Buffalo River Review
Perry County, TNGenWeb – free genealogy resources for the county
Genealogical "Fact Sheets" About Perry County
1819 establishments in Tennessee
Populated places established in 1819
Middle Tennessee |
5969064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%BCsselfeld | Schlüsselfeld | Schlüsselfeld is a town on the southwestern edge of the Upper Franconian district (Landkreis) of Bamberg
Geography
Schlüsselfeld lies 24 km southwest of Bamberg in the Steigerwald (forest) in the valley of the Reiche Ebrach, 299 m above sea level.
Constituent communities
The town of Schlüsselfeld is made up of 22 Ortsteile, which for the most part were independent communities until administrative reform:
Aschbach
Attelsdorf
Bernroth
Debersdorf
Eckersbach
Elsendorf
Fallmeisterei
Güntersdorf
Heuchelheim
Hohn am Berg
Hopfenmühle
Lach
Obermelsendorf
Possenfelden
Rambach bei Schlüsselfeld
Reichmannsdorf
Schlüsselfeld
Thüngbach
Thüngfeld
Untermelsendorf
Wüstenbuch
Ziegelsambach
The town also has these traditional rural land units, known in German as Gemarkungen (most are former independent communities retained as cadastral areas):
Aschbach
Eckersbach
Elsendorf
Heuchelheim
Reichmannsdorf
Schlüsselfeld
Thüngfeld
Untermelsendorf
Ziegelsambach
All share names with the town's constituent communities as it is traditional for a Gemarkung to be named after a town or village lying nearby.
From 1972 to 1978, Schlüsselfeld belonged to Middle Franconia.
Climate
Schlüsselfeld's average yearly temperature is 8.24 °C.
History
Schlüsselfeld was founded on 10 June 1336 by Konrad von Schlüsselberg. He was granted the right to found a town by Holy Roman Emperor Ludwig IV. After its founder's death, Schlüsselfeld passed to the Bishops of Bamberg and Würzburg. Through a compromise, Würzburg also acquired Bamberg's share of the town in 1390.
In 1396, the market town of Schlüsselfeld had its town rights confirmed.
The Würzburg Bishops built Schlüsselfeld up into an Amt and chose as their Amt seat the Thüngfeld Castle (Thüngfelder Schloss).
The town hall built in 1723 declares the following in a Latin inscription:
“This house hates unrest, loves peace, punishes crime, upholds the law, honours goodness. ”
As part of the Würzburg High Monastery, the tithing centre (Centamt) of Schlüsselfeld was secularized in Bavaria’s favour in 1803, passed in 1805 with the Peace of Pressburg to the newly formed Grand Duchy of Würzburg, and then eventually, after territorial adjustments in 1810, was returned to Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, today’s community came into being under the Gemeindeedikt (“Community Edict”) of 1818.
Religion
Of the town's inhabitants, 4,262 belong to the Catholic Church, 1,217 to the Evangelical Church and 588 to other or no religious bodies.
Population development
Within town limits, 4,780 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 5,034 in 1987 and 5,711 in 2000. Over the next six years, the population rose and on 31 December 2006, it had reached 5,824.
Politics
The mayor is Johannes Krapp (CSU).
In 1999, municipal tax revenue, converted to euros, amounted to €2,715,000 of which business taxes (net) amounted to €817,000.
Town council
Town council consists of:
CSU 9 seats
SPD 4 seats
Freie Wählergemeinschaft 3 seats
Unabhängige Bürgergemeinschaft 3 seats
Überparteilich Christliche Wählergemeinschaft 1 seat
Coat of arms
Schlüsselfeld's arms might heraldically be described thus: In gules a key argent per bend sinister with the bit upturned, flanked per bend each side by a mullet of six Or.
The key refers not only to the town's name (“Schlüsselfeld” literally means “Key Field” in German), but also by its charges and tinctures to the arms borne by the old Lords of Schlüsselberg, who have since died out, but who were once the town's owners and founders. The town was first mentioned in history as Konrad von Schlüsselberg's property. The current coat of arms appeared for the first time in a seal from the 16th century. The town flag is gold, white and red.
Culture and sightseeing
Worth seeing in the Schlüsselfeld area are the following:
in Schlüsselfeld: the Town Gate Tower with remains of the town wall and two round towers, the Petrusbrunnen (fountain), the Old Town Hall with pillory, the New Town Hall, the Gothic parish church, the Klein-Mariazell im Steigerwald church (with a copy of the Icon of Mariazell in the Steiermark, Austria)
in Aschbach: the Baroque castle, the Mariä-Himmelfahrt church, the Evangelical church with Marienaltar
in Reichmannsdorf: Dientzenhof Castle
in Heuchelheim the Dreifrankenstein
Economy and infrastructure
The town of Schlüsselfeld lies at the common point of all three of Franconia's Regierungsbezirke, right on the A 3 (Würzburg-Nuremberg) with its Schlüsselfeld interchange, and is acknowledged as a smaller centre.
References
Bamberg (district) |
2154165 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97 | Вітроенергетика Естонії | Вітроенергетика Естонії станом на 2012 рік мала встановлену потужність 269,4 МВт і ще приблизно 1466,5 МВт перебувало в розробці в рамках різних проєктів. Всі вітряні електростанції нині розташовані на суходолі, але планують побудувати електростанції на Чудсько-Псковському озері, а також на Балтійському морі неподалік від острова Хіюмаа.
Вітрова електростанція Пакрі розташована неподалік від міста Палдіскі на вершині поблизу старого маяка. Вона складається з восьми вітряних турбін і виробляє 18,4 МВт.
Прибережні вітряні електростанції
Загалом в Естонії три великі проєкти загальною встановленою потужністю 1490 МВт перебувають в стадії розробки: проєкт потужністю 700 МВт поблизу острова Хіюмаа фірми Nelja Energia, проєкт на 600 МВт у Ризькій затоці компанії Eesti Energia та проєкт на 190 МВт біля західного узбережжя Естонії фірми Neugrund OÜ.
Статистика
Встановлена потужність вітрових електростанцій в Естонії та виробництво електроенергії на них показані в таблиці знизу:
Примітки
Вітроелектроенергетика Естонії |
32957139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunanzhen%20Dam | Hunanzhen Dam | Hunanzhen Dam
The Hunanzhen Dam is a trapezoidal buttress dam on the Qiantang River, located south of Quzhou in Zhejiang Province, China. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation but it also serves to provide for flood control and irrigation water supply. Construction on the dam began in 1958 but was halted in 1961. It recommenced in 1970, the first generator was operational in 1979 and the project complete in 1980. The original installed capacity of the dam's power plant was 170 MW but the plant was expanded with an additional 100 MW generator, commissioned in 2006.
Design
The dam is a tall and wide trapezoidal buttress dam, much like a gravity dam but thinner and with buttresses. The dam's crest is wide while the base wall is wide. The dam has 18 buttresses with the spillway section located in the center. The dam's crest sits at an elevation of above sea level and the spillway's crest is above sea level. The spillway is controlled by five radial gates and within the center four of the six piers supporting the spillway chutes are four outlets. The maximum discharge capacity of the spillway and outlets is . The dam sits at the head of a catchment area and withholds a reservoir of . The dam's power stations are located downstream around the natural river bend and water is supplied via a tunnel. The original power house contains four 42.5 MW Francis turbine-generators and the expansion power house, located just downstream, contains one 100 MW Francis turbine-generator.
See also
List of dams and reservoirs in China
List of major power stations in Zhejiang
References
Dams in China
Hydroelectric power stations in Zhejiang
Buttress dams
Dams completed in 1980 |
18662337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing%20at%20the%202008%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20sabre | Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre | Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre
The men's sabre fencing competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing took place on August 12 at the Olympic Green Convention Centre. There were 40 competitors from 21 nations. The event was won by Zhong Man of China, the nation's first medal in the men's sabre. Nicolas Lopez's silver put France back on the podium after a one-Games absence. Mihai Covaliu of Romania became the 13th man to win multiple medals in the event, adding a bronze to his 2000 gold medal.
Background
This was the 26th appearance of the event, which is the only fencing event to have been held at every Summer Olympics. Five of the quarterfinalists from 2004 returned: gold medalist Aldo Montano of Italy, silver medalist Zsolt Nemcsik of Hungary, bronze medalist Dmitry Lapkes of Belarus, sixth-place finisher (and 1996 gold medalist) Stanislav Pozdnyakov of Russia, and seventh-place finisher (and 2000 gold medalist) Mihai Covaliu of Romania. Since the last Games, Covaliu had won the 2005 world championship and Pozdnyakov had added two more world championships (2006 and 2007) to his resume (1997, 2001, and 2002 worlds along with the 1996 Olympic gold). Pozdnyakov was favored once again, though he had been upset early in both the 2000 and 2004 Games.
Burkina Faso and Senegal each made their debut in the men's sabre. Italy made its 24th appearance in the event, most of any nation, having missed the inaugural 1896 event and the 1904 Games.
Qualification
Nations had been limited to three fencers each since 1928. However, the 2008 Games introduced a rotation of men's team fencing events with one weapon left off each Games; the individual event without a corresponding team event had the number of fencers per nation reduced to two. Men's foil was the first event to which this applied to, so the 2008 individual sabre competition continued to allow three fencers per nation.
There were 39 dedicated quota spots for men's sabre. The 24 fencers from the 8 teams qualified for the team event were all automatically qualified for the individual event. Next, the top 3 men in the FIE Individual Ranking received spots. After that, 7 more men were selected from the ranking based on continents: 2 from Europe, 2 from the Americas, 2 from Asia/Oceania, and 1 from Africa; each nation could only earn one spot from this continental ranking, but it could be added to any spots from the world ranking (up to three total). Finally, five spots were allocated by continental qualifying events: 2 from Europe, 1 from the Americas, 1 from Asia/Oceania, and 1 from Africa. Nations could only earn one spot from these events and only if they had no fencer qualified through rankings.
Additionally, there were 8 host/invitational spots that could be spread throughout the various fencing events. China used only 2 of those places to max out its representation in all events, so 6 spots were assigned by Tripartite Commission invitation. One was used in the men's sabre (for Julien Ouedraogo of Burkina Faso).
Competition format
The sabre competition consisted of a five-round single-elimination bracket with a bronze medal match between the two semifinal losers. Fencing was done to 15 touches or to the completion of three three-minute rounds if neither fencer reached 15 touches by then. At the end of time, the higher-scoring fencer was the winner; a tie resulted in an additional one-minute sudden-death time period. This sudden-death period was further modified by the selection of a draw-winner beforehand; if neither fencer scored a touch during the minute, the predetermined draw-winner won the bout.
Schedule
All times are China Standard Time (UTC+8)
Results
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Finals
Final classification
References
Competition format
Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Men's events at the 2008 Summer Olympics |
508886 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Чистяков Олександр Петрович | Чистяков Олександр Петрович — радянський актор.
Народився 1880 р. Помер 1942 р.
Фільмографія
Знімався у фільмах:
«Арсенальці» (1925),
«Безпритульний спортсмен» (1926),
«Мати» (1926),
«Кінець Санкт-Петербурга» (1927),
«Нащадок Чингісхана» (1928),
«Два-Бульді-два» (1929),
«Сто двадцять тисяч в рік» (1929),
«Темне царство» (1929),
«За ваше здоров'я» (1929),
«Хліб» (1930),
«Простий випадок» (1930),
«Дезертир» (1933),
«Околиця» (1933),
«Мак цвіте» (1934),
«Дивний сад» (1935),
«Любов та ненависть» (1935),
«Льотчики» (1935),
«Суворий юнак» (1935),
«Я люблю» (1936, Никанор),
«Тринадцять» (1936),
«Повернення Максима» (1937),
«Дочка Батьківщини» (1937),
«Велике життя» (1939),
«Виборзька сторона» (1939),
«Веселіших за нас немає» (1940),
«Повернення» (1940),
«Дочка моряка» (1941, Шестов).
Література
Шкловский В. За 60 лет: Работы о кино. М., 1985. — С.552.
Примітки
Актори Російської імперії
Метальники молота Російської імперії
Радянські метальники молота
Радянські актори
Російські метальники молота |
7774839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eierpunsch | Eierpunsch | Eierpunsch is the German name given to a warm, sweetened alcoholic, egg-based drink similar to eggnog. It is commonly a winter drink and can be found served in the popular Christmas markets of Germany and Austria. Eierpunsch is made with egg yolks, sugar, white wine and vanilla. Sometimes cream or custard can be added.
See also
References
Eierpunsch
Mixed drinks
Christmas food
Christmas in Germany
German cuisine
Austrian cuisine
Sweet cocktails
Cocktails with wine
Cocktails with eggs
Creamy cocktails |
1557305 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%20%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%20%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%20%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83 | Класичні китайські сади Сучжоу | Класичні китайські сади Сучжоу (苏州园林) — низка садів, розташованих в околицях китайського міста Сучжоу, провінція Цзянсу.
Опис
Сучжоу в провінції Цзянсу на сході Китаю є відомим історичним і культурним містом. З давніх часів місто Сучжоу відомий своїми чудовими гірськими і водними пейзажами, а також витонченими класичним садами. У народі кажуть, що «сади Цзяннань найкращі в Піднебесній, а сади Сучжоу найкращі в Цзяннань» (Цзянань — територія на південь від річки Янцзи).
У парках Сучжоу використано своєрідне садово-паркове мистецтво. Архітектурні споруди органічно вписуються в природу. Природна краса поєднується з унікальної художньої естетикою, що дозволяє людям, не виїжджаючи з міста, побачити природну красу. Крім того, сади Сучжоу володіють глибокою культурною складовою. Мистецтво саду-парку, особливість архітектури і сліди бундзінгі в парках Сучжоу відображають квінтесенцію і зміст традиційної культури Китаю.
Згідно з історичними записами в місті Сучжоу налічується близько 200 маленьких і великих садів. Серед них, Кам'яна альтанка «Цанлан», Левова гущавина «Шіцзилінь», садок «Чжочжен» (Сад чиновника, який віддалився від справ) і садок «Лю» (Сад, що залишає у себе) представляють художні стилі династій Сун, Юань, Мін і Цін. Усі вони називаються «чотирма відомими садами» в місті Сучжоу. А сад «Ванші» теж є знаменитим.
Кам'яна альтанка «Цанлан» розташована на півдні міста Сучжоу. Вона вважається найстаровинішим садово-парковим комплексом. Її будівництво розпочалося у 1041 році в період правління імператора Жень-цзуна з династії Північна Сун. В епоху Південної Сун вона була резиденцією відомого генерала Хань Шічжун. Садово-паркове мистецтва альтанки «Цанлан» унікальне, ініціатором зведення якої був поет Су Шуньцінь. Увесь сад оточено ставком з чистою зеленою водою. Головний краєвид парку — скелі, напрямки — пагорб, на якому розміщується кам'яна альтанка «Цанлан». У підніжжя пагорба вирите водоймище, між водою і горою звивистий прохід. На південний схід від штучної гори — зала «Міндао» є головною архітектурною спорудою саду. Крім цього, в саду також є 500 храмів мудреця, оглядових веж, смарагдових галерей, альтанок для вшанування і павільйонів над стелами, які контрастують між собою.
Левова гущавина «Шіцзилінь» розташована на північному сході Сучжоу. Її будівництво почалося на у 1342 році, за правління імператора Чжічжен з династії Юань. Оскільки в саду величезна кількість кам'яних піків, за формою своєї схожих на левів, остільки сад було названо «Левиної гущавинами (або ж хащами)». Сад має довгасту квадратну форму, загальна площа — 15 му. Озеро зі штучними кам'яними горами в саду видається особливо красивим. Архітектурні споруди по порядку розкидані садом, але мають свій смак. Головними будівлями є зала «Яньюй», башта «Цзяньшань», альтанка «Фейпу», зала «Веньмей». Чітко простежується головна ідея «Шіцзилінь». Сад багатий красивими видами і має особливий стиль. У саду будь-які рослини мають свою чарівність.
