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Chapter 7. System Paging A page is a unit of virtual memory that holds 4 KB of data and can be transferred between real and auxiliary storage. A paging space, also called a swap space, is a logical volume with the attribute type equal to paging. This type of logical volume is referred to as a paging space logical volume or simply paging space. When the amount of free real memory in the system is low, programs or data that have not been used recently are moved from real memory to paging space to release real memory for other activities. The installation creates a default paging logical volume (hd6) on drive hdisk0, also referred as primary paging space. The default paging space size is determined during the system customizing phase of AIX installation according to the following standards: The amount of paging space required by an application depends on the type of activities performed on the system. If paging space runs low, processes may be lost. If paging space runs out, the system may panic. When a paging space low condition is detected, additional paging space should be defined. The system monitors the number of free paging space blocks and detects when a paging space shortage exists. The vmstat command obtains statistics related to this condition. When the number of free paging space blocks falls below a threshold known as the paging space warning level, the system informs all processes (except the kernel process) of the low paging space condition. The I/O from and to the paging spaces is random and is mostly one page at a time. The vmstat command reports indicate the amount of paging space I/O is taking place. A sample output of the vmstat command is shown in Figure 64. Figure 69: vmstat Command Output To improve paging performance, you should use multiple paging spaces and locate them on separate physical volumes whenever possible. However, more than one space can be located on the same physical volume. The general recommendation is that the sum of the sizes of the paging spaces should be equal to at least twice the size of the real memory of the machine up to a memory size of 256 MB (512 MB of paging space). For memories larger than 256 MB, the following rule is recommended: Total paging space = 512 MB + (memory size - 256 MB) * 1.25 Ideally, there should be several paging spaces of roughly equal size each on a different physical disk drive. If you decide to create additional paging spaces, create them on physical volumes that are more lightly loaded than the physical volume in rootvg. While the system is booting, only the primary paging space (hd6) is active. Consequently, all paging-space blocks allocated during boot are on the primary paging space. This means that the primary paging space should be somewhat larger than the secondary paging spaces. The secondary paging spaces should all be of the same size to ensure that the round-robin algorithm can work effectively. The lsps -a command provides a snapshot of the current utilization level of all the paging spaces on a system. Avoid adding paging space to the volume groups on portable disks because removing a disk online with an active paging space will require reboot to deactivate the paging space and, therefore, cause user disruption. A volume group that has a paging space volume on it cannot be varied off or exported while the paging space is active. Before deactivating a volume group having an active paging space volume, ensure that the paging space is not activated automatically at system initialization and then reboot the system. 7.2 Managing Paging
If you are in preterm labor or think you may be, your doctor may do some tests to monitor you and your baby. These tests include: - Lab tests—These may involve testing blood, urine, and cells from the cervix or amniotic fluid to look for infection. Ultrasound—This test uses sound waves to create images of the inside of your body. In this case, the ultrasound is done to: - Examine the placenta - Check the baby’s age - Look for birth defects in the baby - See the position of the baby - Measure the cervix and the amount of amniotic fluid - Amniocentesis —This test involves removing a small amount of amniotic fluid to look for infection or to see if the baby’s lungs are mature. - Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD - Review Date: 03/2016 - - Update Date: 03/09/2016 -
Everytime that New Years Ball drops, people resolutions for themselves but have no idea how to maintain them. It is common to create resolutions for the New Year, but are your resolutions really worth it? 35% of people who make New Year’s resolutions break them by the end of January or even sooner. You have to think realistically before attempting to stick to your resolution by paying attention to time as well as quality. Make resolutions you’ve thought through because odds are, you’re going to be spending a lot of time trying to stick to it and you need self motivation! Many people lack motivation for the right reasons, but when you care so much about something such as your goal, there should be no reason why you shouldn’t put your mind to it. According to Amir Mohamed, Edison student, “My 2018 resolution is just as same as last year and it’s to stay positive. I️ plan on cancelling out the negative aspects in life and focusing only on what matters and what’s important to me. Being a positive figure and cancelling negative influences, in my opinion makes someone a better person. I will always look at the brighter side of a situation and forget the bad aspects of the situation.” Deadlines and specific plans are yet again some components where people lack. We have to be able to time ourselves effectively with specific dates and times. If you want to achieve your goal, define what your specific goals are beforehand and give yourself a deadline to meet those goals. If you have a specific goal and know how to obtain that goal, just go for it! Just make sure you have the motivation. For example, let’s say someone wants to lose weight and get into shape. They would have to set a deadline to meet this goal and determine, how much weight they plan to lose, and how they plan to lose that specific amount of weight; a plan of action should include exercise whether it’s through the gym, dieting, aerobics, or running. You have to stick to that deadline in order to see the outcome and don’t lose hope, it takes time and people have to keep that in mind. Kameza Harun, a student from Thomas A. Edison said, “It’s important to create New Year’s resolution so you can set out a plan you have thought about. Having a New Year’s resolution gives you a new mindset and out look on things. You gain a better perspective as to which goals may be attainable or not. It can also help you to better yourself. Say for example the prior year was bad, your goal could be to achieve nothing but peace and prosperity. You get a sense on things you need to work on within yourself and start out the year with a fresh and clear mind.” Brent Isaac, an Edison student, said, “People don’t stick to New Year’s resolutions because people aren’t willing to give up bad habits that will ultimately reward them in the long term.” You don’t have to rush through your goals, it’s better to take one step at a time instead of one giant step forward, which doesn’t benefit you at all. Pace yourself and remember to always be specific including deadlines if you want to stick to your goals for the New Year!
By upgrading the original arrowhead harpoon with a locking toggle device, Lewis Temple, an African-American inventor, created "Temple's Iron" and revolutionized the whaling industry. A native of Richmond, Virginia, Temple never received formal schooling. In 1829, he married Mary Clark and established a family in New Bedford, Massachusetts, a major whaling center. As a metal worker at Coffin's Wharf, he studied the primitive design of the whaling harpoon, which whalers threw at the animal, then approached in small boats to complete the kill with lances. In 1845, Temple replaced the less sophisticated harpoon model with a pivotingdevice set at right angles to the shaft. Held in place by a wooden pin, themechanism set in the whale's jaw when tugs on the harpoon broke the pin and set the barb. This innovation secured the animal on the whaler's line. Becauseof his ingenuity, harpoon makers copied the device, and whalers increased their catch during an upsurge in the industry. Temple made no claim on the mechanism, but from 1848 to 1868 he earned a steady income from its manufacture. An active abolitionist and temperance worker, Temple took an interest in improving life in New Bedford. In 1854, he built a brick blacksmith shop near Steamboat Wharf, but he did not survive its completion after suffering a fall over a plank left in the street by city sewer workers. Because he received permanent injuries to his arms and internal organs, he successfully sued the cityfor $2,000. However, Temple died before he could collect his compensation, and his wife and son were left in poverty, selling his property and goods to cover his debts.
Bridging the Cross-Culture Gap was written to improve global listening skills and overall fluency in spoken English while helping students to see the pragmatic elements of what they hear and say. The book's multitude of tasks are designed to increase cultural awareness as well as develop the language skills. This book assumes that learners have already had explicit instruction in the mechanics of listening and speaking in English. Each task is identified as having been designed for individual, pair work, small group, large group, or speech. However, tasks are easily adapted or modified based on class dynamics, class size, or session length. A large percentage of the tasks involve film clips representing a diverse group of countries and cultures. Two short lectures are available on the website (see Look Inside) and may be downloaded for free. This book was written to help focus discussions in the classroom on some of the more interesting and exciting topics for students from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. The tasks were designed to encourage students to take steps toward a deeper and more fulfilling understanding of what it means to be part of an intercultural world.
100 Prisoners and a Lightbulb OK, once again with have 100 prisoners in a prison and each has their own cell. Somewhere in the prison there is a special room which has a solitary lightbulb hanging in it, which is initially off and a lightswitch which can be used to toggle the bulb. Every day the warden picks one of the prisoners and takes them to the room where they can observe the current state of the bulb and then they can toggle it on or off if they want. Then they are marched back to their cell until they are next chosen. The warden doesn't have to pick each prisoner equally; in fact there are no restrictions for the prisoner selection by the warden each day. At any point, any of the prisoners can make the statement: “all of the prisoners have visited the room at least once.” If someone correctly asserts the statement then everyone gets to go free, but if they are wrong then everyone is executed, so you only want to make the statement when you are certain. The only way the prisoners have to communicate with the other inmates is by turning the lightbulb on or off, however they are given an initial period of time before it begins to come up with a plan. What system can you come up with to communicate and is there one which can get you out before you die of old age? The first day where you could possibly be correct is day 100, but that is unlikely to be true, because the warden would have had to pick each prisoner once and only once. Let's think about how we can use the bulb. If we divided time into 100 day blocks and try to come up with a way of announcing when you have had all the prisoners come in within that time. If it is the first day of the block (so day 1, 101, 201 etc) then if it is off then turn it on. If it is already on then announce that everyone has been in the room and go free. On any other day then don't do anything if it is your first time visiting within that block of time. On your second visit within the same block then we have failed on getting all 100 to visit within that block, so you announce it by turning off the light. On visit 3 or more just leave it. The idea here is that at the start of each block, say day 701 we turn it on. If this stays on for as long as no one has been in twice, but turns off as soon as we have failed. If it remains on until day 801 then you have won. However this takes a horrifically long time at 1.072*10^44 days on average. This is around 10^41 years. To put that in context, the universe is around 10^10 years old. So if each year of the universe was actually the length of the universe so far, and if each year of that was stretched to the length of the universe so far and finally if each day of that was stretched to the length of the universe so far, then you lived that 10 times you would have just under the average amount of time this method would take. I dislike using life expectancies from people in the past to put a limit on how long you generation, who will see the singularity, will live, but you will not live this long. Not surprisingly we can do better. The following method is far better and it abuses the idea that not all prisoners have to have the same role: 99 prisoners follow the command to do nothing if they enter the room with the lightbulb on, but to toggle it on the first time (and only the first time, this is important) they enter the room with it off. The remaining prisoner turns off the bulb every time they see it on, keeping a tally of how many times they have done so. When that counter reaches 99 then all of the other prisoners must have been in the room and so this prisoner can make the announcement and everyone can go free. This is full proof, but it takes a long time. Most of the time as 1 of the 99 you will turn up to a bulb which is already on because on average it will take a long time until the tally-er returns to the room. In fact the expected time until the statement is made is 10417.74 days or about 28.54 years. Well this is completely acceptable compared with that horrific number from above and it might be that most of the prisoners will live to see the release day. Can we drop this any lower? By having multiple people count smaller subsets and then having one lead counter count how many subordinate counters have finished we can dramatically reduce the total number of days. I'm going to give brief overview of an extension to this system. Imagine everyone has 1 “token” that they are trying to deposit by going into the unlit room and turning on the bulb. If you come into the room and find the room already lit then you can turn it off and “collect” someone else’s token. Once 50 people have collected the tokens from 50 others then we have 50 with 2 tokens and 50 without. This completes stage 0. Exactly the same thing can now happen with giving tokens worth 2 and others collecting them, called stage 1. This continues with tokens of 4, then 8 etc. This method of counting effectively assigns mid level counters dynamically, however to do this in practice requires quite a lot of messy logic. If you want to read a good paper which gives an example of this binary token system for four prisoners then click here and go to page 5. The best answer for n prisoners appears to be a hybrid of several of these systems and putting it all together for 100 prisoners the lowest expected jail time we have found is 3890 days which is just a bit over a decade. My advice if you are stuck in such a prison is wait for as long as you can bare then make a guess. By a few years in you are almost certain to be correct anyway. As always with these puzzles, there are always real life considerations that mean you can weasel out of a puzzle. But that is not the point; the setting is only as a means to attempt to convey the logic at the heart of a puzzle in a more understandable way.
Peter Sillin is the History Department Chair at North Yarmouth Academy. Peter joined the NYA faculty in 2006 after working at Yarmouth High School (Yarmouth, ME) and in Virginia. A graduate of Williams College (BA, History and German) and the University of Virginia (MA, European History), he teaches a variety of history classes at NYA but is especially excited about a mysterious new class for next year: Conspiracy Theories. Peter also coaches cross country and advises the Kiva Club, a group that makes micro-loans to developing-world entrepreneurs. What is a grade in a class for? Should it reflect how much course material the student has learned? Or mastery of certain skills? Should it reflect student effort, even if that effort doesn’t result in higher assessment scores? For years, traditional grading has boiled all those components down to a single letter (A to F) to report back to students, parents, colleges, and future employers how a student has fared in a class. Traditional letter grades have become engrained in our culture and everyone has a sense of what being an “A student” or getting “straight Cs” means. But there are weaknesses in this system. Letter grades can fail to distinguish between academic accomplishment and effort. A single grade in a course might not capture the growth of a student over the course of a semester. And a letter grade doesn’t tell you which of a course’s content or skills a student has learned. \|Education isn’t merely about amassing knowledge and skills as credentials—it’s about helping a child develop into a fully formed human being. Traditional grades can include all the information that proficiency grades contain with this added benefit: students, parents, and teachers all have a common point of reference and language as they work together to guide the student into realizing his or her full potential.\| A few years ago, education reformers frustrated by traditional letter grades introduced a new idea: proficiency-based grading. This new way of reporting grades (on a scale of 1-4 corresponding to “does not meet / partially meets / meets / exceeds the standard”) tries to communicate exactly what the student is expected to learn and how the student measures up on the list of criteria. Behavior (such as effort) is rated separately from academic proficiencies to prevent the “social promotion” of students who aren’t ready for the next level of work. Despite the good intentions of the reformers, many parents have been frustrated as proficiency-based grading has rolled out in their schools. Confronted with a long list of educational jargon and a blizzard of 2s, 3s, and 4s, some parents wonder if they know less rather than more about how their student is doing at school. Some parents also wonder if the students, colleges, and future employers also will know less rather than more about how the student performed in the class. Look, I understand the frustration with traditional grading. It can be vague. I’ve had students for whom a B- was a great achievement and others for whom it was a bitter disappointment. But traditional grades, if well structured, can also encompass all parts of a student’s performance – content learned, skills gained, character traits such as persistence and responsibility developed. Proficiency grading isn’t really an improvement in those areas. It has the appearance of precision but may not be better in accurately reporting the student’s development. And proficiency grading comes at a cost: the long list of numbers between 1 and 4 breaks out those components but eventually gets boiled down to an overall average that still requires interpretation. It’s a lot of running around to get back to the same place: how’s my student doing in this class? The answer to that question isn’t really found by checking off a series of benchmarks to satisfy the bureaucracy about advancement. It’s better answered by an engaged teacher who knows her students and can communicate with both students and parents about each student’s academic and personal development. The purpose of grades is to facilitate that ongoing human conversation. Education isn’t merely about amassing knowledge and skills as credentials—it’s about helping a child develop into a fully formed human being. Traditional grades can include all the information that proficiency grades contain with this added benefit: students, parents, and teachers all have a common point of reference and language as they work together to guide the student into realizing his or her full potential. In my classroom, students acquire grades—but as a means to participate in this broader individual conversation rather than an end in themselves. That is why I am comfortable with traditional grades in my classes.
A seizure happens when there are certain types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. During a seizure, you may: - Lose consciousness - Stare into space - Have convulsions—abnormal jerking of the muscles - Experience abnormalities of sensation or emotion If you have two or more seizures that are not due to an illness or other trigger, then it is considered a seizure disorder. This condition is also known as epilepsy. Seizure disorders may be classified by the part of the brain they affect and the kinds of symptoms they cause. One way to categorize into two important groups is: - Generalized seizure disorder—onset is throughout the brain, not from a single focal location - Partial seizure disorder (focal seizure)—begins within certain areas of the brain Seizures are caused by abnormal brain function. For many people, it is not known what causes the malfunction. Some known causes include: - Congenital brain abnormalities (present at birth) - Birth injuries that deprive the brain of oxygen - Metabolic disorders - Maternal drug use - In infants and children: - In children and adults: - In elderly: Factors that may increase your chance of developing seizures or a seizure disorder include: - Previous brain injury—seizure disorder usually develops within one year of injury - Previous brain infection - Abnormal blood vessel that has formed in the brain - Brain tumor - History of stroke - History of complex febrile seizures - Use of certain medications or recreational drugs - Stopping the use of medications, recreational drugs , or alcohol - Drug overdose - Exposure to toxins (eg, arsenic , lead , or carbon monoxide ) - Family history of seizure disorders - Alzheimer’s disease - Toxemia during pregnancy - Chemical abnormalities—decreased or excess blood sodium or glucose, low blood calcium - Liver or kidney failure - Severe, untreated high blood pressure - Chronic diseases (eg, lupus, polyarteritis nodosa , porphyria , sickle cell disease , Whipple’s disease ) - Cysticercosis—an infection caused by a pork tapeworm If you already have a seizure disorder, the following factors can increase your chance of having a seizure: - Sleep deprivation - Hormonal changes, such as those that occur at points during the menstrual cycle - Flashing lights, especially strobe lights - Use of certain medications - Missing doses of anti-epileptic medications There are many kinds of seizure disorders with a variety of symptoms, such as: - Aura—a sensation at the start of a seizure, may involve the perception of an odd smell or sound, visual symptoms, or unusual stomach sensations - Loss of consciousness - Repeated jerking of a single limb - Generalized convulsion with uncontrollable jerking of muscles throughout the body - Hand rubbing - Lip smacking - Picking at clothing - Perception of an odor, sound, or taste - Loss of bladder or bowel control - Postictal state—a state of drowsiness, alteration in responsiveness, and/or confusion that commonly occurs after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure; may last minutes, hours, or days Symptoms of generalized seizure disorders include: - Generalized tonic-clonic seizures—loss of consciousness, stiffening, uncontrollable jerking of muscles throughout the body - Absence seizures—staring, eye blinking, or eye rolling Symptoms of partial seizure disorder include: Complex partial or temporal lobe seizures: - May lose contact with reality, stop purposeful activity, and begin a series of automatic gestures (eg, lip smacking, hand-wringing, or picking at clothing) - May appear as a brief moment of confusion or loss of attentiveness - May have a perception of unusual sights, sounds, or smells Simple partial seizures: - Does not involve a loss of contact with reality or a loss of consciousness - Single area of the body may move uncontrollably (eg, leg or arm shaking) - May include the perception of an odor, sound, or taste, or an unrelated emotion You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. You may need to see a neurologist. These doctors specialize in the nervous system and brain. Your bodily fluids may be tested. This can be done with: - Blood tests - Lumbar puncture Images may be taken of your bodily structures. This can be done with: - MRI scan - CT scan - Magnetoencephalography (MEG) - Positron emission tomography (PET) - Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Your brain activity may be evaluated. This can be done with an electroencephalogram (EEG). The goals of treatment are to: - Treat the underlying cause (if known) - Prevent seizures—may be done through medications, surgery, or special therapies - Avoid factors that stimulate seizure activity There are wide varieties of medications that may be used. These drugs may be given alone or in combination. Each drug may have particular side effects and interactions. Talk to your doctor about which medication is right for you. Talk to your doctor if you are or plan to become pregnant. If medication does not work or the side effects are too severe, you may need surgery. Surgery involves the removal of the seizure focus. This is the area of the brain that has been identified as starting the seizure. Surgery is only an option for people who have very localized areas of the brain involved. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) A device is implanted in the chest. It will provide intermittent electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve. It is not clear how this works. Somehow it prevents or decreases the frequency of seizures. You may still require medication. The dosage may be less. This is a strict diet. It is high in fat and low in carbohydrates and proteins. This diet keeps the body’s chemical balance in ketosis. Ketosis decreases the frequency of seizures. The reason is unknown. Following a ketogenic diet is most successful in children. It is less successful in adults. Modification of Activity If you have a seizure disorder, you can take the following steps to try to decrease the chance of a seizure: - Get enough sleep. - Avoid excessive alcohol intake. Alcohol can make seizures more likely. - Avoid hyperventilating. - Avoid places where flashing or strobe lights are in use. - Wear a medical alert bracelet. That way, if you have a seizure, people around you will understand what is happening. They will be able to take appropriate steps to be helpful. - Consider keeping a seizure log. Record things that were happening around the time of a seizure. This will help to identify a seizure trigger. - Take your seizure medications according to the prescription. There are no known ways to prevent every type of seizure disorder. You can take steps to prevent brain injuries that could lead to seizures: - Always wear a helmet when using bikes, rollerblades, skateboards, or scooters. - Wear protective headgear when playing contact sports. - Dive in safe depths of water. - Always wear a seatbelt. - Avoid using street drugs. - If your baby or child has a high fever, get treatment right away. - Get prenatal care. If you have high blood pressure during pregnancy, get proper treatment. - If you have a chronic condition, get proper care. If you have a severe seizure disorder, some changes may be needed to prevent serious injuries, such as: - Avoid driving, if advised to do so by your doctor. - Do not swim or bathe alone. - Do not work on ladders or ledges. - Avoid or modify athletic activities. Talk to your doctor about these kinds of issues. - Reviewer: Rimas Lukas, MD - Review Date: 12/2014 - - Update Date: 12/20/2014 -
The rotator cuff is a group of 4 muscles in the shoulder and upper arm. The muscles help to move the arm at the shoulder and to stabilize the joint. The muscles are connected to the shoulder bone by tendons, which are strong, flexible cords. The muscles or tendons may become damaged from long term overuse or from injury. Reasons for Procedure Your doctor may recommend this procedure for: - A rotator cuff injury that does not respond to rest and physical therapy treatment - A complete tear in the tendon - Chronic pain and weakness from a partial tear in the tendon Problems from the procedure are rare, but all procedures have some risk. Your doctor will review potential problems, like: - Excess bleeding - Blood clots - Reaction to anesthesia - Weakness or numbness in shoulder joint - Detachment of the shoulder muscle - The operation does not improve function Factors that may increase the risk of complications include: - Alcohol abuse - Diabetes or other chronic disease What to Expect Prior to Procedure Your doctor may do the following: Before this procedure, you will need to: - Arrange for help at home while you recover - Talk to your doctor about any medications, herbs, or supplements you are taking - Talk to your doctor about any allergies you have - Ask your doctor about assisted devices you will need - Arrange for someone to drive you home after the procedure You may need to stop taking some medications up to 1 week before the procedure. Do not eat or drink anything after midnight the day before your procedure, unless told otherwise by your doctor. General anesthesia is typically used. You will be asleep during the procedure. Description of Procedure There are 2 methods used to perform a rotator cuff repair: A cut will be made in the skin over the shoulder. The torn muscle or tendon will be repaired and reattached and/or anchored with stitches. The incision will then be closed with stitches or staples. A few small incisions will be made in the shoulder. A narrow tool called an arthroscope will be inserted through the incision. The scope has a tiny camera to allow the doctor to see inside. Other small instruments will be inserted through the other incisions. These tools will be used to repair the tendon or muscle. After either procedure, the incisions will be bandaged. Your arm will be placed in a sling or brace to immobilize the joint. How Long Will It Take? About 1½ to 2 hours How Much Will It Hurt? Anesthesia prevents pain during the procedure. You may have some discomfort immediately after. Ask your doctor about medication to help with the pain. Average Hospital Stay You may be able to go home the same day. Some may need to stay in the hospital overnight. Right after the procedure, you may be given medication, such as: - Pain medication - Antibiotics to prevent infection - Medication that prevents blood clots When you return home, take these steps: When you return home, take these steps: - Do not use the arm until instructed. Wear the sling or brace as directed. - Follow instructions for physical therapy. Therapy is essential to regain shoulder strength and range of motion. - Be sure to follow your doctor's instructions. The rotator cuff will take several months to heal. It may take some time before you can raise your arm above your shoulder. It may be up to one year before you can hold your arm above your head and do work with reasonable strength. An aggressive and consistent physical therapy and exercise program is the key to a faster recovery. Call Your Doctor Contact your doctor if your recovery is not progressing as expected or you develop complications such as: - Signs of infection, including fever and chills - Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or discharge at the incision site - Pain that cannot be controlled with the medications you were given - Nausea or vomiting - Cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain - The stitches or staples come apart If you think you have an emergency, call for emergency medical services right away. - Reviewer: Warren A. Bodine, DO, CAQSM - Review Date: 02/2016 - - Update Date: 02/26/2014 -
An essay is a written composition which often provides the writer’s perspective onto a subject-matter-it can even overlap with those of an essay, a letter, a book, and a brief story, however the significance is usually vague. Essays usually have been categorized into two different types: formal and informal. An official essay could be formal in design and frequently utilizes formal language, although casual essays are somewhat more casual in tone. In academic documents, there are normally a introduction, conclusion, acknowledgments, along with some supporting information to back up the primary points created by the writer. Some essays comprise more than one kind of essay-they are called compilations. A good instance of that is an essay composed as a member of a thesis or dissertation. Other cases of compilations include a history file, essay on an essay, or maybe a selection of essays. When writing an article, it is necessary to remember that the majority of people write them anthropology research paper outline with basic rules of mind, and not strict criteria that govern the way they should be written. Even though a fantastic outline is essential for writing an essay, some writing may become too insistent. To prevent this, take your time when you’re composing the essay. In addition to a strategy, there are certain rules that you should follow, like using appropriate grammar. Grammar principles will vary from composing design to writing style, so it is important to think about these prior to writing your essay. Generally speaking, it’s important to use the initial letter of each word in its proper paragraph form. This will make the essay flow smoothly, so it is necessary to have this rule memorized ahead of time. There are several distinct rules that govern font and formatting, and you need to make sure you know all the rules. You may have some questions about how to format and font of your essay. If you have this question, you’ll discover helpful resources on the internet to help with this process. The formatting guidelines should be followed to the letter, because they are typically followed in the introduction of a composition, the body of the article, and at the conclusion of an article. Although lots of folks don’t enjoy the notion of composing an essay, it is possible to still provide a lecture to a topic, give a speech, or even utilize the essay writing process to educate yourself about a topic. You can write an whole book or research paper on your topic using the essay writing process as your guide.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops after an individual has experienced an event that affected his/her ability to cope and compromised his/her personal integrity (Horam & Widom, 2015). According to Horam and Widom (2015), PTSD is most likely to occur in young individuals, starting from childhood to adolescents. At this stage, most people are usually subjected to a chronic trauma influenced by environmental and social determinants. The disorder might also occur in middle-aged and older adults. Therefore, failure to handle the PSTD at an early stage can have a detrimental effect on one’s cognitive development. Social environment also plays a significant role in determining cognitive development in adults. This paper highlights the relationship between aforementioned factors and PTSD. Therefore, this paper critically analyzes the available evidence-based materials to investigate the effects of PTSD on cognitive development of middle-aged and older adults. Social environment to which a child is exposed has a significant influence on his/her cognitive development later in life. According to Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, physical environment can also influence intelligence growth of an individual (Haith & Benson, 2008). It is explained by the fact that as a child develops the knowledge he/she acquires is usually organized into particular schemes. Therefore, as a youngster grows these schemes change and provide a different perspective on information. Thus, according to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, if a child is exposed to such events as sexual harassment and other forms of psychological stress, he/she can experience the impact of these stressful situations in adulthood. Therefore, Piaget's theory focuses fundamentally on the impact of social life on cognitive development. Another significant theory related to this study is Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development. The theory maintains that human beings have to go through eight distinct stages in their development (Brown, 2008). Nonetheless, the completion of each stage has a significant effect on individual’s personality and successful interactions with each other. Therefore, failure to undergo each stage systematically results in unhealthy personality. Summary of Related Research The primary objective of research by Horam and Widom (2015) is to identify how behaviors such as sexual intercourse, substance abuse and criminal behavior relate to child maltreatment and outcomes in the middle adulthood. The research established that child maltreatment is usually associated with depression and anxiety that may lead to post traumatic disorder. Maltreatment often makes children resort to nefarious activities, including prostitution and illicit drug use. Additionally, early initiation is associated with the use of more dangerous drugs and poor academic achievements leading to PTSD. Horam and Widom (2015) discuss that alcohol use before 15 years of age increases the likelihood of alcohol dependence. For instance, an individual using marijuana is likely to use other hard drugs like cocaine over years what has a detrimental impact on youth. Hedges and Woon (2011) have also investigated the long-term effects of engagement in criminal activities at young age. They found that early antisocial behavior could lead to drop out of high school and lower occupational success. Therefore, the victims tend to develop lower self-esteem that can result in stress. Gender differences can also play a significant role in the onset of risky behavior. Horam and Widom (2015) pointed out that males have higher rates of engagement in sexual activities and heavy drinking during adolescence than females. Therefore, in adulthood, they are likely to suffer from substance use disorders. Gender differences have also been associated with child neglect and maltreatment that increase the chances of PTSD. In the field of lifespan of human development, this research reveals how early exposure to substance abuse and sexual behavior affects human development. Studies on how exposure to stress in early life relates to cognitive deficits prove that children are also vulnerable to PTSD. The research of Hedges and Woon (2011) conducted on children with a mean age of 14.3 with PTSD caused by personal violence and traffic accidents confirmes that indeed PTSD has a tremendous effect on children. Neurobiological factors have received limited empirical attention in the older trauma survivors. According to Hedges and Woon (2011), biological abnormalities such as low cortisol levels in young patients showed persistence into older adulthood. Additionally, prolonged stress and exposure to glucocorticoids have a tremendous influence on cortical dysfunctions that may affect cognitive development. The survey also established that events such as fetal malnutrition and psychiatric illness at an early stage of human life could result in other diseases like breast cancer. The research defined early life stress in humans as the period when severe and chronic traumas resulting from an environmental or social deprivation affect prenatal and postnatal life of an individual. This aspect usually tremendously influences neuropsychiatric outcomes. Hedges and Woon (2011) observed the brain regions of a hippopotamus showing abnormalities. Their observation proved that early life stress affects cognitive benefits. The research also included victims of neglect with and without PTSD to conduct their study on how postnatal life stress impacts cognitive deficit. They established that intellectual capabilities of these children had no significant differences in problem-solving skills and cognitive flexibility. Therefore, this research significantly contributed to the human lifespan development by showing that prenatal and postnatal life risks can contribute to cognitive deficits. Another similar research by Qureshi et al. (2011) investigated whether PTSD impairs the cognition beyond the effect of trauma. Qureshi et al., (2011) have discussed that exposure to traumatic events affects 50-70 percent of the general population in the world. They also established that PTSD has several risk factors such as lower intellectual capabilities and dysfunctions in frontal and parietal cortical regions. Mild traumatic brain injury has been linked to oxidative stress and Alzheimer’s disease. The primary purpose of their research was to review the studies and analyze data related to memory and cognitive functions in the patients with PTSD. They compared and contrasted previous studies that involved PTSD patients and non-traumatized participants in their research. As a result, they have concluded that PTSD relates to cognitive impairment and individuals with the history of trauma are affected the most. The research of Horam and Widom (2015) is based on cohort design study. They matched both neglected and non-abused children. The method for identifying neglected children was done by selecting children with serious cases, which attracted the attention of authorities. They mostly focused on children who were younger than 12 years-old and had serious physical injuries on their bodies. On the contrary, the research by Hedges and Woon (2011) conducted quasi-experiments on determining the impact of early-life stress on hippopotamus and humans. This method was also used to examine the problem-solving skills of the children affected with PTSD to determine their intellectual capacities. Finally, the research conducted by Qureshi et al., (2011) focused on an intensive evidence-based literature review. They analyzed results from studies that compared cognitive impairment in individuals with chronic PTSD and people with trauma experience. The study analyzed 21 articles published in English from 1968 to 2009 (Qureshi et al., 2011). Analysis of the Findings The first limitation of the research conducted by Horam and Widom (2015) is that their study is biased, since it focuses only on neglected children confirmed by the authorities. According to the reports of Boss (2013), the number of unreported cases of neglected children is higher than the number of reported cases. Therefore, this aspect might have affected the accuracy of their findings. On the contrary, a significant limitation evident in the research by Hedges and Woon (2011) is focus on victims of sexual intercourse at young age. It can be argued that there might be a retrospective bias because of the victims’ failure to report previous criminal activities resulting from sexual assault. Secondly, sexual issues are usually considered as private and most participants are usually not willing to share their experience. Therefore, this aspect may have influenced the accuracy of their findings to some extent. Finally, Qureshi et al., (2011) acknowledged that their primary limitation was their focus on articles that were primarily published in English language. Another major limitation was heterogeneity of the research design. This aspect was a critical limitation because it was impossible to apply meta-analysis due to variations in topics of the selected articles. This aspect compromised the findings of the study, since researchers could not settle on specific results for cognitive development. Application of the Research It is indeed true that the findings from these researches have an impact on personal behavior and values. The finding that substance abuse at young years can lead to cognitive deficits may shape an individual attitude towards alcohol and drugs. For instance, knowledge that mental illnesses experienced in adulthood such as schizophrenia occur due to substance abuse may reduce the prevalence of drug use. Secondly, the findings are also significant in reminding parents to care for their children at various developmental stages. Subjecting them to violence has detrimental effects and can lead to severe damages and PTSD. The knowledge is also useful to the contemporary psychology professionals. It helps them understand the nature of different problems caused by PTSD. This aspect is significant in the application of specific evidence-based interventions. The findings will also equip them with knowledge and specific details on guiding the parents with children experiencing psychological problems because of PTSD. It will also assist them in differentiating between problems related to PTSD from other problems hence applying a proper guidance and counseling services. In conclusion, PTSD in children affects them in adulthood. The severity of PTSD is correlated with the level of cognitive impairment exhibited in patients. Therefore, there is a need find possible interventions for affected patients in childhood to prevent the disorder from destroying their adulthood. This need follows the finding that an individual who acquired PTSD from parental abuse, sexual assault and substance abuse is likely to experience the consequences in future.
CORAL REEFS – THE CULMINATION OF SPLENDOUR AND A MASTERPIECE OF EVOLUTION! Coral reefs are also called the ‘rainforests of the seas’. They are among the most species-rich ecosystems on Earth. Yet, they account for less than 0.1 percent of the ocean floors. They are home to over 4,000 fish species – that is one third of all known marine fishes. In addition, there are around 800 reef-building stony corals and countless other organisms such as invertebrates and sponges. Coral reefs are the habitat of more than a third of all marine organisms. Coral reefs grow only a few centimetres per year. They are the work of billions of tiny animal colonies, scleractinia. These little animals have created the largest natural structure on Earth, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, which ca be seen from space. According to one study, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its coral since 1995 due to warming seas caused by climate change. Coral reefs are highly threatened. Overfishing, pollution as well as climate change are destroying them worldwide. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has estimated that coral reefs may decline by 70-90% as a result of a 1.5°C temperature increase and be virtually lost with 2°C increase. The IPPC’s most recent report shows that warming will continue at least until mid-century under all emission scenarios and predicts that 1.5°C and 2°C will be exceeded this century unless significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions occur in coming decades. Coral reefs are of enormous ecological and economic importance. Globally, more than 600 million people depend on coral reefs. Coral reefs are the nursery of many fishes, they protect coastlines from tropical storms, tsunamis, and provide the building blocks for many tropical islands. The socio-economic importance of coral reefs cannot be overstated. The annual net economic benefit of healthy coral reef ecosystems is estimated at around USD 30 billion per year, of which USD 5.7 billion alone comes from reef fisheries. The preservation of coral reefs is the key to ensuring coastal protection on tropical coastlines in the future. People are little aware of the importance of coral reefs, both ecologically and socio-economically. If coral reefs disappear, over 100 countries will lose a fundamental resource. Also people from consumer countries share responsibility when keeping marine aquaria with coral fishes. This is why it is of utmost importance to me to call for the protection of coral reefs where immediate and concrete action can be taken – and that is in the global trade of marine organisms.
medical uses for health improvement and disease control, natural ways to natural health care info Feb 19 2014 by Ray Sahelian, M.D. Interferons play crucial roles in the regulation of a wide variety of innate and adaptive immune responses. Type I interferons (IFN-alpha / beta) are central to the host defense against pathogens such as viruses, whereas type II interferon (IFN-gamma) mainly contributes to the T-cell-mediated regulation of the immune responses. Interferon alpha plays a critical role in the cause and perpetuation of specific autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoimmune thyroid disease and type 1 diabetes. Interferon and Rheumatoid Studies of bone destruction associated with rheumatoid arthritis have highlighted the importance of the interaction between the immune and skeletal systems. Recently, a new research area, termed osteoimmunology, has been spawned by a series of studies focusing on the signaling networks between interferon and other cytokines in bone metabolisms. Alpha interferon is a form of interferon that is produced endogenously and commercially for its pharmacological effects (including regulation of the immune system and antiviral and antineoplastic effects) Interferon treatment for Hepatitis C therapy Currently, treatment of hepatitis consists of taking two medications: injections of interferon and pills called ribavirin. This is called combination therapy. A usual interferon treatment schedule involves injecting interferon one to three times a week, and taking the ribavirin pills two times per day. Peg-Intron Interferon Treatment is an interferon treatment indicated for use alone or in combination with Rebetrol (Ribavirin, USP) Capsules for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus in patients at least 18 years of age with compensated liver disease who have no previous treatment with interferon alpha. Pegylated interferon treatment Hepatitis C virus is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the United States. The advent of new treatment regimens using pegylated interferons in combination with ribavirin has led to improved sustained viral response rates for some genotypes in large multicenter trials. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the principal Th1 effector cytokine, has shown to be crucial for the resolution of allergic-related immunopathologies. In fact, reduced production of this cytokine has been correlated with severe asthma. and skin cancer The commonest immune therapy for melanoma is interferon treatment which has been tested in melanoma for some years but it is still an experimental treatment. There is still no good consensus on the best interferon dose to use and scientists are still trying to find out why interferon treatment helps some people but is of no use to others, and how to limit interferon side effects. Dermatol Res Pract. 2014. Interferons: Key Players in Normal Skin and Select Cutaneous Malignancies. Interferons (IFNs) are a family of naturally existing glycoproteins known for their antiviral activity and their ability to influence the behavior of normal and transformed cell types. Type I Interferons include IFN- α and IFN- β . Currently, IFN- α has numerous approved antitumor applications, including malignant melanoma, in which IFN- α has been shown to increase relapse free survival. Moreover, IFN- α has been successfully used in the intralesional treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). In spite of these promising clinical results; however, there exists a paucity of knowledge on the precise anti-tumor action of IFN- α / β at the cellular and molecular levels in cutaneous malignancies such as SCC, BCC, and melanoma. This review summarizes current knowledge on the extent to which Type I IFN influences proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immune function in normal skin, cutaneous SCC, BCC, and melanoma. Interferon side effects Alpha interferon causes frequent and multiple cutaneous side effects that affect both the skin and mucous membranes. Patients receiving this treatment must be informed of the principal adverse reactions (dryness and hair loss or discoloration) and must receive care for them if the underlying treatment is to remain acceptable. Alpha interferon may induce, reveal, or worsen some dermatoses and related inflammatory disorders (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, sarcoidosis). Interferon Increased with Production of the natural virus-fighter, interferon, is decreased in fatigued athletes, but it can be restored to normal levels with a "probiotic" pill containing the beneficial microbe Lactobacillus acidophilus. The drop in interferon levels may play a role in the defective immune response against Epstein Barr virus (EBV), previously described in fatigued athletes. Most people have been infected with EBV; it can cause a number of diseases, including mononucleosis, and it has been implicated in chronic fatigue syndrome. However, the virus is usually kept in check by interferon. Researchers tested for EBV in 24 saliva samples taken from eight fatigued athletes before and after receiving a 1-month course of the probiotic capsules. In addition, interferon levels were measured in blood samples. Prior to treatment, five of the subjects had EBV in their saliva -- that is, they were shedding the virus because it was not being reigned in; after probiotic treatment, just one showed signs of virus shedding. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2006.
