id stringlengths 3 8 | url stringlengths 31 795 | title stringlengths 1 211 | text stringlengths 12 350k |
|---|---|---|---|
3098988 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F | Каїрська декларація | Каїрська декларація — публічна заява про цілі війни з Японією, оприлюднена 1 грудня 1943 року в Каїрі представниками США, Китаю та Великої Британії разом з відповідними військовими та дипломатичними радниками.
Зміст
Джерела
The Avalon Project Cairo Conference 1943
Декларації
Друга світова війна
Китайсько-японські відносини |
3714352 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE | Кушнаренково | Кушнаренково — село, центр Кушнаренковського району Башкортостану, Росія. Адміністративний центр Кушнаренковської сільської ради.
Населення — 9870 осіб (2010; 10630 у 2002).
Національний склад:
башкири — 39 %
татари — 39 %
Уродженці
Абдулліна Ліра Султанівна (1936—1987) — башкирська поетеса і журналістка.
Джерела
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Кушнаренковського району
Села Башкортостану
Районні центри Башкортостану |
19829994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%BCbiet%C3%B3w%2C%20Garwolin%20County | Elżbietów, Garwolin County | Elżbietów, Garwolin County
Elżbietów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trojanów, within Garwolin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north of Trojanów, south-east of Garwolin, and south-east of Warsaw.
References
Villages in Garwolin County |
1964768 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%20%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83%20%D0%B7%20%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8E%20%D1%96%D0%B7%20%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8E%201989 | Молодіжний чемпіонат світу з хокею із шайбою 1989 | Молодіжний чемпіонат світу з хокею із шайбою 1989 — 13-ий чемпіонат світу з хокею серед молодіжних команд, який відбувався у США з 26 грудня 1988 року по 4 січня 1989 року. США вже вдруге приймає чемпіонат світу, до цього приймав чемпіонат 1982.
Звання чемпіона світу розігрували вісім збірних за круговою системою.
Група А
Підсумкова таблиця
ФРН вибула до Групи В.
Результати
Бомбардири
Нагороди
Найкращі гравці, обрані дирекцією ІІХФ
Найкращий воротар: Олексій Івашкін
Найкращий захисник: Рікард Перссон
Найкращий нападник: Павло Буре
Команда усіх зірок, обрана ЗМІ
Воротар: Олексій Івашкін
Захисники: Мілан Тихий — Рікард Перссон
Нападники: Ніклас Ерікссон — Джеремі Ренік — Павло Буре
Група В
Матчі відбулись 19-28 березня у Шамоні (Франція).
Кваліфікація
4 – 3 та 2 – 1
Підсумкова таблиця та результати
Польща вийшла до Групи А, Нідерланди вибули до Групи С.
Група С
Матчі пройшли у Бейсінгстоку (Велика Британія) 16-22 березня.
Підсумкова таблиця та результати
Австрія вийшла до Групи В.
Посилання
Архів
МЧ на hokej
Історія молодіжних чемпіонатів світу з хокею з шайбою
Бомбардири
Команда усіх зірок
Чемпіонати світу з хокею із шайбою серед молодіжних команд
1988 у хокеї з шайбою
1989 у хокеї з шайбою
Грудень 1988
Січень 1989
Анкоридж |
4297535 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%20%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%20%D0%84%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Івашин Денис Євгенійович | Івашин Денис Євгенійович
Денис Євгенійович Івашин (нар. ) — білоруський журналіст і політв'язень режиму Лукашенка.
Біографія
Виріс і жив у Гродно. За освітою економіст і політолог.
2014 року був активним учасником Революції гідності в Україні, з самого початку російсько-української війни займався благодійністю для мігрантів із зони АТО в Україні. Пізніше приєднався до «ІнформНапалму», міжнародної волонтерської спільноти, яка досліджує вплив російської агресії на інші країни, як РОЗВД-дослідник та перекладач. Став головним редактором білоруської версії ресурсу.
У 2017 році (суддя — Євген Пісаревич) його заарештував на п'ять діб за висвітлення подій Дня Волі.
З 2018 року — позаштатний кореспондент газети «Новы Час».
Опублікував розслідування впливу російських націоналістів на Білорусь, будівництво в Куропатах, перехід колишніх бійців українського спецвідділу міліції «Беркут» до силових структур режиму Лукашенка в Білорусі.
Арешт і ув'язнення
Затриманий працівниками КДБ Білорусі 12 березня 2021 р., наступного дня після інтерв'ю на каналі «Настоящее время», якому повідомив про результати свого журналістського розслідування. Звинувачений у «втручанні в діяльність правоохоронців» (ст. 365 КК). Колеги та родичі пов'язують його арешт із професійною журналістикою, зокрема з публікацією розслідування щодо бійців «Беркуту».
Його затримання викликало занепокоєння МЗС України, яко 15 березня 2021 року зазначило, що Івашин лише «допомагав розповідати світові про злочини у ході російської агресії проти України», в той час як журналістська діяльність не може і не має бути приводом для переслідування.
24 березня 2021 року спільною заявою восьми організацій, серед яких Правозахисний центр «Вясна», Білоруська асоціація журналістів, Білоруський Гельсінський комітет, Білоруський ПЕН-центр, був визнаний політичним в'язнем. Міжнародне товариство прав людини також визнало Івашина політичним в'язнем. 30 червня 2021 року шефство над політичним в'язнем взяв Шон Гогі, депутат Дойл Ерен.
Восени 2021 року Івашину висунули ще одне звинувачення у «державній зраді» (ст. 356 КК Білорусі). Під час ув'язнення Івашина неодноразово кидали в карцер.також Денис у тюрмі захворів. Невідома інфекція спричинена антисанітарними умовами.
17 серпня 2022 у Гродно розпочалося друге засідання закритого процесу над Денисом Івашиним. Під час суду він вигукнув: «Жыве Беларусь! Слава Україні!» 13 вересня 2022 року суд в Гродно виніс вирок - 13 років і 1 місяць колонії посиленого режиму. Про це повідомив правозахисний центр «Вясна». Наприкінці лютого 2023 р. Дениса перевели до Тюрми № 1, а у березні перевели назад до могилівської ВК № 15. Наприкінці червня 2023 року журналіста перевели на тюремний режим у Жодіно.
Особисте життя
Івашин має українське коріння з боку свого батька, який походить із Дніпра, і статус «закордонного українця». Батько помер; станом на 2021 р. родина Івашина: мати Людмила, дружина Ольга та старший брат Микола, який живе у Франції.
Посилання
Дзяніс Івашин — сторінка політв'язня на вебсайті правозахисного центру «Вясна»
Джерела
Білоруські журналісти
білоруські політичні в'язні
Українці Білорусі
Особи, визнані в'язнями совісті правозахисним центром «Вясна» |
63361952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meegaste | Meegaste | Meegaste is a village in Otepää Parish, Valga County in Estonia.
References
Villages in Valga County
Kreis Dorpat |
25948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction | Refraction | Refraction
In physics, refraction is the redirection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another. The redirection can be caused by the wave's change in speed or by a change in the medium. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and water waves also experience refraction. How much a wave is refracted is determined by the change in wave speed and the initial direction of wave propagation relative to the direction of change in speed.
For light, refraction follows Snell's law, which states that, for a given pair of media, the ratio of the sines of the angle of incidence and angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalently, to the refractive indices of the two media:
Optical prisms and lenses use refraction to redirect light, as does the human eye. The refractive index of materials varies with the wavelength of light, and thus the angle of the refraction also varies correspondingly. This is called dispersion and causes prisms and rainbows to divide white light into its constituent spectral colors.
General explanation
A correct explanation of refraction involves two separate parts, both a result of the wave nature of light.
Light slows as it travels through a medium other than vacuum (such as air, glass or water). This is not because of scattering or absorption. Rather it is because, as an electromagnetic oscillation, light itself causes other electrically charged particles such as electrons, to oscillate. The oscillating electrons emit their own electromagnetic waves which interact with the original light. The resulting "combined" wave has wave packets that pass an observer at a slower rate. The light has effectively been slowed. When light returns to a vacuum and there are no electrons nearby, this slowing effect ends and its speed returns to c.
When light enters a slower medium at an angle, one side of the wavefront is slowed before the other. This asymmetrical slowing of the light causes it to change the angle of its travel. Once light is within the new medium with constant properties, it travels in a straight line again.
Slowing of light
As described above, the speed of light is slower in a medium other than vacuum. This slowing applies to any medium such as air, water, or glass, and is responsible for phenomena such as refraction. When light leaves the medium and returns to a vacuum, and ignoring any effects of gravity, its speed returns to the usual speed of light in vacuum, c.
Common explanations for this slowing, based upon the idea of light scattering from, or being absorbed and re-emitted by atoms, are both incorrect. Explanations like these would cause a "blurring" effect in the resulting light, as it would no longer be travelling in just one direction. But this effect is not seen in nature.
A correct explanation rests on light's nature as an electromagnetic wave. Because light is an oscillating electrical/magnetic wave, light traveling in a medium causes the electrically charged electrons of the material to also oscillate. (The material's protons also oscillate but as they are around 2000 times more massive, their movement and therefore their effect, is far smaller). A moving electrical charge emits electromagnetic waves of its own. The electromagnetic waves emitted by the oscillating electrons interact with the electromagnetic waves that make up the original light, similar to water waves on a pond, a process known as constructive interference. When two waves interfere in this way, the resulting "combined" wave may have wave packets that pass an observer at a slower rate. The light has effectively been slowed. When the light leaves the material, this interaction with electrons no longer happens, and therefore the wave packet rate (and therefore its speed) return to normal.
Bending of light
Consider a wave going from one material to another where its speed is slower as in the figure. If it reaches the interface between the materials at an angle one side of the wave will reach the second material first, and therefore slow down earlier. With one side of the wave going slower the whole wave will pivot towards that side. This is why a wave will bend away from the surface or toward the normal when going into a slower material. In the opposite case of a wave reaching a material where the speed is higher, one side of the wave will speed up and the wave will pivot away from that side.
Another way of understanding the same thing is to consider the change in wavelength at the interface. When the wave goes from one material to another where the wave has a different speed v, the frequency f of the wave will stay the same, but the distance between wavefronts or wavelength λ=v/f will change. If the speed is decreased, such as in the figure to the right, the wavelength will also decrease. With an angle between the wave fronts and the interface and change in distance between the wave fronts the angle must change over the interface to keep the wave fronts intact. From these considerations the relationship between the angle of incidence θ1, angle of transmission θ2 and the wave speeds v1 and v2 in the two materials can be derived. This is the law of refraction or Snell's law and can be written as
.
The phenomenon of refraction can in a more fundamental way be derived from the 2 or 3-dimensional wave equation. The boundary condition at the interface will then require the tangential component of the wave vector to be identical on the two sides of the interface. Since the magnitude of the wave vector depend on the wave speed this requires a change in direction of the wave vector.
The relevant wave speed in the discussion above is the phase velocity of the wave. This is typically close to the group velocity which can be seen as the truer speed of a wave, but when they differ it is important to use the phase velocity in all calculations relating to refraction.
A wave traveling perpendicular to a boundary, i.e. having its wavefronts parallel to the boundary, will not change direction even if the speed of the wave changes.
Dispersion of light
Refraction is also responsible for rainbows and for the splitting of white light into a rainbow-spectrum as it passes through a glass prism. Glass and water have higher refractive indexes than air. When a beam of white light passes from air into a material having an index of refraction that varies with frequency (and wavelength), a phenomenon known as dispersion occurs, in which different coloured components of the white light are refracted at different angles, i.e., they bend by different amounts at the interface, so that they become separated. The different colors correspond to different frequencies and different wavelengths.
Law
For light, the refractive index n of a material is more often used than the wave phase speed v in the material. They are directly related through the speed of light in vacuum c as
.
In optics, therefore, the law of refraction is typically written as
.
On water
Refraction occurs when light goes through a water surface since water has a refractive index of 1.33 and air has a refractive index of about 1. Looking at a straight object, such as a pencil in the figure here, which is placed at a slant, partially in the water, the object appears to bend at the water's surface. This is due to the bending of light rays as they move from the water to the air. Once the rays reach the eye, the eye traces them back as straight lines (lines of sight). The lines of sight (shown as dashed lines) intersect at a higher position than where the actual rays originated. This causes the pencil to appear higher and the water to appear shallower than it really is.
The depth that the water appears to be when viewed from above is known as the apparent depth. This is an important consideration for spearfishing from the surface because it will make the target fish appear to be in a different place, and the fisher must aim lower to catch the fish. Conversely, an object above the water has a higher apparent height when viewed from below the water. The opposite correction must be made by an archer fish.
For small angles of incidence (measured from the normal, when sin θ is approximately the same as tan θ), the ratio of apparent to real depth is the ratio of the refractive indexes of air to that of water. But, as the angle of incidence approaches 90°, the apparent depth approaches zero, albeit reflection increases, which limits observation at high angles of incidence. Conversely, the apparent height approaches infinity as the angle of incidence (from below) increases, but even earlier, as the angle of total internal reflection is approached, albeit the image also fades from view as this limit is approached.
Atmospheric
The refractive index of air depends on the air density and thus vary with air temperature and pressure. Since the pressure is lower at higher altitudes, the refractive index is also lower, causing light rays to refract towards the earth surface when traveling long distances through the atmosphere. This shifts the apparent positions of stars slightly when they are close to the horizon and makes the sun visible before it geometrically rises above the horizon during a sunrise.
Temperature variations in the air can also cause refraction of light. This can be seen as a heat haze when hot and cold air is mixed e.g. over a fire, in engine exhaust, or when opening a window on a cold day. This makes objects viewed through the mixed air appear to shimmer or move around randomly as the hot and cold air moves. This effect is also visible from normal variations in air temperature during a sunny day when using high magnification telephoto lenses and is often limiting the image quality in these cases.
In a similar way, atmospheric turbulence gives rapidly varying distortions in the images of astronomical telescopes limiting the resolution of terrestrial telescopes not using adaptive optics or other techniques for overcoming these atmospheric distortions.
Air temperature variations close to the surface can give rise to other optical phenomena, such as mirages and Fata Morgana. Most commonly, air heated by a hot road on a sunny day deflects light approaching at a shallow angle towards a viewer. This makes the road appear reflecting, giving an illusion of water covering the road.
Clinical significance
In medicine, particularly optometry, ophthalmology and orthoptics, refraction (also known as refractometry) is a clinical test in which a phoropter may be used by the appropriate eye care professional to determine the eye's refractive error and the best corrective lenses to be prescribed. A series of test lenses in graded optical powers or focal lengths are presented to determine which provides the sharpest, clearest vision.
Refractive surgery is a medical procedure to treat common vision disorders.
Mechanical waves
Water
Water waves travel slower in shallower water. This can be used to demonstrate refraction in ripple tanks and also explains why waves on a shoreline tend to strike the shore close to a perpendicular angle. As the waves travel from deep water into shallower water near the shore, they are refracted from their original direction of travel to an angle more normal to the shoreline.
Sound
In underwater acoustics, refraction is the bending or curving of a sound ray that results when the ray passes through a sound speed gradient from a region of one sound speed to a region of a different speed. The amount of ray bending is dependent on the amount of difference between sound speeds, that is, the variation in temperature, salinity, and pressure of the water.
Similar acoustics effects are also found in the Earth's atmosphere. The phenomenon of refraction of sound in the atmosphere has been known for centuries. Beginning in the early 1970s, widespread analysis of this effect came into vogue through the designing of urban highways and noise barriers to address the meteorological effects of bending of sound rays in the lower atmosphere.
Gallery
See also
Birefringence (double refraction)
Geometrical optics
Huygens–Fresnel principle
List of indices of refraction
Negative refraction
Reflection
Schlieren photography
Seismic refraction
Super refraction
References
External links
Reflections and Refractions in Ray Tracing, a simple but thorough discussion of the mathematics behind refraction and reflection.
Flash refraction simulation- includes source, Explains refraction and Snell's Law.
Physical phenomena
Geometrical optics
Physical optics |
217146 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Буджерак Олександр Олександрович | Буджерак Олександр Олександрович
Олександр Олександрович Буджерак (28 березня 1943 с. Малі Юначки, Красилівського району, Хмельницької обл.) — український політик та адвокат. Колишній народний депутат України. Був головою Хмельницької обласної організації партії ВО «Батьківщина» (1999 — травень 2010).
Освіта
Освіта вища. 1973 року закінчив Київську вищу школу МВС СРСР, спеціальність «Правознавство»; у 1983 році — Академію МВС СРСР (м. Москва), спеціальність «Правознавство».
Трудова діяльність
1960–1962 — слюсар Хмельницького інструментального заводу, водій Хмельницької автобази № 2231.
1962–1965 — служба в Збройних Силах.
1966–1968 — курсант Івано-Франківської спеціальної середньої школи міліції.
1970–1996 — служба в органах МВС України.
1996–2005 — директор Хмельницького юридичного колегіуму, юрист ТОВ «Свіко», ТОВ «Гулівер», приватний адвокат, м. Хмельницький.
Парламентська діяльність
Народний депутат України 5-го скликання з 25 травня 2006 до 12 червня 2007 від «Блоку Юлії Тимошенко», № 98 в списку. На час виборів: адвокат, член партії ВО «Батьківщина». Член фракції «Блок Юлії Тимошенко» (з 25 травня 2006). Член Комітету з питань боротьби з організованою злочинністю і корупцією (з 18 липня 2006). 12 червня 2007 достроково припинив свої повноваження під час масового складення мандатів депутатами-опозиціонерами з метою проведення позачергових виборів до Верховної Ради.
Народний депутат України 6-го скликання з 23 листопада 2007 від «Блоку Юлії Тимошенко», № 98 в списку. На час виборів: тимчасово не працював, член партії ВО «Батьківщина». Член фракції «Блок Юлії Тимошенко» (23 листопада 2007 — 21 вересня 2010). Перейшов у коаліцію з Партією Регіонів. Виконувачем обов'язки голови Хмельницької обласної партійної організації "ВО «Батьківщина» призначено народного депутата Василя Кравчука. Як йдеться у повідомленні пресслужби Хмельницької обласної партійної організації "ВО «Батьківщина» "За зраду інтересів партії «Всеукраїнське об'єднання „Батьківщина“ та порушення Статуту з посади голови Хмельницької обласної організації звільнено Олександра Буджерака». Його також позбавлено членства у «Батьківщині». Політичне життя Хмельниччини добряче «трясонуло». Незмінний протягом 11 років голова Хмельницької обласної організації «Батьківщина», народний депутат від фракції БЮТ Олександр Буджерак вступив до провладної коаліції «Стабільність та реформи», знаної в народі як «тушки». Однопартійці одразу засудили керівника партії. "Під час перебування на посаді голови облорганізації займався вирішенням власних меркантильних питань, будучи людиною амбітною, він намагався створити навколо себе ореол вождя місцевого рівня. Тепер зрозуміло, що він заздалегідь готував собі «запасний аеродром», — йдеться у заяві хмельницької міської організації «Батьківщина». У повідомленні зазначено, що постанову Президії політради партії 11 травня підписала голова партії Юлія Тимошенко (Інформаційна служба газети "Діловий тижневик «ВСІМ»); член групи «Реформи заради майбутнього» (з 16 лютого 2011). Заступник голови Комітету боротьби з організованою злочинністю і корупцією (з 26 грудня 2007).
Нагороди, державні ранги
Нагороджений орденами «Червоної зірки», «Богдана Хмельницького».
Орден «За заслуги» III (серпень 2005), II ступенів (серпень 2011).
Примітки
Посилання
Довідник «Хто є хто в Україні», видавництво «К. І.С.»
Верховна Рада України 5-го скликання
Верховна Рада України 6-го скликання
Уродженці Красилівського району
Випускники Національної академії внутрішніх справ України
Працівники Міністерства внутрішніх справ України
Народні депутати України 5-го скликання
Народні депутати України 6-го скликання
Члени ВО «Батьківщина»
Українські адвокати
Політики України |
2257199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinckley%20United%20F.C. | Hinckley United F.C. | Hinckley United F.C.
Hinckley United Football Club was an English football club, from Hinckley, Leicestershire, which last played in the Southern Football League Premier Division during the 2013–14 season. They were formed in 1997 as the result of a merger between Hinckley Athletic and Hinckley Town. The club latterly played their home games at De Montfort Park, having moved to the purpose-built football stadium in March 2005.
On 7 October 2013 Hinckley United were wound up in the High Court.
After the club was dissolved, two clubs were formed to replace them; Hinckley AFC and Leicester Road.
History
The town of Hinckley had an established football team for over one hundred years. The earliest recorded team was Hinckley Town, formed in 1889 and competed in the Leicestershire Senior League, playing their games at the Holywell Ground, behind the Holywell Inn pub. A short spell in the Midland League in 1900 was followed by a name change to Hinckley United and a return to the Leicestershire Senior League in 1905, where the club remained until the outbreak of the First World War. After the war Hinckley United competed in the Birmingham Combination, becoming champions twice in 1923–24 and 1926–27.
After the war, the brewery owners of the Holywell Ground decided they wanted the land for other uses and the football club found themselves without a ground. The club managed to purchase land on Middlefield Lane, for the sum of £500, in August 1946, and following a name change to Hinckley Athletic in September 1946, the club resumed playing in the Nuneaton Combination league.
Hinckley Athletic subsequently competed in the Birmingham Combination again, the Southern League and West Midlands League before becoming founder members of the Midland Alliance. At the height of their success manager Dudley Kernick took the club into the Southern League Premier Division in 1964, before a financial crisis led to a relegation and eventual resignation from the Southern League. The club struggled to survive in the West Midlands League for the next 25 years. The early 1990s saw a turn around in fortunes for Hinckley Athletic and manager John Hanna saw the club become founder members of the Midland Alliance.
Meanwhile, in 1958 Westfield Wanderers were formed and played in the Hinckley District League. In 1972 they changed their name to Hinckley Town and joined the Leicestershire Senior League, before their successful period in the 1980s with a switch to the Central Midlands League, then the West Midlands (Regional) League and gaining promotion to the Southern League in 1990.
Hinckley United, was formed on Wednesday 18 June 1997. A meeting on that date saw shareholders of Hinckley Athletic approve a merger with neighbours Hinckley Town.
Merger moves were made immediately at the end of the 1996–97 season when Athletic narrowly missed out on promotion to the Southern League for the third consecutive campaign following finishes of 2nd, 3rd and 2nd again. A meeting of the respective chairmen, Mick Voce (Athletic) and Kevin Downes (Town), established there was some common ground with each club having something positive to offer, and the merger was completed.
Consequently, the new club were to play at Middlefield Lane with Town's Leicester Road set up being used as a training ground, and once the FA and Southern League had approved the merger, United inherited Town's Southern League Midland Division place.
The aim was to provide better quality football in Hinckley and this success was achieved within four years. After a mid table finish in their first season, Hinckley United improved with finishes of fourth, third and then won the Southern League Midland/West Division in season 2000–01. That season saw Hinckley score 102 league goals and extend an unbeaten home record to 51 games.
This success was further compounded by becoming founder member of the Conference North. The first two seasons in the Southern League Premier Division Hinckley had mid-table finishes, but the following season finished in sixth place, also meaning they finished in a position to be accepted into the newly established Conference North division for 2004–05.
After two mid table finishes consolidating in Conference North, season 2006–07 was accepted as the season Hinckley would make a serious challenge for the title. However, after a good start tragedy struck the club when defender Matt Gadsby collapsed and died on the pitch at Harrogate on 9 September 2006. The practical response in the days following Gadsby's death included fans voluntarily organising bucket collections at games across the country to donate to Gadsby's widow and daughter. These events culminated in a memorial match at the Marston Stadium featuring a Legends XI and a Gadsby Select XI, featuring players from Gadsby's previous clubs. Hinckley players took a month away from football and spent the rest of the season playing catch up. When Hinckley returned to action the season was one of up and down, but held on to a play-off spot, eventually rallying on and off the field to secure fourth place in the league, reaching the play-off final, but missing out on promotion conceding a last minute penalty.
Off the pitch things gathered pace with the development of the club. Middlefield Lane was sold for £4 million which funded De Montfort Park, a purpose-built 4329-capacity football ground. The move away from Middlefield Lane happened on 5 March 2005 when the first game at the new De Montfort Park Stadium was played. Attendances increased at the new stadium and a home league attendance record was set for Hinckley when nearly 2900 watched Hinckley draw with Nuneaton on boxing day 2006.
Following from the play-off final defeat, Hinckley United struggled the following season and were involved in a relegation battle throughout. Despite being bottom of the league at Christmas, relegation was avoided by a nine-game unbeaten run at the end of the season, ensuring survival in the penultimate game.
The next few season were treated as consolidation, as financial hardship hit the club off the field. Lack of proper budgeting the previous seasons meant the club were unable to meet debts, and the HMRC petitioned the courts for a winding up order. The football club was also sanctioned with a registration embargo, limiting the number of players at the club to a maximum of 16. Over two years were spent with the club trying to finance and settle the debts, gaining adjournments from the courts, and the debt was finally settled in November 2010.
Players left the club, due to the financial issues, and season 2010–11 saw a virtual fresh team of players start for Hinckley. Again it was a battle against relegation, but after the registration embargo was lifted in November 2010, some new players were brought in and Hinckley dragged themselves away from the relegation zone towards a mid table finish.
Another season of struggle and financial hardship followed in season 2011–12 and the club were relegated on the final day of the season, though finished on 48 points, the highest points total to be relegated from the Conference North. On 25 May 2012, the F.A published their proposed club allocations for the 2012–13 non-league season proposing Hinckley United would be in the Conference North after both Darlington and Kettering Town were relegated further divisions after financial problems. In June this reprieve was officially confirmed at the Football Conference AGM.
On 10 October the only manager in the club's history, Dean Thomas, resigned following a poor start to the season and increasing financial restrictions and was replaced by assistant manager, Carl Heggs. The club were again playing under a transfer embargo, even having to postpone one home game due to lack of players, and in other matches playing Youth team players. The team went on a winless run and, following a 4–1 defeat at Gloucester City, they were relegated. Heggs resigned, and long-serving player and 1st team coach Stuart Storer became the new manager.
On 7 October 2013 Hinckley United were wound up in the High Court of Justice.
Successor clubs
After the club was dissolved, supporters of Hinckley United formed two clubs: Hinckley A.F.C. and Hinckley Leicester Road F.C. AFC was registered as a Community Trust football club. and accepted into the Midland Football League First Division for the 2014–15 season. Leicester Road were accepted into Division Two of the newly formed Midland League for the 2014–15 season.
Following their formation, both Hinckley AFC and Leicester Road attempted to secure the right to use Leicester Road Stadium. Leicester Road were ultimately successful in purchasing the stadium, with Hinckley AFC having to groundshare at Heather St John's.
The two played each other for the first time in November 2015.
Disputes over the legacy of the original United club and the stadium have led to numerous incidents and disagreements between the two clubs.
Managers
In August 1997 Dean Thomas became team manager with former Hinckley Athletic boss John Hanna being appointed general manager, although Hanna relinquished his position in the new year of 1998, leaving Thomas in sole charge. He won the Southern League Western Division championship with Hinckley United in season 2000–01, and guided the club to the FA Cup 2nd round in December 2001 and December 2004. His assistant manager during that time was former Notts County player Charlie Palmer, however at the start of the 2007–08 season Palmer was replaced by Nick Platnauer. Platnauer had previously managed Rothwell Town, Kettering Town and Bedford Town.
For the 2010–11 season Platnauer, took more of a coaching role, whilst first team coach Stuart Storer took over the role of assistant manager. In July 2011 Platnauer started the season again in the assistant manager's role, but left the club in August 2011, and was replaced by Mark Faulkner. In June 2012 Marc Faulkner was replaced as assistant manager by former Hinckley United striker Carl Heggs.
Following a very poor start to the 2012–13 season, and after an early exit in the FA Cup, Thomas resigned as manager on 10 October 2012. Thomas had been Hinckley United's manager for 16 years and was granted a testimonial season in 2007–08. Assistant manager Carl Heggs was placed in temporary charge and said on several occasions he would love the job on a permanent basis. On 15 November Heggs was offered the job on a permanent basis until the end of the 2012–13 season in a board meeting, but on a further reduced budget after the discovery of more debt being placed upon the club. On 28 February 2013, it was announced in the Hinckley Times that Heggs had signed a new contract until the end of the 2013–2014 season after being given the assurances he was looking for from the board. However, on 21 May 2013, Carl decided to resign as manager after being offered the chance to become a PE teacher at Ascot College, Derbyshire. The job was offered to long-serving first team coach, Stuart Storer, who accepted the offer on 27 May. Storer's first move as boss was to appoint former Knitters' defender Andrew Penny as his assistant. Penny had worked as reserve team manager at Chasetown since 2011.
Colours, crest and nickname
The club colours are red and blue, a blend of the main colours of the former clubs. Athletic played in red and Town played in blue. The original playing kit was red and blue stripes, blue shorts, blue socks – but that has evolved over the past 10 years. Now the playing kit is a solid blue body with red sleeves, and red flashes down the side of the body, blue shorts and red socks.
The original club crest for Hinckley United was the Arms of Honour of Hinckley, basically a red and white halved shield divided in half by a serrated line. The club crest was relaunched in 2004 still incorporating the Arms of Honour of Hinckley but also taking elements of the Borough of Hinckley and Bosworth crest and mascots of the two merged clubs Hinckley Athletic and Hinckley Town. The rams were added from the Borough crest signifying the hosiery industry in the town, and Hinckley Town's eagle plus Hinckley Athletic's robin were placed atop the crest.
At the formation of the club, a competition was held for fans to come up with a nickname and The Knitters was chosen. This reflects one of the longest standing industries associated with the town, the wool and hosiery trade, having been factories in Hinckley since the 17th century.
Stadium
Hinckley United began playing their games in 1997 at Middlefield Lane, former home to Hinckley Athletic. Although having the required grade for Southern League and Conference North, it was old and would take a lot of work to upgrade to a better level. Hinckley United spent two years financing, securing land and building a new ground, and in 2005 phase 1 of the stadium was completed. Phase 2 was finished by 2007 adding a full size all weather floodlit pitch and junior changing facilities to the complex.
Marston's Brewery signed a 10-year sponsorship of the ground and it became known as the Marston's Stadium. However, the deal ended early in December 2008 and the name reverted to the original De Montfort Park Stadium.
In January 2009 the club announced a deal for the stadium to be sponsored by the Greene King Brewery and the stadium was renamed the Greene King Stadium.
In total the complex covers and includes 3 full-size pitches, 2 three-quarter-size pitches, 3 half-size pitches and an all-weather floodlit pitch. The flagship of the complex is the De Montfort Park Stadium, a 4329-capacity purpose-built football ground, also comprising gymnasium, sports injury clinic and a social club too.
The first match in the stadium was on 5 March 2005 when Stalybridge Celtic were the first team to play Hinckley United on the ground, and drew 1–1, in front of a crowd of over 2000.
The FA gave the stadium international recognition in July 2012 when it was selected for two international under-17 matches, alongside Burton's Pirelli Stadium and Northampton's Sixfields Stadium, as part of a friendly tournament involving England, Italy, Turkey and Portugal.
The stadium hosted the Portugal U17s 1–0 Italy U17s, and Italy U17s 3–1 Turkey U17s matches.
After the end of the 2012–13 season, Hinckley chairman Mike Sutton confirmed that Greene King Brewery had decided not to renew their deal to sponsor De Montfort Park.
Performance
League position
1997–98 Southern League Division One Midlands 12th position
1998–99 Southern League Division One Midlands 4th position
1999–2000 Southern League Division One Midlands 3rd position
2000–01 Southern League Division One Midlands Champions
2001–02 Southern Football League Premier Division 12th position
2002–03 Southern Football League Premier Division 13th position
2003–04 Southern Football League Premier Division 6th position, qualifying for Conference North
2004–05 Conference North 12th position
2005–06 Conference North 10th position
2006–07 Conference North 4th position, losing play-off finalists
2007–08 Conference North 19th position
2008–09 Conference North 10th position
2009–10 Conference North 7th position
2010–11 Conference North 15th position
2011–12 Conference North 20th position, saved from relegation by reprieve
2012–13 Conference North 22nd position, relegated for the first time in the club's history
FA competitions
FA Cup
Hinckley United reached beyond the 1st round of the FA Cup on four occasions, both times losing to Football League opposition in the second round.
In 2001–02 Hinckley United beat Grays Athletic 1–2 at the New Recreation Ground in the First Round, then lost to Cheltenham Town 0–2 at Middlefield Lane.
In 2004–05 Hinckley United recorded one of their most famous victories by beating Torquay United 2–0 at Middlefield Lane. In the Second Round Brentford played at Middlefield Lane live on BBC TV as the match was scheduled to be shown on Match of the Day. The game finished 0–0 with Tommy Whittle, the then Hinckley goalkeeper facing a penalty that John Salako put wide of the post. The replay took place at Griffin Park and Brentford won 2–1, after Hinckley United defender Brad Piercewright was sent off for 'handling the ball on the line'.
in 2009-10 Hinckley lost 3–1 away at Rushden & Diamonds
in 2011-12 Hinckley lost 1–0 away to Tamworth in a replay after a 2–2 draw
FA Trophy
In the short history of Hinckley United the furthest progression has been to the 4th round. Yeovil Town beat Hinckley United 3–2 at Huish Park in 1998–99.
During the 2011–2012 season Hinckley had another successful cup run, beating Wrexham away in the 1st round, who at the time were top of the Conference National, and eventually bowing out after taking Luton Town to a replay in the 2nd round. Striker Andre Gray impressed in both games against Luton, later leading to the Conference Premier side to signing him on loan with a view to a £30,000 permanent transfer.
Notable former players
Rivals
Local rivals include Nuneaton Town, Shepshed Dynamo, Barwell and Bedworth United. Nuneaton Town and Barwell being the biggest rivals.
Honours
Southern League Western Division Champions 2000–01
Southern League Merit Cup Winners 2000–01 (Joint-winners)
Leicestershire Challenge Cup Winners 2006–07, 2003–04, 2001–02, 2000–01
References
External links
Hinckley United Official Website
Hinckley United Independent Website
National League (English football) clubs
Defunct football clubs in Leicestershire
Association football clubs established in 1997
Southern Football League clubs
1997 establishments in England
Association football clubs disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in England
Defunct football clubs in England
Central Midlands Football League
Birmingham Combination |
13156732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matallana%20de%20Tor%C3%ADo | Matallana de Torío | Matallana de Torío Neighbourhood
Matallana de Torío is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1,538 inhabitants.
References
Municipalities in the Province of León |
12233567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2%20di%20Giovanni%20Fiorentino | Niccolò di Giovanni Fiorentino | Niccolò di Giovanni Fiorentino (Croatian: Nikola Firentinac) called Nicolas of Florence (1418 in Bagno a Ripoli – 1506 in Šibenik), was an Italian Renaissance sculptor and architect, active in Venice and Dalmatia.
He is best known by his work on the Šibenik Cathedral of St James, in 1455. After the death of Giorgio da Sebenico, Niccolò finished the cathedral and its original stone dome, following the original plans of Giorgio.
Before 1457 he probably worked with Donatello in Padua, between 1457 and 1468 was active in Venice but moved after to Dalmatia where he worked until his death in 1506.
Work on Šibenik cathedral inspired Niccolò for his work on the expansion of chapel of Blessed John from Trogir in 1468. Just like the Šibenik cathedral, it was composed of large stone blocks with extreme precision. In cooperation with a disciple of Giorgio, Andrea Alessi, Niccolò achieved close harmony of architecture and sculpture according to antique ideals. From inside, there is no flat wall. In the middle of chapel, on the altar, lies the sarcophagus of blessed John of Trogir. Surrounding this are reliefs of genies carrying torches as if peering out of the doors of the underworld. Above them there are niches with sculptures of Christ and the apostles, among of which are putti, circular windows encircled with fruit garland, and a relief of Nativity. All feature a coffered ceiling with an image of God in the middle and 96 portrait of angels' heads. With so many faces of smiling children, the chapel looks very cheerful, unlike other European art of that time.
See also
Šibenik Cathedral
Renaissance architecture
References
External links
Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries.org: "European sculpture and metalwork" (online PDF) — ''a collection catalog with material on Fiorentino (see index)
1418 births
1506 deaths
People from Bagno a Ripoli
Italian Renaissance sculptors
15th-century Italian architects
15th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors |
420360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20al-Idrisi | Muhammad al-Idrisi | Muhammad al-Idrisi
Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti, or simply al-Idrisi (1100–1165), was a Muslim geographer and cartographer who served in the court of King Roger II at Palermo, Sicily. Muhammad al-Idrisi was born in Ceuta, then belonging to the Almoravid dynasty. He created the , one of the most advanced medieval world maps.
Early life
Al-Idrisi was born into the Hammudid dynasty of North Africa and Al-Andalus. A descendent of Muhammad via the powerful Idrisid dynasty. Al-Idrisi was believed to be born the city of Ceuta in 1100, at the time controlled by the Almoravids, where his great-grandfather had been forced to settle after the fall of Hammudid Málaga to the Zirids of Granada. He spent much of his early life travelling through North Africa and Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain and Portugal of the times) and seems to have acquired detailed information on both regions. He visited Anatolia when he was barely 16. He studied in the university in Córdoba.
His travels took him to many parts of Europe including Portugal, the Pyrenees, the French Atlantic coast, Hungary, and Jórvík (now known as York).
Tabula Rogeriana
Because of conflict and instability in Al-Andalus al-Idrisi joined contemporaries such as Abu al-Salt in Sicily, where the Normans had overthrown Arabs formerly loyal to the Fatimids.
Al-Idrisi incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Far East gathered by Islamic merchants and explorers and recorded on Islamic maps with the information brought by the Norman voyagers to create the most accurate map of the world in pre-modern times, which served as a concrete illustration of his Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq, (Latin: Opus Geographicum), which may be translated A Diversion for the Man Longing to Travel to Far-Off Places.
The was drawn by al-Idrisi in 1154 for the Norman King Roger II of Sicily, after a stay of eighteen years at his court, where he worked on the commentaries and illustrations of the map. The map, with legends written in Arabic, while showing the Eurasian continent in its entirety, only shows the northern part of the African continent and lacks details of the Horn of Africa and Southeast Asia.
For Roger it was inscribed on a massive disc of solid silver, two metres in diameter.
On the geographical work of al-Idrisi, S.P. Scott wrote in 1904:
Al-Idrisi's work influenced a number of Islamic scholars including Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, Hafiz-i Abru, and Ibn Khaldun but his work was unknown in Western Europe and had little influence on the development of Renaissance cartography.
Description of islands in the North Sea
Al-Idrisi in his famous mentioned Irlandah-al-Kabirah (Great Ireland). According to him, "from the extremity of Iceland to that of Great Ireland," the sailing time was "one day." Although historians note that both al-Idrisi and the Norse tend to understate distances, the only location this reference is thought to have possibly pointed to, must likely have been in Greenland.
Description of Chinese trade
Al-Idrisi mentioned that Chinese junks carried leather, swords, iron and silk. He mentions the glassware of the city of Hangzhou and labels Quanzhou's silk as the best.
In his records of Chinese trade, al-Idrisi also wrote about the Silla Dynasty (one of Korea's historical Dynasties, and a major trade partner to China at the time), and was one of the first Arabs to do so. Al-Idrisi's References to Silla led other Arab merchants to seek Silla and its trade, and contribute to many Arab's perception of Silla as the ideal East-Asian country.
Nuzhat al-Mushtaq
As well as the maps, al-Idrisi produced a compendium of geographical information with the title Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq. The title has been translated as The book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands or The pleasure of him who longs to cross the horizons. It has been preserved in nine manuscripts, seven of which contain maps.
The translated title of this work (in the "pleasure of him ..." form) attracted favourable comment from the team selecting lists of names for features expected to be discovered by the New Horizons probe reconnoitring the Pluto system. The Al-Idrisi Montes is a geographical feature in that system named after him.
In the introduction, al-Idrisi mentions two sources for geographical coordinates: Claudius Ptolemy and "an astronomer" that must be Ishaq ibn al-Hasan al-Zayyat; and states that he has cross-checked oral reports from different informers to see if geographical coordinates were consistent.
Publication and translation
An abridged version of the Arabic text was published in Rome in 1592 with title: De geographia universali or Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī dhikr al-amṣār wa-al-aqṭār wa-al-buldān wa-al-juzur wa-al-madā' in wa-al-āfāq which in English would be Recreation of the desirer in the account of cities, regions, countries, islands, towns, and distant lands. This was one of the first Arabic books ever printed. The first translation from the original Arabic was into Latin. The Maronites Gabriel Sionita and Joannes Hesronita translated an abridged version of the text which was published in Paris in 1619 with the title of Geographia nubiensis. Not until the middle of the 19th century was a complete translation of the Arabic text published. This was a translation into French by Pierre Amédée Jaubert. More recently sections of the text have been translated for particular regions. Beginning in 1970 a critical edition of the complete Arabic text was published.
Andalusian-American contact
Al-Idrisi's geographical text, Nuzhat al-Mushtaq, is often cited by proponents of pre-Columbian Andalusian-Americas contact theories. In this text, al-Idrisi wrote the following on the Atlantic Ocean:
This translation by Professor Muhammad Hamidullah is however questionable, since it reports, after having reached an area of "sticky and stinking waters", the Mugharrarin (also translated as "the adventurers") moved back and first reached an uninhabited island where they found "a huge quantity of sheep the meat of which was bitter and uneatable" and, then, "continued southward" and reached the above reported island where they were soon surrounded by barques and brought to "a village whose inhabitants were often fair-haired with long and flaxen hair and the women of a rare beauty". Among the villagers, one spoke Arabic and asked them where they came from. Then the king of the village ordered them to bring them back to the continent where they were surprised to be welcomed by Berbers.
Apart from the marvellous and fanciful reports of this history, the most probable interpretation is that the Mugharrarin reached the Sargasso Sea, a part of the ocean covered by seaweed, which is very close to Bermuda yet one thousand miles away from the American mainland. Then while coming back, they may have landed either on the Azores, or on Madeira or even on the westernmost Canary Island, El Hierro (because of the sheep). Last, the story with the inhabited island might have occurred either on Tenerife or on Gran Canaria, where the Mugharrarin presumably met members of the Guanche tribe. This would explain why some of them could speak Arabic (some sporadic contacts had been maintained between the Canary Islands and Morocco) and why they were quickly deported to Morocco where they were welcomed by Berbers. Yet, the story reported by Idrisi is an indisputable account of a certain knowledge of the Atlantic Ocean by Andalusians and Moroccans.
Furthermore, al-Idrisi writes an account of eight Mugharrarin all from the same family who set sail from Lisbon (Lashbuna) in the first half of that century and navigated in the seaweed rich seas beyond the Azores.
Idrisi describes an island of cormorants with which has been tentatively identified as Corvo, Cape Verde but on weak grounds.
Medical dictionary
Among the lesser known works of al-Idrisi is a medical dictionary that he compiled in which he brings down a list of simple drugs and plants and their curative effects, used by physicians, apothecaries and merchants in his day. The list is unique, as it includes the names of drugs in as many as 12 languages (among which are Spanish, Berber, Latin, Greek and Sanskrit), including some sixty Hebrew terms transliterated into Arabic and which are thought to have been passed down to him by Andalusian Jewish informants. At the end of the section on medicinal herbs which are described under each letter of the alphabet, he gives an index of their entries. One of the books of herbal medicine frequently cited by al-Idrisi is Marwan ibn Ganah's Kitāb al-Talḫīṣ, who in turn had been influenced by the Andalusian physician Ibn Juljul.
In popular culture
Al-Idrisi was the main character in Tariq Ali's book entitled A Sultan in Palrmo.
Al-Idrisi is a major character in Karol Szymanowski's 1926 opera King Roger.
Al-Idrisi is a supporting character in Zeyn Joukhadar's novel The Map of Salt and Stars
In 2019, Factum Foundation created an interpretation of Al-Idrisi's world map, a silver disk 2m in diameter based on the maps contained in the Bodleian Library's copy of the Nuzhat al-Mushtaq.
Gallery
See also
Al-Bakri
Ibn Jubayr
Abu al-Salt
History of cartography
Islamic geography
List of scientists
Notes
References
Bibliography
.
.
.
. A critical edition of the Arabic text.
Al-Idrîsî (1995), Kitâb al-Jâmi' li- sifât ashtât al-nabât wa-durûb anwâ' al-mufradât / Compendium of the Properties of Diverse Plants and Various Kinds of Simple Drugs, vols. I-III, Fuat Sezgin (ed).
Ferrer-Gallardo, X. and Kramsch, O. T. (2016), Revisiting Al-Idrissi: The EU and the (Euro)Mediterranean Archipelago Frontier. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 107: 162–176. doi:10.1111/tesg.12177 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tesg.12177/abstract
. Volume 1: Gallica / Internet Archive; Volume 2: Gallica / Internet Archive. Complete translation of Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq into French.
. First published in 1981. Section on the Maghrib and Sudan from Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq.
.
177
Further reading
.
.
.
External links
.
Britannica
Online exhibition, Bibliothèque nationale de France (French)
Idrisi's world map, Library of Congress. Konrad Miller's 1927 consolidation and transliteration, with high-resolution zoom browser.
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by al-Idrisi in .jpg and .tiff format.
IDRISI GIS home page
"Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa: Containing a Description of the Several Nations for the Space of Six Hundred Miles up the River Gambia" features English translations of work by al-Idrisi. The manuscript dates from 1738.
Original Nuzhatul Mushtaq text
Geographers of the medieval Islamic world
People from Ceuta
Hammudid dynasty
1100 births
1160s deaths
Holy Land travellers
Travel writers of the medieval Islamic world
Kingdom of Sicily people
Writers under the Almoravid dynasty
12th-century Arab people
12th-century travelers
12th-century geographers
Arab geographers |
4574310 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29 | Нароново (Крестецький район) | Нароново (Крестецький район)
Нароново — присілок у Крестецькому районі Новгородської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 9 осіб. Належить до муніципального утворення Новорахинське сільське поселення.
Історія
До 1927 року населений пункт перебував у складі Новгородської губернії. У 1927-1944 роках перебував у складі Ленінградської області.
Орган місцевого самоврядування від 2010 року — Новорахинське сільське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Крестецького району |
2548477 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BA | Козюк | Козюк — українське прізвище. Відомі носії:
Козюк Віктор Валерійович (2 травня 1977 р., м. Хмельницький) — український вчений у галузі економіки.
Козюк Володимир Євгенійович (15 травня 1972 р., с. Чеснівка, Хмільницький район, Вінницька область) — художник, фотограф, колекціонер, краєзнавець, меценат.
Козюк Євген Іванович (17 травня 1939 р., с. Чеснівка, Хмільницький район, Вінницька область) — поет, журналіст, громадський активіст, краєзнавець. Автор 11-ох збірок, співавтор вісьмох, член Національної спілки журналістів України.
Сторінки зі списками осіб з однаковим прізвищем
Прізвища на -юк |
1784860 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%9C%27%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%20%28%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%29 | Нью-М'юнік (Міннесота) | Нью-М'юнік (Міннесота)
Нью-М'юнік — місто в США, в окрузі Стернс штату Міннесота. Населення — 356 осіб (2020).
Географія
Нью-М'юнік розташований за координатами (45.630833, -94.752546). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 1,36 км², уся площа — суходіл.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало 320 осіб у 124 домогосподарствах у складі 83 родин. Густота населення становила 236 осіб/км². Було 140 помешкань (103/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 0,0 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 0,0 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 26,6 % — особи молодші 18 років, 54,6 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 18,8 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 39,5 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 105,1 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 109,8 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долари . Медіана доходів становила долари для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 20,5 % осіб, у тому числі 30,3 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 28,1 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 170 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: виробництво — 19,4 %, роздрібна торгівля — 18,2 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 18,2 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Міста Міннесоти
Населені пункти округу Стернс (Міннесота) |
8760105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven%20banner | Raven banner | Raven banner
The raven banner was a flag, possibly totemic in nature, flown by various Viking chieftains and other Scandinavian rulers during the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries. Period description simply describes it as a war banner with a raven mark on it, although no complete visual description or depiction of the raven banner is known from the time. Norse and European period artwork, however, depicts war banners as roughly triangular, with a rounded outside edge on which there hung a series of tabs or tassels, some with a resemblance to ornately carved "weather-vanes" used aboard Viking longships, indicating that some raven banners may have been constructed in a similar manner.
Scholars conjecture that the raven flag was a symbol of Odin, who was often depicted accompanied by two ravens named Huginn and Muninn. Its intent may have been to strike fear in one's enemies by invoking the power of Odin. As one scholar notes regarding encounters between the Christian Anglo-Saxons and the invading pagan Scandinavians:
Raven symbolism in Norse culture
The raven is a common iconic figure in Norse mythology. The highest god Odin had two ravens named Huginn and Muninn ("thought" and "memory" respectively) who flew around the world bringing back tidings to their master. Therefore, one of Odin's many names was the "raven god" (Hrafnaguð). In Gylfaginning (c. 1220), the medieval Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson explains:
Odin was also closely linked to ravens because in Norse myths he received the fallen warriors at Valhalla, and ravens were linked with death and war due to their predilection for carrion. It is consequently likely that they were regarded as manifestations of the Valkyries, goddesses who chose the valiant dead for military service in Valhalla.
A further connection between ravens and Valkyries was indicated in the shapeshifting abilities of goddesses and Valkyries, who could appear in the form of birds.
The raven appears in almost every skaldic poem describing warfare. To make war was to feed and please the raven (hrafna seðja, hrafna gleðja). An example of this is found in Norna-Gests þáttr, where Regin recites the following poem after Sigurd kills the sons of Hunding:
Above all, kennings used in Norse poetry identify the raven as the bird of blood, corpses and battle; he is the gull of the wave of the heap of corpses, who screams dashed with hail and craves morning steak as he arrives at the sea of corpses.
In black flocks, the ravens hover over the corpses and the skald asks where they are heading. The raven goes forth in the blood of those fallen in battle. He flies from the field of battle with blood on his beak, human flesh in his talons and the reek of corpses from his mouth.
The ravens who were the messengers of the highest god, Huginn and Muninn, increasingly had hellish connotations, and as early as in the Christian Sólarljóð, stanza 67, the ravens of Hel(l) (heljar hrafnar) who tear the eyes off backtalkers are mentioned. Two curses in the Poetic Edda say "may ravens tear your heart asunder". and "the ravens shall tear out your eyes in the high gallows". Ravens are thus seen as instruments of divine (if harsh and unpleasant) justice.
Despite the violent imagery associated with them, early Scandinavians regarded the raven as a largely positive figure; battle and harsh justice were viewed favorably in Norse culture.<ref>E.g., Woolf 63–81; Poole passim.</ref> Many Old Norse personal names referred to the raven, such as Hrafn, Hrafnkel and Hrafnhild.
Usage
Late 9th century
The raven banner was used by a number of Viking warlords regarded in Norse tradition as the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok. The first mention of a Viking force carrying a raven banner is in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. For the year 878, the Chronicle relates:
In the winter of the same year, the brother of Ivar and Halfdan landed in Devonshire, Wessex, with 23 ships, and he was killed there along with 800 other people and 40 of his soldiers. The war banner (guþfana) which they called "Raven" was also taken.
The 12th-century Annals of St Neots claims that a raven banner was present with the Great Heathen Army and adds insight into its seiðr- (witchcraft-) influenced creation and totemic and oracular nature:
Geffrei Gaimar's Estorie des Engles (written around 1140) mentions the Hrafnsmerki being borne by the army of Ubbe at the Battle of Cynwit (878): "[t]he Raven was Ubbe's banner (gumfanun). He was the brother of Iware; he was buried by the vikings in a very big mound in Devonshire, called Ubbelawe."
10th century
In the 10th century, the raven banner seems to have been adopted by Norse-Gaelic kings of Dublin and Northumbria. Many of the Norse-Gaelic dynasts in Britain and Ireland were of the Uí Ímair clan, which claimed descent from Ragnar Lodbrok through his son Ivar.
A triangular banner appearing to depict a tilted cross (possibly a bird) appears on a penny minted by Olaf Cuaran around 940. The coin features a roughly right isosceles triangular standard, with the two equilateral sides situated at the top and staff, respectively. Along the hypotenuse are a series of five tabs or tassels. The staff is topped by what appears to be a cross; this may indicate a fusion of pagan and Christian symbolism.