Сад «Лю» розташований за межами західних воріт міста Сужчоу. Його будівництво розпочалося в епоху династії Мін. У часи династії Цін сад називався «Замерзлою віллою» або «Лююань», після перейменували в «Сад, щозалишає у себе». Він займає площу в 50 му. Центральна частина саду відома своїми гірськими та водними пейзажами і є найціннішим. Монастир «Ханьбі», башта «Мінсе», залв «Юаньци», альтанка «Чуши», будинок «Цінфен» входять до складу основних архітектурних споруд. Сад «Лю» лідирує за кількістю споруд. Його витончена маніпуляція в конструкції-просторі повною мірою відображає високу майстерність і неперевершену мудрість у проектуванні стародавніх китайських садів і парків. Разом з садом Чжаньюань послужив прообразова саду Іцзяннань в Пекіні
Сад «Чжочжен» розташований в межах воріт Лоумень у Сучжоу. Він вважається найбільшим і представницьким парком в місті. Сад було споруджено під час правління імператора Чженде з династії Мін. Натепер сад зберіг вигляд кінця періоду династії Цін, площа комплексу становить 62 му. У центрі композиції саду «Чжожен» — вода, площа ставка займає приблизно 1/5 від загальної площі саду. Численні павільйони, альтанки і високі вежі височать поряд з водоймою. Зали «Юаньсяо», «Лютін», альтанки «Сюесян юньвей», «Дася», павільйони «18 дурманів», «36 мандаринок» входять до складу головних архітектурних споруд. Структура будов саду «Чжочжен» по порядку неуважна. Садові характерний майстерний художній задум, стиль свіжої, витонченою природи.
Сад «Ванші» розташовано на південному сході міста Сужчоу. Він був побудований в період Південна Сун, в той час називався «Юйін». Під час правління імператора Цяньлуна сад було реконструйовано і перейменовано у «Ванші». Площа саду — півгектара, це найменший сад у Сучжоу. Головними архітектурними спорудами є будиночки «Цунг», «Каньсун духу», палацової весни, зала «Чжоуіньшуй». Усі вежі, зали, палаци і будиночки в саду були звернені до води. Різні будови майстерно виконані, компактно розташовані, відповідають один одному. Вони відображають класичний стиль епохи Мін.
Джерела
iu, Dunzhen and Joseph C. Wang (1993). Chinese classical gardens of Suzhou. McGraw-Hill. p. 12.
Примітки
Світова спадщина в Китаї
Сучжоу
Цзянсу |
2137971 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 | Волиньхолдинг | Волиньхолдинг
ПрАТ Волиньхолдинг — українське підприємство розташоване у смт Торчин Волинської області. Створене 1994 року, наприкінці 2003 року корпорація Nestlé S.A. придбала 100 % акцій підприємства. Основний бренд Волиньхолдингу — ТМ Торчин (до 2005 —ТМ Торчин Продукт).
Історія підприємства
Приватне акціонерне товариство «Волиньхолдинг» засновано 1994 року. Наприкінці 2003 року Nestlé S.A. придбала 100 % акцій підприємства.
ПрАТ «Волиньхолдинг» є одним з найбільш динамічних підприємств харчової промисловості в Україні: за період своєї діяльності на ринку соусів та приправ компанія впевнено займає домінантну позицію. Продукція «Волиньхолдинг» добре відома на українському ринку та за кордоном, — це майонези, кетчупи, соуси, гірчиці і приправи, які виробляються за класичними фірмовими рецептурами та реалізуються під торговою маркою «Торчин».
Визначальна причина успіху бренда «Торчин» — якість продукції. Важливу роль успішності бренда відіграли також вдалі інновації, особливо м'яка упаковка «дой пак». Слід зазначити, що продукція підприємства сертифікована та відповідає світовим стандартам якості.
2010 року «Волиньхолдинг» досягнув своєї максимальної потужності у 100 тис. тон готової продукції на рік. Введено в експлуатацію першу чергу нового підприємства, що включає склад сировини для виробничих потужностей ПрАТ «Волиньхолдинг» та склад готової продукції, що на сьогодні є одним з найбільших в Європі логістичних центрів для зберігання готової продукції та сировини. Потужності складського приміщення складають 250 тис. тонн на рік. На складах, де встановлено найсучасніше складське обладнання, одночасно може розміщуватися до 25 тис. палет. Крім цього, логістичний центр забезпечуватиме проведення всіх імпортних та експортних операцій № 65116 в Україні.
Основні показники
Директор ПрАТ «Волиньхолдинг» — Штефан Шаффельд, за освітою інженер-хімік, розпочав кар'єру в Nestlé у 1994 році (громадянин Нідерландів).
ПрАТ «Волиньхолдинг» забезпечує роботою 882 працівника із середньою заробітною платою 1 988 грн (менеджери — 4 186 грн; робітники — 1 983 грн).
Обсяг виробництва підприємства у 2010 році становив 79,7 млн кг на суму 592,7 млн грн. Сума сплачених податків, зборів та обов'язкових платежів у 2010 році склала 24,5 млн грн.
Інвестиції на розвиток та модернізацію підприємства 2010 року досягли 61 млн грн.
Фінансовий стан підприємства стабільний, своєчасно проводяться розрахунки по обов'язкових платежах та виплати заробітної плати. Продукція компанії експортується до Росії, Молдови, Республіки Білорусь, Німеччини, Грузії, Литви.
Історія ТМ Торчин
1994 рік. ПрАТ «Волиньхолдинг» зареєстроване в містечку Торчин, за 25 км від Луцька. Спочатку підприємство займалось виробництвом води. На етикетці зазначалось «Дональд Дак». Та через кілька місяців після початку існування марки надійшов лист із Австралії, у якому волинян просили підтвердити правомірність використання цієї торгової марки. Щоб не доводити ситуацію до конфлікту, вирішили змінити марку, назвавши продукт за місцем виробництва.
Так 1995 року з'явилась торгова марка «Торчин продукт», під якою випускались майонези та кетчупи в скляних баночках та гірчицю в пет-банці.
1997. Куплена лінія з виробництва упаковки doy-pack («дойпак»). Раніше таку упаковку в Україні зовсім ніхто не використовував. Навіть у Європі її застосовувавли тільки для фасування соків і сипучих продуктів, виробництва майонезу.
1997—1998 рік. Франчайзинг — випускали майонез «Довгань». Після цього почали робити ще більше — запропонували свої послуги з випуску майонезу світовому гіганту Helmans. Утім, переговори не були успішними.
1998 рік. Почали випускати в «дой-пак» кетчупи «Торчин продукт».
1 грудня 2003 рік. Абсолютним лідером ринку холодних соусів компанія «Волиньхолдинг» увійшла до групи компаній Nestlé.
Див. також
Nestlé S.A.
Примітки
Джерела
Нестле в Україні
Посилання
Підприємства харчової промисловості Волинської області
Торчин
Nestlé |
1570373 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0 | Тюрлівська сільська рада | Тюрлівська сільська рада — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця в складі Молодечненського району розташована в Мінській області Білорусі. Адміністративний центр — Тюрли.
Тюрлівська сільська рада розташована на межі центральної Білорусі, в західній частині Мінської області орієнтовне розташування — супутникові знимки , на південь від Молодечного.
До складу сільради входять 23 населених пунктів:
Адамовичі • Бояри • Бушевиця • В'язовець • Верхівка • Витропівщина • Горавини • Домаші • Заболоття • Застінки • Коледино • Куклівщина • Лешно • Менютки • Мислевичі • Носилове • Рогози • Саки • Тивидівка • Тюрли • Тюрли Саківські • Шнури.
Примітки
Посилання
Вебресурс Молодечненського району району
Сільські ради Білорусі
Сільські ради Молодечненського району |
1514328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Union%20Flag | Grand Union Flag | Grand Union Flag
The first national flag of the United States, often referred to as the Grand Union Flag, Cambridge Flag, Continental Colours, and Great Union Flag, was the de facto flag of the United States until 1777, when the first United States flag was officially adopted. First hoisted aboard the newly converted 24-gun frigate in 1775, it has 13 alternating red and white stripes, representative of the Thirteen Colonies. The upper inner corner, or canton, features the Flag of Great Britain, to which the colonies belonged until 1776.
History
By the end of 1775, during the first year of the American Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress operated as a de facto war government, who had authorized the creation of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, and even a small contingent of Continental Marines. A new flag was needed to represent both the Congress and the United Colonies, with a banner distinct from the British Red Ensign flown from civilian and merchant vessels, the White Ensign of the Royal Navy, and the Flag of Great Britain carried on land by the British army. The emerging states had been using their own independent flags, with Massachusetts using the Taunton Flag, and New York using the George Rex Flag, prior to the adoption of united colors.
Americans first hoisted the Grand Union Flag on the colonial warship , in the harbor on the western shore of the Delaware River at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 3, 1775, under the command of the new appointed Lieutenant John Paul Jones of the formative Continental Navy. The event was documented in letters to Congress and eyewitness accounts. The flag was also used by the Continental Army forces as both a naval ensign, and as a garrison flag throughout 1776 and early 1777.
It was widely believed that the flag was raised by George Washington's army on January 2, 1776, at Prospect Hill in Charlestown (now part of Somerville), near his headquarters at Cambridge, Massachusetts (across the Charles River to the north from Boston), which was then surrounding and laying siege to the British forces then occupying the city. It is also stated that the flag was interpreted by British military observers in the city under commanding General Thomas Gage, as a sign of surrender. However, some scholars dispute the traditional account and conclude that the flag raised at Prospect Hill was probably the flag of Great Britain, though subsequent research supports the contrary.
The flag has had several names, at least five of which have been popularly remembered. The more recent moniker, "Grand Union Flag", was first applied in the 19th-century Reconstruction era by George Henry Preble, in his 1872 History of the American Flag.
The Grand Union Flag became obsolete following the passing of the Flag Act of 1777 by the Continental Congress. The new national flag replaced the Union Jack in the canton with thirteen stars (representing the thirteen States) on a field of blue. The resolution describes only a "new constellation" for the arrangement of the white stars in the blue canton, so overall designs were later interpreted and made with rows, columns, a square with one star in the center, a circle, and various other designs.
Design
It is not known for certain when or by whom the design of the Continental Colours was created, but the flag could easily be produced by sewing white stripes onto the British Red Ensigns. The "Alfred" flag has been credited to Margaret Manny.
The design of the Colours is strikingly similar to the flag of the British East India Company (EIC). Indeed, certain EIC designs in use since 1707 (when the canton was changed from the flag of England to that of the flag of Great Britain) were nearly identical. However, the number of stripes varied from 9 to 15. One theory on the origin of the design is that the American colonists would have known and been familiar with the existing EIC flags and that this may have influenced the design.
The combined crosses in the flag of Great Britain symbolized the union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. The symbolism of a union of equal parts was retained in the new U.S. flag, as described in the Flag Resolution of 14 June 1777 (later celebrated in U.S. culture and history as "Flag Day").
According to the vexillologist Nick Groom, the use of the flag of Great Britain in the canton component of the flag suggests that George Washington's army adopted it, not as a protest against the rule of the British Parliament, but as a profession of continued loyalty towards King George III. This view is shared by Laurie Calkhoven, a biographer of George Washington, who suggests that the flag was designed to reflect the colonists' hope for justice from King George III.
See also
List of flags of the United States
Timeline of the flag of the United States
References
Citations
Sources
External links
1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1777 disestablishments in the United States
Continental Navy
Flags introduced in 1775
Flags of the American Revolution
Flags of the United States
Flags that incorporate the Union Jack
Flags with blue, red, and white
Flags with cantons
Obsolete national flags |
804191 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C | Алень | Алень — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Окситанія, департамент Од. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 640 км на південь від Парижа, 155 км на захід від Монпельє, 25 км на південний захід від Каркассонна.
Історія
До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Лангедок-Русійон. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Окситанія.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 124 оподатковані домогосподарства, у яких проживали 271,5 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Алень на сайті французького Національного інституту географії
Алень на сайті французького Національного інституту статистики й економічних досліджень
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Од
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Од |
29221707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian%20events%20at%20the%202012%20Summer%20Olympics | Equestrian events at the 2012 Summer Olympics | Equestrian events at the 2012 Summer Olympics
The equestrian events at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held between 28 July and 9 August at Greenwich Park. Medals were awarded in three disciplines for both individual and team competitions.
Great Britain was the most successful nation, topping the medal table with three golds and five medals in total. They were particularly dominant in team events, taking two gold medals and a silver medal from three team events.
Events
Medals were awarded in the following competitions:
Individual dressage
Team dressage
Individual jumping
Team jumping
Individual eventing
Team eventing
Qualification
Each event has its own qualification rules, but generally rely on FEI rankings.
Dressage qualification
For the team competition there was a total of 11 quota berths available. Three team berths were awarded at the 2010 FEI World Equestrian Games. In addition 7 team berths were awarded at regional competitions (Europe: 3, America: 2, Asia: 2). In addition, should a country have qualified 3 athletes in the individual competition, they also qualify as a team and were allowed to compete in the team competition.
For the individual competition, 50 berths were allocated as follows: 33 to the athletes who qualified from the teams above. In addition, the highest ranked rider from each of seven geographic regions qualified. The top ten riders based on FEI ranking who did not qualify otherwise were given berths as well.
Jumping qualification
A country may send up to four riders if it qualified for the team competition. Similar to dressage, teams of four riders were qualified at either the World Equestrian Games (WEG) or through a regional competition. The WEG awarded five berths, the regions six (America: two, Europe: two, Asia: two), and the hosts (Great Britain). For the individual competition there was a total of 75 berths allocated as follows: 45 from the above teams the rest regional or through rankings.
Eventing qualification
A country may send up to five riders if it qualified for the team competition. Similar to dressage, teams of five riders were qualified at either the WEG, a regional competition, or through a composite spot. The WEG awarded five berths, the regions seven (America: three, Europe: three, Middle East & Africa: one), the hosts (Great Britain). For the individual competition there was a total of 75 berths allocated as follows: 55 from the above teams, 7 through regional competitions and 13 through the world rankings.
Competition format
Show jumping
Five rounds are ridden to determine individual medals. Riders placing first through 60th (including ties for 60th place) advance to the second round. The top 45 riders of round 2, including ties for 45th, advance to the third round. The top 35 riders of the third round progress to the 4th round, but only up to three riders per team (so if a country has four riders in the top 35, one of those is not allowed to compete for individual medals).
In the fourth round (individual final round A), the slate is wiped clean and all riders begin with zero faults. The top 20 riders in round 4 advance to round 5 (individual final round B), and ride another course. The faults for individual final round A and B and added together to determine individual medals.
The team competition completes three rounds to determine medals. It runs concurrently with the individual competition (riders running over the same course) so team riders are also competing for individual medals. The first round for team competition is the round 2 course for individual medals. The top eight teams from the first team round advance to the second team round (which is the same course as the individual round 3). The scores for these eight countries over team rounds 1 and 2 are combined, and medals are awarded based on those scores.
Dressage
Teams are made up of three riders, all of whom are also competing concurrently for individual medals. Additionally, countries who can not make a full team may send riders to compete for individual medals.
All riders compete in the Grand Prix, which serves as the first round of both the individual and team medals. The top seven teams (included those tied for 7th) advance to the Grand Prix Special, which is a slightly more rigorous test. The combined scores for those teams in both the Grand Prix and the Special determine the team medals, with the team with the highest score winning gold.