Manufacturers in automotive and aerospace engineering use internal combustion engines to drive an aircraft or vehicle. These engines are tested and verified for optimal performance and quality before they are integrated into an automobile. This process includes verifying the numerous pressure sensors inside these engines that measure fluid pressure at critical points in the engine. The operation of a modern internal combustion engine is typically governed by an Engine Control Unit (ECU). This computer receives numerous inputs from various sensors so that it may provide outputs to control the operation of the engine. An engine calibration is performed by using numerous different sensor outputs that provide the variables required to efficiently operate the engine. In order to produce the engine calibration, it must be run in an engine test cell. This is a controlled environment where a load can be applied to an engine and its vitals can be monitored by various different types of instrumentation. Engine Test Cell An engine test cell typically includes, but is not limited to, a dynamometer, ventilation system, cooling system for the engine and dynamometer, fuel system, exhaust system and various types of instrumentation and data acquisition systems to monitor the operational characteristics of the engine. It is beneficial to have very precise and accurate temperature and pressure measurements so that adjustments to the engine will result in the desired outcome. Of all the data gathered during engine testing, Mensor transducers can be used to obtain pressure data for: - Barometric Pressure (pressure inside the test cell) - Compressor Inlet Pressure (pressure drop across the air cleaner, pressure going into the turbocharger) - Compressor Discharge Pressure (pressure output from turbocharger) - Manifold Absolute Pressure (pressure between the throttle and the intake valve) - Turbine Inlet Pressure (pressure between exhaust valve and turbine inlet) - Turbine Discharge Pressure (pressure between turbine and exhaust catalyst) - Exhaust Back Pressure (pressure between exhaust catalyst and muffler) Engine test cells come in many shapes and sizes. This is because of how the test cell is normally setup for the engine and the type of work that is being performed. However, it is common to see many of the temperature and pressure measurements brought back to a central area where the data acquisition system receives the signals. Many of these data acquisition systems are composed of enclosures that contain pressure sensors and thermocouple input modules. The pressure sensors manufactured by Mensor are ideally suited for this type of application because of the small form factor, RS-232/485 communication and accuracy. One technique is to install a set of pressure transducers into an enclosure that is capable of powering the instruments and integrating them into the existing data acquisition system. This modular design is advantageous because it allows the instrumentation to be swapped out and calibrated as needed. It also allows for the pressure sensor arrangement to be setup and run on a bench without taking down a data acquisition system in a test cell. Engine test cells utilize a variety of sensors to ensure quality and to document adherence to specifications. The Mensor CPT6030 with 4-20 mA output and the CPT6020 or CPT9000 with digital outputs provide high accuracy, reliable, compact solutions for pressure measurement in these critical testing environments. - Pressure Transducer Applications in Oil and Gas Exploration - Pressure Transducer Applications in International Arctic Buoy Program - Pressure Transducer Application for Rocket Engine Testing - Flow Meters that Use Pressure Sensors to Derive Measurement - How to Choose a Pressure Transducer: Ten Things to Consider - Comparing Different Types of Analog Pressure Transducers
4th grade students examined Picasso’s paintings of the Mediterranean Sea. Pablo Picasso lived in the south of France and painted many different views of the beautiful sea. Students drew with pencils to sketch out their ideas, then painted with blue tempera paint and created various tints of blue as well. The students loved mixing their colors on the paper! After the students paintings were complete, they used oil pastels to outline shapes and add designs. Supplies: 12 x 18 drawing paper, blue and white tempera paint oil pastels Class time: 2- 40 minute classes
Black Teacher Voices: Advice for Taking Action Against Racism and Promoting Equity with Your Students Many Black Teacher-Authors within the TpT community have been leading important conversations about race, identity, and social justice. They’ve shared their experiences, asked important questions, and inspired action. And here, we’ve compiled some of their advice for taking action against racism and ensuring every student has an equitable education. “It’s one thing to recognize racism. It’s another to take action. And as a Black woman, that’s what I’m hoping for. Seeing action from non-Black people.” — Vera from The Tutu Teacher Vera from The Tutu Teacher has been an educator for fourteen years and currently teaches kindergarten in Brooklyn. She’s also an educational presenter and consultant who shares her expertise on weaving diverse texts and conversations about inclusion into classroom instruction. On Instagram, you can find her sharing many of these texts with her followers. More from Vera: “When you see RACISM speak up and speak out – this is the only way that it will end. We cannot pretend that we don’t see it when it is happening every single day of the week. As SLPs working with Black and Brown students, I know that you have witnessed it. Advocate for your students and this in turn will help teach them to advocate for themselves.” — Belinda from BVG SLP Belinda has been a speech language pathologist for over 13 years. She has worked with adults as well as elementary and middle school students, and she currently provides speech services to children as a teletherapist. She has a Masters in Communicative Sciences and Disorders from the University of Central Florida and is certified by the American Speech-Language and Hearing Association (ASHA). Within the ASHA, Belinda has been a member of their Special Interest Group 18 for Telepractice, has served on their Telepractice Convention Committee, and presented at their 2019 convention. In addition to speech language pathology, Belinda is also passionate about literacy and is a children’s book author. More from Belinda: On her blog, Belinda shares more of her perspective in the post Teletherapy Tip Tuesday: Black Lives Matter – What Can I do to Help?. And, you can visit her TpT store at BVG SLP. “Eradicating racism won’t happen overnight because it’s engrained into the many systems and institutions that make up America. It will require ongoing reflection, a genuine willingness to listen and a commitment to learn. But most of all it requires action! Now is the time to do the work. These systems took centuries to build, but we can break them down together, piece by piece in order to build a better world.” — Greg from Mr Elementary Math Greg is an energetic presenter who creates online math resources and courses for K-5 teachers. He is an award-winning teacher with over 14 years of experience and has also served as a math coach. He has an EdS Degree in Leadership and an endorsement in Elementary Mathematics. Greg enjoys sharing ways to make math clear and fun. His ultimate goal is to help teachers and students learn to love math. More from Greg: “I encourage you to find ways to listen to your brown brothers and sisters, your black and tan educators, and your melanin-rich neighbors. Let their words sink into your heart and eventually spill out of your mouth. When this becomes second nature, when you no longer have to try, when highlighting the Black experience almost feels effortless, your secondary classroom will be better for it. Your relationships will be better. You will be better.” — Esther Brunat Esther has been teaching high school math for seven years. She currently teaches in Florida and previously taught in Panama. As the daughter of Haitian immigrants, education was always emphasized in her household, and her family and identity are part of what inspired her to become a teacher. More from Esther: “As a Black instructional coach who coaches white teachers to teach mostly black and brown students, I have been able to observe many white teachers come from a place of saving black and brown students vs empowering black and brown students. Use this time to educate yourself about anti-racism, bias, and take a deep reflection into your practices in the classroom. To other instructional-leaders, it is imperative that we focus on being vocal and holding each other accountable because the work is too critical to ignore. It’s time to take action!” – Nicole from Simply Coaching and Teaching Nicole has spent the last 15 years in education working as an elementary teacher, a high school special education teacher, a K-12 administrator, and as an instructional coach — her current and favorite role. Within this work, she’s served as a lead teacher, a differentiated accountability coach, an assistant principal, a dean of students, and a school improvement and turnaround specialist. She is also the author of Simply Instructional Coaching and a sponsor of the Simply Coaching Summit, the first virtual conference for instructional coaches and instructional leaders. She’s also a proud mom of three. More from Nicole: “Make no mistake, the effort to provide equitable resources is not rooted in trying to make everyone ‘happy.’ Instead, it’s rooted in an honest effort to ensure all students can achieve success with the materials regardless of their identity. This means that the resources I create should uplift and amplify student experiences, without furthering inequity or mistruths. I found that I must consider who I am highlighting in my product, how students will engage with the resource, and if the resource can be modified for learners with special needs.” — Tanesha B Forman Tanesha has been an educator for 14 years and currently teaches middle school ELA. She has previously worked as a special education teacher for students with emotional and behavioral disabilities, as a 5th grade general education teacher, and as a director of a teacher preparation program. Tanesha’s experience and background move her to deeply consider inequities in education and how she can expand opportunities for her students. More from Tanesha: In this episode of the New York Times podcast Together Apart, Tanesha shares how she’s thinking about celebrating Juneteenth during distance learning. Also, read her perspective on creating equitable resources on the blog, and visit her TpT store, Tanesha B Forman. “One pervasive and toxic myth about diversity is that it is a one-time ‘event’ or singular unit that is ‘covered’ at some point during the school year. My biggest piece of advice is to dismantle this myth! Diversity isn’t a ‘unit’ that you teach.” — Tanya G Marshall The Butterfly Teacher Tanya is a Teacher-Author who brings over 10 years of experience to her work. She currently teaches English language learners online and previously taught in a physical classroom, mostly in 4th grade. Her Christian faith inspires and shapes her teaching, compelling her to put relationships and acceptance at the heart of her work. More from Tanya:
The inclination of some evolutionists to project God-like powers onto nature is becoming more prominent in scientific literature. Some proudly personify nature in first-person, calling her Gaia after the Greek Earth goddess.1 Publishing in Science, evolutionary ecologist Tim Lenton from the University of Exeter and co-author, French sociologist Bruno Latour, laud nature’s innate cognitive powers in their new paper, Gaia 2.0.1 Their paper provides another chance to highlight how deeply religious evolutionists can be—not in their veneration of God, but of nature itself. “The Gaia hypothesis—first articulated by James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis in the 1970s—holds that Earth’s physical and biological processes are inextricably connected to form a self-regulating, essentially sentient, system.”2 Lovelock named his theory after the mythological goddess—venerated as the personification of Earth. His theory was meant to tie together several biological phenomena, particularly the tight-knit cooperation between living organisms, life’s resilience in the face of catastrophic events, and the close association between the organic and inorganic realms. All of these observations could be seen as working together with such purposefulness that one explanation for life’s origination is the tremendous wisdom and power of God. In contrast, Lovelock hypothesized that the organic and inorganic components of Earth evolved together so tightly that everything on Earth somehow became melded into a single, self-organizing system that seems to mystically exercise an intrinsic agency. This has led some researchers to ask, “Is Earth really a sort of giant living organism as the Gaia hypothesis predicts?”2 Lenton has been passionate about the original Gaia Theory and works on contemporary developments.3 However, Lenton doesn’t write about Gaia as a theoretical framework, but as an all-pervading entity—within which he believes everything is connected, functions, and through which life came into existence. He appears to have total faith in Gaia. Lenton builds off the fact that more people today are becoming aware of the environmental effects of their choices. He offers his vision for how humans could make a conscious effort to interact with Gaia and—because he feels that we are all one with Gaia—fundamentally change Gaia as they change themselves. He suggests, “Making such conscious choices to operate within Gaia constitutes a fundamental new state of Gaia, which we call Gaia 2.0.”1 The unabashed personification of nature in the leading scientific journal of the United States is remarkable. For example, the authority for why Lenton feels justified to doubt the effectiveness of many human inventions is that “an audit made by Gaia would question the purported quality of many innovations and note that from an engineering standpoint, they perform poorly.” So, Gaia has the ability to evaluate and somehow becomes the measure by which we judge scientific innovations rather than using the scientific method as our evaluating benchmark? If Gaia can replace science, then Gaia isn’t science. And if Gaia isn’t science, then why are some scientists embracing it? Embodying nature with volition and wisdom is particularly evident when Lenton contrasts human energy use and recycling with those of Gaia, saying, Compared to Gaia, this is a very poorly coupled and unsustainable set of inventions. This does not mean that humans should stop inventing, but rather that engineering should shift attention to become as smart as Gaia in achieving nearly closed material cycling powered by sustainable energy.1 However, wouldn’t any theory that tries to explain the origin of biological functions that clearly look designed for a purpose—without crediting God—be prone to slip some type of alternative pseudo agency into nature out of necessity? This belief that nature can exercise agency was true of evolutionary explanations long before Lovelock’s Gaia Theory. It began with Darwin’s notion of natural selection. Darwin’s personification of nature through natural selection was derided by non-theist observers from the outset. In 1861, only two years after Darwin’s Origin of Species was published, the Perpetual Secretary of the French Academy of Sciences described it as, “metaphysical jargon thrown amiss in the natural history,” “pretentious and empty language!,” “puerile [silly] and supernatural personifications!,” and that Darwin “imagines afterwards that this power of selecting which he gives to Nature is similar to the power of man.”4 A historian of science adds that “One source of trouble was that Darwin liked the term ‘natural selection’ because it could be ‘used as a substantive governing a verb’ (F. Darwin, 1887, vol. 3, p. 46). But such uses appeared to reify, even to deify, natural selection as an agent…”5 In fact, renowned evolutionary theorist W. Ford Doolittle of Dalhousie University in his paper Darwinizing Gaia recently made the link even stronger.6 This impulse to project power onto nature has been exceedingly difficult for evolutionists to quell. Perhaps they realize at some level the need for a far more profound explanation for life’s design than a fortuitous series of chance happenings. One evolutionary biologist notes despairingly that his colleagues habitually succumb to the projections of agency onto nature through natural selection—even when they should know otherwise. He laments, “Evolutionary biologists routinely speak of natural selection as if it were an agent” but then again “Many evolutionary biologists, in fact, assure us that the idea of a selecting agent is ‘only a metaphor’—even as they themselves succumb to the compelling force of the metaphor…And so we are to believe that natural selection, which ‘is not an agent, except metaphorically’, manages to design artifacts; and the organism…is not, after all, a creative or originating agent itself. Its [the organism’s] agency has been transferred to an abstraction [natural selection] whose causal agency or ‘force’ is, amid intellectual confusion, both denied and universally implied by biologists. Natural selection becomes rather like an occult Power of the pre-scientific age…”7 Those who read and believe the Bible will not find any of the Darwin’s, Lovelock’s, Doolittle’s, or Lenton’s mental projections of agency to nature surprising. Scripture says that when people reject giving credit to God for creating nature, that they will “worship and serve” the creation, i.e., nature, more than the Creator (Romans 1:18-25). Gaia 2.0 is the latest version of nature worship for one sect of today’s practicing evolutionists. 1. Lenton, T. M. and B. Latour. 2018. Gaia 2.0. Science. 361 (6407): 1066-1068. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau0427 2. Anonymous, University of Maryland. Sulfur finding may hold key to Gaia theory of Earth as living organism. ScienceDaily. Posted on sciencedaily.com on May 15, 2012 accessed September 14, 2018. 3. University of Exeter, staff profiles. Professor Tim Lenton, Director Global Systems Institute. Posted on geography.exeter.ac.uk, accessed October 1, 2018. 4. Huxley, T. H. 1894. Dawiniana. D. New York: Appleton and Company, 65. 5. Hodge, M.J.S. 1992. Natural Selection: Historical Perspectives. Keywords in Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 212-219. 6. W. F. Doolittle. 2017. Darwinizing Gaia. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 434: 11-19. 7. Talbot, S. L. Can Darwinian Evolutionary Theory Be Taken Seriously? Posted on natureinstitute.org on May 17, 2016 accessed September 14, 2018 (emphasis in original). *Randy Guliuzza is ICR’s National Representative. He earned his M.D. from the University of Minnesota, his Master of Public Health from Harvard University, and served in the U.S. Air Force as 28th Bomb Wing Flight Surgeon and Chief of Aerospace Medicine. Dr. Guliuzza is also a registered Professional Engineer.
Although I have studied some information on half-duplex and full-duplex operation I am not entirely sure how the following figures work out, any help would be appreciated. For this scenario lets assume UTP cable is being used: So far in my studies, the information provided to me states that the following cable configurations/statistics are correct. 10 Mbps half-duplex operation = 2 of 8 wires used. 100 Mbps half-duplex operation = 4 of 8 wires used. 1 Gbps full-duplex operation = 8 of 8 wires used. Now I know that going from half-to-full-duplex allows a theoretical 2x line bandwidth increase, but I do not understand how going from 2 wires in ethernet use to 4 wires in fast ethernet use, increases the speed ten-fold, while maintaining half-duplex operation? Not only that but the increase from fast ethernet to gigabit ethernet is also ten-fold, yet it has been upscaled to full-duplex, does this mean all 8 wires being used at half-duplex gives 512Mbps? If yes then why is the increase not as great as the previous, and if not then please explain. I am sure I am probably missing something small yet fundamental into how these speeds are calculated, but I just dont see how you get a ten-fold increase by doubling the wires in use for one scenario and then a different increase in the next? Thanks in advance, Sean. Free Guide: Managing storage for virtual environments Complete a brief survey to get a complimentary 70-page whitepaper featuring the best methods and solutions for your virtual environment, as well as hypervisor-specific management advice from TechTarget experts. Don’t miss out on this exclusive content!
1. Historical, Geographical, and Linguistic Sketch of the State Andhra Pradesh is surrounded by Orissa and Madhya Pradesh on the north, Maharasthra and Karnataka on the west, Tamil Nadu on the south, and the Bay of Bengalbinds on the east with a coastline of 974 km. The earliest mention of the Andhra is said to be in Aitereya Brahmana (2000 BC). A recorded history of Andhra Pradesh, according to historians, begins with 236 BC, the year of Ashoka's death. During the following centuries, Satavahanas, Sakas, Ikshvakus, Eastern Chalukyas, and Kakatiyas ruled the Telugu country. After Independence, Telugu-speaking areas were separated from the composite Madras Presidency, and new Andhra State came into being on 1 October1953. With the passing of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, there was a merger of Hyderabad State and Andhra State, and consequently Andhra Pradesh came into being on 1 November 1956. Andhra Pradesh has a population of 6,65,08,008 persons. Telugu is the regional and official language of the State, spoken by 84.86 percent of the population. The major linguistic minority groups in the State include the speakers of Urdu (7.86%), Hindi (2.65%) and Tamil (1.27%). The minority language speakers who constitute less than 1 percent are the speakers of Kannada (0.94%), Marathi (0.84%), Oriya (0.42%), Malayalam (0.10%), Gondi (0.21%), and Koya (0.30%). The speakers of minority languages who constitute less than 0.09 percent are the speakers of Bengali (0.04%), Gujarati (0.09%), Punjabi (0.04%), Sindhi (0.02%) Savara (0.09%), Kolami (0.03%), Jatapu (0.04%), Konda (0.03%), Khond/Kondh (0.01%), Gadaba (0.02%), and Gorkhali/Nepali (0.01%). 2. Urdu in Andhra Pradesh Urdu is one of the most important languages of Andhra Pradesh. While Telugu is the official language of the state, Urdu is treated as the additional official language in numerical strength. It comes next to Telugu. Urdu is spoken by 55.6 lakh persons in the state. The state government has notified the areas where the population of linguistic minority constitutes 15% or more of the local population. In the present study, we are mainly concerned with the Urdu speaking linguistic minority and therefore the areas where Urdu speakers constitute 15% or more of the local population are given below: - Madhanapalli Municipal and Vavalpadu taluka in district Chittoor; - Municipal areas of Cuddapah and Proddatur and in the taluka of Rayachoti and Lakkirddipalli in the district of Cuddapah; - Gooty taluka and in the Municipal areas of Rayadurg, Anantapur, Dharmavaram, Guntakal, Hindupur; - Municipal areas of Adilabad, Bainsa, Kagaznagar Nirmal and in Madhole taluka in district Adilabad; - Municipal areas of Guntur, Chilakaluripet, Narasarapet and ponnuru in district Guntur; - Municipal areas of Yemmiganur, Adoni, Kurnool and Nandyal and in the talukas of Allagadda, Atmakur, Banagannapalle and Nandikotur in district Kurnool; - Municipal areas of Karimnagar Municipal area in district Khammam; - Municipal areas of Gadwal, Mahabubnagar and Narayanapet in district Mahabubnagar; - Municipal areas of Medak, Sadasivapet, Sangareddy, Siddipet and Jahirabad and in Jahirabad Non-Municipal area in district Medak; - in Nellore Municipal area in district Nellore; - Municipal areas of Bhongir and Nalgonda in district Nalgonda; - in Warangal Municipal area in Warangal district; - Municipal areas of Bodhan and Nizamabad and in Bodhan Non-Municipal area in district Nizamabad; - Markapuram Municipal area in district Prakasam; - Talukas of Marpalli, Tandur and in Tandur Municipal area district Rangareddy, and - in all the areas in Hyderabad, including the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. 3. Urdu as a Second Official Language Urdu is also declared as a second official language in fourteen specified districts, to be used in addition to Telugu language for the following purposes: - As a regional language for the purposes of direct recruitment to the Secretariat, Ministerial and Judicial Ministerial Services; - As language for the purpose of Second Language test for gazetted and non-gazetted services; - To send replies in Urdu to the petitions received in Urdu, wherever practicable. - As a language of the Courts subordinate to the High Court of Andhra Pradesh for purposes of Civil procedure Code and Criminal Procedure Code in the districts of Anantapur, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Guntur, Adilabad, Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal. Further, in the notified areas mentioned above, the language which is spoken by not less than 15 per cent of the population of the area would be used, in addition to Telugu language for the following official purposes: - Issue of tender notices, auction-notices and chit tender notices for all works relating to the buildings wing in the offices of the Section Officers of roads and Buildings Department; - Issues of auction notices and general orders concerning the public or public interest in the offices of the inspectors of Fisheries and offices subordinate to them; - Issue of auction notices in the Offices of the Sub-Inspectors and Circle Inspectors of Excise; - Issue of sale notices by the Range Officers in the Offices under the Forest Department at Mandal level and below; - Issue of tender notices in the Gram Panchayat offices, the Mandal Praja parishad offices and Zilla Parishad offices; - Issue of chit tender notices for small works not exceeding Rs. 10,000/- tender and auction notices in the offices of the Section Officers of irrigation Department; - Issue of tender notices and publication of notices in villages calling for objections from the public for any proposal in the offices of the Mandal Revenue officers and other offices of the Revenue Department; - Issue of important laws, rules, regulations and notifications. The State Government have set up a Directorate of Translation at the State Headquarters to translate important rules, regulations, notices, etc. into Urdu and other minority languages. A detailed district-wise break-up of the total Urdu population in Andhra Pradesh is shown in Table 2. 4. Urdu as an Urban-based Language in Andhra Pradesh In the light of the figures given above, we may draw the conclusion that Urdu is basically an urban-based language in Andhra Pradesh. Urban/Rural division of Urdu population is presented diagrammatically below. The graph presented below exhibits the rural/urban division of Urdu population in Andhra Pradesh. On the basis of the figures presented in the table above, the following observations can be made. - Top seven districts have a concentration of Urdu speakers of over 10% of the total population. - District Guntur has above four lacs of Urdu speakers, which is 9.7% of the total population. - Adilabad and Nellore occupy the Ninth and Tenth positions with 8.7 and 8.3% of Urdu speakers. As shown in the table, the difference between the Urdu population and total population is maximum in Guntur and minimum in Hyderabad. 5. Urdu as an Icon of Muslim Identification To assess the validity of the claim that "Urdu is an icon of Muslim identification," this section provides a distribution of Muslim and Urdu population in Andhra Pradesh. The table given below provides a district-wise distribution of Muslim and Urdu population. The figures presented in the table indicate that not all Muslims claim Urdu as their mother tongue. However, in Rangareddy district, Muslim/Urdu population ratio goes up to 101 per cent, that further indicates that non-Muslims of the district also claim Urdu as their mother tongue. The fact that non-Muslims also claim Urdu as their mother tongue questions the validity of the myth that Urdu is an icon of Muslim identification. 6. Decennial Growth of Muslims and Urdu Speakers Maintaining an identity through a particular Linguistic Identification is very much a matter of social awareness on the part of an individual. Change in Linguistic Identification does not signify change in linguistic behaviour. Oscillation in mother-tongue declaration reveals a shift in social identification under changed circumstances. The table given below presents the decennial growth of Muslims and Urdu speakers reported in 1971, 1981, and 1991 census reports. This Table indicates a considerable rise ranging between 20 to 25 percent among Urdu speakers in the state during 1971 to 1981, and 1981 to 1991. In other words, Urdu Population rises from 20% in 71-81 to 25% in 81-91. The decennial growth of Muslims in Andhra Pradesh shows a slightly slow increase ranging between 22 to 23 percent during 1971 to 1981 and 1981 to 1991. The graph given below displays a steep rise in case of Urdu. The figures of Muslim decennial growth have also shown steady increase. Chart 3: Decadal growth in Muslim and Urdu 7. Bilingualism Among Urdu Speakers The Urdu population is mostly scattered throughout the country, hence a large proportion of Urdu speakers in many regions tend to have bilingual control over the respective language of the region, along-with Urdu. The table below presents the figures of bilingualism among Urdu speakers. The figures presented in the table indicate that bilingualism among Urdu speakers is much higher than the State average. 50.5 percent of the total Urdu population is bilingual. Telugu is the most preferred language among the Urdu speakers of Andhra. 38 percent of the total Urdu population is bilingual in Telugu. 8. Literacy in Urdu Populated Areas Despite the progress of literacy programmes in India, there are more illiterate adults in India today than there were in 1951. However we may not ignore the fact that the literacy rates in the country have shown a steady increase of about eight- percent every decade since 1951, from a national average of 19.74% in 1951. The literacy level is linked with the urban/rural factor in a significant way. Greater number of illiterates lives in the rural areas. They do not have access to information through the written word. According to the 1991 census, 74.30 percent of the total Indian population lives in the rural areas and 25.7 percent in urban areas. On the other hand, the literacy rate in urban areas is 61.72 while in the rural areas it is 36.31 per cent. The male/female parameter is also very significant in literacy. Males show higher literacy rate than females. The table given below presents the figures of literacy among Urdu speaking population. The figures presented above indicate that the language issue is inter-linked with the urban/rural factor in a significant way. The rural districts of Andhra Pradesh show a high degree of illiteracy in comparison to Hyderabad, which is basically a contrast between the rural and urban populations. 9. Level of Education among Urdu Population In late nineties, India adopted a series of policies and programmes to improve the quantity and quality of its education system. These included the approval and adoption of the EDUCATION FOR ALL. Most of these policies aimed at improving Primary education especially in rural areas. The table given below presents the level of education in Urdu populated areas of the state. From the above table we find that about 60 percent of the literate population in Urdu speaking districts of Andhra Pradesh do not carry their studies beyond the Primary level. The figures presented in the table simply suggest that the dropout level at the primary level is alarmingly high. The figures demand new plannin and pedagogical strategies to improve the level of education among Urdu speaking minorities. 10. Medium of Instruction Telugu is, generally speaking, the medium of instruction in Andhra Pradesh. However, the State Government has issued orders to impart instruction through the mother-tongue of the students in the Primary stage of education provided 10 students are enrolled in a class and 30 students per school are available to study the minority language. Tribal students receive their primary education in Telugu only. Urdu, Hindi, English, Oriya, Kannada, and Tamil are recognized as the media of instruction at the primary stage of education. The regional language Telugu is taught to linguistic minority students from class III to X. An analysis of the languages used as media of instruction reveals that the number of languages used as media of instruction goes down as one goes higher up on the educational level. Several languages are used as the medium at the primary level of education, but number goes on decreasing with an increase in the level of education. In other words, many languages are not used at the higher levels of education. The table given below examines the extent to which this perception is valid in the state. The figures presented above indicate that Andhra Pradesh is one of those states where four or more languages are used as media of instruction at higher secondary education. The State government has adopted a simplified three-language formula which entails the study of languages as under: - Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Urdu, Oriya, Hindi and Marathi as the first language from Class I to X. - Hindi Telugu, Tamil Kannada, Urdu, Marathi, Oriya, and Special English as the second language from Class VIII to X. - English as the third language from Class V to X. The languages used are Telugu, Hindi, English and Urdu. Urdu is the language of the largest minority group living in the state and also it enjoys the second official language status. A comparison of the figures presented in the two different surveys further indicates that the number of languages used as media of instruction has decreased in Andhra Pradesh in recent years.
In our contemporary culture, where daily addictions abound on just about anything from indulging in too much chocolate, shopping, or junk food, it’s hard to conceive of a time when vices were actually permissible, at least for a brief time. The period I’m referring to, of course, is Carnival!* Whether we conjure up images of elegant masks of the Venetian Carnival or the tossing of beaded necklaces during New Orlean’s Mardi Gras** or the most famous one, the Carnival of Rio de Janeiro, Carnival is an event we automatically relate to the excesses of human behavior. In fact, Carnival has allowed gluttony to have its place in history and has even given Lent, a time for sacrifice, even more legitimacy. Carnival always takes place a few days just before Ash Wednesday, the first of 40 days marking the Liturgical year for Christians and ending on Easter Sunday. The origins of Carnival are debated among historians, but many have traced its beginnings to the pagan revelries of Greco-Roman traditions, when celebrating Bacchus, the Roman god of wine, included consuming a hefty quantity of food and especially wine, and quite possibly partaking in an orgy or two! These bacchanals survived throughout time, not without, however, attempts during more puritanical periods in history, to neutralize or sanitize them. During the Middle Ages, when the Church was at its most powerful, these feasts not only allowed a primordial gaiety to express itself in the streets and market places, but the event itself also encouraged the masses to mock and satirize feudal and church authority through street performances and public displays of humor, which at times took on grotesque forms of expression. Besides, the clergy knew human psychology all too well: why censure activities that promoted carnal excess, when Christian ideas such as redemption, purification, and self-denial could be practiced with more zeal during Lent? After all, what is there to purify and redeem, if there isn’t a little sinning going on? Today, for many of its participants, Carnival has become disengaged from the rhythms of religious cycles and rituals, and has reduced itself simply to a secular event of spectacle and indulgence, sponsored by big money. If Carnival is an acknowledgement of material pleasures, Lent, on the other hand, is a time for nourishing the soul, a time to abstain from carnal desires. Lent marks the beginning of Jesus’ trials in the wilderness, during which he fasted and resisted temptation. In modern practices, this act of self-sacrifice translates to fasting or refraining from eating red meat or any other pleasurable treat you’ve decided to give up. Catholics usually fast on Friday’s in commemoration of the Crucifixion and death of Jesus on Holy Friday. For many of us growing up in Latino, Catholic families, our mothers probably prepared vegetarian and/or pescetarian dishes on Friday’s. And after reading tomorrow’s article on Lenten gastronomy in Latino cultures, you will be asking yourself how in the world are these tasty dishes supposed to be symbolic of self sacrifice! As the intimate relationship between Carnival and Lent unfolded through time, Play and Sacrifice were woven into the fabric of life. They conferred collective life a social meaning and rhythm, one that allowed for earthly pleasures to exist, without, quite possibly, the feelings of guilt and sense of failure that are a part of the consequences of modern-day addictions and binging. Maybe we don’t need as many motivational speakers and self-help books to tell us we need to fix or neutralize our needs and desires. Maybe we should learn from the Greek-Roman and Medieval traditions which seemed to acknowledge the needs of the body –through Carnival– and the need to develop the spirit—through Lent– to give our modern life a much needed balancing act. Carnival comes from the Latin, “carne” = meat and “levare or vale” = to take away or to say goodbye. The word literally expresses “to take away meat or to say goodbye to meat, or carnal pleasures.” Other etymological explanations have also been accepted for the origin of the word, carnival. *Mardi gras comes the French, “mardi” = Tuesday (similar to ‘martes’ in Spanish) and ‘gras’ = fat. It refers to the day of merrymaking before the Lenten season.
Evolution of insect resistance threatens the continued success of transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins that kill pests. The approach used most widely to delay insect resistance to Bt crops is the refuge strategy, which requires refuges of host plants without Bt toxins near Bt crops to promote survival of susceptible pests. However, large-scale tests of the refuge strategy have been problematic. Analysis of more than a decade of global monitoring data reveals that the frequency of resistance alleles has increased substantially in some field populations of Helicoverpa zea, but not in five other major pests in Australia, China, Spain and the United States. The resistance of H. zea to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in transgenic cotton has not caused widespread crop failures, in part because other tactics augment control of this pest. The field outcomes documented with monitoring data are consistent with the theory underlying the refuge strategy, suggesting that refuges have helped to delay resistance.
Proposed by PinkCloud.DK, TENACITY seeks to revitalize the broken system of New York City Public Housing through architectural development, economic stimulus, education, and most importantly – community pride. The goal for this project is to be a catalyst for dialogue, spurring community and governmental action. The design of TENACITY is founded on the firm’s belief that a strong community is built upon three main goals – good health, prosperity, and family. More images and architects’ description after the break. TENACITY is an architectural research proposal seeking to revitalize long neglected and socially disadvantaged Public Housing communities in New York City. Of New York City’s 8 million residents, there are over 400,000 residents currently living in poverty and deteriorating conditions within New York City’s public housing system. Of the over 2,500 buildings in the city’s public housing stock, most were built during the late 1940s until the mid 1960s; all remain today in various states of disrepair and neglect. Their designs reflected the popular motif of city planning of the day, that of the “Towers in the Park”. Envisioned by architects such as Le Corbusier as the answer to urban poverty, it ultimately resulted in its exacerbation. TENACITY contains three main components – a ground level containing farms and amenities, a new level above the existing buildings containing High – Tech manufacturing and vocational schools, and lastly a brand new series of residential buildings that rests above the manufacturing buildings. The currently underused ground level of the complex will be converted into pastures and farmland. The lack of fresh vegetables and food currently plaguing many public housing neighborhoods is addressed through the conversion of its existing lawns into productive farm land. Economic stimulus is provided through the integration of new vocational schools and integrated high-tech factories within the complex. Residents of TENACITY will have the opportunity to receive an education and immediately be hired for high tech manufacturing work following their graduation. Lastly, new residential units will be built, allowing for the existing residential units to be converted into public amenity spaces. By exploiting the vast amount of space contained within the existing design of the Corbusian Super Blocks, TENACITY intends for the design to be a self sustaining driver of social development. With TENACITY, our goal is to utilize design as a driver for social mobility.
Every time you visit a website, you benefit from a programming language which has uncanny similarities to the internet itself. HyperText Markup Language was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the same man who developed the World Wide Web. Like the WWW, HTML is free to use. And like the WWW, it’s now overseen by a non-profit organisation tasked with ensuring optimal performance across a spectrum of different devices. The rapid growth of internet usage in the 1990s provided the perfect platform for HTML to become so ubiquitous that we see it dozens of times every day without realising. The broadbanddeals.co.uk website relies on HTML to function, as does just about every website in existence. You can view the source code behind our site by tapping CTRL-U on your PC’s keyboard. Mac users have to go into the Advanced window of Safari’s Preferences menu. The resulting wall of text, hyperlinks and brackets might look like gobbledygook, but it’s actually surprisingly easy to interpret. As you’d expect from a British invention, HTML operates on the principles of the English language. You’ll see terms like “before”, “alignleft”, “quotes” and “style” cropping up repeatedly in HTML. Indeed, it’s worth taking a moment to appreciate the elegant simplicity of the world’s most important programming language. All in the family HTML was inspired by programming languages of the 1980s, like BASIC and PASCAL. BASIC represented the first entry point to programming for millions of people, since it underpinned iconic 1980s home computers like the Sinclair Spectrum. However, HTML was always intended for use across networks. Computers would download data onto any device with a network connection, before displaying it in a dedicated browser window. Data would be transmitted using a transfer protocol called HyperText – which gave us the HTTP prefix before website addresses. A more recent addition to this is the ‘s’ suffix, denoting HyperText Transfer Protocol content which is transmitted securely. The second part of a web address indicates it’s part of the World Wide Web, which was Sir Tim’s other great gift to the world. As with any programming language or software system, HTML has been constantly evolving since it arrived in the early 1990s. Version 1.0 quickly gave way to 2.0, which is widely seen as the real starting point for the language’s global adoption. After almost two decades of service, HTML 4.0 was usurped by HTML 5.0, developed over many years by the World Wide Web Consortium – or W3C to their friends. Improvements include greater efficiency on mobile devices, and superior video functionality. Yet understanding HTML 5.0 is no harder than previous versions. Individual commands are still contained within brackets, known as tags. For instance, when it comes to text formatting, a few predetermined font sizes are represented by numbers. The large-text subheadings in this article are explained to the browser by the presence of the phrase ‘h2’ in tag brackets. The end of an instruction is indicated with the / symbol, so a / immediately preceding a h2 tells a web browser that it’s time to stop printing content in a large font and return to normal text size. Tags keep each instruction distinct from the others, allowing the browser to process an action without becoming confused by anything else happening amid the lines of code. Seeing is believing Despite its English-language origins and relatively limited instruction palette, understanding HTML might prove challenging for anyone unfamiliar with basic programming concepts. That’s why the advent of WYSIWYG editors has been so transformative. In essence, these software suites do all the HTML programming for you. If you drop a block of text into a blank webpage document, the WYSIWYG editor creates the necessary code. WYSIWYG is an abbreviation of What You See Is What You Get, and it’s enabled the development of self-publishing website tools like Wix and WordPress. The broadbanddeals.co.uk website is constructed using WordPress, along with many of the world’s most popular websites, Indeed, it’s been estimated that WordPress is responsible for a third of the websites currently in existence around the world. And every one owes its existence to HTML.
Icon The Protestant Reformation A selection of articles related to icon the protestant reformation. Original articles from our library related to the Icon The Protestant Reformation. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Icon The Protestant Reformation. - The Aeonic Perspective of the Enochian Temples - The initiatory system of the Enochian Temples divides the path of initiation into four major stages, distinguished primarily by the types and sources of the influences they are sensitive to. Briefly, these stages are: 1. Lunar-planetary, focused in Yesod and... Magick >> Enochian - Bringing it Down to Earth: A Fractal Approach - 'Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.' B. Mandelbrot W e want to think about the future - it's our nature. Unlike other creatures, humans possess an... Mystic Sciences >> Astrology - Mother Of The Gods And The Father Of The Gael - There is no surviving, or as yet translated, Creation story within Irish mythology. We learn from the Lebor Gabala Erenn, a text from the Christian Middle Ages, of the Tuatha De Danann, or "People of the Goddess Danu", who came to Ireland either... Deities & Heros >> Celtic, Welsh, Irish & Brittish - Select Cross-Cultural and Historical Personifications of Death - This extensive introduction includes some of the more well known, along with some lesser known Death "incarnations", and I use that term loosely, as in many cultures, the Angel of Death can be quite an adept shapeshifter. We have tried to cull... Mystic Sciences >> Necromantic Studies - The Celtic Vedic Connection, Part I - Of all the great ancient cultures perhaps no two share more parallels than those of the Celtic and Vedic peoples. A deep rooted affinity runs between them, what is present in one is mirrored in the other. Myths, Gods, Goddesses, even fairy tales bear a... Religions >> Druidism Icon The Protestant Reformation is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Icon The Protestant Reformation books and related discussion. Suggested Pdf Resources - TIMELINE OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Reformation - In many ways the period of history known as the Protestant Reformation could be it the icon of the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared imprinted on the cactus cloth. - The Protestant Reformation - University of Chicago KnowledgeBase - firstname.lastname@example.org. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN GERMANY. - Protestants: Who are they? - This protestant reformation has now spread all over the world. The churches were already as far east as Tobolsk in Siberia ("Icon and the Ax," p. - Martin Luther - In this book we shall be considering the Protestant Reformation launched by Martin Luther ... Suggested Web Resources - Iconoclasm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Destruction of icons in Zurich, 1524. Main article: Beeldenstorm. - Icon The Protestant Reformation \| RM.com ® - Icon The Protestant Reformation articles, reference materials. Need more on Icon The Protestant Reformation? - Monergism :: Five Solas - The Five Most Important Spiritual Lessons, D. Marion Clark icon. Three Principles of Protestantism (. - Causes For The Protestant Reformation - History Help Forum - If you need more, just try Googling using the search terms: causes +"Protestant Reformation".