The raven banner was also a standard used by the Norse Jarls of Orkney. According to the Orkneyinga Saga, it was made for Sigurd the Stout by his mother, a völva or shamanic seeress. She told him that the banner would "bring victory to the man it's carried before, but death to the one who carries it." The saga describes the flag as "a finely made banner, very cleverly embroidered with the figure of a raven, and when the banner fluttered in the breeze, the raven seemed to be flying ahead." Sigurd's mother's prediction came true when, according to the sagas, all of the bearers of the standard met untimely ends. The "curse" of the banner ultimately fell on Jarl Sigurd himself at the Battle of Clontarf:
Earl Sigurd had a hard battle against Kerthialfad, and Kerthialfad came on so fast that he laid low all who were in the front rank, and he broke the array of Earl Sigurd right up to his banner, and slew the banner-bearer. Then he got another man to bear the banner, and there was again a hard fight. Kerthialfad smote this man too his death blow at once, and so on one after the other all who stood near him. Then Earl Sigurd called on Thorstein the son of Hall of Sida, to bear the banner, and Thorstein was just about to lift the banner, but then Asmund the White said, "Don't bear the banner! For all they who bear it get their death." "Hrafn the Red!" called out Earl Sigurd, "bear thou the banner." "Bear thine own devil thyself," answered Hrafn. Then the earl said, "`Tis fittest that the beggar should bear the bag;'" and with that he took the banner from the staff and put it under his cloak. A little after Asmund the White was slain, and then the earl was pierced through with a spear.
Early 11th century
The army of King Cnut the Great of England, Norway and Denmark bore a raven banner made from white silk at the Battle of Ashingdon in 1016. The Encomium Emmae reports that Cnut had
a banner which gave a wonderful omen. I am well aware that this may seem incredible to the reader, but nevertheless I insert it in my veracious work because it is true: This banner was woven of the cleanest and whitest silk and no picture of any figures was found on it. In case of war, however, a raven was always to be seen, as if it were woven into it. If the Danes were going to win the battle, the raven appeared, beak wide open, flapping its wings and restless on its feet. If they were going to be defeated, the raven did not stir at all, and its limbs hung motionless.
The Lives of Waltheof and his Father Sivard Digri (The Stout), the Earl of Northumberland, written by a monk of Crowland Abbey (possibly the English historian William of Ramsey), reports that the Danish jarl of Northumbria, Sigurd, was given a banner by an unidentified old sage. The banner was called Ravenlandeye.According to the Heimskringla, Harald Hardrada had a standard called Landøyðan or "Land-waster." This is often assumed to be a raven banner based on the similarity of its name to Sigurd of Northumbria's "Ravenlandeye," though there is no direct evidence connecting Harald's standard with ravens. In a conversation between Harald and King Sweyn II of Denmark,
Sveinn asked Haraldr which of his possessions of his he valued most highly. He answered that it was his banner (merki), Landøyðan. Thereupon Sveinn asked what virtue it had to be accounted so valuable. Haraldr replied that it was prophesied that victory would be his before whom this banner was borne; and added that this had been the case ever since he had obtained it. Thereupon Sveinn said, "I shall believe that your flag has this virtue if you fight three battles with King Magnús, your kinsman, and are victorious in all."
Years later, during Harald's invasion of England, Harald fought a pitched battle against two English earls outside York. Harald's Saga relates that
when King Haraldr saw that the battle array of the English had come down along the ditch right opposite them, he had the trumpets blown and sharply urged his men to the attack, raising his banner called Landøyðan. And there so strong an attack was made by him that nothing held against it.
Harald's army flew the banner at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, where it was carried by a warrior named Frírek. After Harald was struck by an arrow and killed, his army fought fiercely for possession of the banner, and some of them went berserk in their frenzy to secure the flag. In the end the "magic" of the banner failed, and the bulk of the Norwegian army was slaughtered, with only a few escaping to their ships.
Other than the dragon banner of Olaf II of Norway, the Landøyðan of Harald Hardrada is the only early Norwegian royal standard described by Snorri Sturluson in the Heimskringla.
In two panels of the famous Bayeux tapestry, standards are shown which appear to potentially be raven banners (although one is small and not given a motif). The Bayeux tapestry was commissioned by Bishop Odo, the half-brother of William the Conqueror; as one of the combatants at the Battle of Hastings, Odo would have been familiar with the standards carried into the fight. In one of the panels, depicting a Norman cavalry charge against an English shield-wall, a charging Norman knight is depicted with a semicircular banner emblazoned with a standing black bird. In a second, depicting the deaths of Harold Godwinson's brothers, a triangular banner closely resembling that shown on Olaf Cuaran's coin lies broken on the ground. Scholars are divided as to whether these are simply relics of the Normans' Scandinavian heritage (or for that matter, the Scandinavian influence in Anglo-Saxon England) or whether they reflect an undocumented Norse presence in either the Norman or English army.
Modern reception
There is no indication that the raven banner was ever carried as a universal flag of Scandinavians.
In modern times the Danish Guard Hussar Regiment (est. 1762) seemingly used a raven banner as their coat of arms, perhaps an allusion to the Viking warriors. The raven symbol is still in use by the regiment's 1st Battalion 1st Armoured infantry company, in the left sleeve badge.
From the foundation of the collaborationist Nasjonal Samling party in Norway in 1933 until the end of World War 2, the party's paramilitary group and youth organisation, the Hirden and Unghirden, carried raven banners as military unit flags. Symbols and iconography from the viking period were celebrated and appropriated by the Nasjonal Samling party for nationalistic reasons.
The coat of arms of the Norwegian Intelligence Service features two ravens representing Huginn and Muninn, the ravens providing the god Odin with information.
The coat of arms of Shetland depicts a longship with a raven on the sail and an alternative form of the banner (black raven on a rectangular, red field) is used as the symbol of Up Helly Aa, a festival that celebrates the Islands' Norse heritage. The coat of arms of the Isle of Man, a formerly Norse-dominated kingdom, also features a raven, but as a supporter on the right.
The Eastern Counties Rugby Union (ECRU) adopted the raven as its badge in 1926. It was chosen as representing the heritage of the constituent counties – then Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex; now Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire – as part of the Danelaw.
See also
Cultural depictions of ravens
Fairy flag
Hrafnsmál
Jagdstaffel 18, which used a black raven insignia
Uí Ímair
Valravn
Notes
References
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. (English translation). Everymans Library, 1991.
Barraclough, Captain E.M.C. "The Raven Flag". Flag Bulletin. Vol. X, No. 2–3. Winchester, MA: The Flag Research Center (FRC), 1969.
Cappelen, Hans. "Litt heraldikk hos Snorre." Heraldisk tidsskrift No. 51, 1985 p. 34–37. Also printed in Icelandic as "Heimskringla og skjaldarmerkin", Morgunbladir, Reykjavik 3.11.1985
Dumville, David and Michael Lapidge, eds. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Vol 17: The Annals of St. Neots with Vita Prima Sancti Neoti. Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer. 1985.
Engene, Jan Oskar. "The Raven Banner and America." NAVA News, Vol. XXIX, No. 5, 1996, pp. 1–2.
Forte, Angelo, Richard Oram and Frederik Pedersen. Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 .
Grimm, Jakob. Teutonic Mythology. 4 vols. Trans. James Steven Stallybras. New York: Dover, 2004.
Hjelmquist, Theodor. "Naturskildringarna i den norröna diktningen". In Hildebrand, Hans (ed). Antikvarisk tidskrift för Sverige, Vol 12. Ivar Hæggströms boktryckeri, Stockholm. 1891.
Hrafnhildur Bodvarsdottir. The Function of the Beasts of Battle in Old English Poetry. PhD Dissertation, 1976, State University of New York at Stony Brook. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. 1989.
Lukman, N. "The Raven Banner and the Changing Ravens: A Viking Miracle from Carolingian Court Poetry to Saga and Arthurian Romance." Classica et Medievalia 19 (1958): pp. 133–51.
Njal's Saga. Trans. George DaSent. London, 1861.
Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney. Trans. Pálsson, Hermann and Edwards, Paul (1978). London: Hogarth Press. . Republished 1981, Harmondsworth: Penguin. .
Poole, R. G. Viking Poems on War and Peace: A Study in Skaldic Narrative. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1991.
Sturluson, Snorri. "King Harald's Saga." Heimskringla. Penguin Classics, 2005.
Trætteberg, Hallvard. "Merke og Fløy." Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder, Vol. XI, Oslo, 1966, columns 549–555.
Woolf, Rosemary. "The Ideal of Men Dying with their Lord in the Germania and in The Battle of Maldon." Anglo-Saxon England'' Vol. 5, 1976.
External links
Viking Answer Lady on Viking flags
Njal's Saga – Public domain edition of translated by George DaSent, 1861, at Northvegr.org
The Raven Banner
no:Merke (fane)#Ravnefanen
Norse paganism
Germanic archaeological artifacts
Historical flags
Viking art
Viking warfare
Early Germanic symbols
Flags displaying animals
Odin
Corvids in art
Cnut
Harald Hardrada |
1332713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20the%20Casbah | Rock the Casbah | Rock the Casbah
"Rock the Casbah" is a song by the English punk rock band The Clash, released in 1982 as the second single from their fifth album, Combat Rock. It reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US (their only top 10 single in that country) and, along with the track "Mustapha Dance", it also reached number eight on the dance chart.
Recording
The music for "Rock the Casbah" was composed by the band's drummer Topper Headon, based on a piano part that he had been toying with. Finding himself in the studio without his three bandmates, Headon progressively taped the drum, piano and bass parts, recording the bulk of the song's musical instrumentation himself.
This origin makes "Rock the Casbah" different from the majority of Clash songs, which tended to originate with music written by the Joe Strummer–Mick Jones songwriting partnership. Upon entering the studio to hear Headon's recording, the other Clash members were impressed with his creation, stating that they felt the instrumental track was essentially complete. From this point, relatively minor overdubs were added, such as guitars and percussion.
However, Strummer was not impressed by the page of suggested lyrics that Headon gave him. According to Clash guitar technician Digby Cleaver, they were "a soppy set of lyrics about how much he missed his girlfriend". "Strummer just took one look at these words and said, 'How incredibly interesting!', screwed the piece of paper into a ball and chucked it backwards over his head."
Strummer had been developing a set of lyrical ideas that he was looking to match with an appropriate tune. Before hearing Headon's music, Strummer had already come up with the phrases "rock the casbah" and "you'll have to let that raga drop", as lyrical ideas that he was considering for future songs. After hearing Headon's music, Strummer went into the studio's bathroom and wrote lyrics to match the song's melody.
The version of the song on Combat Rock, as well as many other Clash compilations, features an electronic sound effect beginning at the 1:52-minute point of the song. This noise is a monophonic version of the song "Dixie". The sound effect source was generated by the alarm from a digital wristwatch that Mick Jones owned, and was intentionally added to the recording by Jones.
Algerian rock singer Rachid Taha believes that an early demo tape of his, which he gave to The Clash in 1981, helped inspire the original song.
Lyrics
Joe Strummer had been toying with the phrase "rock the casbah" prior to hearing Topper Headon's musical track that would form the basis of the song. This phrase had originated during a jam session with Strummer's violinist friend Tymon Dogg. Dogg began playing Eastern scales with his violin and Strummer started shouting "rock the casbah!" Not hearing Strummer properly, Dogg thought that Strummer had been shouting at him to "stop, you cadger!"
Further inspiration for the lyrics of "Rock the Casbah" originated from Strummer observing the band's manager Bernie Rhodes moaning about The Clash's increasing tendency to perform lengthy songs. Rhodes asked the band facetiously "does everything have to be as long as this rāga?" (referring to the Indian musical style known for its length and complexity). Strummer later returned to his room at the Iroquois Hotel in New York City and wrote the opening lines to the song: "The King told the boogie-men 'you have to let that rāga drop.'"
The song gives a fabulist account of a ban on Western rock music by a Middle Eastern king. The lyrics describe the king's efforts to enforce and justify the ban, and the populace's protests against it by holding rock concerts in temples and squares ("rocking the casbah"). This culminates in the king ordering his military's fighter jets to bomb the protestors; however, after taking off, the pilots ignore his orders and instead play rock music on their cockpit radios, joining the protest and implying the loss of the king's power.
The events depicted in the song are similar to an actual ban on Western music, including rock music, enforced in Iran since the Iranian Revolution. Though classical music and public concerts were briefly permitted in the 1980s and 1990s, the ban was reinstated in 2005, and has remained in force ever since. Western music is still distributed in Iran through black markets, and Iranian rock music artists are forced to record in secret, under threat of arrest.
The song's lyrics feature various Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish, and Sanskrit loan-words, such as "sharif", "bedouin", "sheikh", "kosher", "rāga", "muezzin", "minaret", and "casbah".
Single
Single issues
The single has several issues, all with different cover, format and B-side (see the table below).
Music video
The music video for "Rock the Casbah" was filmed in Austin, Texas by director Don Letts on 8 and 9 June 1982. It intermixes footage of the Clash (with Terry Chimes on the drums) miming a performance of the song, with a storyline depicting two characters travelling together throughout Texas. The video depicts a Muslim hitchhiker (played by actor Titos Menchaca) and a Hasidic Jewish limo driver (Dennis Razze) befriending each other on the road and skanking together through the streets to a Clash concert at Austin's City Coliseum. Throughout the video, an armadillo appears at points. At one point they are seen eating hamburgers in front of a Burger King restaurant. At another point, the Muslim character is seen drinking a beer; Letts stated that all that imagery was "about breaking taboos."
The Clash is shown miming a performance of the song in front of a pumpjack in a Texas oil field. For most of the video clip, guitarist Mick Jones's face is obscured by a veiled camouflage hat. The reason for this is that Jones was in a bad mood during the film shoot. Jones' face remains hidden until the final 30 seconds of the clip, when Strummer pulls the hat off at the "he thinks it's not kosher!" line.
Topper Headon left the band because of a drug problem before the song was released at the beginning of the band’s Combat Rock tour, and was replaced by Terry Chimes, who appears in the “Rock the Casbah” video. Headon was extensively interviewed for the Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten documentary film about the late Clash frontman, which was released in 2007. Headon related his experiences during this period, how he became addicted to heroin and how there were problems before his dismissal.
Legacy
The song was chosen by Armed Forces Radio to be the first song broadcast on the service covering the area during Operation Desert Storm. In one of the campfire scenes late in the 2007 documentary Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten, a friend states that Strummer wept when he heard that the phrase "Rock the Casbah" was written on an American bomb that was to be detonated on Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War.
Following the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the song was placed on the list of post-9/11 inappropriate titles distributed by Clear Channel. In 2006, the conservative National Review released their list of the top 50 "Conservative Rock Songs", with "Rock the Casbah" at number 20, noting the Clear Channel list as well as frequent requests to the British Forces Broadcasting Service during the Iraq War. Cultural reviewer and political analyst Charlie Pierce commented that "the notion of the Clash as spokesfolk for adventurism in the Middle East might have been enough to bring Joe Strummer back from the dead."
Vulture writer Bill Wyman in 2017 ranked the song number ten of all the band's 139 songs, calling it "one of the greatest rock singles of all time." Wyman further wrote, "Like other Clash songs, this song requires some historical context" about Iran, starting from the 1953 coup d'état—which overthrew the democratically elected leader Mohammad Mosaddegh—to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which resulted in overthrowing the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, king of the Imperial State of Iran, and the hostage crisis at the U.S. embassy in Tehran, rupturing their diplomatic relations—followed by Jimmy Carter, who was criticized for the way he handled the hostage crisis, losing the 1980 U.S. presidential election to Ronald Reagan.
Cover versions
Algerian rock singer Rachid Taha covered the song (in Algerian Arabic and the chorus in English) on his 2004 album Tékitoi. On 27 November 2005 at the Astoria, London, during the Stop the War Coalition Benefit Concert, "...for the night's grandstanding conclusion, the Clash legend Mick Jones strides on in a skinny black suit and plays probably the most exciting guitar he has delivered in years. He and the band are brilliant on Taha's definitive take on "Rock the Casbah", for which the audience goes berserk." They again played Taha's version of the song, "Rock el Casbah", in February 2006, at the France 4 TV show Taratatà. In 2007 at the Barbican, ".... The band were later joined by special guest Mick Jones from the Clash who performed on "Rock El Casbah" and then stayed on stage for the remainder of the show."
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Personnel
Joe Strummer – lead vocals, guitar
Mick Jones – guitar, backing vocals, sound effects
Paul Simonon – backing vocals
Topper Headon – drums, piano, bass guitar
References
Bibliography
External links
"A Brief History of 'Rock the Casbah'" City Pages (15 December 1999)
1982 songs
1982 singles
The Clash songs
Dance-punk songs
Macaronic songs
CBS Records singles
Columbia Records singles
Epic Records singles
Political songs
Works about the Middle East
Protest songs |
5259189 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%20%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F | Оманозубець Ругеля | Оманозубець Ругеля (Anomodon rugelii) — вид мохів порядку гіпнобрієвих (Hypnales).
Поширення
Ареал охоплює такі частини світу: Європа, Північна Америка, Азія.
Населяє стовбури дерев (зазвичай 1–2 метри над основою), основні та кислі породи, гірські листяні ліси; від помірних до високих висот.
Характеристика
Рослини дрібні, у густих, щільних килимках, від темно-зелених до іржаво-коричневих. Стебла до 3.5(5) см, 0.8–1.5 мм ушир, в сухому стані товсті, слабо розгалужені; ризоїдів багато. Листки широко-довгасто-язичкові, (1.2)1.4–2.3(2.5) мм; краї плоскі, іноді на верхівці дрібно зубчасті; верхівка широко тупа чи заокруглена, ціла. Коробочкові ніжки (0.5)0.9–2.2 см. Коробочка подовжена, (1)1.8–2.3(2.5) мм; продихи біля основи. Спори 9–14 мкм, злегка соскові.
Примітки
Флора Європи
Флора Північної Америки
Флора Азії |
3450077 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0%20%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%20%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%E2%80%94%20%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%201987%20%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83 | Державна премія УРСР імені Тараса Шевченка — лауреати 1987 року | Державна премія УРСР імені Тараса Шевченка — лауреати 1987 року
Державні премії УРСР імені Тараса Шевченка в галузі літератури, журналістики, мистецтва і архітектури 1987 року були присуджені спільною Постановою Центрального Комітету Компартії України і Ради Міністрів Української РСР № 49 від 19 лютого 1987 р. за поданням Комітету по Державних преміях Української РСР імені Т. Г. Шевченка.
Список лауреатів
Див. також
Список лауреатів Шевченківської премії
Примітки
Джерела
1987 |
4351 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/259 | 259 | 259
Криза Римської імперії у 3 столітті. Період тридцяти тиранів. Правління імператора Валеріана з сином Галлієном. В імперії продовжується чума Кипріяна. У Китаї триває період трьох держав, в Японії — період Ямато, у Персії править династія Сассанідів.
На території лісостепової України Черняхівська культура. У Північному Причорномор'ї готи й сармати.
Події
Імператор Валеріан із 79 тис. військом іде на підмогу Едесі, яка потрапила в перську облогу. Військо зазнало значних втрат від епідемії.
Галлієн здобув перемогу на алеманами під Медіоланом.
Алемани зруйнували місто Брегенц.
Діонісій став 25-им Папою Римським.
Народились
Святий Мамант
Померли
Фруктуоз Таррагонський
Див. також
Список керівників держав 259 року
250-ті
259 |
799475 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi%20ASX | Mitsubishi ASX | Mitsubishi ASX (в Японії і Канаді називається Mitsubishi RVR, в США - Mitsubishi Outlander Sport) — компактний кросовер японського автовиробника Mitsubishi Motors, який побудований на основі концепт-кара Mitsubishi Concept-cX, який дебютував на Франкфуртському автосалоні 2007 року.
Перше покоління (GA; 2010-2023)
В рамках Женевського автосалону 2010 року на стенді Mitsubishi Motors відбулася європейська прем'єра нового компактного кросовера під назвою ASX, що розшифровується як Active Sport X-over (кросовер для активної їзди). У дизайні передньої частини автомобіля використовується фірмова решітка радіатора Jet Fighter. Концепція такого дизайну запозичена у Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, яка випускає реактивний винищувач F-2. Mitsubishi ASX розроблений на платформі Project Global, як і автомобілі Lancer X і Outlander XL. Спеціально для ASX був розроблений ексклюзивний колір «kawasemi» — так по-японськи називається рибалочка, птах бірюзово-блакитного кольору.
На його основі розроблено подібні Citroën C4 Aircross і Peugeot 4008.
В 2012 році модель оновили, змінивши передній бампер та оснащення.
У 2014 році на автомобіль почали встановлювати модернізовані варіатори Jatco CVT 8 з розширеним силовим діапазоном, чого вдалося домогтися за рахунок зміни кутів канавок шківів варіатора і зміни розмірів валів.
З 2014 в автомобіль встановлюють мультимедійну систему MMSC W13, а з 2015 MMSC W15. На відміну від попередніх моделей, дані системи використовують навігаційний карти HERE Maps. З 2016 року картографічний сервіс викуплений трьома виробниками автомобілів BMW, Audi і Daimler (Mercedes).
У 2015 були проведені серйозні оновлення, що включають: редизайн, додавання деяких деталей, а також новий 1,8-літровий дизельний двигун для підвищення ефективності і зниження експлуатаційних витрат. На даний момент Міцубісі ASX - це 5-дверний практичний невеликий кросовер привабливого дизайну, розробленого на основі моделі EVO X. ASX виглядає компактніше, ніж його основні конкуренти (він на 8 см коротший за Nissan Qashqai і на 27 см коротший за Хонда CR-V), і відрізняється дивовижною місткістю, просторим салоном і доступною ціною. Автомобіль обладнаний системою стабілізації, системою контролю тяги, кріпленнями ISOFIX для дитячих крісел, системою екстреного гальмування, комплектом з 7 подушок безпеки, включаючи одну колінну для захисту ніг водія.
В 2016 році модель знову оновили, змінивши грати радіатора, бампера та оснащення.
В березні на автосалоні в Женеві 2019 року представили четверту модернізацію автомобіля. Перед отримав останню новий дизайну «Динамічний щит».
У 2019 році в Україні була презентована оновлена версія ASX. Проте попри радикально змінений екстер'єр, всередині машини майже нічого не змінилось.
Будова автомобіля
Салон
Салон автомобіля Mitsubishi ASX відрізняють непогана оглядовість, м'яка оббивка по контуру центральної панелі, сріблясті елементи по обидва боки аудіо системи і уздовж дверних панелей. В салоні комфортно може розміститися до 5 чоловік. Обсяг багажника 419 літрів, у складеному стані — майже 1200 л. Основна інформація виводиться на рідкокристалічний дисплей бортового комп'ютера, розташованого між «колодязями» спідометра і тахометра. Новими для Mitsubishi Motors (але не для інших марок) є опції заводу автомобіля з кнопки, а також можливість регулювати кермо по вильоту. У максимальній комплектації компактний кросовер оснащується панорамним дахом зі світлодіодним підсвічуванням, шкіряними сидіннями, а також шкіряною обробкою частини торпедо і карт дверей.
Двигуни
4A92
4A92 — двигун серії суцільно-алюмінієвих чотирициліндрових бензинових моторів 4A9, представленої вперше в 2004 році на автомобілі Mitsubishi Colt і розробленої компанією MDC Power, що належить концерну Daimler. На той момент компанії перебували в тісному співробітництві і випускали безліч спільних розробок.
Двигун містить чотири клапани на один циліндр, два розподільчих вали в головці циліндрів (DOHC), а також систему зміни фаз газорозподілу з електронним управлінням MIVEC (тільки на впуск). Автомобіль характеризується низьким рівнем споживання палива і достатньою потужністю для комфортного керування кросовером.
4B10, 4B11
4B10 і 4B11 — двигуни серії суцільно-алюмінієвих чотирициліндрових бензинових моторів 4B1, побудованою на базі платформи GEMA (Global Engine Manufacturing Alliance). Ця платформа була розроблена спільними зусиллями компаній Chrysler, Mitsubishi Motors і Hyundai Motor Company.
Двигуни містять чотири клапани на циліндр, два розподільних вали в головці циліндрів (DOHC), а також систему зміни фаз газорозподілу з електронним управлінням MIVEC (впуск і випуск).
4N13
4N13 — двигун серії суцільно-алюмінієвих чотирьохциліндрових дизельних моторів 4N1. Назва сімейства двигунів «Чистий Дизель» підкреслює низький вміст отруйних речовин у вихлопі двигуна і відповідність жорстким нормам Євро-5. Двигун містить 4 клапани на один циліндр, два розподільних вали в головці циліндрів (DOHC), а також систему зміни фаз газорозподілу з електронним управлінням MIVEC (впуск і випуск), оснащений системою вприскування Common Rail і турбіною із змінною геометрією. Унаслідок високих вимог до якості палива комплектації з даним двигуном в Росію і Україну не постачаються.
Технічні характеристики двигунів
Технічні дані двигунів
Безпека
За результатами краш-тесту відповідно до досліджень Euro NCAP проведених в 2011 році Mitsubishi ASX, 2WD, 1.8 diesel 'Invite', LHD отримав п'ять зірок за безпеку.
Друге покоління (з 2023)
Новий ASX планується надійти в продаж навесні 2023 році, створений на платформі Renault–Nissan CMF-B HS, спільної з Renault Captur і Nissan Juke. Новий ASX було анонсовано в січні 2022 року з тизерним зображенням. Останній автомобіль було представлено 20 вересня 2022 року. Він ідентичний Renault Captur II, тому значно коротший за свого попередника. Двигуни також такі ж, як у Renault. Він буде побудований поруч із Captur у Вальядоліді, Іспанія. У майбутньому повного приводу більше не буде. Вихід на ринок запланований на березень 2023 року.
Двигуни
1.0 TCe І3 91 к.с. 160 Нм
1.3 TCe І4 140 к.с. 260 Нм
1.3 TCe І4 158 к.с. 270 Нм
1.6 H4M I4 (E-Tech) Hybrid 160 к.с.
Продажі
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт моделі
Автомобілі Mitsubishi
Позашляховики |
1460226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huitzilihuitl | Huitzilihuitl | Huitzilihuitl or Huitzilihuitzin (Nahuatl language; English: Hummingbird Feather) (1370s – ca. 1417) was the second Tlatoani or king of Tenochtitlan. According to the Codex Chimalpahin, he reigned from 1390 to 1415, according to the Codex Aubin, he reigned from 1396 to 1417 and according to the Codex Chimalpopoca, he reigned from 1403 to 1417.
Biography
Family and childhood
Huitzilíhuitl was born in Tenochtitlan, and was the son of Acamapichtli, first tlatoani of the Mexica, and Queen Tezcatlan Miyahuatzin, and had a half-brother Itzcoatl. His maternal grandfather was Acacitli. Only 16 years old when his father died, Huitzilihuitl was elected by the principal chiefs, warriors and priests of the city to replace him. At that time, the Mexica were tributaries of the Tepanec city-state of Azcapotzalco.
Reign
Huitzilíhuitl, a good politician, continued the policies of his father, seeking alliances with his neighbors. He founded the Royal Council or Tlatocan and established four permanent electors to advise the new king, in his inexperience, at the beginning of each reign.
He married Ayauhcihuatl, daughter of Tezozómoc, the powerful tlatoani of Azcapotzalco, and obtained a reduction of tribute payments to the symbolic level. Their son Chimalpopoca would succeed his father as tlatoani. After the death of Ayaucíhuatl, Huitzilíhuitl married a second time, to Miahuaxihuitl. They had a son, Moctezuma I, who also succeeded to the throne as the fifth Huey Tlatoani of Aztecs.
During his reign, the weaving industry grew. It provided cotton cloth not only for Tenochtitlan, but also for Azcapotzalco and Cuauhnāhuac. The Mexicas no longer had to dress in coarse ''ayates" of maguey fibers, but were able to change to soft, dyed cotton.
Huitzilíhuitl also wanted to introduce potable water into the city, bringing it to the island from the mainland over the brackish water of the lake. But the nobles not approving the cost, he was unable to put his plan into operation. He constructed a fort on a rock on the island.
In 1409, the ruler of Texcoco, Techotlala, died and the throne passed to Ixtlilxóchitl I. In the following years, relations between Ixtlilxóchitl and Tezozómoc of Azcapotzalco deteriorated, breaking into open hostilities c. 1416.
In spite of having given his daughter Matlalchihuatzin in marriage to Ixtlilxóchitl, Huitzilíhuitl joined his father-in-law in making war on Texcoco. He assisted in the conquest and sacking of the cities of Tultitlan, Cuauhtitlan, Chalco, Tollantzingo, Xaltocan, Otompa and Acolman. Huitzilíhuitl profited from the booty of these conquests and also from the traffic of the canoes on the lakes surrounding Tenochtitlan.
Death
Huitzilíhuitl died, probably in 1417, before the end of the war between Azcapotzalco and Texcoco. His successor, his son Chimalpopoca, continued to support Tezozómoc and Azcapotzalco.
Personal life
Among his wives were Queen Ayauhcihuatl, Queen Cacamacihuatl, Queen Miahuaxihuitl, and Queen Miyahuaxochtzin.
See also
List of Tenochtitlan rulers
Notes
References
External links
Huitzilihuitl entry on The Visual History Project
Tenochca tlatoque
14th-century monarchs in North America
15th-century monarchs in North America
14th-century indigenous people of the Americas
15th-century indigenous people of the Americas
1370s births
1410s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
14th century in the Aztec civilization
15th century in the Aztec civilization |
4391973 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%28%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%29 | Необережний мандрівник (фільм) | Необережний мандрівник (фільм)
«Необережний мандрівник» — французький фантастичний фільм режисера П'єра Чернії, який транслювався в 1982 році, екранізація однойменного роману письменника-фантаста Рене Баржавеля.
Сюжет
У розпал війни молодий солдат П'єр Сен-Мену зустрічає Ноеля Ессайона, фізика-хіміка похилого віку, який стверджує, що створив таблетку, завдяки якій з'являється можливість на кілька хвилин повернутися в минуле. Не довіряючи вченому, Сен-Мену просить спробувати цю неймовірну таблетку… яка справді відправляє його на декілька хвилин у минуле. Зберігаючи таємницю, двоє чоловіків вирішують знову зустрітися після завершення війни, щоб удосконалити винахід…
У ролях
Жан-Марк Тібо: Ноел Ессайон
Тьєррі Лермітт: П'єр Сен-Мену
Енн Кодрі: Анетт Ессайон
Лілі Файо: Марі-Жан
Жан Буїз: суддя Вінь
Мішель Берро: М. де Сен-Мену
П'єр Боннафет: Кассоннад
Жульєн Буковський: Гаррігу
Біллі Коллевей: офіцер
Шарль Шаррас: керівник
Даніель Шене: префект
Жерар Кудер: опікун
Ксав'єр Депраз: Мефісто
Гі Дерс: хірург
Джиллан Джилл: буфетниця
Ніна Горскі: Анжель
Ніколя Жиро: юний барабанщик
Жан Гюро: барабанщик
Олів'є Король: Бонапарт
Анрі Лабуссьє: цензор
Гі Лапорт: ювелір
Клод Легрос: клерк
Жан Ле Мюель: лейтенант
Маріанн Лорс: баронесса
Жерар Луссін: Колін
Франсуа Носни: Фауст
Анрі Пойре: охоронець
Люк Сімоне: капітан
Мішель Тюго-Доріс: Васньє
Мішель Серро: диригент
Посилання
"Необережний мандрівник " на сайті Internet Movie Database
Фантастичні фільми 1982
Науково-фантастичні фільми Франції
Телефільми 1982
Фільми французькою мовою
Екранізації фантастичних романів
Екранізації французьких літературних творів
Екранізації науково-фантастичних літературних творів
Рене Баржавель |
1566577 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE | Кічіно | Кічіно — село в складі Молодечненського району Мінської області, Білорусь. Село підпорядковане Городоцькій сільській раді, розташоване в західній частині області.
Iсторія
У 1921–1945 роках село знаходилось у Польщі, у Вільнюській воєводствi, Вілейського повіту, c 1927 Молодечненського повіту гміні Гарадок.
Населення
1921 рік - 149 люди, 28 будинки.
1931 рік - 163 люди, 33 будинки.
Примітки
Джерела
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 1. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2010. — 736 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0302-3.
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 2. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2011. — 464 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0554-6.
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 3. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2012. — 624 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0636-9.
Посилання
Вебресурс Молодечненського району
Каталог сіл Молодечненського району
Села Мінської області
Населені пункти Молодечненського району
Городоцька сільська рада (Молодечненський район) |
4112243 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%29 | Шапочка (прізвище) | Шапочка (прізвище)
Шапочка — українське прізвище.
Шапочка Лариса Олександрівна — українська радянська діячка, депутат Верховної Ради УРСР 7-го скликання.
Шапочка Юрій Павлович — радянський та український веслувальник, срібний призер Олімпійських ігор 1980 року. |
197899 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Петербургський Федір Іванович | Петербургський Федір Іванович
Федір Іванович Петербургський (*22 квітня 1890, с. Ст. Сіндрово тепер Краснослободського району Мордовії — †17 квітня 1962, Саранськ) — мокшанський мовознавець, педагог, громадський діяч.
Життєпис
Кандидат філологічних наук, доцент (1947). Народився в селянській родині. Закінчив Казанську вчительську інородческу семінарію (1910), аспірантуру Московського НДІ мовознавства (1933), Московський НДІ неросійських шкіл РРФСР (1935).
У 1910 — 1931 — вчитель по селах Ст. Михайлівка, Архангельське Голіцино, Ст. Сіндрово, інспектор мордовських шкіл Пензенського губоно, Мордовского облоно. У 1933 — 1937 — науковий співробітник, завідувач сектору Мордовського НДІ культури.
У 1937 був заарештований, засланий до виправно—трудового табору на 5 років. Після звільнення та реабілітації з 1943 — вчитель російської мови в залізничному училищі № 3 м. Каган Узбецької ССР, 1944 — школи № 8 м. Нухі Азербайджана.
З 1946 — викладач, доцент, зав. кафедрою мордовської філології Мордовського державного педагогічного інституту ім. А. І. Полєжаєва.
Петербургський — організатор та учасник перших наукових конференцій з мордовських мов. Займався розробкою орфографічних літературних норм, термінології мокшанської мови, складанням підручників для мокшанських шкіл.
Праці
Из истории орфографического строительства мокшанского языка // Изв. НИИИМК.— Саранск, 1935
Морфология мокшанского литературного языка // 3—я Мордовская языковая научная конференция.— Саранск, 1936
О синтаксисе мокшанского языка // Там само.
Джерела
Видные деятели культурного строительства в Мордовии 20—30—х гг. // Культурное строительство в Мордовской АССР: Сб. документов. (1917—1941).— Саранск, 1986.— Ч. 1
Мордовия. Кто есть кто. Энциклопедический словарь—справочник. — Ульяновск, 1997. — с. 314—315.
Мокшанські мовознавці
Мокшанські педагоги
Мокшанські громадські діячі |
505549 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%20%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97 | Міжнародний рік астрономії | Міжнародний рік астрономії
Міжнародним роком астрономії було проголошено 2009 рік. Проведення Міжнародного Року Астрономії (МАР2009) має за мету допомогти людям по-новому поглянути на себе і своє місце у Всесвіті.
Привід і причина
У 2009 році виповнюється 400 років як Галілео Галілей уперше використав телескоп для дослідження об'єктів Всесвіту. Відтак Міжнародна Астрономічна Спілка оголосила 2009 рік Міжнародним Роком астрономії. ЮНЕСКО підтримало таке рішення. 20 грудня 2007 року 62-га Генеральна Асамблея ООН також прийняла відповідну резолюцію. Для нас це добра нагода осмислити внесок астрономії в наше життя, а також зрозуміти, яку роль відіграє наука в розвитку рівноправного й мирного суспільства.
Ціль Року — стимулювати зацікавленість, особливо серед молоді, астрономією та наукою в цілому під центральним гаслом «Відкрий для себе Всесвіт». Святкування МАР2009 проходить на глобальних і регіональних рівнях, і особливо на національних і місцевих рівнях. У кожній країні створені Національні Координаційні Комітети (ННК) з підготовки та проведення відповідних заходів. Більше ніж 140 країн очікується залучити до підготовки святкування.
Міжнародний рік астрономії в Україні
На своєму засіданні 16 листопада 2007 року Рада Української астрономічної асоціації створила Національний Координаційний Комітет, до складу якого увійшли представники провідних астрономічних установ України. Його метою є встановлення співробітництва між професійними й аматорськими астрономами, центрами науки, педагогами й популяризаторами науки в підготовці плану дій на 2009 рік.
100 годин астрономії
Проект тривав понад чотири дні й ночі, від 2 до 5 квітня 2009 року. Протягом цього періоду люди у всьому світі об'єдналися, щоб водночас спостерігати зоряне небо. Серед них були і ті, хто вперше подивився на небо у телескоп. Для професіоналів і аматорів астрономії — це була можливість передати свої знання та захопленість красою і безмежністю Всесвіту. У понад 130 країнах відбулося більше ніж 1500 подій, в яких взяло участь більше мільйона людей!
Саме у ці дні Місяць перебував у фазі після першої чверті, а отже був видимим не тільки вночі, але й у вечірній час, як і Сатурн з його потужною системою кілець.
Онлайн вебпортал «Навколо світу за допомогою 80 телескопів» стартував для всіх охочих 3 квітня о 9 год. за всесвітнім часом, а завершився 4 квітня о 9 год. за всесвітнім часом. Портал допоміг мешканцям обох напівкуль Землі упродовж дня і ночі завітати до найбільших наземних астрономічних обсерваторій. Усі охочі могли дізнатися, що відбувається як в обсерваторіях їхньої країни, так і в обсерваторіях на іншій півкулі Землі, задавати запитання і надсилати листи, отримувати нові зображення об'єктів Всесвіту, дізнаючись, що саме в цей час досліджують астрономи!
Серед телескопів, що були задіяні у цьому проекті — телескопи Кек (рефлектор 10 м) і Джеміні-Північ (рефлектор 8,1 м) на Гаваях, Англо-австралійський телескоп (рефлектор 3,9 м) і телескоп на Канарських островах , телескоп Південної Африки, а також телескоп Європейської південної обсерваторії в Чилі, у проекті брали участь космічні орбітальні обсерваторії — телескоп імені Габбла, рентгенівський телескоп XMM-Newton і гамма-телескоп Integral та багато інших. Проект «100 годин астрономії» був доступний для мешканців всіх материків, включаючи Антарктиду!
Головні виконавці проекту вели пряму добову передачу Ustream.tv зі штаб-квартири в Мюнхені, Німеччина. Учасником цього проекту міг стати кожний, хто заходив у вебпошукову систему.
100 годин астрономії в Україні
У Києві:
в Головній астрономічній обсерваторії НАН України (вул. академіка Заболотного, 27, — поруч із Національним музеєм народної архітектури та побуту);
в Астрономічній обсерваторії Київського національного університету ім. Тараса Шевченка (вул. Обсерваторна, 3);
аматори астрономії клубу «Астрополіс» організували два майданчики, обладнані телескопами, поблизу Арки дружби народів (Європейська площа) та в парку Слави (площа Слави, Печерськ), а 4 квітня спостереження у телескоп проходили у сквері біля готелю «Салют»;
У Харкові:
в Астрономічній обсерваторії Харківського національного університету ім. В. Н. Каразіна (по вул. Сумській, 35 (сад Шевченка);
4-5 квітня після заходу Сонця протягом всієї ночі в саду Шевченка (біля Театру опери і балету) астрономи-аматори проводили III-тю Міжнародну ніч тротуарної астрономії, і всі охочі мали змогу подивитись в телескоп на зоряне небо, Місяць, Сатурн тощо; 4-5 квітня — святкова програма у Харківському планетарії;
у Радіоастрономічному інституті НАН України (вул. Червонопрапорна, 4) проводилися лекції з радіоастрономічної тематики;
У Львові:
в Астрономічній обсерваторії Львівського національного університету ім. І. Франка (вул. Кирила і Мефодія, 8), де на спостережному майданчику проводили екскурсії Богдан Новосядлий, Мирослав Стоділка та Михайло Заморський ;
заміська станція спостережень у Брюховичах, де працювали з відвідувачами Валерій Касеркевич та Андрій Білінський;
на проспекті Свободи (біля пам'ятника Т. Шевченка, поблизу місця, де знаходилася перша Львівська астрономічна обсерваторія, збудована в 1771 році), астрономи встановили 2 малі телескопи для всіх охочих, за допомогою яких можна було подивитися на Місяць та Сатурн просто під час вечірньої прогулянки містом. Слід звернути увагу на високу популярність саме цього місця спостережень, де працювали астрономи Ігор Підстригач, Юрій Кулініч, Олександра Баран та Ольга Сергієнко. Багато хто з громадян був настільки вражений побаченим, що пізніше відвідував ще і обсерваторію та в наступні вечори приводили своїх родичів та знайомих. За грубими оцінками, за ці дні приблизно 5-6 тисяч львів'ян долучились до акції.
Проведена акція ще раз показала, що загальний рівень астрономічної освіти у суспільстві є надзвичайно низьким. Зокрема, це виявилося у тому, що серед задаваних питань найпопулярніші стосувалися гороскопів та позаземного життя (абсолютний лідер рейтингу: «А я інопланетян в телескоп побачу?»). Також «потішило» те, що значна частина нашої молоді має хибні уявлення про будову Сонячної системи. Особливе здивування у відвідувачів викликав безкоштовний характер заходу.
У Криму
в Кримській астрофізичній обсерваторії (смт Научний Бахчисарайського р-ну) з 2 по 5 квітня з 18 до 21 години;
в Сімферополі 4 квітня проходили спостереження у телескоп на площі Леніна.
А також у наступних містах:
у Дніпрі, 4 квітня відбулася міні-конференція у Дніпропетровському планетарії та спостереження у телескоп поруч із планетарієм;
у Миколаєві — 2-3 квітня астрономи Миколаївської астрономічної обсерваторії брали участь у здійсненні одного із самих цікавих проектів МРА2009 «Сто годин астрономії». У ці два вечори обсерваторію відвідали близько 50 чоловік, для яких були організовані екскурсії з показом деяких небесних об'єктів у телескоп. Варто помітити, що погода була сприятливою для спостережень, але можливості обсерваторії не змогли задовольнити інтересу всіх охочих глянути на зоряне небо;
в Одесі, в Астрономічній обсерваторії Одеського Національного університету ім. І.І Мечникова (парк Шевченка).
Інша частина проекту «Всесвітня зоряна вечірниця» стартувала після заходу Сонця 4 квітня 2009 року. Аматори астрономи розташовували свої телескопи на майданах, багатолюдних проспектах і набережних, а професійні астрономи очікували всіх в обсерваторіях з метою «Відкрити всім охочим Всесвіт і подивитися на нього, можливо, вперше, в телескоп».
5 квітня усі охочі могли стати учасником ще однієї частини проекту — «Дня Сонця» та «100 годин астрономії для малюків».
Пам'ятна монета
15 червня 2009 р. НБУ випустив кілограмову срібну пам'ятну монету "Міжнародний рік астрономії" з Галілео Галілеєм, присвячену МАР-2009.
На аверсі монети розміщено: угорі — малий Державний Герб України та рік карбування монети — 2009, під якими напис у три рядки — НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ БАНК УКРАЇНИ, умовне зображення Сонячної системи, у якій третя від Сонця планета — Земля виконана блакитним топазом масою 0,2 карата; на тлі орбіт — армілярна сфера, класичний астрономічний прилад, що вживали для визначення координат небесних світил, під якою півколом у два рядки напис «100 ГРИВЕНЬ».
На реверсі монети на рельєфному тлі зображено: ліворуч Галілео Галілея (угорі), стилізовану середньовічну мініатюру спостереження за зоряним небом (унизу); праворуч — одну з галактик (угорі), радіотелескоп (унизу). На дзеркальному тлі монети зображено обсерваторію (унизу) та розміщено угорі написи — МІЖНАРОДНИЙ (півколом)/ РІК, у центрі композиції — напис АСТРОНОМІЇ, у якому літеру «О» замінює планета «Сатурн».
Автор ескізів і моделей монети — Володимир Дем'яненко.
Посилання
Джерела
ПЛАН заходів обсерваторій України, приурочених до Міжнародного року астрономії.2009 рік
Міжнародний Рік Астрономії 2009. Офіційний сайт
100 годин астрономії
Сайт НБУ
Сайт телескопів
Незавершені статті з астрономії
Міжнародні роки ООН
Події астрономії |
1778293 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%20%28%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%29 | Мапл-Лейк (Міннесота) | Мапл-Лейк (Міннесота)
Мапл-Лейк — місто в США, в окрузі Райт штату Міннесота. Населення — 2159 осіб (2020).
Географія
Мапл-Лейк розташований за координатами (45.232629, -94.009516). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 5,85 км², з яких 5,77 км² — суходіл та 0,08 км² — водойми.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало осіб у 773 домогосподарствах у складі 528 родин. Густота населення становила 352 особи/км². Було 822 помешкання (140/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 1,4 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 0,9 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 31,0 % — особи молодші 18 років, 59,7 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 9,3 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 32,3 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 95,0 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 94,8 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . За межею бідності перебувало 7,4 % осіб, у тому числі 4,7 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 11,4 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 24,3 %, виробництво — 19,5 %, роздрібна торгівля — 14,4 %.
Джерела
Посилання
Офіційний web-сайт міста
Maple Lake Messenger newspaper
Міста Міннесоти
Населені пункти округу Райт (Міннесота)
Населені пункти США, засновані 1858 |
1174106 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%28%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%29 | Бучумень (Галац) | Бучумень (Галац)
Бучумень, Бучумені — село у повіті Галац в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Бучумень.
Село розташоване на відстані 198 км на північний схід від Бухареста, 85 км на північний захід від Галаца, 130 км на південь від Ясс, 136 км на схід від Брашова.
Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали особи. Усі жителі села рідною мовою назвали румунську.
Національний склад населення села:
Примітки
Села повіту Галац |
18773487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubie%C5%84%2C%20%C5%81%C4%99czyca%20County | Lubień, Łęczyca County | Lubień, Łęczyca County
Lubień is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łęczyca, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Łęczyca and north-west of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Villages in Łęczyca County |
2578723 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%20%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0 | Монреаля тема | Монреаля тема
Тема Монреаля — тема в шаховій композиції. Суть теми — білий король віддаляється від чорного короля, надаючи йому вільне поле і при цьому розв'язується біла фігура для створення загрози мату чорному королю, а захисти чорних побудовані на зв'язуванні тематичної фігури і відхід чорного короля на надане поле зумовлює виникнення мату іншою фігурою.
Історія
Цю ідею запропонував у 1946 році французький шаховий композитор П'єр Монреаль (08.06.1916 — 2002).В рішенні задачі білий король вступним ходом надає вільне поле чорному королю, віддаляючись від нього і при цьому розв'язується тематична біла фігура, яка створює загрозу мату чорному королю. Чорні, захищаючись від загрози, зв'язують цю тематичну білу фігуру і створюють варіанти гри. При відході чорного короля на поле, яке надав білий король, мат виникає від іншої фігури, яка не створювала загрозу мату після вступного ходу білого короля.Ідея дістала назву — тема Монреаля. Згодом у 60-х роках минулого століття ця тема пропагувалася французькими шаховими композиторами. У 1961 році шаховий клуб «Білий король», створений при автомобільному заводі «Пежо», провів тематичний конкурс по цій темі і арбітром конкурсу був автор теми — П'єр Монреаль.
1. Kf8! ~ 2. Se4#<p>1. ... D:f5 2. S:f1#1. ... T:f5 2. S:c2#1. ... Kh6 2. Seg4#
Примітки
Це є один із варіантів міжнародного позначення фігур. Використовується для запису розставленої на шахівниці позиції, ходів розв'язку, ілюзорної чи хибної гри шахової задачі, а також запису ходів шахової партії.
Джерела
Література
Уся тематика шахової композиції за алфавітом
Монреаль
Монреаля
Монреаль
Монреаль
Монреаль
Монреаль |
2799949 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%20%28%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%2C%201990%29 | Кат (фільм, 1990) | Кат (фільм, 1990)
«Кат» — радянський двосерійний фільм 1990 року. Екранізація однойменної книги Сергія Бєлошникова.
Сюжет
Троє партнерів по бриджу (метрдотель ресторану Ігор, лікар-нарколог Віктор і скульптор Саша) гвалтують журналістку Ольгу, ввівши їй у вену якусь наркотичну речовину. Четвертий, Андрій, не бере участі в згвалтуванні, але і нічого не робить, щоб йому запобігти. Ольга вирішує не подавати заяву в міліцію, незважаючи на вмовляння слідчого, а самостійно помститися кривдникам. Спочатку вона приходить в гості до «подруги» Світлани, яка допомогла ґвалтівникам заманити жертву, і змушує Світлану назвати імена і телефони чотирьох. Продавши сережки з діамантами, Ольга знаходить кримінального авторитета Вольдемара і просить його, щоб він покарав її кривдників за винагороду — яким чином, він сам повинен придумати.
Дочку Ігоря жорстоко ґвалтують. Ольга дзвонить Ігорю і оголошує, що з ним вона в розрахунку, але троє інших отримають своє. Троє вирішують послати Андрія, щоб запропонувати Олі гроші. Оля не хоче з ним говорити; в ході сварки Андрій б'є Ольгу по обличчю, вона у відповідь б'є його ножем. Друг Олі, хірург, і вона сама намагаються вилікувати Андрія.
Зникнення Андрія лякає гвалтівників. Ігор, боячись за себе і сім'ю, їде з дружиною і дочкою в Алушту, завдяки Сашкові, який дістав для нього, дружини і дочки путівки. Ігор залишає йому свою машину на його прохання. Віктор бере відпустку і намагається виїхати, але люди Вольдемара викрадають його і протягом 10 днів накачують наркотиками.
Тим часом Андрій одужує, Ольга ховає його на дачі в Комарово і намагається передати Вольдемару прохання припинити вбивства, але той зник, а механізм вже запущений. Посадивши Віктора на голку, його повертають додому і наказують викликати до себе Сашу. Приїхавши, той застає померлого від передозування Віктора, після чого виявляє погоню. Виїхавши на шляхопроводі на зустрічну смугу для обгону, Саша несподівано виявляє, що у машини виведені з ладу гальма, він падає з естакади і гине.
Ольга дізнається про самогубство Світлани. Вранці дзвонить Вольдемар. Ольга знову просить його припинити вбивства, але той заявляє, що він і сам не може це зробити, оскільки накази вже передані іншим людям. Ольга повертається на дачу і намагається вивезти Андрія. Коли вони сідають в електричку, в натовпі хтось всаджує Андрію ніж в спину, і він помирає.
До Ольги додому приходить Вольдемар. Ольга вбиває його з мисливської рушниці діда, після чого накладає на себе руки.
У ролях
Ірина Метлицька — Ольга Юріївна Привалова, журналіст-фоторепортер
Андрій Соколов — Андрій Олексійович Арсентьєв
Лариса Гузєєва — Світлана, знайома Ольги; манекенниця
Сергій Газаров — Ігор Іванович Погодін, метрдотель в ресторані; насильник
Борис Галкін — Саша Завалишин, скульптор; насильник
Станіслав Садальський — Віктор Еммануїлович Гольднер, лікар-нарколог; насильник
Альгіс Матульоніс — Вольдемар Карлович
Олена Аржанік — Олена, приятелька Ольги, співачка в ресторані
Аристарх Ліванов — Сергій Гаврилов, друг Ольги; хірург
Лариса Цапусто — Жанна, дочка Ігоря Погодіна
Олександр Шуригін — підручний Вольдемара
Ігор Харламов — підручний Вольдемара
Євген Александров — адміністратор в ресторані
Микола Крюков — дідусь Ольги
Тамара Лебедєва — мама Ольги
Майя Блінова — бабуся Ольги
Вадим Гущин — слідчий
Микита Михайловський — лейтенант
В'ячеслав Васильєв — Сан Санич, головлікар
Ігор Агєєв — лікар
Знімальна група
Режисер — Віктор Сергєєв
Сценарист — Сергій Бєлошніков
Оператор — Микола Строганов
Композитор — Едуард Артем'єв
Художник — Євген Гуков
Посилання
Фільми СРСР 1990
Фільми-драми СРСР
Фільми кіностудії «Ленфільм»
Фільми про зґвалтування та помсту
Фільми Віктора Сергєєва |
1953580 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1287%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29 | 1287 (значення) | 1287 (значення)
Натуральне число 1287
1287 рік до нашої ери
1287 рік нашої ери |
19038428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zad%C4%85browie | Zadąbrowie | Zadąbrowie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Orły, within Przemyśl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Przemyśl and east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
References
Villages in Przemyśl County |
4638835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhulme%20Medal%20%28Royal%20Society%29 | Leverhulme Medal (Royal Society) | Leverhulme Medal (Royal Society)
The Leverhulme Medal is awarded by the Royal Society every three years "for an outstandingly significant contribution in the field of pure or applied chemistry or engineering, including chemical engineering". It was created in 1960 after a donation by the Leverhulme Trust to mark the 300th anniversary of the foundation of the Royal Society, and is accompanied by a £2000 gift. Since its creation, it has been awarded 21 times, and unlike other Royal Society medals such as the Royal Medal, it has never been awarded to the same person multiple times. Citizens of the United Kingdom have won the medal 19 of the 21 times; the two foreign recipients have been Man Mohan Sharma, an Indian citizen who was awarded the medal in 1996 "for his work on the dynamics of multi-phase chemical reactions in industrial processes", and Frank Caruso, an Australian chemical engineer, awarded the medal in 2019. Two Leverhulme Medal winners have also won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Archer John Porter Martin, who won the medal in 1963 for "his distinguished and fundamental discoveries in chromatography and its application" and the Nobel Prize in 1952, and Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, who won the medal in 1960 for "his outstanding contributions to physical chemistry" and the Nobel Prize in 1956. Anne Neville became the first woman to receive the award in 2016.