Riders completing the Grand Prix test (first qualifying round of the individual competition) may move on to the Grand Prix Special (second qualifying round for the individual competition) if their team is in the top seven (21 riders total). Additionally, the top 11 riders who do not qualify with a team may also advance to the Special to ride for individual medals. The top 18 riders from the Special move on to the third individual round, the freestyle. Each rider designs their own test for the freestyle, which must be set to music and has several compulsory movements. Riders can tailor a test to their horses' strengths, as well as incorporate movements that are more difficult than those required in the Grand Prix or the Special (such as a pirouette in piaffe) in order to increase their scores. Individual medals are assigned based on scores in the freestyle.
Eventing
Competitions for team and individual medals ran concurrently. Riders performed a dressage test, a cross-country round, and a jumping round. Team medals were then awarded by adding together the best three scores from a country's team, out of a maximum of five team members, from all three phases, the team with the lowest number of penalty points winning the gold. The top 25 individual scores after the first show jumping round performed a second, final, show jumping round to determine individual medals, with up to 3 riders in the individual running per team. Therefore, those competing for individual berths completed one dressage test and cross-country round, and two jumping rounds.
Officials
Appointment of officials was as follows:
Dressage
Stephen Clarke (Ground Jury President)
Jean-Michel Roudier (Ground Jury Member)
Wim Ernes (Ground Jury Member)
Leif Törnblad (Ground Jury Member)
Gary Rockwell (Ground Jury Member)
Evi Eisenhardt (Ground Jury Member)
Maribel Alonso de Quinzanos (Ground Jury Member)
Wojtek Markowski (FEI Technical Delegate)
Jumping
Stephan Ellenbruch (Ground Jury President)
Kim Morrison (Ground Jury Member)
Jon Doney (Ground Jury Member)
Freddy Smeets (Ground Jury Member)
Eventing
Anne-Mette Binder (Ground Jury President)
Nick Burton (Ground Jury Member)
Gillian Rolton (Ground Jury Member)
Jon Doney (Jumping Judge)
Martin Plewa (FEI Technical Delegate)
Ataíde Pereira Barcelos (FEI Technical Delegate assistant)
Medal summary
Medal table
Medalists
Gallery
Gallery of some of the gold medalists in the equestrian events:
References
External links
2012
2012 Summer Olympics events
Equestrian sports competitions in the United Kingdom
Greenwich Park
Sport in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
2012 in equestrian sports |
4690032 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%20%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%20%D0%B7%D1%96%20%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%202022 | Чемпіонат світу зі спортивної гімнастики 2022 | Чемпіонат світу зі спортивної гімнастики 2022 пройде з 29 жовтня по 6 листопада у Ліверпулі, Велика Британія.
На чемпіонаті встановлюються перші володарі ліцензій на Олімпійські Ігри 2024 в Парижі, Франція. Так за результатами командних змагань командну ліцензію на Ігри здобули жіночі збірні США, Великої Британії та Канади.
Медалісти
Чоловічі результати
Командна першість
Абсолютна першість
Вільні вправи
Кінь
Кільця
Опорний стрибок
Паралельні бруси
Поперечина
Жіночі результати
Командна першість
Абсолютна першість
Опорний стрибок
Різновисокі бруси
Колода
Вільні вправи
Квіліфікація
Чоловічі результати
Командна першість
Абсолютна першість
Вільні вправи
Кінь
Кільця
Опорний стрибок
Паралельні бруси
Поперечина
Жіночі результати
Командна першість
Абсолютна першість
Виступ української збірної
Чоловіки
Жінки
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
2022
Спортивна гімнастика
Жовтень 2022
Листопад 2022
2022 у британському спорті |
15498695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouchy | Brouchy | Brouchy is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography
Brouchy is situated on the D4937 road, some southwest of Saint-Quentin.
Population
See also
Communes of the Somme department
References
Communes of Somme (department) |
2349733 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE | Міро | Міро
Прізвище
Міро — прізвище іспанського походження. Відомі носії:
Жуан Міро — каталонський художник, скульптор та графік
Луїс Міро — іспанський футболіст
Хосе Міро Кардона — 15-й прем'єр-міністр Куби
Інше
4329 Міро — астероїд
Фундація Жуана Міро — музей сучасного мистецтва в Барселоні |
478397 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0 | Мікенська мова | Мікенська мова (мікенський діалект) — найдавніша серед засвідчених форма грецької мови, поширена на материковій частині Греції і на Криті з XVI по XI століття до н. е. до дорійського вторгнення.
Дослідження
Мікенська мова збереглась у вигляді написів, виконаних лінійною писемністю Б — писемністю, винайденою на Криті раніше 14 століття до н. е. Більшість пам'яток цієї писемності збереглося у формі глиняних табличок, знайдених в Кноссі (центральному Крит), і в Пілосі, розташованому на південному заході Пелопоннесу британським археологом Артуром Евансом. Сама ж мова дістала назву за містом Мікени, де був знайдений перший палац, що належить до цієї епохи.
Таблички довгий час залишалися нерозшифрованими, висувалися найфантастичніші гіпотези щодо мови, на яких вони були написані, допоки 1952 року писемність не була розшифрована Майклом Вентрісом і не було доведено, що таблички написані прадавньою формою грецької мови. Тексти на табличках є в основному списками і описами господарського характеру. Попри це, вдалось отримати багато інформації про мікенську цивілізацію, яка існувала на зорі так званих Темних століть Греції.
Пам'ятки
Пам'ятки грецької писемності мікенської епохи складаються із близько 6 000 глиняних табличок і черепків, написаних лінійним письмом Б в період приблизно з 1400 по 1230 до н. е. Дотепер не знайдено монументальних написів, зроблених цим письмом, як і записів мікенської мови за допомогою інших писемнностей.
У випадку автентичності, , датований 17 століттям до н. е., є найстаршою з усіх відомих пам'яток мікенської письменності, а отже, найдавнішою пам'яткою грецької мови.
Орфографія
Лінійна писемність В складається з приблизно 200 складових знаків та логограм. Оскільки лінійна писемність B походить від лінійної писемності А (писемності нерозшифрованої досі мінойскої мови, ймовірно, не пов'язаної з грецькою мовою), воно не повністю відбиває фонетику мікенської мови. По суті, обмеженим числом складових знаків записувалась значно більша кількість складів, що зручніше було б записувати літерами алфавіту, у зв'язку з чим повинні були бути вироблені спрощення орфографії. Нижче наведено основні з них:
Немає розрізнення грецьких фонетичних категорій дзвінкості і придихання, за винятком зубних d і t. (E-ko може позначати і як egō, так і як ekhō).
m або n перед приголосними та l, m, n, r, s наприкінці складу опускаються. (Pa-ta — panta; ka-ko — khalkos).
Сполучення приголосних можуть на письмі розбиватися додатковими голосними. (Po-to-li-ne — ptolin).
r та l не розрізняються. (Pa-si-re-u — basileus).
початкове придихання не позначається. (A-ni-ja — hāniai).
довгота голосних не вказується.
Z використовується на позначення *dy, початкових y, *ky, *gy.
q є лабіо-велярним kw або gw, а в деяких випадках w(Qo-u-ko-ro — gwoukoloi, класичне boukoloi).
Початкова s перед приголосним не пишеться. (Ta-to-mo — stathmos).
Подвійні приголосні не пишуться (Ko-no-so — Knōsos, класичне Knossos).
Крім того, знаки не є поліфонічними, вони позначають тільки один звук, але іноді можуть бути омофонічними (один звук може бути представлений декількома знаками). В довгих словах може опускатися середній або кінцевий знак.
Фонетика
На письмі розрізнялися п'ять голосних (a, e, i, o, u), напівголосні звуки w та j (яка також транскрибується як y), три сонорних приголосних m, n, r (r також позначала звук l), один свистячий s та шість смичних (p, t, d, k, q) (звичайна транскрипція для всіх лабіовелярних) і z (включає звуки [K ʲ], [р ʲ] и [D ʲ], пізніше перейшли в грецьке ζ).
Існував також звук /w/, який зберігався у деяких грецьких діалектах як дигамма, поки не був повністю втрачений, а також інтервокальний /h/.
В мікенській мові збереглося багато архаїчних рис індоєвропейської спадщини, таких як лабіовелярні приголосні, які до часу появи грецької абетки кілька сот років по тому піддалися контекстно-залежним змінам.
Морфологія
На відміну від інших форм грецької мови, у мікенській мові існувало сім відмінків:
називний
родовий
давальний
знахідний
орудний
місцевий
кличний.
Цікаво, що саме ці 7 відмінків використовує сучасна українська мова. Орудний та місцевий відмінки у класичній грецькій та новогрецькій мові вийшли з ужитку, збереглися тільки називний, знахідний, родовий та кличний відмінки.
Примітки
Посилання
Маркос Гавалас, Мікенсько-англійський словник
Мова крито-микенських написів лінійною писемністю В
Грецька мова
Егейська цивілізація |
15638575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinrich%20Schuldt | Hinrich Schuldt | Hinrich Schuldt
Hinrich Schuldt (14 January 1901 – 15 March 1944) was a German SS commander during World War II. He was a posthumous recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany.
SS Brigade Schuldt
SS Brigade Schuldt, under Schuldt's command, was composed of units drawn from the SS Division Leibstandarte, SS Division Das Reich, SS Polizei Division and a detachment from the Luftwaffe. The brigade was moved to the Eastern Front in December 1942, and by 16 December was sent to the Stalingrad front. On 1 January 1943, it was placed under command of the 6th Panzer Division. The brigade was disbanded on 1 March 1943, with what was left of its units returning to their parent formations. The 1st SS-Polizei Panzegrenadier Regiment 7 was left with 84 men from original 527 and the 7th Battalion LSSAH had 38 men left from original 800.
Awards
Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (24 October 1939) & 1st Class (October 1941)
German Cross in Gold on 21 April 1943 as SS-Standartenführer in the SS-Brigade "Schuldt"
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Knight's Cross on 5 April 1942 as SS-Obersturmbannführer and commander of SS-Infanterie-Regiment 4 "Reichsführer-SS".
Oak Leaves on 2 April 1943 as SS-Standartenführer and commander of SS Brigade Schuldt
Swords on 25 March 1944 (posthumously) as SS-Oberführer and commander of the 2. lettische SS-Freiwilligen-Brigade
References
Citations
Bibliography
Nafziger George, Waffen SS and Other Units in World War II: The German Order of Battle,
1901 births
1944 deaths
SS-Brigadeführer
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Military personnel from Hamburg
People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein
Reichsmarine personnel
Waffen-SS personnel killed in action |
1341522 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F%20%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%20%D0%9F%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0 | Вулиця Леоніда П'ятакова | Вулиця Леоніда П'ятакова — зникла вулиця, що існувала в Московському районі (нині це територія Печерського району) міста Києва, місцевість Нова Забудова. Пролягала від вулиці Василя Тютюнника до Тверського (нині — Фортечного) тупика.
Історія
Вулиця виникла у середині 1920-х років під назвою Новопечерська, з 1963 року — вулиця Леоніда П'ятакова, на честь українського революціонера-більшовика Л. Л. П'ятакова. Ліквідована 1981 року, нині існує як одне з відгалужень Новопечерського провулка
Примітки
Посилання
Колишня вулиця Леоніда П'ятакова на сервисі Яндекс.Панорами.
Джерела
Зниклі вулиці Києва, що фактично існують дотепер |
6957854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskov | Ruskov | Ruskov is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1303.
Geography
The village lies at an elevation of 223 m and covers an area of 20.208 km². The municipality has a population of about 1,350 people.
Transport
The village has a railway station on the line from Košice to Čierna nad Tisou.
References
Villages and municipalities in Košice-okolie District |
1589571 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%20%C2%AB%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%20%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%C2%BB%204%3A%20%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%20%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%20%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0 | Проєкт «Переслідувач тіні» 4: Ключ від Оріона | Проєкт «Переслідувач тіні» 4: Ключ від Оріона
«Проєкт „Переслідувач тіні“ 4: Ключ від Оріона» — американський фантастичний бойовик режисера Марка Роупера.
Сюжет
Подружжя археологів відкопують в Африці древній артефакт космічного походження і відразу ж стають мішенню для активізувавшогося інопланетного андроїда — захисника артефакту.
У ролях
Посилання
Фантастичні фільми 1996
Фільми США 1996
Фільми за алфавітом
Фільми англійською мовою
Фантастичні бойовики США
Науково-фантастичні фільми США
Фільми-сиквели
Фільми про археологію |
3435649 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Горбач Михайло Михайлович | Горбач Михайло Михайлович
Михайло Михайлович Горбач (1916-1944) — червоноармієць Робітничо-селянської Червоної Армії, учасник Великої Вітчизняної війни, Герой Радянського Союзу (1944).
Біографія
Михайло Горбач народився в 1916 году в селі Сергіївка Полтавській губернії (ніні — Прилуцький район Чернігівської області України) в селянській родіні. Здобув початкових освіту, працював на шпалорізному заводі на станції Шожма Няндомського району Архангельської області. У травні 1942 року Горбач був призваний на службу в Робітнічо-Селянська Червону Армію і був направлений на фронт Другої світової війни. Брав участь у боях на Ленінградському Фронті та в обороні Ленінграда. До лютого 1944 року червоноармієць Михайло Горбач служив гарматним номером 760-го винищувально-протитанкового артилерійського полку 2-ї ударної армії Ленінградського фронту. Відзначився під час звільнення Естонської РСР.
11 лютого 1944 року розрахунок, до якого входив Горбач, першим у своєму підрозділі переправився через річку Нарва. На підході до берега пліт хитнувся від близького вибуху, в результаті чого опинився у воді. Незважаючи на крижану воду, Горбач зумів прив'язати до нього трос і разом з іншими бійцями витягнути пліт. Під час стрільби по противнику Горбач оперативно подавав снаряди. Коли вибув навідник, Горбач його замінив, знищивши кілька мінометних і кулеметних гнізд. Завдяки діям розрахунку зуміли переправитися через річку передові стрілецькі підрозділи. Незабаром позиції десанту були контратаковані німецькими танковими підрозділами. Розрахунку Горбача вдалося підбити два танки, але в ході бою всі артилеристи, крім Горбача, були важко поранені. Горбач продовжив вести вогонь самотужки, підбивши ще два танки, при цьому сам був поранений, але поля бою не покинув. Коли скінчилися снаряди, він продовжував вести вогонь з автомата по німецькій піхоті, яка слідувала за танками, знищивши близько 20 солдатів і офіцерів противника. В тому бою Горбач отримав смертельне поранення. Похований у селищі Нарва-Їєсуу в Естонії.
Указом Президії Верховної Ради СРСР від 1 липня 1944 року за мужність і героїзм, проявлені при захисті міста Ленінграда" червоноармієць Михайло Горбач посмертно був удостоєний високого звання Героя Радянського Союзу. Також був нагороджений орденом Леніна і медаллю.
На честь Горбача названі вулиці в Сергіївці, Няндомі та в Нарві.
Примітки
Література
Герои Советского Союза: Краткий биографический словарь / Пред. ред. колегії І. Н. Шкадов. — М: Воениздат, 1987. — Т. 1 /Абаєв — Любичев/. — 911 с. — 100 000 екз. — ISBN отс., Реєстр. № у РКП 87-95382.
Юні герої Вітебщини. Мінськ, 1980.