Pictures of Lions These pictures of lions are from Africa. The lion is one of Africa's big five. The male lion is distinctive by its mane. It is part of the cat family but is not the largest. The tiger is the largest member of the cat family. The lion liver for 14-20 years. Lions were not prevalent like a lot of the other animals that I saw in Africa. We saw them twice and the pictures show the two sightings. In both sightings we saw male or male and female not the usual pride that lions live in. They usually live in social groups The first sighting was of a single lion. The second sighting was of a pair of lions. Male and female. The animals were not very active. As well as pictures of lions , we have phtographs of lion cubs
O ur Green Trails Fellows at Jaubhari are working tirelessly to convert it into a green model village. Let me tell you what I mean by a model green village. - A village that has a proper waste segregation system in place. - A village where plastic bag usage is an absolute zero. Villagers who know how to preserve their rich eco-diversity and encourage greener alternatives. - A village whose children are aware of basic environmental science and contribute to awareness programmes. - A village where people self-sustain their waste management processes locally. It is indeed sad to see commercialization attract tourists that further worsen this situation. Our Green Trails team is consciously trying to change these scenarios at Jaubhari, in order to make it a role model for the nearby villages. What’s more is that they have been able to scale up their efforts in the nearby village of Maneybhanjan as well. I spoke to our fellows last Saturday and here is my account of their amazing work done. In this article, I will tell you 6 practical ways that helped us in real-life scenarios, quoting instances and examples. I am sure these ways will help you in setting up a green model village. Jaubhari, Sandakphu Trek, West Bengal Last week, Smriti and Anas worked with the locals to finalise a convenient waste disposal infrastructure for the village. This is the first step to organize the mismanagement of waste. 1 Every family will now have a second dustbin Until now each family had a plastic drum to put in all their waste. There was no segregation being done. So it was decided that a second dustbin will ensure the basic dry and wet waste segregation. 2 Asia’s Cleanest Village, Mawlynnong, inspires villagers from Jaubhari From our past experience, we have learnt that showing interactive videos on waste management in local languages is a massive hit. Such video sessions have a direct impact on the thought process of villagers. Last week, our team showed the villagers of Jaubari a video on how Asia’s cleanest village Mawlynnong organises its waste management system. A discussion ensued about how waste can be managed in Jaubhari. Anas and Smriti went over the use of dustbins to segregate dry and wet waste. Following this, our team demonstrated how certain waste can be recycled. They took examples of bottle bricks and eco-pillows that can be made using plastic waste. This was eye-opening for the villagers. They were extremely responsive and keen to participate. Eleven people immediately signed up for Smriti’s eco-pillow workshop to be organised in the following week! 3 Workshop at Maneybhanjan school reveals environmental ignorance It was a happening week at the Maneybhanjan local school. Maneybhanjan is a village just 2 km from our base camp in Jaubhari. When Anas and Smriti went to the local school, the science teacher mentioned that the children are having a craft competition in the near future. She was keen that the students practice art and craft projects related to environmental sustainability. Smriti and Anas saw this as a great opportunity to teach eco-awareness through creative and engaging activities. Soon, the teachers agreed to have a “waste management and upcycling” themed competition. Our fellows introduced the students to different ideas for upcycling and how to reduce plastic usage. They also organised a bottle bricks workshop. To gauge their learning, our team asked children to make charts illustrating their understanding of the theme. The workshop revealed that the students had no knowledge of waste production, management or the consequences of improper waste disposal. They lacked the basic understanding of waste management. It was not something that crossed their minds! Yet, Smriti saw that the students were keen to learn. The reason was that nobody had ever taught them about this topic. A situation that can be easily rectified given that we nip the problem in the bud. Smriti discussed with the school authorities to have more workshops on a regular basis to engage the students in interactive sessions. She plans to slowly create awareness, teach basics of waste management and practice recycling activities with the students. Smriti will then expand her outreach to hold awareness workshops for schools at all the three regional schools on regular basis. 4 Controlling the plastic bag menace Along with the lack of educational awareness, villagers had an ignorant attitude towards consumption and waste generation. This is especially a problem that favours the usage of plastic bags. Our Green Trails fellows agreed that one major starting point should be to introduce cloth bags in shops. They will assess if making cloth bags from left-over material at the local tailor shop is a viable option. In the past, we have made reusable cloth bags from our camp material at Lohajung with much success. 5 Waste Survey for villages on the Sandakphu trail Another very important part of waste management is keeping the latest account of generated waste and subsequent handling. We firmly believe in the philosophy of ‘What gets measured, gets managed’. Trek Leader Rajkumar and Green Trails fellow Anas are currently on the Sandakphu trek. During the trek, they plan to interact with the locals and find out the type and amount of waste generated. They will return this week with the survey responses and an understanding of the general mindset. If the locals are willing to partly contribute to transport their waste to the landfill, we will put in our full efforts to facilitate it. 6 Logistical reports on new Segregation unit submitted to DFO For those of you who are not aware, our Green Trails team were able to convince the District Forest Officer of the need for a waste segregation unit. This unit is necessary because currently all the waste from Sandakphu Trek is segregated on roadsides. Unexpected rainfalls further worsen this situation. The DFO heard our case and agreed to build a segregation unit using bamboo and other green alternatives. Our team has worked out the logistics and the estimates for the segregation unit which is to be set up in the coming weeks. We have submitted the reports to the Forest Department. The expected time frame is one month. This will be instrumental in setting up the full-scale waste management system for Sandakphu trek. That will be all from Jaubhari. I hope the story of our efforts at Jaubhari gave you different ideas in keeping your surroundings clean and your villages cleaner. Let us know if you have any new and innovative way to tackle waste. Scroll down to comment section and shoot your thoughts. Looking forward to interacting. What you should do now 1. If you want to serve as a Green Trails Intern: Read this article by our Green Trails Head – Lakshmi. 2. If you want to work with us: Head over to our careers page. We have lots of positions open. We also have lots of applications coming in. So the sooner you apply, the better. 3. If you ended up here by chance and were actually looking for treks to do: Then head over to our upcoming treks page. You’ll find all our Himalayan treks there. 4. If you want to see the 13 best treks of India: Then get our guide here.
By EARL WATT • Leader & Times When Joyce Schultz and Nancy Parsons graduated from Liberal High School in 1966, their life’s journey took them in very different directions. While Parsons developed a career in oil and gas and eventually returned to agriculture, Schultz found herself working in science technologies that eventually led to a supportive role in NASA. A recent reunion brought the pair back together in Liberal, and the two are partnering up to provide a unique opportunity to bring the NASA experience to the High Plains. “Joyce wanted to be able to tap her resources at NASA to bring back to our community some educational exhibits,” Parsons said. Working with local organizations, Parsons started to plan “A year of NASA in Liberal,” a year-long look at the universe through some of the resources provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as well as other resources. The women already have secured six exhibits from NASA that will be on display at the Mid-America Air Museum in early April, and plans are under way to get a commitment from a former astronaut to come to Liberal for a presentation. Parsons is working with the Liberal Memorial Library for a summer reading program, and additional events are being scheduled for the Baker Arts Center as well as with the Coronado Museum. NASA already has a tie to Kansas. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics Act that created NASA, and several Kansans have been a part of crews that have helped in the exploration of space. Space exploration was an integral part of the national scene throughout the 1960s when Schulz and Parsons were teens. From the moment the Russians launched Sputnik in 1957 (Parsons was in third grade), the ‘Space Race’ was on. The Americans pressed hard to catch up with the Russians, and since that time NASA has developed satellites, rockets, Skylab, and even put men on the moon. Recently, the shuttle program was retired, and NASA is working on future projects that include plans to have a manned exploration of Mars. NASA is a partner in the international Space Station that is currently hurtling in orbit at 15,000 miles per hour and can be seen by the naked eye (see hpleader.com for a link to the times and locations to watch for the ISS in orbit). The use of space has developed into the expansion of communication broadcasts and cell phone use as well as medical breakthroughs that came from the study of space travel and the effects of weightlessness. From Tang to DirecTV, NASA’s influence on culture has expanded beyond the boundless reaches of space, and with Schultz’ access to key resources, some of that influence will be shared from April 2012 to March 2013 in Liberal. The first six NASA exhibits coming to Liberal include: History of Manned Space Flight, Apollo Spacesuit Mockup, Exploring the Solar System, Project Apollo, Images from Space, and Astrophysics. The exhibits will be on display at the Mid-America Air Museum.
One of Flash’s strengths is its ability to consistently and reliably play audio across a wide variety of computer platforms and environments. This capability might be the best reason to use Flash for projects in which sound is an important component. For example, if you need accurate and consistent sound playback on a Web site, Flash MX 8 is a great tool for the job. Starting with the MX 2004 version, Flash has included a behaviors panel that provides the ability to quickly and easily add specific functionality to movies without the need to write any code. Behaviors can save you the time and expertise of having to write scripts each time you need to add basic functionality to your movies. Currently there are seven categories of behaviors: Data, Embedded Video, Media, Movie Clip, Sound, and Web. Each provides menu options for adding scripts that will perform specific tasks. Figure 1 The sound behavior category in the Flash 8 behaviors panel In this article, I will show you how to use Flash sound behaviors and ActionScript to control audio playback in your Flash projects. Controlling Sound with On/Off Buttons It’s always a good idea to give users as much playback control of your movie as possible. Let me show you how to add controls to stop and play your Flash sound elements. In my next article, I will show you how to add additional controls for letting users adjust the volume of your sound elements. - The first step in setting up sound control in your Flash projects is to prepare your audio resources in a dedicated audio editing application. See my earlier Flash article for two excellent and free audio applications that will help you do exacly this. - You need to pay special attention to the file type and compression codec you will use on the file prior to importing it into Flash. In most cases, the bulk of the published Flash file can be attributed to the audio content. In turn, the size of your audio files can be attributed to the file type and compression codec used on the file. Flash works with a variety of sound formats, including WAV files, AIFF files, and MP3 files. In Macromedia Flash 8, you have two general options for sound compression—you can set audio compression settings inside Flash or do it with an external audio editor and import the audio file as-is. If you decide to use Flash to set your compression settings, you have two options—setting compression for individual sounds or for all sounds. Figure 2 The Sound Properties dialog box accessible via the Flash Library. Use the Sound Properties dialog box to set sound properties for individual audio files. Check the Use Imported MP3 Quality setting to accept compression settings established in an external audio editor. You can set compression settings for all sounds in the movie using the Publish Settings dialog box, or you can set the compression settings for each sound file individually in the Library. Whenever possible, I recommend setting compression settings individually for each sound, preferably using a dedicated external audio editor. This process usually takes more time and effort, but it produces better results because not all sounds are the same. This option uses the global compression settings in the Publish Settings dialog box. This compression model is the "old" method of compression dating from Flash 3. It sets compression for 8-bit and 16-bit sound data. You may want to consider using this format if you need to author back to the Flash 3 Player. This compression model can be heard by users with Flash 4 and later. It offers the best compression rates and sound fidelity. This format resamples the file at the specified rate but does not perform any compression. This option uses a compression method designed specifically for speech sound files. - Create a new layer in your Timeline. Label this layer Audio. - Choose File > Import To Library to bring your audio file into the file Figure 3 The waveform of the imported audio file is visible only if you add additional frames. - Drag the audio file from the library onto the stage and add a Frame (F5) out to Frame 30 on the Timeline so you can see the audio waveform in the audio Figure 4 Set the Property inspector settings for your sound to match the settings here. - Select the sound in the Timeline. In the Property inspector, set the Effect to Fade In, the Sync to Start, Repeat, and 4. These settings make the sound fade in, play independently of the Timeline, and repeat four times. If you want the sound to play continuously, looping over and over, select Loop instead of Repeat. Figure 5 Prepare a new layer for your sound control buttons. - In the Timeline, click Insert Layer to add a new layer and rename it buttons. Make sure the buttons layer is below the sounds layer, as shown here. - Create two buttons labeled Sound On and Sound Off. Any graphic will work here, even just a simple label using text. However, make sure you convert your graphic into a symbol because the next step, adding a behavior, works only with Figure 6 Add a Stop All Sounds behavior to your Sound Off button. - Choose Window > Behaviors to open the Behaviors panel. Select Sound Off on the Stage. In the Behaviors panel, click the plus sign and choose Sound > Stop All Sounds. The Stop All Sounds dialog box appears. - In the Stop All Sounds dialog box, click OK to accept the behavior. This behavior will stop any sounds that are currently playing in the Timeline. - Choose Control > Test Movie to test the Sound Off button. Notice that the sound stops playing after you click the button. - When you finish previewing your movie, close the Preview window. - Now that you have the Sound Off button working, we turn to the Sound On button. Because there is no Play All Sounds behavior, we need to write our own ActionScripting to get the sound to play again. In the Timeline, add a new layer and name it actions. Make sure the actions layer is above all the other layers. Figure 7 Add a Stop action to stop the playback head at Frame 2. - In the Timeline, select Frame 2 of the actions layer and press F7 to add a blank keyframe. Open the Actions panel (F9), choose Global Functions > Timeline Control and double-click the stop action to add it to the Script pane. This action tells the playhead to stop when it gets to Frame 2. We have added this script to stop the playback head when it reaches Frame 2. However, keep in mind that the sound file will not stop because event and start sounds are independent of the Main Timeline. Even though you stop the Timeline at Frame 2, the sound will keep playing until you click the Sound Off button. You will add ActionScript to the Play button next. Figure 8 Add a script to handle a release event for the Sound On button. - On the stage, click the Sound On button to select it. In the Actions panel (F9), choose Global Functions > Movie Clip Control and double-click the on action to add it to the Script pane. In the Code Hint menu that appears, choose release for the mouse event. - In the Script pane, place your cursor after the open curly brace and press Enter/Return to bring the cursor down to the second line. Figure 9 This line of script moves the playback head off of Frame 2, therefore playing the audio file again. - In the Actions pane, choose Global Functions > Timeline Control and double-click the play action to add it to the Script pane. This will tell the playhead to move to the next frame, which is Frame 3, and the sound will begin to play again from Frame 3. Here is a summary of what you have scripted so far. When the movie begins, the sound also starts playing because the sound starts on Frame 1. The playhead moves on to Frame 2 and encounters a Stop Frame action, which tells the playhead to stop. Because the Sync is set to Start, the sound will continue to play although the Timeline has stopped. When you click Sound Off, the sound will stop playing, and the playhead will stay at Frame 2 until you click the Sound On button, instructing the playhead to move to the next frame and play. The playhead then loops back to Frame 1 and the sound starts playing again. - Choose Control > Test Movie to preview the movie. Click Sound Off and then click Sound On. Notice that the sound immediately stops when you click Sound Off and starts over again when you click Sound On.
Psittacosis is an infection that is passed to humans from birds. It may cause a variety of flu-like symptoms. Psittacosis is caused by a specific bacteria. The bacteria is passed from a sick bird. People may come in contact with the bacteria when they inhale the dust of dried bird droppings from the sick bird. The bacteria can also pass when a person touches his or her mouth to the beak of an infected bird. Even minor contact with sick birds can lead to psittacosis. The bacteria can pass from one person to another, but it is rare. Handling a pet bird increases the risk of psittacosis. Some infected birds have symptoms, such as losing feathers, runny eyes, a change in eating habits, and diarrhea. Other birds may appear well, but can still spread the infection to humans. Certain occupations also increase the risk of this infection including: - Zoo worker - Laboratory worker - Poultry plant worker Birds most often associated with psittacosis infection in people, include: - Turkeys and other poultry Psittacosis may cause: - Shortness of breath - Sore throat - Muscle aches - Chest pain You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your body fluids may be tested. This can be done with blood tests. Images may be taken of your body structures. This can be done with a chest x-ray . Psittacosis is treated with antibiotics. Some infection can cause severe breathing problems that will require hospitalization. Oxygen will be given to help your breathing. IV antibiotics will also be given to help speed medication throughout the body. To help reduce your chance of getting psittacosis: - Keep your mouth away from a bird’s beak. - Buy pet birds from a dealer with an exotic bird permit. - If you have two or more birds, keep their cages apart. - Keep new birds away from other birds for 4-6 weeks. - Clean bird cages, food bowls, and water bowls every day. Disinfect them every week with bleach or rubbing alcohol. - Avoid birds that appear to be sick. - If your bird appears to be sick, take it to a veterinarian right away. - If you care for an infected bird, wear a mask and protective clothing, including gloves, eye wear, and a disposable surgical cap. You should also wear a properly fitted respirator with an N95 or higher rating. - Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD - Review Date: 11/2015 - - Update Date: 12/20/2014 -
Ladder Logic, Relay Ladder Logic, or Ladder Diagrams is the most common programming language used to program a PLC. Ladder logic was one of the first programming approaches used in PLCs because it borrowed heavily from the Relay Diagrams that plant electricians already knew. The symbols used in Relay Ladder Logic consists of a power rail to the left, a second power rail to the right, and individual circuits that connect the left power rail to the right. The logic of each circuit (or rung) is solved from left to right. The symbols of these diagrams look like a ladder – with two side rails and circuits that resemble rungs on a ladder. The picture above has a single circuit or “rung” of ladder. - If Input1 is ON (or true) – power (logic) completes the circuit from the left rail to the right rail – and Output1 turns ON (or true). - If Output1 is OFF (or false) – then the circuit is not completed and logic does not flow to the right – and Output 1 is OFF. There are many logic symbols available in Ladder Logic – including Timers, Counters, Math, and Data Moves – such that any logical condition or control loop can be represented in Ladder Logic. With just a handful of basic symbols – a Normally Open Contact, Normally Closed Contact, Normally Open Coil, Normally Closed Coil, Timer, Counter – most logical conditions can be represented.
Principal Proposed Uses Phenylalanine occurs in two chemical forms: L-phenylalanine , a natural amino acid found in proteins; and its mirror image, D-phenylalanine , a form synthesized in a laboratory. Some research has involved the L-form, others the D-form, and still others a combination of the two known as DL-phenylalanine. In the body, phenylalanine is converted into another amino acid called tyrosine . Tyrosine in turn is converted into L-dopa, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, three key neurotransmitters (chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells). Because some antidepressants work by raising levels of norepinephrine, various forms of phenylalanine have been tried as a possible treatment for depression. D-phenylalanine (but not L-phenylalanine) has been proposed to treat chronic pain. It blocks enkephalinase , an enzyme that may act to increase pain levels in the body. L-phenylalanine is an essential amino acid, meaning that we need it for life and our bodies can't manufacture it from other chemicals. It is found in protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, and beans. Provided you eat enough protein, you are likely to get enough L-phenylalanine for your nutritional needs. There is no nutritional need for D-phenylalanine. It is best not to take your phenylalanine supplement at the same time as a high-protein meal, as it may not be absorbed well. What Is the Scientific Evidence for Phenylalanine? Unfortunately, there have not been any double-blind, placebo -controlled studies of phenylalanine for depression. This is too bad, since without such evidence we can't be sure that the supplement is actually effective. (For information on why such studies are so important, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? ) The long-term safety of phenylalanine in any of its forms is not known. Both L- and D-phenylalanine must be avoided by those with the rare metabolic disease phenylketonuria (PKU). The maximum safe dosages of phenylalanine have not been established for young children, pregnant or nursing women, or those with severe liver or kidney disease. Interactions You Should Know About If you are taking: - Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board - Review Date: 12/2015 - - Update Date: 12/15/2015 -
The Mayo Clinic Diet is the official diet developed by Mayo Clinic, based on research and clinical experience. It focuses on eating healthy foods that taste great and increasing physical activity. It emphasizes that the best way to keep weight off for good is to change your lifestyle and adopt new health habits. This diet can be tailored to your own individual needs and health history — it isn't a one-size-fits-all approach. Milestone 2: recalibrating portion sizes. After a while you'll notice yourself feeling full and theres still food on your plate. Well that's never happened before. Mentally you'll need to readjust what you're serving yourself. After almost 20 years you think you know how much food you need and that's what you continue to serve yourself, but you'll need to recalibrate your portions at some point and readjust to your new body and new lifestyle. There are theoretically no restrictions on where the ketogenic diet might be used, and it can cost less than modern anticonvulsants. However, fasting and dietary changes are affected by religious and cultural issues. A culture where food is often prepared by grandparents or hired help means more people must be educated about the diet. When families dine together, sharing the same meal, it can be difficult to separate the child's meal. In many countries, food labelling is not mandatory so calculating the proportions of fat, protein and carbohydrate is difficult. In some countries, it may be hard to find sugar-free forms of medicines and supplements, to purchase an accurate electronic scale, or to afford MCT oils. The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that in medicine is used primarily to treat difficult-to-control (refractory) epilepsy in children. The diet forces the body to burn fats rather than carbohydrates. Normally, the carbohydrates contained in food are converted into glucose, which is then transported around the body and is particularly important in fueling brain function. However, if little carbohydrate remains in the diet, the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies. The ketone bodies pass into the brain and replace glucose as an energy source. An elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood, a state known as ketosis, leads to a reduction in the frequency of epileptic seizures. Around half of children and young people with epilepsy who have tried some form of this diet saw the number of seizures drop by at least half, and the effect persists even after discontinuing the diet. Some evidence indicates that adults with epilepsy may benefit from the diet, and that a less strict regimen, such as a modified Atkins diet, is similarly effective. Potential side effects may include constipation, high cholesterol, growth slowing, acidosis, and kidney stones. Milestone 1: relearning what hunger feels like and what full feels like. In my old way of eating hunger came on like a screaming voice through a megaphone out of nowhere. Now it starts as a whisper, into a mumble, into a conversation. Learning when to eat and went to stop is the first milestone. You'll be tempted to start eating as soon as you hear that whisper of hunger, but eventually you'll realize you don't need to start until it turns into a conversation. Same with feeling full, you're used to stopping when you explode, but now you can stop at a comfortable level. The remaining calories in the keto diet come from protein — about 1 gram (g) per kilogram of body weight, so a 140-pound woman would need about 64 g of protein total. As for carbs: “Every body is different, but most people maintain ketosis with between 20 and 50 g of net carbs per day,” says Mattinson. Total carbohydrates minus fiber equals net carbs, she explains. Italiano: Perdere Peso, Español: bajar de peso, Deutsch: Abnehmen, Português: Perder Peso, Nederlands: Afvallen, Français: perdre du poids, Русский: сбросить вес, 中文: 减肥, Čeština: Jak zhubnout, Bahasa Indonesia: Menurunkan Berat Badan, 日本語: ダイエット, ไทย: ลดน้ำหนัก, Tiếng Việt: Giảm Cân, हिन्दी: वज़न कम करें (kaise vajan kam kare), 한국어: 체중 감량하는 법, Türkçe: Nasıl Kilo Verilir ^ Freeman JM, Vining EP, Pillas DJ, Pyzik PL, Casey JC, Kelly LM. The efficacy of the ketogenic diet—1998: a prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children. Pediatrics. 1998 Dec;102(6):1358–63. doi:10.1542/peds.102.6.1358. PMID 9832569. https://web.archive.org/web/20040629224858/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/1998/DECEMBER/981207.HTM Lay summary]—JHMI Office of Communications and Public Affairs. Updated 7 December 1998. Cited 6 March 2008. After initiation, the child regularly visits the hospital outpatient clinic where they are seen by the dietitian and neurologist, and various tests and examinations are performed. These are held every three months for the first year and then every six months thereafter. Infants under one year old are seen more frequently, with the initial visit held after just two to four weeks. A period of minor adjustments is necessary to ensure consistent ketosis is maintained and to better adapt the meal plans to the patient. This fine-tuning is typically done over the telephone with the hospital dietitian and includes changing the number of calories, altering the ketogenic ratio, or adding some MCT or coconut oils to a classic diet. Urinary ketone levels are checked daily to detect whether ketosis has been achieved and to confirm that the patient is following the diet, though the level of ketones does not correlate with an anticonvulsant effect. This is performed using ketone test strips containing nitroprusside, which change colour from buff-pink to maroon in the presence of acetoacetate (one of the three ketone bodies). ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Amark PE, Ballaban-Gil KR, Bergqvist AG, Blackford R, et al. Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet: recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia. 2009 Feb;50(2):304–17. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01765.x. PMID 18823325 Probably, and there are a few reasons why the keto diet usually equals weight-loss gold, says Keatley. For starters, people usually reduce their daily caloric intake to about 1,500 calories a day because healthy fats and lean proteins make you feel fuller sooner—and for a longer period of time. And then there’s the fact that it takes more energy to process and burn fat and protein than carbs, so you're burning slightly more calories than you did before. Over time, this can lead to weight loss. Having support is very important with weight loss. If everyone can get on board, it will be easier to achieve your goals. Talk to your family (or friends, roommates, etc) before starting your diet and let them know your plan. Explain why you are making this decision and ways they can help you succeed. Even if they do not change with you, that's okay! Go forward with your plan! They may decide to join you once they see you succeed with weight loss. Carbohydrates have been linked to this skin condition, so cutting down on them may help. And the drop in insulin that a ketogenic diet can trigger may also help stop acne breakouts. (Insulin can cause your body to make other hormones that bring on outbreaks.) Still, more research is needed to determine exactly how much effect, if any, the diet actually has on acne. The day before admission to hospital, the proportion of carbohydrate in the diet may be decreased and the patient begins fasting after his or her evening meal. On admission, only calorie- and caffeine-free fluids are allowed until dinner, which consists of "eggnog"[Note 8] restricted to one-third of the typical calories for a meal. The following breakfast and lunch are similar, and on the second day, the "eggnog" dinner is increased to two-thirds of a typical meal's caloric content. By the third day, dinner contains the full calorie quota and is a standard ketogenic meal (not "eggnog"). After a ketogenic breakfast on the fourth day, the patient is discharged. Where possible, the patient's current medicines are changed to carbohydrate-free formulations. It’s easy to get caught up on the “low-carb” part of the diet and not give enough attention to the “high-fat” part. Fat is what makes you full, gives you energy (when in ketosis), and makes food taste delicious. For most people this figure should be north of 70 percent of daily calories. Keep carbs under 20g, hit your protein goal, and eat fat until you’re full. Long-term use of the ketogenic diet in children increases the risk of slowed or stunted growth, bone fractures, and kidney stones. The diet reduces levels of insulin-like growth factor 1, which is important for childhood growth. Like many anticonvulsant drugs, the ketogenic diet has an adverse effect on bone health. Many factors may be involved such as acidosis and suppressed growth hormone. About one in 20 children on the ketogenic diet develop kidney stones (compared with one in several thousand for the general population). A class of anticonvulsants known as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (topiramate, zonisamide) are known to increase the risk of kidney stones, but the combination of these anticonvulsants and the ketogenic diet does not appear to elevate the risk above that of the diet alone. The stones are treatable and do not justify discontinuation of the diet. Johns Hopkins Hospital now gives oral potassium citrate supplements to all ketogenic diet patients, resulting in one-seventh of the incidence of kidney stones. However, this empiric usage has not been tested in a prospective controlled trial. Kidney stone formation (nephrolithiasis) is associated with the diet for four reasons: The modified Atkins diet reduces seizure frequency by more than 50% in 43% of patients who try it and by more than 90% in 27% of patients. Few adverse effects have been reported, though cholesterol is increased and the diet has not been studied long term. Although based on a smaller data set (126 adults and children from 11 studies over five centres), these results from 2009 compare favourably with the traditional ketogenic diet. Another difference between older and newer studies is that the type of patients treated with the ketogenic diet has changed over time. When first developed and used, the ketogenic diet was not a treatment of last resort; in contrast, the children in modern studies have already tried and failed a number of anticonvulsant drugs, so may be assumed to have more difficult-to-treat epilepsy. Early and modern studies also differ because the treatment protocol has changed. In older protocols, the diet was initiated with a prolonged fast, designed to lose 5–10% body weight, and heavily restricted the calorie intake. Concerns over child health and growth led to a relaxation of the diet's restrictions. Fluid restriction was once a feature of the diet, but this led to increased risk of constipation and kidney stones, and is no longer considered beneficial. The ketogenic diet is a mainstream dietary therapy that was developed to reproduce the success and remove the limitations of the non-mainstream use of fasting to treat epilepsy.[Note 2] Although popular in the 1920s and '30s, it was largely abandoned in favour of new anticonvulsant drugs. Most individuals with epilepsy can successfully control their seizures with medication. However, 20–30% fail to achieve such control despite trying a number of different drugs. For this group, and for children in particular, the diet has once again found a role in epilepsy management. https://www.facebook.com/Philosophy-Of-Health-382703465921301/
By AJAHN PASANNO * Art AUNG KYAW HTET (Courtesy Thavibu)* From a Buddhist perspective, anything to do with other people can be considered social action: how we relate to the individuals close to us such as family or neighbors, to society at large, and to the world around us. The field of social action expands out, but it begins with ourselves and our relationships to others. The individual is at the core of all relationships between any parts of society. We must always return to that core, to recognize that our own actions affect other people and the society around us. This is simply the basic law of karma-anything we do affects ourselves and others. It’s not a matter of “me” and “society,” as if they were separate. There isn’t really any separation. The two are interrelated all the time. What we bring to the society around us are simply our own qualities of mind, of heart, of being-our intentions and how they manifest in our actions. In order to understand our effects on society, we first have to understand ourselves, to see these qualities more clearly. The ability we have to help others, or to do anything to affect others, is dependent upon the clarity, intention, and integrity with which we live our lives. These things are inseparable. As such, the way we train ourselves is equally important to any actions we take outside ourselves. In Buddhist practice, the training laid out for an individual begins with how one practices with others. This is sila, or virtue-not harming others, being honest in the way one deals with others, being trustworthy in one’s actions and speech. The practice of keeping the precepts is already social action. The precepts remind us of the ways our actions affect others. Oftentimes, people may think, Let’s get to the “real” stuff about Buddhism-the liberation, the enlightenment; keeping the precepts is just a social convention, just the basics. But this “basic” stuff has an effect. It is important. The Buddha recognized that our actions have effects for ourselves and for others. While virtue concerns itself with actions and speech, the second aspect of the Buddhist training is meditation, or samadhi-a training of the mind and the heart, a clarifying of mindfulness, awareness, and composure. These are essential to cultivate. If we are going to take any social responsibility, it has to be done with an open heart and a clear mind. We must develop a standard for reflection. We can then start to ask, what are the effects of our words and actions? Sometimes people get enthused about social action and forget about the ordinary activities in life. How do I deal with my family? How do I deal with the people closest to me? Or even how do I answer the phone? What do I put into the universe when I am irritated or upset? These are very ordinary, everyday things, preparing the ground for how we relate to the world around us. Paying attention to these things is social action. Dealing with the circle of people around us is social action. It is not different. From a Buddhist perspective, the next step is recognizing the quality of wisdom, or pañña. There are many different levels of wisdom, but seeing things as they truly are is its essence. With a reflective ability of the mind, we can begin to see things as they truly are and start to turn towards that. This is not simply gathering new bits of knowledge or being zapped with some sort of enlightened energy. It is a turning inward to be able to open to all the ways things truly are and allowing our lives to be guided by that wisdom. How does this affect myself? How does this affect others? What is the way to freedom and liberation? What is the way out of suffering and dissatisfaction for myself and for others? Wisdom is seeing the different ways we entangle ourselves in things and the different ways we can be free. Virtue, meditation, and wisdom are the tools we use in training ourselves in how to relate to the world around us. This training will help us to see the qualities that bring true benefit to our society-the qualities of loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity. These are the Brahma viharas, or divine abodes. In a way, these can be considered a goal of social action: creating a way in which human beings should live. Loving kindness is the wish for another’s happiness; compassion is the wish to alleviate another’s suffering. Sympathetic joy is the happiness we feel in the success of another. And equanimity is the ability to stay centered in the midst of life’s ups and downs. The quality of sympathetic joy is an interesting one in terms of social action. Its opposite is jealousy or envy. In many ways, envy is the foundation for competition and conflict. If a society is based upon competitive accumulation-like some societies we know-it can create conflict and a lack of appreciation and willingness to enjoy each other. Having come to the United States after living in Thailand for twenty-three years, the sense of competition here is very striking. In Thailand, there is a wide stratification in terms of socio-economic level and opportunity within society, but there is not a lot of envy or competition. People are often motivated to improve their economic lot, but they don’t resent those who already have wealth or privilege. Similarly, there is usually not a looking down on or shunning of those in economic difficulty or from a poor background. There is an acceptance that people have accumulated different tendencies and have different abilities. This acceptance has imbued people’s consciousness. It is a sense of karma playing a role in people’s lives over many lifetimes, a feeling of “who knows?” This lifetime can change; in other lifetimes it might be different. Rebirth is an accepted part of how they perceive the world – it’s a long view on life. This takes away the edge of selfishness and competitiveness and brings a sense of appreciation for each other as human beings, a joy in each other’s happiness. By turning toward this quality of joy, we can draw on our wish to help others, to be of service. Acceptance also brings the quality of equanimity, a non-reactive clarity that allows one to stay centered. Equanimity is not indifference. It is the ability to return to a place of stillness, to be non-reactive, and to weigh things carefully. This is an important quality especially when considering social action or social responsibility. Without equanimity, we can get drawn into our own reactiveness-our views and opinions. We can think that we’re always right, that other people are just a bunch of idiots. It’s easy to get turned around and out of balance. Not being drawn into the web of our views and opinions but being able to settle and reflect-to ask, what is the way of balance?-equanimity is essential in undertaking social action. In the social action projects I have been involved in, the Buddhist perspective has taught me some important things. Take a particular project, like protecting the forests. The monastery in Thailand at which I was abbot was quite well-known, with a large community of monks, novices, lay men, and lay women practicing and training there. I thought it would provide a good balance to set up a more remote branch monastery. Our new location was right along the Mekong River. It was in one of the last forests in the province, and around that time, the area was made into a national park. But this was just a designation on the map, and it caused a lot of problems. The area was full of stumps. It was being logged, and many villagers had made their fields there. The Buddhist perspective was very helpful. We couldn’t simply say, “These are awful, nasty people. The planet would be a fine sort of place if they weren’t doing this.” The reality was that they are doing this and that they are people just like us. They are trying to look after their families and to get ahead in the world. In order to do anything to protect the forest, we had to find ways to include them. How do you involve the people who are cutting down the forest? How do you include the merchants who are paying them? How do you include the civil servants who are taking the bribes to allow the cutting? The teachings told us that problems come from people not understanding how they are creating suffering for themselves and for others. Problems and suffering come from desires and attachments. You can’t simply wish that away. You’ve got to work on the basic problems of bringing knowledge and education into their lives. Why were they cutting down the forest? Of course, they wanted to live comfortably, to look after their families. So, we had to find ways to provide for them. Otherwise, it would be like trying to build a wall to stop the tide from coming in. Good luck! It’s going to find a way. Instead, you have to think clearly and find ways to address peoples’ needs, to include them and bring them in. This takes time. This understanding reflects our own personal spiritual practice. We’d all like to sit down, cross our legs, close our eyes, and become enlightened-just like that. Instead, we have to take the time to lay a foundation, to become patient and clear enough to develop the path in a comprehensive way. Just as the Buddha taught us the Four Noble Truths as the basis for our own practice-suffering, the causes of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path leading to the cessation of suffering-the same applies to social action. We’ve got suffering, we’ve got a problem. What are all the different causes of that problem? What kind of end can there be to that problem? If we haven’t understood the problem, we won’t be able to see the causes. And if we aren’t really clear about the goal we are working towards, we won’t really know what kinds of path to develop. It works in society the same way it works in our own practice. The more we reflect on and practice with those truths for ourselves, the more we are able to apply them in our life, in very ordinary situations, with our friends, with our family, at work, with different problems happening in the community. That is social action. How can we work together to do this? With our project along the Mekong, we began by drawing in people affiliated with the monastery who were interested in helping. In a Buddhist society, the monastery is a foundation we could build on, a field for social action. Because the monastery is dependent on lay people to support it, there is a day-to-day connection with the neighboring society. It is a web of support and interaction, so that when there is a problem in the community, we can easily recognize who is interested in helping. At first there were a few volunteers. When there was too much work for volunteers to do, we hired some people. Again, the money for their salaries came from offerings to the monastery from people in the community. The forest project continued to grow. We even drew in people like the police. They had power, especially when it came to controlling who was taking logs out. Rather than getting into a confrontation with them, we asked how we could work with them. That was very easy at the time because one of the supporters of the monastery was the Deputy Superintendent of Police. He was a great resource for drawing in other honest police officers, who then had a few words with even more police officers and got them on our side. This takes time, it takes patience, it takes clarity. If you work in a confrontational way, it’s difficult to achieve this. By having a strong focus on one’s personal practice and integrity, by becoming more clear, centered, and pure-hearted in one’s intention for doing good, the more one starts to connect with other people. In terms of social action, this seems to be a magnet, drawing other good people. It gets its own momentum going. So far, the forest project is working. And besides being successful in its own right, it has been adopted as a model for trial projects in other national parks in Thailand. During one of the recent elections in Thailand, I saw a handwritten sign on the side of a building. It said something like, “The forces of corruption are given more power when good people retreat.” The “system” gains more momentum when we decide we don’t want to deal with it, that things are hopeless. With social action work, we have to be patient, discerning, equanimous. We have to be willing to try and to fail. We have to recognize that sometimes things will work and sometimes they won’t. And that they always work out in ways we may never have conceived. This is the same as returning to the foundation of one’s own practice: keeping the precepts; developing clarity, tranquillity, and peace of mind; establishing wisdom through reflective investigation; cultivating the qualities of kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity. These form the foundation that allows us to move out into the realm of social action. Would you like to read more? You can download Ajahn Pasanno’s books for free on www.amaravati.org
The GeForce GTX 280 is designed specifically for parallel computing, incorporating unique features like shared memory, atomic operations and double precision support. In order to do this it has 240 cores running at 1.3GHz. The GeForce GTX 280 is the most powerful floating point processor ever created for the PC and is actually the largest chip NVIDIA has designed. The GeForce GTX 280 contains roughly 1.4 Billion transistors and is built with the 65nm fabrication process. With features like this it is no wonder that NVIDIA is pushing GPU use for ‘beyond gaming’ as GPUs are so powerful and heterogeneous computing is starting to take off right now. Heterogeneous computing is the idea that to attain the highest efficiency applications should use both of the major processors in the PC, the CPU and GPU. If you take the die of the Intel 45nm Penryn processor that is found in the newest quad-core processors and sit it on top of the GeForce GTX 280 you’ll get an idea of just how big this new core really is. NVIDA informed us that 80% of the transistors of a GPU are used for computation compared to just 4% for a CPU, which we thought was interesting. Placing the GTX 280 next to the U.S. quarter (25 cent piece) the diagram comes to life and the size of this chip is realized. Since the GTX 200 series GPU is so large we figured we’d stop using change and it give it some paper money! It covers the President up and is just shy of being wider than a dollar. As the overlay shows, the stream processor clusters, texture units, ROPs, and frame buffer memory partitions are located in a grid layout in the GPU. NVIDIA informed us that the GTX 200 series GPU is the largest, most complex chip TSMC has ever manufactured. The wafer shot shows just how big the GT200 is, and also hints to to fact this this is going to be an expensive part to produce. If you count the number of full dies on that wafer, you’ll see there are only 94 or 95 complete cores and that is if all pass testing! As previosuly noted, the new GeForce GTX 200 GPUs implement a second generation of unified visual computing architecture. While the foundation of both architectures is a scalar/unified/DirectX 10 processing core, GeForce GTX 200 GPUs provide many more architectural enhancements than simply a dramatic increase in the number of functional and processing units. The image above represents the GeForce 280 GTX in graphics mode. You can see the shader thread dispatch logic at the top, in addition to setup and raster units. The ten TPCs each include three SMs, and each SM has 24 processing cores for a total of 240 scalar processing cores. ROP (raster operations processors) and memory interface units are located at the bottom. The image above shows a high-level view of the GeForce GTX 280 GPU parallel computing architecture. A hardware-based thread scheduler at the top manages scheduling threads across the TPCs. You’ll also notice the compute mode includes texture caches and memory interface units. The texture caches are used to combine memory accesses for more efficient and higher bandwidth memory read/write operations. The elements indicated as “atomic” refer to the ability to perform atomic read-modify-write operations to memory. Atomic access provides granular access to memory locations and facilitates parallel reductions and parallel data structure management. It should be noted that the GTX 200 series GPU cannot operate in both modes simultaneously. If you recall the G80 core used to perform ROP frame buffer blending at half speed. The new GTX 200 can perform the same tasks at full-speed. The GT200 GPU also sports twice the number of registers for longer, more complex shaders. The chip’s output buffer size has been increased by a factor of six and it offers IEEE 754R compliant double precision for improved floating-point accuracy (this is the first 64bit precision GPU). The new 512-bit memory interface and has improved z-cull and compression technology which is something critics of the GeForce 9 series wanted, so you have it now! The new core is impressive to say the least. Let’s take a look at the EVGA and PNY cards we are reviewing today, so we can stop putting you to sleep with the technical details on the GPU.