List of recipients
References
General
Specific
Awards of the Royal Society
Awards established in 1960
1960 in science |
1623832 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%94%20%28%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%29 | Кобилє (община) | Кобилє (община)
Община Кобилє — одна з общин Словенії. Адміністративним центром і єдиним населеним пунктом общини є місто Кобилє.
Населення
У 2011 році в общині проживало 629 осіб, 310 чоловіків і 319 жінок. Чисельність економічно активного населення (за місцем проживання), 217 осіб. Середня щомісячна чиста заробітна плата одного працівника (EUR), 868,91 (в середньому по Словенії 987.39). Приблизно кожен другий житель у громаді має автомобіль (44 автомобілі на 100 жителів). Середній вік жителів склав 42,6 роки (в середньому по Словенії 41.8).
Джерела
Вебсайт общини Кобилє
Статистичне бюро Республіки Словенія, статистичні дані 2011 року
Общини Словенії
Засновані в Словенії 1994 |
1003042 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80 | Еммануель Адебайор | Еммануель Адебайор
Еммануель Шай Адебайор (26 лютого 1984 року, Ломе, Того) — тоголезький футболіст, нападник який завершив кар‘єру
Досягнення
Командні
«Монако»
Фіналіст Ліги чемпіонів: 2004
«Арсенал»
Фіналіст Ліги чемпіонів: 2006
Володар Емірейтс Кап: 2007
Amsterdam Tournament: 2007, 2008
Фіналіст Кубка ліги: 2007
Реал Мадрид
Володар Кубка Іспанії: 2010—2011
Особисті
Найкращий футболіст Того 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 років.
Найкращий футболіст Африки 2007 року за версією BBC.
Африканський футболіст року: 2008.
Примітки
Посилання
Інтерв'ю з Адебайором на сайті ФІФА від 21 травня 2008
ЗІРКИ ФУТБОЛУ. Адебайор та Белламі
Тоголезькі футболісти
Гравці збірної Того з футболу
Тоголезькі футбольні легіонери
Футбольні легіонери у Франції
Футбольні легіонери в Англії
Футбольні легіонери в Іспанії
Футбольні легіонери в Монако
Футбольні легіонери в Туреччині
Футболісти «Меца»
Футболісти «Монако»
Футболісти «Арсенала» (Лондон)
Футболісти «Манчестер Сіті»
Футболісти «Реала» (Мадрид)
Футболісти «Тоттенгем Готспур»
Футболісти «Крістал Пелес»
Футболісти «Істанбул ББ» |
321957 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29 | Ялинівка (Олександрійський район) | Ялинівка (Олександрійський район)
Ялинівка (раніше — Червоно-Венедиктівка) — село в Україні, у Попельнастівській сільській громаді Олександрійського району Кіровоградської області. Підпорядковане Червонокам'янській сільській раді. Населення становить 179 осіб.
Населення
Згідно з переписом УРСР 1989 року чисельність наявного населення села становила 262 особи, з яких 109 чоловіків та 153 жінки.
За переписом населення України 2001 року в селі мешкало 280 осіб.
Мова
Розподіл населення за рідною мовою за даними перепису 2001 року:
Особистості
В селі народився Захарченко Михайло Дмитрович (1910-1983) — Герой Радянського Союзу.
Див. також
Перелік населених пунктів, що постраждали від Голодомору 1932—1933 (Кіровоградська область)
Примітки
Села Кіровоградської області |
7651867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimidiochromis | Dimidiochromis | Dimidiochromis is a genus of haplochromine cichlids endemic to Lake Malawi in East Africa. All of its species are elongated in shape and predatory on smaller fishes.
Species
There are currently four recognized species in this genus:
Dimidiochromis compressiceps (Boulenger, 1908) (Malawi eyebiter)
Dimidiochromis dimidiatus (Günther, 1864) (Ncheni haplo)
Dimidiochromis kiwinge (C. G. E. Ahl, 1926)
Dimidiochromis strigatus (Regan, 1922) (Sunset haplo)
References
Cichlid genera
Taxa named by Ethelwynn Trewavas |
2032124 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA | Ацеклофенак | Ацеклофенак — синтетичний препарат, що є похідним фенілоцтової кислоти, та належить до групи нестероїдних протизапальних препаратів. Ацеклофенак може застосовуватися як перорально, так і внутрішньом'язово, а також у вигляді гелю для місцевого застосування, і застосовується у клінічній практиці з 1992 року.
Фармакологічні властивості
Ацеклофенак — синтетичний препарат, що є по хімічній структурі похідним фенілоцтової кислоти, та належить до групи нестероїдних протизапальних препаратів. Механізм дії препарату, як і інших представників групи нестероїдних протизапальних препаратів, полягає у інгібуванні ферменту циклооксигенази, яка забезпечує перетворення арахідонової кислоти у простагландини. Хімічний склад ацеклофенаку відрізняється від інших представників групи нестероїдних протизапальних препаратів — похідних оцтової кислоти — наявністю дихлорфеніламіногрупи, що забезпечує суттєві відмінності у фармакологічних властивостях препарату від іншого подібного за хімічним складом препарату — диклофенаку. Ацеклофенак має помірну селективність до циклооксигенази 2 типу (ЦОГ-2), і значно менше впливає на циклооксигеназу 1 типу (ЦОГ-1). Це забезпечує також нижчу кількість побічних ефектів з боку травної системи при застосуванні ацеклофенаку в порівнянні з іншими нестероїдними протизапальними препаратами, які переважно є інгібіторами ЦОГ-1 (диклофенаком, індометацином, напроксеном, фенілбутазоном, піроксикамом), а також меншу кількість побічних ефектів з боку серцево-судинної системи. Ацеклофенак пригнічує синтез прозапальних цитокінів (таких як інтерлейкін-1 та фактор некрозу пухлини), а також пригнічує індукований інтерлейкіном процес активації металопротеїназ та покращує синтез протеогліканів у хрящовій тканині суглобів. Окрім протизапального ефекту, ацеклофенак має жарознижувальний та знеболювальний ефект, який дорівнює або перевищує аналогічні ефекти інших нестероїдних протизапальних препаратів (диклофенаку, індометацину, кетопрофену, теноксикаму, напроксену, ібупрофену). При застосуванні ацеклофенаку знижується чутливість рецепторів до медіаторів запалення (брадикініну та гістаміну), а також інгібується адгезія нейтрофілів до ендотелію судин у вогнищі запалення, що також сприяє збільшенню протизапального ефекту препарату. При захворюваннях суглобів ацеклофенак значно зменшує ранкову скутість, набряк і біль у суглобах; а також значно зменшує інтенсивність запалення та больового синдрому при дегенеративно-дистрофічних ураженнях хребта (у тому числі при остеохондрозі).
Фармакокінетика
Ацеклофенак швидко та повністю всмоктується при пероральному застосуванні, максимальна концентрація препарату в крові досягається протягом 1,25—3 годин, біодоступність препарату складає близько 100%. Ацеклофенак практично повністю (на 99%) зв'язується з білками плазми крові. Препарат створює високі концентрації у синовіальній рідині (близько 50% від концентрації у крові), максимальна концентрація у синовіальній рідині досягається на 2—4 години пізніше, ніж максимальна концентрація у крові. Ацеклофенак проникає через плацентарний бар'єр та виділяється в грудне молоко. Метаболізується препарат у печінці з утворенням переважно активних метаболітів, одним із метаболітів ацеклофенаку є інший нестероїдний протизапальний препарат диклофенак. Виводиться препарат із організму переважно з сечею (66%), частково у незміненому вигляді, до 20% препарату виводиться з калом. Період напіввиведення ацеклофенаку становить 4 години, який може збільшуватися при захворюваннях печінки, і не змінюється при порушеннях функції нирок.
Показання до застосування
Ацеклофенак застосовується для лікування ревматологічних захворювань (остеоартрозу, ревматоїдного артриту, анкілозуючого спондилоартриту, псоріатичного артриту, подагричного артриту), зменшення больового синдрому та запального процесу при травматичних ушкодженнях опорно-рухового апарату (розтягнень зв'язок та сухожилків, перенапруження м'язів, забою суглобів або м'язів), а також для симптоматичного лікування периартрита, болю в поперековому відділі хребта та кривошиї.
Побічна дія
При застосуванні ацеклофенаку найчастіше спостерігаються побічні ефекти з боку травної системи — загострення виразкової хвороби (у тому числі з перфорацією), шлунково-кишкові кровотечі, наявність крові у калі, біль у животі, нудота, діарея, блювання, рідше гастрит та панкреатит, але частота даних побічних ефектів значно менша, ніж при застосуванні інших нестероїдних протизапальних засобів. З боку інших органів та систем можуть рідко спостерігатися наступні побічні ефекти:
З боку шкірних покривів та алергічні реакції — висипання на шкірі, кропив'янка, екзема, пневмоніт, загострення бронхіальної астми, синдром Стівенса-Джонсона, синдром Лаєлла, анафілактичний шок.
З боку нервової системи — головний біль, головокружіння, сонливість, депресія, підвищена збудливість, тремор, судоми, парестезії, порушення зору та слуху, асептичний менінгіт.
З боку серцево-судинної системи — артеріальна гіпертензія, серцева недостатність, тахікардія, периферичні набряки.
З боку сечостатевої системи — гематурія, інтерстиційний нефрит, гостра ниркова недостатність, нефротичний синдром.
Зміни в лабораторних аналізах — можуть спостерігатися тромбоцитопенія, лейкопенія, анемія (у тому числі гемолітична та апластична), агранулоцитоз, протеїнурія, підвищення рівня активності печінкових ферментів у крові.
Протипокази
Ацеклофенак протипоказаний при підвищеній чутливості до препарату та інших нестероїдних протизапальних препаратів, загостренні виразкової хвороби шлунку та дванадцятипалої кишки, шлунково-кишковій кровотечі, бронхіальній астмі зі супутнім поліпозом носа та непереносимістю ацетилсаліцилової кислоти, гіперкаліємії, після проведення аортокоронарного шунтування, порушеннях згортання крові, вираженій печінковій та нирковій недостатності, у ІІІ триместрі вагітності, у дитячому віці до 18 років. Застосування ацеклофенаку в І та ІІ триместрі вагітності, а також при годуванні грудьми рекомендовано проводити з обережністю.
Форми випуску
Ацеклофенак випускається у вигляді таблеток по 0,1 г, таблеток з модифікованим вивільненням 0,2 г, порошку для приготування суспензії для прийому всередину, ампул по 1 мл 15 % розчину для ін'єкцій та 1,5 % крему для зовнішнього застосування по 60 г у тубі.
Примітки
Джерела
Ацеклофенак на сайті mozdocs.kiev.ua
Ацеклофенак на сайті pharmencyclopedia.com.ua
Ацеклофенак на сайті rlsnet.ru
Нестероїдні протизапальні засоби
Лікарські засоби за алфавітом |
2778586 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80-%D0%B5%20%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD | Мутур-е Садек-Хан | Мутур-е Садек-Хан — село в Ірані, у дегестані Гакімабад, у Центральному бахші, шахрестані Зарандіє остану Марказі. За даними перепису 2006 року, його населення становило 0 осіб, що проживали у складі 0 сімей.
Примітки
Населені пункти шагрестану Зарандіє |
1271525 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Блискунов Олександр Іванович | Блискунов Олександр Іванович
Олександр Іванович Блискунов (19 вересня 1938, Нова Калитва — 28 грудня 1996) — доктор медичних наук, професор, заслужений винахідник СРСР і УРСР, лауреат Великої Золотої медалі ООН, лауреат премії імені В. К. Семінського, лауреат відзнаки Президента України.
Біографія
Народився 19 вересня 1938 року в селі Новій Калитві Новокалитв'янського (терер Розсошанського району) району Воронезької області в селянській родині. Батько Олександра Івановича у своєму селі вважався майстровим, таких називали «відерники» — паяв, клепав, лудив, виготовляв бляшані вироби, ремонтував домашнє начиння, починаючи від замків, керосинок, закінчуючи годинниками-ходиками.
Село Нова Калитва, умовно було поділено на дві половини: «хохлятську» і «кацапську». Будинок батьків розташовувався на межі цих двох половин. До 1945 року Олександр Іванович носив прізвище Бобров, а після переїзду разом з мамою в Крим, був усиновлений і став носити прізвище Блискунов.
У 1955 році закінчив школу № 62 Сталінської залізниці станції Сімферополь (нині школа № 5). Після закінчення школи вступив до Кримського медичного інституту, однак не провчившись й року, залишає його, потім служив в лавах Радянської Армії. Трудову діяльність розпочав робітником паровозного депо станції Сімферополь. Потім працював поїзним кочегаром. У 1958 році влаштовується на завод «Продмаш», де за короткий час стає висококласним слюсарем, токарем і фрезерувальником. Потім працював гітаристом в естрадному оркестрі, грав в ресторанах, на весіллях. Але і ця робота не задовольняла Блискунова, і він поступає в художнє училище імені М. С. Самокиша. За півроку до закінчення училища кидає його і їде вступати до Ленінградського політеху на механічний факультет. Проте спроба не увінчалася успіхом — не добрав бали.
У 1963 році О. Блискунов відновлюється в Кримському медичному інституті. Професії музиканта (продовжував грати в оркестрі, значився гітаристом кафе «Юність») і художника (оформляв книги у видавництві «Таврида») допомагали жити студенту-медику безбідно. Уже на початкових курсах медичного вишу Олександр Блискунов почав винаходити, його перша раціоналізаторська пропозиція — каталка для важко обпалених хворих.
Після закінчення в 1969 році медичного інституту став працювати лікарем-травматологом, старшим лаборантом кафедри травматології та ортопедії. У 1972 році «попутно» поступив на заочне відділення інституту патентознавства і після закінчення його в 1975 році отримує диплом патентознавця. У 1974 році стає асистентом кафедри, кандидатом медичних наук, захистивши дисертацію на тему «Оперативне лікування нескладених переломів хребта». Розробив оригінальні інструменти, за допомогою яких проводив операції з мінімальною операційною травмою, практично без крововтрати, під місцевим знеболенням. Після таких операцій пацієнти виписувалися додому на 3—4 день, замість 6—7 тижнів суворого постільного режиму.
За період з 1971 по 1975 рік Олександр Іванович отримав 17 авторських свідоцтв на винаходи та 30 посвідчень на раціоналізаторські пропозиції. Допомагав іншим оформляти дисертації (як художник), готувати заявки на винахід як патентознавець.
Перші свої апарати, як і перші операції, доктор Блискун зробив в Центральному інституті травматології та ортопедії в Москві. Згодилися навички та досвід технаря: сам виконував токарні, слюсарні та фрезерні роботи. За першими операціями спостерігали всі співробітники інституту, в амфітеатрі операційної ЦІТО не було жодного вільного місця. Першому пацієнту з вродженим укороченням стегна Олександр Іванович подовжив ногу на 11 см.
У 1990 році за створення нового наукового напрямку, розробку і впровадження механічних імплантуються пристроїв, що працюють без зовнішніх джерел енергії, професор О. І. Блискунов був удостоєний звання «Заслужений винахідник СРСР». Того ж року Олександр Іванович став лауреатом ООН, йому вручили Велику золоту медаль Всесвітньої організації інтелектуальної власності.
В 1994 році Олександра Івановича обрано депутатом Кримського парламенту.
Помер 28 грудня 1996 року.
Пам'ять
Іменем Олександра Блискунова названий астероїд головного поясу 5572 Блискунов, відкритий 26 вересня 1978 року.
19 вересня 2008 року, до 70-річчя з дня народження Олександра Блискунова, на фасаді головного корпусу Кримського державного медичного університету імені С. І. Георгієвського встановлено меморіальну дошку.
Примітки
Див. також
5572 Блискунов - астероїд, названий на честь цього чоловіка.
Джерела
Офіційний сайт Олександра Блискунова
Уродженці Воронезької області
Персоналії:Сімферополь
Заслужені винахідники СРСР
Заслужені винахідники УРСР
Українські хірурги
Депутати Верховної Ради Автономної Республіки Крим 2-го скликання
Науковці, на честь яких названо астероїд |
2270904 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%C2%AB%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%C2%BB | Видавництво «П’яний корабель» | Видавництво «П’яний корабель» — українське мале незалежне видавництво, що спеціалізується на перекладній поезії та прозі.
Про видавництво
Видавництво «П’яний корабель» засновано 3 липня 2015 року в Івано-Франківську Міреком Боднарем і Христиною Михайлюк.
Основним напрямом діяльності є видання перекладної поезії та прози.
За словами директора видавництва Христини Михайлюк, «П’яний корабель» — це нішевий книжковий проєкт, що не ставить собі за мету задовольнити потреби якомога ширшої аудиторії і, відповідно, не орієнтований на масовий продукт. Це видавництво, яке не йтиме за смаками загалу, а намагатиметься долучити загал до нових цінностей, розвинути і надати орієнтири для формування цих смаків і цінностей, видаючи унікальні за змістом, оформленням та якістю книжки, задумані й створені молодими українськими авторами, перекладачами, дизайнерами і художниками.
Видання
Рафал Воячек. Незакінчений хрестовий похід / переклад з польської Мірека Боднара. – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2016. – 240 с.
Джим Моррісон. Американська молитва / переклад з англійської Мірека Боднара. – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2016. – 400 с.
Ґеорґ Гайм. Злодій / переклад з німецької Ольги Свиріпи. – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2017. – 80 с.
Вацлав Граб’є. Блюз для божевільної дівчини / переклад з чеської Софії Челяк. – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2018. – 144 с.
Вільям Блейк. Пісні Невинності і Досвіду / переклад з англійської Леся Белея. – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2019. – 160 с.
Чарльз Буковскі. Капітан пішов на обід, корабель захопили матроси / переклад з англійської Христини Михайлюк. – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2019. – 112 с.
Ростислав Шпук. Модельний ряд. Хроніки. – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2020. – 400 с.
Данило Кіш. Мансарда. Сатирична поема / переклад з сербської Олени Дзюби-Погребняк. – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2020. – 96 с.
Чарльз Буковскі. Вірші останньої ночі на Землі / переклад з англійської Мірека Боднара. – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2022. – 768 с.
Мірек Боднар. ...ще, ще, ще, не зупиняйся! / збірка віршів – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2022. – 304 с.
Данило Кіш. Псалом 44 – Івано-Франківськ: Видавництво «П’яний корабель», 2022.
Інтерв’ю
Від наміру до втілення: Джим Моррісон заговорить українською, «Дискурс», 04 червня 2015 р.
Пропонувати альтернативу, орієнтуватися на власні відчуття, «Litcentr», 25 липня 2016 р.
Ідеалізм нам притаманний, і наразі він виправдовує себе, «Галицький кореспондент», № 38 (572), 22 вересня 2016 р.
Ми чесно орієнтуємося на меншість, на тих, кому цікаві трохи інші тексти, дещо відвертіші та жорсткіші, «Друг Читача», 09 лютого 2017 р.
...вирішили заснувати свою платформу, де абсолютно все вирішуватимемо тільки ми, «Книгобачення», 30 квітня 2017 р.
Хрестовий похід проти поганого смаку: інтерв’ю із засновниками видавництва «П’яний корабель», «Тиктор медіа», 10 листопада 2021 р.
Видавництво — це дуже егоїстична штука, «Postimpreza», 16 жовтня 2022 р.
Посилання
Сторінка видавництва у соціальній мережі Facebook
Видавництва України |
1586604 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%27%D1%94%20%28%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%94%29 | Лип'є (Веленє) | Лип'є (Веленє)
Лип'є — поселення в общині Веленє, Савинський регіон, Словенія.
Висота над рівнем моря: 505,1 м.
Посилання
Статистичне бюро Республіки Словенія
Населені пункти Словенії |
149183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennials | Millennials | Millennials, also known as Generation Y (often shortened to Gen Y), are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years, with the generation typically being defined as people born from 1981 to 1996. Most Millennials are the children of Baby Boomers and older Generation X. In turn Millennials are often the parents of Generation Alpha.
As the first generation to grow up with the Internet, Millennials have also been described as the first global generation. The generation is generally marked by elevated usage of and familiarity with the Internet, mobile devices, and social media. The term "digital natives", which is now also applied to successive generations, was originally coined to describe this generation.
Millennials have also been called the "Unluckiest Generation" because the average Millennial has experienced slower economic growth since entering the workforce than any other generation in U.S. history. The generation has also been weighed down by student debt and child-care costs.
Across the globe, young people have postponed marriage or living together as a couple. Millennials were born at a time of declining fertility rates around the world, and are having fewer children than their predecessors. Those in developing nations will continue to constitute the bulk of global population growth. In the developed countries, young people of the 2010s were less inclined to have sexual intercourse compared to their predecessors when they were at the same age. In the West, they are less likely to be religious than their predecessors, but they may identify as spiritual.
Between the 1990s and the 2010s, people from the developing countries became increasingly well educated, a factor that boosted economic growth in these countries. Millennials across the world have suffered significant economic disruption since starting their working lives; many faced high levels of youth unemployment during their early years in the job market in the wake of the Great Recession, and suffered another recession in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Terminology and etymology
Members of this demographic cohort are known as Millennials because the oldest became adults around the turn of the millennium. Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe, known for creating the Strauss–Howe generational theory, are widely credited with naming the Millennials. They coined the term in 1987, around the time children born in 1982 were entering kindergarten, and the media were first identifying their prospective link to the impending new millennium as the high school graduating class of 2000. They wrote about the cohort in their books Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 (1991) and Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation (2000).
In August 1993, an Advertising Age editorial coined the phrase Generation Y to describe teenagers of the day, then aged 13–19 (born 1974–1980), who were at the time defined as different from Generation X. However, the 1974–1980 cohort was later re-identified by most media sources as the last wave of Generation X, and by 2003 Ad Age had moved their Generation Y starting year up to 1982. According to journalist Bruce Horovitz, in 2012, Ad Age "threw in the towel by conceding that Millennials is a better name than Gen Y," and by 2014, a past director of data strategy at Ad Age said to NPR "the Generation Y label was a placeholder until we found out more about them."
Millennials are sometimes called Echo Boomers, due to them often being the offspring of the Baby Boomers, the significant increase in birth rates from the early 1980s to mid-1990s, and their generation's large size relative to that of Boomers. In the United States, the echo boom's birth rates peaked in August 1990 and a twentieth-century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued. Psychologist Jean Twenge described Millennials as "Generation Me" in her 2006 book Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled – and More Miserable Than Ever Before, while in 2013, Time magazine ran a cover story titled Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation. Alternative names for this group proposed include the Net Generation, Generation 9/11, Generation Next, and The Burnout Generation.
Date and age range definitions
Oxford Living Dictionaries describes a Millennial as a person "born between the early 1980s and the late 1990s." Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Millennial as "a person born in the 1980s or 1990s". More detailed definitions in use are as follows:
Jonathan Rauch, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, wrote for The Economist in 2018 that "generations are squishy concepts", but the 1981 to 1996 birth cohort is a "widely accepted" definition for Millennials. Reuters also state that the "widely accepted definition" is 1981–1996.
The Pew Research Center defines Millennials as the people born from 1981 to 1996, choosing these dates for "key political, economic and social factors", including the 11 September terrorist attacks, the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Great Recession, and Internet explosion. The United States Library of Congress explains that date ranges are 'subjective' and the traits of each cohort are generalized based around common economic, social, or political factors that happened during formative years. They acknowledge disagreements, complaints over date ranges, generation names, and the overgeneralized "personality" of each generation. They suggest that marketers and journalists use the different groupings to target their marketing to particular age groups. However, they cite Pew's 1981–1996 definition to define Millennials. Various media outlets and statistical organizations have cited Pew's definition including Time magazine, BBC News, The New York Times, The Guardian, the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Statistics Canada.
The Brookings Institution defines the Millennial generation as people born from 1981 to 1996, as does Gallup, Federal Reserve Board, and the American Psychological Association. Encyclopædia Britannica defines Millennials as "the term used to describe a person born between 1981 and 1996, though different sources can vary by a year or two." Although the United States Census Bureau have said that "there is no official start and end date for when Millennials were born" and they do not officially define Millennials, a U.S. Census publication in 2022 noted that Millennials are "colloquially defined as the cohort born from 1981 to 1996", using this definition in a breakdown of Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics uses the years 1981 to 1995 to define Millennials in a 2021 Census report. A report by Ipsos MORI describes the term 'Millennials' as a working title for the circa 15-year birth cohort born around 1980 to 1995, which has 'unique, defining traits'. Governmental institutions such as the UK Department of Health and Social Care have also used 1980 to 1995. Psychologist Jean Twenge defines millennials as those born from 1980 to 1994. Likewise, Australia's McCrindle Research uses the years 1980 to 1994 as Generation Y (millennial) birth years.
A 2023 report by the Population Reference Bureau defines Millennials as those born from 1981 to 1999. CNN reports that studies sometimes define Millennials as born between 1980 and 2000. A 2017 BBC report has also referred to this age range in reference to that used by National Records of Scotland. In the UK, the Resolution Foundation uses 1981–2000. The U.S. Government Accountability Office defines Millennials as those born between 1982 and 2000. Sociologist Elwood Carlson, who calls the generation "New Boomers", identified the birth years of 1983–2001, based on the upswing in births after 1983 and finishing with the "political and social challenges" that occurred after the 11 September terrorist acts. Author Neil Howe, co-creator of the Strauss–Howe generational theory, defines Millennials as being born from 1982 to 2004.
The cohorts born during the cusp years before and after Millennials have been identified as "microgenerations" with characteristics of both generations. Names given to these cuspers include Xennials, Generation Catalano, the Oregon Trail Generation; Zennials and Zillennials, respectively. The term Geriatric Millennial gained popularity in 2021 to describe those born in the beginning half of the 1980s between 1980 and 1985. The term has since been used and discussed by various media outlets including Today, CTV News, HuffPost, news.com.au, The Irish Times, and Business Insider.
Psychology
Psychologist Jean Twenge, the author of the 2006 book Generation Me, considers millennials, along with younger members of Generation X, to be part of what she calls "Generation Me". Twenge attributes millennials with the traits of confidence and tolerance, but also describes a sense of entitlement and narcissism, based on NPI surveys showing increased narcissism among millennials compared to preceding generations when they were teens and in their twenties. Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett of Clark University, Worcester has criticized Twenge's research on narcissism among millennials, stating "I think she is vastly misinterpreting or over-interpreting the data, and I think it's destructive". He doubts that the Narcissistic Personality Inventory really measures narcissism at all. Arnett says that not only are millennials less narcissistic, they're "an exceptionally generous generation that holds great promise for improving the world". A study published in 2017 in the journal Psychological Science found a small decline in narcissism among young people since the 1990s.
Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe argue that each generation has common characteristics that give it a specific character with four basic generational archetypes, repeating in a cycle. According to their hypothesis, they predicted millennials would become more like the "civic-minded" G.I. Generation with a strong sense of community both local and global. Strauss and Howe ascribe seven basic traits to the millennial cohort: special, sheltered, confident, team-oriented, conventional, pressured, and achieving. However, Arthur E. Levine, author of When Hope and Fear Collide: A Portrait of Today's College Student, dismissed these generational images as "stereotypes". In addition, psychologist Jean Twenge says Strauss and Howe's assertions are overly deterministic, non-falsifiable, and unsupported by rigorous evidence.
Polling agency Ipsos-MORI warned that the word "millennials" is "misused to the point where it's often mistaken for just another meaningless buzzword" because "many of the claims made about millennial characteristics are simplified, misinterpreted or just plain wrong, which can mean real differences get lost" and that "[e]qually important are the similarities between other generations—the attitudes and behaviors that are staying the same are sometimes just as important and surprising."
Though it is often said that millennials ignore conventional advertising, they are in fact heavily influenced by it. They are particularly sensitive to appeals to transparency, to experiences rather than things, and flexibility.
A 2015 study by Microsoft found that 77% of respondents aged 18 to 24 said yes to the statement, "When nothing is occupying my attention, the first thing I do is reach for my phone," compared to just 10% for those aged 65 and over.
The term has been used to denote anxiety experienced by many Japanese Millennials struggling with a sense of disconnectedness and self-blaming, caused by a vast array of issues from unemployment, poverty, family problems, bullying, social withdrawal and mental ill-health.
Cognitive abilities
Intelligence researcher James R. Flynn discovered that back in the 1950s, the gap between the vocabulary levels of adults and children was much smaller than it is in the early twenty-first century. Between 1953 and 2006, adult gains on the vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler IQ test were 17.4 points whereas the corresponding gains for children were only 4. He asserted that some of the reasons for this are the surge in interest in higher education and cultural changes. The number of Americans pursuing tertiary qualifications and cognitively demanding jobs has risen significantly since the 1950s. This boosted the level of vocabulary among adults. Back in the 1950s, children generally imitated their parents and adopted their vocabulary. This was no longer the case in the 2000s, when teenagers often developed their own subculture and as such were less likely to use adult-level vocabulary on their essays.
In a 2009 report, Flynn analyzed the results of the Raven's Progressive Matrices test for British fourteen-year-olds from 1980 to 2008. He discovered that their average IQ had dropped by more than two points during that time period. Among those in the higher half of the intelligence distribution, the decline was even more significant, six points. This is a clear case of the reversal of the Flynn effect, the apparent rise in IQ scores observed during the twentieth century. Flynn suspected that this was due to changes in British youth culture. He further noted that in the past, IQ gains had been correlated with socioeconomic class, but this was no longer true.
Psychologists Jean Twenge, W. Keith Campbell, and Ryne A. Sherman analyzed vocabulary test scores on the U.S. General Social Survey and found that after correcting for education, the use of sophisticated vocabulary has declined between the mid-1970s and the mid-2010s across all levels of education, from below high school to graduate school. Those with at least a bachelor's degree saw the steepest decline. Hence, the gap between people who never received a high-school diploma and a university graduate has shrunk from an average of 3.4 correct answers in the mid- to late-1970s to 2.9 in the early- to mid-2010s. Higher education offers little to no benefits to verbal ability. Because those with only a moderate level of vocabulary were more likely to be admitted to university than in the past, the average for degree holders declined. There are various explanations for this. Accepting high levels of immigrants, many of whom not particularly proficient in the English language, could lower the national adult average. Young people nowadays are much less likely to read for pleasure, thus reducing their levels of vocabulary. On the other hand, while the College Board has reported that SAT verbal scores were on the decline, these scores are an imperfect measure of the vocabulary level of the nation as a whole because the test-taking demographic has changed and because more students take the SAT in the 2010s than in the 1970s, which means there are more with limited ability who took it. Population aging is unconvincing because the effect is too weak.
Cultural identity
In the United States
A 2007 report by the National Endowment of the Arts stated that as a group, American adults were reading for pleasure less often than before. In particular, Americans aged 15 to 24 spent an average of two hours watching television and only seven minutes on reading. In 2002, only 52% of Americans between the ages of 18 and 24 voluntarily read books, down from 59% in 1992. Reading comprehension skills of American adults of all levels of education deteriorated between the early 1990s and the early 2000s, especially among those with advanced degrees. According to employers, almost three quarters of university graduates were "deficient" in English writing skills. Meanwhile, the reading scores of American tenth-graders proved mediocre, in fifteenth place out of 31 industrialized nations, and the number of twelfth-graders who had never read for pleasure doubled to 19%.
Publishers and booksellers observed that the sales of adolescent and young-adult fiction remained strong. This could be because older adults were buying titles intended for younger people, which inflated the market, and because there were fewer readers buying more books.
By the late 2010s, viewership of late-night American television among adults aged 18 to 49, the most important demographic group for advertisers, has fallen substantially despite an abundance of materials. This is due in part to the availability and popularity of streaming services. However, when delayed viewing within three days is taken into account, the top shows all saw their viewership numbers boosted. This development undermines the current business model of the television entertainment industry. "If the sky isn't exactly falling on the broadcast TV advertising model, it certainly seems to be a lot closer to the ground than it once was," wrote reporter Anthony Crupi for Ad Age. Despite having the reputation for "killing" many things of value to the older generations, millennials and Generation Z are nostalgically preserving Polaroid cameras, vinyl records, needlepoint, and home gardening, to name a few. In fact, Millennials are a key cohort behind the vinyl revival. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the early 2020s, certain items whose futures were in doubt due to a general lack of interest by millennials appear to be reviving with stronger sales than in previous years, such as canned food.
A 2019 poll by Ypulse found that among people aged 27 to 37, the musicians most representative of their generation were Taylor Swift, Beyoncé, the Backstreet Boys, Michael Jackson, Drake, and Eminem. (The last two were tied in fifth place.)
Since the 2000 U.S. Census, millennials have taken advantage of the possibility of selecting more than one racial group in abundance. In 2015, the Pew Research Center conducted research regarding generational identity that said a majority of millennials surveyed did not like the "millennial" label. It was discovered that millennials are less likely to strongly identify with the generational term when compared to Generation X or the baby boomers, with only 40% of those born between 1981 and 1997 identifying as millennials. Among older millennials, those born 1981–1988, Pew Research found that 43% personally identified as members of the older demographic cohort, Generation X, while only 35% identified as millennials. Among younger millennials (born 1989–1997), generational identity was not much stronger, with only 45% personally identifying as millennials. It was also found that millennials chose most often to define themselves with more negative terms such as self-absorbed, wasteful, or greedy.
Fred Bonner, a Samuel DeWitt Proctor Chair in Education at Rutgers University and author of Diverse Millennial Students in College: Implications for Faculty and Student Affairs, believes that much of the commentary on the Millennial Generation may be partially correct, but overly general and that many of the traits they describe apply primarily to "white, affluent teenagers who accomplish great things as they grow up in the suburbs, who confront anxiety when applying to super-selective colleges, and who multitask with ease as their helicopter parents hover reassuringly above them." During class discussions, Bonner listened to black and Hispanic students describe how some or all of the so-called core traits did not apply to them. They often said that the "special" trait, in particular, is unrecognizable. Other socioeconomic groups often do not display the same attributes commonly attributed to millennials. "It's not that many diverse parents don't want to treat their kids as special," he says, "but they often don't have the social and cultural capital, the time and resources, to do that."
The University of Michigan's "Monitoring the Future" study of high school seniors (conducted continually since 1975) and the American Freshman Survey, conducted by UCLA's Higher Education Research Institute of new college students since 1966, showed an increase in the proportion of students who consider wealth a very important attribute, from 45% for Baby Boomers (surveyed between 1967 and 1985) to 70% for Gen Xers, and 75% for millennials. The percentage who said it was important to keep abreast of political affairs fell, from 50% for Baby Boomers to 39% for Gen Xers, and 35% for millennials. The notion of "developing a meaningful philosophy of life" decreased the most across generations, from 73% for Boomers to 45% for millennials. The willingness to be involved in an environmental cleanup program dropped from 33% for Baby Boomers to 21% for millennials.
In general and in other countries
Political scientist Shirley Le Penne argues that for Millennials "pursuing a sense of belonging becomes a means of achieving a sense of being needed... Millennials experience belonging by seeking to impact the world." Educational psychologist Elza Venter believes Millennials are digital natives because they have grown up experiencing digital technology and have known it all their lives. Prensky coined the concept "digital natives" because the members of the generation are "native speakers of the digital language of computers, video games and the internet". This generation's older members use a combination of face-to-face communication and computer mediated communication, while its younger members use mainly electronic and digital technologies for interpersonal communication.
A 2013 survey of almost a thousand Britons aged 18 to 24 found that 62% had a favorable opinion of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and 70% felt proud of their national history. In 2017, research suggested nearly half of 18 to 34 year olds living in the UK had attended a live music event in the previous year.
Having faced the full brunt of the Great Recession, Millennials in Europe tended to be pessimistic about the future direction of their countries, though there were significant differences, the Pew Research Center found in 2014. Millennials from countries with relatively healthy economies such as Germany and the United Kingdom were generally happier than their counterparts from struggling economies, such as Spain, Italy, and Greece. On the other hand, the young were more likely than the old to feel optimistic.
Millennials came of age in a time where the entertainment industry began to be affected by the Internet. Using artificial intelligence, Joan Serrà and his team at the Spanish National Research Council studied the massive Million Song Dataset and found that between 1955 and 2010, popular music has gotten louder, while the chords, melodies, and types of sounds used have become increasingly homogenized. Indeed, producers seem to be engaging in a "Loudness war", with the intention of attracting more and more audience members. Serrà and his colleagues wrote, "...old tune with slightly simpler chord progressions, new instrument sonorities that were in agreement with current tendencies, and recorded with modern techniques that allowed for increased loudness levels could be easily perceived as novel, fashionable, and groundbreaking." While the music industry has long been accused of producing songs that are louder and blander, this is the first time the quality of songs is comprehensively studied and measured. Additional research showed that within the past few decades, popular music has gotten slower; that majorities of listeners young and old preferred older songs rather than keeping up with new ones; that the language of popular songs were becoming more negative psychologically; and that lyrics were becoming simpler and more repetitive, approaching one-word sheets, something measurable by observing how efficiently lossless compression algorithms (such as the LZ algorithm) handled them.
In modern society, there are inevitably people who refuse to conform to the dominant culture and seek to do the exact opposite; given enough time, the anti-conformists will become more homogeneous with respect to their own subculture, making their behavior the opposite to any claims of counterculture. This synchronization occurs even if more than two choices are available, such as multiple styles of beard rather than whether or not to have a beard. Mathematician Jonathan Touboul of Brandeis University who studies how information propagation through society affects human behavior calls this the hipster effect.
Once a highly successful genre on radio and then television, soap operas—characterized by melodramatic plots focused on interpersonal affairs and cheap production value—has been declining in viewership since the 1990s. Experts believe that this is due to their failure to attract younger demographics, the tendency of modern audiences to have shorter attention spans, and the rise of reality television in the 1990s. Nevertheless, Internet streaming services do offer materials in the serial format, a legacy of soap operas. However, the availability of such on-demand platforms saw to it that soap operas would never again be the cultural phenomenon they were in the twentieth century, especially among the younger generations, not least because cliffhangers could no longer capture the imagination of the viewers the way they did in the past, when television shows were available as scheduled, not on demand.
Demographics
Asia
Chinese millennials are commonly called the post-80s and post-90s generations. At a 2015 conference in Shanghai organized by University of Southern California's US–China Institute, millennials in China were examined and contrasted with American millennials. Findings included millennials' marriage, childbearing, and child raising preferences, life and career ambitions, and attitudes towards volunteerism and activism. Due to the one-child policy introduced in the late 1970s, one-child households have become the norm in China, leading to rapid population aging, especially in the cities where the costs of living are much higher than in the countryside.
As a result of cultural ideals, government policy, and modern medicine, there has been severe gender imbalances in China and India. According to the United Nations, in 2018, there were 112 Chinese males aged 15 to 29 for every hundred females in that age group. That number in India was 111. China had a total of 34 million excess males and India 37 million, more than the entire population of Malaysia. Such a discrepancy fuels loneliness epidemics, human trafficking (from elsewhere in Asia, such as Cambodia and Vietnam), and prostitution, among other societal problems.
Singapore's birth rate has fallen below the replacement level of 2.1 since the 1980s before stabilizing by during the 2000s and 2010s. (It reached 1.14 in 2018, making it the lowest since 2010 and one of the lowest in the world.) Government incentives such as the baby bonus have proven insufficient to raise the birth rate. Singapore's experience mirrors those of Japan and South Korea.
Vietnam's median age in 2018 was 26 and rising. Between the 1970s and the late 2010s, life expectancy climbed from 60 to 76. It is now the second highest in Southeast Asia. Vietnam's fertility rate dropped from 5 in 1980 to 3.55 in 1990 and then to 1.95 in 2017. In that same year, 23% of the Vietnamese population was 15 years of age or younger, down from almost 40% in 1989. Other rapidly growing Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines, saw similar demographic trends.
Europe
From about 1750 to 1950, most of Western Europe transitioned from having both high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. By the late 1960s and 1970s, the average woman had fewer than two children, and, although demographers at first expected a "correction", such a rebound came only for a few countries. Despite a bump in the total fertility rates (TFR) of some European countries in the very late twentieth century (the 1980s and 1990s), especially France and Scandinavia, it returned to replacement level only in Sweden (reaching a TFR of 2.14 in 1990, up from 1.68 in 1980), along with Ireland and Iceland; the bump in Sweden was largely due to improving economic output and the generous, far-reaching family benefits granted by the Nordic welfare system, while in France it was mostly driven by older women realizing their dreams of motherhood. For Sweden, the increase in the fertility rate came with a rise in the birth rate (going from 11.7 in 1980 to 14.5 in 1990), which slowed down and then stopped for a brief period to the aging of the Swedish population caused by the decline in birth rates in the late 1970s and early 1980s. To this day, France and Sweden still have higher fertility rates than most of Europe, and both almost reached replacement level in 2010 (2.03 and 1.98 respectively).
At first, falling fertility is due to urbanization and decreased infant mortality rates, which diminished the benefits and increased the costs of raising children. In other words, it became more economically sensible to invest more in fewer children, as economist Gary Becker argued. (This is the first demographic transition.) Falling fertility then came from attitudinal shifts. By the 1960s, people began moving from traditional and communal values towards more expressive and individualistic outlooks due to access to and aspiration of higher education, and to the spread of lifestyle values once practiced only by a tiny minority of cultural elites. (This is the second demographic transition.) Although the momentous cultural changes of the 1960s leveled off by the 1990s, the social and cultural environment of the very late twentieth-century was quite different from that of the 1950s. Such changes in values have had a major effect on fertility. Member states of the European Economic Community saw a steady increase in not just divorce and out-of-wedlock births between 1960 and 1985 but also falling fertility rates. In 1981, a survey of countries across the industrialized world found that while more than half of people aged 65 and over thought that women needed children to be fulfilled, only 35% of those between the ages of 15 and 24 (younger Baby Boomers and older Generation X) agreed. In the early 1980s, East Germany, West Germany, Denmark, and the Channel Islands had some of the world's lowest fertility rates.
At the start of the twenty-first century, Europe suffers from an aging population. This problem is especially acute in Eastern Europe, whereas in Western Europe, it is alleviated by international immigration. In addition, an increasing number of children born in Europe has been born to non-European parents. Because children of immigrants in Europe tend to be about as religious as they are, this could slow the decline of religion (or the growth of secularism) in the continent as the twenty-first century progresses. In the United Kingdom, the number of foreign-born residents stood at 6% of the population in 1991. Immigration subsequently surged and has not fallen since (as of 2018). Research by the demographers and political scientists Eric Kaufmann, Roger Eatwell, and Matthew Goodwin suggest that such a fast ethno-demographic change is one of the key reasons behind public backlash in the form of national populism across the rich liberal democracies, an example of which is the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum (Brexit).
Italy is a country where the problem of an aging population is especially acute. The fertility rate dropped from about four in the 1960s down to 1.2 in the 2010s. This is not because young Italians do not want to procreate. Quite the contrary, having many children is an Italian ideal. But its economy has been floundering since the Great Recession of 2007–08, with the youth unemployment rate at a staggering 35% in 2019. Many Italians have moved abroad—150,000 did in 2018—and many are young people pursuing educational and economic opportunities. With the plunge in the number of births each year, the Italian population is expected to decline in the next five years. Moreover, the Baby Boomers are retiring in large numbers, and their numbers eclipse those of the young people taking care of them. Only Japan has an age structure more tilted towards the elderly.
Greece also suffers from a serious demographic problem as many young people are leaving the country in search of better opportunities elsewhere in the wake of the Great Recession. This brain drain and a rapidly aging population could spell disaster for the country.
Overall, E.U. demographic data shows that the number of people aged 18 to 33 in 2014 was 24% of the population, with a high of 28% for Poland and a low of 19% for Italy.
As a result of the shocks due to the decline and dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia's birth rates began falling in the late 1980s while death rates have risen, especially among men. In the early 2000s, Russia had not only a falling birth rate but also a declining population despite having an improving economy. Between 1992 and 2002, Russia's population dropped from 149 million to 144 million. According to the "medium case scenario" of the U.N.'s Population Division, Russia could lose another 20 million people by the 2020s.
Europe's demographic reality contributes to its economic troubles. Because the European baby boomers failed to replace themselves, by the 2020s and 2030s, dozens of European nations will find their situation even tougher than before.
Oceania
Australia's total fertility rate has fallen from above three in the post-war era, to about replacement level (2.1) in the 1970s to below that in the late 2010s. However, immigration has been offsetting the effects of a declining birthrate. In the 2010s, among the residents of Australia, 5% were born in the United Kingdom, 3% from China, 2% from India, and 1% from the Philippines. 84% of new arrivals in the fiscal year of 2016 were below 40 years of age, compared to 54% of those already in the country. Like other immigrant-friendly countries, such as Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Australia's working-age population is expected to grow till about 2025. However, the ratio of people of working age to retirees (the dependency ratio) has gone from eight in the 1970s to about four in the 2010s. It could drop to two by the 2060s, depending in immigration levels. "The older the population is, the more people are on welfare benefits, we need more health care, and there's a smaller base to pay the taxes," Ian Harper of the Melbourne Business School told ABC News (Australia). While the government has scaled back plans to increase the retirement age, to cut pensions, and to raise taxes due to public opposition, demographic pressures continue to mount as the buffering effects of immigration are fading away.
North America
Historically, the early Anglo-Protestant settlers in the seventeenth century were the most successful group, culturally, economically, and politically, and they maintained their dominance till the early twentieth century. Commitment to the ideals of the Enlightenment meant that they sought to assimilate newcomers from outside of the British Isles, but few were interested in adopting a pan-European identity for the nation, much less turning it into a global melting pot. But in the early 1900s, liberal progressives and modernists began promoting more inclusive ideals for what the national identity of the United States should be. While the more traditionalist segments of society continued to maintain their Anglo-Protestant ethnocultural traditions, universalism and cosmopolitanism started gaining favor among the elites. These ideals became institutionalized after the Second World War, and ethnic minorities started moving towards institutional parity with the once dominant Anglo-Protestants. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (also known as the Hart-Cellar Act), passed at the urging of President Lyndon B. Johnson, abolished national quotas for immigrants and replaced it with a system that admits a fixed number of persons per year based in qualities such as skills and the need for refuge. Immigration subsequently surged from elsewhere in North America (especially Canada and Mexico), Asia, Central America, and the West Indies. By the mid-1980s, most immigrants originated from Asia and Latin America. Some were refugees from Vietnam, Cuba, Haiti, and other parts of the Americas while others came illegally by crossing the long and largely undefended U.S.-Mexican border. At the same time, the postwar baby boom and subsequently falling fertility rate seemed to jeopardize America's social security system as the Baby Boomers retire in the twenty-first century. Provisional data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reveal that U.S. fertility rates have fallen below the replacement level of 2.1 since 1971. (In 2017, it fell to 1.765.)
Millennial population size varies, depending on the definition used. Using its own definition, the Pew Research Center estimated that millennials comprised 27% of the U.S. population in 2014. In the same year, using dates ranging from 1982 to 2004, Neil Howe revised the number to over 95 million people in the U.S. In a 2012 Time magazine article, it was estimated that there were approximately 80 million U.S. millennials. The United States Census Bureau, using birth dates ranging from 1982 to 2000, stated the estimated number of U.S. millennials in 2015 was 83.1 million people.
In 2017, fewer than 56% millennial were non-Hispanic whites, compared with more than 84% of Americans in their 70s and 80s, 57% had never been married, and 67% lived in a metropolitan area. According to the Brookings Institution, millennials are the "demographic bridge between the largely white older generations (pre-millennials) and much more racially diverse younger generations (post-millennials)."
By analyzing data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Pew Research Center estimated that millennials, whom they define as people born between 1981 and 1996, outnumbered baby boomers, born from 1946 to 1964, for the first time in 2019. That year, there were 72.1 million millennials compared to 71.6 million baby boomers, who had previously been the largest living adult generation in the country. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics shows that about 62 million millennials were born in the United States, compared to 55 million members of Generation X, 76 million baby boomers, and 47 million from the Silent Generation. Between 1981 and 1996, an average of 3.9 million millennial babies were born each year, compared to 3.4 million average Generation X births per year between 1965 and 1980. But millennials continue to grow in numbers as a result of immigration and naturalization. In fact, millennials form the largest group of immigrants to the United States in the 2010s. Pew projected that the millennial generation would reach around 74.9 million in 2033, after which mortality would outweigh immigration. Yet 2020 would be the first time millennials (who are between the ages of 24 and 39) find their share of the electorate shrink as the leading wave of Generation Z (aged 18 to 23) became eligible to vote. In other words, their electoral power peaked in 2016. In absolute terms, however, the number of foreign-born millennials continues to increase as they become naturalized citizens. In fact, 10% of American voters were born outside the country by the 2020 election, up from 6% in 2000. The fact that people from different racial or age groups vote differently means that this demographic change will influence the future of the American political landscape. While younger voters hold significantly different views from their elders, they are considerably less likely to vote. Non-whites tend to favor candidates from the Democratic Party while whites by and large prefer the Republican Party.
As of the mid-2010s, the United States is one of the few developed countries that does not have a top-heavy population pyramid. In fact, as of 2016, the median age of the U.S. population was younger than that of all other rich nations except Australia, New Zealand, Cyprus, Ireland, and Iceland, whose combined population is only a fraction of the United States. This is because American baby boomers had a higher fertility rate compared to their counterparts from much of the developed world. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and South Korea are all aging rapidly by comparison because their millennials are smaller in number than their parents. This demographic reality puts the United States at an advantage compared to many other major economies as the millennials reach middle age: the nation will still have a significant number of consumers, investors, and taxpayers.
According to the Pew Research Center, "Among men, only 4% of millennials [ages 21 to 36 in 2017] are veterans, compared with 47%" of men in their 70s and 80s, "many of whom came of age during the Korean War and its aftermath." Some of these former military service members are combat veterans, having fought in Afghanistan and/or Iraq. As of 2016, millennials are the majority of the total veteran population. According to the Pentagon in 2016, 19% of Millennials are interested in serving in the military, and 15% have a parent with a history of military service.
Economic prospects and trends
Trends suggest developments in artificial intelligence and robotics will not result in mass unemployment, but can actually create high-skilled jobs. However, in order to take advantage of this situation, people need to hone skills that machines have not yet mastered, such as teamwork.
By analyzing data from the United Nations and the Global Talent Competitive Index, KDM Engineering found that , the top five countries for international high-skilled workers are Switzerland, Singapore, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Sweden. Factors taken into account included the ability to attract high-skilled foreign workers, business-friendliness, regulatory environment, the quality of education, and the standard of living. Switzerland is best at retaining talents due to its excellent quality of life. Singapore is home to a world-class environment for entrepreneurs. And the United States offers the most opportunity for growth due to the sheer size of its economy and the quality of higher education and training. As of 2019, these are also some of the world's most competitive economies, according to the World Economic Forum (WEF). In order to determine a country or territory's economic competitiveness, the WEF considers factors such as the trustworthiness of public institutions, the quality of infrastructure, macro-economic stability, the quality of healthcare, business dynamism, labor market efficiency, and innovation capacity.
From 2000-2020, before the COVID pandemic, economic activities tended to concentrate in the large metropolitan areas, such as San Francisco, New York, London, Tokyo and Sydney. Productivity increased enormously as knowledge workers agglomerated. The pandemic led to an increase in remote work, more so in developed countries, aided by technology.
Using a variety of measures, economists have reached the conclusion that the rate of innovation and entrepreneurship has been declining across the Western world between the early 1990s and early 2010s, when it leveled off. In the case of the U.S., one of the most complex economies in existence, economist Nicholas Kozeniauskas explained that "the decline in entrepreneurship is concentrated among the smart" as the share of entrepreneurs with university degrees in that country more than halved between the mid-1980s and the mid-2010s. There are many possible reasons for this: population aging, market concentration, and zombie firms (those with low productivity but are kept alive by subsidies). While employment has become more stable and more suitable, modern economies are so complex they are essentially ossified, making them vulnerable to disruptions.
Education
Global trends
From the late 1990s to the late 2010s, education transformed the economic realities of countries worldwide. As the people from developing nations became better educated, they close the gap between them and the developed world. Hence Westerners lost their relative advantage in education, as the world saw more people with high-school diplomas than ever before. The number of people with Bachelor's degree and advanced degrees grew significantly as well. Westerners who only passed secondary school had their income cut in real terms during that same period while those with university degrees had incomes that barely increased on average. The fact that many jobs are suitable for remote work due to modern technology further eroded the relative advantage of education in the Western world, resulting in a backlash against immigration and globalization.
As more and more women became educated in the developing world, more leave the rural areas for the cities, enter the work force and compete with men, sparking resentment among men in those countries.
For information on public support for higher education (for domestic students) in the OECD in 2011, see chart below.