Загинули в боях Німецько-радянської війни
Радянські артилеристи Другої світової війни
Рядові (СРСР)
Люди, на честь яких названо вулиці |
455102 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5 | Ронкаделле | Ронкаделле — муніципалітет в Італії, у регіоні Ломбардія, провінція Брешія.
Ронкаделле розташоване на відстані близько 450 км на північний захід від Рима, 75 км на схід від Мілана, 7 км на захід від Брешії.
Населення — (2014).
Щорічний фестиваль відбувається 20 травня. Покровитель — San Bernardino.
Демографія
Міста-побратими
Завидовичі, Боснія і Герцеговина
Сусідні муніципалітети
Брешія
Кастеньято
Кастель-Мелла
Гуссаго
Торболе-Казалья
Травальято
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів провінції Брешія
Примітки
Муніципалітети провінції Брешія |
26027460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Alia | El Alia | El Alia is a town and commune in the Bizerte Governorate, Tunisia.
It was the ancient Uzalis in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, which became a Christian bishopric that is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.
It is not to be confused with El Alia Cemetery, which is in Algeria.
History
This city has existed since Roman times. In antiquity, its name was Uzalis while its current name comes from its founder in the Middle Ages: Ali El Balight. There are still some Roman ruins scattered throughout the city.
The population is largely composed of descendants of Andalusians who fled Spain after the Christian reconquest. Andalusian architecture has left its mark on the ancient city situated at the top of the hill (Djebel H'kima). The new city developed in the plains surrounding the ancient city. Monuments such as the Great Mosque and some mausoleums survived the modernization of the city, the walls and gates surrounding the old city having been destroyed at the beginning of the 20th century.
See also
List of cities in Tunisia
References
Populated places in Bizerte Governorate
Communes of Tunisia
Catholic titular sees in Africa
Tunisia geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
3022319 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%96 | Папірус Ані | Папірус Ані — манускрипт написаний на папірус із і кольоровими ілюстраціями, що створений приблизно в 1250 р. до н. е., в часи правління 19-ї династії в Новому Царстві стародавнього Єгипту. Єгиптяни складали індивідуальну книгу деяким померлим людям після їхньої смерті, що називалася Книга слідування у наступний день, більш відома як Книга мертвих, яка як правило містила заповіді і заклинання, що мали допомогти померлим у їх потойбічному житті. Папірус Ані це манускрипт, який було зіставлено для Фівського писаря Ані.
Манускрипт був викрадений із сховища уряду Єгипту в 1888, його викрав Сер Е. А. Уолліс Будж, як описувалося в його дво-томнику По Нілу і Тигру, для колекції Британського Музею де він залишається і сьогодні. Перед відправленням манускрипту на кораблі у Британію, Будж розрізав сувій довжиною в сімдесят вісім футів на тридцять сім листків майже однакового розміру, чим ушкодив цілісність сувія в той час, коли технології ще не дозволяли зібрати шматки до купи знов без втрат.
Примітки
Література
The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth by Day, The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete «Papyrus of Ani», Introduction and commentary by Dr. Ogden Goelet, Translation by Dr. Raymond O. Faulkner, Preface by Carol Andrews, Featuring Integrated Text and Full Color Images, (Chronicle Books, San Francisco) c1994, Rev. ed. c1998. Contains: Map Key to the Papyrus, Commentary by Dr. Ogden Goelet, Selected Bibliography, and «Glossary of Terms and Concepts».
Eternal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum, Edna Russmann.
The Egyptian Book of the Dead: (The Papyrus of Ani), (Dover Ed., New York), c1895, Dover ed., 1967. Egyptian Text Transliteration and Translation, Introduction, etc. by Sir E.A.Wallis Budge.
Facsimile: Papyrus Ani: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (ADEVA), Graz 1978. Complete colour facsimile edition of the 37 segments of the papyrus in original size (approx. 24 x 0,38 m); average size of the segments 380 x 700 mm. Scholarly commentary (in German): E. Dondelinger, Koblenz. This facsimile edition is available either in a portfolio (= standard edition) or in a book case which can be used as a desk (= special edition) — CODICES SELECTI, Vol. LXII
Посилання
The papyrus of Ani; a reproduction in facsimile by Budge, E. A. W. in three volumes.
Розділ 1 (ввідний аналіз).
Розділ 2 (транскрипція і переклад).
Розділ 3 (факсимільна репродукція).
The Egyptian Book of the Dead.
Література Стародавнього Єгипту
Твори XIII століття до н. е. |
4780441 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%20%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Романенко Олександр Трохимович | Романенко Олександр Трохимович — український драматичний і кіноактор, живописець-аматор і співак.
Романенко Олександр Трохимович — боєць батальйону оперативного призначення «Донбас» Національної гвардії України.
Сторінки зі списками однофамільців-тезок |
2935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans | Ans | Ans or ANS or variation, may refer to:
Places
Ans, Belgium, a municipality in Belgium
Ans, Denmark, a village in Denmark
Angus, Scotland, UK; a council area by its Chapman code
Ainsdale railway station, England, UK (by station code ANS)
Andahuaylas Airport, Peru (by IATA airport code ANS)
People
Ans (given name), a Dutch feminine given name
Anna Nicole Smith, American model and actress
Organizations
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite, a Dutch satellite
American Name Society
American Nuclear Society
American Numismatic Society, formerly the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society
ANS Group of Companies, a news organization in Azerbaijan
, a Cambodian resistance group; see Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
Audubon Naturalist Society, an American environmental organization
Chemistry and biology
Adrenergic nervous system, adrenaline and noradrenaline neurotransmitters distribution in human body
8-Anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid, a fluorescent chemical compound used as a molecular probe
Anthocyanidin synthase, an enzyme in the leucocyanidin biosynthesis pathway
Approximate number system, a hypothesized physiological basis for the sense of number
Autonomic nervous system, part of the peripheral nervous system in the body
L-Aspartate-nitro-succinate pathway for production of nitrite
Technology
, an unofficial file extension for ANSI art
Advanced Network and Services, a non-profit network service provider in the 1990s
American National Standards, defined by the American National Standards Institute
ans, a variable in calculators referring to the most recent answer
ANS carriage control characters (or ASA control characters), for computer line printers
Asymmetric numeral systems, coding in data compression
Authoritative name server, a DNS server
Artificial neural system, or Artificial neural network
Air Navigation Services, as delivered by an Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP)
Music
ANS (album), a box set from the British band Coil
ANS synthesizer, a Russian photoelectric musical instrument
Other uses
Al Ansar FC, a Lebanese association football club
Amman National School, in Amman, Jordan
Ansvarlig selskap, a Norwegian personal responsibility company model
Algemeen Nijmeegs Studentenblad, a Dutch student magazine
Akademia Nauk Stosowanych, a vocational university in Nowy Targ, Poland
See also
AN (disambiguation)
Answer (disambiguation), for which "Ans." may be an abbreviation |
2959011 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%20%28%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%29 | Хосейнабад (Амлаш) | Хосейнабад (Амлаш)
Хосейнабад — село в Ірані, у дегестані Північний Амлаш, в Центральному бахші, шагрестані Амлаш остану Ґілян. За даними перепису 2006 року, його населення становило 207 осіб, що проживали у складі 56 сімей.
Клімат
Середня річна температура становить 15,02°C, середня максимальна – 28,72°C, а середня мінімальна – 0,99°C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 1124 мм.
Примітки
Населені пункти шагрестану Амлаш |
18522205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnisz%C3%B3w | Hniszów | Hniszów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ruda-Huta, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately north-east of Chełm and east of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Villages in Chełm County |
18890297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Burke | Steven Burke | Steven Burke
Steven James Burke (born 4 March 1988) is a former English track and road cyclist, who rode for the now disbanded cycling team. He represented Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics, beating his pre Olympics personal best in the individual pursuit by eleven seconds, to take the bronze medal. He stood on the podium alongside his cycling idol, gold medallist Bradley Wiggins.
During 2012, Burke was part of the Great Britain team that won the Olympic and World Championships, in the Team Pursuit discipline. He was part of the GB Team, that retained the team pursuit title at the 2016 Olympics. Burke was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours on 29 December 2012, for services to cycling.
Early life
Burke was born in Burnley and lived in Colne, Lancashire during his early life, attending Park High School and later Nelson and Colne College (which named its sports centre after him). Born into a cycling family, both Burke’s grandfather Brian Wesson, and his mother Sharon, have competed at national level. His dad Alvin also was a cyclist and competed in many time trials.
He began attending Manchester Velodrome as a teenager, previously being more interested in football.
Career
Despite specialising in the team pursuit, Burke has an impressive turn of speed, demonstrated by his success as a junior in the scratch and kilo events. He was consistently beating Mark Cavendish in sprints, during training in 2007.
Major results
Track
2005
National Junior Championships
1st Kilo
3rd Points race
3rd Scratch
1st Team pursuit, UEC European Under-23 Championships
2nd Team pursuit, UCI World Junior Championships
2006
1st Team pursuit, UEC European Under-23 Championships
3rd Team pursuit, UCI World Junior Championships
2007
UEC European Under-23 Championships
1st Team pursuit
3rd Individual pursuit
National Championships
1st Scratch
1st Team pursuit
1st Individual pursuit, National Junior Championships
3rd Team pursuit, UCI World Cup Classics, Manchester
2008
National Championships
1st Individual pursuit
3rd Kilo
3rd Individual pursuit, Olympic Games
2009
1st Individual pursuit, UEC European Under-23 Championships
1st Kilo, National Championships
2011
1st Team pursuit, UEC European Championships
1st Individual pursuit, National Championships
2012
1st Team pursuit, Olympic Games
1st Team pursuit, UCI World Championships
2013
1st Team pursuit, UEC European Championships
2nd Team pursuit, UCI World Championships
2014
UCI World Cup
1st Team pursuit, London
2nd Team pursuit, Guadalajara
2nd Team pursuit, Commonwealth Games
2nd Individual pursuit, National Championships
2015
1st Team pursuit, UEC European Championships
3rd Kilo, National Championships
2016
1st Team pursuit, Olympic Games
World records
See also
2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics gold post boxes
References
External links
Motorpoint Pro-Cycling
Steven Burke, articles at Pendletoday.co.uk
British Cycling interview with Steven Burke, 23 July 2006
Living people
1988 births
British male cyclists
English male cyclists
English Olympic medallists
Olympic cyclists for Great Britain
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from Burnley
People from Colne
Olympic medalists in cycling
UCI Track Cycling World Champions (men)
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
English track cyclists
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games |
4162565 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%20%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0 | Рістоматті Хакола | Рістоматті Хакола — фінський лижник, призер чемпіонату світу.
Хакола здобув срібну медаль чемпіонату світу 2021 року, що проходив у німецькому Оберстдорфі, в командному спринті у парі з Йоні Мякі.
Кар'єра
Рістоматті Хакола вперше виступив на міжнародних змаганнях, що проводяться під егідою FIS, в 2008 році у Вуокатті. Але його дебют виявився невдалим: у гонці з роздільним стартом на 15 км вільним стилем молодий лижник посів 90-е місце.
Найбільш успішно Хакола виступає в спринті, однак фін бере участь і в дистанційних видах програми. У 2015 році Рістоматті дебютував на дорослому чемпіонатах світу і добився добрих результатів в спринтерських змаганнях, ставши дев'ятим.
На домашньому чемпіонаті світу Хакола виступив тільки в спринті і зробив ще один крок вперед: фін вперше вийшов у фінал на найбільших змаганнях, проте посів у ньому останнє місце.
Протягом сезону 2017/18 фінський лижник показував стабільні виступи і став за підсумками року п'ятим в спринтерському заліку Кубка світу.
10 лютого 2019 року Рістоматті в парі з Ійво Нісканеном посів третє місце в командному спринті на етапі Кубка світу в Лахті.
28 лютого 2021 року Хакола став віцечемпіоном світу в командному спринті.
Посилання на джерела
Фінські лижники
Лижники на зимових Олімпійських іграх 2018
Лижники на зимових Олімпійських іграх 2022 |
2648928 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%20%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0 | Дуга Гора | Дуга Гора — населений пункт у Хорватії, у Карловацькій жупанії у складі громади Генеральський Стол.
Населення
Населення за даними перепису 2011 року становило 61 осіб.
Динаміка чисельності населення поселення:
Примітки
Населені пункти Хорватії
Карловацька жупанія |
9945875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%20conquest%20of%20Otranto | Ottoman conquest of Otranto | Ottoman conquest of Otranto
In the summer of 1480, the Ottoman Empire invaded southern Italy, and laid siege to Otranto, finally capturing it on 11 August. This was their first outpost in Italy. According to a traditional account, more than 800 inhabitants were beheaded after the city had been captured. The Martyrs of Otranto are still celebrated in Italy. A year later, the Ottoman garrison surrendered the city after a siege by Christian forces, uncertainty upon the death of sultan Mehmed II and the intervention of papal forces that were led by Paolo Fregoso of Genoa.
Background and motive
In 1479, the Ottomans proposed an alliance to Venice. The Signoria declined the request. However from Venetian sources, it can be inferred that the Signoria, through Battista Gritti, its new bailo in Istanbul, gave the sultan to understand that it would be his rights in seizing Brindisi, Taranto, and Otranto. While, it is impossible to say what extent such declarations contributed to Mehmed's decision to carry out his long-standing plan for a landing in Italy, he acted quickly and resolutely.
Early in the summer of 1480, kapudan-i derya Gedik Ahmed Pasha received orders from Mehmed to cross the Strait of Otranto.
Siege and capture
On 28 July, an Ottoman fleet of 128 ships, including 28 galleys, arrived near the Neapolitan city of Otranto. Many of the troops had come from the 1480 Siege of Rhodes. The garrison and the citizens of Otranto retreated to the city's castle. On 11 August, after a 15-day siege, Gedik Ahmed ordered the final assault. When the walls were breached the Ottomans methodically passed to house to house and sacked, looted and set it on fire. Upon reaching the cathedral, "they found Archbishop Stefano Agricolo, fully vested and crucifix in hand" to be awaiting them with Count Francesco Largo, the garrison commander, and Bishop Stefano Pendinelli, who distributed the Eucharist and sat with the women and children of Otranto while a Dominican friar led the faithful in prayer. A total of 12,000 were killed and 5,000 were enslaved, including victims from the territories of the Salentine Peninsula around the city, and the cathedral was turned into a mosque.
Stalled advance
In August, 70 ships of the fleet attacked Vieste. On 12 September, the Monastero di San Nicholas di Casole, which had accommodated one of the richer libraries of Europe, was destroyed. By October, attacks had been conducted against the coastal cities of Lecce, Taranto and Brindisi.
However, the lack of supplies made the Ottoman commander, Gedik Ahmed Pasha, unable to consolidate his force's advance. Instead he returned with most of his troops to Albania and left a garrison of 800 infantry and 500 sipahi behind to defend Otranto. It was assumed that he would return with his army after the winter.
Catholic response
Since only 27 years had passed since the Fall of Constantinople, there was some fear that Rome would suffer the same fate. Plans were made for the Pope and the citizens to evacuate the city. Pope Sixtus IV repeated his 1471 call for a crusade. Several Italian city-states, Hungary and France responded positively. The Republic of Venice did not do so, as it had signed an expensive peace treaty with the Ottomans in 1479.
In April 1481, Sixtus IV called for an Italian crusade to liberate the city, and Christian forces besieged Otranto in May. An army was raised by King Ferdinand I of Naples, to be led by his son Alfonso, Duke of Calabria. A contingent of troops was provided by King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary.