Arthritis is the most common cause of disability, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About 52.5 million Americans suffer from arthritis. The number of arthritis sufferers is expected to climb to 67 million by 2030 due to an aging baby-boomer population, according to the CDC’s 2015 report. Women are more likely to cite arthritis as the cause of their disability, as nearly two-thirds of arthritis sufferers are women, the CDC reports. Arthritis is a disorder in which the joints are inflamed. There are more than 100 types of arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis (resulting from an overactive immune system) and osteoarthritis (resulting from the breakdown of cartilage). Symptoms of arthritis include joint stiffness, swelling, redness and warmth. The condition can be painful and debilitating, and may cause irreversible damage, such as joint destruction and deformity. Treatments include physical therapy, splinting, prescription and non-prescription medication, and surgical operations. Check out Health Bistro, where LifeScript editors let it all hang out. Share it with your friends (it’s free to sign up!), and bookmark it so you don’t miss a single juicy post!
Various unique and interesting traditions can be found in Karangasem – Bali. One of them is a tradition characterized by vivacious heroism remaining to exist in the community until these days. The home of ‘War of Rattan’ or “Gebug Ende” is situated at Seraya Village, the eastern tip of Bali (Karangasem regency). This eastern tip is known as the driest area in Bali and the scarcity of water is a daily problem in this area especially during the hot season. Hot season in Bali means drought in Seraya village. The scarcity of water in this village during a long drought is solved by the performance of the Gebug Ende. This war dance is believed to bring the rain down to Seraya since the blood that is spilled by the dancers during this dance performance will appease the God, and He will bestow rain to the Seraya village. The Gebug Ende dance derives its name from the equipment that are used in this dance. The Gebug Ende uses a one and a half meter long rattan stick as a weapon, called gebug and a shield made of cow’s hide, called ende. The Gebug Ende is a combination of dance and trial of prowess. The dance provides an image of a fight between two soldiers in the heat of battle. It is usually performed by two to sixty male dancers who dance and fight on stage in pairs. Each dancer/fighter carries a gebug (rattan stick) and an ende (shield). During the performance the two men try to beat one another with the gebug (rattan stick) while using the ende (shield) to protect themselves. The Gebug Ende is quite unique as it has certain rules that have to be followed by the participants. Led by a referee, known as Pakembar, and a jury known as Saya. This dance starts with two dancers standing in the middle of arena, on each side of a line that is drawn in the middle of arena, while the rest sit in a circle, cracking jokes and singing, while waiting their turn. The pakembar (referee) gives a signal to begin the dance. The dance is come to a halt when two dancers are out of the arena. The referee stops the dance or maybe the fight and orders the dancers to stand in the middle of the arena and resume the dance. The dance is stopped when one of the dancers spills some blood to ground or if there is no blood spilled yet, the dance is stopped when the pakembar sees a sign of fatigue on the face of the dancers. Then the pakembar will call the next men to the arena. This continues until all have had a turn. Sometimes the fight becomes very fierce and the dancers are thrown of the stage from the blows of the rattan stick. Bruises and wounds are common in this ritual. The saya (jury) does not decide which of the two contestants loses or wins the game. The spectators have the right to do so. However, the decision is usually kept in the heart of the spectators, they do not announce the winner, a simple and honest praise is the sole reward given to the winner. The dancers obey the rules of Gebug Ende strictly. No cheating ever happens during the dance performance. Although there is no punishment for cheating but the lost of pride of the cheater in the community is the biggest punishment for every Seraya man.
V belt design (1) V belts are usually endless loops. To facilitate installation, shaft spacing and preload should be adjusted. For the transmission without tension wheel, the bearing position of one shaft should be able to move along the long direction. (2) The transmission structure should be convenient for the installation and replacement of the V belt. (3) Horizontal or near-horizontal belt drive should make the tight edge of the belt down, loosing edge on the top, which can increase the small pulley wrap angle. (4) In order to avoid the uneven load distribution of V-belt, the length of V-belt on the same pulley should be matched. All replacement must be replaced at the same time. (5) The use of the tension wheel transmission will increase the number of flexural torsion and shorten the life of the belt. (6) In the transmission device, the flatness of the center plane of the groove corresponding to the two pulleys should be less than 0.002a (a-shaft spacing). The flatness of the pulley axis should be less than 0.006a. (7) Ordinary V belts and narrow V belts must not be mixed in the same transmission device. V-belt type selection: according to the design power of the belt drive P and the speed of small pulley n according to the diagram, the belt type is selected according to the standard, the space position requirements of the drive and the number of belts must be considered before the final determination.
I am a visual learner. A picture is worth a thousand words. When I started learning Ruby, I could not find a decent diagram that would just sum up the Ruby classes, modules, and their hierarchy. So I made mine. On an A4 sheet. Here is the result (click for a full size view): Most of Ruby’s guts at one glance: pretty neat, huh ? - Modules are on the top left. - The usual types are here: strings, arrays, hashes, numbers, “booleans” - The error hierarchy is on the right. - Other classes are in the middle. Note: To have a decent layout, I only drew 70% of the Ruby 2 Core classes. All of the important ones are there, except when I noticed, it was too late. :–) What can we “draw” from this ? Well, this model is pretty much what we would have expected: - Arrays are enumerable, numbers are comparable. - “Everything is an object”, or more precisely, every box is this diagram is a BasicObject. - Object includes the Kernel module, so Object has all the instance methods of Kernel, like exit. When you write Ruby code, you are inside a mainobject, that’s why you can just write puts 'Hello world'instead of Kernel.puts 'Hello world'. So, everything makes sense and is quite simple actually! Except maybe the fact that a module is a class, and class inherits from module. Don’t worry, you will eventually wrap your head around it. In addition to Ruby Core, the Ruby Standard Library contains many other very useful classes and modules, This diagram does not explain the Ruby method lookup path, which takes eigenclasses, included modules and superclasses into account. I recommend reading this enlightening article from Practicing Ruby.
Noctis Labyrinthus mosaic March 25, 2013 This mosaic shows part of the Noctis Labyrinthus region, the ‘Labyrinth of the Night’, on Mars. It was composed by Bill Dunford using scenes available in the Mars Express image archive, HRSCview. This image was featured as space science image of the week on 25 March 2013. Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum). Image mosaic assembled by Bill Dunford. Topics: Noctis Labyrinthus, Spaceflight, Spacecraft, Neukum, Labyrinthus, Noctis, Mosaic, Mars Express, Mars, Bill Dunford
If you don’t like a name, don’t give it to your child. But don’t disparage another parent for choosing a name simply because you don’t understand it. What makes a name “ghetto”? Is it the name itself, the person receiving the name, or is the threshold based on the person giving the name? Take, for example, Shaniqua, Tyrone, LaKeisha, Darius, LaShawn, and Jamal. What, if anything, makes those names different from Rebecca, Peter, Katie, Bobby, Hannah, and Connor? One thing: blackness. Anti-blackness is now, and always has been, real. And unfortunately, policies and practices continuously allow it to withstand. Whether we are examining the rigid conditions placed on black women’s hairstyles in the military, or highlighting policies related to race but clouded with race-neutral language to appear fair, it is clear that erasure of black culture is occurring. Each day, black people are denigrated for allegedly “making up names.” Despite all names being technically made up, society has ultimately decided which ones receive a seal of professional approval. And through this approval process, I have noticed that black people often receive negative treatment for others failing to understand our cultural identity and expression. And sometimes, this lack of comprehension can make us feel bad for birth-given names, cultural or otherwise. In a recent interview, Uzo Aduba, (Suzanne “Crazy Eyes” Warren of “Orange is the New Black”) explained her name. She expressed… “My family is from Nigeria, and my full name is ‘Uzoamaka,’ which means ‘The road is good.’ Quick lesson: My tribe is Igbo, and you name your kid something that tells your history and hopefully predicts your future. So anyway, in grade school, because my last name started with an A, I was the first in roll call, and nobody ever knew how to pronounce it. So I went home and asked my mother if I could be called ‘Zoe.’ I remember she was cooking, and in her Nigerian accent she said, ‘Why?’ I said, ‘Nobody can pronounce it.’ Without missing a beat, she said, ‘If they can learn to say Tchaikovsky and Michelangelo and Dostoyevsky, they can learn to say Uzoamaka.’” Aduba’s quote illustrates how mainstream society can alter our perceptions, even of ourselves. Unfortunately, it is connected to how others view us—and is usually based on the respectable way in which mainstream society analyzes, interrogates, and appropriates us, and our experiences. In the black community, it’s easy to pretend that selecting names is a “how quickly can I get my child a job” contest. This is particularly true when listening to stories like the one last year where a hiring manager admitted to discriminating based on “African sounding” names like “Tamisha” and other “tribal names.” Still, after hearing the discussion of “ghetto” names, it’s hard not to recognize that selecting names that don’t “sound black” have everything to do with respectability politics. And if even some say it has to do with professionalism, it is clear that this type of professionalism is still rooted in the acceptance by a mainstream society that was never designed—intentionally so—to accept or understand our cultural dynamics. The other day on Twitter, I debated the concept of denigrating the black community for selecting names that people, including those in the black community, fail to understand, which are typically a result of culture, ingenuity, and creativity. But let a Black person name the child anything over 2 syllables and people act like it is World War III. Stop hating us and yourself. — PrestonMitchum (@PrestonMitchum) June 24, 2014 All ethnicities have names that people may not be able to pronounce, and we are trained to learn them. But for us, we learn to hate it. — PrestonMitchum (@PrestonMitchum) June 24, 2014 We can pretend it has to do with jobs, resumes, and futures, but no. What it is really about it is control and policing other cultures. — PrestonMitchum (@PrestonMitchum) June 24, 2014 As we know, various cultures are not accepted by everyone as real and authentic. And frankly, it is not the job of any black person to explain the condescending nature of referring to names as “ghetto.” Luckily, most of the responses on Twitter related to the black community for name choices were affirming: However, some responses questioned what names mean, and effectively, how “other” (non-black) sounding names escape criticism because they actually mean something. Others even accused black people of being “irresponsible” and “gross.” And . . . — Kodaq \| V-103 (@DJKayyOhh) June 24, 2014 Throw names together? Is that what black people and our names have been deduced to? What separates a good reason for selecting the name of a child versus a bad one? It is one thing to not select a certain name for your child because you don’t think it holds value. It’s quite a different thing to denigrate the black community because of the personal refusal to understand various cultural and creative elements. In spite of this, people will continue to justify reasons for being hyper-critical of black names, whatever that means to you, without admitting that at the core is anti-blackness. Choosing a name based on how fast mainstream society will accept them and how quickly they will get a job is all based on respectability politics. And like many drugs, vying for respectability can become deadly. So deadly, in fact, that it has people thinking social conditioning has nothing to do with our thought processes. When considering names, it is best to understand that some will have a particular meaning, some are based on familial experiences, and some are generational. But above all, no reason is better than another. This is pretty simple: If a name is cringe-worthy, don’t select if for your child. But there is absolutely no reason to disparage a parent for choosing a particular name for their child simply because you fail to understand it. Preston Mitchum is a regular contributor to Role Reboot. He is a civil rights advocate and legal writing professor in Washington, DC. Preston has written for The Atlantic, theGrio, Huffington Post, Ebony.com, and Think Progress. Follow him on Twitter here.
30 Romulus Middle School were invited to Monroe Michigan to participate in an outdoor adventure. Students learned about science and history on this special day. The Raisin River Battlefield provided a living history to the students. They walked the actual battlefield and participated in a bunch of different activities where students learned about the War of 1812 and life during that time period. Students also learned about science by examining animal pelts from bears, beavers, rabbits, and wolves. Students were able to handle the fur and learned the differences between the coats.
The Egyptian Fruit Bat is a highly social mammal that roosts in crowded, tightly-packed colonies. Many animals communicate vocally, but often non-specifically, but researchers at Tel Aviv University recently discovered that when Egyptian Fruit Bats communicate, they aren’t just making high pitched squeals when they gather together in their roosts. Instead, they often have something specific that they want to communicate. Here is a summary of the article (published online, 22 December 2016) in the journal “Scientific Reports”: Neuroecologist Yossi Yovel and his colleagues recorded sound and video of a group of 22 Egyptian Fruit Bats over a period of 75 days. Using a modified machine-learning algorithm originally designed for recognizing human voices, they fed 15,000 bat calls into the software and then analyzed the corresponding time-stamped video to see if they could match the calls to certain activities. They found that the bat calls were not random but instead, they were able to classify 60% of the calls into four categories: 1. Arguments about food, 2. Disputes about position within the sleeping cluster, 3. Responses to male bats making unwanted mating advances, and 4. Bat to bat warnings or scolds when one bat gets too close to another. Even more specific, the researchers found that a bat would make slightly different versions of his/her calls when speaking to different individuals within the group. Only a few species – including humans and dolphins – are known to address individuals rather than making broad communication sounds. Where is this research headed? Yovel and his team want to investigate whether bats are born knowing this “language” or if they learn it over time while living in their colonies. They also want to find out if the bats use similar communication modes outside/away from the roost using battery-powered recording devices that they will attach to a small sample of bats, which will be released into the wild.
Hypothesis & Theory ARTICLE A perceptual account of symbolic reasoning - 1Psychological and Brain Science/Cognitive Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA - 2History and Philosophy of Science/Cognitive Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA - 3Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany People can be taught to manipulate symbols according to formal mathematical and logical rules. Cognitive scientists have traditionally viewed this capacity—the capacity for symbolic reasoning—as grounded in the ability to internally represent numbers, logical relationships, and mathematical rules in an abstract, amodal fashion. We present an alternative view, portraying symbolic reasoning as a special kind of embodied reasoning in which arithmetic and logical formulae, externally represented as notations, serve as targets for powerful perceptual and sensorimotor systems. Although symbolic reasoning often conforms to abstract mathematical principles, it is typically implemented by perceptual and sensorimotor engagement with concrete environmental structures. How do people reason arithmetically, algebraically, and logically? One well-known answer to this question holds that the human mind trades in inner symbols that amodally represent abstract arithmetic, algebraic, and logical propositions, and manipulates these symbols according to internally represented mathematical and logical rules. On this traditional view, the “inner” takes precedence over the “outer”: notations on paper, computer screens, and classroom blackboards are involved in mathematical problem-solving only insofar as they are “translated” into corresponding mental structures and processes. Suppose you hold such a traditional view, but then learn that stray marks and subtle changes in spacing can lead otherwise competent students of algebra to “forget” a basic rule such as operator precedence. Several recent experiments have demonstrated just this sort of influence of visual structure on algebraic performance. One example comes from Landy and Goldstone (2007a), who gave college undergraduates simple algebraic forms, such as “a + b ∗ c + d = c + d ∗ a + b,” and asked them to decide whether or not the given symbols described a valid equation (see Figure 1). Because the expressions contained both additions and multiplications, determining their validity required respecting the order of operations, which stipulates that multiplications precede additions. By creating artificial visual groups (e.g., by manipulating the physical spacing of equations, or by introducing shapes into the surrounding context as depicted in Figure 1), participants' performance could be predictably manipulated: validity-judgments were more likely to be correct if visual groupings were in line with valid operator precedence. Nor is this pattern restricted to algebraic validity. Related research has indicated that spatial layout impacts application of the order of operations rules when calculating (Kirshner, 1989; Landy and Goldstone, 2010), when creating story problems (Jiang et al., in press), and when working in programming languages such as Python (Hansen et al., unpublished manuscript). Figure 1. Some of the formats employed by Landy and Goldstone (2007a). Visual cues such as added spacing, lines, and circles influence the application of perceptual grouping mechanisms, influencing the capacity for symbolic reasoning. How might you interpret this sort of behavioral pattern? You could chalk failure to respect operator precedence, for example, up to performance error, and remain committed to the thesis that the underlying mathematical competence is largely independent of the way notational structures are perceived and physically manipulated. Alternatively, you could wonder whether competence with operator precedence depends non-trivially on the perceptual and sensorimotor mechanisms that target those external notations. To what extent might these mechanisms be responsible not just for our mathematical mistakes, but also for our successes? The ability to follow operator-precedence rules is just one manifestation of the capacity for symbolic reasoning: the capacity to manipulate arbitrary symbolic tokens according to abstract mathematical and logical rules. In what follows, we propose an account of symbolic reasoning according to which perception, manipulation, and perceptual imagination lie at the heart of mathematical and logical competence. Rather than rely on amodally represented rules, symbolic reasoners make their mathematical judgments using perceptual processes that have no obvious link to the following of formal mathematical rules. Instead, we identify the capacity for symbolic reasoning with the ability to perceptually group, detect symmetry in, and otherwise perceptually organize symbolic notations as they are experienced in the environment. On this view, the kinds of behavioral patterns described above are typical: not only does written format impact the legibility of symbols, it also impacts the application of well-known rules. When notational expressions afford active manipulation, symbolic reasoning is often accomplished by physically interacting with those notations. In contrast, when notations do not afford physical manipulation or perceptual processing, symbolic reasoning may involve processes of visual, aural, and even tactile imagination. Although symbolic reasoning can therefore become “internalized,” it remains rooted in mechanisms close to the sensorimotor periphery. Although we will emphasize the kinds of algebra, arithmetic, and logic that are typically learned in high school, our view also potentially explains the activities of advanced mathematicians—especially those that involve representational structures like graphs and diagrams. Our major goal, therefore, is to provide a novel and unified account of both successful and unsuccessful episodes of symbolic reasoning, with an eye toward providing an account of mathematical reasoning in general. Before turning to our own account, however, we begin with a brief outline of some more traditional views. Extant Accounts of Symbolic Reasoning Computationalism and Semantic Processing: Translational Accounts of Symbolic Reasoning Two prominent accounts of symbolic reasoning can be introduced via an analogy from the classroom. Consider the different ways in which students might be taught to think about the following syllogism: All dogs are mammals; All mammals are animals; Therefore, all dogs are animals. On one hand, students can think about such problems syntactically, as a specific instance of the more general logical form “All Xs are Ys; All Ys are Zs; Therefore, all Xs are Zs.” On the other hand, they might think about them semantically—as relations between subsets, for example. In an analogous fashion, two prominent scientific attempts to explain how students are able to solve symbolic reasoning problems can be distinguished according to their emphasis on syntactic or semantic properties. Analogous to the syntactic approach above, computationalism holds that the capacity for symbolic reasoning is carried out by mental processes of syntactic rule-based symbol-manipulation. In its canonical form, these processes take place in a general-purpose “central reasoning system” that is functionally encapsulated from dedicated and modality-specific sensorimotor “modules” (Fodor, 1983; Sloman, 1996; Pylyshyn, 1999; Anderson, 2007). Although other versions of computationalism do not posit a strict distinction between central and sensorimotor processing, they do generally assume that sensorimotor processing can be safely “abstracted away” (e.g., Kemp et al., 2008; Perfors et al., 2011). On all computationalist accounts, when an individual is confronted with a symbolic reasoning task such as a natural-language “word problem” or a formal reasoning problem expressed in the notational formalisms of algebra, calculus, and logic, the perception of notations in the environment causes a tokening of equivalent symbols and expressions of “Mentalese” (Fodor, 1975). These mental symbols and expressions are then operated on by syntactic rules that instantiate mathematical and logical principles, and that are typically assumed to take the form of productions, laws, or probabilistic causal structures (Newell and Simon, 1976; Sloman, 1996; Anderson, 2007). Once a solution is computed, it is converted back into a publicly observable (i.e., written or spoken) linguistic or notational formalism. An influential alternative to computationalism is analogous to the semantic approach to the syllogism above: the heterogeneous family of semantic processing accounts, according to which symbolic reasoning is carried out by systems that interpret and represent meaningful mathematical and logical relations. Accounts of this type differ according to the particular representational formats they posit, ranging from amodal or generically spatial “mental models” (Johnson-Laird et al., 1992), to rich perceptual and sensorimotor “simulations” of specific objects and scenes (Barsalou, 1999), and even to indirect “conceptual metaphors” that drive people's intuitions and conclusions about a specific mathematical problem (Lakoff and Nuñez, 2000). What distinguishes these accounts from computationalism is the idea that symbolic reasoning occurs not on the basis of syntactic rules, but on the basis of meaningful interpretations of a particular mathematical or logical task domain. For example, Lakoff and Nuñez argue that real-number concepts are derived from experiences with physical lengths, and that the capacity for simple arithmetic arises from an innate ability to estimate and compare such lengths. On Johnson-Laird's “mental models” account, symbolic reasoning problems are solved by “inspecting” a mental model of the problem: the validity of “a & b ∴ b” can be determined by recognizing that “b” is a component of the model for “a & b.” In much the same way, Barsalou's “perceptual symbol systems” account suggests that logical expressions are interpreted by mentally simulating concrete scenarios to which the expression applies: a scene that includes both an apple and an orange includes an orange. Despite their differences, computationalist, and semantic processing accounts share the assumption that processes of perception and action play a relatively limited role in the process of symbolic reasoning. Although both accounts acknowledge that the perception of notations is important for the construction of internal representations, they also assume that once such representations have been constructed, the physical notations that express the original mathematical or logical problem may be ignored or altogether discarded until a solution is communicated. Notably, this even applies to accounts which, like Barsalou's, posit a special role for sensorimotor representations in general, yet attribute a curiously limited role to sensorimotor representations of the notations that are actually perceived while a symbolic reasoning task is being performed. In general, computationalist and sematic processing accounts are alike in being essentially translational: they suppose that processes of perception and action do little other than mediate between notational structures in the external environment and the internal structures and processes in which symbolic reasoning really occurs. It is worth elaborating on this translational aspect. The capacity for symbolic reasoning is expressed behaviorally by converting an input representation of a mathematics or logic problem into an output representation of a corresponding solution. Initially, the problem is represented in a public language, either as a natural-language “word problem”, or in the special notational systems designed for algebra, calculus, and logic. Eventually, this problem representation is converted into a written or spoken solution. But exactly how does this conversion occur? Like many other kinds of problem solving, the process of symbolic reasoning can be seen as a chain of transformations that links input and output representations, each of which changes its format and/or semantic structure. Some transformations, such “a and b” to “a & b,” involve a change in format without a change in semantic structure. In contrast, transformations such as “~(~a ∨ ~b) ∴ b” to “a & b ∴ b” involve changes in format and semantic structure: the resulting representation is a simplification of the original problem. Computationalist and semantic processing accounts of symbolic reasoning are equally translational because they both assume that problem representations are passed from a perceptual apparatus to an internal processing system in a form that is no simpler than the external (notational or linguistic) problem representation. That is, they assume that all transformations that involve changes in semantic structure take place “internally,” over Mentalese expressions, mental models, metaphors or simulations, and that sensorimotor interactions with physical notations involve (at most) a change in representational format. On these accounts, when a subject is asked to evaluate a formal expression such as “~(~a ∨ ~b) ∴ b,” a mental representation of that expression must be constructed before it can be simplified to “a & b ∴ b.” Similarly, notational variants of one-and-the-same proposition—e.g., “All Fs are Gs,” “(x)(Fx → Gx),” and “∀x[Fx ⊃ Gx]” will be converted into one-and-the-same Mentalese expression, mental model, metaphor or simulation. In general, therefore, computationalist and semantic processing accounts of symbolic reasoning rely equally on the assumption that the principal role of sensorimotor processes—the processes that govern the perception of and physical interaction with public symbols and expressions—is simply to provide inputs to and carry outputs from those internal structures and processes that are ultimately responsible for performing all substantial steps in a mathematical or logical problem solving chain. Toward a Constitutive Account: The Cyborg View Translational accounts of symbolic reasoning can be distinguished from constitutive accounts, in which sensorimotor mechanisms are not merely part of the causal chain that links external notations to internal representations, but are crucially involved in transforming the problem representation into one that has a simplified semantic structure. Recall that on the translationist view, mental resources can be divided into those that “translate” the outer situation into a generally isomorphic inner representation, and those that act on that representation to solve the problem. On a constitutive account, sensorimotor mechanisms not only translate the problem, they are involved in the transformations that substantively solve it. One prominent view that can be associated with such a constitutive approach might, to borrow Andy Clark's terminology, be called the cyborg view of symbolic reasoning (Clark, 2003). Grounded on recent work in the area of “situated cognition,” the cyborg view holds that notations constitute external technological artifacts that “scaffold” the biological processes involved in symbolic reasoning (Clark, 1997, 1998, 2006; Menary, 2007; Sutton, 2010). This “scaffolding” is typically achieved by notations that permit the extraneural storing, inspection, deletion and manipulation of information in a way that facilitates the execution of symbolic reasoning tasks, and has positive effects on the speed and accuracy with which these tasks can be performed as well as their potential complexity. To cite a well-known example, “carrying” a digit during a complex multiplication task by writing it on a piece of paper, adding it to the result and then crossing it out obviates the need to store and manipulate that digit in biological memory, thereby freeing up valuable cognitive resources, minimizing possible error from misremembering, and permitting the multiplication of extremely large values. One way of explaining the cognitive benefit of such “scaffolding” is to view notations as constitutive parts of integrated, boundary-crossing symbolic reasoning systems: When computing “123 × 89”, “carrying” the tens digit of the temporary product “3 × 9” and adding it to the units digit of “2 × 9” transforms the original complex multiplication problem into a series of simpler multiplication and addition problems that can easily be done in the head. Thus, the active manipulation of physical notations plays the role of “guiding” the human biological machinery through an abstract mathematical problem space—one that may far exceed the space of otherwise solvable problems. While emphasizing the ways in which notations are acted upon, however, proponents of the cyborg view rarely consider how such notations are perceived. Sometimes, this neglect is intentional, as when the utility of cognitive artifacts is explained by stating that they become assimilated into a “body schema” in which “sensorimotor capacities function without… the necessity of perceptual monitoring” (Gallagher, 2005, p. 25). At other times, this neglect seems to be unintended, however, and subject to corrective elaboration. For example, although Andy Clark (1998, p. 168) argues that the human ability to deploy and manipulate notations in symbolic reasoning tasks “involves the use of the same old (essentially pattern-completing) resources to model the special kinds of behavior observed in the public [notational] world,” it remains unclear exactly which pattern-completing resources are in play, and what kinds of patterns they complete. In general, therefore, although cyborg theorists have shown quite successfully that notations can be constitutively involved in symbolic reasoning, and have made great strides in cataloguing the kinds of bodily interactions that lead to cognitive success, few specific details have emerged regarding the relevant perceptual processes that facilitate these interactions, as well as the physical characteristics that determine when and why a particular notation is cognitively beneficial. Consider how such details might explain the influence of visual structure on algorithmic reasoning discussed earlier. Order of operations behavior need not be implemented in a set of high-level productions or in a collection of explicit memorized rules, but also need not be determined by active manipulations of physical notations. Instead, such behavior might largely depend on visual processes that segment the scene into parts, wholes, and groups. One possibility is that because the algebraic system tends to align spatial structure and precedence rules, perceptual grouping processes acquire biases compatible with those rules (Kirshner and Awtry, 2004); another is that because proofs tend to maintain tightly bound structures, leading to increased statistical regularity in high precedence operations, experience with algebraic derivations modifies perceptual organization. Other regular cultural cues have long been known to impact grouping (Wertheimer, 1923/1938). By extending the cyborg view's emphasis on environmental interaction with a detailed understanding of perceptual processing, a theoretical framework might be developed that accounts for the effect of aligning visual grouping and syntactic binding discussed earlier (see Figure 1), but that may also explain many other episodes of formally correct and incorrect symbolic reasoning. In what follows, we articulate a constitutive account of symbolic reasoning, Perceptual Manipulations Theory, that seeks to elaborate on the cyborg view in exactly this way. While accommodating the cyborg view's emphasis on the active manipulation of physical notations, Perceptual Manipulations Theory additionally emphasizes the perceptual processes that facilitate and govern such manipulations, as well as the physical characteristics of particularly successful (and unsuccessful) notational formalisms. On our view, the way in which physical notations are perceived is at least as important as the way in which they are actively manipulated. Perceptual Manipulations Theory Perceptual Manipulations Theory (PMT) goes further than the cyborg account in emphasizing the perceptual nature of symbolic reasoning. External symbolic notations need not be translated into internal representational structures, but neither does all mathematical reasoning occur by manipulating perceived notations on paper. Rather, complex visual and auditory processes such as affordance learning, perceptual pattern-matching and perceptual grouping of notational structures produce simplified representations of the mathematical problem, simplifying the task faced by the rest of the symbolic reasoning system. Perceptual processes exploit the typically well-designed features of physical notations to automatically reduce and simplify difficult, routine formal chores, and so are themselves constitutively involved in the capacity for symbolic reasoning. Moreover, if a particular symbolic reasoning problem cannot be solved by perceptual processing and active manipulation of physical notations alone, subjects often invoke detail-rich sensorimotor representations that closely resemble the physical notations in which that problem was originally encountered. On our view, therefore, much of the capacity for symbolic reasoning is implemented as the perception, manipulation and modal and cross-modal representation of externally perceived notations. The neural processes that PMT takes to be involved in symbolic reasoning almost never have as their primary function the implementation of amodally represented rules or models. Instead, they include sensorimotor systems for visual grouping and perceptual organization, object recognition, object tracking and symmetry detection, among others. Although skills such as object-recognition may appear quintessentially “cognitive” to some, we treat them as sensorimotor capacities to highlight the fact that, rather than apply to abstract mathematical or logical entities, they apply directly to the physical properties of notations in the environment such as shape, relative spacing and position. Indeed, insofar as most mathematical and logical notations are well-designed, these properties are frequently suggestive of how they ought to be manipulated, thus promoting formally valid “symbol-pushing”. For example, the fact that the multiplicands in “xy + z” are closer to one another than to the additive term can be understood as a manifestation of the order-of-operations rule that multiplication is to be performed before addition—a manifestation that is immediately recognized by mechanisms of perceptual grouping (see section Evidence for Perceptual Manipulations Theory). Notably, such sensorimotor competences are often more robust than the formal systems to which they are applied: while a formula such as “(((P→((Q&R)” would be rejected by a machine following strict well-formedness rules, even beginning logic students interpret it as a conditional, and must be explicitly trained by pedagogues with ulterior motives to focus on a narrower set of structural elements. As we discuss in greater detail below, a wide range of (correct and incorrect) mathematical behavior can be attributed to the way the perceived details of formal notations “interlock” with domain-general sensorimotor capacities. Perceptual Manipulations Theory suggests that most symbolic reasoning emerges from the ways in which notational formalisms are perceived and manipulated. Nevertheless, direct sensorimotor processing of physical stimuli is augmented by the capacity to imagine and manipulate mental representations of notational markings. Faculties of spatial reasoning, mental transformation, referential symbolism and a rich set of capacities for acquiring and imagining physical behaviors such as walking, pointing, writing, and erasing can all be used to internally reproduce the actual perceived details of physical notations and to mentally manipulate them in ways that resemble physical actions. Insofar as our account emphasizes perceptual representations of formal notations and imagined notation-manipulations, it can be contrasted with Barsalou's perceptual symbol systems account, in which “people often construct non-formal simulations to solve formal problems” (Barsalou, 1999, 606). Moreover, our emphasis differs from standard “conceptual metaphor” accounts, which suggest that formal reasoners rely on a “semantic backdrop” of embodied experiences and sensorimotor capacities to interpret abstract mathematical concepts. Our account is probably closest to one articulated by Dörfler (2002), who like us emphasizes the importance of treating elements of notational systems as physical objects rather than as meaning-carrying symbols. Although there are clear differences between PMT and other accounts of symbolic reasoning, our view incorporates elements from many of them—albeit with a greater emphasis on perception. For illustration, consider a student already competent in logic now learning set theory. The perceivable physical similarities of ∩ and ∪ to ∧ and ∨, including the up-down symmetry between each pair, serve as a perceptual, rather than conceptual, metaphor. To see how this metaphor may be applied, consider the duality principle that which bears a striking visual similarity to De Morgan's law, This visual similarity is partially a result of common symbology, including the use of capital letters for elements, the use of horizontal lines for equality, the use of bars for negation, and the above-mentioned use of similar shapes for basic operations. Partially, though, the similarity results from the arrangement of these parts—if one is written in prefix notation, for instance, the similarity is markedly decreased (it is beyond the scope of this work to attempt a general definition of similarity; for a review, see Goldstone and Son, 2005). For a student learning a new formal system, these notational similarities ground the transformations typical to set theory by mapping them onto the more familiar domain of logic, facilitating the application of similar principles and ideas, and licensing particular manipulations, sometimes even prior to obtaining a rich understanding of the conceptual issues involved. To the degree that these inferences are licensed, learning may be facilitated. Although the relevant perceptual and sensorimotor processes are modality-specific, when mathematical notations are well-designed, human mathematical competence can be incredibly flexible: radically different mathematical and logical propositions can be treated in similar formal ways because of similarities in the way in which they are physically manifested as notations. Of course, it is not always or often the case that capturing visual and semantic regularities across domains is the explicit goal of mathematicians introducing notation (though see Smaill, 2012, for one apparent case). We predict, however, that when there are significant visual similarities in notations used across domains, people will tend to import assumptions from a well-understood domain into a novel one. Perceptual Manipulations Theory also posits a novel psychological role for much-discussed magnitude- and quantity-detection systems. Visual quantity (e.g., the number of blocks, dots, or sheep presented in a drawing or on a computer screen) is often thought to be directly represented by an evolved “number system” dedicated to amodal magnitude representation (Gelman and Gallistel, 1978; Barth et al., 2003; Dehaene et al., 2004; Machery, 2007). It has been argued that such quantity-sensitive mechanisms provide the basic representational vehicles over which formal mathematical reasoning occurs (Gallistel et al., 2005; Spelke, 2005; Carey, 2009), but PMT holds a more textured view. Quantity-sensitive mechanisms certainly sometimes represent numbers. In symbolic reasoning tasks, however, a primary function of magnitude and quantity-detection systems is to enable reasoners to track magnitude and quantity properties of notational formalisms. For example, when dealing with large numbers such as “ 3,000,000,” magnitude-detection plays a role in keeping track of the number of digits (Hinrichs et al., 1982). Similarly, when teaching a rule such as the product rule captured by “a5a3 = a8,” a teacher may write something like “ (aaaaa) × (aaa) = (aaaaaaaa)” and let magnitude-detection (and explicit counting) systems do the rest. Thus, a significant portion of the verification process may be implemented by perceptual and sensorimotor skills and quantity-detection systems that process the notational formalism itself, without necessarily interpreting the notation's meaning. The emphasis that PMT places on domain-general systems for perceptual processing and bodily interaction with physical systems of notations underscores the importance of the historical development of a common set of well-designed mathematical notations. Although historically the development of visual commonalities across notations may have been largely accidental, this development has served mathematics well, providing visual cues that allow the human perceptual and motor systems to effectively operate over them. One prediction of PMT is that when notations align perceptual and structural similarities, learning will be facilitated. Of course, when they misalign, as they sometimes do, learning is predicted to be impaired (Marquis, 1988 discusses several such cases). Still, better notation systems could yet be constructed in all branches of formal reasoning to take full advantage of visual cues that automatically “steer” the reasoner in the direction of formally valid solutions. In this way, the human capacity for symbolic reasoning winds up being ordinary, bodily situatedness in novel, artifactual sensorimotor space: the space of (well-designed!) notations. Evidence for Perceptual Manipulations Theory Most of the existing literature on symbolic reasoning has been developed using an implicitly or explicitly translational perspective. Although we do not believe that the current evidence is enough to completely dislodge this perspective, it does show that sensorimotor processing influences the capacity for symbolic reasoning in a number of interesting and surprising ways. The translational view easily accounts for cases in which individual symbols are more readily perceived based on external format. For example, blurring symbols will make them harder to perceive. Perceptual Manipulations Theory also predicts this sort of impact, but further predicts that perceived structures will affect the application of rules—since rules are presumed to be implemented via systems involved in perceiving that structure. In this section, we will review several empirical sources of evidence for the impact of visual structure on the implementation of formal rules. Although translational accounts may eventually be elaborated to accommodate this evidence, it is far more easily and naturally accommodated by accounts which, like PMT, attribute a constitutive role to perceptual processing. Perceptual Manipulations Theory holds that skill with symbol systems is implemented in alignments between elements of external notations and perceptual and motor systems. Therefore, it predicts that the physical appearance of notations should strongly influence formal behavior. For example, it should be difficult to differentially respond to two similar-looking notational forms even if they are conceptually dissimilar. Substantial evidence suggests that this prediction holds. For example, Kirshner and Awtry (2004) show that the common mistake of confusing the valid rule regarding multiplication of two like terms by adding their exponents (an ∗ am = an + m) with the visually similar but invalid rule regarding added terms (an + am = an + m) can be avoided by teaching students a linguistic notation in which these equations no longer resemble one another. In the same way, common mistakes such as can be prevented just by changing the notational format in which they are learned (see Marquis, 1988 for several examples of visual patterns in algebra). The frequency of these mistakes—as well as the fact that they can be prevented by switching notational formats—are hard to explain from a translational perspective in which perceived problems are converted into inner propositions or models, and in which formal dissimilarity ought to trump visual similarity. In contrast, they are quite easily explained from a perspective that attributes a constitutive role to perceptual processing. What appears to be happening is that students apply a very general maxim of perceptual pattern learning: if two things look similar, similar things can probably be done with them, and if they look different, they require different actions. Although this is not a formally valid way of reasoning over symbol systems (and indeed, often leads to the mistakes reported above), this general strategy may lead to correct solutions whenever visual similarity does mirror formal similarity (see also Cohen Kadosh, 2009). Indeed, such mirroring is widespread, and appears to be regularly exploited by reasoners. Consider the way algebraic notation aligns formal structure with perceptual grouping in the expression Here, formal structure is mirrored in the visual grouping structure created both by the spacing (b and c are multiplied, then added to a) and by the physical demarcation of the horizontal line. Instead of applying abstract mathematical rules to process such expressions, Landy and Goldstone (2007a,b see also Kirshner, 1989) propose that reasoners leverage visual grouping strategies to directly segment such equations into multi-symbol visual chunks. To test this hypothesis, they investigated the way manipulations of visual groups affect participants' application of operator precedence rules. Maruyama et al. (2012) argue on the basis of fMRI and MEG evidence that mathematical expressions like these are parsed quickly by visual cortex, using mechanisms that are shared with non-mathematical spatial perception tasks. Interestingly, perceptual processes play a role not only in the way notations are perceived, but also in the way they are created. By studying beginning logic students' physical arrangement of logical formulae in an online natural deduction tutoring system (Allen and Menzel, 2007), Landy and Goldstone (2007b) found statistically significant patterns of space-insertion consistent with the hypothesis that spaces are used to aid visual grouping within logical formulae. That is, reasoners not only exploit visual groups that are already present in the physical representation of a symbolic reasoning task, but also actively and endogenously reproduce such groups when they make it easier to find a solution. But why do reasoners insert such formally irrelevant features to their written notational formalisms? From a translational perspective, this question is difficult to answer: once a solution to a symbolic reasoning problem is computed, it merely needs to be translated into a public language, one in which the observed space-insertion patterns are formally irrelevant. From the perspective of PMT, however, it seems likely that such patterns either derive from the possibility that mathematical and logical equations are internally encoded in a perceptually-rich format in which details about spacing is retained, or from the utility of such patterns in computing intermediate solutions on paper by applying the same visual object-segmentation systems that were initially used to interpret the problem. Supporting the possibility that spatial structure plays a crucial role in the process of interpretation of equations, Jiang et al. (in press) report that subjects inventing story problems match the physical structure of provided equations. The visual system is well-known to be particularly responsive to dynamic stimuli such as motion. This is reflected in the apparent relevance of motion and transformation in algebraic understanding of proofs. Nogueira de Lima and Tall (2007) documented that schoolchildren learning algebra often treat transformations such as not as the repeated application of formal Euclidean axioms, but as “magic motion,” in which a term moves to the other side of the equation and “flips” sign. Landy and Goldstone (2009) suggest that this reference to motion is no mere metaphor. Subjects with significant training in calculus found it easier to solve problems of this form when an irrelevant field of background dots moved in the same direction as the variables, than when the dots moved in the contrary direction. One suggestion of PMT is that mathematical concepts may be encoded using multiple strategies, and that perceptual-motor strategies may emerge over the process of using a symbol system. As an example, Varma and Schwartz (2011) examine the case of negative number acquisition, and in particular the acquisition of processes allowing the comparison of positive and negative numbers. Initially, learners are faster at comparing numbers that are close together when one is positive and the other negative—a reversal of the usual distance effect that holds with positive numbers (Moyer and Landauer, 1967)—but one that is consistent with a rule-based strategy involving comparing signs. More expert learners show a typical size effect, so that numbers that are ‘far apart’ are discriminated more quickly. The authors suggest that negative numbers are initially processed by children using rules, but that “symbolic manipulation can transform an existing magnitude representation so that it incorporates additional perceptual-motor structure.” In summary, PMT suggests that learning how to perceptually and physically engage notations is critical to the capacity for reasoning in accordance with their mathematical meanings. To be successful, learners must discover which aspects of a notation are relevant and meaningfully aligned with mathematical rules and concepts, and must then acquire an appropriately “rigged up” sensorimotor system (see also: Goldstone et al., 2010). Although the sensorimotor skillset required for sophisticated symbolic reasoning is likely to be highly developed and available to learners only after some struggle (Piaget, 1953; Bednarz et al., 1996), Kellman et al. (2008) have already found that training students to recognize algebraic expressions using standard perceptual learning techniques leads to lasting gains both in equation reading and comprehension, as well as in algebraic problem-solving. Indeed, substantial evidence indicates that notation systems that align with computationally useful processes are relatively easy to acquire across a variety of domains including arithmetic and algebra (Kirshner and Awtry, 2004; Landy and Goldstone, 2007c), electric circuit design (Cheng, 1999), and sequence and grammar learning (Pothos et al., 2006; Endress et al., 2007). Our account expects such results because appropriate alignment between the formal and the perceptual significantly simplifies the search for correct solutions. Although we will not speculate extensively about possible implications for mathematics education, results such as these also suggest that the PMT approach can be a productive way to think about new pedagogical approaches to designing and reasoning with formal notations. In particular, it seems likely that the most effective and easily-learned notations and rule-systems are the ones that have greatest alignment with preexisting or easily learned perceptual and sensorimotor routines. On our view, one principal virtue of well-structured notation systems is that they leverage automatic sensorimotor operations by making their products formally useful, and the better the alignment between the formal and the sensorimotor, the more useful those products will be. Is There a “Fundamental” Mathematical Reasoning System? A contribution of PMT is that it provides a novel account of how to bring mathematical and logical reasoning into the fold of embodied cognition more generally. Although PMT accommodates the cyborg view and its emphasis of the environment, it adds a detailed conception of the constitutive role of perceptual processing in symbolic reasoning: perception is at least as important as physical manipulation. One consequence of this view is that mathematical and logical reasoning need not be rooted in single, special-purpose cognitive mechanisms. Although we do not deny the existence of amodal numerosity or magnitude detection systems, our account does not assign those systems a uniquely fundamental role in the development of mathematical reasoning capacities. Instead, on our view symbolic reasoning is carried out by a wide variety of perceptual and motor skills, including fast numerosity and magnitude evaluation; repeatable actions like pointing, counting, and stacking; object segmentation and grouping; motion detection and visualization; writing and reading; and many other sensorimotor skills. Additionally, it seems reasonable to assume that the same sensorimotor skillset may also play a pivotal role in other mathematical domains such as geometry and category theory, the elementary portions of which both of which rely considerably on diagrams and other iconic notations. More controversially perhaps, since all areas of mathematics and symbolic reasoning involve—at some point—the learning of rules and abstract principles via notational systems, it may even be the case that the same perceptual and motor processes that implement the capacity for symbolic reasoning also play different but equally fundamental roles in implementing various kinds of abstract reasoning in mathematics and beyond. Whether this leaves any significant role for amodal systems remains to be seen, but see Dove (in press) for an argument for representational pluralism. A corollary of the claim that symbolic and other forms of mathematical and logical reasoning are grounded in a wide variety of sensorimotor skills is that symbolic reasoning is likely to be both idiosyncratic and context-specific. For one, different individuals may rely on different embodied strategies, depending on their particular history of experience and engagement with particular notational systems. For another, even a single individual may rely on different strategies in different situations, depending on the particular notations being employed at the time. Some of the relevant strategies may cross modalities, and be applicable in various mathematical domains; others may exist only within a single modality and within a limited formal context. For example, consider the fact that there is significant potential for error when a successful strategy in one domain is exported to another domain—as, for example, when beginning logic students make the mistake of distributing a negation across a conjunction, going from ~(X & Y) to (~X & ~Y), because they perceive a similarity to the algebraically legal manipulation of −(x + y) to (−x + y). Although in this particular case such cross-domain mapping leads to a formal error, it need not always be mistaken—as when understanding that “~~X” is equivalent to “X,” just as “−−x” is equal to “x.” In some contexts, such perceptual strategies lead to mathematical success. In other contexts, however, the same strategies lead to mathematical failure. If the capacity for symbolic reasoning is in fact idiosyncratic and context-dependent in the way suggested here, what are the implications for scientific psychology? PMT implies that the “deep” facts about human mathematical, algebraic, logical, and other mathematical abilities are unlikely to be facts about inner computations and models, but are instead facts about how humans manage to exploit perceptual and sensorimotor strategies in appropriate, context-specific ways—and about how they fall prey to these strategies when applying them inappropriately. The reason that mathematicians have the intuition that people who are merely “pushing symbols” are failing to grasp fundamental mathematical meanings is that they are indeed failing to do so—though this failure may be more widespread, and indeed more powerful, than mathematicians and psychologists have previously assumed. Being more specific than this, however, seems difficult. Therefore, the key to understanding the human capacity for symbolic reasoning in general will be to characterize typical sensorimotor strategies, and to understand the particular conditions in which those strategies are successful or unsuccessful. What is Mathematical Rule-Following and Who is the Mathematical Rule-Follower? Perceptual Manipulations Theory claims that symbolic reasoning is implemented over interactions between perceptual and motor processes with real or imagined notational environments. Since symbolic reasoning involves manipulating symbols and expressions according to mathematical and logical rules, this view implies that the human ability to follow abstract mathematical and logical rules is carried out by sensorimotor processes that apply to concrete—i.e., readily perceivable and physically manipulatable—notations. But how is it that “primitive” sensorimotor processes can give rise to some of the most sophisticated mathematical behaviors? Unlike many traditional accounts, PMT does not presuppose that mathematical and logical rules must be internally represented in order to be followed. Rather, overt rule-following emerges from the fine-tuned interactions between the perceptual and sensorimotor systems with well-designed physical notations—symbolic reasoning is a form of sophisticated “symbol pushing” that happens to adhere to the formal rules of mathematics and logic, due to a lengthy process of cultural adaptation and pedagogical scaffolding. Like interlocking puzzle pieces that together form a larger image, sensorimotor mechanisms and physical notations “interlock” to produce sophisticated mathematical behaviors. Insofar as mathematical rule-following emerges from active engagement with physical notations, the mathematical rule-follower is a distributed system that spans the boundaries between brain, body, and environment. For this interlocking to promote mathematically appropriate behavior, however, the relevant perceptual and sensorimotor mechanisms must be just as well-trained as the physical notations must be well-designed. Thus, on one hand, the development of symbolic reasoning abilities in an individual subject will depend on the development of a sophisticated sensorimotor skillset in the way outlined above. On the other hand, the development of symbolic reasoning abilities within a society will depend on the availability of notational formalisms that promote formally valid “symbol-pushing.” Indeed, the development of mathematical expertise is often historically cotemporaneous with the development of powerful, efficient, and easily learned systems of formal mathematical and logical notation (Dantzig, 1954; Stedall, 2007). We have described an approach to symbolic reasoning which closely ties it to the perceptual and sensorimotor mechanisms that engage physical notations. We argued for this approach on the basis of empirical evidence that shows algebraic and mathematical knowledge to be surprisingly fragile in the face of minor perceivable differences, and on the basis of evidence that suggests that competent symbolic reasoners typically rely on semantically irrelevant properties of notational formulae in order to quickly and accurately—but also sometimes inaccurately—solve symbolic reasoning problems. With respect to this evidence, PMT compares favorably to traditional “translational” accounts of symbolic reasoning. Nevertheless, there is probably no uniquely correct answer to the question of how people do mathematics. Indeed, it is important to consider the relative merits of all competing accounts and to incorporate the best elements of each. Just as the particular sensorimotor strategies being invoked are likely to differ across individuals and situations, it is also likely that different episodes of symbolic reasoning require different explanations—be they in terms of comparisons based on conceptual metaphors, situated interactions with notations, or even conscious applications of formal rules. Although we believe that most of our mathematical abilities are rooted in our past experience and engagement with notations, we do not depend on these notations at all times. Moreover, even when we do engage with physical notations, there is a place for semantic metaphors and conscious mathematical rule following. Therefore, although it seems likely that abstract mathematical ability relies heavily on personal histories of active engagement with notational formalisms, this is unlikely to be the story as a whole. It is also why non-human animals, despite in some cases having similar perceptual systems, fail to develop significant mathematical competence even when immersed in a human symbolic environment. Although some animals have been taught to order a small subset of the numerals (less than 10) and carry out simple numerosity tasks within that range, they fail to generalize the patterns required for the indefinite counting that children are capable of mastering, albeit with much time and effort. If we consider the working memory requirements for noticing that the pattern ___-ty one, ___-ty two, ___-ty three, etc. repeats after “twen-,” “thir-,” “for-,” and so on, then it may not seem so unlikely that only a species with a rather large brain could even notice let alone generalize the pattern. And without that basis for understanding the domain and range of symbols to which arithmetical operations can be applied, there is no basis for further development of mathematical competence. Although we have not accounted for forms of mathematical reasoning beyond symbolic reasoning except in passing, the account of mathematical rule-following suggested here points toward the possibility that processes of perception, visualization, and interaction may play a crucial constitutive role in mathematical and logical reasoning in general. Unlike more established views, many of which acknowledge the utility of mathematical notations as concise representations of abstract mathematical meanings but then go on to downplay their importance for symbolic reasoning proper, PMT suggests that notations and the sensorimotor processes that engage them are often at the very heart of high-level mathematical and logical cognition. In this vein, since many forms of advanced mathematical reasoning rely on graphical representations and geometric principles, it would be surprising to find that perceptual and sensorimotor processes are not involved in a constitutive way. Therefore, by accounting for symbolic reasoning—perhaps the most abstract of all forms of mathematical reasoning—in perceptual and sensorimotor terms, we have attempted to lay the groundwork for an account of mathematical and logical reasoning more generally. The potential for a satisfying unification of the successes and failures of human symbolic and other forms of mathematical reasoning under a common set of mechanisms provides us with the confidence to claim that this is a topic worthy of further investigation, both empirical and philosophical. Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Allen, C., and Menzel, C. P. (2007). The Logic Daemon and Quizmaster. Available online at: http://logic.tamu.edu/. (Accessed April 9, 2014) Clark, A. (1998). “Magic words: how language augments human computation,” in Language and Thought: Interdisciplinary Themes, eds P. Carruthers and J. Boucher (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 162–183. Kellman, P. J., Massey, C. M., Roth, Z., Burke, T., Zucker, J., Saw, A., et al. (2008). Perceptual learning and the technology of expertise: fraction learning and algebra. Cogn. Pragmatics Spec. Issue Cogn. Technol. 16, 356–405. doi: 10.1075/p&c.16.2.07kel Kemp, C., Goodman, N. D., and Tenenbaum, J. B. (2008). “Theory acquisition and the language of thought,” in Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, eds B. C. Love, K. McRae, and V. M. Sloutsky (Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society), 1606–1611. Maruyama, M., Pallier, C., Jobert, A., Sigman, M., and Dehaene, S. (2012). The cortical representation of simple mathematical expressions. Neuroimage 61, 1444–1460. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.020 Smaill, A. (2012). “Mathematical notation and analogy,” in Symposium on Mathematical Practice and Cognition II. Paper Presented at AISB/IACAP World Congress (30-31), eds A. Pease, and B. Larvor (Birmingham: The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behavior). Sutton, J. (2010). “Exograms and interdisciplinarity: history, the extended mind, and the civilizing process,” in The Extended Mind, ed R. Menary (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 189–226. doi: 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014038.003.0009 Varma, S., and Schwartz, D. L. (2011). The mental representation of integers: an abstract-to-concrete shift in the understanding of mathematical concepts. Cognition 121, 363–385. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.08.005 Keywords: human reasoning, formal logic, mathematics, embodied cognition, perception Citation: Landy D, Allen C and Zednik C (2014) A perceptual account of symbolic reasoning. Front. Psychol. 5:275. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00275 Received: 11 December 2013; Accepted: 14 March 2014; Published online: 21 April 2014. Edited by:Guy Dove, University of Louisville, USA Reviewed by:Guy Dove, University of Louisville, USA Robert Douglas Rupert, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA Copyright © 2014 Landy, Allen and Zednik. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. *Correspondence: David Landy, Psychological and Brain Science/Cognitive Science, Indiana University, 107 s Indiana Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA e-mail: email@example.com; Colin Allen, History and Philosophy of Science/Cognitive Science, Indiana University, 107 s Indiana Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Does this week seem like any other week? Think again. Check out some of the most important political events that happened this week in history. 1861: The Confederate States of America officially separated from the Union by adopting the Confederate constitution. Delegates from South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, Georgia and Texas gathered in Montgomery, Alabama to approve it. Though it repeated much of the wording used in the Constitution of the United States, the Confederate constitution more closely resembled the Articles of Confederation by giving states expansive powers. 1941: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Lend-Lease Act as a way to help Great Britain fight against Germany in World War II. The U.S. stayed out of the fighting until the attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7. The Lend-Lease Act gave U.S. allies money and resources they could use in the struggle against the Nazis. By the time the war ended five years later, more than $50 billion in weapons and funding had been provided to 44 countries. 1942: Under orders from President Roosevelt, General Douglas MacArthur left the Philippine Island of Corregidor after months trying to defend it from a Japanese takeover. Although General MacArthur departed, more than 90,000 U.S. and Filipino troops were left behind. MacArthur famously said, "I shall return," vowing to recapture the Philippines. He came back to the Philippines in 1944. About one third of the soldiers originally left behind had survived. 1933: President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave his first "fireside chat" radio address eight days after his first inauguration. The address was broadcast nationally from the White House. During his first broadcast, the President spoke about banking and his decision to close the nation's banks in order to prevent panic withdrawals. The U.S. was struggling through the Great Depression with unemployment estimated between 25 and 30 percent. 1947: On this day, President Truman spoke to a joint session of Congress and asked that the U.S. help in the fight against communist domination in Greece and Turkey. It was an important escalation of the Cold War. 1993: Janet Reno was sworn in by President Bill Clinton as the first female Attorney General of the United States. 1868: The first impeachment trial of an American president began, with President Andrew Johnson accused of violating the Tenure of Office Act. It was supposed to prevent the president from removing federal officials and Cabinet members without the consent of the Senate. After a divisive struggle with the Senate, Johnson appointed General Lorenzo Thomas as Secretary of War in place of Edwin M. Stanton. In response, the House of Representatives initiated a formal impeachment trial. The President was eventually judged not guilty and remained in office. 1942: The U.S. Army began training dogs for military use in its K-9 Corps program. 1950: The Federal Bureau of Investigation debuted its "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" list. The list began as an effort to publicize dangerous fugitives and help get them behind bars. 1967: President John F. Kennedy's body was moved to its permanent gravesite at Arlington National Cemetery. The President's original plot, after he was assassinated in 1963, was located close to the final burial site. An eternal flame burns there in his memory. 1969: President Nixon said that troop withdrawals from Vietnam are unlikely despite secret talks with advisers. Withdrawals began some months later in the fall of 1969. 1767: President Andrew Jackson was born in the backwoods between North and South Carolina. 1860: Maine entered the Union as the 23rd state. The designation of Maine as a free state was agreed upon by Southern states in exchange for Missouri's status as a slave state. 1965: President Lyndon B. Johnson urged Congress to pass legislation to guarantee equal voting rights for all. The law that followed was a high moment of the American Civil Rights movement.
It is interesting sometimes to take a random fact and ponder its implications. For instance, this article mentions that people with college degrees are less likely to be obese than those who went no further than high school. What does this mean in terms of childhood obesity? For one thing, it is possible that the social unease experienced by obese teenagers could encourage behavior like ditching school. Being fat-shamed might lead to a general lack of confidence that would make grades drop, and thoughts of higher education fall by the wayside. What are grades, when you can neither be nor date a cheerleader? A kid who is sick of being bullied or ignored might think, “What’s the use? College will probably just be more of the same,” and become de-motivated. It seems pretty apparent that every societal problem that concerns obesity could be greatly alleviated by concentrating on obesity among children. The earlier obesity starts, the more difficult it is to escape. The longer it continues, the longer it will take to shed the extra pounds. Early intervention must be the key to all future transactions between people’s bodies and the culture they live in. Or maybe not. A persuasive philosophy holds that kids are already too restricted, harnessed, manipulated, scrutinized, pressured, or exploited. When it comes to child-rearing, the happy medium between license and over-control seems impossible to find. This can be the case in the micro-world of the family and the macro-universe of society. People with diverse views on other issues often agree that there is too much government control of one thing or another. For instance, there are strong arguments against requiring schools to be involved in weight surveillance. Such a policy encourages bullying, they say. Also, bringing schools into the loop is said not to make any difference in the results. According to a CNN article, about 40% of American children are likely to have letters or “report cards” about their weight sent home. This is based on a study published by JAMA Pediatrics. The team looked at 29,000 California children in third through seventh grade. Research indicates that the results are mixed, at best: Such BMI report cards “increase parents’ weight-related anxiety but provide little guidance about evidence-based health promotion strategies and offer no structural support for behavior change,” said Dr. Tracy K. Richmond, an eating disorder specialist. An increase in eating disorders is indeed one of the fears aroused by school involvement in monitoring weight. For parents who are uneasy with this practice, it is one area in which parents can make a difference by becoming activists at the local and state level. Another point of view sees nothing wrong in the basic principle of school involvement but asserts that Body Mass Index measurement is not the way to go. Of course, everything else depends on the current response to COVID-19. Will children even be in school? If they are, will the distancing rules preclude such activities as weight measurement? Your responses and feedback are welcome! Source: “Most Obese States 2021,” WorldPopulationReview.com, undated Source: “School warnings about children’s weight don’t work, study says,” KVIA.com, 11/16/20 Images by Harmony and puuikibeach/CC BY 2.0
Automated production scheduling handles the job scheduling in the production process. It streamlines the sequence of tasks and finds the most efficient way of using resources. Automated production scheduling gives time to employees and machinery. As well, it considers all production conditions. These could be employee vacation, skill level, machinery downtime, etc. Research in manufacturing identifies many factors influencing production schedules. Some of these are job machine capacities, machine availabilities, lot-size restrictions, production levels, cost restrictions, release dates, operation precedence, job priorities, and other resource requirements and availabilities. As a result production job scheduling can be complex. Automated production scheduling handles all the dependencies in production planning and scheduling. As a result, it simplifies the scheduling process and makes it efficient. In automated production planning and scheduling software, this is handled through different modules. These modules could vary based on the software. For example, the automated production planning software QShop includes: - Dynamic scheduling: For changing priorities - Capacity planning: For determining production capacity to meet the future demand - Employee scheduling: For managing working hours to maximize productivity - Equipment scheduling: For allocating equipment to reduce downtime - Visual scheduling: For scheduling using Gantt charts to ease changing schedules - Visual Routing: For displaying and organizing the process and material flow in production - Budgeting: For displaying scheduling and financial outcomes in weeks and months to come - Estimation: For giving visibility over resources required to complete a job (jobs) How automated production scheduling can help your business? - Identify Idle time and Reduce them - Identify Bottlenecks in the production - Optimize Resource Allocation and Utilization - Customer Responsiveness and Increasing Profitability - Get Visibility over the Entire Production 1- Identify Idle time and Reduce them Idle time in production means the time that resources such as machines, employees, or materials are not working or creating output. According to The Lean Six SIGMA Pocket Toolbook, “Idle time is the enemy of productivity. When machines are idle, they are not making money. When people are idle, they are not creating value. And when materials are idle, they are not contributing to the finished product.” Automated production scheduling helps you find the cause of idle time in your production. Meaning, in real-time you can see how or why production delays happen. Similarly, you can uncover the cause of a possible delay. These could be due to labor shortages, equipment capacity, parts unavailability, or other factors. Having such visibility over production allows you to take action fast and rectify the delay. For example: Consider a scenario when you come to the office on a Monday morning. You run your scheduling system and see that this morning all your orders are in red on the dashboard. As a result, promised customer deadlines will be delayed in the next few months. You might think that everything looked fine on Friday. But somehow all your production schedules are behind as of Monday morning. What could be wrong? An automated production scheduling system like QShop has several dashboards. This can help you identify such a problem quickly. After looking into your job scheduling dashboards you find the cause. You realize that a key employee had an accident over the weekend and will be away for many weeks. The ability to find the root cause of production delays gives you an opportunity to address the issue early. 2- Identify Bottlenecks in the Production An automated production scheduling identifies bottlenecks in production. A bottleneck is a production constraint that causes delay and leads to inefficiency. “A bottleneck is any resource whose capacity is equal to or less than the demand placed upon it.” A non-bottleneck refers to a resource that handles more capacity than the demand on it. In production, you want to have visibility over bottlenecks and not-bottleneck resources. As the well-known adage suggests, “the strength of the chain is determined by the weakest link.” Because bottlenecks hinder the production output, regardless of all other resources. They slow down production and increase operating costs. An automated scheduler can help you spot production bottlenecks in real-time scheduling. Moreover, it makes it easier to rectify the restraints. To sum up, automated job scheduling highlights production bottlenecks. Identifying bottlenecks optimizes workflow. It streamlines production, reduces costs, and leads to higher customer satisfaction. 3- Optimize Resource Allocation and Utilization Scheduling is about allocating resources to the required task on the shop floor to reach the production output. Automated job scheduling makes sure that all the right resources are available at the right time. Automated production scheduling can help to make labor allocation as efficient as possible by: - Assigning tasks to the most suitable employees based on their skills and availability. - Adjusting in real time to account for unexpected absences and changes in priorities. - Reducing idle time, extra labor, and overtime by efficiently allocating employee hours. Similarly, when it comes to machinery, automated production planning, and scheduling software: - Give real-time visibility over the status of all equipment and mark their availability - Assign tasks to machinery based on all other parameters in the job scheduling - Reduce machinery idle time and cut equipment downtime. This ensures the highest throughput in production. 4- Customer Responsiveness and Increasing Profitability Automated production scheduling ensures all production needs are lined up when needed. This reduces the costs associated with idle time, overproduction, and resource underutilization. As a result, job scheduling and planning software leads to cost savings and an increase in profitability. Furthermore, the ability to run production scheduling several times allows for dynamic scheduling. This means you can respond to customer demands, and change job priorities. Moreover, you can see how changes in your scheduling change your budget, weeks, and months in the future. As a result, you can make the right decision that best fits your business goals and improve customer satisfaction. 5- Get Visibility over the Entire Production with automated production scheduling Production and planning scheduling software gives insight into the entire production. Access to real-time data from production and job scheduling enables faster decision-making. Automated production scheduling connects to data from various parts of the production. Access to this data through dashboards gives you the power to make business decisions with clarity and assurance. Further, you can realistically assess your production capabilities and capacities. Depending on the solution, automated job scheduling software will have many dashboards. This is to give you insight into your production. Here are examples of dashboards that the QShop job scheduling system offers: - Budgeting Dashboard: Planning your cashflow for months ahead - Employee Utilization Dashboard: displays employees’ work allocation over a time horizon - Equipment Utilization Dashboard: displays the ratio of the in-use time to idle time, earned value - On-time Delivery Dashboard: Monitors real-time achievement of on-time delivery over the time horizon. It shows the percentage of orders delivered on-time, possible delays or other issues. - Capacity Planning Dashboard: Gives insight into production capacity, and forecast demand. Helps to assign resources to ensure meeting customer demands - Real-time Job Progress Dashboard: Presents real-time job progress and status. - Multiple If-Scenario Dashboard: Trying different scheduling scenarios for best budgeting and decision-making. To summarize, automated production scheduling software ensures timely delivery. It brings predictability and accurate planning to production and scheduling. Further, it optimizes resource allocation by managing labor and equipment. Also, it minimizes downtime and reduces idle time. Additionally, it provides real-time analytics through various dashboards. This helps manufacturers make faster and more informed decisions. As a result improve efficiency, reduced costs, and increased profitability and customer satisfaction.
River, northern India and Bangladesh. Held sacred by followers of Hinduism, it is formed from five headstreams rising in Uttaranchal state. On its 1,560-mi (2,510-km) course, it flows southeast through the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal. In central Bangladesh it is joined by the Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers. Their combined waters (called the Padma River) empty into the Bay of Bengal and form a delta 220 mi (354 km) wide, which is shared by India and Bangladesh. Its plain is one of the most fertile and densely populated regions in the world. Millions of Hindus bathe in the river annually at special holy places (tirthas). Many cast the ashes of their dead into its waters, and cremation temples are found along its banks in numerous places. Learn more about Ganges River with a free trial on Britannica.com. The Ganges and its tributaries drain a large about one million square kilometres and fertile basin that supports one of the world's highest-density human populations. It should be noted that almost half of the population of India live on one-third of the landscape within 500 km of the Himalayan range along the Gangetic plains north of Devanagari. The Ganges, above all is the river of India, which has held India's heart captive and drawn uncounted millions to her banks since the dawn of history. The story of the Ganges, from her source to the sea, from old times to new, is the story of India's civilization and culture, of the rise and fall of empires, of great and proud cities, of adventures of man… After travelling 200 km through the Himalayas, the Ganges emerges at the pilgrimage town of Haridwar in the Sivalik Hills. At Haridwar, a dam diverts some of its waters into the Ganges Canal, which links the Ganges with its main tributary, the Yamuna. The Ganges, whose course has been roughly southwestern until this point, now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India. Further, the river follows an 800 km curving course passing through the city of Kanpur before being joined from the southwest by the Yamuna at Allahabad. This point is known as the Sangam at Allahabad. Sangam, is a sacred place in Hinduism. According to ancient Hindu texts, at one time a third river, the Sarasvati, met the other two rivers at this point Joined by numerous rivers such as the Kosi, Son, Gandaki and Ghaghra, the Ganges forms a formidable current in the stretch between Allahabad and Malda in West Bengal. On its way it passes the towns of Mirzapur, Varanasi, Patna and Bhagalpur. At Bhagalpur, the river meanders past the Rajmahal Hills, and begins to run south. At Pakur, the river begins its attrition with the branching away of its first distributary, the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, which goes on to form the Hooghly River. Near the border with Bangladesh the Farakka Barrage, built in 1974, controls the flow of the Ganges, diverting some of the water into a feeder canal linking the Hooghly to keep it relatively silt-free. After entering Bangladesh, the main branch of the Ganges is known as the Padma River until it is joined by the Jamuna River the largest distributary of the Brahmaputra. Further downstream, the Ganges is fed by the Meghna River, the second largest tributary of the Brahmaputra, and takes on the Meghna's name as it enters the Meghna Estuary. Fanning out into the 350 km wide Ganges Delta, it finally empties into the Bay of Bengal. Only two rivers, the Amazon and the Congo, have greater discharge than the combined flow of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Surma-Meghna river system. Situated on the banks of River Ganges, Varanasi is considered by some to be the most holy city in Hinduism. The Ganga is mentioned in the Rig-Veda, the earliest of the Hindu scriptures. It appears in the nadistuti (Rig Veda 10.75), which lists the rivers from east to west. In RV 6.45.31, the word Ganga is also mentioned, but it is not clear whether this reference is to the river. According to Hindu religion a very famous king Bhagiratha did Tapasya for many years constantly to bring the river Ganga, then residing in the Heavens, down on the Earth to find salvation for his ancestors, who were cursed by a seer. Therefore, Ganga descended to the Earth through the lock of hair (Jata) of god Shiva to make whole earth pious, fertile and wash out the sins of humans. For Hindus in India, the Ganga is not just a river but a mother, a goddess, a tradition, a culture and much more. According to Hindus the river Ganga (feminine) is sacred. It is worshiped by Hindus and personified as a Devi goddess, who holds an important place in the Hindu religion. Hindu belief holds that bathing in the river (especially on certain occasions) causes the forgiveness of sins and helps attain salvation. Many people believe that this will come from bathing in the Ganga at any time. People travel from distant places to immerse the Cremation and ashes collection ashes of their family / kin in the waters of the Ganga; this immersion also is believed to send the departed soul to heaven. Several places sacred to Hindus lie along the banks of the river Ganga, including Haridwar and Varanasi. People carry sacred water from the Ganges that is sealed in copper pots after making the pilgrimage to Varanasi. It is believed that drinking water from the Ganga with one's last breath will take the soul to heaven. Some Hindus also believe life is incomplete without bathing in the Ganga at least once in one's lifetime. Some Hindu families keep a vial of water from the Ganga in their house. This is done because it is prestigious to have water of the Holy Ganga in the house, and also so that if someone is dying, that person will be able to drink its water. Many Hindus believe that the water from the Ganga can cleanse a person's soul of all past sins, and that it can also cure the ill. The ancient scriptures mention that the water of Ganges carries the blessings of Lord Vishnu's feet; hence Mother Ganges is also known as Vishnupadi, which means "Emanating from the Lotus feet of Supreme Lord Sri Vishnu." Some of the most important Hindu festivals and religious Congregation (worship)happen here.Congregations are celebrated on the banks of the river Ganga, such as the Kumbh Mela every twelve years at Media:Allahabad and the Chhath Chhat Puja. Varanasi has hundreds of temples along the bank of the Ganges which often become flooded during the rains. This city, especially along the bank of the Ganges, is an important place of worship for the Hindus as well as a cremation ground. Indian Mythology states that Ganga, daughter of Himavan, King of the Mountains, had the power to purify anything that touched her. Ganga flowed from the heavens and purified the people of India, according to myths. After the funeral, Indians often immerse the bodies of their dead in the Ganga, which is believed to purify them of their sins. Possibly the first Westerner to mention the Ganges was Megasthenes. He did so several times in his work Indika: "India, again, possesses many rivers both large and navigable, which, having their sources in the mountains which stretch along the northern frontier, traverse the level country, and not a few of these, after uniting with each other, fall into the river called the Ganges. Now this river, which at its source is 30 stadia broad, flows from north to south, and empties its waters into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the Gangaridai, a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest-sized elephants." (Diodorus II.37.) In Rome's Piazza Navona, a famous sculpture, Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (fountain of the four rivers) designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini was built in 1651. It symbolizes four of the world's great rivers (the Ganges, the Nile, the Danube, and the Río de la Plata), representing the four continents known at the time.. The Ganges Basin with its fertile soil is instrumental to the agricultural economies of India and Bangladesh. The Ganges and its tributaries provide a perennial source of irrigation to a large area. Chief crops cultivated in the area include rice, sugarcane, lentils, oil seeds, potatoes, and wheat. Along the banks of the river, the presence of swamps and lakes provide a rich growing area for crops such as legumes, chillies, mustard, sesame, sugarcane, and jute. There are also many fishing opportunities to many along the river, though it remains highly polluted. Tourism is another related activity. Three towns holy to Hinduism Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi attract thousands of pilgrims to its waters. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at these three towns to take a dip in the Ganges, which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. The rapids of the Ganges also are popular for river rafting, attracting hundreds of adventure seekers in the summer months. The river waters start getting polluted right at the source. The commercial exploitation of the river has risen in proportion to the rise of population. Gangotri and Uttarkashi are good examples. Gangotri had only a few huts of Sadu's until the 1970's and the population of Uttrakashi has swelled in recent years. As it flows through highly populous areas the Ganges collects large amounts of human pollutants, e.g., Schistosoma mansoni and faecal coliforms, and drinking and bathing in its waters therefore carries a high risk of infection. While proposals have been made for re mediating this condition, little progress has been achieved. The Ganges river's long held reputation as a purifying river appears to have a basis in science. The river water has a unique and extraordinary ability to retain oxygen. As reported in a National Public Radio program, Dysentery and cholera are killed off, preventing large-scale epidemics. The river has unusual ability to retain dissolved oxygen, but the reason for this ability is not known. A UN Climate Report issued in 2007 indicates that the Himalayan glaciers that feed the Ganges may disappear by 2030, after which the river's flow would be a seasonal occurrence resulting from monsoons.