In Europe
In Sweden, universities are tuition-free, as is the case in Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Finland. However, Swedish students typically graduate very indebted due to the high cost of living in their country, especially in the large cities such as Stockholm. The ratio of debt to expected income after graduation for Swedes was about 80% in 2013. In the U.S., despite incessant talk of student debt reaching epic proportions, that number stood at 60%. Moreover, about seven out of eight Swedes graduate with debt, compared to one half in the U.S. In the 2008–09 academic year, virtually all Swedish students take advantage of state-sponsored financial aid packages from a govern agency known as the Centrala Studiestödsnämnden (CSN), which include low-interest loans with long repayment schedules (25 years or until the student turns 60). In Sweden, student aid is based on their own earnings whereas in some other countries, such as Germany or the United States, such aid is premised on parental income as parents are expected to help foot the bill for their children's education. In the 2008–09 academic year, Australia, Austria, Japan, the Netherlands, and New Zealand saw an increase in both the average tuition fees of their public universities for full-time domestic students and the percentage of students taking advantage of state-sponsored student aid compared to 1995. In the United States, there was an increase in the former but not the latter.
In 2005, judges in Karlsruhe, Germany, struck down a ban on university fees as unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated the constitutional right of German states to regulate their own higher education systems. This ban was introduced in order to ensure equality of access to higher education regardless of socioeconomic class. Bavarian Science Minister Thomas Goppel told the Associated Press, "Fees will help to preserve the quality of universities." Supporters of fees argued that they would help ease the financial burden on universities and would incentivize students to study more efficiently, despite not covering the full cost of higher education, an average of €8,500 as of 2005. Opponents believed fees would make it more difficult for people to study and graduate on time. Germany also suffered from a brain drain, as many bright researchers moved abroad while relatively few international students were interested in coming to Germany. This has led to the decline of German research institutions.
In the 1990s, due to a combination of financial hardship and the fact that universities elsewhere charged tuition, British universities pressed the government to allow them to take in fees. A nominal tuition fee of £1,000 was introduced in autumn 1998. Because not all parents would be able to pay all the fees in one go, monthly payment options, loans, and grants were made available. Some were concerned that making people pay for higher education may deter applicants. This turned out not to be the case. The number of applications fell by only 3% in 1998, and mainly due to mature students rather than 18-year-olds.
In 2012, £9,000 worth of student fees were introduced. Despite this, the number of people interested in pursuing higher education grew at a faster rate than the UK population. In 2017, almost half of young people in England had received higher education by the age of 30. Prime Minister Tony Blair introduced the goal of having half of young Britons having a university degree in 1999, though the 2010 deadline was missed. What the Prime Minister did not realize, however, is that an oversupply of young people with high levels of education historically precipitated periods of political instability and unrest in various societies, from early modern Western Europe and late Tokugawa Japan to the Soviet Union, modern Iran, and the United States. In any case, demand for higher education in the United Kingdom has remained strong throughout the early 21st century, driven by the need for high-skilled workers from both the public and private sectors. There has been, however, a widening gender gap. As of 2017, women were more likely to attend or to have attended university than men, by 55% against 43%, a difference of 12 percentage points.
Oceania
In Australia, university tuition fees were introduced in 1989. Regardless, the number of applicants has risen considerably. By the 1990s, students and their families were expected to pay 37% of the cost, up from a quarter in the late 1980s. The most expensive subjects were law, medicine, and dentistry, followed by the natural sciences, and then by the arts and social studies. Under the new funding scheme, the Government of Australia also capped the number of people eligible for higher education, enabling schools to recruits more well-financed (though not necessarily bright) students.
North America
According to the Pew Research Center, 53% of American millennials attended or were enrolled in university in 2002. For comparison, the number of young people attending university was 44% in 1986. By the 2020s, 39% of millennials had at least a bachelor's degree, more than the Baby Boomers at 25%, the Economist reports.
In the United States today, high school students are generally encouraged to attend college or university after graduation while the options of technical school and vocational training are often neglected. Historically, high schools separated students on career tracks, with programs aimed at students bound for higher education and those bound for the workforce. Students with learning disabilities or behavioral issues were often directed towards vocational or technical schools. All this changed in the late 1980s and early 1990s thanks to a major effort in the large cities to provide more abstract academic education to everybody. The mission of high schools became preparing students for college, referred to as "high school to Harvard." However, this program faltered in the 2010s, as institutions of higher education came under heightened skepticism due to high costs and disappointing results. People became increasingly concerned about debts and deficits. No longer were promises of educating "citizens of the world" or estimates of economic impact coming from abstruse calculations sufficient. Colleges and universities found it necessary to prove their worth by clarifying how much money from which industry and company funded research, and how much it would cost to attend.
Because jobs (that suited what one studied) were so difficult to find in the few years following the Great Recession, the value of getting a liberal arts degree and studying the humanities at an American university came into question, their ability to develop a well-rounded and broad-minded individual notwithstanding. As of 2019, the total college debt has exceeded US$1.5 trillion, and two out of three college graduates are saddled with debt. The average borrower owes US$37,000, up US$10,000 from ten years before. A 2019 survey by TD Ameritrade found that over 18% of millennials (and 30% of Generation Z) said they have considered taking a gap year between high school and college.
In 2019, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis published research (using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances) demonstrating that after controlling for race and age cohort families with heads of household with post-secondary education who were born before 1980 there have been wealth and income premiums, while for families with heads of household with post-secondary education but born after 1980 the wealth premium has weakened to point of statistical insignificance (in part because of the rising cost of college) and the income premium while remaining positive has declined to historic lows (with more pronounced downward trajectories with heads of household with postgraduate degrees). Quantitative historian Peter Turchin noted that the United States was overproducing university graduates—he termed this elite overproduction—in the 2000s and predicted, using historical trends, that this would be one of the causes of political instability in the 2020s, alongside income inequality, stagnating or declining real wages, growing public debt. According to Turchin, intensifying competition among graduates, whose numbers were larger than what the economy could absorb, leads to political polarization, social fragmentation, and even violence as many become disgruntled with their dim prospects despite having attained a high level of education. He warned that the turbulent 1960s and 1970s could return, as having a massive young population with university degrees was one of the key reasons for the instability of the past.
According to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, students were turning away from liberal arts programs. Between 2012 and 2015, the number of graduates in the humanities dropped from 234,737 to 212,512. Consequently, many schools have relinquished these subjects, dismissed faculty members, or closed completely. Data from the National Center for Education Statistics revealed that between 2008 and 2017, the number of people majoring in English plummeted by just over a quarter. At the same time, those in philosophy and religion fell 22% and those who studied foreign languages dropped 16%. Meanwhile, the number of university students majoring in homeland security, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), and healthcare skyrocketed. (See figure below.)
According to the U.S. Department of Education, people with technical or vocational trainings are slightly more likely to be employed than those with a bachelor's degree and significantly more likely to be employed in their fields of specialty. The United States currently suffers from a shortage of skilled tradespeople.
Despite the fact that educators and political leaders, such as President Barack Obama, have been trying to years to improve the quality of STEM education in the United States, and that various polls have demonstrated that more students are interested in these subjects, graduating with a STEM degree is a different kettle of fish altogether. According to The Atlantic, 48% of students majoring in STEM dropped out of their programs between 2003 and 2009. Data collected by the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA) in 2011 showed that although these students typically came in with excellent high school GPAs and SAT scores, among science and engineering students, including pre-medical students, 60% changed their majors or failed to graduate, twice the attrition rate of all other majors combined. Despite their initial interest in secondary school, many university students find themselves overwhelmed by the reality of a rigorous STEM education. Some are mathematically unskilled, while others are simply lazy. The National Science Board raised the alarm all the way back in the mid-1980s that students often forget why they wanted to be scientists and engineers in the first place. Many bright students had an easy time in high school and failed to develop good study habits. In contrast, Chinese, Indian, and Singaporean students are exposed to mathematics and science at a high level from a young age. Moreover, according education experts, many mathematics schoolteachers were not as well-versed in their subjects as they should be, and might well be uncomfortable with mathematics. Given two students who are equally prepared, the one who goes to a more prestigious university is less likely to graduate with a STEM degree than the one who attends a less difficult school. Competition can defeat even the top students. Meanwhile, grade inflation is a real phenomenon in the humanities, giving students an attractive alternative if their STEM ambitions prove too difficult to achieve. Whereas STEM classes build on top of each other—one has to master the subject matter before moving to the next course—and have black and white answers, this is not the case in the humanities, where things are a lot less clear-cut.
In 2015, educational psychologist Jonathan Wai analyzed average test scores from the Army General Classification Test in 1946 (10,000 students), the Selective Service College Qualification Test in 1952 (38,420), Project Talent in the early 1970s (400,000), the Graduate Record Examination between 2002 and 2005 (over 1.2 million), and the SAT Math and Verbal in 2014 (1.6 million). Wai identified one consistent pattern: those with the highest test scores tended to pick the physical sciences and engineering as their majors while those with the lowest were more likely to choose education. (See figure below.)
During the 2010s, the mental health of American graduate students in general was in a state of crisis.
Historical knowledge
A February 2018 survey of 1,350 individuals found that 66% of the American millennials (and 41% of all U.S. adults) surveyed did not know what Auschwitz was, while 41% incorrectly claimed that 2 million Jews or fewer were killed during the Holocaust, and 22% said that they had never heard of the Holocaust. Over 95% of American millennials were unaware that a portion of the Holocaust occurred in the Baltic states, which lost over 90% of their pre-war Jewish population, and 49% were not able to name a single Nazi concentration camp or ghetto in German-occupied Europe. However, at least 93% surveyed believed that teaching about the Holocaust in school is important and 96% believed the Holocaust happened.
The YouGov survey found that 42% of American millennials have never heard of Mao Zedong, who ruled China from 1949 to 1976 and was responsible for the deaths of 20–45 million people; another 40% are unfamiliar with Che Guevara.
Health and welfare
According to a 2018 report from Cancer Research UK, millennials in the United Kingdom are on track to have the highest rates of overweight and obesity, with current data trends indicating millennials will overtake the Baby boomer generation in this regard, making millennials the heaviest generation since current records began. Cancer Research UK reports that more than 70% of millennials will be overweight or obese by ages 35–45, in comparison to 50% of Baby boomers who were overweight or obese at the same ages.
Even though the majority of strokes affect people aged 65 or older and the probability of having a stroke doubles only every decade after the age of 55, anyone can suffer from a stroke at any age. A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, causing neurons to die within minutes, leading to irreparable brain damage, disability, or even death. Statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), strokes are the fifth leading cause of death and a major factor behind disability in the United States. According to the National Strokes Association, the risk of having a stroke is increasing among young adults (those in their 20s and 30s) and even adolescents. During the 2010s, there was a 44% increase in the number of young people hospitalized for strokes. Health experts believe this development is due to a variety of reasons related to lifestyle choices, including obesity, smoking, alcoholism, and physical inactivity. Obesity is also linked to hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol levels. CDC data reveals that during the mid-2000s, about 28% of young Americans were obese; this number rose to 36% a decade later. Up to 80% of strokes can be prevented by making healthy lifestyle choices while the rest are due to factors beyond a person's control, namely age and genetic defects (such as congenital heart disease). In addition, between 30% and 40% of young patients suffered from cryptogenic strokes, or those with unknown causes.
According to a 2019 report from the American College of Cardiology, the prevalence of heart attacks among Americans under the age of 40 increased by an average rate of two percent per year in the previous decade. About one in five patients suffered from a heart attack came from this age group. This is despite the fact that Americans in general were less likely to suffer from heart attacks than before, due in part to a decline in smoking. The consequences of having a heart attack were much worse for young patients who also had diabetes. Besides the common risk factors of heart attacks, namely diabetes, high blood pressure, and family history, young patients also reported marijuana and cocaine intake, but less alcohol consumption.
Drug addiction and overdoses adversely affect millennials more than prior generations with overdose deaths among millennials increasing by 108% from 2006 to 2015. In the United States, millennials and older zoomers represented a majority of all opioid overdose deaths in 2021. The leading cause of death for people aged 25–44 in 2021 were drug overdoses (classified as poisonings by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) with overdose deaths being triple that of the second and third leading causes of death; suicide and traffic accidents, respectively. This represents a major shift as traffic accidents typically constituted a majority of accidental deaths for prior generations.
Millennials struggle with dental and oral health. More than 30% of young adults have untreated tooth decay (the highest of any age group), 35% have trouble biting and chewing, and some 38% of this age group find life in general "less satisfying" due to teeth and mouth problems.
Sports and fitness
Fewer American millennials follow sports than their Generation X predecessors, with a McKinsey survey finding that 38 percent of millennials in contrast to 45 percent of Generation X are committed sports fans. However, the trend is not uniform across all sports; the gap disappears for National Basketball Association, Ultimate Fighting Championship, English Premier League and college sports. For example, a survey in 2013 found that engagement with mixed martial arts had increased in the 21st century and was more popular than boxing and wrestling for Americans aged 18 to 34 years old, in contrast to those aged 35 and over who preferred boxing. In the United States, while the popularity of American football and the National Football League has declined among millennials, the popularity of Association football and Major League Soccer has increased more among millennials than for any other generation, and as of 2018 was the second most popular sport among those aged 18 to 34.
Regarding the sports participation by millennials, activities that are popular or emerging among millennials including boxing, cycling, running, and swimming, while other sports including golf are facing decline among millennials. The Physical Activity Council's 2018 Participation Report found that in the U.S., millennials were more likely than other generations to participate in water sports such as stand up paddling, board-sailing and surfing. According to the survey of 30,999 Americans, which was conducted in 2017, approximately half of U.S. millennials participated in high caloric activities while approximately one quarter were sedentary. The 2018 report from the Physical Activity Council found millennials were more active than Baby Boomers in 2017. Thirty-five percent of both millennials and Generation X were reported to be "active to a healthy level", with millennial's activity level reported as higher overall than that of Generation X in 2017.
Political views and participation
Millennials are reshaping political discourse, showing evolving attitudes towards governance, social issues, and economic policies. Their increasing political participation and distinct generational identity signify a transformative phase in contemporary politics, with potential long-term implications for national and global political trends.
American millennials exhibit a complex spectrum of political views, paralleling broader generational shifts in attitudes towards social, economic, and political issues. Surveys indicate a significant portion of millennials' political views align with their parents, though a notable fraction express more liberal tendencies. Key issues for US millennials include support for same-sex marriage, varying attitudes towards the LGBT community, and a more moderate stance on political ideologies compared to older generations. Millennials in the United States demonstrate increasing skepticism towards capitalism, with a preference for socialism seen in younger segments of the demographic. Canadian millennials played a crucial role in the election of Justin Trudeau, driven by social and economic liberal values. Despite historically low political participation, the 2015 federal election saw a surge in youth voter turnout, influenced by Trudeau's progressive campaign promises.
British millennials, characterized by a relative political disengagement in their early years, have shown liberal tendencies on social and economic matters, favoring individual liberty and limited government intervention. Significant political moments like the Brexit referendum mobilized young voters, displaying a strong preference for remaining in the European Union, highlighting generational divides in political priorities and attitudes.
Across Europe, millennials are part of a larger shift towards post-materialist values, emphasizing environmentalism, social liberalism, and global citizenship. This generational shift is contributing to changing political landscapes, challenging traditional party alignments and contributing to the rise of new political movements.French millennials, while exempt from mandatory military service, still engage in a Defense and Citizenship Day, reflecting continued engagement with national civic duties. A significant majority support the reintroduction of some form of national service, reflecting broader desires for national cohesion and integration.
Preferred modes of transport
Millennials in the U.S. were initially not keen on getting a driver's license or owning a vehicle thanks to new licensing laws and the state of the economy when they came of age, but the oldest among them have already begun buying cars in great numbers. In 2016, millennials purchased more cars and trucks than any living generation except the Baby Boomers; in fact, millennials overtook Baby Boomers in car ownership in California that year. A working paper by economists Christopher Knittel and Elizabeth Murphy then at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the National Bureau of Economic Research analyzed data from the U.S. Department of Transportation's National Household Transportation Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau, and American Community Survey in order to compare the driving habits of the Baby Boomers, Generation X, and the oldest millennials (born between 1980 and 1984). That found that on the surface, the popular story is true: American millennials on average own 0.4 fewer cars than their elders. But when various factors—including income, marital status, number of children, and geographical location—were taken into account, such a distinction ceased to be. In addition, once those factors are accounted for, millennials actually drive longer distances than the Baby Boomers. Economic forces, namely low gasoline prices, higher income, and suburban growth, result in millennials having an attitude towards cars that is no different from that of their predecessors. An analysis of the National Household Travel Survey by the State Smart Transportation Initiative revealed that higher-income millennials drive less than their peers probably because they are able to afford the higher costs of living in large cities, where they can take advantage of alternative modes of transportation, including public transit and ride-hailing services.
According to the Pew Research Center, young people are more likely to ride public transit. In 2016, 21% of adults aged 18 to 21 took public transit on a daily, almost daily, or weekly basis. By contrast, this number of all U.S. adults was 11%. Nationwide, about three quarters of American commuters drive their own cars. Also according to Pew, 51% of U.S. adults aged 18 to 29 used Lyft or Uber in 2018 compared to 28% in 2015. That number for all U.S. adults were 15% in 2015 and 36% in 2018. In general, users tend to be urban residents, young (18–29), university graduates, and high income earners ($75,000 a year or more).
Religious beliefs
Millennials often describe themselves as "spiritual but not religious" and will sometimes turn to astrology, meditation or mindfulness techniques possibly to seek meaning or a sense of control. According to 2015 analysis of the European Values Study in the Handbook of Children and Youth Studies "the majority of young respondents in Europe claimed that they belonged to a Christian denomination", and "in most countries, the majority of young people believe in God". However, according to the same analysis a "dramatic decline" in religious affiliation among young respondents happened in Great Britain, Sweden, France, Italy and Denmark. By contrast an increase in religious affiliation happened among young respondents in Russia, Ukraine, and Romania.
According to a 2013 YouGov poll of almost a thousand Britons between the ages of 18 and 24, 56% said they had never attended a place of worship, other than for a wedding or a funeral. 25% said they believed in God, 19% in a "spiritual greater power" while 38% said they did not believe in God nor any other "greater spiritual power". The poll also found that 14% thought religion was a "cause of good" in the world while 41% thought religion was "the cause of evil". 34% answered "neither". The British Social Attitudes Survey found that 71% of British 18–24 year-olds were not religious, with just 3% affiliated to the once-dominant Church of England, and 5% say they are Catholics, and 14% say they belong to other Christian denomination.
In the U.S., millennials are the least likely to be religious when compared to older generations. There is a trend towards irreligion that has been increasing since the 1940s. According to a 2012 study by Pew Research, 32 percent of Americans aged 18–29 are irreligious, as opposed to 21 percent aged 30–49, 15 percent aged 50–64, and only 9 percent born aged 65 and above. A 2005 study looked at 1,385 people aged 18 to 25 and found that more than half of those in the study said that they pray regularly before a meal. One-third said that they discussed religion with friends, attended religious services, and read religious material weekly. Twenty-three percent of those studied did not identify themselves as religious practitioners. A 2010 Pew Research Center study on millennials shows that of those between 18 and 29 years old, only 3% of these emerging adults self-identified as "atheists" and only 4% self-identified as "agnostics". While 68% of those between 18 and 29 years old self-identified as "Christians" (43% self-identified as Protestants and 22% self-identified as Catholics). Overall, 25% of millennials are "Nones" and 75% are religiously affiliated. In 2011, social psychologists Jason Weeden, Adam Cohen, and Douglas Kenrick analyzed survey data sets from the American general public and university undergraduates and discovered that sociosexual tendencies—that is, mating strategies—play a more important role in determining the level of religiousness than any other social variables. In fact, when controlled for family structure and sexual attitudes, variables such as age, sex, and moral beliefs on sexuality substantially drop in significance in determining religiosity. In the context of the United States, religiousness facilitates seeking and maintaining high-fertility, marriage-oriented, heterosexual monogamous relationships. As such, the central goals of religious attendance are reproduction and child-rearing. However, this Reproductive Religiosity Model does not necessarily apply to other countries. In Singapore, for example, they found no relationships between the religiousness of Buddhists and their attitudes towards sexuality.
A 2016 U.S. study found that church attendance during young adulthood was 41% among Generation Z, 18% for the millennials, 21% for Generation X, and 26% for the Baby Boomers when they were at the same age. A 2016 survey by Barna and Impact 360 Institute on about 1,500 Americans aged 13 and up suggests that the proportion of atheists and agnostics was 21% among Generation Z, 15% for millennials, 13% for Generation X, and 9% for Baby Boomers. 59% of Generation Z were Christians (including Catholics), as were 65% for the millennials, 65% for Generation X, and 75% for the Baby Boomers. 41% of teens believed that science and the Bible are fundamentally at odds with one another, with 27% taking the side of science and 17% picking religion. For comparison, 45% of millennials, 34% of Generation X, and 29% of the Baby Boomers believed such a conflict exists. 31% of Generation Z believed that science and religion refer to different aspects of reality, on par with millennials and Generation X (both 30%), and above the Baby Boomers (25%). 28% of Generation Z thought that science and religion are complementary, compared to 25% of millennials, 36% of Generation X, and 45% for Baby Boomers.
Social tendencies
Social circles
In March 2014, the Pew Research Center issued a report about how "millennials in adulthood" are "detached from institutions and networked with friends". The report said millennials are somewhat more upbeat than older adults about America's future, with 49% of millennials saying the country's best years are ahead, though they're the first in the modern era to have higher levels of student loan debt and unemployment.
Courtship behavior
In many countries, people have since the mid-twentieth century been increasingly looking for mates of the same socioeconomic status and educational attainment. The phenomenon of preferring mates with characteristics similar to one's own is known as assortative mating. Part of the reason growing economic and educational assortative mating was economic in nature. Innovations which became commercially available in the late twentieth century such as the washing machine and frozen food reduced the amount of time people needed to spend on housework, which diminished the importance of domestic skills. Moreover, by the early 2000s, it was less feasible for a couple with one spouse having no more than a high-school diploma to earn about the national average; on the other hand, couples both of whom had at least a bachelor's degree could expect to make a significant amount above the national average. People thus had a clear economic incentive to seek out a mate with at least as high a level of education in order to maximize their potential income. Another incentive for this kind of assortative mating lies in the future of the offspring. People have since the mid-twentieth century increasingly wanted intelligent and well-educated children, and marrying bright people who make a lot of money goes a long way in achieving that goal. Couples in the early twenty-first century tend to hold egalitarian rather than traditional views on gender roles. Modern marriage is more about companionship rather than bread-winning for the man and homemaking for the woman. American and Chinese youths are increasingly choosing whether or not to marry according to their personal preferences rather than family, societal, or religious expectations.
As of 2016, 54% of Russian millennials were married.
According to the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics, the number of people getting married for the first time went from 23.8 million in 2013 to 13.9 million in 2019, a 41% drop. Meanwhile, the marriage rate continued its decline, 6.6 per 1,000 people, a 33% drop compared to 2013. These trends are due to multiple reasons. The one-child policy, introduced in 1979, has curbed the number of young people in China. On top of that, the traditional preference for sons has resulted in a marked gender imbalance; as of 2021, China has over 30 million "surplus" men.
In the 1990s, the Chinese government reformed higher education in order to increase access, whereupon significantly more young people, a slight majority of whom being women, have received a university degree. Consequently, many young women are now gainfully employed and financially secure. Traditional views on gender roles dictate that women be responsible for housework and childcare, regardless of their employment status. Workplace discrimination against women (with families) is commonplace; for example, an employer might be more skeptical towards a married woman with one child, fearing she might have another (as the one-child policy was rescinded in 2016) and take more maternity leave. Altogether, there is less incentive for young women to marry.
For young Chinese couples in general, the cost of living, especially the cost of housing in the big cities, is a serious obstacle to marriage. In addition, Chinese millennials are less keen on marrying than their predecessors as a result of cultural change.
Writing for The Atlantic in 2018, Kate Julian reported that among the countries that kept track of the sexual behavior of their citizens—Australia, Finland, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States—all saw a decline in the frequency of sexual intercourse among teenagers and young adults. Although experts disagree on the methodology of data analysis, they do believe that young people today are less sexually engaged than their elders, such as the baby boomers, when they were their age. This is despite the fact that online dating platforms allow for the possibility of casual sex, the wide availability of contraception, and the relaxation of attitudes towards sex outside of marriage.
A 2020 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) by researchers from Indiana University in the United States and the Karolinska Institutet from Sweden found that during the first two decades of the twenty-first century, young Americans had sexual intercourse less frequently than in the past. Among men aged 18 to 24, the share of the sexually inactive increased from 18.9% between 2000 and 2002 to 30.9% between 2016 and 2018. Women aged 18 to 34 had sex less often as well. Reasons for this trend are manifold. People who were unemployed, only had part-time jobs, and students were the most likely to forego sexual experience while those who had higher income were stricter in mate selection. Psychologist Jean Twenge, who did not participate in the study, suggested that this might be due to "a broader cultural trend toward delayed development", meaning various adult activities are postponed. She noted that being economically dependent on one's parents discourages sexual intercourse. Other researchers noted that the rise of the Internet, computer games, and social media could play a role, too, since older and married couples also had sex less often. In short, people had many options. A 2019 study by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine found a similar trend in the United Kingdom. Although this trend precedes the COVID-19 pandemic, fear of infection is likely to fuel the trend the future, study co-author Peter Ueda told Reuters.
In a 2019 poll, the Pew Research Center found that about 47% American adults believed dating had become more difficult within the last decade or so, while only 19% said it became easier and 33% thought it was the same. Majorities of both men (65%) and women (43%) agreed that the #MeToo movement posed challenges for the dating market while 24% and 38%, respectively, thought it made no difference. In all, one in two of single adults were not looking for a romantic relationship. Among the rest, 10% were only interested in casual relationships, 14% wanted committed relationships only, and 26% were open to either kind. Among younger people (18 to 39), 27% wanted a committed relationship only, 15% casual dates only, and 58% either type of relationship. For those between the ages of 18 and 49, the top reasons for their decision to avoid dating were having more important priorities in life (61%), preferring being single (41%), being too busy (29%), and pessimism about their chances of success (24%).
While most Americans found their romantic partners with the help of friends and family, younger adults were more likely to encounter them online than their elders, with 21% of those aged 18 to 29 and 15% of those aged 30 to 49 saying they met their current partners this way. For comparison, only 8% of those aged 50 to 64 and 5% of those aged 65 and over did the same. People aged 18 to 29 were most likely to have met their current partners in school while adults aged 50 and up were more likely to have met their partners at work. Among those in the 18 to 29 age group, 41% were single, including 51% of men and 32% of women. Among those in the 30 to 49 age group, 23% were single, including 27% of men and 19% of women. This reflects the general trend across the generations that men tend to marry later (and die earlier) than women.
Most single people, regardless of whether or not they were interested in dating, felt little to no pressure from their friends and family to seek a romantic partner. Young people, however, were under significant pressure compared to the sample average or older age groups. 53% of single people aged 18 to 29 thought there was at least some pressure from society on them to find a partner, compared to 42% for people aged 30 to 49, 32% for people aged 50 to 64, and 21% for people aged 50 to 64.
Family life and offspring
According to the Brookings Institution, the number of American mothers who never married ballooned between 1968, when they were extremely rare, and 2008, when they became much more common, especially among the less educated. In particular, in 2008, the number of mothers who never married with at least 16 years of education was 3.3%, compared to 20.1% of those who never graduated from high school. Unintended pregnancies were also higher among the less educated.
Research by the Urban Institute conducted in 2014, projected that if current trends continue, millennials will have a lower marriage rate compared to previous generations, predicting that by age 40, 31% of millennial women will remain single, approximately twice the share of their single Gen X counterparts. The data showed similar trends for males. A 2016 study from Pew Research showed millennials delay some activities considered rites of passage of adulthood with data showing young adults aged 18–34 were more likely to live with parents than with a relationship partner, an unprecedented occurrence since data collection began in 1880. Data also showed a significant increase in the percentage of young adults living with parents compared to the previous demographic cohort, Generation X, with 23% of young adults aged 18–34 living with parents in 2000, rising to 32% in 2014. Additionally, in 2000, 43% of those aged 18–34 were married or living with a partner, with this figure dropping to 32% in 2014. High student debt is described as one reason for continuing to live with parents, but may not be the dominant factor for this shift as the data shows the trend is stronger for those without a college education. Richard Fry, a senior economist for Pew Research said of millennials, "they're the group much more likely to live with their parents," further stating that "they're concentrating more on school, careers and work and less focused on forming new families, spouses or partners and children."According to a cross-generational study comparing millennials to Generation X conducted at Wharton School of Business, more than half of millennial undergraduates surveyed do not plan to have children. The researchers compared surveys of the Wharton graduating class of 1992 and 2012. In 1992, 78% of women planned to eventually have children dropping to 42% in 2012. The results were similar for male students. The research revealed among both genders the proportion of undergraduates who reported they eventually planned to have children had dropped in half over the course of a generation. Quest reported in March 2020 that, in Belgium, 11% of women and 16% of men between the ages of 25 and 35 did not want children and that in the Netherlands, 10% of 30-year-old women polled had decided against having children or having more children. A 2019 study revealed that among 191 Swedish men aged 20 to 50, 39 were not fathers and did not want to have children in the future (20.4%). Desire to have (more) children was not related to level of education, country of birth, sexual orientation or relationship status. Some Swedish men "passively" choose not to have children because they feel their life is already good as it is without bringing children to the world, and because they do not face the same amount of social pressure to have children the way voluntarily childless women do.
But as their economic prospects improve, most millennials in the United States say they desire marriage, children, and home ownership. Geopolitical analyst Peter Zeihan argued that because of the size of the millennial cohort relative to the size of the U.S. population and because they are having children, the United States will continue to maintain an economic advantage over most other developed nations, whose millennial cohorts are not only smaller than those of their elders but also do not have as high a fertility rate. The prospects of any given country is constrained by its demography. Psychologist Jean Twenge and a colleague's analysis of data from the General Social Survey of 40,000 Americans aged 30 and over from the 1970s to the 2010s suggests that socioeconomic status (as determined by factors such as income, educational attainment, and occupational prestige), marriage, and happiness are positive correlated and that these relationships are independent of cohort or age. However, the data cannot tell whether marriage causes happiness or the other way around; correlation does not mean causation.
In the United States, between the late 1970s and the late 2010s, the shares of people who were married declined among the lower class (from 60% down to 33%) and the middle class (84% down to 66%), but remained steady among the upper class (~80%). In fact, it was the lower and middle classes that were driving the U.S. marriage rate down. Among Americans aged 25 to 39, the divorce rate per 1,000 married persons dropped from 30 to 24 between 1990 and 2015. For comparison, among those aged 50 and up, the divorce rate went from 5 in 1990 to 10 in 2015; that among people aged 40 to 49 increased from 18 to 21 per 1,000 married persons. In general, the level of education is a predictor of marriage and income. University graduates are more likely to get married and less likely to divorce.
Demographer and futurist Mark McCrindle suggested the name "Generation Alpha" (or Generation ) for the offspring of a majority of millennials, people born after Generation Z, noting that scientific disciplines often move to the Greek alphabet after exhausting the Roman alphabet. By 2016, the cumulative number of American women of the millennial generation who had given birth at least once reached 17.3 million. Globally, there are some two and a half million people belonging to Generation Alpha born every week and their number is expected to reach two billion by 2025. However, most of the human population growth in the 2010s comes from Africa and Asia, as nations in Europe and the Americas tend to have too few children to replace themselves. According to the United Nations, the global annual rate of growth has been declining steadily since the late twentieth century, dropping to about one percent in 2019. They also discovered that fertility rates were falling faster in the developing world than previously thought, and subsequently revised their projection of human population in 2050 down to 9.7 billion. Fertility rates have been falling around the world thanks to rising standards of living, better access to contraceptives, and improved educational and economic opportunities. The global average fertility rate was 2.4 in 2017, down from 4.7 in 1950.
Effects of intensifying assortative mating (discussed in the previous section) will likely be seen in the next generation, as parental income and educational level are positively correlated with children's success. In the United States, children from families in the highest income quintile are the most likely to live with married parents (94% in 2018), followed by children of the middle class (74%) and the bottom quintile (35%).
Living in the digital age, Millennial parents have taken plenty of photographs of their children, and have chosen both digital storage (e.g. Dropbox) or physical photo albums to preserve their memories. Many Millennial parents document the childhood and growth of their children on social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook.
Workplace attitudes
In 2008, author Ron Alsop called the millennials "Trophy Kids", a term that reflects a trend in competitive sports, as well as many other aspects of life, where mere participation is frequently enough for a reward. It has been reported that this is an issue in corporate environments. Some employers are concerned that millennials have too great expectations from the workplace. Some studies predict they will switch jobs frequently, holding many more jobs than Gen Xers due to their great expectations. Psychologist Jean Twenge reports data suggesting there are differences between older and younger millennials regarding workplace expectations, with younger millennials being "more practical" and "more attracted to industries with steady work and are more likely to say they are willing to work overtime" which Twenge attributes to younger millennials coming of age following the financial crisis of 2007–2008.
In 2010 the Journal of Business and Psychology, contributors Myers and Sadaghiani find millennials "expect close relationships and frequent feedback from supervisors" to be a main point of differentiation. Multiple studies observe millennials' associating job satisfaction with free flow of information, strong connectivity to supervisors, and more immediate feedback. Hershatter and Epstein, researchers from Emory University, argue many of these traits can be linked to millennials entering the educational system on the cusp of academic reform, which created a much more structured educational system. Some argue in the wake of these reforms, such as the No Child Left Behind Act, millennials have increasingly sought the aid of mentors and advisers, leading to 66% of millennials seeking a flat work environment.
Hershatter and Epstein also stress a growing importance on work-life balance. Studies show nearly one-third of students' top priority is to "balance personal and professional life". The Brain Drain Study shows nearly 9 out of 10 millennials place an importance on work-life balance, with additional surveys demonstrating the generation to favor familial over corporate values. Studies also show a preference for work-life balance, which contrasts to the Baby Boomers' work-centric attitude.
There is also a contention that the major differences are found solely between millennials and Generation X. Researchers from the University of Missouri and The University of Tennessee conducted a study based on measurement equivalence to determine if such a difference does in fact exist. The study looked at 1,860 participants who had completed the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile (MWEP), a survey aimed at measuring identification with work-ethic characteristics, across a 12-year period spanning from 1996 to 2008. The results of the findings suggest the main difference in work ethic sentiments arose between the two most recent generational cohorts, Generation X and millennials, with relatively small variances between the two generations and their predecessor, the Baby Boomers.
A meta study conducted by researchers from The George Washington University and The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences questions the validity of workplace differences across any generational cohort. According to the researchers, disagreement in which events to include when assigning generational cohorts, as well as varied opinions on which age ranges to include in each generational category are the main drivers behind their skepticism. The analysis of 20 research reports focusing on the three work-related factors of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intent to turn over proved any variation was too small to discount the impact of employee tenure and aging of individuals. Newer research shows that millennials change jobs for the same reasons as other generations—namely, more money and a more innovative work environment. They look for versatility and flexibility in the workplace, and strive for a strong work–life balance in their jobs and have similar career aspirations to other generations, valuing financial security and a diverse workplace just as much as their older colleagues.
Data also suggests millennials are driving a shift towards the public service sector. In 2010, Myers and Sadaghiani published research in the Journal of Business and Psychology stating heightened participation in the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps as a result of millennials, with volunteering being at all-time highs. Volunteer activity between 2007 and 2008 show the millennial age group experienced almost three-times the increase of the overall population, which is consistent with a survey of 130 college upperclassmen depicting an emphasis on altruism in their upbringing. This has led, according to a Harvard University Institute of Politics, six out of ten millennials to consider a career in public service.
The 2014 Brookings publication shows a generational adherence to corporate social responsibility, with the National Society of High School Scholars (NSHSS) 2013 survey and Universum's 2011 survey, depicting a preference to work for companies engaged in the betterment of society. Millennials' shift in attitudes has led to data depicting 64% of millennials would take a 60% pay cut to pursue a career path aligned with their passions, and financial institutions have fallen out of favor with banks comprising 40% of the generation's least liked brands.
Use of digital technology
Marc Prensky coined the term "digital native" to describe "K through college" students in 2001, explaining they "represent the first generations to grow up with this new technology". In their 2007 book Connecting to the Net.Generation: What Higher Education Professionals Need to Know About Today's Students, authors Reynol Junco and Jeanna Mastrodicasa expanded on the work of William Strauss and Neil Howe to include research-based information about the personality profiles of millennials, especially as it relates to higher education. They conducted a large-sample (7,705) research study of college students. They found that Net Generation college students, born 1982 onwards, were frequently in touch with their parents and they used technology at higher rates than people from other generations. In their survey, they found that 97% of these students owned a computer, 94% owned a mobile phone, and 56% owned an MP3 player. They also found that students spoke with their parents an average of 1.5 times a day about a wide range of topics. Other findings in the Junco and Mastrodicasa survey revealed 76% of students used instant messaging, 92% of those reported multitasking while instant messaging, 40% of them used television to get most of their news, and 34% of students surveyed used the Internet as their primary news source.
One of the most popular forms of media use by millennials is social networking. Millennials use social networking sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, to create a different sense of belonging, make acquaintances, and to remain connected with friends. In 2010, research was published in the Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research which claimed that students who used social media and decided to quit showed the same withdrawal symptoms of a drug addict who quit their stimulant. In the 2014 PBS Frontline episode "Generation Like" there is discussion about millennials, their dependence on technology, and the ways the social media sphere is commoditized. Some millennials enjoy having hundreds of channels from cable TV. However, some other millennials do not even have a TV, so they watch media over the Internet using smartphones and tablets. Jesse Singal of New York magazine argues that this technology has created a rift within the generation; older millennials, defined here as those born 1988 and earlier, came of age prior to widespread usage and availability of smartphones, in contrast to younger millennials, those born in 1989 and later, who were exposed to this technology in their teen years.
See also
9X Generation
Generation Snowflake
Little emperor syndrome
Sampo generation
Strawberry generation
Thumb tribe
References
Further reading
External links
The Downside of Diversity. Michael Jonas. The New York Times. 5 August 2007.
Why 30 is not the new 20. Meg Jay. Ted Talk. 13 May 2013. (Video, 14:49)
Gen-Z Matters More than millennials: Goldman Sachs' Christopher Wolf. 4 March 2016. (Video, 3:21)
Is a University Degree a Waste of Money? CBC News: The National. 1 March 2017. (Video, 14:39)
Why your smartphone is irresistible (and why it's worth trying to resist), PBS Newshour. 21 April 2017. Psychologist Adam Alter.
1980s neologisms
20th century
21st century
Cultural generations |
60350453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320%20NIFL%20Premiership | 2019–20 NIFL Premiership | 2019–20 NIFL Premiership
The 2019–20 NIFL Premiership (known as the Danske Bank Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the 12th season of the NIFL Premiership, the highest level of league football in Northern Ireland, the 119th season of Irish league football overall, and the 7th season of the league operating as part of the Northern Ireland Football League.
Linfield were champions, winning the league for the 54th time and the 2nd consecutive season. The season was curtailed after round 31 of the scheduled 38 rounds of matches, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland.
Summary
The fixtures were released on 26 June 2019. The season began on 9 August 2019 and was initially scheduled to conclude on 25 April 2020, with the promotion/relegation play-off scheduled to take place in the first week of May 2020. However, the season was suspended on 13 March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland, with the clubs having only played 31 of the 38 rounds of fixtures. The season did not resume after the suspension, with the final games having been played on 7 March 2020.
The Irish FA initially suspended all football-related activity in Northern Ireland until 4 April, with this suspension subsequently being extended first until 30 April, and then until 31 May. On 9 June, NIFL gave clubs the opportunity to vote on two options to conclude the remainder of the season, both of which were rejected by a majority of clubs. The first option was playing two more rounds of fixtures behind closed doors and curtailing the league season after 33 games. This would have meant that every club had played every other club three times. The second option was to curtail the season immediately, and use a mathematical formula chosen by an independent panel to calculate the final standings. On 23 June 2020, after talks between the clubs had failed to find a consensus on an alternative option, NIFL announced that the season was over, and that a mathematical formula would be used to determine the final league standings.
Linfield were the defending champions, having lifted the league title for a record 53rd time the previous season. They successfully defended the title to win a record 54th league championship, after NIFL announced that the final league standings would be decided by a points per game average. Every team had played 31 games, so the application of points per game was academic, and there were no changes to the standings. This meant that Linfield equalled the world record for the most league titles won by any club, a record now shared with Scottish club Rangers. The promotion/relegation play-off was cancelled, meaning 11th-placed Warrenpoint Town were reprieved. However, automatic relegation still took place, meaning Institute faced the drop back into the NIFL Championship. On 29 June 2020, the club lodged an appeal with the Irish FA against their relegation. However, the appeal was rejected by the IFA, and the club decided not to pursue the matter any further.
Linfield qualified for the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League preliminary round, while runners-up Coleraine and 2019–20 Irish Cup winners Glentoran qualified for the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League preliminary round.
Teams
Twelve teams competed in the 2019–20 NIFL Premiership, ten of which had retained their Premiership status from the previous season. The previous season's bottom Premiership club, Newry City, were relegated to the 2019–20 NIFL Championship after only one season in the top flight, and were replaced by Larne, who were promoted to the Premiership as 2018–19 NIFL Championship winners. This marked a return to the top flight for the first time in 11 years for Larne, after they were relegated at the end of the 2007–08 season when they did not apply for a place in the Premiership for the 2008–09 season.
The previous season's 11th-placed Premiership team, Ards, faced 2018–19 NIFL Championship runners-up, Carrick Rangers, in a two-legged promotion/relegation play-off. Carrick Rangers won the tie 3–1 on aggregate to secure promotion to this season's Premiership, with Ards relegated to replace them in the Championship. This brought an end to Ards' three-season stay in the top flight, and meant an immediate return to the Premiership for Carrick Rangers after only one season in the Championship.
Stadia and locations
League table
Results
Matches 1–22
During matches 1–22 each team will play every other team twice (home and away).
Matches 23–31
During matches 23–33 each team was scheduled to play every other team for the third time (either at home, or away). However, two rounds of fixtures did not take place, after the league season was curtailed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
NIFL Premiership play-off
The eleventh-placed Premiership team usually played the Championship runners-up over two legs for one spot in the following season's NIFL Premiership, with the Premiership team given home advantage for the second leg. However, the play-off was cancelled when the league was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Top goalscorers
References
External links
NIFL Premiership seasons
Northern Ireland
2019–20 in Northern Ireland association football
Northern Ireland
2019 in Northern Ireland sport
2020 in Northern Ireland sport |
23709110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20functions | Special functions | Special functions are particular mathematical functions that have more or less established names and notations due to their importance in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, geometry, physics, or other applications.
The term is defined by consensus, and thus lacks a general formal definition, but the list of mathematical functions contains functions that are commonly accepted as special.
Tables of special functions
Many special functions appear as solutions of differential equations or integrals of elementary functions. Therefore, tables of integrals usually include descriptions of special functions, and tables of special functions include most important integrals; at least, the integral representation of special functions. Because symmetries of differential equations are essential to both physics and mathematics, the theory of special functions is closely related to the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, as well as certain topics in mathematical physics.
Symbolic computation engines usually recognize the majority of special functions.
Notations used for special functions
Functions with established international notations are the sine, cosine, exponential function, and error function (or ).
Some special functions have several notations:
The natural logarithm may be denoted , , , or depending on the context.
The tangent function may be denoted , , or (is used in several European languages).
Arctangent may be denoted , , , or .
The Bessel functions may be denoted
Subscripts are often used to indicate arguments, typically integers. In a few cases, the semicolon or even backslash (\) is used as a separator. In this case, the translation to algorithmic languages admits ambiguity and may lead to confusion.
Superscripts may indicate not only exponentiation, but modification of a function. Examples (particularly with trigonometric and hyperbolic functions) include:
usually means
is typically , but never
usually means , not ; this may cause confusion, since the meaning of this superscript is inconsistent with the others.
Evaluation of special functions
Most special functions are considered as a function of a complex variable. They are analytic; the singularities and cuts are described; the differential and integral representations are known and the expansion to the Taylor series or asymptotic series are available. In addition, sometimes there exist relations with other special functions; a complicated special function can be expressed in terms of simpler functions. Various representations can be used for the evaluation; the simplest way to evaluate a function is to expand it into a Taylor series. However, such representation may converge slowly or not at all. In algorithmic languages, rational approximations are typically used, although they may behave badly in the case of complex argument(s).
History of special functions
Classical theory
While trigonometry and exponential functions were systematized and unified by the eighteenth century, the search for a complete and unified theory of special functions has continued since the nineteenth century. The high point of special function theory in 1800–1900 was the theory of elliptic functions; treatises that were essentially complete, such as that of Tannery and Molk, expounded all the basic identities of the theory using techniques from analytic function theory (based on complex analysis). The end of the century also saw a very detailed discussion of spherical harmonics.
Changing and fixed motivations
While pure mathematicians sought a broad theory deriving as many as possible of the known special functions from a single principle, for a long time the special functions were the province of applied mathematics. Applications to the physical sciences and engineering determined the relative importance of functions. Before electronic computation, the importance of a special function was affirmed by the laborious computation of extended tables of values for ready look-up, as for the familiar logarithm tables. (Babbage's difference engine was an attempt to compute such tables.) For this purpose, the main techniques are:
numerical analysis, the discovery of infinite series or other analytical expressions allowing rapid calculation; and
reduction of as many functions as possible to the given function.
More theoretical questions include: asymptotic analysis; analytic continuation and monodromy in the complex plane; and symmetry principles and other structural equations.
Twentieth century
The twentieth century saw several waves of interest in special function theory. The classic Whittaker and Watson (1902) textbook sought to unify the theory using complex analysis; the G. N. Watson tome A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions pushed the techniques as far as possible for one important type, including asymptotic results.
The later Bateman Manuscript Project, under the editorship of Arthur Erdélyi, attempted to be encyclopedic, and came around the time when electronic computation was coming to the fore and tabulation ceased to be the main issue.
Contemporary theories
The modern theory of orthogonal polynomials is of a definite but limited scope. Hypergeometric series, observed by Felix Klein to be important in astronomy and mathematical physics, became an intricate theory, in need of later conceptual arrangement. Lie groups, and in particular their representation theory, explain what a spherical function can be in general; from 1950 onwards substantial parts of classical theory could be recast in terms of Lie groups. Further, work on algebraic combinatorics also revived interest in older parts of the theory. Conjectures of Ian G. Macdonald helped to open up large and active new fields with the typical special function flavour. Difference equations have begun to take their place besides differential equations as a source for special functions.
Special functions in number theory
In number theory, certain special functions have traditionally been studied, such as particular Dirichlet series and modular forms. Almost all aspects of special function theory are reflected there, as well as some new ones, such as came out of the monstrous moonshine theory.
Special functions of matrix arguments
Analogues of several special functions have been defined on the space of positive definite matrices, among them the power function which goes back to Atle Selberg, the multivariate gamma function, and types of Bessel functions.
The NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions has a section covering several special functions of matrix arguments.
Researchers
George Andrews
Richard Askey
Harold Exton
George Gasper
Wolfgang Hahn
Mizan Rahman
Mourad E. H. Ismail
Tom Koornwinder
Waleed Al-Salam
Dennis Stanton
Theodore S. Chihara
James A. Wilson
Erik Koelink
Eric Rains
Arpad Baricz
See also
List of mathematical functions
List of special functions and eponyms
Elementary function
References
Bibliography
Whittaker, E. T.; Watson, G. N. (1996-09-13). A Course of Modern Analysis. Cambridge University Press. .
External links
National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States Department of Commerce. NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions. Archived from the original on December 13, 2018.
Online calculator, Online scientific calculator with over 100 functions (>=32 digits, many complex) (German language)
Special functions at EqWorld: The World of Mathematical Equations
Special functions and polynomials by Gerard 't Hooft and Stefan Nobbenhuis (April 8, 2013)
Numerical Methods for Special Functions, by A. Gil, J. Segura, N.M. Temme (2007).
R. Jagannathan, (P,Q)-Special Functions
Specialfunctionswiki
History of mathematics |
3419740 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%29 | Бельжика (гори) | Бельжика (гори)
Бельжика — гірський хребет у східній частині Землі Королеви Мод у Східній Антарктиді, за 300 км від берега моря Рісер-Ларсена.
Хребет простягається з півночі на південь на 40 км у вигляді окремих вершин, що піднімаються над поверхнею льодовикового щита на 100—300 м. Абсолютна висота вершин перевищує 2000 м, найвища точка — гора Віктор (2590 (2588)) м. Гори складені гнейсами і кристалічними сланцями.
Гори були відкриті 1958 року бельгійською антарктичною експедицією і названі на честь експедиційного корабля бельгійської антарктичної експедиції 1897-1899 років, яку очолював Адрієн де Жерлаш.
Примітки
Джерела
Гори Антарктиди |
9155562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke%20Wilhelm%20of%20Austria | Archduke Wilhelm of Austria | Archduke Wilhelm of Austria
Archduke Wilhelm Franz of Austria, later Wilhelm Franz von Habsburg-Lothringen (10 February 1895 – 18 August 1948), also known as Vasyl Vyshyvanyi, was an Austrian archduke, a colonel of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, a poet, and a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.
Biography
Background and early life
Archduke Wilhelm was the youngest son of Archduke Karl Stephan and Archduchess Maria Theresia, Princess of Tuscany. He was born in a family estate on the Lošinj island, Austrian Littoral (present day Croatia). During his arrest by the Soviet authorities he indicated the city of Pola (at the time of arrest in Italy, today Pula, Croatia). Wilhelm also indicated that his social class is "of landowners" (pomeschik) and he has no occupation. The last one was not accurate as at the moment of arrest he was a businessman-entrepreneur.
Wilhelm was raised in his parental estate located in the Austrian city of Saybusch, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. His father was a patriot of Poland and had inferior feelings towards the Ukrainian population. Accommodating the 19th-century rise of nationalism, he decided that his branch of the Habsburg family would adopt a Polish identity and would combine a loyalty to their Habsburg family with a loyalty to Poland. Accordingly, he had his children learn Polish from an early age and tried to instill in them a sense of Polish patriotism. His oldest son, Karl-Albrecht, would become a Polish officer who refused to renounce his Polish loyalty even under torture by the Gestapo. Karl Stephan's two younger daughters would marry into the Polish noble families of Radziwill and Czartoryski.
Wilhelm, the youngest child, rebelled, and came to identify with the Poles' rivals, the Ukrainians. The younger Wilhelm was taught that Ukrainians were bandits and a tribe of robbers. In 1912, when he was 17, Wilhelm decided see this mysterious people firsthand. He boarded a train and traveled in incognito to Worochta (Vorokhta), and then through a number of Hutsuls villages. Failing to find any robbers, he developed a fascination with Ukrainian culture that he kept for the rest of his life.
This interest in the relatively impoverished Ukrainian people earned him the nickname of the "Red Prince". Eventually the Habsburgs came to accept and encourage this interest, and according to Timothy D. Snyder he was groomed by them to take a leadership role amongst the Ukrainian people in a manner similar to the one in which his father and older brother were to take amongst the Habsburgs' Polish subjects.
World War I
As Wilhelm studied at the Vienna War College, there began World War I. Upon graduation in 1915 he went to the frontlines starting his military service in a company of the 13th Galicia Lancer (Ulan) Regiment. The regiment was dominated by Ukrainians around Solotschiw. While serving in the regiment Wilhelm started to read works of Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Ivan Franko, Taras Shevchenko and others. His soldiers gave him as a present a Ukrainian embroidered shirt, called vyshyvanka, which he carried under his uniform. Habsburg asked his soldiers to call him Vasyl and later for the embroidered shirt was nicknamed as Vyshyvanyi. During that period, he repeatedly had to defend the Galician Ukrainians whom the local administration, consisting predominantly of Poles, was arresting under suspicion of disloyalty to Austria-Hungary.
In 1916 Wilhelm returned from the frontlines, as reaching the age of 21, any male member of the Habsburg House automatically became a deputy of the upper house of the Austrian parliament. In parliament he came to work closely with Ukrainian deputies to the Austrian parliament and Metropolitan bishop Andrey Sheptytsky. He also served as a liaison between the Ukrainian community leaders and Austria's Emperor Charles I, whom Wilhelm had known since childhood and was even able to pay him an official visit in the beginning of 1917. The most acceptable course to solve the "Ukrainian issue", for Wilhelm, was the creation of an autonomous Grand Duchy of Ukraine with federalist principles, within the Habsburg monarchy (see United States of Greater Austria). That duchy, beside the Eastern Galicia and Bukovina provinces, could include as well Ukrainian lands that at that time belonged to the Russian Empire and which had to be reconquered.
Some researchers (e.g. Timothy Snyder) claim that Wilhelm saw himself as an ideal candidate for the role of head of state for the duchy, first of all because he was as a member of the ruling family, and second as one who already knew the language and had authority among the Ukrainians. In a similar way to when the Kingdom of Poland was restored in 1916, Wilhelm's father Stephen was considered the main candidate for the crown. According to other historians, Vasyl Vyshyvanyi personally did not lay a claim to the "Ukrainian throne" and later wrote about it stating that he would lead Ukraine only in the case that a majority of its residents desired so.