Recapture
Between August and September, King Ferdinand of Naples, with the help of his cousin Ferdinand the Catholic and the Kingdom of Sicily, attempted to recapture Otranto. The Christian forces besieged the city on 1 May 1481. Mehmed II was preparing for a new campaign on Italy but lost his life on 3 May. The succession issues prevented the Ottomans from sending reinforcements to Otranto. After negotiation with the Christian forces, the Ottomans surrendered in August, left Otranto in September 1481 and ended the 13-month occupation.
Aftermath
The number of citizens, which is said to have been nearly 20,000, had decreased to 8,000 by the end of the century.
The Ottomans also briefly held Otranto once more after they conquered it in 1537.
See also
History of Islam in southern Italy
Martyrs of Otranto
Da Vinci's Demons (fictional work, part of which portrays the invasion)
References
Further reading
Hubert Houben, ed. La conquista turca di Otranto (1480) tra storia e mito: atti del convegno internazionale di studio, Otranto–Muro Leccese, 28–31 marzo 2007. 2 vols. Galatina, 2008.
External links
En.otrantopoint.com
Zum.de
Castellipuglia.org
Uni-mannheim.de
Cronologia.leonardo.it
How the Eight Hundred Men of Otranto Saved Rome
Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
1480 in Europe
1481 in Europe
15th century in the Kingdom of Naples
Otranto, Battle of
Otranto, Battle of
Conflicts in 1480
Conflicts in 1481
Mehmed the Conqueror
1480 in the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman–Spanish conflicts
Otranto
Invasions of Italy
Otranto
Military campaigns involving the Ottoman Empire |
276604 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%20%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96 | Алістер Кроулі | Алістер Кроулі
Алістер Кровлі (12 жовтня 1875 — 1 грудня 1947) — англійський окультист, поет, містик і церемоніальний маг, головний розробник релігійної філософії Телеми. Досягнув успіху в багатьох інших галузях, серед яких були альпінізм, шахи та поезія, а деякі свідчення вказують на те, що він міг займатися шпигунством для британського уряду. У своїй ролі розробника телемського віросповідання, він бачив себе як пророка, якому було доручено повідомити людству про те, що воно входить у новий Вік Гора у ранньому ХХ століттю.
Народившись у почесній та заможній родині, ще в молодості Алістер Кроулі став впливовим членом Герметичного Ордену Золотого Світанку після того, як здружився з Семуелем Лідделем Мазерсом, керівником ордену. Згідно зі звітом Кроулі, у Каїрі в 1904 році йому було диктовано Книгу Закону від божественного джерела його Святим Ангелом-охоронцем, що представив себе як Айвасс. Книга Закону, або Liber AL vel Legis, стала центральним Святим Письмом Телеми. Кроулі написав — або «отримав» — іще не одне «богонатхненне» писання, проте найголовнішим із них залишається Книга Закону.
У 1907 році він заснував своє власне окультне товариство, А∴А∴ (Argentium Astrum або ж Срібна Зірка), у 1912 став головою О.Т.О. (Ordo Templi Orientis або ж Орден Східних Тамплієрів), а в 1920 заснував у Чефалу релігійну громаду, відому як Абатство Телеми, котру він очолював до квітня місяця 1923 року, коли його було виселено з Італії фашистським урядом Беніто Муссоліні. Він продовжував адвокатувати Телему впродовж усього свого життя.
Кроулі був соціокритиком, користувачем психотропів і бісексуалом, у багатьох цих ролях бувши «в повстанні проти моральних і релігійних цінностей свого часу». Кроулі визнавав і слідував Закону Телеми «Твори, єже зволиш». Він надбав розповсюджену горезвісність іще за своє життя, у популярній пресі свого дня був названий «найбільш злісна людина у світі».
Алістер Кроулі по сей день залишається впливовою постаттю, і його нерідко називають найвідомішим окультистом усіх часів. У 2002 опитування Бі-Бі-Сі описало його як 73-ім найважливішим британцем усіх часів. Посилання на нього можна виявити в роботах безлічі письменників, музикантів і кінорежисерів. Багато пізніших езотеричних груп і осіб визнавали потужний вплив Кроулі на їх творчість і світосприйняття; зокрема, Джиммі Пейдж, Кеннет Ґрант, Кеннет Енґер, Тімоті Лірі, Джек Парсонз, Оззі Осборн, Брюс Дікінсон, Альфред Кінсі, Антон Ла-Вей, Джеральд Ґарднер і, певної мірою, Остін Спейр.
Ранні роки життя
Едвард Олександр Кроулі народився 12 жовтня 1875 року в місті Лемінгтон, графство Варвікшир Англія. Батько — Едвард Кроулі, мати — Емілі Берт.
Батьки були членами секти Плімутські Брати. Щоденне вивчення Біблії супроводжувало все дитинство Алістера. Проте, після смерті батька, всі спроби матері укріпити Кроулі в християнській вірі лише провокували його скептицизм. Постійно бунтуюча поведінка доводила його матір до такого ступеня, що вона в серцях називала Алістера «Звіром 666» (з «откровення Іоана Богослова») — епітет, яким Кроулі згодом любив називати себе.
У 1895 році, після закінчення школи, поступає в Кембріджський університет. Спершу виявляє цікавість до вивчення «моральних наук» (філософії, психології і економіки), але потім, під впливом вчителя, перемикається на вивчення англійської літератури. Роки навчання в університеті були безтурботним часом для Кроулі, завдяки суттєвому спадку залишеному батьком. У цей період він починає безладне сексуальне життя, проводячи час з повіями і випадковими знайомими з місцевих барів; також, час від часу, пробує себе в гомосексуальних стосунках.
У грудні 1896 року Кроулі вирішує посвятити себе окультизму і містицизму. Наступного року він починає вивчення книг з алхімії, містики і магії. Коротка хвороба в 1897 році приводить його до думок про смерть і «безплідність людського існування», або, принаймні, дипломатичної кар'єри, яку він раніше вибрав для себе.
У 1898 році видає свою першу книгу поезії, вирушає з Кембріджського університету, знайомиться з Джуліаном Бейкером (братом D.a.), який представляє Кроулі Семуелю Матерсу.
«Золота Зоря»
У 1898 році Кроулі вступає в герметичний орден «Золота Зоря». Там він вивчає містицизм, і наживає двох впливових ворогів: Вільяма Єйтса і Артура Уейта. Як і багато окультистів того часу, Кроулі озвучував думку про те, що Уейт — не більше ніж претензійний зануда, критикуючи його твори і редагування інших авторів.
Його друг і колишній член «Золотої Зорі» Алан Беннет знайомить Кроулі з ідеями буддизму, тоді як Самуель Матерс, глава «Золотої Зорі», що діє, навчає його західній магічній традиції. Згодом, вони з Матерсом теж стануть ворогами. Через деякий час після відходу Кроулі з «Золотої Зорі», Матерс зажадає від Кроулі не публікувати певний магічний ритуал, і оголосить йому магічну війну після ігнорування цієї вимоги.
У фантастичному романі «Місячне Дитя» Кроулі змалює Матерса лиходієм і чорним магом, під ім'ям SRMD (абревіатура магічного девізу Матерса). Артур Уейт буде безсторонньо описаний в цьому ж романі під ім'ям «Артуейт», тоді як Беннет з'явиться як наставник головного героя, мудреця Саймона Іффа.
Ще до офіційного розриву з Матерсом в 1904 році, Кроулі розчаровується в його здібностях під час розколу «Золотої Зорі» в 1900 році, якщо не раніше. У тому ж році, робить поїздку до Мексики, і продовжує там свої магічні експерименти наодинці.
У жовтні 1901 року приступає до практик раджа-йоги, а в 1902 році пише есе «Берашит», в якому представляє медитацію як «засіб для досягнення мети». Есе описує церемоніальну магію як спосіб тренування волі, і постійного спрямовування думок на бажаний об'єкт шляхом ритуалу. У 1903 році, в своєму есе «Наука і Матерія», показує емпіричний підхід до вчення буддизму.
Книга Закону
Магічний експеримент, проведений Кроулі в Каїрі, Єгипет, приводить його до висновку релігійної філософії, відомої як Телема. Все почалося з того, що його дружина, Роза, почала поводитися дивним чином, що навело Кроулі на думку про те, що якась магічна суть хоче вступити з нею в контакт. Після спілкування з дружиною він виконує магічний ритуал відозви до єгипетського бога Гора, і досягає, за його словами «серйозного успіху». Зі слів Кроулі, бог оголосив йому про початок нового магічного еону, і про місію Кроулі, як пророка цього еону. Роза продовжуючи давати інформацію, повідомила про час, в який слід чекати нових одкровень. 8 квітня, і два наступні дні, точно опівночі Кроулі чув голос, що диктує слова тексту, liber AL vel Legis, або Книги Закону. Голос назвав себе Айвасом, «слугою Гор-па-крата», або Гору, бога сили і вогню, сина Ісиди і Осиріса.
Деякі частини книги були цифровим шифром, розшифрувати який Кроулі був не в змозі. Догма Телеми пояснює це застереженням в самій Книзі Закону — той, що говорить застерігав, що писар — Анкх-аф-на-хонсу (тобто сам Кроулі) — ніколи не зможе зрозуміти значення цього шифру.
У пізніших змінах Кроулі додає в книгу застереження, що забороняє кому б то не було обговорювати або критикувати написане. Це робиться в спробі уникнути можливої догматизації.
У 1904 році в його подружжі з Розою народжується дочка, якій Кроулі дає ім'я «Нуїт Ма Ахатор Геката Сафо Джезабел Ліліт Кроулі». Дитя вмирає у віці двох з половиною років, коли Кроулі залишає її з Розою після поїздки до Китаю. Через деякий час народжується друга дочка, Лола Заза.
У 1906 вперше досягає успіху в тому, що сам називає «операцією Абрамеліна». Під цим малися на увазі магічні операції, описані в «Книзі священної магії мудреця Абрамеліна». Події 1906 року ставлять «книгу Абрамеліна» на центральне місце в магічній системі Кроулі. Сам він описує головну мету «Великої Роботи» мага, використовуючи наступну цитату з книги Абрамеліна: «Знання і Співбесіда з священним Ангелом-хранителем». Есе в першому номері «Рівнодення» вказує наступні причини такого вибору назви:
Оскільки система Абрамеліна проста і ефективна.
Оскільки всі метафізичні системи досить абсурдні, має сенс вибрати найбільш абсурдну з них.
Оскільки навіть дитя зможе зрозуміти суть цього терміну.
«Срібна Зірка» і «Орден Східних Тамплієрів»
У 1907 в житті Кроулі відбуваються дві серйозні події: він засновує власний орден «Срібна зірка», і складає «Звід священних книг Телеми». Відповідно до розповіді Кроулі, в 1912 році Теодор Ройсс прислав йому письмове звинувачення в публікації таємниць «Ордена Східних Тамплієрів». Кроулі відкинув ці звинувачення, посилаючись на те, що він не досяг того ступеня освячення, на якому ці секрети розкриваються (33 градус). Подальше спілкування привело до відкриття британського відділення «Ордену Східних Тамплієрів» (О.Т.О.), під назвою mysteria Mystica Maxima.
Святе Абатство Телеми на Сицилії
У 1920 він виїхав в Чефалу на о. Сицилія і заснував Святе Абатство Телеми (греч. «воля»). У лютому в Чефалу вмирає учень Кроулі Рауль Лавдей, через отруєння кошачою кров'ю, чашу з якою у свою чергу підніс йому сам Кроулі. Його дружина Бетті Мей піднімає в британській пресі («Санді експрес» і ін. ) кампанію проти Кроулі. У квітні італійська поліція наказує Кроулі і його послідовникам покинути Сицилію. Кроулі виїжджає до Тунісу і закінчує «Сповідь».и
У 1926-28 роках він здійснює подорожі у Францію, Німеччину і Північну Африку.
У 1929 році Кроулі висланий з Франції. Він публікує свою книгу «Магія в теорії й практиці». У Німеччині Кроулі одружується на нікарагуанці Марії Феррарі де Мірамар.
Життя після абатства
У 1937 році Кроулі видає книгу «Рівнодення Богів», а наступного року — «8 лекцій з Йоги».
У 1944 році виходить одна з найзнаменитіших робіт Кроулі — Книга Тота, але сама колода Таро Тота, була видана лише в 1969 році разом з перевиданням книги.
У 1945 він переїжджає з Лондона в приватний пансіон «Незервуд» Гастінгс, де закінчує свою книгу «Магія без сліз».
1 грудня 1947 року Кроулі вмирає в пансіоні «Незервуд» в Гастінгсі Англія. 5 грудня його кремували у Брайтоні. На похороні, згідно заповіту, були прочитані вибрані місця з його «Книги Закону» і вигаданий ним незадовго до смерті «Гімн Панові».
Див. також
Магія
Маг
Магія в Стародавньому Єгипті
Шаманізм
Езотерика
Ковен
Відьма
Мольфар
Характерник
Примітки
Посилання
Український Орден Східних Тамплієрів О. Т. О.
Харківське відділення Українського Ордену Східних Тамплієрів О. Т. О.
Книги Алістера Кроулі.
Автори відомих щоденників
Містики
Англійські поети
Англійські шахісти
Англійські астрологи
Тарологи
Французькі масони
Герметизм
100 найвизначніших британців |
2386792 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%BA%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%20%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Гуменюк Петро Данилович | Гуменюк Петро Данилович
Петро Данилович Гуменюк (14 квітня 1923, с. Мітлинці, Гайсинський район, Вінницька область, УРСР — 23 липня 2002, м. Тернопіль) — український вчений-економіст, громадський діяч, юрист, педагог. Доктор економічних наук (1971), професор (1976).
Життєпис
Від 1944 — учасник бойових дій у Другій світовій війні.
Закінчив Львівський університет (1950). 1950—1958 — адвокат, кореспондент обласної газети, викладач Львівської юридичної школи, Львівського технікуму харчової промисловості.
Від 1961 — викладач, доцент, від 1975 — декан економічного факультету Львівського університету.
Від 1975 — в Тернопільському фінансово-економічному інституті (нині національний економічний університет) — ректор, професор кафедри економічної теорії.
Голова Тернопільського осередку Всеукраїнської асоціації дослідників геноциду — голоду 1932—1933 в Україні.
Сфера наукових зацікавлень — перебудова в умовах ринкового госпадарювання, вдосконаленя економічної політики і соціального захисту населення.
Наукова діяльність
Автор 130 наукових і навчально-методичних праць, у тому числі 6 самостійних та 14 колективних монографій.
Праці:
Оплата праці в умовах економічної реформи: Питання теорії і практики відносин розподілу. Л., 1969;
Матеріальне стимулювання і його роль у розвитку виробництва. Л., 1969;
Змагання сили множить (на досвіді промислових підприємств Львівської і Тернопільської обл.). Л., 1976;
Соціалістичне змагання і колектив. К., 1985;
Экономические методы управления и ускорение развития производства. К., 1989 (співавт.).
Нагороди
Нагороджений 3 орденами, 8 медалями СРСР
орденом «За мужність».
Джерела
Вчені Тернопільської академії народного господарства: Довідкове видання. — Т., 2003.
Легкий Б. Гуменюк Петро Данилович //
Посилання
Енциклопедія Сучасної України
Чорна тінь голодомору 1932—1933 років над Тернопіллям // Українське життя в Севастополі
33-й: голод: Народна Книга-Меморіал / Упоряд.: Л. Коваленко, В. Маняк. — К.: Рад. письменник, 1991. — С. 44—47.
Офіційний сайт ЗУНУ
Уродженці Гайсинського району
Українські економісти
Українські громадські діячі
Українські педагоги
Українські професори
Радянські педагоги
Педагоги Тернополя
Педагоги Львова
Ректори Західноукраїнського національного університету
Науковці Західноукраїнського національного університету |
113692 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Устиянович | Устиянович — українське прізвище, утворене від імені Устиян.