January 3rd, 2019 The Art Deco movement emerged in the early part of the 20th century, in Post-World War I France, and reached its height in the 1920s. It was a decadent period, as beautifully portrayed in F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby", that was all about excess, modernization, travel and excitement. The Art Deco decor style exudes luxury and glamor and has rich colors and textures, bold geometry, clean lines, exotic designs and high shine. Travel became more commonplace during the art deco period, exposing people to different cultures. Designers drew inspiration from ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome and Africa. There is a mixture of materials such as glass, mirrors, exotic woods, shiny metals and black lacquered finishes. Vibrant colors in deep purples, blues, greens, pinks, and reds are mixed in with black, silver and gold. Wood carvings, animal skins, wallpaper, rich fabrics, columns with motifs and zigzag patterns dominate the style. Combining all these elements in a room's decor creates a dramatic, lavish and sophisticated space. Our collection of Art Deco artwork captures the style through vintage travel posters, prints with strong geometric patterns, paintings of sultry figures from the 1920s, jazz posters and more in contrasting colors that are exciting and vibrant. Adding a frame with rich brown tones, ornate silver accents or black satin finishes adds to the look and feel that is characteristic of Art Deco. August 27th, 2018 The arrival of an art deco style first became evident in Paris in 1925 at the influential world fair, the Exposition Internationale des Arts D'coratifs et Industriels Modernes, which was visited by 16 million people between April and October of that year. With the world in recovery from a shatteringly destructive war, visitors came to witness the very latest in modern art and design - paintings, furnishings, homewares, jewellery, the decorative arts - made in countries as diverse as Austria, Britain, Denmark, Russia and Sweden. The show had a global impact and the style that evolved from it became known as jazz modern, moderne, or zig-zag modern - the term art deco wasn't coined until the 1960s. During the 1930s, the art deco look progressed in America into streamlining, a no frills, contoured look that took its inspiration from the svelte ocean liners, cars, aeroplanes and zeppelins of the time. Streamlining was applied to all sorts of things, from cigarette lighters with decorative speed whiskers to denote movement, to bakelite radios in bullet shapes, and round silver teapots. It was very Hollywood. August 27th, 2018 MURDER ON THE SIX O'CLOCK NEWS It was the Fourth of July, 1993. Early, before six A.M. But the sun was already warm and George Heffelfinger knew that it was going to be hot and steamy in the nation's capitol by mid-afternoon. The gray-haired senior anchorman for INN was once again departing for his annual trip by air from Washington to Boston, where he would ride as a guest of honor in the festive holiday parade, just as he had for the past twelve years. Heffelfinger had no idea that his own violent death moments from now would be the lead story that night on every television newscast in America. After shooting down the runway at an exuberating speed, Heffelfinger expertly pulled back on the wheel of his sleek new Gulf Stream Turbo Commander and cleared the bright, green-leafed trees that grew at the outskirts of the airport, then banked the twin engine plane to the left and was soon flying above the rippling waters of the Potomac River. Life was good, he told himself. Sure, he was getting older and would have to relinquish his position behind the network anchor desk to some young upstart soon, but right now he had nothing to complain about. At least he wasn't rotting away in some Mid-Eastern prison like Gray Sanders, the network's foreign correspondent who was missing for... what was it now... over three months? Sanders had simply disappeared one day while on assignment in Baghdad, and while the entire nation kept a watchful eye on The Six O'clock News each night hoping to learn of the newsman's whereabouts, no one in the federal government would admit knowing anything. It was as though the journalist had simply vanished into the atmosphere. But Heffelfinger knew better. Or at least he thought he did. He glanced to his right where below him was the prosperous Virginia suburb of McLean, home of the CIA. When he returned after the holiday, he planned on making some inquiries of his own there. It was on that thought that the plane exploded in a blinding flash of light and a deafening sound and George Heffelfinger's life and career ended forever. March 12th, 2014 I can't think of anything worse than sitting in a room with no artwork on the walls. If that's the case, I hope there are plenty of windows with scenic views. When you buy art, you are buying something that is the next best thing to a friend or loving dog. It will keep you company for a lifetime. I know, because I started buying art years ago, and I still sit back on occasion and just sip a cup of hot tea and bathe in the moment. But I'll tell you a secret that you might not know: Your artwork disappears after about 26 days! What am I talking about? Well, it seems that after that length of time, you stop seeing things right there in your own home. How do you get them back? You must take a moment, stop and LOOK at the items that you no longer pay attention to. Just stop and concentrate and the item will be apparent to you for a while. We do that disappearing act with our art but with our spouses as well. We may talk to them, but not really see them. I learned this years ago by reading Psycho-Cybernetics, a classic self-help book, written by Maxwell Maltz in 1960 and published by the non-profit Psycho-Cybernetics Foundation. If all this sounds interesting to you, you may want to pick up a copy. It's fun stuff.
ARTICLE IN BRIEF Investigators identified an innate immunity receptor, CD36, as a major player in allowing amyloid to take up residence in the blood vessels of the brain. Figure. A MICROGRAPH...Image Tools A team of scientists from Weill Cornell Medical College, Rockefeller University, the Mayo Clinic in Florida, and the McLaughlin Research Institute in Montana, have discovered that an innate immunity receptor, CD36, has a role in trafficking amyloid-beta in the blood vessel and has a direct role in the vascular accumulation of the toxic peptide contributing to the brain cell damage that leads to cognitive decline. Costantino Iadecola, MD, director of the Brain and Mind Research Institute at Weill Cornell, and his colleagues were interested in how damaged blood vessels loaded with the sticky amyloid peptide contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and worsen cognitive decline. There has been growing evidence that vascular damage has a role in AD. It has also been known that amyloid accumulates in the blood vessels, restricting the flow of oxygen to the brain. This results in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a condition that also leads to dementia independently of AD. But just how this process works has been a mystery — until now. In a study that first appeared online Feb. 4 before the print edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the investigators identify CD36 as a major player in allowing amyloid to take up residence in the blood vessels of the brain. They created an animal model in which CD36 was eliminated in mice overexpressing a mutated form of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and found that it dampened the accumulation of amyloid in the blood vessels, and slowed or reversed some of the cognitive deficits in these animals. CD36 sits on the surface of immune cells and endothelial cells in blood vessels. It functions normally to detect molecules that are a threat to the body. Some of these molecules are from infectious organisms but some proteins that are abnormally produced by the body can trigger an immune response against self. These molecules are called Danger Associated Molecular Patterns, or DAMPS, and include amyloid-beta peptide. Under such circumstances, the immune system sends out messages that lead to an increase in inflammatory molecules and oxygen free radicals. This attack against self results in damage to blood vessels in the brain, which, as suggested by the present study, impedes the normal clearance of amyloid. This process leads to accumulation of the amyloid-beta peptide in the blood vessels. The scientists believe that targeting CD36 may be a novel approach to treating AD. Such an approach could also be used to boost the effectiveness of the amyloid immunotherapies that are now in various stages of testing. Some of the side effects that have led to problems in the clinical trials are due to amyloid accumulating in blood vessels, said Dr. Iadecola. STUDY METHODOLOGY, RESULTS Once they identified the immune receptor's involvement in the effects of amyloid-beta on the function of cerebral blood vessels, the researchers designed a study to eliminate the receptor in mice with APP overexpression. They followed the animals over time and conducted various tests to measure cognitive decline. They also looked at the AD pathology. What they found was surprising, said Dr. Iadecola. As suspected, the mice did have less amyloid build-up in their blood vessels. But the AD pathology in the brain parenchyma was still progressing with massive amyloid-filled plaques. Moreover, behavioral tests showed that the animals were cognitively on par with animals in much earlier stages of disease. The animals were tested over a two-year period. In addition to behavioral tests — a maze that allowed them to study an animal's interest in exploring — the researcher conducted vascular reactivity studies to show that the blood vessels were healthier in APP mice lacking CD36. In normal APP mice, pericytes in the blood vessel wall are swollen and abnormal, but this phenotype is rescued by CD36 deletion. Lipoprotein receptor 1 (LRP-1) that normally helps clear amyloid-beta from the blood vessels was reduced in the APP mice, an effect that was prevented by lack of CD36. “The blood vessels of APP mice lacking CD36 looked and functioned more like those of normal mice,” said Dr. Iadecola. “Although the brain parenchyma was heavily loaded with plaques, the amyloid was not able to induce vascular damage and cognitive impairment.” “This tells us a lot about Alzheimer's,” said Dr. Iadecola. “If reducing amyloid burden in the cerebral blood vessels was able to preserve cognitive function in animals, perhaps this could be a potential way of preventing cognitive decline in patients.” Normally, the amyloid-beta peptide is cleared from the brain, in large part through blood vessels. Many AD patients also have CAA but it is not yet clear how common CAA is in the general population of elderly patients without AD, although new imaging approaches have now revealed that CAA is more common then previously believed. Designing drugs that block CD36's effects on amyloid-beta will not be easy. CD36 has so many roles in the body that it could be dangerous to block the scavenger protein from doing other jobs in the body. Dr. Iadecola and his colleagues are searching for such selective compounds now. IRONIES AND OPPORTUNITIES “There are a lot of ironies here,” said Steven M. Greenberg, MD, PhD, professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School and the John J. Conway endowed chair in neurology, and director of hemorrhagic stroke research at the Massachusetts General Hospital. “In our great-grandparents' generation, it was thought that dementia was caused by hardening of the arteries and in our grandparents' generation, Alzheimer's was thought to be responsible for most dementia. Now, we are beginning to understand the vascular contribution to Alzheimer's. Dementia from a single cause is rare.” Dr. Greenberg and his colleagues study cerebral amyloid angiopathy burden in people with and without dementia. They are using Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) to look at vascular amyloid and have found PiB straining and sites of bleeding and links between PiB binding and white matter hypertensities. “There is a lot of interplay between vascular and amyloid pathology,” said Dr. Greenberg. David J. Werring, MD, a leader in clinical neurology and honorary consultant neurologist at UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square in London, is also an expert on CAA and small vessel diseases. “This idea that vascular problems increase the risk for AD has been growing in acceptance. We have known for a long time that vascular amyloid-beta and brain plaque amyloid-beta are often associated, but the vascular amyloid-beta has not featured in diagnostic criteria for AD, and the functional significance has not received as much attention as the amyloid-beta within the brain, in plaques. “It has been difficult to tease out separate mechanisms specifically influencing the vascular amyloid-beta component in AD,” said Dr. Werring. “This study is really exciting as it shows a specific reduction in vascular amyloid-beta deposition (but, importantly, not brain plaque amyloid-beta) in response to manipulating an immune receptor (CD36) known to be important in amyloid-beta trafficking. Figure. DR. COSTANTI...Image Tools “Transgenic mice programmed to overexpress amyloid-beta had less severe vascular amyloid if they lacked the CD36 receptor, with preservation of an important amyloid-beta clearing mechanism involving another receptor, LRP-1. Crucially, the study takes this observation further by showing that selective reduction of the severity of vascular amyloid-beta alone leads to improved neurovascular regulation and cognitive function.” The key implication, Dr. Werring added, “is that vascular amyloid-beta deposition is functionally important (independent of plaque amyloid-beta), and could be selectively targeted for treatment in AD. The study also suggests a new disease mechanism in CAA occurring outside the setting of AD.” The cause of sporadic CAA is unknown, yet it is an important cause of cerebral hemorrhage (the most deadly stroke type) and cognitive impairment in its own right, Dr. Werring said. “This work opens the door for new therapeutic targets in CAA, a disease currently with no effective treatment.” If CD36-receptor signaling could be down-regulated — for example, by antibodies blocking the site where amyloid beta binds to it — this may reduce vascular amyloid deposition and improve the function of the small vessels affected by CAA, Dr. Werring said. There have been trials of immunotherapy involving both active and passive immunization with antibodies targeting amyloid beta in AD, and the hope is that if these agents can safely clear amyloid (including vascular amyloid) from the brain, they may also be helpful in clearing amyloid in CAA, he added. “Although experimental data have been promising, a major concern is that because CAA (with or without co-existing AD) makes blood vessels fragile and leaky, rapid clearance of amyloid might actually worsen inflammation and bleeding from CAA-laden vessels,” Dr. Werring said. “There is some evidence from brain imaging suggesting this, but exactly how much of a problem this could be is not yet known and requires further study.” Therefore, protection of the blood vessels by targeting CD36 may be a valuable strategy to counteract the deleterious vascular effects of CAA. Figure. DR. DAVID J....Image Tools FOR FURTHER READING:
TANKS! The Fall of France.In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, executed on 10 May 1940, which ended the Phoney War. The battle consisted of two main operations. In the first, Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), German armoured units pushed through the Ardennes, to cut off and surround the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and many French soldiers were evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo. In the second operation, Fall Rot (Case Red), executed from 5 June, German forces outflanked the Maginot Line to attack the greater French territory. Italy declared war on France on 10 June. The French government fled to the city of Bordeaux, and France's main city of Paris was occupied by the German Wehrmacht on 14 June. On the 17 June, Philippe Pétain publicly announced France would ask for an armistice. On 22 June, an armistice was signed between France and Germany, going into effect on 25 June. For the Axis Powers, the campaign was a spectacular victory. France was divided into a German occupation zone in the north and west, a small Italian occupation zone in the southeast, and an unoccupied zone, the zone libre, in the south. A rump state, Vichy France, administered all three zones according to the terms laid out in the armistice. In November 1942, the Axis forces also occupied the zone libre, and metropolitan France remained under Axis occupation until after the Allied landings in 1944; while the Low Countries remained under German occupation until 1944 and 1945. Tags: TANKS Fall of France, The Fall of France, World War 2, The Battle of France, Axis powers, Adolf Hitler, Waffen SS, Wehrmacht, Invasion, Blitzkrieg, combat, death, World At War, Europe Views: 5565 \| Comments: 0 \| Votes: 0 \| Favorites: 1 \| Shared: 0 \| Updates: 0 \| Times used in channels: 1 \|Liveleak on Facebook\|
Thursday, August 18, 2005 The story of the “Yellow Rose of Texas” is one of the legends of the West. According to the canonical version, a beautiful and patriotic young slave woman, Emily Morgan, owned by a rebel Texas officer deliberately dallied with and delayed General Santa Anna in his tent during the early part of the Battle of San Jacinto, so that he could not organize a defense. This resulted in a rout of the government troops and effective independence for Texas. San Antonio’s Emily Morgan Hotel, named for her, yesterday announced an essay contest on The Myth and Mystery of Emily Morgan. But as the hotel notes, much of the traditional story is untrue, and the University of Texas at Arlington’s archives has the woman’s employment contract to prove it. Her real name was Emily D. West, and she was not a slave but a free woman of color from New Haven, Connecticut. She was hired in New York by the New Washington Association, a group of New York investors, to be the housekeeper of the hotel they were building at Morgan’s Point, near Galveston in what was then the Mexican state of Coahuila and Texas, where slavery was illegal. West got a one-year contract at $100 a year, a respectable wage in those days, and she and James Morgan, the Association’s agent, signed the agreement in New York on October 25, 1835. (Left, her signature, courtesy University of Texas at Arlington.) When Texas declared its independence, Morgan was made a colonel in the rebel army. It was April 16, 1836, when government troops reached Morgan’s Point and seized all of the Association’s property and employees. Santa Anna arrived the next day, and the army moved out to challenge Sam Houston’s rebel force. West, almost certainly a rape victim, was carried along with the army, and thus was at the battlefield when the Texans attacked and routed the government forces. It’s possible she was in Santa Anna’s tent, but it wasn’t willingly. West survived the battle, although she lost her papers showing her free status on the battlefield. She nevertheless managed to get a passport out of Texas (where slavery had become legal) and apparently returned to the East.
The various scholars have developed scientific concepts and techniques of accounting for analysis of financial performance of the business. With the help of these concepts and tools, managers can make effective decisions for their business. They need deep knowledge of the methodology and subject to evaluation and adoption of the methods. This study is presented to provide understanding that how key areas of strategic management accounting are applied in practice. It provides wide knowledge of various financial and accounting aspects such as concept of return on investment, economic value added and costing methods. It gives detail analysis of economical and accounting tools and approaches for different business environment. Return on investment: It is the concept of an investment of some resource yielding a benefit to the investors. This tool helps in evaluating and analyzing the feasibility and viability of investment option. It is a performance measurement technique to evaluate the efficiency of an investment and companies can compare the effectiveness of a number of different investments options. Investors can calculate return in percentage terms with the help of ROI to make effective decisions of investment (Asteriou and Begiazi, 2013). To calculate ROI, the return on an investment is divided by the cost of the investment which can be explained in the form of formula such as follows. It is very popular approach because of its simplicity and versatility. A high ROI means the investment gains compare favorably to investment cost. If an investment does not have a positive ROI, then the investors should not undertake the option. They should find out other opportunities with a higher ROI. The return on investment when expressed in percentage terms helps in evaluating and judging capacity of the option to earn profits. It is very simple and easy approach of decision making. It is very useful in selection of the best project from available all options. Projects are priorities on the basis of their ROI and project which has higher ROI will be selected for investment (Brammer and Penning, 2007). Economic value added: It is the approach which emphasizes on estimation of economic earnings. It is a measurement tool of the company which measures company's financial performance based on the residual wealth computed by deducting cost of capital from its operating profit. It provides a true economic profit of the company to investors. It is a novel term coined in current market as a result of increasing requirements of trade units in earning profits above the needed rate of return. Economic profit means, the value that an enterprise is able to create above a line of required return by the business. This concept is used to find out a profit that is above the cost of capital involved due to this reason; investors are interested in this subject (Brás and Rodrigues, 2007). Following is the formula of calculation of EVA (Economic Value Added). It is very helpful formula to determine capability of trade to generate profits above the minimum rate of return. It can be used to motivate the investors of the company. With the help of calculation of the EVA, it can be said that the venture which is capable to generate profit higher than cost of capital tends to be profitable in nature. Organizations are responsible in judging capability of investment alternative to create cash inflows (Cafferky, 2010). The above concepts helps management decision making in short term and emphasizes on feasibility of investment choice for short and medium term. Return on investment approach highlights on evaluation of single investment decision. The managers while making investment decisions have short term viewpoint in mind. It means, they tend to evaluate return which is going to be earned in forthcoming five to six years. ROI is the techniques which emphasizes on identification of short term requirements for making decisions. In this method, performance of business can be evaluated on the basis of return earned on capital employed (Edwards, Boyns and Matthews, 2002). It helps managers in analyzing future investment options also. The investment choice which is able to generate positive ROI in future can be considered to be of profitable in nature. Investors should invest their money in the alternative which has higher and positive ROI. This approach is based on concept that long term objectives can be achieved with the help of short term goals. It helps in identification of immediate return which enterprise is capable in generating through funds investment. Rate of investment is the basic term of formulation of management policies and decisions. They are interested to know the rate of return earned by the unit in near future. The Future course of action of the business is depending on the returns of the trade. Whole strategies of the company are formulated on the basis of investment returns. Management emphasizes on instant result of investment decision it is trough ROI which organization is capable to guide its future course of action (Helgesen and Voldsund, 2009). Another approach of business is Economic value added which is one of the modern concept developed to overcome the limitation of traditional approaches. It helps to determine value created by the investment choice in true sense. Economic value can be defined as worth of economic resources. It helps in identifying capability of business to reduce or increase overall value or worth of it. Investment decisions should be based on capability to generate profits above the cost of capital. With the help of this approach, businesses are able to pay its cost of capital. The approach since engages managerial decision that is to be supported creation of cash in short time period. It is interested in computation of economic earnings that is also accounted for annual or half or quarter basis. So, it can be said that the concept to ascertain economic value is also based on short term perspective of business (Hill and Clarke, 2013). Long terms objectives can be achieved by the short term goals of the business. Investors require finding out their short term goals then they can achieve long term objectives with operation excellence. But success of business, it is essential to overcome the short term viewpoint by way of accepting techniques that judges or evaluates long term feasibility or viability of investment decisions. Organization has many other indicators of performance which can be used with ROI and EVA for decision making such as investment appraisal analysis and ratios analysis (Implementing Activity-Based Costing. 2006). These techniques can provide many other hide information of investment options. In the short term ROI and EVA are necessary to measures performance and feasibility of the scheme of investment. However, analyzing trade performance to earn profit in long term is also vital aspect. The organization must foresee its long term goals and objectives. The investment option which can give return for long duration of time should be preferred by the business. They have to find out profitability that is associated with investment option through estimation of cash flow and discounted cash flow of the choice. Companies need to focus on long term objectives to emerge as a successful and leading organization within the industry and market. Finally, it can be said that long term perspective helps in achieving overall objectives of an enterprise (Kinney and Raiborn, 2012). It is important for the organization to estimate or calculate cost of each unit of products or service. There are various methods of costing available with the business to measure total cost of production and per unit cost of particular good. They can allocate cost to each unit produced by adopting ranges of method or approaches of costing. The different methods of costing are building up as to get better efficiency and effectiveness of improving calculating cost of production within the trade unit. The following three approaches of costing are playing crucial role in the cost calculation (Nsthummar. 2012). Marginal or variable costing: It refers to additional expenditures which are incurred with production of one extra unit of product. Marginal costing is the variable cost that is associated with manufacturing of goods. According to this approach of costing variable expenses are charged to single unit of production whereas fixed expenditures are charged to the period in which it is going to written off. In simple words, variable costs are involved in production of the product based on particular product. The following diagram shows the allocation of cost as per the marginal or variable costing (Portz and Lere, 2010). According to above figure, it can be said that majorly there are two types of costs involved in the business such as non manufacturing and manufacturing expenditures. Manufacturing cost is the cost which is directly connected with the production of goods and services. Non manufacturing expenses supports trade operations but are not directly associated with the production process (Vanderbeck, 2012). As per the marginal costing concept all the variable expenses including direct labor, material and overheads are the part of product cost. These products costs are then distributed to whole production as expenditure of products manufactured to determine cost of each unit of good. So it can be said that fixed and overheads expenses are part of period costs. The period costs are the expenses which are estimated tends to be accounted for in gains and losses account. Henceforth, as per the variable costing it can be said that only variable expenses are considered for ascertainment of cost of each unit of product (Vij, 2008). Full or absorption costing: This method uses the total direct costs and overhead costs associated with manufacturing a product as the cost base. It is also known as full absorption costing. It helps in computation of unit cost of goods and services by including both variable and fixed expenditures as a part of product cost. It is clear that absorption costing approach takes into concern both fixed and variable expenses of manufacture while calculation unit cost of product. The variable and fixed cost and overheads are allocated to total production of the business. After that, unit cost of production can be calculated by dividing total cost of production from number of total units manufactured by unit. According to this concept, total cost of manufacturing is considered in the income statement as direct costs. Non operating expenses are recorded as indirect expenditures in income statement of business. This method uses both variable and fixed cost as a part of production costs (Asteriou and Begiazi, 2013). Activity based costing: It is the modern approach developed to overcome disadvantage of traditional concepts of costing. As per this method, costs are segregated on the basis of different activities involved in the business like machining, coloring etc. Thereafter, real cost of unit manufactured is ascertained by finding out various activities involved in its production. Following diagram can explain the ABC clearly (Brammer and Penning, 2007). It is the scientific and best method of the calculation of per unit costs which helps in ascertainment of unit cost of product in more logical manner. It is helpful tool of cost controlling by dividing manufacturing in the various activities. It is very easy and helpful in assignment of appropriate and accurate expenses to each job of product. This approach is very important in pricing policy making process. With the help of this technique company can clearly distinguishes the product which involves large amount of expenses and efforts from one with involvement of little amount and efforts. They can easily allocate indirect costs to unit cost of good. It is very effective method because it reduces all limitation of classical methods of costing (Brás and Rodrigues, 2007). Followings are some example of different situations in which different costing methods need to be adopted by the organization. Marginal costing method can be applicable in the case where enterprise needs to decide the suitable selling price which can be fixed to generate desired profit. For example, the company Royal ltd. incurs Rs. 150,000 as fixed cost and variable cost of Rs. 20 per unit. The business unit has breakeven point of 15000 units. Now, the company wants to earn profit margin of 20% on sale of break even units. It can be possible by application of variable costing method as calculated below (Cafferky, 2010). As per the computation presented above, the company can charge Rs. 37.50 price to earn profit merging of 20%. It is very good method of deciding future course of action on the basis various costs. In the given case other approaches of costing cannot be applicable due to inclusion of fixed cost in product cost will result in overpricing of goods or services. It is only way to design effective pricing policy in the business to face high competition in the market. In the example there is no activities of production so managers cannot use activity based costing in this case. But they can use variable costing method in calculation expected selling price because marginal profit is given in the case. Decision making regarding pricing can be effective with the help of marginal costing technique. Company can make long term plans also on the basis of these kinds of calculation. There are various situations and scenarios in the business where they can consider marginal costing concept for pricing (Edwards, Boyns and Matthews, 2002). Suppose the company Suns Ltd. is engaged in production of two type of goods such as product A and Product B. They can produce both products with the help of similar machinery. Manufacturing process involves different phases for producing different types of products. Product A requires less number of machine hours because it passes through first three stage of production only. However, Product B needs more number of machine hours because it requires to pass through five phases of manufacturing process. Now, the organization required to find out cost involved for manufacturing each of its products (Hill and Clarke, 2013). In the above situation, associate can use activity based costing to find out unit cost of production because production process are divided in many phases. So, different phases can be considered as set of activities involved in manufacturing process. The labors and machine hours invested plus cost of materials needed during each activity should be estimated. It will help in calculation of accurate cost of each unit of goods or services. Marginal costing method and absorption costing tool cannot be applied in this case because they are not suitable for this type of case. This is due to reason that if total cost of production is assigned to both Product B and A; it will result in overpricing of product "A" and lesser cost for Product "B". It will affect the pricing policy of the business. Finally, Company must adopt ABC method in this case (Implementing Activity-Based Costing. 2006). The above report provides wide knowledge regarding various economic and accounting concepts. The first part of the study deals with concept of Economic value added and Return on Investment concept of investment decision making. It is concluded that both of the approaches take short term opinion into consideration. In the second part kinds of costing tools are presented which can be applied in various business scenarios.
New Reading Standards Aim To Prep Kids For College — But At What Cost? Once upon a time, in the long ago world of high school reading, Holden Caulfield was perhaps the epitome of angst: a young man suddenly an outcast in the world he thought he knew. The antihero of J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye was about to enter a perilous journey of self-discovery. Fast forward to high school reading today, and you might find that a lot of high school English teachers are identifying with Holden more than their students are identifying with him. Reading scores for American students have dropped dramatically, and the solution could see their world change as well. "So many kids, often as many as 50 percent, graduate high school ... demonstrably not ready for the demands of a first-year college course or job-training program," says David Coleman, president of the College Board, a nonprofit membership organization that administers standardized tests like the SAT. Coleman is the lead architect of the Common Core Standards Initiative, a sweeping curricula change that integrates nonfiction text into the English program. So where does it leave The Catcher in the Rye and similar literary classics? That question is one stirring debate over how to integrate nonfiction works into English programs to improve reading scores, while not abandoning the novels that have become the gold standard of high school reading lists. A New Standard With remarkable unity, the ambitious Common Core program has been touted by the Obama administration, Republicans and the two largest teachers unions. States received federal money to opt in, and only four have not. Under the new standards, by the last couple years of high school, about 70 percent of what students read across all subjects must be nonfiction. Coleman tells weekends on All Things Considered host Jacki Lyden that fiction remains at the heart of English and language arts programs under Common Core, but high-quality literary nonfiction, like the founding documents of the United States, is introduced as well. "The idea is that things like Lincoln's second inaugural address and Martin Luther King's letter from the Birmingham jail ... are worthy of close attention," he says. "Not just in a historical context, but also for the interweaving of thought and language." Studying these documents for their use of language, expression and rhetoric, Coleman says, helps students better prepare for the demands of college. The measuring stick for success of Common Core is a lowering of remediation rates, Coleman says. That's the rate of students who, upon graduating high school, must take remedial classes in certain subjects to take college-level courses. "If we can't have a breakthrough in this country in reading performance, particularly in later grades," Coleman says, "so many students will be consigned to a world where they can't read the text in front of them and hence [can't] grow and learn." Adopting Common Core Before Common Core, students in most high school English classes read mostly literature, but the reality now is that students must split their time between fiction and nonfiction. There are even some school districts where teachers have been asked to drop novels altogether to meet the new nonfiction requirements. Despite some pushback, almost the entire country — 46 states and Washington, D.C. — have already signed on to the Common Core standards. While some states won't adopt the guidelines for several years, others already have. Angela Gunter teaches English at Daviess County High School in Owensboro, Ky., the first state to adopt the guidelines. She says that at first, many of her colleagues opposed the changes. "We English teachers love our literature, and the greater emphasis on nonfiction texts was uncomfortable for some of us," she says. But now, her students actually like it. She kept them in the loop during the transition, beginning by showing them their own reading-level scores. "When they realized how relatively low they were, it was a real wakeup call for them," she says. "We understood at that point that we needed to start challenging the students more." To get students to think deeper about a story, for example, Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel with deceptively simple language, is paired with Malcolm Gladwell's New Yorker piece that alleges it is an elitist story. "So the students find that there's a purpose in the reading that may not have been as apparent before," she says. The downside, however, is that there is only so much time in a school year, and students can't read everything. Certain compromises, like abridging plays by Shakespeare and other storied authors, have to be made. That's where the program runs into problems, according to Mark Bauerlein, an English professor at Emory University who helped the team developing the Common Core standards. He eventually parted ways with Coleman, however, mainly because he disagrees with attempts to standardize learning. Bauerlein tells Lyden the standards pile so much onto English teachers that the cultivation of critical, passionate reading is in jeopardy. "When you interpret these standards at the state level ... one can interpret them so broadly that we end up with weak practices," he says. Because of the additional pressure on English teachers to teach nonfiction writing and research skills, Bauerlein says, even less time will be spent on works of fiction that are still part of the new standards. "I worry that we are going to find that teachers will teach shorter works, they will spend less time on those classics and they'll tend to orient them more toward topical, relevant concerns," he says. Another concern, Bauerlein says, is the end of what he calls the "free-floating, open-ended literary intellectual experience" that doesn't quite fit in the achievement-oriented system of standardized education. He wonders if students who are curious about The Sound and the Fury or The Brothers Karamazov, for instance, would have a place in this new standard. "Is there room for that?" he says. "Are we losing the support or conditions that will prompt that student to continue reading and thinking?" JACKI LYDEN, HOST: This is WEEKENDS on ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Jacki Lyden. Once upon a time, in the long-ago world of high school reading on a hilltop far, far away, Holden Caulfield was perhaps the epitome of angst, a young man suddenly an outcast in the world he thought he knew. J.D. Salinger's anti-hero was about to enter a perilous journey of self-discovery. Today, down from the hilltop, high school English teachers may identify with Holden because reading scores for American students have dropped precipitously. How much? David Coleman, president of the College Board, says it's alarming. DAVID COLEMAN: We have a crisis in the country around remediation rates. What I mean by that is so many kids, often as many as 50 percent, graduate high school in this country visibly, demonstrably not ready for the demands of a first-year college course or a career training program, which means they enter remediation courses in college, which they don't get credit. And that's often a path to not completing college, particularly for low-income children. LYDEN: David Coleman is the lead architect of the Common Core, a sweeping new curricula change, which integrates nonfiction into the English program. Only one problem: Where does it leave The Catcher in the Rye? That's our cover story today: fiction, nonfiction and the great debate. The Common Core is an ambitious realignment of school curricula. With remarkable unity, it's been touted by the Obama administration and Republicans and by the two largest teachers unions. States receive federal money to opt in, and only four states have not. At the heart of the debate, though, is the requirement over exactly how fiction will fare in this brave new world. By the last couple of years of high school, 70 percent of what students will be reading across all subjects must be nonfiction. I asked David Coleman what this achieves. COLEMAN: Fiction remains at the heart of the Common Core standards in English language arts classrooms. For example, Shakespeare is twice required; there's a focus on American literature. What changes instead is that high-quality nonfiction becomes an essential part of the history and social studies curriculum as well as science and technical subjects. Within English language arts, the only shift is that there's some entry of high-quality literary nonfiction, such as the founding documents and the great conversation they inspired. The idea is that things like Lincoln's second inaugural, Martin Luther King's magnificent Letter from Birmingham Jail, these documents are worthy of close attention, not just in a historical context, but also for the interweaving of thought and language. And in that way, they are appropriate for studying English language arts as well. LYDEN: I don't think anyone would disagree that Letter from Birmingham Jail isn't an important historical document, but I wanted to ask, when those are incorporated into the English class, isn't this something that students should actually be required to read in either history or American studies or social studies? COLEMAN: The idea is that in English language arts, there's a wonderful attention paid, not only to the historical impact of such a work, but its use of language, the expression of language through rhetoric. And so what English teachers throughout this country as well as other teachers talk to us about is, for kids to be ready for the demands of college and career, they should attentively read literature and understand the force of language in that context to convey ideas, to debate them, to distill them. That is also a part of the essential work of preparation and a wonderful part of the force of English language. LYDEN: How will you know, as a person who has developed this curricula, if it's working? COLEMAN: I think if the Common Core standards are successful, we should see a world in which remediation rates at colleges, in other words, where kids enter college after receiving a high school degree and still need remediation, we need those rates to go down. So that would be a visible victory. In this country, for the past 14 years, the scores on the national assessment of educational progress in reading in eighth grade have been flat. If we can't have a breakthrough in this country in reading performance, particularly in later grades, so many students will be consigned to a world where they can't read the texts in front of them and hence grow and learn. So success in performance terms would look like breakthroughs in those areas of achievement. Those aren't - happen in a moment but over time. LYDEN: That's David Coleman, the lead architect behind new guidelines. Before the Common Core, most high school English classes read mostly literature. The reality now is that students must split their time between fiction and nonfiction. There are even some school districts where teachers have been asked to drop novels to meet the new requirements. And that's exactly what Azar Nafisi is afraid of. Nafisi is the author of the critically acclaimed "Reading Lolita in Tehran," a nonfiction book. In Iran, she used Western literature to challenge autocratic thinking. Now, she's worried that in America, the great novels will inevitably be sacrificed. AZAR NAFISI: Imaginative knowledge is a way of perceiving the world, relating to the world and changing the world. And nothing can replace it. So where I disagree with Mr. Coleman is trying to replace fiction with nonfiction rather than finding creative ways of teaching students a very creative interdisciplinary program where you could teach them side by side and focus on quality rather than on bringing about these sort of changes. LYDEN: And according to Nafisi, the value of getting lost in a really good novel can't be overstated. NAFISI: When you look at a documentary or read a real-life story, you can understand the experiences that that person went through. When you read Zora Neale Hurston, you not only do not understand that particular person's experiences, but you also are able to empathize and become that person. You put yourself in that person's mind and heart. And so the experience is completely different. And that is why I think from time immemorial, human beings have had the need to understand the world through telling the story. LYDEN: Writer Azar Nafisi. Her new book called "Dispatches from the Republic of Imagination" talks about the necessity of fiction. However, almost the entire country - 46 states and Washington, D.C. - have already signed on to the Common Core. While some states won't adopt the guidelines for several years, others already have. Kentucky was the first. Angela Gunter teaches English at Daviess County High School in Owensboro. Gunter says that at first, many of her colleagues opposed the changes. ANGELA GUNTER: As you can imagine, we English teachers love our literature. And the greater emphasis on nonfiction text was uncomfortable for some of us. LYDEN: Now, Gunter says her students actually like it. She kept them in the loop the whole way, beginning by showing them their own reading level scores. GUNTER: When they realized how relatively low they were, it was a real wake-up call for them. They were very upset, and I told them they should feel like they should've been cheated. They've not been taught this. And we understood at that point that we needed to start challenging the students more. LYDEN: Take, say, "To Kill a Mockingbird." That's a novel, she says, with deceptively simple language. GUNTER: However, there are so many themes that are much more complex that required mature thinking that we want to keep it at the high school level. So we paired it with Malcolm Gladwell's piece, which alleges that it's an elitist story. And the kids have never heard that. So the students find that there's a purpose in the reading that may not have been as apparent before. LYDEN: The downside? GUNTER: We can't read everything. We can't fit everything in. So we have had to deal with abridging a bit. LYDEN: Take Shakespeare. Instead of reading all five acts of Julius Caesar, her freshmen now read only the speeches delivered by Brutus and Mark Antony after Caesar's execution, rather than reading the play as a whole. And that's the problem, according to Mark Bauerlein. He's an English professor at Emory University. A few years ago, he helped the team developing the Common Core. But he eventually parted ways with David Coleman mainly because he disagrees with the attempts to standardize learning. Mark Bauerlein says the standards pile so much onto English teachers, but the cultivation of critical, passionate reading is in jeopardy. MARK BAUERLEIN: When you interpret these standards at the state level, when you try to develop lesson plans, when you select works to be assigned, when you find the assignments that people have, one can interpret those so broadly that we actually end up with a lot of weak practices. LYDEN: So what happens to the classic novels, Mark Bauerlein, when we're reducing the amount of fiction students are reading? Is that a concern? BAUERLEIN: It is a concern. Now, the Common Core has a wonderful standard for 11 and 12th grade English, which runs: demonstrate knowledge of 18th, 19th and early 20th century foundational works of American literature. But you've got so many other pressures on English teachers in Common Core - the teaching of writing, of nonfiction texts, you have research skills that they're supposed to develop. And the problem is that all those classics, they take a lot of time, especially in the hustling, bustling, hyper-digital world of 17-year-olds. I worry that we're just going to find that teachers will teach shorter works, they will spend less time on those classics, and they'll tend to orient them more toward topical, relevant concerns. LYDEN: Do you think that students and teachers will both, in some ways, evaluate the entire experience of literature quite differently so that they're reading with some sort of purpose to fit a curriculum and perhaps "oh, I just want to fall into the world of this novel" may be getting left out? BAUERLEIN: The sort of free-floating, open-ended literary intellectual experience simply is hard to fit into the achievement orientation and accountability system. So if the English class does not hold the line against the kid who has a curiosity, who is really struck by Quentin Compson in "The Sound and the Fury," the kid who gets taken up with Ivan Karamazov in "The Brothers Karamazov," that bright kid who's having issues with atheism or with despair, things that happen often during those years, well, that area in which you want to cultivate the intellect of that thoughtful 18-year-old who often isn't oriented toward grades but who often ends up being the kind of thoughtful intelligence that ends up doing something extraordinary 10 years later, are we losing the support or at least the conditions that will prompt that student to continue reading and thinking? LYDEN: That's Mark Bauerlein, an English professor at Emory University and an opponent of the Common Core State Standards. You're listening to NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
In the Bible Elisha is among the most mighty of prophets. He is mentored by the prophet Elija who, according to the bible, did not die but ascended directly to heaven. Elisha is second only to Jesus in miracle working. Among his miracles are the raising of the dead, parting the waters of the Jordan river, feeding 100 men on a few loaves of bread and a few ears of grain. Elisha is generally kind to those who follow him. He helps poverty stricken widows, heals a leper, and removes the taint of salt from a spring in Jericho. He is also harsh with his enemies. Through him, God counsels a scorched earth policy during Israel's war with the Moabites and, when a servant is larcenous, Elisha curses him and his offspring with leprosy. Although Elisha is not taken bodily into heaven, after he dies, his bones still have the power to raise a man from death. The Story of the Bears Early in his career Elisha does a remarkably outrageous thing. After clearing the brackish waters of a spring in Jericho, Elisha sets out for the town of Bethel. On his way he is met by a group of children who make fun of his baldness. Elisha miraculously calls up two female bears to Maul forty two of the Children. After which he continues on his journey. The significance of the Story of the Bears There are a large number of outrageous acts recounted in the bible that are carried out by heroes, kings, and prophets. But these three verses are particularly disturbing. The extreme punishment laid upon children for the minor offense of an insult would be worthy of a Monty Python comedy routine if it were not reported with such horrific seriousness. The story represents a difficult problem for apologists. They are presented with a man of God who can clearly perform powerful miracles; a wise man who counsels the kings of Israel for decades and who speaks for God often; a man who clearly acts at the will of God both before and after this outrage. Presumably, a man of such power has many options at his command when he is confronted by insults from children. The option he chose is to ask God to send bears to maul the youths. God complied. 42 children were mauled and, considering the tender mercy of bears, probably killed. How can this act be squared with a benevolent God? How can this act be seen as ethical? Apologetic Explanations for the Bear Story It is just a story Apologists who are not also inerrantists often argue that certain stories in the bible are educational, rather than factual, in nature. Counter apologist are left to wonder which stories are true and how one tells the difference between one and the other. The story of the bears includes no obvious introductory clue that this particular set of verses is a parable about misbehaving children rather than a story of mass murder committed by a prophet of God. Elisha was afraid It is certainly possible for a lone stranger to feel threated by a large group of insult hurling people. Even if they were children, Elisha may have believed his life was in danger. This ignores several things we know about Elisha, God, and miracles. We know that Elisha, being one of the most powerful miracle workers in the bible, had many other, non-violent, options at his command. We know that God has protected his followers, including but not limited to Jesus, Shadrach, Meshack and Abednego, from harm without the use of violence to adults, let alone children. And we know that God, in the person of Jesus, made it clear that harming children was a terrible evil. With all this in mind, it seems unlikely that Elisha was afraid, and, if he was afraid, it is unlikely that his choice of defense could be squared with a sane man or, by granting this miraculous defense, a benevolent God. Elisha was human and he made a mistake People do make mistakes and over react. However, we know that God could have refused to perform this miracle for Elisha. He denies his follower's requests rather often in the bible and, apparently, in modern day life. God did not punish Elisha for this outrage. In fact, Elisha's powers become more formidable in the years after the mauling of the children. There is no indication that Elisha felt bad about this episode. He could have walked among these children, healing their wounds and raising the dead. Instead, he continues on his way to Mount Carmel. Again, we can not square this behavior with a sane person or a benevolent God. Anything God does is good This argument leaves the Apologist in a tentative position. We know that God does not like murder, it's one of the ten commandments, and he does not like harming children, he says so in the guise of Jesus, and, yet, he appears to approve of mauling unruly kids. Given this, the apologist must accept one of several options. God is an ethical relativist, a situational ethicist, limited in power, or non-benevolent. The story of the bears is an excellent illustration of the Problem of evil faced by apologists. This attitude plays right into the Euthyphro dilemma. It is mistranslated Some apologists argue that the word "children" has been mistranslated and should be translated as "youths" or even "young soldiers in training". Elisha can than be excused for his fright and violent reaction. Although this ignores the fact that Elisha still had many nonviolent options available to him, it makes the story slightly less outrageous. But, in this case, the apologists are certainly wrong. The original text uses the words "Na`ar" and "Qatan" to describe the children. "Na'ar" translates to "youth" or "boy" or "young man". The last definition can be made to fit the apologist's purposes. However, "Qatan", which modifies, "Na'ar" means "small", "little", or "very young". The translation is clear; the people that gathered to make fun of Elisha were children. It is mistranslated (part two) Any apologist who also believes in the inerrancy of his particular version of the bible can not make this argument. A mistranslation by definition is an error. An inerrant bible can not contain mistranslations.