Ukrainian–Soviet War
Meanwhile, the Russian Empire fell apart, and there appeared the Ukrainian People's Republic. Following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Austria-Hungary and the German Empire started to help Ukraine militarily in its struggle against Bolsheviks. Promoted to the rank of captain, Vasyl Vyshyvanyi was placed in charge of the "Battle Group Archduke Wilhelm", created by the Emperor Charles I, and provided with approximately 4,000 Ukrainian soldiers and officers under his command from the Austrian Legion of Sich Riflemen and was directed to the Ukrainian South where they fought Bolsheviks. At first the Austrian forces entered the already liberated Kherson and later for two months left in Aleksandrovsk (today Zaporizhzhia) where the Archduke began a series of turbulent missions: building connections between the Galician riflemen and local population, cooperating with the local public organization of Prosvita, and attempting to lift military spirit, visiting iconic sites of Cossack history along with his subordinates. His troops occupied a small area near the site of the old Zaporozhian Sich, and were tasked with supporting the Ukrainian national cause in any way possible. This was done by screening officials by ethnicity, creating a newspaper, and engaging in cultural work with local peasants. Wilhelm mixed easily with the local peasants, who admired his ability to live simply like his soldiers. Within Wilhelm's personal occupation zone, peasants were allowed to keep the lands that they had taken from the landlords in 1917, and Wilhelm prevented the Habsburg armed forces from requisitioning grain. Ukrainians who had resisted requisitioning elsewhere - including those who had killed German or Austrian soldiers - were given refuge within Wilhelm's territory. During time the warriors of Vasyl Vyshyvanyi came in close cooperation with warriors, called Skhidniaky (for "Easterners"), particularly members of Zaporizhzhia Corps of the Ukrainian Army. These actions outraged Germany and Austrian officials in Kyiv, but increased his popularity among local Ukrainians, who referred to him as affectionately as "Kniaz Vasyl" (local correspondence to Archduke Wilhelm).
In April 1918, a coup-d'état took place in Ukraine which overthrew the Ukrainian republican government and placed former Imperial Russian general of the Svita (H. I. M. Retinue) Pavlo Skoropadskyi as the Hetman of Ukraine. During the period of the Ukrainian State, the Germans feared that Wilhelm would create a coup and overthrow the Hetman. The Hetman was disliked by soldiers of the Zaporizhzhia Corps and Legion of Sich Riflemen. In circles of the Zaporizhzhia Division officers, a plan was formed to overthrow the Hetman and place Archduke Wilhelm Habsburg as sovereign of Ukraine. Among the most active supporters of the idea was Colonel Petro Bolbochan (later executed on order of Symon Petliura). The Archduke was uncertain of the proposition and sought consultations of Charles I who did not approve it as it would lead into disagreement with Germans. According to some researchers, the Habsburgs hoped for Ukraine to be a politically self-sufficient ally in order to counter German power.
Wilhelm and his soldiers were finally recalled out of Ukraine in October 1918 due to the revolutionary conditions there, moving to the Austrian Duchy of Bukovina. In Czernowitz (today Chernivtsi) he was placed in hospital due to tuberculosis. Through his intervention, in October 1918 two regiments of mostly Ukrainian troops were garrisoned in Lemberg (modern Lviv). This would set the stage for the declaration of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on 1 November.
As he lay in the hospital, World War I ended, Austria-Hungary fell apart, and the Habsburgs lost their throne. In Eastern Galicia the West Ukrainian National Republic was proclaimed, while the Ukrainians of Bukovina tried, unsuccessfully, to unite their land with the new Ukrainian republic. The Bukovina was occupied by hostile Romanian forces, causing Wilhelm to flee to Lviv to avoid arrest. As Lviv was occupied now by Polish forces, Wilhelm again was forced to leave, moving to the Carpathian region where he was hiding in local monasteries for almost half a year. Meanwhile, while Germany was withdrawing its troops from Ukraine, the regime of Skoropadskyi in Ukraine was overthrown by republican forces of "Directorate", led by Volodymyr Vynnychenko and Symon Petliura, and interest in seeing Wilhelm as sovereign of Ukraine faded.
As a Habsburg, he had become a liability to the Ukrainian cause, which was being portrayed to the Allies by its Polish enemies as an Austrian plot.
In June 1919, while traveling across Carpathians, Wilhelm was arrested by Romanian soldiers and detained for three months until on petition of the Ukrainian People's Republic he was released. He then left for Kamianets-Podilskyi, which served as a capital of Ukraine. After pledging loyalty to the Ukrainian People's Republic, he was made a colonel and headed a section of international relations of the General Staff Main Department within the Ukrainian People's Army. In protest at Petliura's peace treaty with Poland in 1920, which he considered to be a betrayal, he resigned and lived in exile in Vienna.
Interbellum period
In an interview in a Viennese newspaper in January 1921, Wilhelm publicly rebuked Poland, condemning the pogroms in Lwów as something that would never happen in a civilized country, and referring to Poland and Poles as dishonorable. This caused a permanent, public estrangement between Wilhelm and his father Stephan. Formally, he continued to be on payroll a colonel of the Ukrainian Army for a little while until the Austrian press published his anti-Polish declarations. Following that, the Ukrainian government that had temporarily moved to Poland officially fired him.
In 1921 Wilhelm published a book of poetry in Ukrainian, Mynayut Dni (Минають дні - The days pass).
In circles of Ukrainian political emigrants, a hope was burning that the loss was not yet final and the Soviet regime could still be overthrown. In Vienna, Wilhelm became involved with pro Ukrainian monarchists who saw in him an opportunity, but nothing came out of it.
According to laws of the newly formed Austrian Republic, every Habsburg might become a citizen as well as obtaining residency only if they would officially abandon any claims to govern. Wilhelm chose not to abandon those claims and de jure lived in Vienna illegally. Finally, in 1922, he managed to obtain an empty Austrian passport where he inscribed his new name as Vasyl Vyshyvanyi. Under his Ukrainian name Vasyl Vyshyvanyi, he left Austria for Spain in 1922, from which he hoped in vain to obtain financial support for his Ukrainian adventure from his cousin, King Alfonso XIII. After Spain became a republic in 1931, Vyshyvanyi moved to Paris.
In 1933, Wilhelm's father Stephen died and Wilhelm's brothers, who inherited a brewery and land lots in Żywiec, Poland, paid off Wilhelm's debts and provided him a monthly stipend.
In Paris Vyshavanyi renewed his communications with Ukrainians when members of the newly formed Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) found him. He twice met with head of OUN Yevhen Konovalets. Through Wilhelm, nationalists tried to find new sources of financing.
In 1935 or 1934 he became enmeshed in a criminal case in which his girlfriend Paulette Couyba tried with a help of false bank check to swindle a French investor (dealers of alcohol) of hundreds of thousands of francs. Wilhelm was invited to the meeting between Couyba and the investor, possibly to build trust. Wilhelm later himself claimed not to understand what was taking place. The arrested woman at first pleaded guilty, but later began to shift the blame on Wilhelm, stating that the ill-gotten money was supposed to go to return Habsburgs to power. The sensationalistic news was picked up by the French left-wing news media which was irritated by the mere surname of the Austrian. The press sentenced Wilhelm already before trial, and fearing an unjust verdict, Wilhelm fled Paris for Vienna. An informant for the French police claimed that Wilhelm carried on a sexual relationship with two of his male assistants. The judges sentenced him to five years in prison, while Couyba was released.
The American historian Timothy D. Snyder, author of the book "Red Prince" about Wilhelm, considers him not guilty of that crime. The researcher, as some contemporaries of Wilhelm did too, does not exclude that it was a deliberate diversion by some foreign intelligence forces (i.e. Poland, Czechoslovakia, Soviet Union) supposing to strike the Habsburgs' reputation and prevent their restoration. That theory is supported by the fact that Couyba, under a false name and fictitious pretext, unsuccessfully tried to go to Austria, possibly to publicize the scandal in Austria.
By the 1930's, the Austrian government of Engelbert Dollfuss was more supportive of the Habsburgs than in the 1920s and did not demand any renunciation of political activity by them. Wilhelm finally was able to receive official Austrian citizenship and passport with his real name. For some time, Wilhelm considered himself a supporter of Austrian and Italian fascists, but by end of 1930s became more sympathetic towards German Nazis, of which most Habsburgs did not support and feelings were mutual. It seemed that the new war in Europe was imminent and that it could give Ukrainians a chance to restore its sovereignty, and it also seemed that only Germany was interested in that happening. Wilhelm Habsburg greeted the 1938 Anschluss of Austria and officially recognized himself belonging to the German nation. Soon however, Wilhelm realized that the Hitlerites would not allow for creation of independent Ukraine even as a puppet state similar to Slovakia. After he and his brother Karl Albrecht were arrested and interrogated by Gestapo, Wilhelm changed his political views and soon joined the local anti-Nazi resistance in Vienna.
World War II, French resistance, and Banderites
It is uncertain when Wilhelm turned against the Nazis, but according to Snyder he was possibly already spying for some intelligence services, potentially the British SIS which financed and supported resistance movements throughout the whole of Europe, by the start of 1942. Eventually he became a spy for the French resistance against the Nazis and then the Soviet Union. In 1944, he became acquainted with some French national Paul Maas who in some documents is mentioned as Masse, but possibly the name is a pseudonym in any case. The Germans deported Maas from France to Vienna and forced him to work at the military aviation factory, creating blueprints. Maas had connections with British intelligence or French resistance movement (or possibly both). He handed over to his curators copies of factory blueprints for parts. Wilhelm accepted Maas' offer to fight the occupiers together. Thanks to his acquaintances with German officers, Wilhelm became a source of valuable information. From him, the Frenchman was receiving information about the movement of Nazi troops as well as German war industry in Austria. Later, during interrogations, Wilhelm said that he was driven exclusively by a hatred of Nazism.
Also during the World War II, Wilhelm befriended another Ukrainian, Roman Novosad, who was a student at the Vienna Music Academy. He lived close, knew Maas, and helped with some requests of Frenchmen. Through Novosad in 1944, Wilhelm heard about someone by the name of Lidia Tulchyn who was a contact for the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists Bandera faction (her real name Hanna Prokopych). At the end of war, the Ukrainian nationalists became aware that their chance to survive facing the Soviet threat was an alliance with western winning countries. The Americans, British, and French could have been interested in such an alliance, as they worried about the strengthening of the Soviet Union as a result of the war. Wilhelm decided to become a middle man between OUN and those who stood after Maas.
Through Novosad, Wilhelm acquainted Lidia with the Frenchman who agreed to cooperate with the Ukrainian nationalists and gave Lidia her first task to find German documents for a British pilot who was downed in Austria. Lidia accomplished this task. Eventually from her, Wilhelm was informed that someone very important from the OUN had arrived in Vienna. Wilhelm met with him at the Novosad's apartment where he learned that the person was called Dmytro-Volodymyr and later also introduced him to Maas. In reality Dmytro-Volodymyr was Myroslav Prokop who was one of leaders of OUN and Ukrainian Main Liberation Council (UHVR).
In 1945 the Abwehr arrested Maas, but despite torture he did not give away anyone. The Red Army soon entered Vienna and Maas was freed. However, soon he was arrested again by the Soviet SMERSH, but later released and left for his native France. Lidia also left Vienna and appeared in a camp of displaced persons in Bavaria, which was under American occupation. Wilhelm and Novosad decided to stay in Vienna, but risked falling into hands of SMERSH. But soon the city was divided into occupation zones and their house appeared under British authority.
Also during the war Wilhelm received monetary compensation from the German Reich for a family property in Zywiec confiscated by Nazis. With these funds he founded three small companies in production of paint, varnish, and synthetic resin. He also joined the right-wing Austrian People's Party that won the first elections in the revived Austria and formed government. His Soviet dossier also contains a member certification of some post war Austrian Anti-Fascist Organization for Wilhelm Habsburg-Lothringen.
At some point Maas introduced Wilhelm to his colleague Jack Brier who in his turn in 1946 introduced Wilhelm to French military officer Jean Pélissier. The latter had been tasked by the French authorities to revive contacts with Ukrainian nationalists who continued to fight the Soviet regime. Confrontation between yesterday's allies, the collective West and the Soviet Union, was becoming more obvious and eventually had grown into what now is known as the Cold War. The French representatives promised help with delivering by planes political agitation on the Soviet territory as well as Ukrainian militants who would join the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). At first the French representatives requested to meet personally with Stepan Bandera, but since it was too complicated, agreed to meet someone from his closer associates. After listening to Pélissier, Wilhelm thought of Lidia, but she was somewhere in camps and his connection with her had been lost. Then Wilhelm and Pélissier decided to send Novosad to find her and, even though it was dangerous, he agreed. From Pélissier Novosad received a pass to the French occupation zone in western Austria where it was indicated that Novosad traveled to Innsbruck to conduct at a concert.
Novosad managed the journey, he not only reached Munich without drawing attention of Soviet military, but he also found in a camp Lidia-Hanna. As result after sometime in hotel of an Innsbruck suburb for two days he met Pélissier, Mykola Lebed, Roman, Lidia, and Jack Brier. The negotiations were primarily held among Pélissier and Lebed and Novosad did not know which exactly agreements were reached, but heard from the French that they were satisfied. About at the same time through Wilhelm the French intelligence recruited another Ukrainian, Vasyl Kachorovsky.
Soviet arrest
In March 1947 at his apartment in the American occupation zone of Vienna, Kachorovsky too loudly celebrated his birthday and upset neighbors called the police. The Austrian law officers handed the detained over to the Soviets. The Ministry of State Security (MGB) Counter-Intelligence Department (SMERSH) of the Central Group of Forces that was based in Austria was already interested in Kachorovsky and several months before tried to detain him, but he then managed to fight them off and flee. After interrogations of Kachorovsky, the MGB became aware of Roman Novosad and Vasyl Vyshyvanyi, while the latter obviously had previously been trapped in field of vision of the Soviet secret service. After several months of hunting after him, they first detained Novosad and then Vyshyvanyi, de facto Novosad was detained on 14 June and Wilhelm on 26 August. Snyder writes that Kachorovsky soon was executed, while it is unclear from what source is that information.
Novosad and Habsburg were held and interrogated in the Soviet MGB jail in Baden bei Wien. Against both of them opened one for two criminal case which to this day is kept in the Kyiv archive. Later Roman was recollecting that "relationship to Wilhelm Habsburg as for chekists was quite proper", which leads to assume that he was not tortured. About relationship them to himself Novosad wrote nothing. The Archduke was given a personal plate for food, while other arrested of the jail had one plate for two.
During his imprisonment on the question of his preferred language for testimony Wilhelm answered that he can do it in Ukrainian language, but nonetheless the protocols were written in Russian. Several earlier protocols end with a phrase "The protocol is written down from my words correctly. It was read to me in comprehensible Russian language", but later were switched from "Russian" to "Ukrainian". Novosad stated that can give in Russian and Ukrainian and the investigators stopped at his first choice.
The investigators were pretty interested in the Wilhelm's distant past and his personal contacts with figures of the First Liberation War i.e. Petro Bolbochan, Symon Petliura, Pavlo Skoropadskyi, but the most attention was paid to cooperation with Maas, Pélissier, and Lidia Tulchyn. At his interrogation the Archduke tried to down play his role in the Ukrainian revolution, for example he claimed that in 1919 during times of Directoria in Kamianets-Podilskyi he was an interpreter. Also in earlier protocols Wilhelm said that the meeting near Innsbruck was dedicated to not making contacts between Frenchmen and OUN, but towards the fate of Ukrainians in the camps for displaced people. But with time and the interrogation Novosad, the true story emerged.
Despite that suspects every time were placing their signatures under the phrase "written correctly from my words", some answers in protocols obviously were formulated by the investigators. "My stay in Ukraine was the result of an aggressive policy of Austria-Hungary imperialistic and ruling circles", but Wilhelm hardly spoke in such Soviet propagandistic clichés. This feature is characteristic of many protocols of the Stalin era.
In November 1947 the chekists of the Central Group of Forces decided to transfer the case and the arrested to their Ukrainian colleagues and before the New Year they brought them to Kyiv. The interrogations were renewed already in January 1948 after the holidays. The Ukrainian investigators did not start from beginning, but rather turned to the subject that interested them the most, the British. The chekists insisted that Novosad and Wilhelm, through Maas, deliberately worked specifically for the British special services, not French intelligence. At the beginning Wilhelm tried to resist and persuaded his interrogators that Novosad told him about Maas connections with the British after the latter already returned to France, but later gave up and admitted (or "admitted"). Interrogation continued until May 1948, subsequently, the defendants were transferred from the MGB internal jail to the MVD jail #1, better known as Lukyanivska Prison.
Beside the testimonies of Wilhem, those of Novosad, and Kachorovsky to the case, were also added as evidence filed the testimony of several others Ukrainian nationalists. One of them, for example, claimed that they heard about contacts of Wilhelm with the OUN. They also filed an extract from a book "Ukrainskie sechevye streltsy" that was published in Lwow in 1935 mentioning about the stay of Wilhelm in Ukraine's south in 1918.
Indictment
In his indictment, Wilhelm Habsburg-Lothringen was charged with the following:
During World War I "carried out the aggressive plans of the Austro-Hungarian ruling circles and prepared to become the hetman of Ukraine"
Fought against the Soviet Army in 1918 (in reality it was the Red Army)
Served under Symon Petliura
Launched nationalist activities in exile
In 1944 he was recruited by the British intelligence and performed its tasks (A strange bullet as in the indictment there is nothing said about the role of Wilhelm in establishing contacts between Maas and OUN, only with Germans.)
In 1945 he was an agent of the French intelligence service, recruited agents, organized negotiations with OUN and Austrian People's Party
Timothy Snyder justly notes about the charges, "Soviet legislation was retroactive and extraterritorial, it was stretching for decades before formation of the Soviet Union and across lands over which Moscow never had its sovereignty".
Novosad's list was smaller: belonging to the nationalist organization "Sich" (in reality it was a society of Ukrainian students in Vienna established in 1868), connections with Wilhelm and OUN and working for English and French intelligence services.
The indictment contains articles of two criminal codes at once: for the Penal Code of the Russian SFSR relied on chekists in Vienna, while for the Penal Code of Ukrainian SSR – in Kyiv. Roman was charged with espionage and participation in counter-revolutionary organization, Wilhelm the same thing plus "armed uprising or invasion for counter-revolutionary purposes over the Soviet territory". These were all different paragraphs of the same "counter-revolutionary" article, in Ukrainian penal code it was the article 54, in Russian – 58.
As most "counter-revolutionary" cases of that time, the fate of Wilhelm and Novosad had to be decided not in court but by the MGB Special Meeting. It was an extrajudicial organ that carried out their decision in the mode of "conveyor belt", without any defendants, witnesses, or lawyers. In fact, the decision was made by Limarchenko who signed the indictment: he was asking the Special Meeting sentenced both to 25 years of forced labor camps. At that moment it was the maximum punishment, as the year earlier the Soviet authorities for some time abolished the death penalty. Then Limarchenko issued a ruling according to which Roman and Vasily were to sit in a MVD special camp. The Special Meeting that held session in July 1948 decided, as the investigation requested, giving both the accused 25 years of imprisonment. At the same time, Roman had to serve his sentence in the camp, and Wilhelm - in prison, which was much more difficult. On 12 August, chekists in Moscow determined exactly where Wilhelm would sit, in the infamous Vladimir Central Prison, which had a special status.
But they ran out of time before officially announcing the decision of Special Meeting to Wilhelm, as on 1 July from the 17th chamber of the Lukyanka Prison he was delivered to the prison hospital. The prisoner complained about weakness, dizziness, cough, and pain in heart and chest. The doctors discovered bilateral cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis in open form. At 23rd hour on 18 August 1948 Wilhelm Habsburg died from tuberculosis after spending a month and half in the hospital. The documents do not inform where he was buried. There is an assumption that the nameless grave is located in the courtyard of the prison or the Lukyanivka Cemetery.
Austria sent requests for the fate of its citizen to the Soviet Union. In response, there came only a certificate of sentence, while the death of the prisoner was hidden. There were even rumors throughout Vienna that Wilhelm Habsburg-Lothringen was seen alive in the Soviet Union. In 1952, the authorities of the Austrian Republic decided: a passport was issued to him illegally in the 1930s - after all, he did not give up his right to the throne - and therefore revoked his citizenship.
Rehabilitation
During the times of perestroika in 1989, the Soviet Office of Military Prosecutor fully rehabilitated both Wilhelm and Novosad. It was Novosad who became the author of first publication about Wilhelm Habsburg in the independent Ukraine, in 1992 his recollections printed the magazine "Ukrayina". By that time the name of the Archduke was forgotten. In 1994 the declassified case of Wilhelm and Novosad was transferred from the SBU Archive to the Central State Archive of public associations of Ukraine. In 2005 all personal documents and photographs of Wilhelm that were kept in his dossier were transferred through the German Ambassador in Ukraine Dietmar Stüdemann to Wilhelm's nephew and citizen of Germany Leo Habsburg-Lothringen. In the dossier were kept copies of the documents.
Ancestry
Notes
Further reading
Timothy Snyder, The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of A Habsburg Archduke (Basic Books, 2008);
External links
On the biography of Wilhelm Habsburg
HABSBURG–LOTRINGEN, Archduke Wilhelm
Archduke Wilhelm von Österreich-Toskana
1895 births
1948 deaths
People from Pula
Austrian people who died in prison custody
Austrian people who died in Soviet detention
Inmates of Lukyanivska Prison
20th-century Austrian poets
Ukrainian male poets
Ukrainian monarchists
People of World War I from Austria-Hungary
Spies who died in prison custody
Western spies against the Eastern Bloc
Ukrainian War of Independence
Austrian princes
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Recipients of the Iron Cross, 2nd class
Theresian Military Academy alumni |
2114485 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%20%28%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%29 | Контакт (телесеріал) | Контакт (телесеріал)
«Контакт» (англ. Touch) — американський драматичний телесеріал. Прем'єра відбулася 25 січня 2012 року на телеканалі Fox. Телесеріал належить 20th Century Fox Television, Tailwind Productions і Chernin Entertainment. Сценарій написаний Тімом Крінґом; Френсіс Лоуренс, Кетерін Поуп, Кіфер Сазерленд і С'юзан Бімел — виконавчі продюсери. 9 травня 2013 канал закрив серіал після двох сезонів.
Сюжет
Мартін Бом, удівець і батько-одинак, намагається знайти підхід до свого 11-річного сина Джейка. Дбайливий і розуміючий Мартін перепробував все, щоб встановити контакт з хлопчиком з аутизмом. Джейк ніколи не розмовляє, не проявляє ніяких емоцій і не дозволяє нікому до себе доторкатися. Дитина одержима числами, проводячи дні безперервно, записуючи в своєму зошиті незрозумілі ряди цифр і розбираючи вийшовші з ладу стільникові телефони. Після того як Джейк кілька разів утікає зі школи, Мартіна відвідує соціальний працівник Клеа Хопкінс, яка вважає, що Мартін не може самостійно впоратися з сином. Джейк потрапляє в клініку, незважаючи на відчайдушні заперечення батька. Все змінюється після зустрічі Мартіна з Артуром Теллером, професором і експертом по дітях, що володіють неординарними аналітичними здібностями. Артур приходить до висновку, що Джейк бачить варіації чисел і коефіцієнтів, які пов'язують всіх людей на планеті. Хлопчик може проводити паралелі між минулим і сьогоденням, а також передбачати майбутнє. Теллер говорить Мартіну, що Джейк намагається поєднати різних людей по всьому світу в певний момент, і що його обов'язок як батька допомогти своєму синові зробити це, розшифрувавши послання дитини. Відтепер спроби Мартіна знайти зв'язок з сином будуть визначати долю всього людства…
У ролях
Кіфер Сазерленд — Мартін Бом (26 епізодів)
Девід Мезоуз — Джейк Бом, син Мартіна (26 епізодів)
Гугу Мбата-Роу — Клеа Хопкінс (13 епізодів)
Лукас Хаас — Кельвін Норбург (13 епізодів)
Саксон Шарбіно — Амелія Роббінс (13 епізодів)
Марія Белло — Люсі Роббінс (13 епізодів)
Саїд Тагмауї — Гільєрмо Ортіс (10 епізодів)
Денні Ґловер — Артур Теллер (8 епізодів)
Другорядний та епізодичний склад
Джонні Ріс — Тревор Вілкокс (13 епізодів)
Бодхі Елфман — Аврам Хадар (10 епізодів)
Роксана Брусса — Шері Стреплінг (9 епізодів)
Кетрін Дент — Ебіґейл Келсі (4 епізоди)
Девід де Латур — Саймон Плімптон (4 епізоди)
Саманта Вітейкер — Нелл Плімптон (4 епізоди)
Д. Б. Суїні — Джозеф Таннер (4 епізоди)
Майкелті Вільямсон — детектив Ланг (4 епізоди)
Тітус Веллівер — Рендалл Мід (3 епізоду)
Карен Девід — Кайла Грехем (1 епізод)
Рон Ріфкін — Ісаак (1 епізод)
Енн Дудек — космонавт Аллегра (1 епізод)
Кіт Девід — Датч (1 епізод)
Габріель Луна — Тед (1 епізод)
Єтіде Бадак — Грейс (1 епізод)
Список серій
Основная статья: Список епізодів телесеріалу «Контакт»
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
Контакт на сайті IMDb
Драматичні телесеріали США
Телесеріали США 2010-х років
Телесеріали Fox Television Studios
Телесеріали США, завершені у 2013
Телесеріали США, запущені у 2012
Телесеріали англійською мовою |
54776267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami%20Hamabe | Minami Hamabe | Minami Hamabe
is a Japanese actress. Having starred in various blockbusters and popular television shows since her teenage years, she is one of Japan's most prominent figures in the modern-day entertainment industry.
Hamabe won the New Generation Award at the 2011 Toho Cinderella Audition and subsequently began her film career the following year. She gained fame by playing Meiko Honma in the live-action version of the TV series Anohana (2015), and later made her breakthrough playing the lead in the romance film Let Me Eat Your Pancreas (2017); with the latter earning her Newcomer of the Year at the 41st Japan Academy Prize. Hamabe subsequently starred in The Great War of Archimedes (2019), Cursed in Love, The Promised Neverland (both 2020), Kakegurui – Compulsive Gambler Part 2 (2021), and One Day, You Will Reach the Sea (2022). In 2023, she co-starred with Ryunosuke Kamiki in the television drama Ranman and Takashi Yamazaki's kaiju epic Godzilla Minus One. Her acting in Godzilla Minus One along with Shin Kamen Rider attained her international recognition and she won Best Supporting Actress at the 66th Blue Ribbon Awards.
Early life and career
Hamabe was born on August 29, 2000, in Ishikawa Prefecture. She started off her career by winning the New Generation Award at the 7th Toho Cinderella Audition. She has since starred in numerous films and dramas, with many of them being live-action adaptations of popular manga and video games.
Hamabe gained widespread fame for her role in Japan for her role in the live-action film Let Me Eat Your Pancreas, which tells the story of a terminally ill girl's relationship with her introvert male classmate who happens to find out about her illness by accident. The film was the 5th highest-grossing film in Japan in 2017. Hamabe was awarded the Newcomer Of The Year Award at the 41st Japan Academy Film Prize, with the film itself being nominated for the Picture of the Year award at the same ceremony.
In 2019, Hamabe starred in the film The Great War of Archimedes. The film grossed over 1.9 billion yen in Japan is amongst the highest-grossing film of 2019 in Japan.
In 2020, Hamabe co-starred with Ryusei Yokohama and Yukino Kishii in the live-action adaptation of the manga Cursed in Love. Hamabe also appeared in the film Murders At The House of Death in 2020. The film has grossed over 1 billion yen and is the 20th highest-grossing film in Japan for the year 2020.
In December 2020, Hamabe starred in the live-action film The Promised Neverland. The film has since grossed over 2.1 billion yen in Japan, making it amongst the highest-grossing film of 2021 in Japan. Hamabe starred in the drama Dr. White in 2022. The drama is based on the novels Dr. White: Senrigan no Karute (published 2015 by Kadokawa) and Dr. White: Kami no Shindan (published 2019 by Kadokawa) by Shin Kibayashi. Hamabe also appeared alongside Sho Hirano in the SP drama Seito ga Jinsei wo Yarinaoseru Gakko. Hamabe again starred alongside Yukino Kishii in the film One Day, You Will Reach the Sea (Yagate Umi e to Todoku) which was released in April 2022.
Hamabe was chosen directly by NHK without audition as the 108th Asadora heroine by NHK whereby she starred alongside Ryunosuke Kamiki as the wife of Kamiki's character. Filming for the Asadora, titled Ranman (らんまん), began in fall 2023. She appeared in two major films in 2023: Hideaki Anno's live-action superhero film Shin Kamen Rider and played a similar character to that of Ranman in Takashi Yamazaki's Godzilla Minus One.
Personal life
Hamabe has a Pomeranian pet dog she calls "Popu-chan". She is close friends with fellow actors Takumi Kitamura and Kanna Hashimoto.
Filmography
Films
Television
Other television
Music videos
Awards and nominations
References
External links
at Toho Ent.
at TVer
2000 births
Japanese child actresses
Japanese film actresses
Japanese television actresses
Actors from Ishikawa Prefecture
Living people
21st-century Japanese actresses
Horikoshi High School alumni |
4985336 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%20%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA | Ян Крошлак | Ян Крошлак (17 жовтня 1974) — колишній словацький тенісист.
Найвищу одиночну позицію світового рейтингу — 53 місце досяг 13 вересня 1999, парну — 215 місце — 23 червня 1997 року.
Здобув 2 одиночні титули.
Найвищим досягненням на турнірах Великого шолома було 3 коло в одиночному розряді.
Фінали ATP за кар'єру
Одиночний розряд: 3 (2–1)
Парний розряд: 1 (1 поразка)
Фінали ATP Челленджер і ITF Ф'ючерс
Одиночний розряд: 6 (2–4)
Парний розряд: 2 (1–1)
Часовий графік результатів
Одиночний розряд
Примітки
Посилання
Словацькі тенісисти
Політики Словаччини
Тенісисти та тенісистки на літніх Олімпійських іграх 1996
Словацькі олімпійські тенісисти та тенісистки |
1431930 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE | Фелдфебел-Денково | Фелдфебел-Денково — село в Добрицькій області Болгарії. Входить до складу общини Добричка.
Населення
За даними перепису населення 2011 року у селі проживали особи.
Національний склад населення села:
Розподіл населення за віком у 2011 році:
Динаміка населення:
Примітки
Села Добрицької області |
18773551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topola%20Szlachecka | Topola Szlachecka | Topola Szlachecka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łęczyca, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north of Łęczyca and north-west of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Villages in Łęczyca County |
1232257 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD75649 | HD75649 | HD75649 — хімічно пекулярна зоря спектрального класу B9, що має видиму зоряну величину в смузі V приблизно 6,2.
Вона розташована на відстані близько 367,7 світлових років від Сонця.
Див. також
Перелік HgMn-зір
Ртутно-манганова зоря
Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір (8h-10h)
Хімічно пекулярна зоря
Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір з пониженим вмістом гелію
Хімічно пекулярна зоря з пониженим вмістом гелію
Перелік Am-зір
Am-зоря
Джерела
Хімічно пекулярні зорі
Зорі головної послідовності спектрального класу B9
6 |
18970795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma%20Knox | Emma Knox | Emma Knox (born 2 March 1978) is an Australian water polo player. She was a member of the Australia women's national water polo team that won a bronze medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
See also
Australia women's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
List of Olympic medalists in water polo (women)
List of women's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers
List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Australian female water polo players
Water polo goalkeepers
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia in water polo
Water polo players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo
21st-century Australian women
Sportswomen from Western Australia
People from Dampier, Western Australia |
1637460 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%20%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%20%28%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%29 | Неа Саламіна Фамагуста (футбольний клуб) | Неа Саламіна Фамагуста (футбольний клуб)
Неа Саламіна Фамагуста — кіпрський професійний футбольний клуб, заснований 1948 року. До 1974 року розташовувався у Фамагусті. Після Турецького вторгнення на Кіпр, в результаті якого це місто було окуповане турецькими військами, клуб перебазувався до Ларнаки. Названий на честь стародавнього грецького міста Саламіс поблизу сучасної Фамагусти.
Найбільшими турнірними досягненнями «Неа Саламіна» були перемоги в розіграшах Кубку Кіпру та Суперкубку Кіпру у 1990 році. Найвищим досягненням у чемпіонаті Кіпру було третє місце. Протягом перших років існування (1948–1953) команда змагалась у аматорському чемпіонаті Кіпру. 1953 року клуб приєднався до Кіпрської федерації футболу та розпочав виступи у чемпіонатах та розіграшах кубків, що проводяться під її егідою. Клуб брав участь у понад 50 чемпіонатах Кіпру, займаючи за цим показником сьоме місце серед клубів країни.
Команда дебютувала у єврокубках 1990 року (Кубок володарів кубків). Згодом брала участь у трьох розіграшах Кубка Інтертото — 1995, 1997 та 2000 років.
Футбольна команда є частиною спортивного клубу «Неа Саламіна Фамагуста», в структурі якого також є чоловіча волейбольна команда.
Виступи в єврокубках
Бібліографія
Посилання
Футбольні клуби Кіпру
Футбольні клуби, засновані 1948
Фамагуста
Засновані на Кіпрі 1948 |
1130245 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%20%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9 | Гай Фламіній | Гай Фламіній (? — 217 р. до н. е.) — визначний політичний, державний та військовий діяч Римської республіки, консул 227 та 217 років до н. е.
Біографія
Походив з плебейського роду Фламініїв. Син Гая Фламінія. Ще замолоду став лідером демократичного руху Риму, який відстоював політичні та економічні інтереси плебеїв.
У 232 році до н. е. його обрано народним трибуном. На цій посаді Фламіній подолав сильний спротив сенату й провів на народних зборах законопроєкт про розподіл державної землі, так званої ager Gallicus et Picenus («гальські та піценскі землі») у північній Італії на узбережжі Адріатичного моря, і розподіл ділянок поміж римськими колоністами.
У 227 році до н. е. став претором й першим в історії пропретором Сицилії. У 223 році до н. е. його було обрано консулом разом з Публієм Фурієм Філом. Під час каденції Фламінія гали—інсумбри здійснили напад на римські землі у північній Італії. Останнім було завдано поразки при Теламоні біля річки По. Фламіній не став тоді чекати наказу сенату, зробивши це лише після бою, оскільки здогадувався, що там міститься вказівки про повернення. Після перемоги Фламіній отримав тріумф, також проти бажання сенату. 221 року до н.е. на півдні Марсового полю звів цирк.
У 220 року до н. е. його було обрано цензором разом з Луцієм Емілієм Папом. Під час свого цензорського терміну побудував дорогу з Риму на північ, яка отримала його ім'я — via Flaminia. У 218 до н. е. Фламіній був єдиним сенатором, який підтримав закон, за яким сенаторам та їхнім синам заборонялося вести заморську торгівлю у великому обсязі, тобто володіти суднами, які вміщували більш ніж 300 амфор.
У 217 році до н. е. Гая Фламінія вдруге було обрано консулом, цього разу разом з Гнеєм Сервілієм Геміном. У цей час точилася Друга Пунічна війна. Карфагенянин Ганнібал вже здобув свої перші перемоги й збирався почати наступ на центральну Італію. Фламіній був серед тих, хто виступав за швидке завершення війни, звинувачуючи патриціїв у навмисному затягуванні її завершення. Після обрання його консулом, Фламіній відразу виїхав до війська без виконання необхідних релігійних процедур. Сенат спрямував до нього посланців — Квінта Теренція та Марка Антістія — з вимогою повернутися для виконання визначених релігійних заходів. Втім Фламіній розглядав це лише як привід затримати його, давши змогу представнику патриціїв — Гнею Сервілію — завдати поразку пунійцям й тим самим послабити вплив демократів у самому Римі.
Фламіній рушив до м. Арреціум, де намагався перехопити Ганнібала у західних Аппенінах, однак Ганнібалу вдалося обдурити римлянам, пройшовши через болото. Фламіній рушив до Етрурії назустріч ворогам, спрямувавши при цьому листа до свого колеги Гнея Сервілія Геміна з проханням допомогти. Втім останній під приводом поганої погоди та втомленості війська відмовив Фламінію. Вирішальна битва відбулася біля Тразименського озера. Тут римляни потрапили у засідку, а коли Фламіній кинувся переслідувати начебто втікаючих карфагенян, то потрапив у засідку. Внаслідок цього римське військо було майже повністю знищено, а Фламінія було вбито Дукарієм, гальським найманцем.
Примітки
Джерела
Полібій, II 21, 7-8.
Тит Лівій, Ab urbe condita libri, XXI, 63, 2.
Friedrich Münzer: Flaminius 2). // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Band VI,2, Stuttgart 1909, Sp. 2496—2502.
Народні трибуни
Загинули в бою |
16912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Benz | Carl Benz | Carl Benz
Carl (or Karl) Friedrich Benz (born Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant; 25 November 1844 – 4 April 1929) was a German engine designer and automotive engineer. His Benz Patent Motorcar from 1885 is considered the first practical modern automobile and first car put into series production. He received a patent for the motorcar in 1886, the same year he first publicly drove the Benz Patent-Motorwagen.
His company Benz & Cie., based in Mannheim, was the world's first automobile plant and largest of its day. In 1926, it merged with Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft to form Daimler-Benz, which produces the Mercedes-Benz among other brands.
Benz is widely regarded as "the father of the car", as well as the "father of the automobile industry".
Early life
Carl Benz was born Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant on 25 November 1844 in Mühlburg, now a borough of Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, which is part of modern Germany. His parents were Josephine Vaillant and a locomotive driver, Johann Georg Benz, whom she married a few months later. According to German law, the child acquired the name "Benz" by legal marriage of his parents. When he was two years old, his father died of pneumonia, and his name was changed to Karl Friedrich Benz in remembrance of his father.
Despite living in near poverty, his mother strove to give him a good education. Benz attended the local school in Karlsruhe and was a prodigious student. In 1853, at the age of nine, he started at the scientifically oriented Lyceum. Next he studied at Karlsruhe's polytechnical school under the instruction of Ferdinand Redtenbacher.
Benz had originally focused his studies on locksmithing, but he eventually followed his father's steps toward locomotive engineering. On 30 September 1860, at age 15, he passed the entrance exam for mechanical engineering for the Karlsruhe polytechnical school, which he subsequently attended. Benz graduated on 9 July 1864, aged 19.
Following his formal education, Benz had seven years of professional training in several companies, but did not fit well in any of them. The training started in Karlsruhe with two years of varied jobs in a mechanical engineering company.
He then moved to Mannheim to work as a draftsman and designer in a scales factory. In 1868 he went to Pforzheim to work for the bridge building company Gebrüder Benckiser Eisenwerke und Maschinenfabrik. Finally, he went to Vienna for a short period to work at an iron construction company.
Benz's first factory and early inventions (1871–1882)
In 1871, at the age of twenty-seven, Benz joined August Ritter, in launching the Iron Foundry and Mechanical Workshop in Mannheim, later renamed Factory for Machines for Sheet-metal Working.
The enterprise's first year went very badly. Ritter turned out to be unreliable, and the business's tools were impounded. The difficulty was overcome when Benz's fiancée, Bertha Ringer, bought out Ritter's share in the company, using her dowry.
On 20 July 1872, Benz and Bertha Ringer married. They had five children: Eugen (1873), Richard (1874), Clara (1877), Thilde (1882), and Ellen (1890).
Despite the business misfortunes, Benz led in the development of new engines in the early factory he and his wife owned. To get more revenue, in 1878 he began to work on new patents. First, he concentrated on creating a reliable petrol two-stroke engine. Benz finished his two-stroke engine on 31 December 1879, and was granted a patent for it on 28 June 1880.
While designing what would become the production standard for his two-stroke engine, Benz patented the speed regulation system, the ignition using sparks with battery, the spark plug, the carburetor, the clutch, the gear shift, and the water radiator.
Benz's Gasmotoren-Fabrik Mannheim (1882–1883)
Problems arose again when the banks at Mannheim demanded that the Benz's enterprise be incorporated due to the high production costs it maintained. They were forced to improvise an association with photographer Emil Bühler and his brother (a cheese merchant), to get additional bank support. The company became the joint-stock company Gasmotoren Fabrik Mannheim in 1882.
After all the necessary incorporation agreements, Benz was unhappy because he was left with merely five percent of the shares and a modest position as director. Worst of all, his ideas weren't considered when designing new products, so he withdrew from that corporation just one year later, in 1883.
Benz and Cie. and the Benz Patent-Motorwagen
Benz's lifelong hobby brought him to a bicycle repair shop in Mannheim owned by Max Rose and Friedrich Wilhelm Eßlinger. In 1883, the three founded a new company producing industrial machines: Benz & Companie Rheinische Gasmotoren-Fabrik, usually referred to as Benz & Cie. Quickly growing to twenty-five employees, it soon began to produce static gas engines as well.
The success of the company gave Benz the opportunity to indulge in his old passion of designing a horseless carriage. Based on his experience with, and fondness for, bicycles, he used similar technology when he created an automobile. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones) with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. Power was transmitted by means of two roller chains to the rear axle. Benz finished his creation in 1885 and named it "Benz Patent-Motorwagen".
The Motorwagen was patented on 29 January 1886 as DRP-37435: "automobile fueled by gas". The 1885 version was difficult to control, leading to a collision with a wall during a public demonstration. The first successful tests on public roads were carried out in the early summer of 1886. Benz first publicly drove the car on 3 July 1886 in Mannheim at a top speed of 16 km/h (10 mph). The next year Benz created the Motorwagen Model 2, which had several modifications, and in 1889, the definitive Model 3 with wooden wheels was introduced, showing at the Paris Expo the same year.
Benz began to sell the vehicle (advertising it as "Benz Patent-Motorwagen") in the late summer of 1888, making it the first commercially available automobile in history. The second customer of the Motorwagen was a Parisian bicycle manufacturer Emile Roger, who had already been building Benz engines under license from Benz for several years. Roger added the Benz automobiles (many built in France) to the line he carried in Paris and initially most were sold there.
The early 1888 version of the Motorwagen had only two gears and could not climb hills unaided. This limitation was rectified after Bertha Benz drove one of the vehicles a great distance and suggested to her husband the addition of a third gear for climbing hills. In the course of this trip she also invented brake pads.
Bertha Benz's long-distance drive
The world's first long distance automobile trip was undertaken by Bertha Benz using a Model 3. On the morning of 5 August 1888 Bertha – supposedly without the knowledge of her husband – took the vehicle on a trip from Mannheim to Pforzheim to visit her mother, taking her sons Eugen and Richard with her. In addition to having to locate pharmacies along the way to refuel, she repaired various technical and mechanical problems. One of these included the invention of brake lining; after some longer downhill slopes she ordered a shoemaker to nail leather onto the brake blocks. Bertha Benz and sons finally arrived at nightfall, announcing the achievement to Karl by telegram. It had been her intention to demonstrate the feasibility of using the Benz Motorwagen for travel and to generate publicity in the manner now referred to as live marketing. Today, the event is celebrated every two years in Germany with an antique automobile rally.
In 2008, the Bertha Benz Memorial Route was officially approved as a route of the industrial heritage of mankind, because it follows Bertha Benz's tracks of the world's first long-distance journey by automobile in 1888. The public can now follow the of signposted route from Mannheim via Heidelberg to Pforzheim (Black Forest) and back. The return trip – which didn't go through Heidelberg – was along a different, slightly shorter route, as shown on the maps of the Bertha Benz Memorial Route.
Benz's Model 3 made its wide-scale debut to the world in the 1889 World's Fair in Paris; about twenty-five Motorwagens were built between 1886 and 1893.
Benz and Cie. expansion
The great demand for static internal combustion engines forced Benz to enlarge the factory in Mannheim, and in 1886 a new building located on Waldhofstrasse (operating until 1908) was added. Benz & Cie. had grown in the interim from 50 employees in 1889 to 430 in 1899.
During the last years of the nineteenth century, Benz was the largest automobile company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899.
Because of its size, in 1899, Benz & Cie. became a joint-stock company with the arrival of Friedrich von Fischer and Julius Ganß, who came aboard as members of the Board of Management. Ganß worked in the commercialization department, which is somewhat similar to marketing in contemporary corporations.
The new directors recommended that Benz should create a less expensive automobile suitable for mass production. From 1893 to 1900 Benz sold the four wheel, two seat Victoria, a two-passenger automobile with a engine, which could reach the top speed of and had a pivotal front axle operated by a roller-chained tiller for steering. The model was successful with 85 units sold in 1893, and was produced in a four-seated version with face-to-face seat benches called the "Vis-à-Vis".
From 1894 to 1902, Benz produced over 1,200 of what some consider the first mass-produced car, the Velocipede, later known as the Benz Velo. The early Velo had a 1L engine, and later a engine. giving a top speed of .
The Velo participated in the world's first automobile race, the 1894 Paris to Rouen, where Émile Roger finished 14th, after covering the in 10 hours 01-minute at an average speed of .
In 1895, Benz designed the first truck with an internal combustion engine in history. Benz also built the first motor buses in history in 1895, for the Netphener bus company.
In 1896, Benz was granted a patent for his design of the first flat engine. It had horizontally opposed pistons, a design in which the corresponding pistons reach top dead centre simultaneously, thus balancing each other with respect to momentum. Many flat engines, particularly those with four or fewer cylinders, are arranged as "boxer engines", boxermotor in German, and also are known as "horizontally opposed engines". This design is still used by Porsche, Subaru, and some high performance engines used in racing cars. In motorcycles, the most famous boxer engine is found in BMW Motorrad, though the boxer engine design was used in many other models, including Victoria, Harley-Davidson XA, Zündapp, Wooler, Douglas Dragonfly, Ratier, Universal, IMZ-Ural, Dnepr, Gnome et Rhône, Chang Jiang, Marusho, and the Honda Gold Wing.
Although Gottlieb Daimler died in March 1900—and there is no evidence that Benz and Daimler knew each other nor that they knew about each other's early achievements—eventually, competition with Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in Stuttgart began to challenge the leadership of Benz & Cie. In October 1900, the main designer of DMG, Wilhelm Maybach, built the engine that would later be used in the Mercedes-35hp of 1902. The engine was built to the specifications of Emil Jellinek under a contract for him to purchase thirty-six vehicles with the engine, and for him to become a dealer of the special series. Jellinek stipulated the new engine be named Daimler-Mercedes (for his daughter). Maybach would quit DMG in 1907, but he designed the model and all of the important changes. After testing, the first was delivered to Jellinek on 22 December 1900. Jellinek continued to make suggestions for changes to the model and obtained good results racing the automobile in the next few years, encouraging DMG to engage in commercial production of automobiles, which they did in 1902.
Benz countered with Parsifil, introduced in 1903 with a vertical twin engine that achieved a top speed of . Then, without consulting Benz, the other directors hired some French designers.
France was a country with an extensive automobile industry based on Maybach's creations. Because of this action, after difficult discussions, Benz announced his retirement from design management on 24 January 1903, although he remained as director on the Board of Management through its merger with DMG in 1926 and, remained on the board of the new Daimler-Benz corporation until his death in 1929.
Benz's sons Eugen and Richard left Benz & Cie. in 1903, but Richard returned to the company in 1904 as the designer of passenger vehicles.
That year, sales of Benz & Cie. reached 3,480 automobiles, and the company remained the leading manufacturer of automobiles.
Along with continuing as a director of Benz & Cie., Benz founded another company, C. Benz Söhne, (with his son Eugen and closely held within the family), a privately held company for manufacturing automobiles. The brand name used the first initial of Benz's first name, "Carl".
Blitzen Benz
In 1909, the Blitzen Benz was built in Mannheim by Benz & Cie. The bird-beaked vehicle had a 21.5-liter (1312ci), engine, and on 9 November 1909 in the hands of Victor Hémery of France, the land speed racer at Brooklands, set a record of , said to be "faster than any plane, train, or automobile" at the time, a record that was not exceeded for ten years by any other vehicle. It was transported to several countries, including the United States, to establish multiple records of this achievement.
Benz Söhne, 1906–1923
Carl Benz, Bertha Benz, and their son, Eugen, moved east of Mannheim to live in nearby Ladenburg, and solely with their own capital, founded the private company, C. Benz Sons (German: Benz Söhne) in 1906, producing automobiles and gas engines. The latter type was replaced by petrol engines because of lack of demand.
This company never issued stocks publicly, building its own line of automobiles independently from Benz & Cie., which was located in Mannheim. The Benz Sons automobiles were of good quality and became popular in London as taxis.
In 1912, Benz liquidated all of his shares in Benz Sons and left the family-held company in Ladenburg to Eugen and Richard, but he remained as a director of Benz & Cie.
During a birthday celebration for him in his home town of Karlsruhe on 25 November 1914, the seventy-year-old Benz was awarded an honorary doctorate by his alma mater, the Karlsruhe University, thereby becoming—Dr. Ing. h. c. Benz.
Almost from the very beginning of the production of automobiles, participation in sports car racing became a major method to gain publicity for manufacturers. At first, the production models were raced and the Benz Velo participated in the first automobile race: Paris to Rouen 1894. Later, investment in developing racecars for motorsports produced returns through sales generated by the association of the name of the automobile with the winners. Unique race vehicles were built at the time such as the first mid-engine and aerodynamically designed, Tropfenwagen, a "teardrop" body introduced at the 1923 European Grand Prix at Monza.
In the last production year of the Benz Sons company, 1923, three hundred and fifty units were built. During the following year, 1924, Benz built two additional 8/25 hp units of the automobile manufactured by this company, tailored for his personal use, which he never sold; they are still preserved.
Toward Daimler-Benz and the first Mercedes-Benz in 1926
The German economic crisis worsened. In 1923 Benz & Cie. produced only 1,382 units in Mannheim, and DMG made only 1,020 in Stuttgart. The average cost of an automobile was 25 million marks because of rapid inflation. Negotiations between the two companies resumed and in 1924 they signed an "Agreement of Mutual Interest" valid until the year 2000. Both enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, sales, and advertising—marketing their automobile models jointly—although keeping their respective brands.
On 28 June 1926, Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its automobiles as Mercedes-Benz, honoring the most important model of the DMG automobiles, the 1902 Mercedes 35 hp, along with the Benz name. The name of Mercedes 35 hp had been chosen for ten-year-old Mercédès Jellinek, the daughter of Emil Jellinek who had set the specifications for the new model. Between 1900 and 1909 he was a member of DMG's board of management, however had resigned long before the merger.
Benz was a member of the new Daimler-Benz board of management for the remainder of his life. A new logo was created in 1926, consisting of a three pointed star (representing Daimler's motto: "engines for land, air, and water") surrounded by traditional laurels from the Benz logo, and the brand of all of its automobiles was labeled Mercedes-Benz. Model names would follow the brand name in the same convention as today.
The next year, 1927, the number of units sold tripled to 7,918 and the diesel line was launched for truck production. In 1928, the Mercedes-Benz SSK was presented.
On 4 April 1929, Benz died at his home in Ladenburg at the age of 84 from a bronchial inflammation. Until her death on 5 May 1944, Bertha Benz continued to reside in their last home. Members of the family resided in the home for thirty more years. The Benz home has now been designated as historic and is used as a scientific meeting facility for a nonprofit foundation, the Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz Foundation.
Legacy
The in Ladenburg, where he lived until his death, is named in his honor, as is the Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz, also located in Ladenburg.
In 1984, Benz was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame. and the European Automotive Hall of Fame.
In popular culture
In 2011, a dramatized television film about the life of Carl and Bertha Benz was made named , which premiered on 11 May and was aired by Das Erste on 23 May. A trailer of the film and a "making of" special were released on YouTube.
Benz was also featured in the first episode of the History Television miniseries The Cars That Made The World.
See also
Benz (unit)
List of German inventors and discoverers
History of the internal combustion engine
Siegfried Marcus
References
Specific
General
(autobiography)
(biography)
External links
Brief biographies of Karl Benz and Bertha Benz, with portraits, an extensive archive, and detailed histories presented at the Mercedes-Benz Museum
Mercedes-Benz corporate archives, company archives, history, media management archives, and publications
Honorary doctorate and Baden State medal in gold, both awarded to Karl Benz in his lifetime
Das Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz in der alten Benz Fabrik is the Dr. Carl Benz Auto Museum created by a private group in 1996 in a former Benz factory for an ancillary business founded with his sons in Ladenburg, which was separate from his major companies. The company opened in 1906 and closed in 1923, the site has a description of this museum and contemporary photographs, showing "C. Benz SÖHNE KG" painted on the building, which contains historical photographs, some restored automobiles, and a chronology of the life of Karl Benz.