Відомі люди
Устиянович Корнило Миколайович (1839—†1903) — український маляр.
Устиянович Микола Леонтійович (1811—†1885) — письменник і громадський діяч, священик.
Устиянович Осип (?—1922) — український політичний діяч у Галичині першої чверті XX ст.
Примітки
Українські прізвища |
2769740 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%20%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%20%D0%B7%20%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%83%201974 | Відкритий чемпіонат Франції з тенісу 1974 | Відкритий чемпіонат Франції з тенісу 1974 — тенісний турнір, що проходив на відкритих ґрунтових кортах Стад-Ролан-Гаррос у Парижі з 3 червня по 16 червня 1974 року. Це був 78-ий Відкритий чемпіонат Франції та другий турнір Великого шолома в календарному році.
Огляд подій та досянень
Переможець змагань в чоловічому одиночному розряді Бйорн Борг виграв свій перший (із шести) титул чемпіона Франції. Він став першим шведом, якому підкорився титул Великого шолома.
У жінок в одиночному розряді перемога Кріс Еверт, для якої це теж був перший титул Великого шолома, а в майбутньому вона тріумфуватиме на кортах Ролан-Гарросу ще сім разів. Фіналістка, Ольга Морозова була першою представницею Радянського Союзу, що грала в фіналі мейджора.
Еверт об'єдналася з Морозовою в пару, що виграла змагання в парному розряді серед жінок.
Результати фінальних матчів
Дорослі
Див. також
Відкритий чемпіонат Австралії з тенісу 1974
Вімблдонський турнір 1974
Відкритий чемпіонат США з тенісу 1974
Виноски
Відкритий чемпіонат Франції з тенісу
1974 у тенісі
Червень 1974
1974 у французькому спорті |
260632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond%2C%20Wisconsin | Almond, Wisconsin | Almond, Wisconsin
Almond is a village in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 448 at the 2010 census.
History
Incorporated in 1905, the town originated when Jacob Meyers from the Mohawk Valley in New York started a stagecoach and freight route between Berlin and Stevens Point, Wisconsin. Because he needed a stop for the horses, he set up a barn and inn on the site of what is now Almond. The U.S. government signed a treaty with the Menominee Natives ceding land in central Wisconsin in 1848, which opened up the area to settlement. A post office was established on July 8, 1850, at the stagecoach stop. James F. Moore, a native of Almond, New York, became postmaster.
Geography
Almond is located at .
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 448 people, 174 households, and 119 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 197 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 94.0% White, 0.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 3.8% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.2% of the population.
There were 174 households, of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.6% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.17.
The median age in the village was 35.3 years. 29.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.1% were from 25 to 44; 24.2% were from 45 to 64; and 14.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 459 people, 189 households, and 126 families living in the village. The population density was 445.2 people per square mile (172.1/km2). There were 199 housing units at an average density of 74.6 persons/km2 (193.0 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the village was 96.30% White, 0.22% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.22% Pacific Islander, 2.61% from other races, and 0.22% from two or more races. 7.19% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 189 households, out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.3 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $37,857, and the median income for a family was $47,500. Males had a median income of $34,861 versus $20,972 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,104. About 10.5% of families and 10.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those ages 65 or older.
Education
Almond is served by the Almond-Bancroft School District, which has an elementary, middle, and high school.
Notable people
Orestes A. Crowell, Wisconsin State Representative, farmer, and businessman, was born in Almond; Crowell was the first president of the village in 1905, when the village was incorporated.
Henry Wellcome, founder of the Wellcome Trust, was born in Almond.
See also
List of villages in Wisconsin
References
External links
Villages in Portage County, Wisconsin
Villages in Wisconsin
1905 establishments in Wisconsin |
21406792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C3%B3wek | Radówek | Radówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Górzyca, within Słubice County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately south-east of Górzyca, north-east of Słubice, south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski, and north-west of Zielona Góra.
References
Villages in Słubice County |
2719053 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Кошлатий Григорій Григорович | Кошлатий Григорій Григорович
Григорій Григорович Кошлатий — старший сержант Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни.
Життєпис
Народився 1980 року в селі Василівка Кобеляцького району (Полтавська область). Його мама померла 1992 року, 1998-го загинув батько. Закінчив Василівську ЗОШ І-ІІ ступенів, у Крюківській автошколі отримав водійське посвідчення. Проходив строкову військову службу в ЗСУ у військовій частині № А3838. Працював у селі скотарем; грав на гітарі, мав хороший голос.
Мобілізований 30 квітня 2015, старший сержант, 501-й окремий батальйон морської піхоти 36-ї окремої бригади морської піхоти.
25 лютого 2016-го застрелений автоматною чергою п'яним співслужбовцем під час конфлікту на блокпосту — у прибережній зоні Маріуполя. Вбивця засуджений до 11 років позбавлення волі.
28 лютого 2016 року похований у Василівці.
Без Григорія лишилися старші брат і сестра, дружина та дві доньки, молодша 2011 р.н.
Нагороди та вшанування
занесений до Книги Пошани Полтавської обласної ради (посмертно)
13 квітня 2016 року в Кобеляках відбулось урочисте відкриття пам'ятного знаку воїнам, які загинули під час проведення антитерористичної операції на сході України, на якому викарбуване й ім'я Григорія Кошлатого.
Джерела
Книга пам'яті
Наші Герої
Уродженці Василівки (Кобеляцький район)
Померли в Маріуполі
Поховані в Кобеляцькому районі |
72607398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20European%20Open-Lucerne%20%E2%80%93%20Doubles | 1993 European Open-Lucerne – Doubles | 1993 European Open-Lucerne – Doubles
Amy Frazier and Elna Reinach were the defending champions, but Frazier did not compete this year. Reinach teamed up with Elizabeth Smylie and lost in the semifinals to Lindsay Davenport and Marianne Werdel.
Mary Joe Fernández and Helena Suková won the title by defeating Davenport and Werdel 6–2, 6–4 in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Draw
References
External links
Official results archive (ITF)
Official results archive (WTA)
1993 Doubles
1993 WTA Tour |
5206492 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%20%D0%B7%20%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97%201500%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%20%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%20%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC | Хронологія світових рекордів з плавання на дистанції 1500 метрів вільним стилем | Хронологія світових рекордів з плавання на дистанції 1500 метрів вільним стилем
Перший світовий рекорд з плавання на 1500 метрів вільним стилем на довгій воді (50 метрів) Міжнародна федерація плавання (FINA) визнала 1908 року. У змаганнях на короткій воді (25 метрів) світовий рекорд вперше визнано 3 березня 1991 року.
Різке поліпшення світових рекордів у 2008/2009 роках збіглося в часі з запровадженням поліуретанових плавальних костюмів фірм Speedo (LZR, 50% поліуретану) 2008 року та Arena (X-Glide), Adidas (Hydrofoil), Jaked (всі зі 100% поліуретану) 2009 року. У січні 2010 FINA заборонила плавальні костюми зроблені з будь-якого матеріалу окрім текстилю. Крім того, FINA опублікувала список дозволених плавальних костюмів.
Чоловіки
На довгій воді
На короткій воді
Жінки
На довгій воді
На короткій воді
Найкращі 25 за увесь час
Чоловіки на довгій воді
Актуально станом на лютий 2024
Нотатки
Нижче подано список інших часів, однакових або кращих за 14:45.84:
Грегоріо Пальтріньєрі проплив ще за 14:33.10 (2020), 14:34.04 (2016), 14:34.57 (2016), 14:35.85 (2017), 14:37.08 (2017), 14:38.34 (2019), 14:38.75 (2019), 14:39.67 (2015), 14:39.79 (2022), 14:39.93 (2014), 14:40.38 (2021), 14:40.61 (2016), 14:41.38 (2023), 14:42.66 (2019), 14:42.85 (2018), 14:42.91 (2016, 2021), 14:43.87 (2015), 14:44.31 (2017), 14:44.39 (2022), 14:44.50 (2014), 14:44.51 (2016), 14:45.01 (2021), 14:45.02 (2020), 14:45.37 (2013), 14:45.80 (2019).
Сунь Ян проплив ще за 14:34.14 (2011), 14:35.43 (2010), 14:41.15 (2013), 14:42.30 (2012), 14:42.52 (2011), 14:43.25 (2012), 14:44.10 (2012), 14:45.78 (2011).
Денієл Віффен проплив ще за 14:34.91 (2023), 14:35.79 (2023), 14:43.01 (2023), 14:43.50 (2023).
Флоріан Веллброк проплив ще за 14:36.15 (2018), 14:36.45 (2021), 14:36.54 (2019), 14:36.94 (2022), 14:40.18 (2023), 14:40.69 (2018), 14:40.91 (2021), 14:42.91 (2019), 14:44.61 (2024), 14:44.80 (2019).
Роберт Фінк проплив ще за 14:36.70 (2022), 14:39.65 (2021), 14:42.81 (2023), 14:43.06 (2023), 14:45.72 (2022).
Михайло Романчук проплив ще за 14:36.88 (2018), 14:37.14 (2017), 14:37.63 (2019), 14:39.89 (2021), 14:40.21 (2023), 14:40.66 (2021), 14:40.98 (2022), 14:41.39 (2023), 14:41.63 (2020), 14:44.11 (2017).
Уссама Меллулі проплив ще за 14:38.01 (2009), 14:40.31 (2012), 14:40.84 (2008).
Ґрант Гаккетт проплив ще за 14:38.92 (2008), 14:41.53 (2008), 14:41.65 (2002), 14:42.58 (2005), 14:43.14 (2003), 14:43.40 (2004), 14:44.94 (2005), 14:45.60 (1999).
Раян Кокрейн проплив ще за 14:40.84 (2008), 14:41.38 (2009), 14:42.48 (2013), 14:42.69 (2008), 14:44.03 (2014), 14:44.46 (2011).
Лукас Мертенс проплив ще за 14:40.85 (2023), 14:40.89 (2022), 14:44.51 (2023).
Коннор Джегер проплив ще за 14:41.20 (2015), 14:45.74 (2016).
Прилуков Юрій Олександрович проплив ще за 14:43.21 (2008).
Кірен Перкінс проплив ще за 14:43.48 (1992).
Мак Гортон проплив ще за 14:44.09 (2015).
Давід Обрі проплив ще за 14:44.85 (2024).
Чоловіки на короткій воді
Актуально станом на грудень 2023
Нотатки
Нижче подано список інших часів, однакових або кращих за 14:24.54:
Грегоріо Пальтріньєрі проплив ще за 14:09.87 (2018), 14:13.07 (2021), 14:16.10 (2014), 14:16.88 (2022), 14:17.14 (2019), 14:18.10 (2019), 14:20.24 (2015), 14:21.00 (2021), 14:21.50 (2015), 14:21.94 (2016), 14:22.93 (2017), 14:24.39 (2016).
Флоріан Веллброк проплив ще за 14:09.88 (2021).
Михайло Романчук проплив ще за 14:11.47 (2021), 14:14.59 (2017), 14:15.49 (2016), 14:18.53 (2016), 14:21.50 (2018), 14:21.58 (2019), 14:22.18 (2023).
Денієл Віффен проплив ще за 14:14.45 (2022).
Габріеле Детті проплив ще за 14:18.33 (2017).
Ґрант Гаккетт проплив ще за 14:19.55 (1998).
Генрік Крістіансен проплив ще за 14:21.53 (2017), 14:23.00 (2023), 14:23.60 (2015), 14:24.08 (2022).
Прилуков Юрій Олександрович проплив ще за 14:22.98 (2008), 14:23.92 (2006).
Давід Обрі проплив ще за 14:23.44 (2018).
Дам'єн Жолі проплив ще за 14:24.00 (2018).
Уссама Меллулі проплив ще за 14:24.16 (2010).
Жінки на довгій воді
Актуально станом на липень 2023
Нотатки
Нижче подано список інших часів, однакових або кращих за 15:54.58:
Кейті Ледекі пропливла ще за 15:25.48 (2015), 15:26.27 (2023), 15:27.71 (2015), 15:28.36 (2014), 15:29.51 (2020), 15:29.64 (2023), 15:30.15 (2022), 15:31.82 (2017), 15:34.23 (2014), 15:35.35 (2021), 15:35.65 (2017), 15:35.98 (2019), 15:36.53 (2013), 15:37.34 (2021), 15:37.99 (2023), 15:38.81 (2024), 15:38.97 (2018), 15:38.99 (2022), 15:39.45 (2022), 15:40.50 (2021), 15:40.55 (2021), 15:40.63 (2022), 15:41.22 (2023), 15:42.23 (2015), 15:42.92 (2021), 15:43.10 (2021), 15:44.13 (2022), 15:45.32 (2021), 15:45.59 (2019), 15:46.38 (2023), 15:47.02 (2022), 15:47.15 (2013), 15:47.54 (2017), 15:48.90 (2019), 15:49.26 (2013).
Сімона Квадарелла пропливла ще за 15:43.31 (2023), 15:46.99 (2024), 15:47.34 (2021), 15:48.81 (2021), 15:48.84 (2019), 15:51.59 (2019), 15:51.61 (2018), 15:53.24 (2023), 15:53.29 (2023), 15:53.59 (2021), 15:53.86 (2017), 15:53.97 (2021), 15:54.15 (2022).
Лорен Бойл пропливла ще за 15:44.71 (2013).
Ван Цзяньцзяхе пропливла ще за 15:45.59 (2020), 15:46.37 (2021), 15:46.69 (2019), 15:49.07 (2021), 15:49.85 (2019), 15:51.00 (2019), 15:51.33 (2021), 15:53.01 (2018), 15:53.68 (2018)
Лотте Фрійс пропливла ще за 15:46.30 (2009), 15:49.00 (2015), 15:49.18 (2013), 15:49.59 (2011), 15:54.23 (2015).
Еріка Салліван пропливла ще за 15:46.67 (2021), 15:51.18 (2021).
Сара Келер пропливла ще за 15:48.83 (2019), 15:52.20 (2021), 15:52.67 (2021), 15:54.08 (2019).
Лані Паллістер пропливла ще за 15:49.17 (2023), 15:49.94 (2023), 15:54.52 (2024).
Богларка Капаш пропливла ще за 15:50.22 (2016).
Кирпичникова Анастасія Дмитрівна пропливла ще за 15:50.22 (2021), 15:53.18 (2020).
Лі Бінцзє пропливла ще за 15:51.18 (2023), 15:51.21 (2023), 15:52.31 (2021), 15:52.87 (2017), 15:53.80 (2018).
Кейті Ґраймс пропливла ще за 15:51.36 (2022), 15:52.12 (2021).
Кейт Зіглер пропливла ще за 15:53.05 (2007).
Жінки на короткій воді
Актуально станом на грудень 2023
Нотатки
Нижче подано список інших часів, однакових або кращих за 15:45.89:
Кирпичникова Анастасія Дмитрівна пропливла ще за 15:20.12 (2023), 15:26.08 (2021), 15:35.01 (2022), 15:35.55 (2022), 15:41.88 (2019).
Лані Паллістер пропливла ще за 15:24.63 (2022), 15:28.33 (2020).
Сімона Квадарелла пропливла ще за 15:34.16 (2021), 15:35.82 (2019), 15:37.05 (2023).
Мартіна Караміньйолі пропливла ще за 15:37.33 (2021).
Примітки
1500 метрів вільним стилем
Хронологія світових рекордів з плавання на 1500 метрів вільним стилем |
19899524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszewo | Cieszewo | Cieszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Drobin, within Płock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south of Drobin, north-east of Płock, and north-west of Warsaw.