Timur Lang (1336 – 1405) captures Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Tughluq by Mughal Delhi artist Opaque watercolour and gold on paper Folio: 16.75 x 12 in. (42.5 x 30 cm.) Timur had ruled over Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Anatolia and the Caucasus as well as much of what are now Pakistan and Iraq. He was the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur and founder of the Mughal Empire in India. In 1398, Timur invaded northern India by crossing the Indus River at Attock (now Pakistan) to fight the armies of Sultan Nasir- ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, ruler of the Delhi Sultanate which had already been weakened by a succession struggle within the royal family. The battle took place in Delhi on 17 December 1398. Using creative war tactics Timur secured an easy victory. Delhi was sacked and left in ruins. The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur’s greatest victories because of the harsh conditions that existed in the journey and the achievement of taking down one of the richest cities at the time. In this portrait, Timur is seated on a simple golden throne with a spear in his hand. On the right is Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, captured by Timur’s men after the battle of Delhi.
Does your house use this thing? It is said to be able to reduce your electricity bill and save you money. All you have to do is plugging in this thing into one of your socket outlets. Some of you may ask what this thing is. There are a lot of names used to name this thing, such as power saver, electrical energy saver, power factor regulator, power capacitor, capacitor bank, just to name a few. Is this thing really helps in reducing your monthly electricity bill? From my background knowledge, this thing (let’s call it capacitor bank) works based on the concept of power factor correction. Power consists of 2 components, the real power and the reactive power. Real power or average power is the actual power developed and only exists at resistors. Meanwhile, reactive power is the power developed due to reactance, may it be inductive or capacitive. The ratio of real power to apparent power is what we call as power factor. Power factor also can be denoted as cos θ. Before I continue further, let me tell you that the power meter at your home only measures real power. It does not measure reactive power. So your monthly electricity bill is based on how many unit real power your home is using. Ok, now. Power factor correction is the process of altering the power factor so that it is closer to unity (cos 0 = 1). If a capacitor bank is connected in parallel with the load (plug into socket outlet), it can subsequently improve the power factor to a value close to unity as shown in the figure below. But look carefully, after the power factor correction, only reactive power is reduced while there is no change to the real power. So, I have to say that the use of capacitor bank would not save anything on your monthly electricity bill. However, there are still some advantages of power factor correction. By connecting the capacitor bank to your socket outlet, the electrical load on the utility company (Tenaga and SESCO) is reduced. This allows the utility company to supply the surplus power to other consumers without increasing its generating capacity. Thus, although the use of capacitor bank does not help in saving your monthly electricity cost, it actually improves the efficiency in the power usage and in a way more environmental friendly. Does Power Saver Really Save Your Monthly Electricity Cost? by Life Is Like That, unless otherwise expressly stated, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 Malaysia License.
The Archbold Speedup Board The TRS‑80 Model I ran at a speed of 1.77 MHz. That speed was quite fast for a microcomputer at the time, but almost immediately people began designing speedup boards to increase it. The most famous of those speedup boards was the Archbold Speedup Board, designed by Bill Archbold and sold by Archbold Electronics. The Archbold Speedup Board itself was a fairly small board (1.5" by 2.5"). It came with an instruction manual containing complete installation directions, including a photo of the Model I logic board. The exact installation procedure varied depending on the hardware installed but involved soldering wires to various points within the Model I and cutting a few traces. One novel feature of the Archbold unit was that the speed could be software controlled (through I/O port 254) rather than using a hardware switch. That control scheme was copied by other speedup boards and became the de-facto standard for Model I speed control. Many programs, including Super Utility Plus, included code to automatically change the speed on the Archbold Speedup Board. It was also possible for users who wanted a manual switch to install one, but no switch was included with the Archbold package. The original Archbold Speedup Board, introduced in 1979, cost $24.95 for a fully assembled and tested version and $18.95 for a kit version. It was guaranteed to increase the speed of the Model I by 50% or double it if the hardware could support it. Patches were included for TRSDOS and NEWDOS that automatically slowed down the Model I during disk accesses to improve reliability. There were no equivalent patches for cassette access and the Archbold Speedup Board needed to be manually slowed down before reading or writing a 500 baud cassette. Some people used the higher speed to read and write tapes with faster baud rates instead. A later version of the Archbold Speedup Board, introduced in 1981, increased the price to $37.50. It was now guaranteed to double the Model I speed, but also provided a way to triple it to 5.3 MHz by replacing the Z80 processor with a Z80B and adding a delay line. That was faster than the much later TRS‑80 Model 4, which ran at 4 MHz. Patches to the operating system patches were no longer needed because the newer version automatically slowed down the Model I during disk and cassette accesses. This made the speedup almost completely transparent to the user. The automatic cassette slow down could be disabled by those people who wanted to continue using faster baud rates. Also added was a keyboard power LED which indicated the TRS‑80 speed by its color: - red for normal speed - yellow for 50% slower than normal (which could be activated using a manual switch) - green for high speed
Saint Lucia is a British Commonwealth country that is an island in the Caribbean, off the coast of Central America. It lies between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago. The twin Pitons (Gros Piton and Petit Piton) are striking cone-shaped peaks south of Soufriere that are one of the scenic natural highlights of the Caribbean. Tourism is vital to Saint Lucia's economy. Its economic importance is expected to continue to increase as the market for bananas becomes more competitive. Tourism tends to be more substantial during the dry season (January to April). Saint Lucia tends to be popular due to its tropical weather and scenery and its numerous beaches and resorts. Other tourist attractions include a drive-in volcano, Sulphur Springs (at Soufrière), the Botanical Gardens, the Majestic twin Peaks "The Pitons", A world heritage site, the rain forests, and Pigeon Island National Park, which is home to Fort Rodney, an old British military base. Saint Lucia's first known inhabitants were Arawaks, believed to have come from northern South America around 200-400 CE. Numerous archaeological sites on the island have produced specimens of the Arawak's' well-developed pottery. Caribs gradually replaced Arawak's during the period from 800 to 1000 CE. Europeans first landed on the island in either 1492 or 1502 during Spain's early exploration of the Caribbean. The British failed in their first attempts at colonization in the early 17th century. The island was first settled by the French, who signed a treaty with the local Caribs in 1660. Like the British and Dutch, the French began to develop the island for the cultivation of sugar cane on extensive plantations. Caribbean conditions were hard, and many slaves died before they lived long enough to have children. The French (and later British) continued to import slaves until the latter nation abolished the trade, and then the legal institution. By that time, people of ethnic African descent greatly outnumbered those of ethnic European background. Thereafter Saint Lucia was much contested by the two European powers until the British secured it in 1814. It was part of the British Windward Islands colony. It joined the West Indies Federation (1958–62) when the colony was dissolved. In 1967, Saint Lucia became one of the six members of the West Indies Associated States, with internal self-government. In 1979 it gained full independence. Tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August; Experiences hurricanes. Volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys. Natural hazards: volcanic activity. Highest point: Mount Gimie 950 m jodie and lou la land. Citzens of the following countries do not need visas: Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Beglium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark (includes Faroe Islands and Greenland), Dominica, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, and Zambia. If your nationality is not mentioned anywhere above, you will need to apply for a visa. As of the moment, citizens of Haiti do need visas but this is temporary. Most nationalities pay $50 for a single-entry tourist visa. It lasts 6 weeks, and extensions can sometimes be made at Saint Lucia's immigration department. You have must a completed application form, passport, 1 passport-size photo, funds to cover your stay, the $50 fee, and an travel ticket for leaving Saint Lucia to get the visa. Everyone will need a passport except citizens of countries in the OECS. For stays of 6 months or less, citizens of Canada or the USA can enter with any type of national ID card and proof of an onward ticket. St. Lucia has two airports, - George FL Charles Airport is closer to many of the all-inclusive resorts, has a modest terminal and runway able to easily support inter-island commercial flights. For less-experienced pilots in high-performance aircraft, the over-water approach and hills on both sides of runway can seem a bit harrowing, but prevailing winds are usually favorable. The airport is right next to Vigie beach, so it's possible to top up your sun tan while you wait for your flight. The terminal is about two miles from downtown Castries, so it is walkable if you do not have much luggage. - Hewanorra is larger, but can be an 1 hour by Taxi from most of the major resorts in the north. However, the journey north is a good way to see the island except if you arrive at night. More information on both airports can be found on the official website for the St.Lucia Air and Sea Ports Authority Ferries to and from neighbouring islands are available, if rather expensive. Channel Shuttles Inc. operate a slightly cheaper ferry service (235 ECD including departure tax) to Martinique operating from Castries at 10.00 on Wednesday and 15.00 on Thursdays. They can be contacted on 7139701/4518161 or their office can be found in the ferry terminal just outside of Castries. Cruise ships (usually one or two at a time) are frequent visitors to the small, picturesque harbor. An open air mall abuts the main pier and offers "duty free" shops. See "Buy" below. Catamaran rides from Soufriere to Rodney Bay are also offered through a local tour company (to be updated). The main way for tourists to get around St. Lucia is by taxi, either arranged by the hotel, taxi agency or individual operators. The tours arranged by resorts are usually the most expensive way to travel but might offer food and drink. Using a local taxi operator to plan your own adventure will be much more affordable. Your hotel staff should provide you with a number of a taxi agency or operator that they use regularly. The prices are generally fixed but you can shop around to get the best rate if given several numbers. Many taxi drivers that run from the resorts to the marketplaces will offer tours of the island for around $145 per van load. Each van will hold between 6 and 12 people. For the budget travellers or the more adventurous tourists, local buses provide a cheap and fun way of getting around. They are small vans which hold around 10-14 people and vary in quality. They run irregularly, but frequently from rural towns to urban centers, (i.e. Soufriere to Castries, Soufriere to Vieux Fort, Vieux Fort to Castries), each day most travelling to Castries in the morning and returning to Soufriere late afternoon. They are very affordable and provide a unique experience each time; the vehicle operators often decorate the interiors and play their own music, either a mix of Caribbean flavours or country. If you want to try and take a transport discuss your route and travel time with one of the local staff familiar with the bus system. Many of them likely take a transport to and from work. Water taxis are a main source of income for many locals and can be a much quicker, convenient and picturesque method of traveling short distances to private beaches or coastal towns. Many water taxi operators in the Town of Soufriere can be found at the jetty. The rates of these drivers are a little high and can be bargained down. There are a few taxi owners who regularly play dominoes and sell drinks near the Hummingbird Hotel and Soufriere beach. They can offer a much cheaper rate. From Soufriere, you can take a water taxi to Anse Chastenet and Jalousie Beaches. A helicopter taxi can be taken from Hewannora airport to Vigie airport and is a quick and spectacular way to get to the resorts on the Northern end of the island. Renting a car is also possible at rates similar to those found in the United States or Canada. Driving is on the left-hand side and drivers require a permit ($12 US for one day, $21 US for 3 months). Virtually all residents will be able to converse with travellers in English. Castries market is a good place to buy gifts as is the JQ Shopping Mall in Rodney Bay. There is also La Place Carenage, a duty free and gift and souvenir outlet located in the main harbour of Castries. There you will find fine jewellry arts and crafts, ideal for gifts. Supermarkets have quite good prices on rums produced or bottled on the island, e.g., Elements 8, Admiral Rodney, and especially Chairman's Reserve. Visits by cruise ships over the years have generated a duty free mall (at dockside, Point Seraphine, Castries) with jewelry, souvenirs, art, liquor/rums and other offerings typical for cruise shoppers. You may also find lower, "duty-Free" prices available across the island in strip malls and resorts. You may need identification as a visitor to qualify for duty-free treatment. St Lucian food consists mainly of fresh fruit and vegetables, fish and a variety of curry, jerk, rice and stewed dishes. The coal pot is a delicious stew, traditional to native carib cultures and can be found at many local restaurants in Castries, Soufriere and Vieux-Fort. Vegetarian and meat rotis can be found at a number of small local restaurants. Ask any local for the best roti shop and he or she will tell you how to get there. Rotis are usually made fresh in the morning so, if eating a spicy early lunch is of interest, it's highly recommended. Local cuisine is prepared throughout the island so, depending on where you are staying, ask a local if he or she knows someone/somewhere that prepares local food and you will be sure to be welcomed somewhere nearby. Many rum shacks in rural towns also prepare food if given advanced notice. Fish, veggie, chicken and goat meals are very common and usually come with a number of sides including salad, plantain, breadfruit, macaroni, and rice prepared a number of different ways. For a quick snack, barbeques with chicken and pork can be found in any community on a Friday night. The food is well marinated and spiced. Soak up the sauce with a barbequed or fried bake. Fried chicken and fish can also be found, and are quite delicious. There are weekly parties and festivals held in various communities throughout the island where you can also sample a range of local foods, including sea food, barbequed meats, salads and drinks. These festivals are filled with dancing, drinks, food and music. Let your hair down, try some cuisine and lime it up. Be sure to ask what is in the pots before you sample the food. For those environmentally conscious, blackfish is porpoise. Rodney Bay is full of people from all over the world and the restaurants reflect the diversity. You can find a variety of cuisines, from East Indian to Italian including local dishes of course, in a small area. St. Lucia has fantastic Rum Punch. It's hard to go wrong. Highly recommended: Most bars will have both, even at the smaller resorts. In addition to rums, Piton Lager beer is brewed and bottled on the island and is quite good (although it has a slightly higher alcohol content than most American beers). It's usually offered in eight ounce bottles, often for $1 US. Also seen in coolers: Heineken, Champagne, Wine, Water, Coke (usually $1 US) St. Lucia is home to a huge number of resort hotels as well as small boutique hotels and self-catering villas, condos, and vacation apartments. All inclusive resorts The island has a rather turbulent history. It's worth taking a "Jungle Safari" around the rainforests, as this also includes much information on the island itself. There is a marine sanctuary (national park) on one side of the island by the Anse Chastenet resort. Great spot to learn about local marine life & ecology St Lucia is as safe as any other country. However you should exercise the same caution as you would at home. Pickpockets are in every country - just be careful in crowded areas. Use of camouflage bags is illegal in Saint Lucia if you're not military personnel. If you show up at the airport with one, it will be confinscated. Street vendors are decidely less aggresive than most Caribbean nations. A simple "no thank you" is sufficient. Some of the locals will offer gifts when you stop however don't be naive - they expect something in return, so either refuse the gift in the first place or be prepared to pay a dollar or 2 for the proffered "gift". These people are very poor and unemployment is high so tourists are often the sole means they have to make some money. Driving can be fun, but you should be a confident driver as driving is on the left, the roadways can be narrow, steep and in rough condition. A 4x4 or similar high-clearance vehicle is necessary if you decide to venture into the mountains. There's only one main roadway so it is difficult to get lost, but should it happen the locals will help you find your way. Sexual acts between men are illegal and carry a custodial sentence of up to 10 years, though it is not known how strictly this is enforced. Gay travellers should be safer here than in, for example, Jamaica. However caution is advised and public displays of affection may be met with hostility. There is no law which explicitly forbids lesbianism. This island is a series of hills and mountains. The main west coast roadway is the most hair-raising series of winding hair pin turns you have ever seen, particularly between Castries and Soufriere. The east coast roadway is more direct but it still takes approximately 90 minutes to drive from the airport in Hewannora (UVF) to Castries and Gros Islet in the north. In preparation for the shuttle, people who are staying in the north and are prone to motion sickness, should bring Dramamine and take it immediately upon arrival at Hewannora Airport. Tap water is safe to drink, however bottled water is widely available for those who desire it.
Bream and Broken Yokes By James Campbell "It was for freedom that Christ set us free; therefore keep standing firm and do not be subject again to a yoke of... Women in the Bible: Are You a Dorcas? Which character in the Bible best describes you? Ashley Kyles @SundaysBliss delivers an uplifting and beautiful post that will help empower women. Ashley tells us about a strong women in the Bible named Dorcas. If women modeled her characteristics we could make a big impact around us. Women in the Bible: Are You a Dorcas? Acts 9: 36-43 36In Joppa there was a disciple named Tabitha (which, when translated, is Dorcas), who was always doing good and helping the poor. 37About that time she became sick and died, and her body was washed and placed in an upstairs room. 38Lydda was near Joppa; so when the disciples heard that Peter was in Lydda, they sent two men to him and urged him, “Please come at once!” 39Peter went with them, and when he arrived he was taken upstairs to the room. All the widows stood around him, crying and showing him the robes and other clothing that Dorcas had made while she was still with them. 40Peter sent them all out of the room; then he got down on his knees and prayed. Turning toward the dead woman, he said, “Tabitha, get up.” She opened her eyes, and seeing Peter she sat up. 41He took her by the hand and helped her to her feet. Then he called the believers and the widows and presented her to them alive. 42This became known all over Joppa, and many people believed in the Lord. 43Peter stayed in Joppa for some time with a tanner named Simon. The ninth book of Acts presents a woman named Dorcas who had met her untimely death. She was so well-liked by her peers that they could not accept her departing; thus they called the Apostle Peter to bring her back to life. Acts does not go into great detail about Dorcas, but it tells us enough to figure that she was widely loved and respected by the Christian community in Joppa. Following are five distinct characteristics about Dorcas. As women, if we can help each other in modeling these same characteristics, then we can make a big impact on those around us. D – Dorcas was a Disciple. Verse 36 clearly indicates that Dorcas followed Christ, calling her a disciple by name (translated from the Greek word mathetria). This is the only place in the New Testament where the feminine form is used. In that case, it is possible that Dorcas could have been a known leader in the Christian community. O – Dorcas was Obedient. Verse 39-41 suggests that the widows valued Dorcas. They made sure to model to the Apostle Paul all that she had made for them, basically, all that she had done in their favor. God has always been very protecting of the widows and the poor and Dorcas was faithful to care for them as well, as God instructs us to. R – Dorcas was Resilient. “Dorcas” is a female name of Greek origins, meaning “gazelle”. A gazelle is a small antelope of the genus Gazella and allied genera, resident of the continents Africa and Asia. They are most noted for their graceful movements. To be graceful as a gazelle is to be resilient, to spring back, and to be buoyant or lively in nature. Dorcas was not only a survivor, but she was also an overcomer. Death could not hold her back from the purpose God destined her for. C – Dorcas was Charitable. In biblical times, when a woman’s husband died, she had no way to make a living. Therefore, Dorcas would often make robes and other clothing for the widows to keep them warm in the coldness of winter. Though, Dorcas was a Christian not because she did good works and charitable deeds. She did good works and charitable deeds because she was a Christian (a key distinction). Remember, he who is kind to the poor lends to the LORD, and he will reward him for what he has done (Proverbs 19:17). A – Dorcas was Amiable. Dorcas was so well-liked by her peers that they could not accept her departing. They were so desperate for her companionship that they called the Apostle Peter over from a nearby town to bring her back to life. This shows us how valuable she was to her community and insinuates that she must have been a pleasant woman, possessing good-natured qualities. S – Dorcas was a Seamstress. Dorcas was a hard-working woman. She had an occupation as a seamstress. The text reveals that she often made robes and other clothing for the widows in the community. She used her gifts and talents for sewing to make an impact in other people’s lives. She made a difference everywhere she went, even in the workplace. As Christians, God presents each of us with gifts that we can use to serve Him; and often they are related to the abilities and interests that we already have. Even if we have not fully developed our skills and talents, we can begin right where we are, whether it is at school, home or even work. As you can see, Dorcas was an admirable woman who was so loved and respected by her peers that they prayed for a miracle and God granted it. She was the cause of an evangelistic explosion! The story of her revival “became known all over Joppa” and as a result “many people believed in the Lord” (v.42). In her, we can see the fruits of the Spirit: love, kindness and goodness. She is an example to the women in 1 Timothy 2:9-10, which says that women are to gain respect, not by physical beauty, but by the good deeds that are appropriate for women who worship God. And also an example to Matthew 5:16, “In the same way, let your light shine before men, that they may see your good deeds and praise your Father in heaven.” If we as women can help each other model the characteristics that Dorcas had, we can make a ground-breaking influence in the lives of our families, our churches and the world.
This Fascinating view of the earth is a global average of data recorded by the tongue twisting Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view-Sensor (SeaWiFs) over the entirety of its 13 year operational history – 1996-2010. During its lifespan this sensor on GeoEye’s OrbView 2 satellite measured worldwide levels of chlorophyll – the green pigment which allows plants to obtain energy from light. As NASA Earth Observatory explains, at sea the colours in the map represent areas where phytoplankton is most common, on land the the density of vegetation: An NDVI of zero means no green plants and a high value (0.8 or 0.9) is a thick canopy of green leaves. As to why monitoring phytoplankton levels is really important: It’s the blooming and die-off of the phytoplankton that form the center of the oceanic food web…a direct indicator of the seas’ ability to support life.
Keeping key historical locations from being destroyed is a way of preserving the nation’s memory, and the site of the 1890 Wounded Knee massacre in South Dakota is well worth protecting. In that incident, federal cavalrymen killed about 300 Native American men, women, and children. A man named James Czywczynski gained possession in 1968 of land next to where many of the dead were buried. He now wants to sell two 40-acre tracts, valued by federal officials at about $14,000, for $4.9 million. He set a Wednesday deadline for the Oglala Sioux tribe to buy the land. Some tribe members have accused him of trying to profit from their ancestors’ troubles. In fact, Czywczynski’s motives appear complicated. In news reports, he has maintained that his goal has long been to sell the land to the tribe, and that no one took his effort seriously until he set a deadline. He’s also hinted at a level of bitterness that property he owned was destroyed in a 1973 protest at Wounded Knee by Native American activists. The land’s anguished history is all the more reason it should be preserved. Czywczynski maintains that he’s had nibbles from outside development groups. But last week, Czywczynski extended his deadline by at least a month. The federal Department of the Interior should step in to broker a deal between the tribe and Czywczynski, or offer a reasonable price to buy the land itself.
How to ZIP and UNZIP folder in Ubuntu Zip is a archive file format that is used to store compress data. We can store any number of files with this compression technique. This format was originally created in 1989 by Phil Katz. In this tutorial, we will zip and unzip directory using Ubuntu terminal. First see, number of directories present in current directory. Currently, we have a javatpoint directory that we will zip in next step. Use the following command to ZIP javatpoint directory. See again, number of directories present in current directory. Here, now we have one more directory that is created as zip file. Like zip, we can unzip zipped directory. See, as we did below. Use following command to unzip zipped directory. zip command has various flags to set attributes for zip file. For more about these flags, ask for help.
This Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) image portrays a plethora of dark streaks created by passing dust devils during early summer in the martian southern hemisphere. The picture covers an area about 3 km (1.9 mi) wide near 40.2°S, 237.7°W. Sunlight illuminates the scene from the upper left. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems Browse Image \| Medium Image \| Full Res Image
A process may be defined as ‘a particular course of action intended to achieve a result’, or more specifically as: A set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business outcome. In both of these definitions the key thing is what is important is the end result. A process exists to achieve a purpose. It is also useful to think of roles and responsibilities in this way. A person’s job is not to carry out a process it is to achieve a result. Emphasising this can make it easier for people to think about how they might achieve that result in different ways. Michael Hammer, often called the father of business process re-engineering, defined a process as: A related group of tasks that together create a result of value to a customer. Moriarty & Thompson, 1996 This definition best fits the a client-centred approach. Processes can be viewed in a variety of ways – one of the simplest is to see the components of each process as input, transformation and output. Inputs may be information, materials or activities. The fourth, and most important, element of the process is the client. The purpose of the process and its end result is to meet the needs of a client. In education we can only really create effective and value-adding processes if we recognise that the client is usually the student. When reviewing our processes we need to think about why we are doing them and what output the client requires. In the case of education, the learner is the client because they are the recipient of a final product with the choice of where to seek it. Keep the strategic vision and output in mind when thinking about your processes. There are many tools you can use to help in your review, and we will explore some of them in this guide, but before you get into the detail remember to focus your efforts on the why (the strategy) and the output (the transformed input). It is easy to spend a lot of time analysing the detail and a lot of that time may well be wasted. Above all else keep thinking about why you are doing the process at all and the ouput you need from it. This clear focus will be necessary once you start to examine the realities of processes in your organisation. It will help you cut through the organisational smokestacks that currently exist to see the process overall. Lean activities and processes Lean isn’t an acronym rather it is a way of thinking about activities and processes that focuses on adding value and eliminating waste. The approach grew out of the automotive industry and is generally credited to Toyota. The Lean approach is based on the premise that only a small proportion of the resource/effort that goes into a task actually adds value for the customer therefore it tries to eliminate the tasks that do not add value. Taking the student as the customer of post-compulsory education it is not difficult to see how this approach can be applied. Lean thinking requires taking a view of the ‘supply chain’ across the organisation as a whole so it is an enterprise-wide approach. Cardiff University adopted the Lean approach in 2006 and has based a considerable amount of process improvement on the 5 overriding principles of Lean: - Identify customers and specify value - The starting point is to recognise that only a small fraction of the total time and effort in any organisation actually adds value for the end customer. By clearly defining Value for a specific product or service from the end customer’s perspective, all the non value activities – or waste – can be targeted for removal. - Identify and map the value stream – The Value Stream is the entire set of activities across all parts of the organisation involved in jointly delivering the product or service. This represents the end-to-end process that delivers the value to the customer. Once you understand what your customer wants the next step is to identify how you are delivering (or not) that to them. - Create flow by eliminating waste – Typically when you first map the Value Stream you will find that only 5% of activities add value, this can rise to 45% in a service environment. Eliminating this waste ensures that your product or service “flows” to the customer without any interruption, detour or waiting. - Respond to customer pull – This is about understanding the customer demand on your service and then creating your process to respond to this. Such that you produce only what the customer wants when the customer wants it. - Pursue perfection - Creating flow and pull starts with radically reorganising individual process steps, but the gains become truly significant as all the steps link together. As this happens more and more layers of waste become visible and the process continues towards the theoretical end point of perfection, where every asset and every action adds value for the end customer. The University of St Andrews also adopted Lean in 2006 and uses the concept of 8 wastes to identify areas for improvement: - Transportation Unnecessary movement of materials, people, information, equipment or paper - Inventory Excess stock, unnecessary files and copies, and extra supplies - Motion Unnecessary walking and searching, things not within reach or easily accessible - Waiting Idle time that causes the workflow to stop, such as waiting for signatures, machines, phone calls - Overprocessing Processing things that don’t add value, e.g.asking for student details multiple times, excessive checking or duplication - Overproduction Producing either too much paperwork / information, or producing it before it is required - Defects Work that needs to be redone due to errors (whether human or technical) - Skills misuse Not using the full potential of staff, wasting the available knowledge, skills and experience The University of Strathclyde initiated its Strathclyde Lean Six Sigma Efficiencies in Education Kit (SLEEK) programme in 2011. A 2013 evaluation report identified that (allowing for the cost of training) the programme would generate savings of c.£210k equating to each member of staff trained to yellow belt level making savings of £2k, and each member of staff trained to green belt level generating savings of £20k.
Sunscreen and cancer prevention Just using a good sunscreen may not be enough when the sun threatens your skin with harmful ultraviolet rays. The high number of sunburn cases in the U.S. is evidence that many people need to do more when it comes to protecting themselves from the sun. The stakes are high. “Sunburn damage to the skin is a direct cause of skin cancer,” says Algin Garrett, M.D., a skin cancer specialist and chair of the Department of Dermatology at VCU Health System. “Skin cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in the U.S., and its incidences are rising.” “This also means that the most important avoidable cause of cancer we know of is exposure to ultraviolet radiation,” Garrett concludes. “People need to do a better job of protecting themselves.” Ultraviolet rays are a part of sunlight that is an invisible form of radiation. UV rays can penetrate and change the structure of skin cells. The two types of UV rays to be concerned about are UVA and UVB. Scientists believe that UVA radiation can cause damage to connective tissue and increase a person’s risk for developing skin cancer. UVB rays are less abundant because a significant portion of them is absorbed by the ozone layer. UVB rays penetrate less deeply into the skin than do UVA rays, but also can be damaging. How to protect yourself Experts recommend that you do all five steps. - Avoid excessive sun exposure year round. UV rays can cause skin damage during any season or temperature, and even on cloudy or hazy days. - When possible, stay out of the sun during the middle of the day, when UV rays are the strongest. - Cover up. Wear protective clothing, such as a wide-brimmed hat, long-sleeved shirt and long pants. Protect your eyes with wraparound sunglasses that filter out 100 percent of UV rays. - Always use a broad-spectrum (protection against both UVA and UVB rays) sunscreen and lip balm/protectant with at least sun protection factor (SPF) of 15. Apply liberally and reapply as indicated by the manufacturer’s directions. - Trust but verify. You may be doing a great job of following the guidelines above. Nevertheless, do a thorough examination of your skin once a month, top and bottom, front and back. If you see spots, blemishes or moles that are changing, ask for some advice from a medical professional. The most deadly form of skin cancer is melanoma, which forms in the skin cells that make the pigment melanin — often as a mole. The National Cancer Institute estimates there will be 62,480 new cases of melanoma in the U.S. in 2008, and about 8,420 deaths caused by the disease. By comparison, there will be more than 1 million new cases of non-melanoma skin cancers in 2008, with fewer than 1,000 deaths.
The Monmouth Rebellion From 'A History of the British Nation' by AD Innes, 1912 The Killing Time Within five months of James's accession the strength of his position had been completely demonstrated. In Scotland the Scottish Estates were convened; and although they emphatically confirmed all the existing statutes for the security of Protestantism, they increased the severity of against conventicles, extending the application of the death penalty and introducing that worst period of the persecution known to Scottish tradition as the "Killing Time." In May an English parliament assembled, and the House of Commons showed an overwhelming Tory preponderance, emphatic declaration on the king's part that he would defend the Church sufficed to secure the enthusiastic loyalty of the Commons. The revenue granted to Charles was renewed to James, and a further large grant was made for naval purposes. Meanwhile the extreme Whigs, the Exclusionists, who had taken flight from the country after their final rout, made their own desperate attempt. Argyle landed in Scotland and sought to raise an insurrection which was promptly crushed with complete ease; Argyle himself was captured and executed. While the insurrection in the North was collapsing Monmouth landed at Lyme Regis, the south-western corner of Dorsetshire. He asserted his own legitimacy, while professedly leaving his title to the Crown to be decided by parliament. His pose was that of the champion of Protestantism and generally of the constitutional principles advocated by the Whigs. The Battle of Sedgemoor The appeal to Protestantism was effective among the rural population of Somerset and Devon, who flocked to his standard, ill enough tanned but full of enthusiasm. But the Whig magnates did not join him, and the destroyed such chance as he had by deserting his first position and proclaiming himself king. Monmouth's valiant rustier levies met the king's troops at Sedgemoor, where they were completely routed in- spite of the stubborn valour of their resistance. Monmouth himself was caught and carried prisoner to London, where an Act of Attainder had already been passed against him, and he was as a matter of course executed after unedifying appeals for mercy, which were rejected, by the king with equally unedifying harshness. Kirke's Lambs and Judge Jeffreys The king's lack of nerve was shown not only by his alarm on the occasion of Monmouth's rising but by his encouragement of a vile vindictiveness in the punishment of the West Country which followed its very easy suppression. The savageries of "Kirke's Lambs," the troops just returned from Tangier, were only the precursors of the brutalities of Jeffreys, who was sent to conduct the judicial campaign. Foul-mouthed abuse of accused persons and bullying of witnesses smoothed the way for the scandalous sentences which have stamped the memory of Judge Jeffreys with indelible 'infamy, and have given to his proceedings the name of the Bloody Assize. The number of persons put to death exceeded three hundred, and nearly three times as many were transported to convict slavery in the West Indies. Unwittingly, however, Monmouth had done almost the worst disservice to James and the best service to Protestantism and constitutionalism that he could possibly have rendered, by getting himself executed, Monmouth was the rock on which the Whigs had split. The moment Monmouth was out of the way every one who was ill content turned his thoughts to the Dutch Stadtholder and his Stuart wife, the heiress-presumptive of the English throne. Neither nobles nor gentry nor commons in England would take up arms to set the crown of England on the head of the son of Lucy Waters merely because a number of Whig leaders had chosen to pretend to believe in his-legitimacy. If James had had the. wit to spare Monmouth as his brother would have done in the like case, James's antagonist would have found it exceedingly difficult to procure the intervention of the Prince of Orange. But vindictiveness blinded James to the more subtle policy, and by his own act he smoothed the way for his supplanter. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes Before parliament, which was prorogued in the summer, met again in the winter, other events had taken place which materially influenced the situation, For some time past Louis XIV, had been pressing heavily upon his Protestant subjects, who had already begun to seek safety in emigration. In September be revoked the Edict of Nantes, the charter of Huguenot liberties, which for a hundred years past had secured at least a degree of toleration for French Protestants. The revocation let loose a storm of persecution, and Huguenot refugees began crowding to Brandenburg, Holland, and England. The antagonism to popery which had been quieting down was roused anew, in spite of the fact that the Pope and the Hapsburgs, Austrian and Spanish, both denounced the methods of the French king. Parliament stands up to the king James could have selected no worse moment for championing the cause of his co-religionists in his own country. The French king was employing his soldiery for the persecution, and that fact roused anew the general English hostility to a standing army, the more so when Englishmen who turned their eyes northwards saw what the king's troops were doing in the south-west of Scotland. Nevertheless, James met his parliament with a demand for the increase of the standing army, the need of which he thought had been proved by the Monmouth rebellion, and with the announcement that he had nominated as officers men in whom he had personal confidence, but who also happened to be barred from all such appointments by the Test Act. The change in the sentiment of parliament was at once apparent, though it was by a majority of only one that the House of Commons insisted on giving the question of the Roman Catholic officers precedence over that of supply. The victory over the Opposition brought waverers over to their side. In the result a resolution was presented, in which the House engaged to release the officers from the penalties to which they had rendered themselves liable by taking office in defiance of the Test Act, but which in effect invited the king to cancel their appointment The House of Lords followed suit. The angry king denounced the conduct of both Houses and prorogued the parliament, which was not again assembled, though it was not actually dissolved till the midsummer of 1687.
age of consent, the age at which, according to the law, persons are bound by their words and acts. There are different ages at which one acquires legal capacity to consent to marriage, to choose a guardian, to conclude a contract, and the like. For marriage, the age may be higher for males than for females if the jurisdiction does not guarantee equal rights to men and women. Age of consent also means the age below which consent of the female to sexual intercourse is not a defense to a charge of rape . Under common law this age was 10; state statutes in the United States generally set it between 13 and 18. See also consent The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004. Licensed from Columbia University Press
Answer to (a) Hi hows it going guys. I have some problem with tree diagram. A manufacturer of metal bolts uses an X-ray scanner to reject bolts which have defects. In a review of the scanner’s reliability, 750 bolts were checked by the scanner and then by an accurate human inspector. The table shows the number of bolts accepted or rejected by the scanner and whether the bolts were, in fact, defective or OK. In this question, the following notation should be used. A: the casting was accepted by the scanner D: the casting was defective Scanner (a)Draw a tree diagram and label its branches to show the sample space of this problem. (b)On the basis of these results, calculate the probability correct to 4 decimal places, that a randomly selected bolt (i)is defective and is accepted by the scanner (ii)is accepted by the scanner (iii)will be accepted by the scanner if it is defective
What can be said about the values of . Recall that you are given . Suppose that f is continuous on [0,1] and that Range(f) is a subset of [0,1]. By using g(x) = f(x) - x, prove that there is a real number c in [0,1] such that f(c) = c. I'm not sure where to start. I know that the intermediate value theorem applies, since we're given a function g(x) which is continuous on the interval [0,1]. However, I don't know how to use this to prove that f(c) = c. Any help would be great. That was a typo. Plato meant to say . (That may be the first mistake he has ever made!) First, if either f(0)=0 or f(1)= 1, we are done. So we can assume that f(0)> 0 and that f(1)< 1. Let g(x)= f(x)- x as you say. Then g(0)= f(0). Is that positive or negative? g(1)= f(1)- 1. Is that positive or negative?