Karl Benz on 3-wheelers.com
Bertha Benz Memorial Route
Bertha Benz's Ride
The Karl Benz family grave site in Ladenburg: the urn contains the ashes of their son, Richard Benz, and the inscription on the gravestone reads "Dr. Ing. h. c. Karl Benz"
The Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz Foundation founded in 1986 at the last residence of Bertha and Karl Benz in Ladenburg
, video of a Benz Victoria being driven on the streets of Germany in the 21st century
Mercedes Benz, A European Travel Guide
1844 births
1929 deaths
19th-century German inventors
German founders of automobile manufacturers
German industrialists
German mechanical engineers
People associated with the internal combustion engine
Engineers from Karlsruhe
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni
Businesspeople from Karlsruhe |
5012705 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0 | Хаїрова Ксенія Леонідівна | Хаїрова Ксенія Леонідівна
Ксенія Леонідівна Хаїрова (до шлюбу Тализіна; . 29 березня 1969 року, Москва, СРСР) — радянська і російська акторка театру і кіно.
Фігурантка бази даних центру «Миротворець» (порушення державного кордону України, участь у гастролях Центрального академічного театру російської армії 21-30.06.2015 в анексованому РФ Криму (Ялта, Євпаторія, Севатополь).
Життєпис
Народилася 29 березня 1969 року в Москві в сім'ї відомої акторки Валентини Тализіної і художника Леоніда Непомнящего. Шлюб її батьків був недовговічним, спільне життя не склалося, і незабаром після народження дочки вони розлучилися. Непам'ятний поїхав до Мексики, де одружився і став відомим художником. У дитинстві та юності Ксенія носила прізвище матері. Вона навчалася у школі із поглибленим вивченням іноземних мов, тому володіє трьома іноземними мовами.
У дошкільному віці знімалася в епізодичній ролі у фільмі «Афоня» (у титрах не вказано).
У 1990 році закінчила ГІТІС. Цього ж року дебютувала у кіно, зігравши невелику роль у фільмі « Микола Вавілов».
З 1993 року працює акторкою Центрального академічного театру Російської армії.
Особисте життя
Перебуває у четвертому шлюбі, чоловік — Юрій, донька від попереднього шлюбу — Анастасія Тализіна (нар. 1999).
Нагороди
медаль «За зміцнення бойової співдружності» (2014)
Ролі у театрі
«Солдат і Єва» — Єва
«Орестея» — Електра
«Шлюк і Яу» — Принцеса Зідзеліль
«На жвавому місці» — Ганнуся
«Кохання дона Перлімпліна» — Беліса
«Дивовижний чарівник Країни Оз» — Дороті
«Багато шуму з нічого» — Маргарита
«Пізнє кохання» — Лебедкіна
«Дивна місіс Севідж» — Лілі-Белл
«Однокласники» — Анна Фалікова (Корольова)
«Вічно живі» — Монастирська
" Вовки та вівці " — Глафіра
«Викрадення» — Надя
«Русланова» — Лідія Русланова
Вибрана фільмографія
— Афоня — уявна донька великого героя (в його мріях про життя з коханою жінкою)
— Микола Вавилов
— Наш американський Боря — Аня
— На зорі туманної юності — Ганна
— Щастя ти моє — імператриця Олександра Федорівна
— Аеропорт 2 — Світлана
— Сищики 5 — Тетяна Тоцильцина
— Гонка за щастям — Лариса Дронова
— Дочки-матері — Наталія
— Життя, якого не було — дружина іноземця
— Година Волкова-2 — Людмила Тихомирова
— Місто спокус — Ольга Діамант
— Голосу — Марина Рябова
— Будинок зразкового змісту — Іда Меклер
— Кохання та золото
—, — Інститут шляхетних дівчат — начальниця інституту Лідія Іванівна Соколова
— Врятувати боса — Маргарита Морозова
— До смерті гарна
— Країна 03 — Ольга
— СашаТаня — Ізольда Венедиктівна, психологиня (13-та серія)
— Умільці (телесеріал) — Вікторія Устьянцева, суддя
— Хороші руки — Наталія Денисова
— Інший майор Соколов (4-а серія) — Ірина Локтєва, бізнес-леді
— Московський хорт — Тетяна Кирилівна Макишева, психолог, кандидат наук
— Постріл
— Гадалка — Галина Сергіївна Скобейда, лікарка
— Капкан для монстра — Валентина Уварова
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт Ксенії Хаїрової
Ксенія Хаїрова на сайті ЦАТРА
Ксенія Хаїрова на сайті КіноПошук
Акторки XX століття
Акторки XXI століття
Російські акторки
Радянські акторки
Акторки за алфавітом
Актори та акторки Центрального академічного театру Російської армії
Персоналії за алфавітом
Статті з джерелами з Вікіданих
Фігуранти бази «Миротворець» |
3730063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Capaldi | Peter Capaldi | Peter Capaldi
Peter Dougan Capaldi (born 14 April 1958) is a Scottish actor and director. He portrayed the twelfth incarnation of the Doctor in the science fiction series Doctor Who and Malcolm Tucker in The Thick of It, for which he received four British Academy Television Award nominations, winning Best Male Comedy Performance in 2010.
Capaldi won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Short Film for his 1993 short film Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life. He went on to write and direct the drama film Strictly Sinatra and directed two series of the sitcom Getting On. Capaldi also played Mr Curry in the family film Paddington and its sequel Paddington 2, as well as The Thinker in The Suicide Squad.
He appeared as Professor Marcus in the stage play The Ladykillers. He won a BAFTA Scotland award for Outstanding Contribution to Film & Television. Capaldi wrote a rock album titled St. Christopher. He is married to actress Elaine Collins and the pair have a child together.
Early life
Capaldi was born on 14 April 1958 in Glasgow, Scotland, to Gerald and Nancy (Soutar) Capaldi. His paternal grandfather was Italian, while the rest of his ancestry is Scottish and Irish. His parents ran an ice cream business in the Springburn district, where they were neighbours and acquaintances of the family of Armando Iannucci, creator of The Thick of It, although the two men did not know each other as children. He was educated at St Teresa's Primary School in Possilpark, St Matthew's Primary School in Bishopbriggs, and St Ninian's High School, Kirkintilloch, before attending the Glasgow School of Art. He was a fan of Doctor Who as a child.
Capaldi displayed an early talent for performance by putting on a puppet show in primary school. While at high school, he was a member of the Antonine Players, who performed at the Fort Theatre in Bishopbriggs. As an art student, he was the lead singer and guitarist in a punk rock band called The Dreamboys, whose drummer was future comedian Craig Ferguson. The pair also performed a cabaret act together as Bing & Dean Hitler and wrote an alternative pantomime of Sleeping Beauty.
Career
1974–1991: Early roles
Capaldi's first acting role was in a 1974 performance of the play An Inspector Calls. In 1981, he made his first onscreen appearance as Joe Edwards in the Charles Gormley film Living Apart Together.
In 1983, he appeared as John Lennon in John, Paul, George, Ringo ... and Bert at the Young Vic. The same year he appeared as Danny Oldsen in Local Hero.
In 1985, he portrayed Beatles member George Harrison in John and Yoko: A Love Story. Three years later, Capaldi appeared in the Rab C. Nesbitt episode "Seasonal Greet". That same year he appered in the films Dangerous Liaisons and The Lair of the White Worm.
In 1991, he appeared in December Bride. He also appered in Agatha Christie's Poirot and Screen Two.
1992–1997
In 1992, Capaldi had his first starring role on television was as Luke Wakefield, a strange man who imagines he has witnessed a crime, in the BBC drama series Mr Wakefield's Crusade. That same year auditioned for the role of Benjamin Sisko in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Though he lost the role to Avery Brooks. Capaldi wrote and starred in the comedy movie Soft Top Hard Shoulder, which won the audience award at the London Film Festival.
In 1993, Capaldi portrayed Luke Fitzwilliam in a stage adaptation of the Agatha Christie novel, Murder Is Easy at the Duke of York's Theatre. He directed the short film Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life, which starred Richard E. Grant. The film was nominated and won for various awards.
In 1994, he played a TV producer named Tristan Campbell in two episodes of the BBC One sitcom, The Vicar of Dibley. The following year he was invited to audition for the role of the Eighth Doctor for the Doctor Who TV Movie, though he declined stating: "I didn't go. I loved the show so much, and I didn't think I would get it, and I didn't want to just be part of a big cull of actors."
In 1996, he starred as Rory in the television adaptation of Ian Banks's The Crow Road. Capaldi appered in Neil Gaiman's BBC Two gothic fantasy serial Neverwhere, he portrayed the angel Islington.
1998–2004
In 1998, he appeared as Robbie Ross in the stage play The Judas Kiss at the Almeida Theatre. The play then moved to the West End of London and then to Broadway in New York City.
In 1999, Capaldi appeared in the Channel 4 series Psychos, he played a mathematician with bipolar disorder. He appeared as a doorman in the 1999 Christmas film The Greatest Store in the World. He made an appearance as a university professor in the sitcom Peep Show. Capaldi appeared in an episode of Midsomer Murders.
In 2001, Capaldi wrote and directed the drama film Strictly Sinatra. It starred Ian Hart and Kelly Macdonald.
Between 2002 and 2005, he voiced Chief Petty Officer Grieves in the BBC Radio 7 (now BBC Radio 4 Extra) comedy series Our Brave Boys.
2005–2012: Malcolm Tucker, Skins
Prior to taking over the lead role in Doctor Who, Capaldi was best known for playing spin doctor Malcolm Tucker in the Armando Iannucci-written BBC sitcom The Thick of It, which he played from 2005 to 2012. Tucker is said to be largely, if loosely, based upon Tony Blair's right-hand man Alastair Campbell, although Capaldi has said that he based his performance more on Hollywood power players, such as the often abrasive Harvey Weinstein. A film spin-off from The Thick of It titled In the Loop was released in 2009. Capaldi reprised his role for the movie.
The role of Tucker was met with acclaim and won Capaldi several awards. From 2006 thorough 2010 he was nominated various times at both the BAFTA TV Awards and Royal Television Society Awards for Best Comedy Actor. He won the 2010 BAFTA TV Award for Male Performance in a Comedy Role. He also won the 2010 and 2012 British Comedy Award for Best TV Comedy Actor.
In 2007, Capaldi appeared as Sid's dad Mark Jenkins in the E4 teen comedy drama series Skins. He returned for the second series, though his character was killed off.
In 2008, Capaldi portrayed Lobus Caecilius in the Doctor Who episode "The Fires of Pompeii" with the Tenth Doctor and his companion Donna Noble. The following year he took another Doctor Who role as civil servant John Frobisher in the spin-off Torchwood: Children of Earth. Capaldi wrote and presented A Portrait of Scotland, a documentary detailing 500 years' history of Scottish portrait painting.
In 2011, Capaldi appeared in The Field of Blood as Dr Pete, for which he received a BAFTA Scotland nomination in the TV actor category; he was beaten by his co-star Jayd Johnson. He had a small role as a therapist in Big Fat Gypsy Gangster, written by and starring his Getting On co-star Ricky Grover. In November of the year, he began playing Professor Marcus in The Ladykillers at the Liverpool Playhouse, which then transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in London in April 2012.
In 2012, Capaldi and Tony Roche co-wrote, directed and performed in The Cricklewood Greats, a mockumentary about a fictitious film studio, which tracks real developments and trends throughout the history of British cinema. He portrayed Randall Brown on the BBC Two drama The Hour. He received a BAFTA nomination for the role.
2013–2017: Doctor Who
In 2013, Capaldi portrayed the editor of The Guardian Alan Rusbridger, in The Fifth Estate. He starred in Inside the Mind of Leonardo, a documentary about Leonardo da Vinci. He appeared as a World Health Organization doctor in World War Z. Capaldi wrote and directed the comedy film Born to be King. The film starred Kate Hudson and Ewan McGregor. He directed several episodes of the BBC Four sitcom Getting On.Before taking the role of the Twelfth Doctor in the BBC science-fiction series Doctor Who, Capaldi stated that he had to seriously consider the increased level of visibility that would come with the part.
In August 2013 during a special event titled Doctor Who Live: The Next Doctor, Capaldi was revealed as the next Doctor, succeeding Matt Smith in the role. Capaldi made his first appearance as the Doctor in cameos in the 2013 specials, first in the 50th anniversary special, "The Day of the Doctor", then the 2013 Christmas special, "The Time of the Doctor".
In 2014, he starred in an adaptation of The Three Musketeers as Cardinal Richelieu on BBC One. Though he was killed off screen due to commitments with Doctor Who. Later that year Capaldi made his first regular in Doctor Who in the episode "Deep Breath".
In 2015 voiced the Doctor in crossover video game Lego Dimensions. The same year he appeared as Paddington Bear's neighbour Mr Curry in the family comedy film Paddington. He reprised the role two years later film's sequel Paddington 2. In 2016, Capaldi reprised his role as the Twelfth Doctor in the Doctor Who spin-off programme Class, written by young-adult author Patrick Ness.
On 30 January 2017, in an interview with BBC Radio 2, Capaldi confirmed that the tenth series would be his last. His final episode was the Christmas special, "Twice Upon a Time", in which he was succeeded by actress Jodie Whittaker.
2018–present: Voice acting
In 2018, he voiced Rabbit in the Disney film Christopher Robin. The next year he narrated an audiobook version of Watership Down and Sputnik's Guide to Life on Earth. He won a AudioFile Earphones award for his narration on both books.
In 2021, Capaldi made his return to stage acting nearly ten years later after his performance in The Ladykillers in a revival of Constellations. He acted against Sheila Atim. He also narrated an audiobook version of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The following year he voiced the recurring characters Seamus McGregor in the Netflix series Big Mouth.
Starting 2022, he has been starring in the TV series The Devil's Hour. The next year he directed a pilot for a TV series titled They F**k You Up. The pilot was unsold.
Since 2024, he has produced the Apple TV+ series Criminal Record. He also stars in the series as DCI Daniel Hegarty.
Personal life
Capaldi married Elaine Collins in Strathblane near his home city of Glasgow in 1991. Together they have a daughter, and two grandchildren born in 2021 and 2023. Capaldi and Collins live together in Muswell Hill, London. His cousin is singer-songwriter Lewis Capaldi. The two worked together on one of the video versions for "Someone You Loved" made in partnership with the charity organisation Live Life Give Life in order to raise awareness for the issue of organ donation.
He grew up Catholic but is now an atheist.
In 2015, Capaldi alongside Cate Blanchett, Patrick Stewart, and Colin Firth supported the United Nations' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness about the global refugee crisis. He subsequently appeared with Blanchett, Stewart, Firth and others in the video "What They Took With Them". The video sees the actors reading a poem, written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees, and is part of UNHCR's #WithRefugees campaign, which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter, integrating job opportunities, and education.
In October 2022, he voiced his support for Scottish independence. He told The Daily Telegraph: "It used not to be something I was particularly drawn to. I've lived in London for most of my life, and always loved Cardiff and Manchester and Belfast. But after the relentlessness of the past 12 years, everything we have been put through, it might just be time to go home and be a part of that." Capaldi holds dual citizenship; following Brexit he acquired Italian citizenship by descent through his paternal grandfather who hailed from Picinisco.
Discography
Capaldi was part of a band known as the Dreamboys. While filming for The Suicide Squad, Capaldi wrote a rock album titled, St. Christopher.
Studio albums
Singles
Awards and nominations
Capaldi has been nominated for various awards including three British Academy Television Award nominations and one win for Malcolm Tucker in In the Thick of It. He won an Academy Award for his short film Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life. He was given an award for "Outstanding Contribution to Film & Television" at the Scottish BAFTAs.
References
External links
Guardian Film Profile
Article on Capaldi's support of Cancer Charities
, in partnership with Live Life Give Life
1958 births
Living people
20th-century Scottish male actors
20th-century Scottish male singers
21st-century Scottish male actors
21st-century Scottish male singers
Actors from the London Borough of Haringey
Audiobook narrators
Best Male Comedy Performance BAFTA Award (television) winners
Directors of Live Action Short Film Academy Award winners
Former Roman Catholics
Italian Scottish musicians
Male actors from Glasgow
Naturalised citizens of Italy
People educated at St Ninian's High School, Kirkintilloch
People from Muswell Hill
People from Springburn
People of Lazian descent
Scottish atheists
Scottish film directors
Scottish male film actors
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish male television actors
Scottish male video game actors
Scottish male voice actors
Scottish people of Irish descent
Scottish people of Italian descent
Scottish screenwriters
Scottish television directors
Scottish television producers |
37688075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharovana%20Dolyna%20State%20Park | Zacharovana Dolyna State Park | Zacharovana Dolyna State Park
Zacharovana Dolyna (translated as "Enchanted Valley") is a state park located in Irshava Raion, Ukraine.
Wildlife sanctuary
Located in Irshava rayon, Transcarpathia, covering an area of within Protected Area (National Natural Reserve) Zacharovanyj Kraj. Zacharovana Dolyna was designed in 1978 to protect picturesque stony crests in the Smerekovyj potik upstream. Rocks from high naturally formed by secondary quartzite have been impacted by weathering processes and transformed eventually to mystically shaped massive sculptures. On the right bank of the river is a cave.
Vegetation
The vegetation of the park is formed mainly by beech forests mixed with fir trees (Picea Excelsa).
The adjacent villages are Pidgirn and Ilnytsja.
Due to development of a new Protected Area called Zacharovanyk Kraj National Park covering Zacharovan Dolyna, the latter protective area remains protected (Zakaznik) as part of the National Park. As soon as the management plan (Parl Design documents) are ready and approved, status of Zakaznik can be canceled.
References
Geography of Zakarpattia Oblast
Parks in Ukraine |
36607186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20Tuckey | Agnes Tuckey | Agnes Tuckey
Agnes Katherine Raymond Tuckey (née Daniell, 8 July 1877 – 13 May 1972) was an English tennis player. With Hope Crisp, she was the winner of the first Wimbledon mixed doubles in 1913.
In 1906 she married Charles Orpen Tuckey who taught Mathematics at Charterhouse School. They played mixed doubles together. Among their children were Raymond and Kay who played in the Wightman Cup between 1949 and 1951. Agnes, when in her fifties, partnered Raymond in the mixed doubles in 1931 and 1932, the only instance of a parent and child teaming up at the championships.
In the 1913 Wimbledon Championships, she won with Crisp the first mixed doubles final at Wimbledon in an unusual fashion - Ethel Thomson Larcombe was struck by a ball in the eye and unable to continue the match. The incident occurred when the second set was 5–3 for Crisp and Tuckey, the first having been won by the opposing pair of James Cecil Parke and Mrs Larcombe. In the 1914 Wimbledon Championships Crisp and Tuckey were the losing semi-finalists.
Grand Slam finals
Mixed doubles (1 title)
References
External links
1877 births
1972 deaths
English female tennis players
Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
Tennis players from London |
538783 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%20%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0 | Фонд Віктора Пінчука | Фонд Віктора Пінчука — приватна благодійна організація, заснована Віктором Пінчуком у 2006 році.
Фонд призначений для модернізації України в різних напрямках. Зокрема, до проектів фонду входять такі, як боротьба зі СНІДом, стипендійна програма Завтра.UA, Київська школа економіки, центр сучасного мистецтва PinchukArtCentre, організація конференції Ялтинської європейської стратегії та інші.
Фонд Віктора Пінчука є членом Європейського Центру Фондів та Українського Форуму Грантодавців.
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт Фонду Віктора Пінчука
Благодійні фонди України
Віктор Пінчук |
2429896 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F | Кунжутова олія | Кунжутова олія
Кунжутова, кунжутна, сезамова олія — рослинна олія, що отримується з насіння рослини Sesamum indicum (кунжут, сезам).
Загальний опис
Нерафінована кунжутова олія холодного віджиму має яскраво виражений аромат кунжуту і приємний смак.
Кунжутова олія, вироблена з використанням термічної обробки або штучно розбавлена олійними матеріалами, має жовтий колір, майже не має запаху (слабкий горіховий, солодкуватий аромат).
Олія, вичавлена зі смаженого кунжуту, має темний колір.
Історія
Кунжутну олію почали виготовляти близько 3500 року до нашої ери в Індії. Мешканці найдавніших міст долини Інду — Хараппи і Мохенджо-Даро — виробляли її не лише для власних потреб, а й постачали її до Месопотамії. Сучасні мешканці Південної Індії називають кунжут називають «ел» або «еллі». Можливо, саме від цього слово походить і шумерська назва кунжутної олії, «ілу», яку згодом запозичили інші народи для позначення олії взагалі.
Використання кунжутної олії сьогодні вважають одним із «стовпів китайської кухні».
Склад і фізичні властивості
Кунжутова олія багата на поліненасичені жирні кислоти.
Зміст кислот (у %):
4—6 % — стеаринова
7—8 % — пальмітинова
Близько 0,1 % — міристинова
До 1,0 % — арахінова
35—48 % — олеїнова
37—48 % — лінолева
До 0,5 % — гексадеценова кислота
Хоча саме насіння кунжуту містить багато корисних мінералів, як-от магній, фосфор, кальцій, в олію ці мінерали не переходять. Неодноразовий аналіз показав, що кунжутова олія, на відміну від насіння та пасти з неї, не містить солей цих металів.
Температура застигання олії від –3 до –7 °C, кінематична в'язкість (133—207)10−6 м2/сек, йодне число 103—117.
Олія може зберігатися до 9 років завдяки тому, що до складу входять антиоксиданти, переважно сезамол (метиловий ефір оксігідрохінона).
Застосування
Олію використовують в кондитерській, консервній та інших галузях харчової промисловості, а також для технічних цілей. Широко вживається в азійських кухнях (японській, китайській, корейській та інших).
Застосування в косметології
Олія може глибоко проникати в шкіру, зволожуючи, живлячи, очищаючи її (виводить непотрібні продукти метаболізму), припиняючи старіння.
Також кунжутова олія є чудовим УФ-фільтром, поглинаючи шкідливі промені. Завдяки цьому її часто використовують у сонцезахисній косметології.
У Аюрведі сезамову олію (світлу) використовують зовнішньо при шкірних захворюваннях, а також для масажу.
Застосування в медицині
Дієва при різних легеневих захворюваннях, задишці, астмі, сухому кашлі.
Рекомендується хворим на цукровий діабет.
Зволожує кишку, очищає її від калу, застосовується як легке проносне.
Використовується при недокрів'ї, внутрішніх кровотечах, гіперфункції щитоподібної залози.
Контролює кислотність крові.
При ожирінні сприяє схудненню і зміцнює тіло.
Підвищує число тромбоцитів і покращує згортання крові. Через це олія протипоказана при підвищеному згортанні крові, схильності до тромбоутворення і варикозної хвороби.
Примітки
Рослинні олії |
40897339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail%20Pasha%20%28Tripolitanian%29 | Ismail Pasha (Tripolitanian) | Ismail Pasha (Tripolitanian)
Ismail Pasha (1780–1792) was an Ottoman statesman of Georgian origin, he grew up in Tunis during the reign of Ali Pasha (1759-1782). Because of this, he became the kethüda (assistant/deputy) of Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha, the famous Kapudan Pasha. He would go on to serve as the Ottoman governor of Egypt Eyalet (1788–89, 1789–91) and Morea Eyalet (1791–92).
Governorship of Egypt
When Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha was ordered by the sultan Abdülhamid I to take troops to Egypt and drive out the Mamluk emirs led by Ibrahim Bey (Mamluk) and Murad Bey, who had become de facto rulers of the province, Ismail Pasha went with him. When Hasan Pasha completed the removal (at least temporarily) and departed, he left Ismail Pasha behind in Egypt. Ismail Pasha then received the news that he was appointed the Ottoman governor of Egypt on 2 December 1788.
When the Mamluk emirs, who had secured a negotiation with Ismail Pasha's predecessor Keki Abdi Pasha as to their power and holdings in Egypt, found that he had been replaced by Ismail Pasha, they refused to honor the deal. Abdi Pasha, angry over his dismissal and this turn of events, sent agents to Istanbul, the capital, to persuade the sultan to reappoint him as governor. This was successful, and within a month, on 3 January 1789, news arrived that Abdi Pasha had been reappointed the governor of Egypt and Ismail Pasha had been dismissed.
However, less than a month later, on 30 January 1789, messengers from Istanbul appeared carrying an order for the re-dismissal of Abdi Pasha and the reappointment of Ismail Pasha, this being the result of the persuasions of Ismail Pasha's former employee and friend Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha, who had undone what Abdi Pasha's agents had done to have him dismissed.
In the beginning of his second term, news arrived from Istanbul that the Ottoman Empire had had a brief victory in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) when they overran the Banat region previously taken by the Russians (although the Ottomans would go on to lose the war), ordering a day of celebration in Cairo. Ismail Pasha then proceeded to whitewash and clean the walls of Al-Azhar University, among other things. News also arrived that sultan Abdülhamid I had died on April 7, being replaced by Selim III, and that Ismail Pasha's former employee Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha had been dismissed from the post of Kapudan Pasha after holding the office for 20 years. At one point, Ismail Pasha became very angry with a man named Abdul Wahhab Efendi the Bosnian, and hearing of his derisions of him, slapped him in the face and plucked his beard before his ministers pulled him away.
In early 1791, an extremely deadly plague ravaged Egypt, killing many of all ages including Ismail Bey al-Kabir, the favored Mamluk emir at the time. After his death, other Mamluk emirs competed over who would take leadership of the emirs. Mass graves were dug for the dead.
In the first few days of May 1791, a message arrived from Istanbul, dismissing Ismail Pasha from the governorship and replacing him with Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha. Ismail Pasha was told to report to Morea Eyalet (modern Peloponnese peninsula, Greece), of which he was now appointed as governor. The Mamluk emirs complained that Ismail Pasha, who was familiar to them, was being replaced by a stranger and asked him to send a petition to remain governor of Egypt. Ismail Pasha refused and hastily began packing his belongings for departure. The emirs grew suspicious that he was hurrying because of unpaid debts to the treasury and forced him to remain in Egypt until the new governor Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha could arrive and audit him. They put him under house arrest, and when the new governor arrived and Ismail Pasha paid what he owed, he finally left on a ship for Morea on 26 June 1791.
Governorship of Morea and death
After arriving in Morea sometime in late summer 1791, Ismail Pasha was dismissed from this post later that year or the next (1792), and his viziership was revoked. He shipped his possessions to Tunis and foreign lands and was placed under house arrest. After being freed, he moved to Tuscany in Italy. Although the Austrian government helped to have his viziership and status as a civil servant returned, Ismail Pasha remained in Tuscany and died there.
See also
List of Ottoman governors of Egypt
References
18th-century births
18th-century Ottoman governors of Egypt
Ottoman governors of Egypt
People from Tripoli, Libya
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Ottoman Peloponnese
Pashas
Slaves from the Ottoman Empire
18th-century slaves
Georgians from the Ottoman Empire |
4644372 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%20I | Вірупакшарая I | Вірупакшарая I (*д/н —1405) — магараджахіраджа (цар царів) держави Віджаянагар у 1404—1405 роках.
Життєпис
Син Харіхари II. У 1404 році посів трон імперії. Але невдовзі проти нього виступили брати Деварая і Букка. Вірупакшарая панував лише кілька місяців, перш ніж його вбили його сини, а потім його змінив його брат Букка II.
Оскільки його правління тривало лише кілька місяців, правління Вірупакші не було відзначене жодними значними подіями чи змінами. Тим не менш, мандрівник Фернао Нуніс зазначив, що Вірупакшарая втратив багато володінь, зокрема Гоа, Чаул і Дабхол, які захопив султан Фіруз-шах Бахмані. Нуніс також писав, що сам Вірупакша був жорстоким, не піклувався ні про кого і зловживав пияцтвом.
Джерела
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reimpresión 2002)
Віджаянагарська імперія
Династія Сангама
Правителі XV століття |
1061749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Nicopolis | Battle of Nicopolis | Battle of Nicopolis
The Battle of Nicopolis took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied Crusader army (assisted by the Venetian navy) at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising the siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. It is often referred to as the Crusade of Nicopolis as it was one of the last large-scale Crusades of the Middle Ages, together with the Crusade of Varna in 1443–1444. By their victory at Nicopolis, the Turks discouraged the formation of future European coalitions against them. They maintained their pressure on Constantinople, tightened their control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to Central Europe.
Background
There were many minor crusades in the 14th century, undertaken by individual kings or knights. Most recently there had been a failed crusade against Tunisia in 1390, and there was ongoing warfare in northern Europe along the Baltic coast. After the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Ottomans had conquered most of the Balkans and had reduced the Byzantine Empire to the area immediately surrounding Constantinople, which they blockaded from 1394 on.
In 1393 the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Shishman had lost Nicopolis — his temporary capital — to the Ottomans, while his brother, Ivan Stratsimir, still held Vidin but had been reduced to an Ottoman vassal. In the eyes of the Bulgarian boyars, despots, and other independent Balkan rulers, the crusade was a great chance to reverse the course of the Ottoman conquest and take back the Balkans from Islamic rule. In addition, the front line between Islam and Christianity had been moving slowly towards the Kingdom of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary was now the frontier between the two religions in Eastern Europe, and the Hungarians were in danger of being attacked themselves. The Republic of Venice feared that Ottoman control of the Balkan peninsula, which included Venetian territories like parts of Morea and Dalmatia, would reduce their influence over the Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, and Aegean Sea. The Republic of Genoa, on the other hand, feared that if the Ottomans were to gain control over River Danube and the Turkish Straits, they would eventually obtain a monopoly over the trade routes between Europe and the Black Sea, where the Genoese had many important colonies like Caffa, Sinop, and Amasra. The Genoese also owned the citadel of Galata, located at the north of the Golden Horn in Constantinople, to which Bayezid had laid siege in 1395.
In 1394, Pope Boniface IX proclaimed a new crusade against the Turks, although the Western Schism had split the papacy in two, with rival popes at Avignon and Rome, and the days when a pope had the authority to call a crusade were long past.
The two decisive factors in the formation of the last crusade were the ongoing Hundred Years' War between Richard II's England and Charles VI's France and the support of Philip II, Duke of Burgundy. In 1389, the war had ground to one of its periodic truces. Further, in March 1395, Richard II proposed a marriage between himself and Charles VI's daughter Isabella in the interests of peace and the two kings met in October 1396 on the borders of Calais to agree to the union and agree to lengthen the Truce of Leulinghem. The support of Burgundy, among the most powerful of the French nobles, was also vital. In 1391, Burgundy, trying to decide between sending a crusade to either Prussia or Hungary, sent his envoy Guy de La Trémoille to Venice and Hungary to evaluate the situation. Burgundy originally envisioned a crusade led by himself and the Dukes of Orléans and Lancaster, though none would join the eventual crusade. It was very unlikely that defense against the Turks was considered a particularly important goal of the crusade. Burgundy's interest in sponsoring the crusade was in increasing his and his house's prestige and power and, historian Barbara Tuchman notes, "since he was the prince of self-magnification, the result was that opulent display became the dominant theme; plans, logistics, intelligence about the enemy came second, if at all." In 1394, Burgundy extracted 120,000 livres from Flanders, sufficient to begin preparations for a crusade, and in January 1395 sent word to King Sigismund of Hungary that an official request to the King of France would be accepted.
In August, Sigismund's delegation of four knights and a bishop arrived in the court of Paris to paint a description of how "40,000" Turks were despoiling and imperiling Christian lands and beg, on Sigismund of Hungary's behalf, for help. Charles VI, having secured a peace with England through the marriage of his daughter, was able to reply that it was his responsibility to protect Christianity and punish Sultan Bayezid. French nobility responded enthusiastically to the declaration; Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, the Constable of France, and Jean Le Maingre, the Marshal of France, declared participation in the crusade the duty of every "man of valor".
Strength of forces
According to the Chronica Hungarorum, King Sigismund of Hungary was so delighted at the sight of the large army gathered around him in Buda, he exclaimed in joy: "Who would be so bold as to dare to resist us? If the enormous weight of the sky were to fall on us, with spears that we carry, we would also hold it up so that no harm would come to us."
The number of combatants is heavily contested in historical accounts. Historian Tuchman notes the Battle of Nicopolis was considered so significant that the number of combatants given by medieval chroniclers ranges as high as 400,000, with each side insisting that the enemy outnumbered them two-to-one, which for the crusaders offered some solace for their defeat and for the Turks increased the glory of their victory. The oft-given figure of 100,000 crusaders is dismissed by Tuchman, who notes that 100,000 men would have taken a month to cross the Danube at Iron Gate, while the crusaders took eight days.
The closest record to a first-person account was made by Johann Schiltberger, a German follower of a Bavarian noble, who witnessed the battle at the age of 16 and was captured and enslaved for 30 years by the Turks before returning home, at which time he wrote a narrative of the battle estimating the crusader strength at the final battle at 17,000, though he also overestimated Turkish forces as a wildly inflated 200,000. German historians of the 19th century attempting to estimate the combatants on each side came to the figures of about 7,500–15,000 Christians and about 12,000–20,000 Turks, while noting that, from the point of logistics, it would have been impossible for the countryside around Nicopolis to have supplied food and fodder for scores of thousands of men and horses. (Medieval armies acquired supplies by taking them from the surrounding area as they marched, as opposed to using the supply lines of modern armies.)
Composition of crusader forces
From France, it was said about 5,000 knights and squires joined, and were accompanied by 6,000 archers and foot soldiers drawn from the best volunteer and mercenary companies; totalling some 11,000 men. Next in importance were the Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes, who were the standard bearers of Christianity in the Levant since the decline of Constantinople and Cyprus. Venice supplied a naval fleet for supporting action, while Hungarian envoys encouraged German princes of the Rhineland, Bavaria, Saxony, and other parts of the empire to join. French heralds had proclaimed the crusade in Poland, Bohemia, Navarre, and Spain, from which individuals came to join.
The Italian city-states were too much engaged in their customary violent rivalries to participate, and the widely reported and acclaimed English participation never actually occurred. The report of 3,000 English knights comes from contemporary Antonio Fiorentino, and was taken as fact by historian Aziz S. Atiya and others following him. A thousand knights would have actually amounted to "four to six thousand men and at least twice as many horses", counting foot-soldiers and other retainers. However, there are no records of financial arrangements being made in England to send a force abroad, nor of any royal preparation needed to organize and dispatch such a force. Reports of Henry of Bolingbroke or other "son of the Duke of Lancaster" leading an English contingent must be false since the presence of Henry and every other such son, as well as almost every other significant noble in the land, is recorded at the King's wedding five months after the crusade's departure. Atiya also thought that the invocation of St. George as a war cry at Nicopolis signified the presence of English soldiers, for whom George was a patron saint; but Froissart, who mentions this, claims that the cry was made by the French knight Philippe d'Eu. Furthermore, there was no collection of ransom money in England to pay for captives, as there was in every other country that had sent men to the battle. Sporadic mention in contemporary accounts of the presence of "English" may be attributed to Knights Hospitaller of the English langue subgrouping, who joined their comrades for the crusade after leaving Rhodes (where the Hospitallers were based at the time) and sailing up the Danube. Possible reasons for the English absence include the increasing tension between the King and the Duke of Gloucester, which may have convinced the two that they had best keep their supporters close, and the antipathy caused by the long war between the English and French, resulting in the English refusing to consider putting themselves under a French-led crusade, regardless of the recently concluded peace.
Nevertheless, obviously inflated figures continue to be repeated. These include 6,000–12,000 Hungarians, about 11,000 French, English and Burgundian troops, about 12,000 Wallachians led by Mircea cel Batran (Mircea the Elder) the Prince of Wallachia, about 6,000 Germans and nearly 15,000 Dutch, Bohemian, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Bulgarian, Scottish and Swiss troops on the land, with the naval support of Venice, Genoa and the Knights of St. John. These result in a figure of about 47,000–49,000 in total; possibly up to 120,000 or 130,000 according to numerous sources, including the Ottoman historian Şükrullah who, in the 1460s, gives the figure of the crusader army as 130,000 in his Behçetu't-Tevârih.
Composition of Ottoman forces
The strength of the Ottoman forces is also estimated at 15–20,000; but inflated figures are common here as well. Numerous sources provide estimates of the size of the army as up to 60,000 including the Ottoman historian Şükrullah, who, writing in the 1460s, gives the figure of the Ottoman army as 60,000 in his Behçetu't-Tevârih; alternately described as roughly half of the Crusader army. The Ottoman force also included 1,500 Serbian heavy cavalry knights under the command of Prince Stefan Lazarević, who was Sultan Bayezid's brother-in-law and vassal since the Battle of Kosovo in 1389.
Journey
While Philip, Duke of Burgundy, had originally planned to lead the crusade along with John of Gaunt and Louis of Orleans, all three withdrew, claiming that the peace negotiations with England required their presence, though perhaps also because none dared leave the vicinity of the throne if their chief rivals stayed. However, Burgundy retained control of the enterprise he was funding by naming 24-year-old John, Count of Nevers, the Duke's eldest son, for nominal command. Burgundy, perhaps recognizing that his son, as well as Constable d'Eu and Marshal Boucicaut, who were both under 35, lacked the necessary experience, summoned Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy, the most experienced warrior and statesman of the realm, and prevailed on him to be "chief counselor" to Nevers during the crusade. The ambiguity of the crusaders' command structure would prove to be crucial in the outcome. While Nevers was given a long list of "counselors", as well as another list of prominent French lords on the crusade with whom Nevers could consult "when it seemed good to him", the concept of unity of command was not yet embraced by medieval warriors. Rules of discipline for the crusade were decreed at a War Council on 28 March 1396, which included the final provision, "Item, that [in battle] the Count and his company claim the avante garde", revealing that the chivalric code continued to require knights to prove their valor by leading the charge.
To Buda
The crusade set forth from Dijon on 30 April 1396, heading to Bavaria by way of Strasbourg via the upper Danube, from where they used river transport to join with Sigismund in Buda. From there the crusader goals, though lacking details of planning, were to expel the Turks from the Balkans and then go to the aid of Constantinople, cross the Hellespont, and march through Turkey and Syria to liberate Palestine and the Holy Sepulchre, before returning in triumph to Europe by sea. Arrangements were made for a fleet of Venetian vessels to blockade the Turks in the Sea of Marmara and for the Venetians to sail up the Danube to meet the crusaders in Wallachia in July.
Coucy was not with the crusader body as it traveled, having been detached on a diplomatic mission to Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan. Furious at French political maneuvering that had removed Genoa from his influence, Gian Galeazzo had been attempting to stop the transfer of Genoese sovereignty to France and Coucy was dispatched to warn him that France would consider further interference a hostile act. The quarrel was more than political. Valentina Visconti, the wife of the Duke of Orleans and Gian Galeazzo's beloved daughter, had been exiled from Paris due to the machinations of Queen Isabeau the same month as the departure of the crusade. The Duke of Milan threatened to send knights to defend his daughter's honor but, in the wake of the disaster at Nicopolis, it was widely believed that he had relayed intelligence to Bayezid I of crusader troop movements. There is no firm evidence of this and it is likely that Gian Galeazzo became a scapegoat after the fact due to the existing animosity with France, though there remains the possibility that the Duke of Milan, who had murdered his own uncle to ensure his own power, did in fact betray the crusaders. Coucy, his diplomatic mission complete and accompanied by Henry of Bar and their followers, left Milan for Venice, from where he requisitioned a ship on 17 May to take him across the Adriatic Sea, landing in the Croatian port of Senj on 30 May before making his way overland to the rendezvous in Buda. Croatian forces led by Ban Nicholas II Garai moved towards Buda from the coastal town of Nin in June, following a session of the Croatian Parliament, and joined the royal Hungarian army led by Sigismund.
Coucy arrived well before Nevers, who had stopped in the upper Danube for receptions and festivities thrown by German princes. Nevers did not arrive in Vienna until 24 June, a full month behind the crusader vanguard led by d'Eu and Boucicaut. A fleet of 70 Venetian vessels loaded with provisions was sent down the Danube, while Nevers enjoyed yet more parties thrown by his brother-in-law Leopold IV, Duke of Austria. Nevers then asked his brother-in-law for a staggering loan of 100,000 ducats, which took time to arrange, and eventually arrived in Buda in July.
Buda to Nicopolis
Once the leaders had arrived, strategy had to be coordinated with Philibert de Naillac, Master of the Knights Hospitaller, and representatives of the Venetian fleet. Forty-four Venetian ships had carried the Hospitallers from Rhodes through the Aegean into the Sea of Marmara, and some continued into the Black Sea and up the Danube without engaging in battle. The fact that the Turks, who had an inferior naval presence, did not challenge the Venetians for control of the sea is seen as evidence that Bayezid and the majority of his forces were already on the European side.
The War Council in Buda was immediately the forum of a fierce dispute. The previous year, Bayezid had declared that he would attack Hungary by May, yet he had not appeared by end of July. Hungarian scouts sent out as far as the Hellespont could find no sign of him, causing the French to proclaim that he was a coward. Sigismund of Hungary assured the crusaders that Bayezid would come, and advised that it would be wiser to let the Turks make the long march to them, rather than make the same long march to find them. This strategy was rejected by the French and their allies. Coucy, acting as spokesman, stated, "Though the Sultan's boasts be lies, that should not keep us from doing deeds of arms and pursuing our enemies, for that is the purpose for which we came." Sigismund had little choice but to acquiesce, though chroniclers also write that Coucy's speech excited jealousy in D'Eu, who felt that he should have had the honor of spokesman due to his position as Constable of France.
The crusaders began to march down the left bank of the Danube, though part of the Hungarian army veered north to gather the forces of Transylvania and the Mircea the Elder-led forces of Wallachia. The remainder of the Hungarians brought up the rear of the crusader column. As the crusaders moved into Muslim-held territory, pillaging and mistreatment of the population reportedly grew. While crusaders had been reported to engage in periodic pillage and raping while passing through Germany, the indiscipline of the French reportedly reached new heights when they entered "schismatic" lands. Chroniclers also waxed eloquent on the immorality and blasphemy of the crusaders, writing detailed accounts of drunkard knights lying with prostitutes for days, despite writing from at best second-hand accounts. Tuchman cautions that such chroniclers were part of a contemporary tendency to blame the defeat of the crusade on the immorality of the crusaders, and that it is impossible to verify such claims.
At Orşova, where the Danube narrows at the Iron Gates gorge, the column crossed to the right bank using pontoons and boats over eight days. Their first target was Vidin, previously the capital of Western Bulgaria and then under Turkish control. The ruler of Vidin, Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria, having no desire to fight for his Turkish conquerors against an overwhelming force of crusaders, promptly surrendered. The only bloodshed was the execution of Turkish officers in the defending garrison, though the incident served to further convince the French that Turks were incapable of challenging the crusaders in the field.
The next target was Oryahovo (Rachowa), a strong fortress located from Vidin. Frustrated by the lack of opportunity to show their bravery in deeds of arms, the French carried out a forced march at night to reach the castle before their allies, arriving in the morning just as the Turkish forces had come out to destroy the bridge across the moat. In fierce combat the French secured the bridge but were unable to push forward until Sigismund arrived. The forces combined and managed to reach the walls before night forced the combatants to retire. The next morning the inhabitants of Oryahovo agreed to surrender to Sigismund on the assurance that their lives and property would be spared. The French promptly broke Sigismund's agreement, pillaging and massacring the town after the gates were open, and later claiming that they had taken the town by conquest because their men-at-arms had topped the walls the night before. A thousand residents, both Turkish and Bulgarian, were taken hostage and the town set ablaze. The Hungarians took the French action as a grave insult to their king, while the French accused the Hungarians of trying to rob them of the glory of victory through combat.
Leaving a garrison to hold Oryahovo, the crusaders continued towards Nicopolis, assaulting one or two forts or settlements along the way, but bypassing one citadel from which messengers escaped to inform Bayezid of the Christian army. On 12 September the crusaders came within view of the fortress of Nicopolis on its limestone cliff.
Siege of Nicopolis
Nicopolis, located in a natural defensive position, was a key stronghold controlling the lower Danube and lines of communication to the interior. A small road ran between the cliff and river, while the fortress was actually two walled towns, the larger one on the heights on the cliff and the smaller below. Further inland from the fortified walls, the cliff sloped steeply down to the plain. Well-defended and well-supplied, the Turkish governor of Nicopolis, Doğan Bey, was certain that Bayezid would have to come to the aid of the town and was prepared to endure a long siege.
The crusaders had brought no siege machines with them, but Boucicaut optimistically stated that ladders were easily made and worth more than catapults when used by courageous men. However, the lack of siege weapons, the steep slope up to the walls and the formidable fortifications made taking the castle by force impossible. The crusaders set up positions around the town to block the exits, and with the naval blockade of the river, settled in for a siege to starve out the defenders. Nevertheless, they were convinced that the siege of the fortress would be a mere prelude to a major thrust into relieving Constantinople and did not believe that Bayezid I would arrive so speedily to give them a real battle.
Two weeks passed as the bored crusaders entertained themselves with feasts, games, and insulting the martial prowess of their enemy. Whether through drunkenness or carelessness, the crusaders posted no sentries, though foragers venturing away from the camps brought word of the Turks' approach. Bayezid was at this time already through Adrianople and on a forced march through the Shipka Pass to Tirnovo. His ally Stefan Lazarević of Serbia joined him on the way. Sigismund had sent 500 horsemen to carry out reconnaissance in force around Tirnovo, to the south, and they brought word back that the Turks were indeed coming. Word also reached the besieged inhabitants of Nicopolis, who blew horns and cheered. Boucicaut claimed the noise of their celebration was a ruse as he believed that the Sultan would never attack; he further threatened to cut off the ears of anyone who discussed rumors of the Turks' approach as being damaging to the morale of the crusaders.
One of the few to concern himself with scouting the situation was de Coucy, who took a group of 500 knights and 500 mounted archers south. Learning of a large group of Turks approaching through a nearby pass, he separated 200 horsemen to carry out a feint retreat, drawing the pursuing Turks into an ambush where the rest of his men, waiting concealed, attacked their rear. Giving no quarter, de Coucy's men killed as many as they could and returned to the camp where his action shook the camp from its lethargy and drew the admiration of the other crusaders. Tuchman argues that it also increased the overconfidence of the French and again drew the jealousy of D'Eu, who accused Coucy of risking the army out of recklessness and attempting to steal glory and authority from Nevers.
Sigismund called a war council on the 24th, in which he and Mircea of Wallachia suggested a battle plan in which the Wallachian foot soldiers, who had experience in fighting the Turks, would be sent in the first attack to meet the Turkish vanguard; this was usually a poorly armed militia, normally used for pillage but used in battle to tire opponents before they met better quality Turkish forces. Sigismund claimed that this vanguard was not worthy of the attention of knights. Sigismund proposed that, once the shock of first clash had passed, the French form the front line to rush in, while the Hungarians and the other allies follow to support the attack and keep the sipahis (Turkish heavy cavalry) from sweeping around the crusaders' flanks. D'Eu denounced the proposal as demeaning to the knights, who would be forced to follow peasant footmen into battle. He reportedly stated, "To take up the rear is to dishonor us, and expose us to the contempt of all" and declared that he would claim front place as Constable and anyone in front of him would do him mortal insult. In this he was supported by Boucicaut; Nevers, reassured by the confidence of the younger French lords, was easily convinced.
With the French set on a charge, Sigismund left to make a battle plan for his own forces. Apparently within hours, he sent word to the camp that Bayezid was only six hours away. The crusaders, said to be drunk over dinner, reacted in confusion; some refused to believe the report, some rose in panic, and some hastily prepared for battle. At this point, supposedly because of a lack of spare guards, the prisoners taken at Rachowa were massacred. Even European chroniclers would later call this an act of "barbarism".
Battle
At daybreak on 25 September the combatants began to organize themselves under the banners of their leaders. At this point, Sigismund sent his Grand Marshal to Nevers to report that his scouts had sighted the Turkish vanguard and asked for the offensive to be postponed for two hours, when his scouts would have returned with intelligence as to the numbers and disposition of the enemy. Nevers summoned a hasty council of advisors, in which Coucy and Jean de Vienne, admiral of France and the eldest French knight on the crusade, advised obeying the wishes of the Hungarian king, which seemed wise to them. At this, D'Eu declared that Sigismund simply wished to hoard the battle honors for himself and declared his willingness to lead the charge. Coucy, who declared D'Eu's words to be a "presumption", asked for the counsel of Vienne, who noted, "When truth and reason cannot be heard, then must rule presumption." Vienne commented that if D'Eu wished to advance, the army must follow, but that it would be wiser to advance in concert with the Hungarians and other allies. D'Eu rejected any wait and the council fell into a fierce dispute, with the younger hawks charging that the elder knights were not prudent, but fearful. The argument seems to have been settled when D'Eu decided to advance.
D'Eu took control of the vanguard of the French knights, while Nevers and Coucy commanded the main body. The French knights, accompanied by their mounted archers, rode out with their backs to Nicopolis to meet the Turks, who were descending the hills to the south. The Knights Hospitaler, Germans, and other allies stayed with the Hungarian forces under Sigismund. The subsequent events are obscured by conflicting accounts. Tuchman notes, "Out of the welter of different versions, a coherent account of the movements and fortunes of the battlefield is not to be had; there is only a tossing kaleidoscope." The French charge crushed the untrained conscripts in the Turkish front line and advanced into the lines of trained infantry, though the knights came under heavy fire from archers and were hampered by rows of sharpened stakes designed to skewer the stomachs of their horses. Chroniclers write of horses impaled on stakes, riders dismounting, stakes being pulled up to allow horses through, and the eventual rout of the Turkish infantry, who fled behind the relative safety of the sipahis. Coucy and Vienne recommended that the French pause to reform their ranks, give themselves some rest and allow the Hungarians time to advance to a position where they could support the French. They were overruled by the younger knights who, having no idea of the size of the Turkish force, believed that they had just defeated Bayezid's entire army and insisted on pursuit.
The French knights thus continued up the hill, though accounts state that more than half were on foot by this point, either because they had been unhorsed by the lines of sharpened stakes or had dismounted to pull up stakes. Struggling in their heavy armor, they reached the plateau on the top of the slope, where they had expected to find fleeing Turkish forces, but instead found themselves facing a fresh corps of sipahis, whom Bayezid had kept in reserve. As the sipahis surged forward in the counterattack sounding trumpets, banging kettle drums and shouting the Tekbir, the French realized how desperate their situation was and some knights fled back down the slope. The rest fought on, "no frothing boar nor enraged wolf more fiercely", in the words of one contemporary chronicler. Admiral de Vienne, to whom was granted the honor as the eldest knight of carrying the French standard into battle, was wounded many times as he attempted to rally his countrymen before being struck down. Other notable knights who were slain include Jean de Carrouges, Philippe de Bar, and Odard de Chasseron. The Turks threatened to overwhelm Nevers, and his bodyguard threw themselves to the ground in submission to plead for the life of their liege lord. Notwithstanding the declaration of jihad, the Turks were as interested in the riches that could be gained by ransoming noble captives as anyone else, and took Nevers prisoner. Seeing Nevers taken, the rest of the French yielded.
The timeline of events is hazy, but it appears that as the French were advancing up the slope, sipahis were sweeping down along the flanks in an envelopment. Accounts tell of the Hungarians and other nationalities in confused combat on the plain and of a stampede of riderless horses, which Tuchman speculates pulled free from their tethers, at the sight of which the Transylvanians and the Wallachians concluded that the day was lost and abandoned the field. Sigismund, the Master of Rhodes, and the Germans fought to prevent the envelopment with "unspeakable massacre" on both sides. At this point, the Turks received a reinforcement of 1,500 Serbian knights under the command of Stefan Lazarević, which proved critical. Sigismund's force was overwhelmed. Convinced to flee, Sigismund and the Master managed to escape on a fisherman's boat to the Venetian ships in the Danube. Count Hermann of Cilli, governor of Habsburg Carniola and a cousin of Sigismund's deceased wife, led the force that allowed the escape and would later become the king's father-in-law. Bayezid and his vassal Stefan Lazarević recognized Nicholas II Garai, Lazarević's brother-in-law, fighting on Sigismund's side. A deal was made, and Sigismund's army surrendered, completing their defeat in detail.
Aftermath
Sigismund would later state to the Hospitaller Master, "We lost the day by the pride and vanity of these French. If they believed my advice, we had enough men to fight our enemies." Chronicler Jean Froissart would declare. "Since the Battle of Roncesvalles when [all] twelve peers of France were slain, Christendom received not so great a damage."
Captives and ransom
Bayezid toured the battlefield later that day, hoping to find the corpse of the King of Hungary. His rage was only heightened by the discovery of the massacred prisoners from Rahovo. He ordered all of the prisoners assembled before him the following morning (26 September). The Turks recognized Jacques de Helly, a French knight who had served under Murad I, and had him identify the chief nobles for ransom. Coucy, Bar, D'Eu, Gui de La Tremoïlle and several others were grouped with Nevers to be spared. Those judged to be under the age of 20 were taken as slaves by the Turks.