References
Cieszewo |
4761022 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%28%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29 | Іллічино (Новгородська область) | Іллічино (Новгородська область)
Іллічино — присілок в Хвойнинському районі Новгородської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 2 особи. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Анциферовське сільське поселення.
Історія
Від 2005 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Анциферовське сільське поселення
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Хвойнинського району |
21105497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Uruguay%20relations | Paraguay–Uruguay relations | Paraguay–Uruguay relations
Paraguay and Uruguay established diplomatic relations on April 6, 1845. Paraguay has an embassy and a consulate-general in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy and a consulate-general in Asunción. Paraguay also has an honorary consulate in Punta del Este. Both countries were founding members of the Mercosur, and both are full members of the Rio Group, the Latin Union, the Association of Spanish Language Academies, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the Union of South American Nations, the URUPABOL, the Cairns Group and the Group of 77.
Overview
José Gervasio Artigas, the most celebrated historical figure in Uruguay, spent his last 30 life years exiled in Paraguay. In the 1920s a school was opened at Artigas' house in Paraguay.
During the War of the Triple Alliance, in which Uruguay was the smallest member of the coalition at war with Paraguay, soldiers of both countries fought each other in the major battles of Jataí, Tuyutí and Curupaity.
Uruguay is a small country, with wide beaches on the Atlantic Ocean, so many well-off Paraguayans choose Uruguay as their usual holiday destination, some of them even as permanent residence. Other Paraguayans of a lower social condition come to Uruguay in search of job opportunities, as part of a big inflow of Latin Americans entering Uruguay.
The 2011 Uruguayan census revealed 1,781 people who declared Paraguay as their country of birth. As of 2013, there are some 150 Paraguayan citizens registered in the Uruguayan social security. As of 2007, there were over 1,000 Uruguayans living on Paraguayan territory, a figure that notably increased a decade later.
Paraguayan residents in Uruguay have their own social and cultural association. Uruguayan residents in Paraguay have their own institutions, for instance, the Consultative Council "José Gervasio Artigas" in Asunción.
Economic relations
As of 2014, bilateral trade is prosperous and improving. In the decade of the 2010s there have been several Uruguayan investors purchasing productive land in Paraguay.
See also
Foreign relations of Paraguay
Foreign relations of Uruguay
References
External links
Paraguayan embassy in Montevideo (in Spanish only)
Uruguayan embassy in Asuncion (in Spanish only)
Uruguay
Bilateral relations of Uruguay |
649204 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B0 | Мазе-Сен-Вуа | Мазе-Сен-Вуа — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Овернь-Рона-Альпи, департамент Верхня Луара. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 450 км на південь від Парижа, 125 км на південний схід від Клермон-Феррана, 29 км на схід від Ле-Пюї-ан-Веле.
Історія
До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Овернь. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Овернь-Рона-Альпи.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 497 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 1084,5 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Мазе-Сен-Вуа на сайті французького Національного інституту географії
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Верхня Луара
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Верхня Луара |
3176451 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1%20%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0 | ГЕС Міяшіта | ГЕС Міяшіта
— гідроелектростанція в Японії на острові Хонсю. Знаходячись між ГЕС Увада (вище по течії) та ГЕС Янайдзу, входить до складу каскаду на річці Тадамі, лівій притоці Агано, яка впадає до Японського моря у місті Ніїгата.
В межах проекту річку перекрили бетонною гравітаційною греблею висотою 53 метра та довжиною 168 метрів, яка потребувала 152 тис. м3 матеріалу. Вона утримує водосховище з площею поверхні 1,45 км2 та об'ємом 20,5 млн м3 (корисний об'єм 4,1 млн м3).
Машинний зал станції розташований на правому березі Тадамі за півкілометра нижче від греблі. Ресурс сюди подається через два тунелі довжиною 0,63 км та 0,72 км з діаметрами по 6 метрів, які завершуються у верхньому балансувальному басейні розмірами 58х14 метрів при глибині 20 метрів. Звідси починаються п'ять напірних водоводів довжиною по 92 метра зі спадаючим діаметром від 5,5 до 3,8 метра.
Основне обладнання станції становлять п'ять турбін типу Френсіс загальною потужністю 123 МВт (номінальна потужність станції рахується як 94 МВт), які використовують напір у 35 метрів.
Примітки
Міяшіта
Хонсю |
19856312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBak%C3%B3wek | Żakówek | Żakówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Siennica, within Mińsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
References
Villages in Mińsk County |
39912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1428 | 1428 | 1428
Year 1428 (MCDXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
February 2 – 1428 Catalonia earthquake. The earthquake takes place during Candlemas, striking the region of Catalonia, especially Roussillon, with an epicentre near Camprodon. The earthquake is one of a series of related seismic events that shake Catalonia in a single year. Beginning on 23 February 1427, tremors are felt in March, April, 15 May at Olot.
May – Joan of Arc makes her first attempt to reach the Armagnac court at Chinon in support of Charles VII of France but is rebuffed.
June 3 – Dan II leads an army against the Ottomans at Golubac Fortress, obtaining a treaty that will allow him a semi-peaceful rule in Wallachia, until 1432.
August 7 – The Valais witch trials begin in Swiss Savoy.
August 30 – Emperor Go-Hanazono accedes to the throne of Japan.
October 12 – English forces under Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, besiege Orléans. Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orléans, commands the defenders.
October 24 – Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, is mortally wounded in an unsuccessful assault on Orléans. He is succeeded in command by William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk.
Date unknown
The Aztec Empire is formed by the triple alliance of the Aztec city-states Tenochtitlán, Texcoco and Tlacopán and defeats Azcapotzalco to win control of the Valley of Mexico. Itzcóatl becomes 1st emperor.
A serious fire occurs at Baynard's Castle in the City of London, England.
Lam Sơn uprising: Lê Lợi, founder of the Lê dynasty in Vietnam, liberates Annam (the territory occupied by Ming dynasty China in 1407) and restores the kingdom as Đại Việt.
Births
February 3 – Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1458)
April 7 – William Percy, late medieval Bishop of Carlisle (d. 1462)
May 3 – Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. 1495)
July 4 – Filippo Strozzi the Elder, Italian banker (d. 1491)
September 21 – Jingtai Emperor of China (d. 1457)
November 2 – Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine (d. 1483)
November 22 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English nobleman, known as "the Kingmaker" (d. 1471)
December 4 – Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe (1429–1511) (d. 1511)
date unknown – Donato Acciaioli, Italian scholar (d. 1478)
Maria Ormani, Italian artist, scribe and illuminator
probable – Didrik Pining, German explorer (approximate date)
Deaths
January 4 – Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (b. 1370)
February 3 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shōgun (b. 1386)
June 12 – Zawisza Czarny, Polish knight and diplomat
August 27 – John I of Münsterberg, Duke of Ziebice (b. 1370)
August 30 – Emperor Shōkō, emperor of Japan (b. 1401)
Autumn – Masaccio, Italian painter (b. 1401)
November 3 – Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1388)
November 4 – Sophia of Bavaria, Queen regent of Bohemia (b. 1376)
date unknown
Maxtla, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco
Paul of Venice, Catholic theologian
Isabella, Countess of Foix, French sovereign (b. 1361)
probable – John Purvey, English theologian (b. 1353)
References |
2211469 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C%20%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%20%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%202049 | Той, хто біжить по лезу 2049 | Той, хто біжить по лезу 2049
«Той, хто біжить по лезу 2049» — американський нео-нуарний науково-фантастичний трилер режисера Дені Вільнева та сценаристів Гемптона Фенчера і Майкла Гріна, який є продовженням фільму Рідлі Скотта «Той, хто біжить по лезу» (1982). Прем'єра стрічки в Україні відбулася 5 жовтня 2017 року. На 18 вересня 2018 року фільм займав 221-у позицію у списку "250 найкращих фільмів за версією IMDb.
Сюжет
У 2049 році репліканти (біоінженерні люди) є слугами і рабами у суспільстві. Офіцер Ка — реплікант типу Nexus-9 (Раян Гослінг), працює на департамент поліції Лос-Анджелеса як «Той, хто біжить по лезу» — він вистежує подібних до нього реплікантів-одинаків. Живе зі своєю віртуальною голографічною подругою Джої, що є продуктом штучного інтелекту корпорації «Волес».
Розслідування бунту реплікантів приводить Ка на ферму, де він убиває Сапера Мортона — репліканта типу Nexus-8 (Дейв Батиста) і знаходить закопану скриню. Судмедекспертиза показує, що в ній лежать рештки жінки-репліканта типу Nexus-7, яка померла в результаті ускладнень, викликаних екстреним кесаревим розтином.
Лейтенант Джоші віддає наказ Ка знищити всі дані про дитину, а також знайти саму дитину, оскільки побоюється, що знання про здатність реплікантів народжувати (раніше це вважалось неможливим) може призвести до справжньої війни.
Ка відвідує штаб-квартиру корпорації «Волес». Він вивчає дані, пов'язані з реплікантом, яка народила дитину. Її ім'я Рейчел, вона свого часу потрапила в поле зору поліції, а її справу вів «колишній, хто біг по лезу», Рік Декард. Ка досліджує зв'язок Ріка Декарда й Рейчел. Дитину також шукає й голова корпорації з виробництва реплікантів Ніандер Волес. Він хоче відкрити таємницю природного народження, щоб підтримати міжзоряну колонізацію. Із цією метою він посилає свого виконавця, репліканта Лав. Вона викрадає рештки Рейчел зі штаб-квартири департаменту поліції й починає стеження за Ка.
Повертаючись на ферму Мортона, Ка знаходить дату смерті Рейчел, вирізану на стовбурі сухого дерева, біля підніжжя якого було знайдено скриню. Ця дата відповідає його дитячому спогаду — про іграшкового дерев'яного коника, з вирізаною на ньому такою ж датою. Джої наполягає: цей збіг свідчить про те, що Kа народився, а не створений як реплікант, який має лише імплантовані спогади. При пошуку записів того року він виявляє аномалію: саме того дня народилися двійнята — хлопчик і дівчинка, з однаковою ДНК (при тому, що в різностатевих людей за визначенням не може бути однакової ДНК). Судячи із записів, дівчинка загинула, а хлопчика віддали до притулку. Kа визначає дитячий притулок зі своїх спогадів, і за ними ж він знаходить у схованці притулку дерев'яного коника.
Розшукуючи дитину, Kа спілкується з талановитим дизайнером ілюзій Аною Стеллін, яка впроваджує у свідомість реплікантів штучні спогади, наявність яких робить реплікантів стабільними. Стеллін аналізує спогади Ка й каже, що вони справжні. Kа приходить до висновку, що він і є та сама дитина.
Kа проводить експертизу матеріалу, з якого виготовлена іграшка. З'ясовується, що коника виготовили десь біля Лас-Вегаса, який свого часу зазнав бомбардування. Kа приїжджає до зараженого міста і в будівлі закинутого казино виявляє постарілого Декарда (Гаррісон Форд), який зник 30 років тому. «Колишній, хто біг по лезу» спочатку не хоче розмовляти з поліцейським, намагається його вбити, але потім вони п'ють віскі й говорять про минуле. Декард каже, що він додав фальшивий запис про народження аби замести сліди, і був змушений залишити вагітну Рейчел з рухом за свободу реплікантів, щоб захистити її. Будівлю казино атакує загін, очолюваний Лав. Вона б'є Kа й викрадає Декарда, після цього до Лас-Вегаса прилітає загін підпільників-реплікантів і вивозить Kа з міста. Їх очільниця повідомляє Ка, що дитина Рейчел насправді була дівчинкою. І Kа здогадується, що дитина Декарда — Ана Стеллін, а його спогади ― це її спогади (оскільки вона чи не єдина здатна створювати спогади й імплантувати їх). Волес намагається витягнути з Декарда інформацію про дитину Рейчел, але той мовчить. Подальші допити Волес доручає вести Лав, яка летить разом із полоненим на свою базу. По дорозі їх перехоплює Ка. На березі океану відбувається вирішальна сутичка між Лав і Kа, у якій поліцейський виходить переможцем. У кінці фільму Kа відвозить Декарда до його доньки — Ани Стеллін.
У ролях
Раян Гослінг — офіцер ДПЛА Ка (К) / Джо
Гаррісон Форд — Рік Декард
Ана де Армас — Джої
Сильвія Гукс — Лав
Робін Райт — лейтенант ДПЛА Джоші
Ленні Джеймс — Містер Коттон
Дейв Батіста — Сапер Мортон
Джаред Лето — Ніандер Воллес
Маккензі Девіс — Марієтта
Бархад Абді — Док Беджер
Девід Дастмалчян — Коко
Вуд Гарріс — Нандес
Виробництво
Зйомки фільму почались у липні 2016 року. Знімальний процес завершився у листопаді 2016 року в Угорщині.
Музика
Під час зйомок автором музики до фільму оголошували Йоганна Йоганнссона, який до цього вже співпрацював з Вільневом над попередніми стрічками Полонянки, Сікаріо і Прибуття. В липні 2017 року долучились Ганс Ціммер і Бенджамін Воллфіш. Але у вересні через не названі обставини Йоганнссон вибув з фільму.
Автори музики Ганс Ціммер і Бенджамін Воллфіш, якщо не зазначено інше.
Критика
Фільм отримав загальне визнання. На агрегаторі рецензій Rotten Tomatoes фільм має рейтинг 87 % (на основі 350 відгуків) і середню оцінку 8,2/10. На Metacritic стрічка має середній бал 81 зі 100 (на основі 54 рецензій).
Нагороди та номінації
Примітки
Посилання
Фільми США 2017
Фільми про штучний інтелект
Фантастичні фільми 2017
Фільми англійською мовою
Науково-фантастичні фільми США
Фільми Дені Вільнева
Кіберпанк-фільми
Неонуарні фільми
Екранізації творів Філіпа Діка
Екранізації американських літературних творів
Екранізації науково-фантастичних літературних творів
Сиквели
Той, хто біжить по лезу |
4085940 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%28%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29 | Садовський (Ромодановський район) | Садовський (Ромодановський район)
Садовський — селище у складі Ромодановського району Мордовії, Росія. Входить до складу П'ятинського сільського поселення.
Населення
Населення — 378 осіб (2010; 371 у 2002).
Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік):
росіяни — 72 %
Джерела
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Ромодановського району
Селища Мордовії |
3517469 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%20%D0%84%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Попихін Євген Миколайович | Попихін Євген Миколайович
Євген Миколайович Попихін (19 лютого 1960, Москва, СРСР) — радянський хокеїст (захисник) і російський тренер. Майстер спорту СРСР міжнародного класу.
Біографічні відомості
Вихованець московського «Динамо». Переможець молодіжної першості СРСР 1979 року. Срібний призер і кращий захисник юніорського чемпіонату Європи 1978 року. Переможець молодіжної першості світу 1980 року. Найбільш відомими серед його партнерів стали олімпійські чемпіони Володимир Крутов, Ігор Ларіонов і Сергій Свєтлов.
Першою командою майстрів стало харківське «Динамо», дебютант другої ліги. Наступні одинадцять сезонів захищав кольори динамівських колективів з Риги і Москви. У складі московського клубу двічі ставав чемпіоном і чотири рази призером чемпіонатів Радянського Союзу. Був капітаном команди. Учасник суперсерій проти клубів Національної хокейної ліги. 1990 року обирався до списку 34 кращих гравців сезону. У вищій лізі виходив на лід у 483 матчах (26+51).
У грудні 1990 року провів чотири матчі за національну збірну Радянського Союзу і став переможцем традиційного міжнародного турніру на призи московської газети «Известия». У складі другої збірної СРСР — шестиразовий переможець міжнародного турніру на призи газети «Ленинградская правда».