The rest, thought to number several thousand, were bound together in groups of three or four and had their hands tied to be marched naked before the Sultan. Ordered to proceed, a group of executioners proceeded to kill each group in turn, either by decapitation or by severing their limbs from the body. Nevers and the rest of the noble captives were forced to stand beside Bayezid and watch the executions. Jean Le Maingre, called "Boucicaut", was recognized in the line, and Nevers fell to his knees before the Sultan and indicated with intertwined fingers that they were like brothers. Thus convinced that Boucicaut was worth a noble ransom, he was spared and grouped with the other high nobles. The killing continued from early morning until late afternoon, at which point Bayezid, either himself sickened by the bloodshed or convinced by his ministers that he was unnecessarily enraging Christendom against him, called off the executioners. Leaving aside the more hyperbolic account, the number of dead is said to have ranged from 300 to 3,000, though the number of dead on the battlefield was much more.
Of those who fled the battlefield, few survived. So many attempted to swim to the boats in the Danube that several sank from the load; afterward, those on the boats pushed away those trying to board. Many who attempted to swim all the way across the river drowned. Sigismund, fearful of Wallachian treachery, sailed to the Black Sea and Constantinople before making his way home by sea. Those Crusaders who made it across the Danube and tried to return home by land found that the land they were traveling over had already been stripped of forage by the retreating force of Wallachians. Reduced to wandering through the woods in rags and robbed of whatever possessions they had, many of the starved survivors died along the way. Perhaps the most famous of the few who reached home after this journey was Count Rupert of Bavaria, eldest son of the future King Rupert of Germany, who arrived at his doorstep in beggar's rags and died several days later from his trials.
The captives were forced to march the 350-mile length to Gallipoli, stripped of clothing down to their shirts and most without shoes, with hands tied and beaten by their captors. At Gallipoli, the noble captives were kept in the upper rooms of a tower while the 300 prisoners that were the Sultan's share of the common captives were kept below. The ship carrying Sigismund passed within half a mile of the tower as it went through the Hellespont, for which the Turks lined the captives along the shore and mockingly called out for Sigismund to come and rescue his comrades. Sigismund, while in Constantinople, had made overtures to ransom the captives, but Bayezid was aware that Hungary's wealth had been depleted in the crusade and that richer ransoms could be had from France. After two months in Gallipoli, the prisoners were transferred to Bursa, the joint Ottoman capital located in Asia, where they awaited word of their ransom.
In the first week of December, rumors of unimaginable defeat arrived in Paris. As no certain news was to be had, rumor-mongers were imprisoned in the Grand Châtelet and, if convicted of lying, sentenced to death by drowning. The King, Burgundy, Orleans and Duc de Bar all sped envoys to Venice and Hungary to bring word back. On 16 December merchant ships brought word to Venice of defeat at Nicopolis and the escape of Sigismund.
Jacques de Helly, the knight who had identified the nobles after the battle, had been charged by Bayezid, under his vow to return, to inform the King of France and Duke of Burgundy of his victory and demands for ransom. On Christmas, de Helly rode into Paris and, kneeling before the king, recounted the expedition, the battle, defeat and Bayezid's massacre of the prisoners. He also carried letters from Nevers and the other noble captives. Those for whom he did not carry letters were assumed to be dead, and weeping members of the court gathered around de Helly to seek more information about loved ones. According to the Monk of St. Denis, "affliction reigned in all hearts" and Deschamps wrote of "funerals from morning to eve". 9 January was declared a day of mourning throughout France and that day "it was piteous to hear the bells toiling in all the churches in Paris."
A delegation with rich gifts for Bayezid left Paris on 20 January 1397 to negotiate the ransoms. De Helly, bound by his oath to return, had already departed with letters for the captives. Gian Galeazzo's help became vital, as he had extensive contacts in the Ottoman court. Envoys were sent informing him of belated approval by the King allowing the fleur-de-lis to be added to the Visconti escutcheon, Galeazzo's first wife having been from the French royal house, and to make every effort to gain his assistance. Meanwhile, those envoys sent in early December had reached Venice and, having learned of the fate of the captives, were attempting to make their way to Bursa. Venice, which was the French conduit to the Muslim east due to her trade network, became the center for exchange of news, cash and ransomed captives.
On 13 February 1397, de Coucy, ill and perhaps suffering from battle wounds, died. Released on their own accord to seek funds in the Levant, Boucicaut and Guy de Tremoille reached Rhodes, where de Tremoille fell ill and died around Easter. French negotiators in the Sultan's court finally reached agreement on a ransom of 200,000 gold florins in June. Comte d'Eu died on 15 June. With a down payment of 75,000, the prisoners were released on 24 June on their promise to stay in Venice until the rest of the ransom was paid. However, the nobles found it unthinkable to travel in less than their accustomed splendor and borrowed nearly as much as the ransom amount in reprovisioning themselves. Arriving in Venice in October after stopping in various islands to recover and borrow money, the financial transactions required to both provide the ransom and pay for the travel arrangements and living expenses of the nobles were tremendously complicated. A three-sided transaction between Burgundy, Sigismund and Venice took 27 years to settle. A plague outbreak in Venice required the nobles to move temporarily to Treviso, but still claimed Henri de Bar.
The last of the Crusader leaders (Nevers, Boucicaut, Guillaume de Tremoille and Jacques de la Marche), along with seven or eight other knights, re-entered France in February 1398. They were greeted by minstrels, parties and parades as they journeyed across the kingdom, though Tuchman notes, "the receptions probably represented not so much popular enthusiasm as organized joy, in which the 14th century excelled."
Broader ramifications
With a historian's hindsight Johan Huizinga remarked upon "the lamentable consequences of statecraft recklessly embarking on an enterprise of vital import in the spirit of a chivalrous adventure", though participants and contemporary chroniclers did not analyse the event in these terms.
After this defeat, Western Europe made no further moves to stop the Turkish advance in the Balkans until the 1440s. England and France soon renewed their war. Wallachia continued its stance against the Ottomans, repelling expeditions in 1397 and 1400. In 1402 Sultan Bayezid I was defeated and captured by Timur (Tamerlane), and Mircea cel Batran and the Kingdom of Hungary took advantage of the resulting anarchy to campaign against the Ottomans. The Hungarians, Poles and Wallachians were defeated at the Battle of Varna in 1444, and Constantinople finally fell in 1453 to the Turks, followed by the Despotate of Morea in 1460, the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, and the Principality of Theodoro in 1475, which brought an end to the last vestiges of the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the final remaining pockets of Greek resistance against the Ottoman Turks in both the Balkans and Anatolia.
The Battle of Nicopolis is also widely regarded as the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire, since hopes for its revival had come to an end with the defeat of the Crusaders. Its last ruler, Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria, was captured and killed in Bursa.
By their victory at Nicopolis, the Turks discouraged the formation of future European coalitions against them. They maintained their pressure on Constantinople, tightened their control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe.
See also
Leonhard Reichartinger
References
Sources
External links
History of War: Battle of Nicopolis, 25 September 1396
Conflicts in 1396
Battles involving Hungary
Battles involving Wallachia
Battles involving Bohemia
Battles of the Crusades
Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
1396 in Europe
Battles of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars
Battles involving Serbia in the Middle Ages
Battles involving the Second Bulgarian Empire
14th century in Bulgaria
14th-century military history of Croatia
Battles involving the Knights Hospitaller
Military history of Bulgaria
History of Pleven Province
1396 in the Ottoman Empire
Massacres committed by the Ottoman Empire
Death marches
Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
Battles of the Crusade of Varna
Prisoner of war massacres |
13143851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblejas | Noblejas | Noblejas is a municipality of Spain located in the province of Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha. The municipality spans across a total area of 69.67 km2 and, as of 1 January 2021, it has a registered population of 3,721.
Radio Exterior (the Spanish state's international shortwave station) has transmitter its 0.5 km (500 yards) south of Noblejas. It belongs to the traditional comarca of Mesa de Ocaña.
History
In 1149 it was reported to be a hamlet belonging to Aurelia (Oreja). By 1224, it was reported as a populated place attached to the Order of Santiago. It was already a town by the early 15th century.
Demographics
References
Citations
Bibliography
Municipalities in the Province of Toledo |
3447146 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holcopogon%20bubulcellus | Holcopogon bubulcellus | Holcopogon bubulcellus — вид лускокрилих комах родини Autostichidae.
Поширення
Вид поширений в Південній, Центральній та Східній Європі) (від Португалії до півдня Росії), в Марокко і Туреччині. Присутній у фауні України.
Опис
Розмах крил 13-18 мм. Крила жовтувато сірі, вкриті темними лусочками.
Примітки
Різнокрилі метелики
Тварини, описані 1859
Метелики України
Комахи Європи
Фауна Туреччини
Фауна Марокко |
2278815 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86 | Кюльц | Кюльц — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Рейнланд-Пфальц. Входить до складу району Рейн-Гунсрюк. Складова частина об'єднання громад Зіммерн.
Площа — 6,92 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ).
Галерея
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
Громади Рейнланд-Пфальцу |
28713112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team%20Liquid | Team Liquid | Team Liquid is a multi-regional professional esports organization based in the Netherlands that was founded in 2000. With the release of StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, Team Liquid signed their first professional players.
In 2012, Team Liquid acquired a North American Dota 2 team, marking their first venture into multi-genre management. In January 2015, Team Liquid officially merged with Team Curse under the Liquid banner, bringing on Steve Arhancet, his supporting staff, and former Curse League of Legends, Street Fighter, and Super Smash Bros. teams. Their European Dota 2 squad won The International 2017, which had one of the largest prize pools for any esports tournament in history. Team Liquid's League of Legends team has won five LCS titles, and their Counter-Strike Global Offensive team was awarded the Intel Grand Slam prize in 2019 after winning four tournaments in just 63 days. Team Liquid also has Rainbow Six Siege, Free Fire and female Valorant teams in Brazil, as well as Mobile Legends: Bang Bang rosters in Indonesia and the Philippines.
History
The website was released on May 1, 2001, by Victor "Nazgul" Goossens and Joy "Meat" Hoogeveen under the domain teamliquid.cjb.net. On September 22, 2002, the website was moved to the address of teamliquid.net. A day later the very first poll was posted as a vote for the website's name with the teamliquid.net name winning over other suggestions such as likwit.com. On April 5, 2019, it was announced that the website would be moving to the domain tl.net, with teamliquid.net becoming an alias for teamliquid.com in the future.
Although Team Liquid was primarily known as a StarCraft news site, there are many sub sections on the forums dedicated to other games as well. It was announced on August 30, 2012, that Team Liquid would be expanding to covering Dota 2 news. On December 8, 2012, Liquid expanded their esports franchise into multiple games for the first time, with the recruitment of a North American Dota 2 team.
On January 6, 2015, Steven "LiQuiD112" Arhancet joined Victor Goossens as co-owner of Team Liquid, officially commencing the merge between former Team Curse Gaming under the Team Liquid banner.
On September 27, 2016, Team Liquid sold its controlling interest to aXiomatic Gaming, an investment group including Golden State Warriors co-owner Peter Guber, entrepreneur Ted Leonsis, motivational speaker Tony Robbins, basketball Hall of Famer Magic Johnson, and AOL co-founder Steve Case.
On December 16, 2017, Team Liquid disbanded their Halo roster.
In 2020, the organization introduced Blue, an anthropomorphic horse, as its mascot. Blue has been featured in the organization's merchandising campaigns and collaborations.
Ownership
aXiomatic is an entertainment and sports management company. Investors for the group include Peter Guber, Tony Robbins, Magic Johnson, Ted Leonsis, Steve Case, and Eric Lefkofsky. The chief executive officer is Bruce Stein, the former chief executive officer and chief operating officer of Mattel Toys, Sony Interactive Entertainment and Kenner Products (Hasbro). On September 27, 2016, aXiomatic announced that it had acquired controlling interest of esports organization Team Liquid.
Other investors include Los Angeles Dodgers executives Lon Rosen and Tucker Kain, Golden State Warriors executives Rick Welts and Kirk Lacob, the Washington Nationals owners at Lerner Enterprises, Chicago Cubs president of business operations Crane Kenney, Donn Davis, co-founder of Revolution and managing partner of Revolution Growth, Zach Leonsis, VP and general manager of Monumental Sports Network, Mark Ein, founder and owner of the Washington Kastles and Washington Justice, and former NFL player Dhani Jones.
It was announced that Victor Goossens and Steve Arhancet would continue their roles as co-CEOs of Team Liquid after the acquisition.
In December 2021, five players signed by Team Liquid became co-owners: basketball player Aerial Powers, amateur Super Smash Bros. player (and actor) Asa "Stimpy" Butterfield, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive player Jonathan "EliGE" Jablonowski, Super Smash Bros. player Juan "Hungrybox' DeBiedma, and poker streamer and competitor Lex Veldhuis.
In January 2022, Team Liquid signed the World of Warcraft guild Limit, making Limit's guild leader and team captain Max "Maximum" Smith a co-owner.
In May 2024, it was announced that Team Liquid was a member of the Esports World Cup Foundation Club Support Program, funded by the eponymous Foundation, which is set to hold the Esports World Cup in the summer and is managed by the Saudi Arabia Public Investment Fund. Later that same month, Team Liquid would sign two Mobile Legends: Bang Bang rosters in the form of AURA Esports and ECHO (renamed to Liquid AURA and Liquid ECHO respectively), after they acquired STUN.GG, who owned both teams.
Websites
Main websites
TLnet – Originally branded as "Team Liquid", the tl.net website primarily provides StarCraft II coverage but also has some coverage for StarCraft Brood War, Counter-Strike Global Offensive, Heroes of the Storm, and Super Smash Brothers Melee. With the launch of StarCraft II, TLnet has grown into the largest StarCraft community on the internet, with over 220,000 active members and over twenty four million total posts. The website employs four person full-time staff at their New York City office to work on the site.
Team Liquid – Website focusing on Team Liquid esports team coverage.
Liquipedia – Is a volunteer-run wiki covering various esports, beginning with Starcraft: Brood War and currently covering more than 57 esports titles. In 2023 Liquipedia started to branch into covering traditional sports with their Formula 1 wiki. In 2024, Liquipedia would host the game-focused Dota 2 Wiki, which previously was hosted on Fandom, with an intent to merge both the esports wiki and the game wiki into a single, comprehensive Dota 2 wiki.
Rosters
Tournaments and events
In addition to running a community site and team, Team Liquid also hosts a variety of tournaments and events.
Team Liquid Starleague
The two iterations of the TeamLiquid Starleague (or TSL for short) have been the largest StarCraft: Brood War tournaments outside of South Korea. The first TSL sponsored by Razer in 2008 was highly anticipated at the time, sporting all of the world's top Brood War players. It was topped one year later with 2009's TSL 2, which featured a total prize pool of over $20,000 and remains the largest non-Korean Brood War tournament to date.
With the release of Starcraft II, Team Liquid announced a third installment, sponsored again by PokerStrategy.com with a prize pool of $34,700. The tournament took place between March and May 2011. On April 25, 2012, a fourth installment was announced (TSL 4).
Team Liquid StarCraft II Open
The TL Opens are one-day open single-elimination tournaments alternating between the NA and EU battle.net servers. The eight TL Open events that lead up to the TSL 3 also served as a qualifier for the TSL.
Team Liquid Legacy Starleague
Announced on January 1, 2013, Team Liquid would be hosting a series of online tournaments for "foreign" players of StarCraft: Brood War.
Community events
TL Attack: Modeled after a Korean TV show called Bnet Attack, a professional player plays games against non-professionals while chatting with the hosts.
Liquibition: A King-of-the-Hill mode that is played best of 7 games.
TL Arena: A professional player will be matched up with inferior opponents. With each win he gains, another handicap is added that limits his game play options, until he loses or he has defeated a certain number of opponents.
Esports history
StarCraft and StarCraft II
The gaming clan "Liquid" was founded by Victor "Nazgul" Goossens near the end of 2000, after he decided to leave his previous clan. Liquid started with four members for the first months and grew to eight players over the following year. The members of the Liquid clan were handpicked by Goossens.
With the arrival of StarCraft II, Team Liquid announced plans to become an active professional esports team. Shortly after, sponsorship by The Little App Factory was announced, which qualified them as a sponsored professional team. This allowed Team Liquid to pay their players a salary and send the team to events around the world. The team created a dedicated news site separate from the more community oriented site, announced and released on May 10, 2011.
On August 13, 2012, three players traveled to Korea in order to live in the OGS training house and compete in GOMTV's Global StarCraft II League (GSL).
Of the three players entering the preliminaries, only one, Dario "TLO" Wünsch qualified for the first two GSL events. He was eliminated out in the Second and First rounds respectively.
The third GSL was the strongest showing of Team Liquid thus far. Three players, Hayder "Haypro" Hussein, Jos "Ret" de Kroon and Jonathan "Jinro" Walsh qualified for the main tournament. While Hussein lost first round and de Kroon in 2nd, Walsh made to the semi-finals, losing 0–4 to the eventual winner Jang "MC" Min-Chul.
In 2012, during GSL Season 2, members Song "HerO" Hyeon Deok and Yun "TaeJa" Young Seo made it to the Round of 8 of the Code S tournament, with TaeJa being eliminated while HerO advanced to the semi-finals of the tournament.
At the end of 2023, Kim "Cure" Doh-wook and Clément "Clem" Desplanches reached the semifinals of ESL SC2 Masters: Winter 2023 Finals, at Dreamhack Atlanta. Cure lost to Dark 3-1 while Clem defeated Serral 3-1 and reached the finals. In the grand final, Clem competed against Dark and beat him 4-1.
At the start of 2024, Kim "Cure" Doh-wook was eliminated in the Round of 8 of Master's Coliseum 7, losing 3-4 against Solar.
In February 2024, Clément "Clem" Desplanches reached the Quarterfinals in IEM Katowice 2024 but lost 3-0 against Serral.
In February 2024, Kim "Cure" Doh-wook reached the Semifinals in IEM Katowice 2024 but lost 3-0 against Maru.
Clément "Clem" Desplanches has assured his direct spot in the Esports World Cup 2024 in Riyadh by winning SC2 Masters Winter 2023.
Kim "Cure" Doh-wook has assured his direct spot in the Esports World Cup 2024 in Riyadh by reaching top 4 at IEM Katowice 2024.
Both Clément "Clem" Desplanches and Kim "Cure" Doh-wook stopped in the Knockout Round 3 of ESL SC2 Masters: Spring 2024. Clem lost 3-0 to HerO while Cure lost 3-2 to Shin.
Smash Bros.
In March 2014, Team Liquid announced that it had picked up two Melee players: Ken, who is known as the "King of Smash" and KoreanDJ, who is known for being the first player to defeat Mew2King during his peak, thus starting its Smash team. After acquiring Curse Gaming, it also signed Hungrybox, who is considered to be one of the Five Gods of Melee, and Chillin, who was the first player to defeat Ken during his prime. On August 11, 2015, it picked up top Super Smash Bros. for Wii U player Nairo, who was the only player to knock ZeRo out of a tournament, ending ZeRo's 55 win tournament streak at MLG World Finals. On September 28, 2015, Team Liquid announced that KoreanDJ resigned from the organization and retired from competitive Smash, citing persistent hand and wrist pains.
League of Legends
On January 6, 2015, Liquid acquired the Team Curse's League of Legends roster, which consisted of Quas, IWillDominate, Voyboy, Cop, and Xpecial. The team finished the LCS Spring regular season in 6th place with a 10–9 record. On Week 5 and 6 of NA LCS Piglet was benched and replaced on the starting roster by KEITHMCBRIEF in an effort to try to improve their standings. In the playoffs they beat Counter Logic Gaming 3–0, before losing to Cloud9 3–2 and finishing in 3rd.
Team Liquid was very successful in 2018 and 2019, winning four LCS splits in a row. In the 2018 NA LCS season, Liquid had a roster of Impact, Xmithie, Pobelter, Doublelift, and Olleh. At the 2018 League of Legends World Championship, Liquid went 3–3 in groups and failed to advance. In the 2019 LCS season, Liquid replaced Pobelter with Jensen and Olleh with CoreJJ. Liquid failed to make it out of groups at the 2019 League of Legends World Championship, however, as their 3–3 record was insufficient to advance. In 2020, Broxah joined the team as jungler, replacing Xmithie. The 2020 Spring Split went very poorly for Liquid; they finished ninth place out of ten. Doublelift was benched due to motivation issues and replaced by Academy ADC Tactical, and Doublelift was eventually traded to Team SoloMid for the summer split, with Tactical promoted to starter. Liquid finished third that summer split and made it to 2020 League of Legends World Championship, but again their 3–3 record was insufficient to advance to the quarterfinals. In 2021, Santorin replaced Broxah as jungler, and LEC import Alphari replaced Impact as top laner. The team once again got a 3–3 record in groups at the 2021 League of Legends World Championship; this qualified them for a tiebreaker match with Gen.G, but Liquid lost and failed to advance.
The 2022 season saw a major shake-up of the roster, as the Honda sponsorship allowed the creation of a "super team" of Bwipo, Santorin, Bjergsen, Hans Sama, and CoreJJ. Despite high expectations and finishing third place in the regular season of the summer split, Liquid narrowly failed to earn a Worlds slot in the playoffs, a disappointment that caused a major controversy. Hans Sama left the team at the end of the season. On 26 September 2022 they also released Guilhoto from the head coach position.
Other
One week after the Curse merger, it was announced that Team Liquid acquired a Counter Strike: Global Offensive team that previously played under the title "Denial eSports".
On October 9, 2015, it was announced that Liquid would once again be fielding a Dota team, after being absence from the competitive DotA scene for more than a year.
On August 7, 2020, Team Liquid announced their entrance to the Valorant esports scene by signing the fish123 roster, soulcas, Kryptix, L1NK, ec1s. Alongside these four players, they also added ScreaM as the fifth player. On February 24, 2021, Team Liquid parted ways with ec1s and added Jamppi into the roster. On April 23, 2021, Team Liquid announced changes to their Dota 2 roster on Twitter. Samuel "Boxi" Swann is taking a break from Dota to spend more time with his family. He will be replaced by Saeed Samail "SumaiL" Hassan. On December 25, 2021, analyst and translator Leon "Arthur" Lee interviewed Team Liquid coach, William "Blitz" Lee, who talked about the formation of the team, MATUMBAMAN and Zai, captain iNSaNiA and opponents at the Dota Pro Circuit. On 22 September 2022, they were announced as one of the 10 partner teams for the Valorant EMEA league.
On May 5, 2023, Team Liquid became the first Dota 2 team to score the minimum number of DPC points and qualify for The International 2023.
In May 2024, Team Liquid announced it was officially re-entering competitive Apex Legends play after signing the orgless team "Legacy" ahead of the 2024 Apex Legends Global Series (ALGS) Split 1 Playoffs LAN. It marked Team Liquid's return to the Apex scene, after leaving in December 2022. The roster is made up of Saul "YanYa" Ocampo, Luis Enrique "Neazul" Ramos Suarez, Alexis "Jaguares" Martinez, and Steven "Pistillo" Rojas as the coach.
Sponsors
On January 24, 2015, it was announced that HTC had become an official sponsor of Team Liquid.
In June 2022, Liquid got Honda as a major sponsor for their League of Legends team. The League team was renamed "Team Liquid Honda" as a result.
Management
Victor "Nazgul" Goossens is a founding member, and currently co-owner and chief executive officer of Team Liquid. He originally competed in Brood War prior to forming Team Liquid.
Steve "LiQuiD112" Arhancet joined the Team Liquid staff when Team Curse merged with Team Liquid. Since the merge, Steve has taken the role of co-owner and chief executive officer and primarily manages the League of Legends team.
Alienware Training Facility
In 2017 Team Liquid finished constructing its Alienware Training Facility in Los Angeles, which is designed to act as the training grounds for Team Liquid's CS:GO and League of Legends teams, as well as their esports headquarters. The facility houses non-players such as owner Steve "LiQuiD112" Arhancet and 1UP Studios, Team Liquid's in-house production studio, so that all departments of Team Liquid could work together. Team Liquid's sponsor Alienware supplied all the PC's to the Alienware Training Facility.
References
External links
2000 establishments in the Netherlands
American Internet groups
Apex Legends teams
Counter-Strike teams
Defunct and inactive Overwatch teams
Dota teams
Dutch sport websites
Esports teams based in the Netherlands
Esports teams established in 2000
Esports websites
Fighting game player sponsors
Hearthstone teams
Heroes of the Storm teams
Internet properties established in 2000
League Championship Series (esports) teams
StarCraft teams
Super Smash Bros. player sponsors
Team Razer
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege teams
Valorant teams |
1019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%206 | August 6 | August 6
Events
Pre-1600
1284 – The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
1538 – Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.
1601–1900
1661 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed by Portugal and the Dutch Republic.
1777 – American Revolutionary War: The bloody Battle of Oriskany prevents American relief of the Siege of Fort Stanwix.
1787 – Sixty proof sheets of the Constitution of the United States are delivered to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1806 – Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares the moribund empire to be dissolved, although he retains power in the Austrian Empire.
1819 – Norwich University is founded in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States.
1824 – Peruvian War of Independence: Patriot forces led by Simón Bolívar defeat the Spanish Royalist army in the Battle of Junín.
1825 – The Bolivian Declaration of Independence is proclaimed.
1861 – Britain imposes the Lagos Treaty of Cession to suppress slavery in what is now Nigeria.
1862 – American Civil War: The Confederate ironclad is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering catastrophic engine failure near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Spicheren is fought, resulting in a German victory.
1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Wörth results in a decisive German victory.
1890 – At Auburn Prison in New York, murderer William Kemmler becomes the first person to be executed by electric chair.
1901–present
1901 – Kiowa land in Oklahoma is opened for white settlement, effectively dissolving the contiguous reservation.
1914 – World War I: U-boat campaign: Two days after the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany over the German invasion of Belgium, ten German U-boats leave their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea.
1914 – World War I: Serbia declares war on Germany; Austria declares war on Russia.
1915 – World War I: Battle of Sari Bair: The Allies mount a diversionary attack timed to coincide with a major Allied landing of reinforcements at Suvla Bay.
1917 – World War I: Battle of Mărășești between the Romanian and German armies begins.
1926 – Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim across the English Channel.
1926 – First public screening using the Vitaphone process
1940 – Estonia is annexed by the Soviet Union.
1942 – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands becomes the first reigning queen to address a joint session of the United States Congress.
1944 – The Warsaw Uprising occurs on August 1. It is brutally suppressed and all able-bodied men in Kraków are detained afterwards to prevent a similar uprising, the Kraków Uprising, that was planned but never carried out.
1945 – World War II: Hiroshima, Japan is devastated when the atomic bomb "Little Boy" is dropped by the United States B-29 Enola Gay. Around 70,000 people are killed instantly, and some tens of thousands die in subsequent years from burns and radiation poisoning.
1956 – After going bankrupt in 1955, the American broadcaster DuMont Television Network makes its final broadcast, a boxing match from St. Nicholas Arena in New York in the Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena series.
1958 – Law of Permanent Defense of Democracy, outlawing the Communist Party of Chile and banning 26,650 persons from the electoral lists, is repealed in Chile.
1960 – Cuban Revolution: Cuba nationalizes American and foreign-owned property in the nation.
1962 – Jamaica becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
1965 – US President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law.
1986 – A low-pressure system that redeveloped off the New South Wales coast dumps a record 328 millimeters (13 inches) of rain in a day on Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
1990 – Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council orders a global trade embargo against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
1991 – Tim Berners-Lee releases files describing his idea for the World Wide Web. WWW makes its first appearance as a publicly available service on the Internet.
1991 – Takako Doi, chair of the Social Democratic Party, becomes Japan's first female speaker of the House of Representatives.
1996 – NASA announces that the ALH 84001 meteorite, thought to originate from Mars, contains evidence of primitive life-forms.
1997 – Korean Air Flight 801 crashed at Nimitz Hill, Guam, killing 229 of the 254 people on board.
2001 – Erwadi fire incident: Twenty-eight mentally ill persons tied to a chain are burnt to death at a faith based institution at Erwadi, Tamil Nadu.
2008 – A military junta led by Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz stages a coup d'état in Mauritania, overthrowing president Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi.
2010 – Flash floods across a large part of Jammu and Kashmir, India, damages 71 towns and kills at least 255 people.
2011 – War in Afghanistan: A United States military helicopter is shot down, killing 30 American special forces members and a working dog, seven Afghan soldiers, and one Afghan civilian. It was the deadliest single event for the United States in the War in Afghanistan.
2012 – NASA's Curiosity rover lands on the surface of Mars.
2015 – A suicide bomb attack kills at least 15 people at a mosque in the Saudi city of Abha.
Births
Pre-1600
1180 – Emperor Go-Toba of Japan (d. 1239)
1504 – Matthew Parker, English archbishop (d. 1575)
1572 – Fakhr-al-Din II, Druze emir (d. 1635)
1601–1900
1605 – Bulstrode Whitelocke, English lawyer (d. 1675)
1609 – Richard Bennett, English-American politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1675)
1619 – Barbara Strozzi, Italian composer and singer-songwriter (d. 1677)
1622 – Tjerk Hiddes de Vries, Dutch admiral (d. 1666)
1638 – Nicolas Malebranche, French priest and philosopher (d. 1715)
1644 – Louise de La Vallière, French mistress of Louis XIV of France (d. 1710)
1651 – François Fénelon, French archbishop and poet (d. 1715)
1656 – Claude de Forbin, French general (d. 1733)
1666 – Maria Sophia of Neuburg (d. 1699)
1667 – Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1748)
1697 – Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1745)
1715 – Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French author (d. 1747)
1765 – Petros Mavromichalis, Greek general and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1848)
1766 – William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist and physicist (d. 1828)
1768 – Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French general and politician (d. 1813)
1775 – Daniel O'Connell, Irish lawyer and politician, Lord Mayor of Dublin (d. 1847)
1809 – Alfred, Lord Tennyson, English poet (d. 1892)
1826 – Thomas Alexander Browne, English-Australian author (d. 1915)
1835 – Hjalmar Kiærskou, Danish botanist (d. 1900)
1844 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1900)
1844 – James Henry Greathead, South African-English engineer (d. 1896)
1848 – Susie Taylor, American writer and first black Army nurse (d. 1912)
1846 – Anna Haining Bates, Canadian-American giant (d. 1888)
1868 – Paul Claudel, French poet and playwright (d. 1955)
1874 – Charles Fort, American author (d. 1932)
1877 – Wallace H. White Jr., American lawyer and politician (d. 1952)
1880 – Hans Moser, Austrian actor and singer (d. 1964)
1881 – Leo Carrillo, American actor (d. 1961)
1881 – Alexander Fleming, Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)
1881 – Louella Parsons, American journalist (d. 1972)
1883 – Constance Georgina Adams, South African botanist (d. 1968)
1883 – Scott Nearing, American economist and educator (d. 1983)
1886 – Edward Ballantine, American composer and academic (d. 1971)
1887 – Dudley Benjafield, English racing driver (d. 1957)
1889 – George Kenney, Canadian-American general (d. 1977)
1889 – John Middleton Murry, English poet and author (d. 1957)
1891 – William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim, English field marshal and politician, 13th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1970)
1895 – Frank Nicklin, Australian politician, 28th Premier of Queensland (d. 1978)
1900 – Cecil Howard Green, English-American geophysicist and businessman, co-founded Texas Instruments (d. 2003)
1901–present
1901 – Dutch Schultz, American gangster (d. 1935)
1903 – Virginia Foster Durr, American civil rights activist (d. 1999)
1904 – Jean Dessès, Greek-Egyptian fashion designer (d. 1970)
1904 – Henry Iba, American basketball player and coach (d. 1993)
1906 – Vic Dickenson, American trombonist (d. 1984)
1908 – Maria Ludwika Bernhard, Polish classical archaeologist and a member of WWII Polish resistance (d. 1998)
1908 – Helen Jacobs, American tennis player and commander (d. 1997)
1908 – Lajos Vajda, Hungarian painter and illustrator (d. 1941)
1909 – Diana Keppel, Countess of Albemarle (d. 2013)
1910 – Adoniran Barbosa, Brazilian musician, singer, composer, humorist, and actor (d. 1982)
1910 – Charles Crichton, English director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1999)
1911 – Lucille Ball, American actress, television producer and businesswoman (d. 1989)
1911 – Norman Gordon, South African cricketer (d. 2014)
1911 – Constance Heaven, English author and actress (d. 1995)
1912 – Richard C. Miller, American photographer (d. 2010)
1914 – Gordon Freeth, Australian lawyer and politician, 24th Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs (d. 2001)
1916 – Richard Hofstadter, American historian and academic (d. 1970)
1916 – Dom Mintoff, Maltese journalist and politician, 8th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 2012)
1917 – Barbara Cooney, American author and illustrator (d. 2000)
1917 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (d. 1997)
1918 – Norman Granz, American-Swiss record producer and manager (d. 2001)
1919 – Pauline Betz, American tennis player (d. 2011)
1920 – John Graves, American author (d. 2013)
1920 – Ella Raines, American actress (d. 1988)
1922 – Freddie Laker, English businessman, founded Laker Airways (d. 2006)
1922 – Dan Walker, American lawyer and politician, 36th Governor of Illinois (d. 2015)
1923 – Jess Collins, American painter (d. 2004)
1923 – Paul Hellyer, Canadian engineer and politician, 16th Canadian Minister of Defence (d. 2021)
1924 – Samuel Bowers, American activist, co-founded the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (d. 2006)
1926 – Elisabeth Beresford, English journalist and author (d. 2010)
1926 – Frank Finlay, English actor (d. 2016)
1926 – Clem Labine, American baseball player and manager (d. 2007)
1926 – János Rózsás, Hungarian author (d. 2012)
1926 – Norman Wexler, American screenwriter (d. 1999)
1928 – Herb Moford, American baseball player (d. 2005)
1928 – Andy Warhol, American painter, photographer and film director (d. 1987)
1929 – Mike Elliott, Jamaican saxophonist
1929 – Roch La Salle, Canadian politician, 42nd Canadian Minister of Public Works (d. 2007)
1930 – Abbey Lincoln, American singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2010)
1931 – Chalmers Johnson, American scholar and author (d. 2010)
1932 – Michael Deeley, English screenwriter and producer
1932 – Howard Hodgkin, English painter (d. 2017)
1932 – Charles Wood, English playwright and screenwriter (d. 2020)
1933 – A. G. Kripal Singh, Indian cricketer (d. 1987)
1934 – Piers Anthony, English-American soldier and author
1934 – Chris Bonington, English mountaineer and author
1934 – Billy Boston, Welsh rugby player and soldier
1935 – Fortunato Baldelli, Italian cardinal (d. 2012)
1935 – Octavio Getino, Spanish-Argentinian director and screenwriter (d. 2012)
1937 – Baden Powell de Aquino, Brazilian guitarist and composer (d. 2000)
1937 – Charlie Haden, American bassist and composer (d. 2014)
1937 – Barbara Windsor, English actress (d. 2020)
1938 – Paul Bartel, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2000)
1938 – Peter Bonerz, American actor and director
1938 – Bert Yancey, American golfer (d. 1994)
1940 – Mukhu Aliyev, Russian philologist and politician, 2nd President of Dagestan
1940 – Egil Kapstad, Norwegian pianist and composer (d. 2017)
1940 – Louise Sorel, American actress
1941 – Ray Culp, American baseball player
1942 – Byard Lancaster, American saxophonist and flute player (d. 2012)
1943 – Jon Postel, American computer scientist and academic (d. 1998)
1944 – Inday Badiday, Filipino journalist and actress (d. 2003)
1944 – Michael Mingos, English chemist and academic
1944 – Martin Wharton, English bishop
1945 – Ron Jones, English director and production manager (d. 1993)
1946 – Allan Holdsworth, English guitarist, songwriter, and producer (d. 2017)
1947 – Radhia Cousot, French computer scientist and academic (d. 2014)
1949 – Dino Bravo, Italian-Canadian wrestler (d. 1993)
1950 – Dorian Harewood, American actor
1951 – Catherine Hicks, American actress
1951 – Daryl Somers, Australian television host and singer
1952 – Pat MacDonald, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1952 – David McLetchie, Scottish lawyer and politician (d. 2013)
1952 – Ton Scherpenzeel, Dutch keyboard player, songwriter, and producer
1954 – Mark Hughes, English-Australian rugby league player
1956 – Bill Emmott, English journalist and author
1957 – Bob Horner, American baseball player
1957 – Jim McGreevey, American lawyer and politician, 52nd Governor of New Jersey
1958 – Randy DeBarge, American singer-songwriter and bass player
1959 – Rajendra Singh, Indian environmentalist
1959 – Joyce Sims, American singer (d. 2022)
1960 – Dale Ellis, American basketball player
1961 – Mary Ann Sieghart, English journalist and radio host
1962 – Michelle Yeoh, Malaysian-Hong Kong actress and producer
1963 – Charles Ingram, English soldier, author, and game show contestant
1963 – Kevin Mitnick, American computer security consultant, author, and convicted hacker (d. 2023)
1964 – Kemi Omololu-Olunloyo, Nigerian journalist, activist, social media expert, and pharmacist
1965 – Stéphane Peterhansel, French racing driver
1965 – Yuki Kajiura, Japanese pianist and composer
1965 – David Robinson, American basketball player and lieutenant
1965 – Vince Wells, English cricketer
1967 – Lorna Fitzsimons, English businesswoman and politician
1967 – Mike Greenberg, American journalist and sportscaster
1967 – Julie Snyder, Canadian talk show host and producer
1968 – Jack de Gier, Dutch footballer
1969 – Simon Doull, New Zealand cricketer and sportscaster
1969 – Elliott Smith, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2003)
1970 – M. Night Shyamalan, Indian-American director, producer, and screenwriter
1972 – Geri Halliwell, English singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress
1972 – Ray Lucas, American football player and sportscaster
1972 – Jason O'Mara, Irish actor
1973 – Vera Farmiga, American actress
1973 – Stuart O'Grady, Australian cyclist
1974 – Ever Carradine, American actress
1974 – Bobby Petta, Dutch footballer
1974 – Luis Vizcaíno, Dominican baseball player
1974 – Alvin Williams, American basketball player and coach
1975 – Jason Crump, English-Australian motorcycle racer
1975 – Renate Götschl, Austrian skier
1975 – Víctor Zambrano, Venezuelan baseball player
1976 – Soleil Moon Frye, American actress
1976 – Melissa George, Australian-American actress
1977 – Leandro Amaral, Brazilian footballer
1977 – Jimmy Nielsen, Danish footballer and manager
1977 – Luciano Zavagno, Argentinian footballer
1978 – Marvel Smith, American football player
1979 – Francesco Bellotti, Italian cyclist
1979 – Jaime Correa, Mexican footballer
1979 – Travis Reed, American basketball player
1981 – Leslie Odom Jr., American actor and singer
1981 – Diána Póth, Hungarian figure skater
1983 – Robin van Persie, Dutch footballer
1984 – Vedad Ibišević, Bosnian footballer
1984 – Maja Ognjenović, Serbian volleyball player
1984 – Jesse Ryder, New Zealand cricketer
1985 – Mickaël Delage, French cyclist
1985 – Bafétimbi Gomis, French footballer
1985 – Garrett Weber-Gale, American swimmer
1986 – Raphael Pyrasch, German rugby player
1987 – Leanne Crichton, Scottish footballer
1990 – JonBenét Ramsey, American child beauty queen and victim of prominent unsolved murder case (d. 1996)
1991 – Wilmer Flores, Venezuelan baseball player
1991 – Jiao Liuyang, Chinese swimmer
1995 – Rebecca Peterson, Swedish tennis player
1999 – Hunter Greene, American baseball player
1999 – Rebeka Masarova, Spanish-Swiss tennis player
Deaths
Pre-1600
258 – Pope Sixtus II
523 – Pope Hormisdas (b. 450)
750 – Marwan II, Umayyad general and caliph (b. 688)
1027 – Richard III, Duke of Normandy
1162 – Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona (b. 1113)
1195 – Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (b. 1129)
1221 – Saint Dominic, Spanish priest, founded the Dominican Order (b. 1170)
1272 – Stephen V of Hungary (b. 1239)
1384 – Francesco I of Lesbos
1412 – Margherita of Durazzo, Queen consort of Charles III of Naples (b. 1347)
1414 – Ladislaus of Naples (b. 1377)
1458 – Pope Callixtus III (b. 1378)
1530 – Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (b. 1458)
1553 – Girolamo Fracastoro, Italian physician (b. 1478)
1588 – Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (b. 1554)
1601–1900
1628 – Johannes Junius, German lawyer and politician (b. 1573)
1637 – Ben Jonson, English poet and playwright (b. 1572)
1645 – Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex, English merchant and politician (b. 1575)
1657 – Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Ukrainian soldier and politician, 1st Hetman of Zaporizhian Host (b. 1595)
1660 – Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter and educator (b. 1599)
1666 – Tjerk Hiddes de Vries, Frisian naval hero and commander (b. 1622)
1679 – John Snell, Scottish-English soldier and philanthropist, founded the Snell Exhibition (b. 1629)
1694 – Antoine Arnauld, French mathematician and philosopher (b. 1612)
1695 – François de Harlay de Champvallon, French archbishop (b. 1625)
1753 – Georg Wilhelm Richmann, Estonian-Russian physicist and academic (b. 1711)
1757 – Ádám Mányoki, Hungarian painter (b. 1673)
1794 – Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst, English lawyer and politician, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1714)
1815 – James A. Bayard, American lawyer and politician (b. 1767)
1828 – Konstantin von Benckendorff, Russian general and diplomat (b. 1785)
1850 – Edward Walsh, Irish poet (b. 1805)
1866 – John Mason Neale, English priest, scholar, and hymnwriter (b. 1818)
1881 – James Springer White, American religious leader, co-founded the Seventh-day Adventist Church (b. 1821)
1893 – Jean-Jacques Challet-Venel, Swiss lawyer and politician (b. 1811)
1901–present
1904 – Eduard Hanslick, Austrian author and critic (b. 1825)
1906 – George Waterhouse, English-New Zealand politician, 7th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1824)
1915 – Jennie de la Montagnie Lozier, American physician (b. 1841)
1920 – Stefan Bastyr, Polish pilot and author (b. 1890)
1925 – Surendranath Banerjee, Indian academic and politician (b. 1848)
1925 – Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, Italian mathematician (b. 1853)
1931 – Bix Beiderbecke, American cornet player, pianist, and composer (b. 1903)
1945 – Richard Bong, American soldier and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1920)
1945 – Hiram Johnson, American lawyer and politician, 23rd Governor of California (b. 1866)
1946 – Tony Lazzeri, American baseball player and coach (b. 1903)
1952 – Betty Allan, Australian statistician and biometrician (b. 1905)
1959 – Preston Sturges, American director, screenwriter, and playwright (b. 1898)
1964 – Cedric Hardwicke, English actor and director (b. 1893)
1969 – Theodor W. Adorno, German sociologist and philosopher (b. 1903)
1970 – Nikos Tsiforos, Greek director and screenwriter (b. 1912)
1973 – Fulgencio Batista, Cuban colonel and politician, 9th President of Cuba (b. 1901)
1976 – Gregor Piatigorsky, Russian-American cellist and educator (b. 1903)
1978 – Pope Paul VI (b. 1897)
1978 – Edward Durell Stone, American architect, designed Radio City Music Hall and the Kennedy Center (b. 1902)
1979 – Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, German biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
1983 – Klaus Nomi, German singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1944)
1985 – Forbes Burnham, Guyanese politician, 2nd President of Guyana (b. 1923)
1986 – Emilio Fernández, Mexican actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1904)
1987 – Ira C. Eaker, American general (b. 1896)
1990 – Jacques Soustelle, French anthropologist and politician (b. 1912)
1991 – Shapour Bakhtiar, Iranian soldier and politician, 74th Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1915)
1991 – Roland Michener, Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Governor General of Canada (b. 1900)
1991 – Harry Reasoner, American journalist, co-created 60 Minutes (b. 1923)
1992 – Leszek Błażyński, Polish boxer (b. 1949)
1993 – Tex Hughson, American baseball player (b. 1916)
1994 – Domenico Modugno, Italian singer-songwriter and politician (b. 1928)
1997 – Shin Ki-ha, South Korean lawyer and politician (b. 1941)
1998 – André Weil, French-American mathematician and academic (b. 1906)
2001 – Jorge Amado, Brazilian novelist and poet (b. 1912)
2001 – Adhar Kumar Chatterji, Indian Naval officer (b. 1914)
2001 – Wilhelm Mohnke, German general (b. 1911)
2001 – Shan Ratnam, Sri Lankan physician and academic (b. 1928)
2001 – Dorothy Tutin, English actress (b. 1930)
2002 – Edsger W. Dijkstra, Dutch physicist, computer scientist, and academic (b. 1930)
2003 – Julius Baker, American flute player and educator (b. 1915)
2004 – Rick James, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1948)
2004 – Donald Justice, American poet and academic (b. 1925)
2005 – Robin Cook, Scottish educator and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (b. 1946)
2005 – Creme Puff, tabby domestic cat, oldest recorded cat (b. 1967)
2007 – Zsolt Daczi, Hungarian guitarist (b. 1969)
2008 – Angelos Kitsos, Greek lawyer and author (b. 1934)
2009 – Riccardo Cassin, Italian mountaineer and author (b. 1909)
2009 – Willy DeVille, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1950)
2009 – John Hughes, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1950)
2011 – Fe del Mundo, Filipino pediatrician and educator (b. 1911)
2012 – Richard Cragun, American-Brazilian ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1944)
2012 – Marvin Hamlisch, American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1944)
2012 – Robert Hughes, Australian-American author and critic (b. 1938)
2012 – Bernard Lovell, English physicist and astronomer (b. 1913)
2012 – Mark O'Donnell, American playwright (b. 1954)
2012 – Ruggiero Ricci, American violinist and educator (b. 1918)
2012 – Dan Roundfield, American basketball player (b. 1953)
2013 – Stan Lynde, American author and illustrator (b. 1931)
2013 – Mava Lee Thomas, American baseball player (b. 1929)
2013 – Jerry Wolman, American businessman (b. 1927)
2014 – Ralph Bryans, Northern Irish motorcycle racer (b. 1941)
2014 – Ananda W.P. Guruge, Sri Lankan scholar and diplomat (b. 1928)
2014 – John Woodland Hastings, American biochemist and academic (b. 1927)
2015 – Ray Hill, American football player (b. 1975)
2015 – Orna Porat, German-Israeli actress (b. 1924)
2017 – Betty Cuthbert, Australian sprinter (b. 1938)
2017 – Darren Daulton, American baseball player (b. 1962)
2018 – Joël Robuchon, French Chef (b. 1945)
2018 – Margaret Heckler, American politician (b. 1931)
2018 – Anya Krugovoy Silver, American poet (b. 1968)
Holidays and observances
Christian holidays and observances
Transfiguration of Jesus
Anna Maria Rubatto
Hormisdas
Justus and Pastor
August 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan's Accession Day. (United Arab Emirates)
Independence Day (Bolivia), celebrates the independence of Bolivia from Spain in 1825.
Independence Day (Jamaica), celebrates the independence of Jamaica from the United Kingdom in 1962.
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony (Hiroshima, Japan)
Russian Railway Troops Day (Russia)
References
External links
Days of the year
August |
1954185 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1545%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29 | 1545 (значення) | 1545 (значення)
Натуральне число 1545
1545 рік до нашої ери
1545 рік нашої ери |
65139364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinogradsky%20Uyezd | Konstantinogradsky Uyezd | Konstantinogradsky Uyezd (Константиноградский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Konstantinograd (present-day Krasnohrad).
Demographics
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Konstantinogradsky Uyezd had a population of 230,310. Of these, 86.1% spoke Ukrainian, 11.8% spoke Russian, 1.1% spoke German, 0.9% spoke Yiddish and 0.1% spoke Belarusian as their native language.
References
Uezds of Poltava Governorate
Poltava Governorate |
271248 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%20%28%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29 | Клин (Дубенський район) | Клин (Дубенський район)
Клин (до 1940-х років — Смордва-Клин) — село в Україні, у Бокіймівській сільської громади Дубенського району Рівненської області. Населення становить 132 осіб. До 2016 у складі Смордвівської сільської ради. З 2016 в складі Бокіймівської сільської громади
Географія
На північній стороні від села пролягає автошлях .
Примітки
Посилання
Погода в селі Клин
Села Рівненської області |
1448299 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE | Фетіно | Фетіно — селище Бокситогорського району Ленінградської області Росії. Входить до складу Єфімовського міського поселення.
Населення — 1 особа (2003 рік).
Примітки
Посилання
Фетіно на сайті bankgorodov.ru
Населені пункти Бокситогорського району
Селища Ленінградської області |
46029 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8F%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29 | Межиріччя (значення) | Межиріччя (значення)
Межиріччя або міжріччя — місцевість, розташована між двома суміжними річками. Включає в себе вододільний простір та схили суміжних річкових долин.
Термін «Межиріччя» застосовується головним чином по відношенню до рівнинних територій.
Поверхня межиріччя зазвичай слабко зачеплена ерозійним розчленуванням (ухили не перевищують 3-4 градусів). Для межиріч характерні плакорні ґрунти та рослинність, зустрічається озера, верхові болота, западини.
Історичні межиріччя
Межиріччя (також Месопотамія або Дворіччя) — область між річками Тигром і Євфратом, колиска месопотамської цивілізації.
Аргентинське Межиріччя — область між річками Парана і Уругвай.
Межиріччя — латинська назва португальської провінції Дору-Міню.
Топоніми
Слово «Межиріччя», як характерна гідрографічна ознака, входить до складу багатьох простих або складних географічних назв слов'янських країн і Росії:
Межиріччя — місто в Більському повіті Люблінського воєводства
Мендзижеч — місто у Любуському воєводстві Польщі
Села:
Межиріччя — Львівська область, Стрийський район
Межиріччя — Львівська область, Червоноградський район
Межиріччя — колишня назва села Чекно Дубенського району Рівненської області
Межиріччя — колишня назва села Чудея Чернівецького району Чернівецької області
Залізниця:
Межиріччя — залізнична станція Івано-Франківської дирекції Львівської залізниці
Заказники:
Межиріччя — ландшафтний заказник, Павлоградський район Дніпропетровської області
Межиріччя — лісовий заказник, Коростенський район Житомирської області
Межиріччя — селище в Кольському районі Мурманської області
Межиріччя — село в Алатирському районі Чуваської Республіки
Див. також
Басейн річки
Річкова сітка
Річкова система
Річкова тераса
Межиріч
Межирічка
Межерічі
Междурєченськ
Междурєченський
Об-Томське межиріччя
Примітки
Література
Коротка географічна енциклопедія. В 5 томах. — М.: Сов. енциклопедія, 1961.
Географічний енциклопедичний словник. Поняття та терміни/Глав. ред. А. Ф. Трешников. — М.: Сов. енциклопедія, 1988. — 432 с., іл.
Гідрографія
Рівнини |
16534354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry%20Khvostov%20%28basketball%29 | Dmitry Khvostov (basketball) | Dmitry Khvostov (basketball)
Dmitry Grigoryevich Khvostov (Russian: Дмитрий Григорьевич Хвостов; born August 21, 1989) is a Russian professional basketball player for Nizhny Novgorod of the VTB United League. He was part of Russia's bronze medal winning team at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He is 1.90 m in height and 86 kg in weight.
Professional career
Khvostov was named the Best Russian Young Player in 2009. In 2012, he won the EuroCup championship with Khimki Moscow Region.
On June 26, 2019, Khvostov signed a three-year contract with Zenit Saint Petersburg of the VTB United League.
National team career
Khvostov has been a member of the senior men's Russia national basketball team. He played with Russia's senior team at the EuroBasket 2011, where he won a bronze medal. He also played at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he won a bronze medal.
References
External links
Dmitry Khvostov at eurobasket.com
Dmitry Khvostov at euroleague.net
1989 births
Living people
2010 FIBA World Championship players
Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
BC Dynamo Moscow players
BC Khimki players
BC Nizhny Novgorod players
BC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2013 Summer Universiade
Olympic basketball players for Russia
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Olympic medalists in basketball
PBC Lokomotiv-Kuban players
Point guards
Russian men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Ivanovo
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Russia
Summer World University Games medalists in basketball |
2586988 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F%20%C2%AB%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%C2%BB | Поетична енциклопедія «Герої Майдану» | Поетична енциклопедія «Герої Майдану», том I — алфавітно впорядковане видання, укомплектоване збірками віршів по регіонах України, де проживали полеглі патріоти. Містить поетичні присвячення кожному Герою Небесної Сотні — Герою України, удостоєному ордена «Золота Зірка» та ордена Героя Небесної Сотні.
Авторка і упорядниця збірки — Федишин Оксана Василівна .
Історія створення поетичної енциклопедії
Оксана Федишин, кураторка авторського проекту «Дзвони серця. Вірші — кожному з Героїв Небесної Сотні», оголосила на Першому українському порталі поезії stihi.in.ua про відбір віршів, присвячений кожному герою Небесної Сотні. На заклик відгукнулися автори віршів з різних куточків України. Кожному поетичному твору передувала довга пошукова праця, зустріч з сім'ями Героїв та збір матеріалів… «Правдива жива історія виливалася ліричними фарбами на палітри авторських сердець — і в їхніх віршах воскресали герої, щоб продовжити розпочату справу, щоб у вільній процвітаючій Україні разом з нами жити»Володимир Леонович Комар, доктор історичних наук, професор
Над проектом також працювали цілий рік критики та коректори порталу, після чого всі вірші були упорядковані в єдину книжку.