У швейцарському клубові «Давос» завершив ігрову кар'єру і розпочав тренерську діяльність (очолював молодіжну команду). Працював головним тренером у командах НЛА «Рапперсвіль-Йона» і «Фрібур-Готтерон».
2005 року повернувся до Росії. Працював у клубах «Локомотив» (Ярославль), «Хімік» (Митищі), «Торпедо» (Нижній Новгород), «Автомобіліст» (Єкатеринбург), «Динамо» (Мінськ, Білорусь), «Амур» (Хабаровськ), «Нафтохімік» (Нижньокамськ), «СКА-Нева» (Санкт-Петербург) і «Хумо» (Ташкент, Узбекистан).
Досягнення
Чемпіон СРСР (2): 1990, 1991
Срібнй призер (3): 1985, 1986, 1987
Бронзовий призер (1): 1988
Фіналіст Кубка СРСР (1): 1988
Фіналіст Кубка ліги (1): 1989
Чемпіон світу серед молоді (1): 1980
Віце-чемпіон юніорського чемпіонату Європи (1): 1978
Переможець турніру газети «Известия» (1): 1990
Переможець турніру газети «Ленинградская правда» (6): 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991
Статистика
Статистика виступів у збірній Радянського Союзу:
У юніорській і молодіжній збірних:
Примітки
Посилання
Хокеїсти «Динамо» (Харків)
Хокеїсти «Динамо» (Рига)
Хокеїсти «Динамо» (Москва)
Хокеїсти «Давоса»
Радянські хокеїсти
гравці збірної СРСР з хокею
Російські хокейні тренери
Майстри спорту Росії міжнародного класу
Уродженці Москви |
3074398 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Піменов Артур Олександрович | Піменов Артур Олександрович
Піменов (Пімєнов) Артур Олександрович — колишній заступник Голови Державної прикордонної служби України. Генерал-лейтенант.
Життєпис
Народився 19 березня 1971 року в Ізмаїлі Одеської області.
Закінчив Вище прикордонне командне училище (1992 рік) та Національну академію СБУ (1995);
З 1992 по 2015 рік проходив службу в оперативно-розшукових підрозділах органів охорони державного кордону Державної прикордонної служби України;
Від січня 2015 по квітень 2015 рр. — заступник начальника регіонального управління з оперативно-розшукової роботи Північного регіонального управління Прикордонної служби України;
З квітня 2015 по липень 2015 року — заступник начальника регіонального управління з оперативно-розшукової роботи Західного регіонального управління ДПС.
У 2015 році — начальник відділу Департаменту оперативної діяльності Адміністрації Державної прикордонної служби України;
В 2015—2016 роках — заступник начальника Науково-дослідного інституту Державної прикордонної служби України;
З серпня 2016 по серпень 2017 року — перший секретар (прикордонні питання) Посольства України в Молдові;
У 2017—2018 роках — директор Департаменту оперативної діяльності Адміністрації Державної прикордонної служби України.
В лютому 2018 року займався видворенням Михаїла Саакашвілі з території України. Прикордонники 4 дні спостерігали за Міхеїлом, а 12 лютого 2018-го затримали його в ресторані «Сулугуні» в центрі Києва. Було застосувано фізичну силу, на голову Саакашвілі було одягнено мішок і доставлено до летовища «Жуляни». Далі вертольотом ДПС переміщено до летовища «Бориспіль» і посаджено на літак до Польщі. Згодом, у 2020 році, Піменова почали підозрювати у незаконності видворення, Піменова в рамках розслідування відпустили під особисте зобов'язання.
З 27 грудня 2018 року до 6 серпня 2019 року — заступник Голови Державної прикордонної служби України.
Учасник бойових дій під час проведення антитерористичної операції на сході України.
Сім'я
Одружений, має доньку.
Нагороди, звання
орден Богдана Хмельницького ІІІ ступеня
травень 2019 — звання генерал-лейтенант.
Примітки
Джерела
Біографія А. О. Піменова на сайті Державної прикордонної служби України
Порошенко призначив заступника голови ДПСУ: що про нього відомо
Уродженці Ізмаїла
Випускники Національної академії СБУ
Українсько-молдовські відносини
Військовослужбовці прикордонної служби України |
662512 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN%20%28%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%29 | MAN (мережа) | MAN (мережа)
Міська мережа (або мережа мегаполісів) це тип мережі, що призначені для обслуговування території великого міста-мегаполіса.
Опис
Мережі мегаполісів з'явилися порівняно нещодавно. При досить великих відстанях між вузлами (десятки кілометрів) вони володіють якісними лініями зв'язку і високими швидкостями обміну, іноді навіть більш високими, ніж в класичних локальних мережах(LAN). Як і у разі локальних мереж, при побудові MAN вже існуючі лінії зв'язку не використовуються, а прокладаються наново. Мережі мегаполісів займають деяке проміжне положення між локальними та глобальними мережами і слугують для об'єднання цих мереж між собою. Вони використовують цифрові магістральні лінії зв'язку, часто оптичноволоконні, з високими швидкостями (наприклад 45 Мбіт/с).
MAN та телекомунікації
MAN мережі спочатку були розроблені для передачі даних, але зараз вони підтримують і такі послуги, як відеоконференції і інтегральну передачу голосу і тексту. Розвиток технології мереж мегаполісів здійснювався місцевими телефонними компаніями. Історично склалося так, що місцеві телефонні компанії завжди володіли слабими технічними можливостями і через це не могли залучити великих клієнтів. Щоб подолати свою відсталість і зайняти гідне місце у світі локальних і глобальних мереж, місцеві підприємства зв'язку зайнялися розробкою мереж на основі самих сучасних технологій, наприклад технології комутації осередків SMDS або ATM. Мережі мегаполісів є суспільними мережами, і тому їх послуги обходяться дешевше, ніж побудова власної (приватної) мережі в межах міста.
Див. також
Інтернет
Комп'ютерна мережа
Кампусна мережа (campus area network, CAN)
Глобальна мережа (wide area network, WAN)
Локальна мережа (local area network, LAN)
Мережа зберігання даних (SAN)
personal area network (PAN)
Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)
Wide Area File Services (WAFS)
Wide Area Application Services (WAAS)
Комп'ютерні мережі |
4895887 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%20%28%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29 | Острови (Архангельська область) | Острови (Архангельська область)
Острови — присілок в Приморському районі Архангельської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 38 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Островне поселення.
Історія
Від 2004 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Островне поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Приморського району (Архангельська область) |
637229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno%20%28disambiguation%29 | Reno (disambiguation) | Reno (disambiguation)
Reno is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada.
Reno may also refer to:
Places
Australia
Reno, New South Wales - rural locality and former mining village, immediately to the north-west of Gundagai
Canada
Reno, Alberta, a hamlet
Rural Municipality of Reno No. 51, Saskatchewan
Italy
Reno (river), northern Italy
Rhine River, Reno in the Italian language
United States
Reno, Georgia, an unincorporated community
Reno, Illinois, an unincorporated community
Reno, Indiana, an unincorporated community
Reno, Kansas, an unincorporated community
Reno, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
Reno, Ohio, a census-designated place
Reno, Pennsylvania, in the Borough of Sugarcreek, Pennsylvania
Reno, Lamar County, Texas, a city
Reno, Parker County, Texas, a city
Reno (Washington, D.C.), a former town and neighborhood in the District of Columbia.
Reno County, Kansas
Reno Lake, a lake in Minnesota
Reno Township (disambiguation)
Roman Catholic Diocese of Reno
Reno, Nevada
Fort Reno (disambiguation)
People
Reno (surname)
Reno (given name)
Reno (wrestler), ring name of retired professional wrestler Rick Cornell
Fictional characters
Reno, a member of the "Turks" in the videogame Final Fantasy VII
Arts and entertainment
Reno (1923 film), an American silent film
Reno (1930 film), an American silent film
Reno (1939 film), directed by John Farrow
"Reno" (Doug Supernaw song), 1993
"Reno" (Dottie West song), 1968
"Reno" (Bruce Springsteen song), 2005 on his album Devils & Dust
Sports
Reno Air Races, airplane competition
FC Reno, a Jamaican football team
Reno Open, a golf tournament in 1990 and 1991
Transportation
Renault, a French automaker which is sometimes pronounced as "Reno"
Suzuki Reno, a compact car
Reno Air, a passenger airline based in Reno, Nevada, which operated from 1992 to 1999
Reno station, a train station in Reno, Nevada
Reno, a Virginia & Truckee Railroad steam locomotive built in 1872
In the military
USS Reno (DD-303), American destroyer sunk during World War I, named after Walter E. Reno
USS Reno (CL-96), American cruiser, named after the city of Reno, Nevada
Other uses
A shortened version of the word renovation
Reno, an alternative name for Italian wine made from the Riesling grape
The TCP Reno congestion avoidance algorithm
Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation (RENO)
Reno, an OPPO phone brand
Reno, a Filipino food product brand commonly associated with Liver spread
See also
El Reno (disambiguation)
Reno Center, an apartment complex in Karachi, Pakistan
Reino (disambiguation) |
4943628 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%20%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9 | Серпокрилець асамський | Серпокрилець асамський (Apus leuconyx) — вид птахів родини серпокрильцевих (Apodidae).
Поширення
Вид поширений в передгір'ях Гімалаїв та на нагір'ях Ассаму (на сході Індії). Цей вид є перелітним, зимує в Індії та Шрі-Ланці.
Опис
Асамські серпокрильці за розміром подібні на чорного серпокрильця. Вони чорні, за винятком білого крупу. Їх можна відрізнити від чорного серпокрильця за глибшою вилкою хвоста, довшими крилами, більшою головою та більшою білою плямою на горлі.
Примітки
Птахи, описані 1845
Серпокрильцеві
Птахи Індії
Птахи Непалу |
2715740 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD | Карбоплатин | Карбоплатин
{{Лікарський засіб |
|Зображення = Carboplatin-skeletal.svg
|IUPAC_name = cis-diammine(cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate-O,''O)platinum(II)
|CAS_number = 41575-94-4
| ATC_prefix = L01
| ATC_suffix = XA02
| PubChem = 498142
| DrugBank = DB00958
| C=6 | H=12 | N=2 | O=4 | Pt=1
| Молярна маса = 371,249
| Біодоступність = 100%
| Метаболізм = Печінка
| Період напіввиведення = 1,5 год. (І етап), 5 діб (ІІ етап)
| Екскреція = Нирки
| Назва, фірма-виробник, країна, номер реєстрації, дата = КАРБОПЛАТИН "ЕБЕВЕ",«ЕБЕВЕ Фарма Гес.м.б.Х. Нфг.КГ»,АвстріяUA/4960/01/0115.09.2016-15/09/2021КАРБОХОП,«Гленмарк Дженерікс С.А.»,АргентинаUA/15005/01/0228.03.2016-28.03.2021КАРБОПЛАТИН,ПАТ «Київмедпрепарат»,УкраїнаUA/8869/01/0118.07.2013-18.07.2018
}}Карбоплатин''' — синтетичний лікарський препарат, який за своєю хімічною структурою є комплексною сполукою платини. Карбоплатин застосовується виключно внутрішньовенно. Карбоплатин уперше синтезований у 1972 році в лабораторії Університету штату Мічиган, та досліджувався компанією «Bristol-Myers Squibb», та уперше схвалений для клінічного застосування у 1986 році.
Фармакологічні властивості
Карбоплатин — синтетичний лікарський засіб, який за своєю хімічною структурою є комплексною сполукою платини. Механізм дії препарату подібний до алкілюючих протипухлинних засобів, та полягає у дії препарату на ДНК клітин злоякісних пухлин, що призводить до зшивки ниток ДНК, що порушує її структуру та пригнічує синтез ДНК, унаслідок чого відбувається зупинка мітозу пухлинних клітин, гальмування росту пухлини, а в кінцевому підсумку — апоптоз пухлинних клітин. Карбоплатин також впливає на пухлину та її метастази шляхом впливу на імунну систему організму (шляхом так званої «платинізації» імунної системи). Карбоплатин застосовується для лікування різних видів злоякісних пухлин: метастатичного раку молочної залози, раку легень, раку шийки матки, раку яєчка, раку сечового міхура, раку голови та шиї. Карбоплатин застосовується у комбінації з іншими протипухлинними препаратами, зокрема паклітакселом, пеметрекседом, пембролізумабом, іфосфамідом, бевацизумабом.>
Фармакокінетика
Карбоплатин швидко розподіляється в організмі після внутрішньовенної ін'єкції, біодоступність препарату становить 100 %. Максимальна концентрація препарату після внутрішньовенного введення досягається протягом 1 години. Цисплатин на першому етапі всмоктування погано зв'язується з білками плазми крові (на 29 %), проте на другому етапі зв'язується добре (на 85—89 %). Карбоплатин проникає через плацентарний бар'єр та виділяється в грудне молоко. Метаболізується препарат у печінці із утворенням неактивних метаболітів. Виводиться карбоплатин із організму із сечею переважно в незміненому вигляді. Виведення препарату з організму двофазне, у першій фазі період напіввиведення становить у середньому 1,5 години, кінцевий період напіввиведення становить 4—6 доби (у середньому 5 діб), при нирковій недостатності цей час може значно збільшуватися.
Показання
Карбоплатин застосовують для лікування раку яєчка, раку яєчників, раку тіла матки, раку шийки матки, остеогенній саркомі, меланомі, раку легень, раку сечового міхура, раку голови та шиї, метастатичному раку молочної залози.
Побічна дія
Найчастішими побічними ефектами при застосуванні карбоплатину є порушення функції кісткового мозку, проявами якої є лейкопенія, анемія, тромбоцитопенія. Серед інших побічних явищ препарату найчастіше можуть спостерігатися:
Алергічні реакції та з боку шкірних покривів — шкірний висип, свербіж шкіри, алопеція, гарячка, синдром Стівенса-Джонсона, кропив'янка, бронхоспазм, анафілактоїдні реакції.
З боку травної системи — стоматит, нудота, блювання, біль у животі, діарея або запор, погіршення апетиту, порушення функції печінки.
З боку нервової системи — парестезії, периферичні нейропатії, головний біль, зниження зору, шум у вухах, зниження слуху, порушення мозкового кровообігу.
З боку серцево-судинної системи — артеріальна гіпотензія.
З боку сечостатевої системи — аменорея, азооспермія, гемолітико-уремічний синдром.
З боку опорно-рухового апарату — біль в суглобах, біль у м'язах.
Зміни в лабораторних аналізах — гіпокальціємія, гіпомагніємія, гіпокаліємія, гіпонатріємія, підвищення рівня білірубіну в крові, підвищення рівня активності амінотрансфераз і лужної фосфатази в крові, підвищення рівня креатиніну і сечовини в крові.
Протипокази
Карбоплатин протипоказаний при підвищеній чутливості до препарату та інших сполук платини, при вираженому пригніченні функції кісткового мозку, виражених порушенні функції нирок, значних кровотечах або пухлинах, які кровоточать, вагітності та годуванні грудьми, у дитячому віці.
Форми випуску
Карбоплатин випускається у вигляді концентрату для приготування розчину для внутрішньовенних інфузій по 10 мг/мл по 5, 15, 45 і 60 мл; або ліофілізату для приготування розчину для внутрішньовенного введення по 50, 150 або 450 мг.
Примітки
Посилання
Карбоплатин // ФЕ
Карбоплатин на сайті mozdocs.kiev.ua
Карбоплатин (Carboplatin): инструкция, применение и формула
Лікарські засоби за алфавітом
Протипухлинні засоби
Основні ліки ВООЗ |
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