Враження та відгуки
Оксана Федишин, кураторка проекту:
Володимир Леонович Комар, доктор історичних наук, професор:''
Рустем і Людмила Аблаєви, адміністратори українського поетичного порталу:
Вітенко Микола Дмитрович, кандидат історичних наук, доцент:
Видання
Поетична енциклопедія «Герої Майдану». — Т. 1 / Упор. О. Федишин — Івано-Франківськ, 2016. — 230 с. [Наклад 1000 примірників], ISBN 978-966-8969-96-6, ISBN 978-966-8969-99-7 (Т.І)
Книжка видана за сприяння Народного депутата України Шевченка Олександра Леонідовича
Ілюстрації: репродукції картин художника Бончук Романа та світлини музею Небесної Сотні Файл:Музей Небесної Сотні у Івано-Франківську-2.JPG
Тип видання: м'ягка палітурка.
Формат: 60х84/16
Кількість сторінок: 230
Примітки
Посилання
Список книг про Євромайдан
Звершився посів, відбулася презентація. Надіємося на урожайний рік
У Франківську презентують збірку віршів «Поетична енциклопедія Героїв Майдану»
Поетична енциклопедія. Герої Майдану. І том
В ІВАНО-ФРАНКІВСЬКУ
Шевченківська районна газета «Краєвид» (Харківська обл.), с. 4
Вечір спогадів: «Майдан. Як це було?» https://soloma.libraries.kiev.ua/2020/02/23/vechir-spogadiv-majjdan-jak-ce-bulo-prezentacija-poetichnoi-enciklopedii-geroi-majjdanu-ta-pershogo-poetichnogo-almanakhu-materinska-molitva/
Телеканал НТК: У Коломиї презентували поетичну енциклопедію (відео) https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=224&v=OZxUiSC0Bv0&feature=emb_logo https://ntktv.ua/news/u_kolomyyi_prezentuvaly_poetychnu_entsyklopediyu_video/?ncc=1&auth_service_id=Twitter&check_key=315c4220a7350273cbbc15d32b1ad22b&backurl=%2Fnews%2Fu_kolomyyi_prezentuvaly_poetychnu_entsyklopediyu_video%2F
Шевченківська районна газета «Краєвид», с.4: https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035640/http://shevrayrada.gov.ua/sites/default/files/kraievid18032017.pdf
КЦРБ: Презентація Поетичної енциклопедії «Герої Майдану» http://kultura-krda.if.ua/prezentatsiya-poetychnoji-entsyklopediji-heroji-majdanu/
Музей коломийської книги - Kolomyia Book Museum https://www.facebook.com/kolomyiabookmuseum/photos/a.226746964731928/676794229727197/?type=3&theater
Газета "Коломия СЬОГОДНІ": https://kolomyia.today/kolomyyanam-prezentuyut-knygu-oksany-fedyshyn-44109
ДZЕРКАЛО MEDIA: Письменниця із Коломийщини презентувала одразу три свої книги https://dzerkalo.media/news/pismennitsya-iz-kolomiyschini-prezentuvala-odrazu-tri-svoi-knigi
КЦРБ: Презентація книг Оксани Федишин http://kollib.if.ua/prezentatsiya-knyh-oksany-fedyshyn/
КЦРБ: Презентація книг Оксани Федишин http://kollib.if.ua/prezentatsiya-knyh-oksany-fedyshyn-2/#more-11290
Коломия СЬОГОДНІ: У Коломиї відбулася презентація книг Оксани Федишин https://kolomyia.today/u-kolomyyi-vidbulasya-prezentatsiya-knyg-oksany-fedyshyn-44220
Новини НТК: Виставка картин "Барви осені" https://ntktv.ua/news/u_kolomyyi_prezentuvaly_vystavku_barvy_oseni_video/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8KIPzO3nY4&feature=emb_logo
Українські поетичні збірки
Євромайдан
Книги 2016
Українські антології
Книги про Євромайдан |
4469790 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%20%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%20%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8 | Рада керівників Федеральної резервної системи | Рада керівників Федеральної резервної системи — керівний орган Федеральної резервної системи, що складається з 7 осіб, яких призначає президент США, а потім затверджує Сенат на 14 років без права продовження повноважень, при цьому кожні два роки один із членів Ради замінюється. Це робиться для того, щоб дати можливість Раді діяти послідовно, мати компетентних членів, зберігати незалежність або автономію. Призначення, а не обрання, складу Ради тривалий термін має на меті відокремити кредитно-грошову політику держави від політики конкретних партій.
Зобов'язана здійснювати нагляд та контроль за діяльністю фінансової та банківської систем. Саме Рада формулює основні правила політики, яким слідує банківська система.
Має трьома інструментами фінансового контролю, з яких може впливати на резерви комерційного банку:
Операції на відкритому ринку
Зміна норми резервування
Зміна облікової ставки
Примітки
Посилання
Члени Ради
Склад Ради Управляючих ФРС з 1914 року до теперішнього часу
Кодекс США: Рада управляючих Федеральної резервної системи
Федеральна резервна система США
Засновані в США 1914 |
3051252 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%90%D0%95%D0%A1%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0 | ГАЕС Сенека | ГАЕС Сенека — гідроакумулювальна електростанція у штаті Пенсільванія (Сполучені Штати Америки).
Нижній резервуар створили на річці Аллегейні, правому витоку Огайо, котра, своєю чергою, є лівою притокою Міссісіппі (басейн Мексиканської затоки). Тут звели комбіновану греблю Kinzua висотою 55 метрів та довжиною 578 метрів, яка включає бетонну частину (потребувала 382 тис. м3 матеріалу) та прилеглу до неї праворуч земляну секцію (використано 2,3 млн м3 породи). Ця споруда утримує витягнуте по долині річки на 39 км водосховище Аллегейні з площею поверхні 48,9 км2 та об'ємом 1,46 млрд м3.
Верхній резервуар створили на висотах лівобережжя за допомогою земляної/кам'яно-накидної дамби висотою 35 метрів, яка оточує штучну водойму круглої форми діаметром 756 метрів з об'ємом 7,2 млн м3, що дозволяє запасати еквівалент 4,2 млн кВт·год електроенергії.
Машинний зал станції розташований на березі Аллегейні біля греблі Kinzua, за 0,6 км від верхнього резервуара. Його обладнали двома оборотними турбінами потужністю 218 МВт і 195 МВт, а також однією звичайною турбіною типу Френсіс потужністю 30 МВт. Вони використовують напір від 204 до 248 метрів та мають проєктний виробіток на рівні 700 млн кВт·год електроенергії на рік.
Зв'язок комплексу з енергосистемою відбувається по ЛЕП, розрахованій на роботу під напругою 230 кВ.
Примітки
Сенека
Сенека |
3338106 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF%20%28%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%20%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%2C%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%29 | Аппер-Провіденс Тауншип (округ Монтгомері, Пенсільванія) | Аппер-Провіденс Тауншип (округ Монтгомері, Пенсільванія)
Аппер-Провіденс Тауншип — селище в США, в окрузі Монтгомері штату Пенсільванія. Населення — особа (2020).
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкало осіб у домогосподарствах у складі родин. Було 7549 помешкань
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 1,5 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 2,2 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 29,0 % — особи молодші 18 років, 60,9 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 10,1 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 38,7 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 93,9 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 90,6 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долар США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долари . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 2,6 % осіб, у тому числі 1,7 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 5,4 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 20,5 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 16,7 %, фінанси, страхування та нерухомість — 13,3 %, виробництво — 12,1 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Селища Пенсільванії
Населені пункти округу Монтгомері (Пенсільванія) |
57288759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiorophus | Idiorophus | Idiorophus is a genus of toothed whales in the family Physeteridae. Fossils have been found in the Colhuehuapian Gaiman Formation of Argentina and the Libano Sandstone in Italy.
The teeth of Idiorophus were similar in size to those of the modern orca.
References
Further reading
R. Kellogg. 1925. Two physeteroid whales from California. Contributions to Palaeontology from the Carnegie Institution of Washington 348(1):1–35
R. Lydekker. 1894. Cetacean skulls from Patagonia. Anales del Museo de la Plata II:1–13
Toothed whales
Miocene mammals of Europe
Miocene mammals of South America
Colhuehuapian
Neogene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Gaiman Formation
Fossils of Italy
Fossil taxa described in 1925
Taxa named by Remington Kellogg |
3179751 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%20%28%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B2%29 | Старт (Чугуїв) | Старт (Чугуїв)
«Старт» — український футбольний клуб з міста Чугуїв Харківської області. Один з найтитулованіших клубів у регіоні. Виступає в чемпіонаті Чугуївського району з футболу.
Історія
Футбольна команда «Старт» була заснована в Чугуєві у XX столітті. З моменту свого заснування виступала в регіональних футбольних змаганнях.
У 1956 році «Старт» виступав у Кубку УРСР, де дійшов до 1/4 фіналу й поступився запорізькому «Машинобудівнику», 0:1. У цьому ж році чугуївці вперше стають чемпіонами Харківської області. Загалом же цей титул команда завойовувала 9 разів, що є 3-м показником у списку найтитулованіших клубів області (випереджають чугуївцівза цим показником лише куп'янські «Локомотива» та «Металург»).
У 1960-х роках «Старт» був одним з найуспішніших клубів УРСР. У 1960 році команда завоювала Кубок України серед КФК, в фіналі обігравши «Авангард» (Шостка), 3:1. Наступного року «Старт» повторив своє досягнення. Цього разу у фіналі був обіграний «Шахтар» (Смолянка), 1:0. У 1961 році чугуївці завоювали Кубок СРСР серед КФК. Команду в ті роки тренував Олександр Андрійович Бутенко. Незважаючи на такі успіхи «стартівці» так і не отримала звання «команди майстрів». У 1980 році «Старт» було розформовано.
У 2011 році команду було відроджено. У новітній історії «Старт» вигравав чемпіонство й бронзу в першій лізі чемпіонату Харківської області. У 2016 році команда понизилася в класі через погіршення фінансування, перейшовши в чемпіонат Чугуївського району, де того ж року посіла 2 місце.
Досягнення
Кубок СРСР серед КФК
Володар (1): 1961
Фіналіст (1): 1960
Кубок УРСР
Володар (2): 1960, 1961
1/2 фіналу (2): 1963, 1965
Вища ліга чемпіонату Харківської області
Чемпіон (9): 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965
Срібний призер (1): 1964
Перша ліга чемпіонату Харківської області
Чемпіон (2): 2012, 2013
Бронзовий призер (1): 2011
Кубок Харківської області
Володар (1): 1969
Відомі тренери
1952–1962: Олександр Бутенко
1974: Леонід Островський
2011–2012: Олександр Лушпенко
Примітки
Посилання
Профіль клубу на сайті footballfacts.ru
Футбольні клуби Харківської області
Футбольні клуби, засновані 1954
Чугуїв |
1503033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20of%20the%20Hour | Man of the Hour | Man of the Hour
"Man of the Hour" is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam. Written by vocalist Eddie Vedder, "Man of the Hour" accompanies the closing credits of the 2003 film Big Fish, and is the first track on the film's soundtrack album. It was released as a single on November 26, 2003. The song was included on Pearl Jam's 2004 greatest hits album, rearviewmirror (Greatest Hits 1991–2003).
Origin and recording
Director Tim Burton approached Pearl Jam in 2003 to request an original song for the soundtrack of his new film, Big Fish. After screening an early print of the film, Pearl Jam vocalist Eddie Vedder went home, wrote "Man of the Hour", and had a demo ready by the next day. It was recorded by the band four days later. Guitarist Mike McCready stated, "We were so blown away by the movie... Eddie and I were standing around talking about it afterwards and were teary-eyed. We were so emotionally charged and moved by the imagination and humanity that we felt because of the movie."
Lyrics
The wistful song is a young man saying farewell to his father: "The man of the hour has taken his final bow/Goodbye for now." According to Billboard magazine, the "acoustic-tinged track is accented by wistful slide guitar work, with lyrics reflecting how the father/son bond can be rocked by what seem like insurmountable obstacles."
According to Vedder at a June 1, 2006 concert in East Rutherford, New Jersey at Continental Airlines Arena, "Come Back" from the band's 2006 album, Pearl Jam, is set with the same young man from "Man of the Hour" talking to the departed two months later.
Release and reception
"Man of the Hour" was released as a single on November 26, 2003, just prior to the release of the film. The single of this song features a demo version of Vedder alone on vocals and guitar as a B-side. The single was made available for purchase through the band's official website as well as through Amazon.com. It was Pearl Jam's first release without a label, in partnership with Amazon.com.
"Man of the Hour" was nominated for the 2004 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, but lost to Annie Lennox's "Into the West" from The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. It was also nominated for a 2003 Broadcast Film Critics Association Award, and a 2004 World Soundtrack Award.
Heather Phares of Allmusic said, "Though Burton's quirky, eerie aesthetic would normally be at odds with Pearl Jam's earnestness, the two work well together here, with the song touching on the film's warmth and adding a bit of earthiness to its daydreamy nature." Barry Walters of Rolling Stone said that "the star is the film's end-titles' closer, Pearl Jam's "Man of the Hour", which captures the darkness of Big Fishs central Oedipal conflict." In the director's commentary for the DVD release of Big Fish, director Tim Burton raves about the song, calling it "beautiful" and "so right" and noting how well it "matched and mirrored" the film.
Live performances
"Man of the Hour" was first performed live at the band's October 22, 2003 concert in Seattle at Benaroya Hall. Since the death of Ramones guitarist Johnny Ramone, Vedder has dedicated live performances of the song to him. Live performances of "Man of the Hour" can be found on the live album Live at Benaroya Hall, various official bootlegs, the Live at the Gorge 05/06 box set and the Eddie Vedder DVD Water on the Road. On October 27, 2013 at their show in Baltimore, the band dedicated the song to Lou Reed who had died earlier that day.
During a show in Chicago on August 22, 2016, Vedder dedicated the song to his late friend Layne Staley, lead singer of Alice in Chains. That day would have been Staley's 49th birthday; "It’s the birthday of a guy called Layne Staley tonight, and we’re thinking of him tonight too. 49 years old", Vedder told the crowd before dedicating the song to his friend.
Track listing
All songs written by Eddie Vedder.
"Man of the Hour" – 3:46
"Man of the Hour" (demo) – 3:53
References
External links
Lyrics at pearljam.com
2003 singles
Pearl Jam songs
Songs written for films
Songs written by Eddie Vedder |
1929859 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%28%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29 | Симон (Тодорський) | Симон (Тодорський)
Архієпископ Симон (в миру Симеон Федорович Теодорський; 1700, Золотоноша — †22 лютого 1754, Псков) — єпископ синодальної Російської православної церкви, архієпископ Псковський, Ізборзький та Нарвський. Богослов, перекладач та проповідник, законовчитель Петра III та Катерини II.
Життєпис
Навчався у Києво-Могилянській академії (1718–1727), потім жив у Ревелі, далі вищу освіту отримав у Німеччині в Галійському університеті.
Є інформація, що він також навчався у Єнському університеті.
Був близький до пієтистів. У Галі переклав з німецької «Книжку про істинне християнство» Йогана Арндта та «Вчення про початок християнського життя» Анастасія Проповідника. Книги вийшли друком в Галлі (1735), однак у Москвії переклад Арндта був заборонений царицею Єлизаветою у 1743, незважаючи на те, що він на той час був членом Синоду та придворним проповідником. Роль перекладу Тодоровського у становленні російської філософї відзначав В. В. Зеньковський.
Перекладав вірші.
Після Галле працює «з єзуїтами на різних місцях», потім викладав грецьку у Белграді.
1738 — приїхав до Києва і почав викладати у Києво-Могилянській академії грецьку, давньоєврейську та німецьку мови (перший систематичний викладач цих дисциплін); за оцінкою протоієрея Георгія Флоровського — «великий знавець мов грецької та східних, учень знаменитого Міхаеліса».
17 травня 1740 — пострижений в чернецтво (із збереженням імені) і отримав посаду катехизатора.
1742 — викликаний наказом Єлизавети до двора і призначений законовчителем та вихователем наступника, Карла Петера Гольштейн-Готторпського (майбутнього Петра ІІІ. Після переходу Петра до православ'я Симон залишався його духівником, а з 1744 був вихователем та духівником його нареченої — Софії Фредерики Цербської, майбутньої Катерини ІІ.
1743 — архімандрит Іпатієвського монастиря у Костромі, член Синоду.
1745 — рукопокладений в єпископа Костромського та Галицького, однак працював на цих посадах заочно, при дворі. За п'ять місяців формально переведений на Псковську та Нарвську катедру, залишаючись у Петербурзі. Збільшив витрати на утримання семінаристів у Псковській духовній семінарії.
Брав участь у підготовці церковнослов'янського перекладу Біблії, який досі в ужитку.
1748 — зведений в сан архімандрита.
1749 — звільнений від обов'язків духівника.
Помер 22 лютого 1754 у Пскові. Похований у Псковському Троїцькому соборі, на нижньому поверсі у східному відділенні усипальниці.
Видані праці
Переклади
Іоанн Арндт. Чотири книжки про істинне християнство. Галле, 1735.
Анастасій Проповідник. Настановлення до істинного пізнання та рятувального використання Страждань та смерті Господа та Спасителя нашого Ісуса Христа. Галле, 1735.
Август Франке. Початок християнського вчення. Галле, 1735.
П'ять обраних псалмів царюючого пророка Давида із піснями похвалами двох церковних вчителів Амвросія та Августина. Галле, 1730-е.
Проповіді
«Слово на Благовіщення Пресвятої Богородиці» 25 березня 1741 р., «Слово на Воскресіння Христове» 29 березня 1741 р., «Слово на день живоначальния Троїці» 17 березня 1741 р. та «Слово, проповідане в обителі Видубицькій» 6 вересня 1741 р.
«Слово на день народження Петра Федоровича» 10 лютого 1743 г. Санкт-Петербург, Друкарня Академії наук; видання з коментарем: Кислова Е. И. «Слово на день народження Петра Федоровича» Симона Тодорського // Acta Philologica, 2007, № 1, с. 308—335.
«Боже особливе благословення» (слово на шлюб Петра Федоровича та Катерини Олексіївни) серпня 1745 г.). Москва, Синодальна друкарня; Санкт-Петерубрг, Друкарня Академії наук.
«Слово на день народження Єлизавети Петрівни» 18 грудня 1746 р. Москва, Синодальна друкарня.
«Слово на день приходу на престол» 25 листопада 1747 г. Москва, Синодальна типографія, 1748.
Переписка Симона (на грецькій, латинській та німецькій мовах зберігається у відділі рукописів та давніх книг Псковського державного музею-заповідника (Ф. 140 од. збер. Х ст. — сер. XVIII ст.).
Бібліотека, зібрана Симоном, була передана Псковському Архієрейському дому, із якого у 1817 поступила до Псковської семінарії і тепер 55 видань на латинській, грецькій, арабській, давньоєврейській та німецькій мовах та кілька рукописних книжок зберігаються в архівах Псковського державного музею-заповідника.
Приклад поетичного перекладу Тодорського
Приклад тексту проповіді
Нын воззри Россïе веселым лицем и обрадованною душею на Внука ПЕТРОВА сына Анны Петровны, воззри и благодари Бога твоего, наслдствïе ПЕТРОВО в пользу твою цло теб сохранившаго. О нем же едва слышать мощно было, сего Божïими непостижимыми судьбами, и премудрым Всепресвтлйшïя правильныя Государыни твоея ЕЛИСАВЕТЫ промыслом, не токмо видти, но и превожделнный теб день высокаго Его рожденïя свтло и всеторжественно праздновати сподоляешися.
Смотри, как дивно и коль красно процвтает праведный твой Монарх ПЕТР Первый, в ПЕТР внук своем! прочитывает репорты от гвардïи приносимыя, прочитывает письма от армïи присылаемыя, как же изрядно о репортах рассуждает, с каким смысленным любопытством о состоянии армïи вопрошает: удивитися потреба. Не ПЕТРОВОЙ ли се цвт, не Перьваго ли се ПЕТРА остроумïе, в Его Высочеств процвтает.
Рассуждает о иностранных государствах, о математических, физических и прочих ученïях таковому лицу приличных, о обученïи военном, о штатском поведенïи, с приличными всякой вещи резонами, не ПЕТРОВ ли се цвт, не Перьваго ли се ПЕТРА искусство в Его Высочеств процвтает.
(Цит. по: Кислова Е. И. «Слово на день рождения Петра Фёдоровича» Симона Тодорского)
Примітки
Література
Тодорський, Симон //
Щукин В. Симон (Тодорский), архиепископ Псковский и Нарвский (биографический очерк) // Псковские епархиальные ведомости. Часть неофициальная. 1898, № I — 1899, № XIV.
Чижевський Д. Україньский літературний барок. Нариси. Прага, 1941.
Winter E. «Einige Nachricht von Herrn Simeon Todorski». Ein Denkmal der deutsch-slawishen Freundschaft im 18. Jahrhundert // Zeitschrift für Slawistik. № 1, 1956.
Записки императрицы Екатерины Второй. М., 1989.
Reichelt, Stefan [Райхельт, Штефан] Der Übersetzer Simeon Todorskij // Johann Arndts Vier Bücher von wahrem Christentum in Russland. Vorboten eines neuzeitlichen interkulturellen Dialogs. Leipzig [Лейпциг], 2011, С. 27-55. ISBN 978-3-374-02863-4
Менгель С. Русские переводы халльских пиетистов. Симеон Тодорский. 1729—1735 гг. // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 9. Филология. № 3, 2001.
Нічик В. М. Симон Тодорський і гебраїстика в Києво-Могилянської академії. — К.: ВД «КМ Академія», 2002. — 52 с.
Симон Тодорский // Каталог личных архивных фондов отечественных историков. Вып. 1: XVIII век / Под ред. С. О. Шмидта. М., 2001. С.255-257.
Кислова Е. И. «Слово на день рождения Петра Фёдоровича» Симона Тодорского // Acta Philologica, 2007, № 1, с. 308—335 (на с. 309—310 — биографические известия о Симоне)
Кислова Е. И. «Божие особое благословение» Симона Тодорского 1745 г. — проповедь на бракосочетание Петра Федоровича и Екатерины Алексеевны // Ломоносовский сборник. М., 2011. С. 133—182.
Абашнік В. Г.С. Сковорода та німецький пієтизм // Творчість Г.С. Сковороди як метатекст української культури. Пам’яті Мирослава Поповича: Матеріали XXVI Харківських міжнародних сковородинівських читань (ОКЗ «Національний літературно-меморіальний музей Г.С. Сковороди», 28–29 вересня 2018 року). — Харків : Майдан, 2018. – C. 47–52.
Посилання
Уродженці Золотоноші
Єпископи Російської православної церкви
Українці — єпископи РПЦ (синодальної)
Українські православні діячі
Києво-Могилянська академія в іменах
Випускники Києво-Могилянської академії
Персоналії:Кострома
Персоналії:Санкт-Петербург
Викладачі Києво-Могилянської академії |
1025997 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1528%20%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0 | 1528 Конрада | 1528 Конрада (1528 Conrada) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 10 лютого 1940 року.
Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,488.
Примітки
Див. також
Список астероїдів (1501-1600)
Посилання
http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs
Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1940
Головний пояс астероїдів |
5141178 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%20%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%20%28%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%29 | Город дорог (альбом) | Город дорог (альбом)
«Город дорог» — дебютний студійний альбом російського реп-виконавця Guf'а, випущений в 2007 році. Фактично це перший реліз учасників групи CENTR. Він вийшов ще до видання альбому «Качели».
Більшість пісень альбому стосуються тем вживання наркотиків, субкультури наркоманів. У піснях альбому зустрічається ненормативна лексика. Журнал Rolling Stone у своїй рецензії на альбом зазначив, що " у всіх дисциплінах некомерційного хіп-хопу Guf заслуговує найвищого балу», а сайт Rap.ru поставив «Город дорог» в один ряд з кращими альбомами російського репу.
История
Создание альбома
Пісні, що увійшли до альбому, записувалися протягом декількох років і до часу виходу альбому багато хто з них були вже знайомі публіці. Альбом записали майже за тиждень. Пісня «Новогодняя», що стала одним з головних хітів альбому, вперше була опублікована на збірці «Rap.ru", який у жовтні 2004 року за підтримки однойменного сайту випустив рекорд-лейбл Respect Production.
Участь у цій збірці стала першим офіційним релізом Гуфа. Перша ж видана пісня привернула до артиста пильну увагу преси та публіки. Трек був високо оцінений критикою:
Guf — очень талантливый новичок, который ещё удивит многих и многих. Его трек, спродюсированный Шымом из Касты, поражает яркими и лаконичными образами и остросюжетной историей о Москве, заметённой героиновым снегом. При этом «один снег нам дарит небо, другой везут Деды-Морозы, таджики и негры, с подарками в недрах своих желудков…». Один из самых впечатляющих треков на диске.
Наступним хітом Гуфа стала пісня «Сплетни», якою автор коментує різних персонажів російського шоу-бізнесу. Вона потрапила в ротацію радіо Next FM і набула певної популярності, хоча ще не була офіційно випущена на носіях.
Через рік, у листопаді 2005 року, була опублікована музична збірка «Хип-Хоп-Картина», який відкривав ще один трек, пізніше увійшов в «Город дорог» — «Новости». К 2005 року Guf був уже досить добре відомий публіці і користувався істотною популярністю, хоча у нього не було видано жодного альбому. Тоді ж артист заявив, що планує випустити свій альбом в новому 2006 році — а після-переключитися на роботу над альбомом своєї групи Centr.
До квітня 2006 року Guf представив публіці свій дебютний кліп, знятий телекомпанією Ren-TV на пісню «Новогодняя». Було оголошено, що незабаром буде екранізований і інший хіт репера-пісня «Сплетни».
Тоді ж було оприлюднено робочу назву майбутнього альбому —«Город дорог». Його планувалося видати восени того ж року. Бажання видати альбом послідовно декларували лейблі «ЛевПравЗвук» и Respect Production, група IconMedia. У підсумку контракт з Гуфом уклала самеIconMedia. Однак, незважаючи на плани артиста, в 2006 році альбом так і не вийшов.
Зйомки кліпу на пісню Гуфа «Сплетни» мали відбутися у липні 2006 року. Тим не менш, зйомки були скасовані, а кліп так і не було знято.
На рубежі 2006 і 2007 років популярний сайт Rap.ru організував голосування, в якому запропонував читачам вибрати найкращих, на їхню думку, виконавців року. За результатами голосування, в якому взяло участь трохи більше 10 тисяч читачів сайту, Guf посів третє місце в номінації «Артист року — вітчизняний», поступившись Смокі Мо та Лігалайзу.
У березні 2007 року було оголошено, що вихід альбому «Город дорог», що відкладався з минулого року, повинен відбутися 22 березня..Повідомлялося, що IconMedia не змогла виконати своїх зобов'язань, і контракт між нею та Гуфом було розірвано. Новим видавцем альбому було оголошено лейбл CD Land.
Проте вихід альбому було вкотре перенесено. Офіційною причиною затримки було названо непорозуміння між продюсером та артистом. У результаті, компанія CD-Land відмовилася від публікації альбому. За видання альбому «Город дорог» взялася компанія «Моноліт», яка і випустила його 3 квітня 2007 року.
На час виходу альбому він уже встиг просочитися в Інтернет і був доступний для вільного скачування..
Презентація альбому відбулася під час концерту, що відбувся 24 травня 2007 року у московському клубі «16 тонн».Художественные особенности
Название
Назва альбому містить гру слів. Воно може бути прочитано подвійно і, залежно від наголосу, повністю змінює сенс. Назву можна прочитати як «Город дорог», що може означати як "місто безлічі доріг", так і "місто наркотиків" (на сленгу наркоманів "дорога" означає наркотичні засоби, покладені на рівній поверхні тонкою лінією, у вигляді "доріжки").
В іншому випадку назву можна прочитати як «Город дорог», что в свою очередь может означать как «город, отличающийся дороговизной», так и «город, имеющий большое значение и ценность».
В одному з інтерв'ю Guf зазначив, що сам він вважає більш точним вимову «Город дорог», тобто акцент на дорожнечі чи цінності міста:
— Песня за песней, получился альбом. Который уже готов и скоро увидит свет.
— Как он называется?
— Название пока не оглашается.
— То есть он не будет называться «Город дорог»?
— Ну скорее всего будет, — сознаётся Гуф после некоторого замешательства и смеётся.
— «Город дОрог», скорее всего, — поправляет он, делая ударение на первый слог. — Мне больше так нравится.
При цьому у пісні «Город дорог», яка не увійшла до однойменного альбому, а була видана пізніше на першому студійному альбомі групи Centr, використовується якраз інший варіант: «Город дорог».
Крім того, назва є «перевертарем»: вона читається однаково з початку та з кінця. Незалежно від наголосу друге слово назви («дорог») є паліндромом першого («город»).
Дизайн обкладинки
Гра слів у назві знайшла свій відбиток у оформленні альбому: на обкладинці диска друга частина назви альбому є дзеркальним відображенням першої (це помітно формою букв «р» и «г» у слові «дорог»). Назва альбому та ім'я його автора розташовані на тлі фотографії одного з московських провулків. Автором дизайну обкладинки став Бледный із групи «Иезекииль 25:17».
На момент виходу альбому гурт «Центр» е не змінила назву наC entr (это було зроблено пізніше через конфлікт із «Центром» Василия Шумова), тому назва колективу Гуфа наведена у вихідному вигляді — «Центр» (великими літерами).
Маркетинг альбому
Маркетинг альбому не вирізнявся масштабністю. У Росії 2000 років більшість радіостанцій і телеканалів вважають російськомовну реп-музику неформатною і майже повністю ігнорують її, обмежуючись одним-двома найпопулярнішими артистами жанру. Єдиними станціями, які регулярно грали пісні з альбому, стали московська Next FM та пітерська «Радіо Рекорд». В эфир специализирующихся на хип-хопе и электронной музыке Next и «Рекорда» попали «Ориджинал Ба», «Новости» и «Сплетни». Именно ротации «Сплетен» на Next FM принесли Guf’у большую часть популярности.
Для просування альбому планувалося зробити два відеокліпи, але вдалося зняти лише один. Малобюджетний кліп на пісню «Новогодняя» був знятий режисером А. Долматовим за підтримки телекомпанії Ren-TV у 2006 році. Сама пісня розповідає про канали постачання героїну до Москви. За сюжетом кліпу головний герой таємно зустрічається з кількома людьми, яких він просить завдати йому болю, щоб угамувати ломку. Він віддає кожному з них гроші і отримує за це кілька жорстоких ударів, але цього недостатньо. В кінці він віддає останнє — свій хрест і просить його вбити, що виходить. Роль наркодилера в автомобілі виконав Slim, роль скінхеда-«бика» - Птаха.
Кліп демонструвався на Ren-TV у рамках передачі про боротьбу з наркоманією, а пізніше з'явився в ефірі незалежних музичних телеканалів, таких як O2TV та A-One.
Список композицій
Брали участь
Бледный («Иезекииль 25:17»)
Ант («Отрицательное Влияние»)
Птаха
Slim
5Плюх
Учасники запису
Семпли:
«Интро» — «Guf — Китайская стена».
«Кто как играет» — «Edith Piaf — Elle A Dit».
«Сплетни» — «Nina Simone — I Put a Spell on You»
«Свадьба» — «Ефрем Амирамов — Жена» и «Ефрем Амирамов — Бессмертие Любви»
«Ямакаси» — «Andres Segovia — La Frescobalda»
«Есть вопросы» — «Tom Waits — All the World Is Green»
«Трамвайные пути» — «Jacques Brel — Je Suis Malade» (клавишные)
«Скит от Принципа» — «J. J. Cale — Sensitive Kind»
«Новогодняя» — «Pupo — Buratino»
«Ориджинал Ба» — «Patricia Carli — Demain Tu Te Maries»
«Тринити» — «Meiko Kaji — Yadokari» и «Smut Peddlers — Tower of Babel»
«Мутные замуты» — «Danny Elfman — Sallys song»
«Новости» — «Tom Waits & Kathleen — On The Other Side Of The World»
Примечания |
7051941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillman%2C%20New%20Jersey | Skillman, New Jersey | Skillman, New Jersey
Skillman is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Montgomery Township, in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 242.
The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08558. However, the Skillman postal address covers an area significantly larger than the Skillman CDP. The Skillman postal address services approximately half of the and approximately 23,000 residents comprising Montgomery Township. The small CDP designated as Skillman and the much larger area known as Skillman based on the post office delivery area (which encompasses the Skillman CDP), are not the same.
The Skillman postal area is home to Johnson & Johnson's Consumer Products division and Bloomberg L.P. Financial's offices.
All of the public school buildings (elementary, middle and high schools) for Montgomery Township are located in the Skillman postal area.
History
Skillman is named after the Skillman family. The first Skillmans were Dutch, but lived in England before moving to Brooklyn in 1664, according to family accounts. In 1729, Thomas Skillman ventured westward, buying some of farmland on the Millstone River, near the village of Rocky Hill, for his sons, Jan and Isaac. That purchase was the Skillman family's entry into Montgomery. The Skillman area got its name when the railroads arrived in the 1870s, according to the Skillman family. Joseph A. Skillman, was a teamster who owned "wild Missouri mules," according to family accounts. When railroad workers were trying to lay tracks, their horses got bogged down in thick, clay mud, and Joseph A. Skillman came to the rescue with his mules. Railroad officials also socialized at the home of another Skillman nearby, and the new train station was named for the family. A post office opened in the station and a small village, with a hay press, feed store and hardware store, sprouted around it. It took the Skillman name, too. (While the train station is gone, remnants of the village still exist at the spot where Camp Meeting Avenue and Skillman Road meet. A clay and sculpting supply business occupies some of the buildings.) Also in Skillman was the sprawling New Jersey State Village for Epileptics, a complex opened around 1900 that had its own dairy, laundry, and movie theater. Visitors would arrive by train. Skillman was a busy little country place. There were 1,637 residents in Montgomery in 1910, compared with more than 23,000 now, according to Census data. The community now has more traffic, fewer farms and more houses (specifically developments).
In 2011, Montgomery Township sold what remained of the North Princeton Developmental Center (also known as Skillman Village) to Somerset County in order for the village to be demolished.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 1.476 square miles (3.824 km2), including 1.466 square miles (3.798 km2) of land and 0.010 square miles (0.026 km2) of water (0.69%).
Demographics
2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 242 people, 87 households, and 72 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 99 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 91.32% (221) White, 0.41% (1) Black or African American, 0.41% (1) Native American, 2.48% (6) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 2.89% (7) from other races, and 2.48% (6) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.20% (15) of the population.
Of the 87 households, 35.6% had children under the age of 18; 72.4% were married couples living together; 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present and 17.2% were non-families. Of all households, 12.6% were made up of individuals and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.06.
23.1% of the population were under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 20.2% from 25 to 44, 38.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.0 years. For every 100 females, the population had 98.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 91.8 males.
Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Skillman include:
Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945), pioneering physician; resident of Trevenna Farm with Wylie.
Ira Black (1941–2006), neuroscientist and stem cell researcher who served as the first director of the Stem Cell Institute of New Jersey.
Yvonne Brill (1924–2013), rocket scientist.
Louis Gambaccini (1931–2018), government official who spent his career in the area of transportation.
John Sheridan (1942–2014), Former New Jersey Transportation Commissioner and head of Cooper Health System; lived in Skillman along with his wife at the time of their controversial deaths.
I. A. R. Wylie (1885–1959), popular writer; resident of Trevenna Farm with Baker.
References
Census-designated places in Somerset County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Montgomery Township, New Jersey
1729 establishments in New Jersey |
3507568 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%20%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5 | О охресне | О охресне
Охресне О, перехрещене О (Ꚛ, ꚛ) — рідкісний кириличний гліф, що походить од літери О. Номер у Юнікоді — U+A69A для великої і U+A69B для маленької. Символ доданий у Юнікод, оскільки визначено, що така форма літери використовувалася частіше очних варіантів О, які вже були присутні серед символів Юнікоду. Символ передбачений для використання в старообрядницьких виданнях, що не допускають нової орфографії.
Походження
Поява охресного О пов'язана зі зміною репертуару графем у XIV—XV ст., що була зумовлена активізацією культурних і конфесійних зв'язків з Візантією та південними слов'янами, зокрема засвоєнням південнослов'янської книжної традиції. У берестяних грамотах XV століття розвинулася традиція (що її найбільш ранні приклади трапляються вже в XIII ст.) писати на початку слова та після голосної широке, часто розімкнуте вгорі О, а в інших випадках вузьке звичайне О. У якості широкого могли виступати «очні» варіанти О, охресне О або омега. Карський вважає очні варіанти запозиченими в греків через південних слов'ян, а варіант з хрестом — вторинним щодо очних варіантів і створеним на їхній взірець. Тут як приклад наведено ранні старослов'янські рукописи, а також зображення друкованого Євангелія 1553 або 1554 року.
Див. також
О
О широке
О монокулярне
О бінокулярне
О мультиокулярне
О подвійне
О подвійне монокулярне
Омега (кирилиця)
Примітки
Коментарі
Старослов'янська абетка |
4429340 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 | Кулеба Олексій Володимирович | Кулеба Олексій Володимирович (місто Київ) — український державний діяч, публічний діяч, громадський діяч. Заступник Керівника Офісу Президента України (з 24 січня 2023 року). Колишній голова Київської обласної державної адміністрації з 8 лютого по 15 березня 2022 року та з 21 травня 2022 року по 24 січня 2023 року. Був першим заступником голови Київської міської державної адміністрації з питань здійснення самоврядних повноважень із 1 січня 2021 року по лютий 2022.
Життєпис
Народився 8 серпня 1983 року в м. Києві в родині журналіста та письменника Володимира Кулеби.
Освіта
У 2005 році закінчив Київський національний економічний університет імені Вадима Гетьмана за спеціальністю «Міжнародна економіка», кваліфікація магістра з міжнародної економіки.
З 2005 по 2008 роки навчався в аспірантурі Національної академії державного управління при Президентові України.
Кандидат наук з державного управління.
Кандидат у майстри спорту з баскетболу.
Кар'єра
2005 — менеджер комунального підприємства Київської обласної ради «Київ-медіа», м. Київ.
2005—2008 — помічник народного депутата України.
2007—2010 — генеральний директор ТОВ «Хонін і партнери».
2010 — старший викладач кафедри організації самоврядування ПАТ "Вищий навчальний заклад «Міжрегіональна Академія управління персоналом».
2010—2015 — депутат Ржищівської міської ради Київської області.
2014 — помічник депутата Київської міської ради на громадських засадах.
2016—2017 — радник генерального директора комунального підприємства з охорони, утриманню та експлуатації земель водного фонду м. Києва «Плесо» виконавчого органу Київської міської ради (Київської міської державної адміністрації) (на громадських засадах).
2018—2019 — генеральний директор ТОВ «Asper», м. Київ.
2019—2020 — директор Департаменту міського благоустрою виконавчого органу Київської міської ради (Київської міської державної адміністрації).
З 01.01.2021 року по лютий 2022 року — перший заступник голови Київської міської державної адміністрації з питань здійснення самоврядних повноважень.
З 8 лютого 2022 року до 15 березня 2022 року — голова Київської обласної державної адміністрації
З березня по травень 2022 року — керівник групи радників поза штатом начальника Київської обласної військової адміністрації.
З 21 травня 2022 року по 24 січня 2023 року — голова Київської обласної державної адміністрації.
З 24 січня 2023 року — Заступник Керівника Офісу Президента України.
Громадська діяльність
У 2001 році заснував Громадську організацію «Школа баскетболу». З 2001 по 2019 рр. був керівником ГО «Школа баскетболу».
Родина
Одружений із Галиною Дмитриченко-Кулебою, має двох дочок.
Нагороди
Орден Богдана Хмельницького ІІІ ступеня (24 березня 2022) — за вагомий особистий внесок у захист державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України, мужність і самовіддані дії, виявлені під час організації оборони населених пунктів від російських загарбників
Примітки
Джерела
Сайт Київської ОДА
Київрада призначила нових заступників мера з питань здійснення самоврядних повноважень // Сайт Київської міської Ради, 08.12.2020
Керівництво КМДА // Офіційний портал м. Києва
Олексій Кулеба — профіль на офіційному інтернет-порталі сайті Київської міської державної адміністрації
Посилання
Зеленський призначив Олексія Кулебу головою Київської ОДА // Радіо Свобода, 09.02.2022
Київрада призначила чотирьох нових заступників Кличка зі здійснення самоврядних повноважень // Інтерфакс-Україна, 08.12.2020
Кандидатуру Олексія Кулеби на посаду глави Департаменту міського благоустрою КМДА рекомендував Єрмак, — Кличко // Цензор. Нет, 03.04.2020
Департамент міського благоустрою виконавчого органу Київської міської ради (Київської міської державної адміністрації)
Газета «Вечірній Київ»
Онлайн-медіа «Большой Киев»
Блог «Вечірній Київ»
Онлайн-видання «Вікенд у Києві»
Кличко визнав, що призначив директора з благоустрою за рекомендацією Єрмака // Українська правда, 03.04.2020
Декларація
Кулеба О. В. // Е-декларація, 2019
Уродженці Києва
Випускники Київського національного економічного університету
Випускники Національної академії державного управління при Президентові України
Науковці Міжрегіональної академії управління персоналом
Науковці Національного педагогічного університету імені М. П. Драгоманова
Відповідальні працівники Київської міської державної адміністрації
Кандидати наук з державного управління
Депутати міських рад України
Громадські діячі Києва
Кандидати в майстри спорту
Голови Київської облдержадміністрації
Помічники народних депутатів України
Лицарі ордена Богдана Хмельницького III ступеня |
7536842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche%20of%20England | Blanche of England | Blanche of England (spring 1392 – 22 May 1409), also known as Blanche of Lancaster, was a member of the House of Lancaster, the daughter of King Henry IV of England by his first wife Mary de Bohun.
Family
Born at Peterborough Castle (now in Cambridgeshire), Blanche was the fifth of the six children born during the marriage of Henry of Lancaster and his wife Mary de Bohun. At the time of her birth, Henry was only Earl of Derby and, thanks to his marriage, Earl of Northampton and Earl of Hereford; as the only surviving son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster, he was the heir of the Duchy of Lancaster. Blanche was named after her paternal grandmother.
Blanche's mother died on 4 June 1394 in Peterborough Castle after giving birth to her last child, Philippa. Five years later, on 30 September 1399, Blanche's father deposed his cousin Richard II and usurped the throne. The new king remarried to Joanna, daughter of King Charles II of Navarre and widow of Duke John V of Brittany. There were no children from this marriage.
Marriage
In January 1401 Henry IV held a tournament at Eltham Palace to honour the visit of Manuel II Palaiologos. The tournament was commemorated in literary form as thirteen letters in old French addressed to Blanche. Each letter, supposedly written by a legendary patron, praises one of the combatants. The letters were probably read aloud during the event.<ref>Sarah Carpenter, 'Chivalric Entertainment at the Court of Henry IV: The Jousting Letters of 1401', Medieval English Theatre, 43 (D. S. Brewer, 2022), pp. 39-107.</ref>
After his accession to the English throne, King Henry IV wanted to make important alliances in order to maintain and legitimise his rule. One needed ally was King Rupert of Germany, who had also ascended following his predecessor's deposition: a marriage between Rupert's eldest surviving son Louis and Henry IV's eldest daughter Blanche was soon arranged.
The marriage contract was signed on 7 March 1401 in London; the bride's dowry was fixed in the amount of 40,000 Nobeln (over 300 kg of gold). The formal marriage between Blanche and Louis took place on 6 July 1402 at Cologne Cathedral, Germany. Blanche's dowry included the oldest surviving royal crown known to have been in England. Despite its political nature, the marriage was said to be happy. Four years later, on 22 June 1406 in Heidelberg, Blanche gave birth to a son, called Rupert after his paternal grandfather.
In 1408 Blanche was made Lady of the Garter. One year later, pregnant with her second child, she died of fever in Haguenau, Alsace and was buried in the Church of St. Mary (today St. Aegidius) in Neustadt in the Palatinate.
Her widower became Elector Palatine as Louis III in 1410 after the death of his father King Rupert and in 1417 married Matilda, daughter of Amadeo, Prince of Achaea, member of the House of Savoy, who bore him five children. Blanche's son Rupert (nicknamed the English) died aged nineteen in 1426, unmarried and without issue.
Ancestry
References
Sources
Walther Holtzmann: Die englische Heirat Pfalzgraf Ludwigs III., in: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins'' No 43 (1930), pp. 1–22.
The English Marriage of Elector Palatine Louis III
The Crown of Princess Blanka in the Munich Treasury Residence
1392 births
1409 deaths
14th-century English people
15th-century English nobility
English princesses
House of Lancaster
14th-century English women
15th-century English women
Daughters of kings
Children of Henry IV of England
Ladies of the Garter |
61894286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malopavlovka | Malopavlovka | Malopavlovka is a rural locality (a settlement) in Sverdlovsky Selsoviet, Khabarsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 165 as of 2013. It was founded in 1907. There are 2 streets.
Geography
Malopavlovka is located 24 km south of Khabary (the district's administrative centre) by road. Malopavlovka is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Khabarsky District |
3460228 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%20%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD | Жулья Сімон | Жулья Сімон (9 жовтня 1996, Альбервіль, Франція) — французька біатлоністка, олімпійська медалістка, чемпіонка світу, учасниця змагань на Кубку світу з біатлону.
Багаторазова переможниця та призерка етапів Кубку світу в особистих дисциплінах (індивідуальна гонка, спринт, гонка переслідування) та естафетах (у тому числі змішаній естафеті та одиночній змішаній).
Чемпіонкою світу Сімон стала на світовій першості 2021 року в словенській Поклюці в одиночній змішаній естафеті разом із Антоненом Гігонною.
Результати виступів
Усі результати отримані від Міжнародного союзу біатлону.
Зимові Олімпійські ігри
Результати на Зимових Олімпійських іграх:
Чемпіонати світу
Кубок світу
Подіуми на етапах Кубку світу
* Результати зі змагань IBU, які включають Кубок світу з біатлону, Чемпіонати світу з біатлону та Зимові Олімпійські ігри .
Оновлено 14 березня 2020 року
Примітки
Посилання
Профіль на сайті Федерації біатлону України
Профіль на сайті IBU Datacenter
Народились 1996
Французькі біатлоністки
Уродженці Альбервіля
Французькі срібні олімпійські медалісти
Срібні призери зимових Олімпійських ігор 2022
Біатлоністи на зимових Олімпійських іграх 2022
Французькі олімпійці
Французькі учасники зимових Олімпійських ігор 2022
Спортсмени Альбервіля |
4853016 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%20%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%80%20%28%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%29 | Аптекар Мельхіор (фільм) | Аптекар Мельхіор (фільм)
«Аптекар Мельхіор» — естонський фільм, знятий у 2021 році, прем’єра якого відбулася у квітні 2022 року. Сюжет фільму заснований на першій частині серії романів Індрека Харгла «Аптекар Мельхіор» «Аптекар Мельхіор і загадкові істоти». Фільм є першою частиною однойменного циклу художніх фільмів. Друга частина «Аптекар Мельхіор. Примара», третя «Аптекар Мельхіор. Дочка ката».
Фільм знятий в рамках естоно-німецько-латвійсько-литовської співпраці, співпродюсерами виступають Maze Productions з Німеччини, Film Angels Productions з Латвії та InScript з Литви.
Сюжет
У середньовічному Таллінні вбивають відомого лицаря, який звільнив Балтійське море від піратів. Невідомий злочинець відрубав йому голову, а в рот жертви засунув безліч монет. Золотий ланцюжок, який він купив того ж дня, відсутній.
Для розслідування злочину пристав призначає аптекаря Мельхіора Вакенстеде, який має гострий розум та детективні здібності. Розумний юнак дізнається, що вбитий шукав таємничого «Талліннського в'язня», і сліди ведуть до Домініканського монастиря. Розв'язується шокуюча серія кровопролиття - кожен, хто зіткнеться з цією таємницею, ризикує загинути. У той же час аптекар починає підозрювати свого учня, який, здається, щось приховує.
Актори
Мельхіор Вакенстеде - Мертен Мецавір
Венцель Дорн - Ало Керве
Кетерлін Кордт - Маарья Йоганна Мегі
Хінрік - Кен Рютель
Шпангейм - Марко Матвере
Мартін - Мартін Корк
Роде - Майт Мальмстен
Рінус - Крістіян Сарв
Фрайзінк - Андеро Ермель
Кіліан - Франц Мальмстен мл
Гедвіга - Хенессі Шмідт
Касендорп - Хендрік Тумпер молодший
Дітмар - Яан Пехк
Людеке - Гатіс Гага
Кадри з фільму
Нагороди
На кінофестивалі Screamfest оператор Міхкель Сое отримав нагороду за найкращу операторську роботу, а режисер монтажу Маріон Коппель – за найкращий монтаж.
Посилання
Зовнішні посилання
«Аптекар Мельхіор» на сайті Taska Film
«Аптекар Мельхіор» на сайті Nafta Films
«Аптекар Мельхіор» на сайті IMDb
Фільми Естонії 2021
Фільми-драми Естонії
Фільми естонською мовою
Детективи
Історичні фільми |
421514 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%97%20%D0%B7%20%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83 | Збірна Югославії з футболу | Збірна Югославії з футболу — футбольна збірна, яка представляла федеративну державу Югославію в міжнародних матчах і перебувала під контролем Футбольного союзу Югославії. Команда зіграла свою першу гру 1920 року і представляла послідовно Королівство Сербів, Хорватів і Словенців (КСХС, 1920—1929), Королівство Югославія (1929—1941), Федеративну Народну Республіку Югославію (ФНРЮ, 1946—1963) і Соціалістичну Федеративну Республіку Югославію (СФРЮ, 1963—1992) аж до розпаду останньої на кілька незалежних держав.
Правонаступником збірної вважають команду, яка з 1994 року представляла у футболі Союзну Республіку Югославію, а в останні роки існування мала назву збірної Сербії та Чорногорії.
Виступи збірної Югославії
На Чемпіонатах світу
1930 — 4-те місце
1934, 1938 — не пройшла кваліфікацію
1950 — груповий етап
1954 — чвертьфінал
1958 — чвертьфінал
1962 — 4-те місце
1966, 1970 — не пройшла кваліфікацію
1974 — другий груповий етап
1978 — не пройшла кваліфікацію
1982 — груповий етап
1986 — не пройшла кваліфікацію
1990 — чвертьфінал
1994 — не допущена до відбіркових змагань через громадянську війну в країні
На Чемпіонатах Європи
1960 — срібний призер
1964 — не пройшла кваліфікацію
1968 — срібний призер
1972 — не пройшла кваліфікацію
1976 — 4-те місце
1980 — не пройшла кваліфікацію
1984 — груповий етап
1988 — не пройшла кваліфікацію
1992 — пройшла кваліфікацію, але була дискваліфікована через громадянську війну в країні
Гравці збірної
Мілорад Арсеньєвич (1927—1936)
Футбольна збірна Югославії |
393978 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0 | Грушина Олена Едуардівна | Грушина Олена Едуардівна
Олена Едуардівна Грушина (8 січня 1975, Одеса) — українська фігуристка, призер Олімпійських ігор.
Олена Грушина тренувалася в спортивному товаристві Збройних Сил України в Одесі.
Олімпійську медаль вона виборола на Туринській Олімпіаді в спортивних танцях у парі з Русланом Гончаровим.
Примітки
Посилання
Олімпійське досьє
Довільний танець з виступу О.Грушиної та Р.Гончарова на Олімпіаді-2006 відео-запис на www.youtube.com
Українські фігуристки
Українські бронзові олімпійські медалісти
Бронзові призери зимових Олімпійських ігор 2006
Фігуристи на зимових Олімпійських іграх 2006
Уродженці Одеси
Українські учасники зимових Олімпійських ігор 1998
Чемпіони України з фігурного катання
Фігуристи на зимових Олімпійських іграх 1998
Фігуристи на зимових Олімпійських іграх 2002 |
4793443 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29 | Владимировка (Червоногвардійський район) | Владимировка (Червоногвардійський район)
Владимировка — село у складі Червоногвардійського району Оренбурзької області, Росія.
Населення
Населення — 34 особи (2010; 140 у 2002).
Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік):
росіяни — 55 %
цигани — 29 %
Джерела
Примітки
Населені пункти Червоногвардійського району (Оренбурзька область)
Села Оренбурзької області |
3446983 | https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BB | Кацал | Кацал Дмитро Миколайович — заслужений діяч мистецтв України.
Кацал Микола Лукич (1940—2016) — український хоровий диригент, народний артист України, лауреат Шевченківської премії, почесний громадянин Львова.
Примітки |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.