High temperature forecast for the United States on March 24, 2014. March continues to be much colder than average for Americans living in the path of the wiggly polar vortex. Record low temperatures were set overnight across the northern Great Plains and the North Atlantic regions, and the spring sun won't bring much warmth today, forecasters predict. Expect high temperatures for March 24 to hit well below seasonal averages, with near-record cold expected in Maine and Massachusetts, the National Weather Service (NWS) said. Today's record low maximum of 26 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 3 degrees Celsius) for Boston was set in 1888. [Photos: The 8 Coldest Places on Earth] Here are some of the overnight record lows from around the country: - Lewisburg, Maine: 14 degrees F (minus 10 degrees C) - Portland, Maine: 11 degrees F (minus 11 degrees C) - Bridgeport, Conn.: 20 degrees F (minus 6 degrees C) - Islip, N.Y.: 20 degrees F (minus 6 degrees C) - Binghamton, N.Y.: 10 degrees F (minus 12 degrees C) - Lewisburg, W.Va.: 14 degrees F (minus 10 degrees C) - International Falls, Minn.: minus 26 degrees F (minus 32 degrees C) The frigid air is the latest Arctic blast to move across the region from Canada, and it owes its southerly extent to fast-moving fingers of wind within the jet stream. Two of these "jet streaks" are positioned above the East Coast, creating a low-pressure zone between them that draws in cold air from the north. As this low-pressure system moves offshore tomorrow, a powerful storm is expected to develop Tuesday night offshore the Mid-Atlantic coast, which will bring snow to much of the region, the NWS forecasts. Yet even as temperatures plunged across the East, the South and the West were breaking heat records. On Sunday (March 23), Fort Lauderdale, Fla., tied a record high temperature set in 1839, hitting 90 degrees F (32 degrees C). The mercury also busted 80 degrees F in Miami on Sunday, tying the old record set in 2005. More than 4,000 miles (6,400 km) to the north, Cold Bay, Alaska, continued the northern state's unusual warm streak, with a new overnight high of 38 degrees F (3 degrees C). And San Diego, Calif., set a new record minimum temperature of 61 degrees F (16 degrees C) Sunday. The big span in temperatures between East and West reflects that the East Coast's big chill is mostly a regional event. For example, the months from December 2013 to February 2014 were the eighth warmest on record for the planet, the U.S. National Climatic Data Center said in a report released March 19. The last time the Earth had a record cold month was in December 1916.
MCAD Modeling Methods-Transitioning from 2D to 3D1 Sep, 2006 By: IDSA ,Mike Hudspeth The benefits of switching to 3D far outweigh what 2D offers. In the early 2D days of CAD, when that acronym meant computer-aided drafting, not design, it helped to have an artistic eye. If you didn't have an artistic person at the computer, your drawings didn't turn out that well. I started out drafting, and fortunately I've always had an affinity for 3D sculpture and drawing. In short, I can see and imagine 3D space. Why was that important? Because drawing orthographic projection requires the ability to imagine what the object looks like from different angles. If you worked from actual parts or a model of your design, the process was much easier. But in my experience, drawings were necessary long before such parts or models were available. In the Early Days The first really big player in CAD was Autodesk's AutoCAD, still the 800lb gorilla of the industry. With AutoCAD, all of your 2D drawing requirements were easily met. You could draw anything you wanted, write LISP files to make your job easier and incorporate third-party programs to expand your capability. What more could you ask for? Snap to It One area of improvement was line and arc termination points. You might know these better as snaps. They allow you to designate an exact location to snap to based on things such as line endpoints, midpoints and arc centers. In the old drafting board days, a line ended pretty much where it looked like it ended. You needed no more precision than that. Snaps allow you to close an area exactly to many decimal places. I worked at a couple of different companies where this capability was little appreciated, if known at all. Many times I've worked on drawings where if you zoom closely enough you see lines ending out in space, crossing or ending just short of an intersection. I'll show why that's important in the "Snap to It". But as AutoCAD was gaining in market presence and popularity, some people wanted to go further, into 3D. AutoCAD is a superior 2D product, but it has never done 3D very well. It has rudimentary capabilities, but no company I've ever talked to has used it for 3D design. In fact, Autodesk developed products such as Mechanical Desktop and Inventor to take care of this problem. But why is 3D important? Why should a company that is satisfied with 2D drawings invest the time and money to transition from 2D to 3D? Why Do It? I'll admit that this column may sound like a rehash of some of my recent ones that discuss benefits derived from 3D models. But some people still haven't heard the message. 3D is better than 2D for products that occupy 3D space. Granted, if all you produce are 2D products like labels, bandages and gauze pads, you aren't likely to see much advantage to making the jump to 3D (figure 2). But for the rest of us whose parts occupy space along the z axis, 3D makes a whole lot of sense. Figure 2. Some products don't require 3D models, but most designs benefit from 3D geometry. There's a big difference between drawing a part and modeling it. When you draw a part, you basically depict one static view of it. When you model a part, you build a 3D representation of it. That difference is huge. If you are designing a hand drill, you can draw one side but are left to imagine what the other sides look like. It's like seeing something on TV. If the camera doesn't go behind something, you don't know what's there. (Remember the mock-up town in Blazing Saddles?) When you model something in 3D space, you know everything about that model intimately. You can rotate it in space and look at it from all sides. You are far more familiar with it than you are with a 2D drawing, no matter how detailed. You'll attain a situational awareness that different static views can't adequately express. And what that situational awareness can do is show you errors that you didn't know you had. By rotating and zooming on a model, you can see where things don't match the way you think they should, and then you can fix them before any prototypes are made. You'll save a lot of time and money—your ROI (return on investment) will start to look pretty good. So how do you go from 2D drawings to 3D models? There are far too many ways for me to fully explain here, but in a nutshell you have to model them. There's no automatic way of taking a 2D drawing and popping out 3D models. The software isn't quite there yet, but some tools make modeling far easier than it used to be. Take Solid Edge, for instance. You can import an AutoCAD drawing into Solid Edge and use the 2D geometry to sweep new solids. Just identify which view is the front, right and top and then which curves are what profile and away you go, sweeping and subtracting until you have a fully parametric solid model that you can really use (figure 3). It's exciting stuff! Figure 3. Programs such as Solid Edge from UGS provide all sorts of capabilities to take 2D drawings and build 3D models. Okay, you have a 3D model of your part. What do you do with it? Even in our supposedly paperless society, you'll need a drawing. Drafting is another area in which your ROI is going to look great. No longer will you fear inaccuracy. Each view on the drawing will be pulled directly from the 3D model. All you need do is tell the software what view to put where, and it plops the appropriate geometry on the drawing. All that's left for you to do is add dimensions, and even that can be done automatically if you've set everything up right. Easy view creation, accuracy to several decimal places—what more could you want? Believe it or not, 3D models can do even more tasks that 2D can't touch. Downstream applications can use the 3D geometry to generate all kinds of things that you and others will find invaluable. Everybody likes pretty pictures (figure 4). You need them to show to clients or to sell upper management on your designs. 3D models can be used to generate those images, and in seconds. You won't need the services of a painter or sketch artist. You'll be able to do as good a job your desk, and in a fraction of the time. Figure 4. Short of hiring an artist, you probably won t ever be able to generate images like this ATV and building with a 2D system. Most 3D modelers can provide at least medium-quality output. Another downstream application of 3D models is RP (rapid prototyping). You can send a file to an RP vendor and within a few days, sometimes a few hours, you can get back an actual physical model of your design. Some RP models even can be used for testing. Try that with a 2D drawing. 3D models also can be used for design analysis in a number of powerful ways. With everything from finite-element analysis to mold-flow simulations available at the touch of a button, you can test your models with results that closely match real-world testing. In this way, you can find out if your design will stand up to the forces that you intend to apply to it and, if not, how and where it will fail. Empirical testing of this type would require multiple prototypes to be made and destroyed—each costing hundreds if not thousands of dollars. And that's not even considering the timeline. 3D modeling also allows you to use CAM (computer-aided manufacturing). CAM mills, lathes and other tools can import a mathematically accurate 3D model to cut prototypes or tooling. Have you ever had a shape on a part that was so complex that it was difficult to dimension on a drawing? That's not a problem with a 3D model and a CAM tool. The real advantage of 3D modeling over 2D drawing is in the inherent capture and presentation of intelligence. A drawing can and should present every aspect of a design, but it can never hope to do so in as intuitive and flowing a way as a 3D model can. ROI evaluates more than money. It also considers effort and value down the road, the potential that your designs hold to be used and reused. 3D modeling is the clear winner over 2D drawing in every way. If you are on the fence about which way to go, look closely at 3D modeling. Once you try it, you'll never go back. Mike Hudspeth, IDSA, is an industrial designer, artist and author based in St. Louis, Missouri. In her easy-to-follow, friendly style, long-time Cadalyst contributing editor and Autodesk Technical Evangelist Lynn Allen guides you through a new feature or time-saving trick in every episode of her popular AutoCAD video tips. 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THE last treaty with the Indians for the acquisition of lands east of the Allegheny mountains was held at Fort Stanwix, October 23, 1784. At this con-ference the Indians admitted that the true line of the treaty of 1768 was Tiadaghton creek (Pine) and not Lycoming, as they had previously claimed. By this admission a dispute regarding boundary, which had existed for sixteen years was settled. In the meantime many adventuresome persons settled on the disputed "Indian lands," and as they were beyond the limits of the law they were forced to rely upon themselves for protection. They were, to use a modern phrase, "squatters," and could appeal to no courts for redress. As the lands along the north side of the river from Lycoming creek westward were generally choice the "squatters" staked out claims and resolved to hold them if possible. Long and annoying litigations followed, and the disputes which arose were not finally settled without legislative action. As the "squatters" increased in numbers they found that they must have some form of law to protect themselves, with power vested in some person or persons to enforce it. The vicious must be restrained, else the community would become a lawless aggregation, in which the weak would be oppressed by the strong and every semblance of a well regulated society destroyed. It was the realization of this fact by the leading men among the dwellers on the Indian lands, which originated what was known as the "Fair Play System." Three commissioners, therefore, were chosen by ballot each year in the month of March, whose duty it was to see that each settler had "fair play," and to punish those who violated the local laws. From the decisions of these commissioners there was no appeal. It has long been a source of regret that their records, if they kept any, were lost, for tradition informs us that the "Fair Play Men" were often called on to settle disputes and impose punishments. The period during which this code had full sway was from the year 1773 to the 1st day of May, 1785, when the Land Office was opened for applications within the purchase of October 23, 1784; and the Fair Play territory was embraced within the present townships of Old Lycoming, Woodward, Piatt, Porter, and a portion of Watson, Lycoming county. It is known that the commissioners for 1776 were Bratton Caldwell, John Walker, and James Brandon. The latter probably lived not far from Lycoming creek; Caldwell lived on Pine run, and Walker's residence was near Pine creek. The names of no other commissioners are now known. It is inferred, however, that on account of the representative character of these men-especially Caldwell-that they held office for some time, if not during the entire period of the occupation of the Indian lands. It is supposed, furthermore, that they were the leaders in the 4th of July demonstration in favor of independence, held at Pine creek in 1776. And it is believed that they were in office as governors of the territory at the close of the Revolution, and continued as such up to the time of the transfer of the lands to the State by the terms of the treaty. As the Fair Play system was organized for the mutual benefit of all living within its jurisdiction, it has been truly said that it is a matter worthy of record that the commissioners exercised their functions of lawmakers and arbitrators with such wisdom that the "justice of their decrees has never been, questioned." It does not appear that the Fair Play men had any fixed time or place of meeting to hear complaints, but were governed by the exigencies which might arise. The court could be convened at any time or place within the territory over which it exercised jurisdiction, and on short notice, to try any cause that might come before it. It is said that when a "squatter," or any other person, refused to abide by the decrees of the court he was placed in a canoe and pushed to the mouth of Lycoming creek, the boundary line of their province, and sent adrift down the river with orders not to return. When it was agreed to hold a treaty at Fort Stanwix with the Indians, after the declaration of peace, the commissioners of Pennsylvania were instructed to inquire which creek-Lycoming or Pine-was the real Tiadaghton, and boundary line of. 1768. But as late as December 21, 1784, before the result of the proposed inquiry could be known, the Assembly (See Dallas's Laws, Vol. II, page 233) declared "Lycoming creek to be the boundary of the purchase, to all legal intents and purposes, until the General Assembly shall otherwise regulate and declare the same." The Indians confirmed this declaration by replying that by Tiadaghton they meant Pine creek, but the purchase then consummated, (October 23, 1784,) made their answer of no consequence, divesting, as it did, the Indian title to all lands in Pennsylvania west of Pine creek, and therefore rendering it unnecessary for the Assembly to legislate further about the line, and ending forever "squatter sovereignty" within the limits of this Commonwealth, after it had existed for nearly sixteen years. NEW TOWNSHIPS ERECTED. With the "New Purchase" the area of the county, west of Lycoming creek and north of the river, was largely increased, and it was found necessary to divide the northwestern townships. At the August sessions, 1785, a petition was presented to the court praying for the organization of the new territory, "for the purposes of order and a civil state of society," and asking the Court "to erect that part between Lycoming and Pine creeks, being near fifteen miles, into one township; and from Pine creek upwards into another township." This was done, the former receiving the name of Lycoming, and the latter that of Pine Creek. Another petition presented to the court at the November sessions, 1785, resulted in the annexation of the lower end of Bald Eagle township (from opposite Lycoming creek, and extending up the south side of the West Branch of the Susquehanna as far as opposite Pine creek, to include Nippenose valley) "to Lycoming township; and from the mouth of Pine creek, extending up the Bald Eagle valley as far as the mouth of Beech creek, up the south side of said branch as far as inhabited, and from Beech run a southerly course until it joins Potter's township, to Pine Creek township." Bald Eagle as originally organized was about seventy miles long, and with the exception of Wyoming was the largest township in Northumberland county. At August sessions, 1785, Washington township was set off from White Deer. Loyalsock was formed at February sessions, 1786, from that part of Muncy lying above Loyalsock creek. FAIR PLAY SYSTEM. Charles Smith, Esq., of Sunbury, who compiled that invaluable work known as Smith's Laws, gives this clear insight into the causes operating to develop the Fair Play system, together with a resume of the land law of Pennsylvania, (Vol. 11, page 195,) as it related to the code adopted by these settlers: A set of hardy adventurers seated themselves on this doubtful territory, made improvements, and formed a very considerable population. They formed a mutual compact among themselves, and annually elected a tribunal in rotation of three of the settlers, who were to decide all controversies and settle disputed boundaries. From their decision there was no appeal, and there could be no resistance. The decree was enforced by the whole body, who started up in mass, at the mandate of the court, and the execution and eviction were as sudden and irresistible as the judgment. Every newcomer was obliged to apply to this powerful tribunal, and, upon his solemn engagement to submit in all respects to the law of this land, he was permitted to take possession of some vacant spot. Their decrees were, however, just; and when their settlements were recognized by law, and fair play had ceased, their decisions were received in evidence and confirmed by judgments of court. This last accession of lands was called by the whites the "New Purchase," and when the Land Office was opened, May 1, 1785, emigrants rapidly flocked to the territory for the purpose of taking up the choice lands. Nearly all the original settlers on this land previous to the "Big Runaway," returned to the land on which they had made improvements and claimed it by virtue of pre-emption right. Speculators were also on the alert to make purchases and the greatest activity prevailed. Samuel Wallis and some others, offered the Commonwealth £30 per hundred acres for all improvements, and fearing a like action to that which despoiled the Connecticut settlers at Wyoming, the Fair Play residents memorialized the Assembly with the following remonstrance: To the, Honorable the Representatives of the Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: The petition of the subscribers, inhabitants of the county of Northumberland, most humbly sheweth: That your petitioners have lived for a number of years before the Revolution at and near the Great Island, on the West Branch of the River Susquehanna, and were the first settlers, and have made very considerable improvements without having procured any officers' rights under the former government, and were at the beginning of the war obliged to abandon our farms and fly to the interior parts of the State for refuge, where we were under the necessity of selling our stock for the support of our families. We have lately understood that application has been made for the lands we have improved, and which we have defended at the risk of our lives. We humbly conceive that your honorable House will rather give the preference to those whose lives have been spent in endeavoring to procure an honest livelihood on lands which were unappropriated, and we do conceive that the merits of defending the frontiers and being the most active against the savages will have its due weight with your honorable House. All that your petitioners desire is to have your sanction for retaining our improvements, and that those only who have been tillers of the ground and livers on the land-their rights alone shall be deemed valid for their proportionable shares. Permit us further to mention to your honorable House, that some evil disposed persons have lately sold the rights of other improvers in their absence, and have even gone so far as to make private surveys. We humbly conceive that your honorable House will make a distinction between those tillers and our claims. We can assure your honorable House that our intention and real design is for complying with the terms of the Land Office, and we only wish that preference may be given to the real improvers. Your petitioners are apprehensive some disputes may arise among us in setting lines, which we beg leave to request your honorable House to appoint men as a committee or otherwise, as you in your wisdom think best, to settle disputes and lines on the premises, as we conceive disinterested men may prevent lawsuits and give the legal improvers and claimers their proportionable shares of the lands. And your petitioners as in duty bound, will ever pray. The petition was signed by James Curry, William Dougherty, Thomas Forster, Joseph McMahan, John Fleming, John Baker, William Maginley, Peter Maginley, William Dunn, John Chatham, James Erwin, John Dougherty, John McKinney, William McMeans, Thomas Nichols, William Jackson, F. Hilor, J. Woodsides, Ben-jamin Warner, Samuel Fields, Fred Bodine, John Price, Edmund Huff, Brattan Caldwell, A. Kitelinger, Richard Manning, James Forster, John Hamilton, William Luckey, John Holmes, John McElwain, James Alexander, Adam King, Robert Holmes, Richard Suthern, James Stewart, Joseph Mahaffey, William Dougherty, John Jackson, David Hammond, William Walker, Edward Masters, John Arklridge, Roger Brayley, Thomas Ferguson, Samuel Camel, James Jackson, Robert Reynolds. The petition is endorsed: "Read one time, March 17, 1784." Those familiar with county names will readily recognize a number on this petition whose descendants live in this valley, while many others have faded out of existence. One of the Fair Play commissioners, Caldwell, is a signer, and Richard Manning was one of the founders of Jersey Shore. McKinney lived on Pine creek, whilst Hamilton, Jackson, and Dunn, were residents of what is now Pine Creek township, Clinton county. Forster lived on Long Island, opposite Jersey Shore; McMeans on the "Long Reach," and the Doughertys, who were conspicuous, have their names perpetuated by a small run which empties into the river on the western boundary line of Williamsport. There are others, too, who bore a conspicuous part in the early days of the settlement and contributed their full share towards improving the country. GRASPING FOR LAND. The allusion in the petition to "applications" having been made for their improved lands refers to Samuel Wallis. As early as 1773 Wallis made an effort to acquire all the desirable lands lying on the river from Lycoming to Pine creek. Three of his drafts show the lines of his surveys: The first begins at a point on Lycoming creek near where Bridge No. 1 of the Northern Central railroad crosses that stream, or as the survey designates it, "opposite the point of the first large hill." The line then turned and followed what appears to be the route of the present public road "to a marked locust on the side of the river a small distance below the mouth of Quinashahaque run, thence down the river by the several courses to the place of beginning." The "survey was made on the 22d and 23d days of June, 1773, for Samuel Wallis, in pursuance of seven orders of survey dated the 3d of April, 1769," and the tract contained 2,328 acres. The names of the seven persons to whom the applications were granted appear on the draft, but they are not familiar names of today. They were strangers who had obtained the grants and then transferred them to Wallis for "five shillings," which seems to have been the established price. This survey took in all the fine land lying on the river between Lycoming creek and Linden, and it was made on land which the Proprietaries of the Province had no control over. A second survey commenced on the west of the locust tree, where the first survey ended, and apparently followed the present public road "to a post on the bank of the river," and thence down the same to the beginning. This survey was made June 24th and 25th, 1773, "for Samuel Wallis, in pursuance of five orders of Survey dated April 3, 1769," and issued to that number of persons, and contained 1,547 acres. This survey took in that fine scope of farming land now known as "Level Corner." The only familiar names mentioned on the draft are those of Elizabeth Walton and Josiah Hews. The third is a "draft of a tract of land situate on the north side of the West Branch of Susquehanna below and adjoining Pine creek, surveyed the 17th and 18th days of June, 1773, in pursuance of eighteen orders of survey dated the 3d day of April, 1769. It will be noticed by the dates that the work of surveying these three great tracts commenced at Pine creek and extended eastward. The eighteen orders for this large tract were granted as follows: Henry Paul, Jr. The line of survey is indicated as follows on the draft: "Beginning at a marked elm standing on the north side of the West Branch of Susquehanna above and at the mouth of Larry's creek, and turning thence N. 45º E. 400 perches, thence N. 67º W. 310 perches, thence S. 77º W. 765 perches, thence S. 51º W. 700 perches to Pine creek; thence down the said creek by the several courses thereof to the month; thence down the northerly side of the West Branch by the several courses thereof to the place of beginning at the mouth of Larry's creek, containing and laid out for 5,900 acres with allowance of six per cent. for roads and highways." This draft is signed: "John Lukens, Esq., Surveyor General, by order and direction of Jesse Lukens, per Samuel Harris." The latter, who seems to have done the field work, lived at Loyalsock and was an active man of the time. This draft is neatly drawn and carefully notes every prominent point on the line, not omitting Long Island. This tract embraced every foot of ground on which the borough of Jersey Shore stands. The aggregate of the three drafts is 9,775 acres, and they took in all the land on which the Fair Play settlers dwelt. With these surveys hanging over their lands, is it any wonder they manifested alarm, and memorialized the Assembly to protect them? If these grants should be declared legal they would be dispossessed of their claims and perhaps get nothing for their improvements. But it turned out that his great scheme to gobble all these fertile acres came to, naught, for the Assembly at once saw the injustice of ignoring the claims of the memorialists and straightway recognized them by passing this act, which may be, found in the same authority (Smith's Laws,) as already cited: And whereas divers persons, who have heretofore occupied and cultivated small tracts of lands without the bounds of the Purchase made as aforesaid in the year 1768, and within the Purchase made or now to be made, have by their resolute stands and sufferings during the late war, merited that those settlers should have the pre-emption of their respective plantations, it is enacted that all and every person or persons, and their legal representatives, who has or have heretofore settled on the north side of the West Branch of Susquehanna, between Lycomick or Lycoming creek on the east, and Tyadaghton or Pine creek on the west, as well as other lands within the said residuary purchase from the Indians of the territory within this State (excepting always the lands herein before excepted,) shall be allowed a right of pre-emption to their respective possessions at the price aforesaid. As foreshadowed by the petitioners in their appeal, trouble arose in a number of instances about claims, lines, and titles, and much litigation followed. A few years ago a number of depositions relating to these land trials were found among the papers of Hon. Charles Huston, the eminent land lawyer, and published in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History, Vol. VII, page 420. In the case of Greer vs. Tharpe, William King, who located on the site of Jaysburg as early as 1775, testified "that there was a law among the Fair Play men by which any man who absented himself for the space of six weeks, lost his right to his. improvement." King, it will be remembered, was the man whose wife was killed in the Indian massacre, June 10, 1778, on what is now West Fourth Street, Williamsport. Tharpe was his brother-in-law. In reference to this case Brattan Caldwell, one of the last Fair Play commissioners, testified: In May, 1774, I was in company with William Greer and James Greer, and helped to build a cabin on William Greer's place (this was one mile north of the river and one-half mile west of Lycoming creek). Greer went into the army in 1776, and was a wagon-master till the fall of 1778. He wrote to me to sell his cattle. I sold his cattle. In July, 1778, (the "Runaway,") John Martin had come on the land in his absence. The Fair Play men put Greer in possession. If a man went into the army, the Fair Play men protected his property. Greer was not among the Sherman's valley boys [the witness no doubt refers to the early settlers of what is now Perry county, who were forcibly removed in May, 1750]. Greer came back in 1784. The land on which the Greers settled was above Dougherty's run, not far from the western line of the city of Williamsport. They were brothers; James lived and died on the tract which was in dispute. The summary process of ejectment in vogue among the Fair Play men is described by William King in a deposition made March 15, 1801, in Huff vs. Latcha, in the circuit court of Lycoming county. He says: In 1775 I [King] came on the land in question. I was informed that Joseph Haines claimed the land. He asked C30 for it, which I would not give. He said he was going to New Jersey, and would leave it in the care of his nephew, Isaiah Sutton. Some time after I heard that Sutton was offering it for sale. I had heard much disputing about the Indian land, and thought I would go up to Sutton's neighbors and inquire if he had any right. first went to Edmund Huff, then to Thomas Kemplen, Samuel Dougherty, William McMeans, and Thomas Ferguson, and asked if they would accept me as a neighbor, and whether Isaiah Sutton had any right to the land in question. They told me Joseph Haines had once a right to it but had forfeited his right by the Fair Play law, and advised me to purchase. Huff showed me the consentable line between Haines and him. Huff's land lay above Haines's, on the river. I purchased of Sutton, and was to give him C9 for the land. I did not come to live on the land for some weeks. One night, at a husking of corn, one Thomas Bond told me I was a fine fellow to be at a husking while a man was taking possession of my plantation. I quit the husking, and Bond and I came over to the place, and went into a cave, the only tenement then on the land, except where Sutton lived, and found some trifling articles in the cave, which we threw out. I went to the men who advised me to go on the land, all except Huff and Kemplen; they advised me to go on, turn him off and beat him if I was able. The next morning I got some of my friends and raised a cabin of some logs which I understood Haines had hauled. When we got it up to the square, we heard a noise of people coming. The first person I saw was Edmund Huff foremost with a keg of whiskey, William Paul was next with an axe, and many more. They got on the cabin, raised the Indian yell, and dispossessed me. and put William Paul in possession. I and my party went off. Samuel Dougherty followed me and told me to come back and come on terms with Paul, who had money and would not take it from me for nothing. I would not go back, but waited for Dougherty, who went for Paul. The whole party came and brought the keg along. After some conversation, William Paul agreed to give me £13 for my right. He pulled out the money, gave it to Huff to keep until I would assign my right. I afterwards signed the conveyance and got my money. William Paul went on the land and finished his cabin. Soon after a party bought Robert Arthur and built a cabin near Paul's, in which Arthur lived. Paul applied to the Fair Play men, who decided in favor of Paul. Arthur would not go off. Paul made a complaint to the company at a muster at Quinashahague that Arthur still lived on the land and would not go off, although the Fair Play men had decided against him. I was one of the officers at that time and we agreed to come and run him off. The most of the company came down as far as Edmund Huffs, who kept stills. We got 4 keg of whisky and proceeded to Arthur's cabin. He was at home with his rifle in his hand and his wife had a bayonet on a stick, and they threatened death to the first person who would enter the house. The door was shut, and Thomas Kemplen, our captain, made a run at the door, burst it open and Instantly seized Arthur by the neck. We pulled down the cabin, threw it into the river, lashed two canoes together and put Arthur and his family and his goods into them and sent them down the river. William Paul then lived undisturbed upon the land until the Indians drove us all away. William Paul was then (1778) from home on a militia tour. It will be noticed that King says a "cave" was the "only tenement" on the place at the time, and in it he probably lived. This shows that "dug outs," among settlers on the western plains are not new for they were in use in the West Branch valley over 117 years ago. And although King was dispossessed, Paul did not want his improvement for nothing and paid him for it. This show that the code did not sanction robbery, but aimed to protect all the settlers-in their rights and claims. Huff was a typical frontiersman and figured in, many exciting affairs. It appears that he was a "moonshiner" also to use a modern phrase, and his whiskey was a powerful factor in adjusting the dispute between King, Paul, and Arthur. He was conspicuous as a Fair Play man in the enforcement of their laws, but in later Years, when the civil law went into operation, he became a lawbreaker and made himself so obnoxious in the community that his house (or "fort" as it was sometimes called) was pulled down and he and his family expelled from the settlement, like Arthur was some years before. Captain Kemplen was killed by the Indians at the mouth of Muncy creek in March, 1781. What became of Arthur is unknown. Paul was the owner of the land on which Jaysburg was built. He afterwards sold it to Latcha, who laid out the town. All these exciting events, or nearly all-occurred on the land lying west of Lycoming creek, and now embraced in the Seventh ward of the city of Williamsport. In the land disputes Amariah Sutton testified, July 5, 1800, that he came to the plantation on which he then resided in 1770. That Joseph Haines, who was his relative, came from New Jersey a few years after, and began to improve on the tract of land at the mouth of Lycoming creek, on the Indian land side, making his home at his, Sutton's, house; that in the course of three years he returned to New Jersey and never came back. "We were all driven off by the Indians in May, 1778." John Sutton, a relative of Amariah, made his deposition regarding his knowledge of these claimants, March 13, 1797, as follows: I came to Lycoming creek in 1772, went to the Indian land in 1773, and have lived there ever since, except during the "Runaway." There was a law of the Fair Play men, that if any man left his improvement six weeks without leaving tome person to continue his improvement he lost the right to push his improvement. After the war I was one of the first to come back. I believe that William Tharpe and myself were, the two first men who came to the Indian lands. I never understood that William Greer's claim extended as far as where Tharpe now lives; the improvement made by William Greer was near the house in which Greer now lives. A man named Perkins lived on the land in dispute between William Greer and William Tharpe. In the winter of 1775-76, Thomas Kemplen bought out Perkins, and Kemplen sold to James Armstrong, commonly called "Curly Armstrong." I saw William King living in the cabin in which Tharpe now lives. I sold my place which adjoined William Tharpe's to John Clark. I came back after the war with the first that came in '83. William Dougherty lived on Tharpe's land, after him Richard Sutton. Sutton lived in the cabin in '84 or '85. I am sure he lived there before Mr. Edmiston came up to survey. Samuel Edminston, to whom he refers, was the deputy surveyor of district No. 17, which embraced the Indian, or Fair Play, land. He made the survey. of the William Greer tract, 302 acres and 148 perches, December 4, 1788, on a warrant issued May 6, 1785. The return of survey calls for John Sutton's land on the east, and Widow Kemplen and John Clark's land on the south. After the passage of the act giving original, or Fair Play, settlers a "right of pre-emption to their respective possessions" at a certain price, it was laid down as a rule that to establish their claim it must be shown that the claimant had made an actual settlement before 1780, and no claim was to be admitted for more than 300 acres, and the consideration tendered to the receiver general of the Land Office on or before the 1st of November, 1785. Several cases of litigation arose among settlers which were decided under the pre-emption clause. The first was John Hughes against Henry Dougherty, tried in 1791. The plaintiff claimed under a warrant of May 2, 1785, for the premises, and a survey made thereon the 10th of January, 1786. On the 20th of June, 1786, the defendant entered a caveat against the claims of the plaintiff, and on the 5th of October following took out a warrant for the land in dispute, on which he was then settled. Both claimed the pre-emption of 1784. The facts given in evidence are as follows: In 1773, one James Hughes, a brother of the plaintiff, settled on the land in question, and .made some small improvements. In the next year he enlarged his improvement, and cut logs to build a house. In the winter following he went to his father's, in Donegal, in Lancaster county, and died there. His elder brother, Thomas, was at that time settled on the Indian land, and some of the Fair Play men, who assembled together, made a resolution, (which they agreed to enforce as the law of the place,) that "if any person was absent from his settlement for six weeks, he should forfeit his right." In the spring of 1775 Dougherty came to the settlement, and was advised by the Fair Play men to settle on the premises which Hughes had left. He followed their advice and built a cabin. John Hughes, the, plaintiff, soon after appeared and claimed the improvement in the right of his brother; and, aided by Thomas Hughes, he took possession of the cabin. Dougherty rallied his friends and a fight ensued, in which Hughes was beaten and driven off, and Dougherty retained possession. He continued to improve, built a house and stable, and cleared about ten acres of ground. In 1778 he was driven off by the Indians and went into the army. When the war closed both parties returned and laid claim to the land. A, suit followed, when the jury, after hearing the evidence and arguments, decided in favor of Dougherty. A CURIOUS CASE. Another curious case, between John Toner and Morgan Sweeny, appears on the records. Toner settled on the Indian land in 1773, a few miles west of the Dougherty improvement; but he exchanged his place for another, on which he resided, with the view of making a permanent home for himself and family. When the war broke out and there was a call for men he was disposed to enlist, but hesitated for fear he would forfeit his improvement under the Fair Play law. His friends, however, promised to protect his claim for him and he entered the army. In 1775 Sweeny entered into a contract with him (Toner) to lease the land under conditions that he should make certain improvements on the place for the benefit of Toner. This lease was deposited in the hands of a third party to hold. Mrs. Sweeny, however, managed to get hold of the lease and she and her husband destroyed it, thinking by so doing to make the place their own. They continued to occupy it till driven off by the Indians. In the meantime Toner was absent from the settlement in the service of his country. When he returned from the army he found Sweeny in possession of his improvement and he refused to give it up, denying that there was any contract or lease requiring him to do so. Toner brought a suit of ejectment in the court and won. As has been stated the Land Office opened for the sale of land in the New Purchase, July 1, 1885, at £30 per hundred acres. The price was too high for extensive speculations, and such portions only were selected and purchased as were considered worth the £30, and the balance rejected. In 1792 the legislature perceived the fact that "the vacant lands were so high as to discourage settlers from purchasing them," and the price was reduced to £5 per hundred acres. Much of the mountain land was still considered too high at the reduced price, and remained uncalled for. The act of 1792 was short lived. In 1794 an entire change in the system took place. The supplement, passed September 22, 1794, to the act of April 22, 1794, granted the vacant lands of the Commonwealth only to actual settlers. This law arrested speculation, and the state of things continued in regard to the purchase of 1784 until 1817, the vacant lands of the Commonwealth being granted only to actual settlers. In order to more clearly define the law relating to land titles the Assembly under date of April 6, 1802, passed an act which declared "that after May next no conveyance of any land within the counties of Lycoming, Luzerne, and Wayne shall be good or effectual to pass any right, title, estate, interest, or claim whatever, unless the title to the land in such conveyance mentioned is derived from this State, or the late Proprietaries thereof, before the 4th of July, 1776; and unless the said conveyance shall expressly refer to and recite the substance of the warrant, survey, patent, or title under which the same is so derived from this State." The act of March 10, 1817, opened the office at $26.66 the hundred acres, freed from the conditions of settlement; yet vacant lands were open to the settler, and his rights held sacred. In the long interval from 1794 the spirit of speculation had subsided, tracts were abandoned by distant owners as not worth keeping, and the annually accruing charges overlooked and forgotten by them, and sold by thousands of acres for taxes. On the 13th of March, 1815, the legislature made every effort to confer good titles on purchases at tax sales, allowing a period of two years for redemption on tender of taxes and costs, with twenty-five per cent. on the same, and with no inconsiderable aid from the Supreme court the object has been pretty fully attained. Thus encouraged, adventurers became numerous in a new mode of land jobbing. Instead of resorting to the Land Office for rights at $26.66 the hundred acres, they applied to the commissioners of counties or attended sales of the treasurers, where they procured land in any quantity at less than that sum by the thousands of acres. Vacant mountain land was suffered to remain vacant, even if the fact of its vacancy were generally known, when plenty of the same sort and size, and patented in the bargain, were offering at the court house doors at greatly inferior prices. The act of 1817 thus nullified the act of 1815 at its birth, and effectually turned the eyes of adventurers from the Land Office to the commissioners' office. INCIDENTS OF FAIR PLAY LAW. In the administration of the Fair Play laws some amusing as well as serious cases came before the commissioners for adjustment. Joseph Antes related this: A squatter named Francis Clark located a short distance west of Jersey Shore. He mysteriously came into possession of a dog. In a short time friendly Indian claimed that he (Clark) had stolen the dog from him and made complaint to the Fair Play men. They heard the case, found Clark guilty, and sentenced him to receive a certain number of lashes. Lots were drawn to decide who should administer the lashes, by placing a grain of corn for each man present, with one red grain, in a bag. Whoever drew the red grain was to do the flogging. Phillip Antes drew the red grain and he at once made preparations to inflict the punishment. Seeing that Clark was about to be flogged, the Indian, who was a tender-hearted savage (?) became sympathetic and made a proposition that if he would abandon the land where he had settled he would recommend that the sentence be remitted. Clark was given a few minutes for consideration, when he decided to leave. He transferred his claim to Andrew Boggs, who afterwards disposed of it to Samuel Campbell and he conveyed it to James Forster. Another anecdote illustrates Fair Play principles. When Chief Justice McKean was holding court at one time in this district he inquired, partly from curiosity and partly in reference to the case before him, of a shrewd Irishman named Peter Rodey, if he could tell him what the provisions of the Fair Play code were. Peter's memory did not exactly serve him as to details, and he could only convey an idea of them by comparison, so, scratching his head, he answered: "All I can say is, that since your Honor's courts have come among us, Fair Play has ceased and law has taken its place!" This sharp rejoinder created a good deal of merriment in court, and Justice McKean was satisfied to ask no more questions reflecting on the tribunal. The ninth decade of the eighteenth century was rapidly drawing to a close. The influx of emigrants continued, and the valley rapidly filled with inhabitants. Farms were opened on every hand, improvements made, and the people began to recover from the blighting effects of war. SURVEYING THE RIVER. The navigation of the Susquehanna river was at an early period considered as an important object to the trade of the State, and not only engaged the attention of the State government, but of many societies and individuals. Previous to 1770 the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia appointed a committee to view the Susquehanna and its lower falls, that proper measures might be recommended to render the water communication complete to Peachbottom Ferry. The committee made their report the 16th of February, 1770, in which they stated the great obstacles in the channel that would have to be removed. Philadelphia was greatly interested, on account of having trade drawn to that city, and for a long time it was the belief that water communication could be established between that place and Lake Erie, by building canals and utilizing the rivers. The legislature also had the matter under consideration early, and surveys were made and large sums. of money spent to demonstrate the feasibility of the project. On the 9th of April, 1790, the Supreme Executive Council commissioned Samuel Maclay, Timothy Matlack, and John Adlum, experienced surveyors, to examine the head waters of the river and explore the streams of the "New Purchase," to discover, if possible, a route for a road or canal to connect the waters of the Allegheny with the West Branch and Schuylkill. The commission started - from Lebanon the latter part of April, 1790, descended the Swatara to Middletown, and then ascended the river by boat, making surveys and noting the condition of the channel. During the time employed in making this survey, Mr. Maclay kept a daily personal journal, which is still in existence, wherein he entered everything of interest that occurred during their long and tedious journey. May 21, 1790, they entered the present limits of Lycoming county and "pushed up about six miles when we [they] stopped and breakfasted." About 2 o'clock in the afternoon they reached a point about two miles above Wallis's island, where they camped for the night. This large island lies in the river in front of the Wallis, or Hall mansion, and is a fine body of land, belonging to the estate. On Saturday, the 22d of May-according to an entry in Mr. Maclay's journal-they "passed up the, race ground early in the morning, and stopped and leveled it." He gives the result as follows: Fore sight, 894; back sight, 781; difference, 387, in 102 perches distance. In this place there are two large flat stones and a number of loose ones to be removed, which, when done, boats can with ease and safety be towed up this place. From thence to Loyalsock ripples is a. fine, easy current. Loyalsock ripples: Back sight, 915; fore sight, 535; difference, 380, in 102 perches. The "Race Ground" island lies in the river about a mile below the mouth of Loyalsock, and was so named because the water runs swiftly around it on the side next Bald Eagle mountain. It was a dangerous place for boats and rafts, and many have been wrecked on the head of the island, as the water rushes to the right with great velocity. Care, therefore, was required on the part of pilots to prevent their crafts from being drawn on the bar at the head of the island. The ascent of the, ripples below, as well as the "Race Ground" above, was always difficult to make with loaded boats. Strong iron rings were fastened in a number of rocks exposed in these ripples, through which a rope was passed and brought back to a windlass on the boat, to enable the boatmen to haul their craft up by means of this power. Several of these rings may yet be seen in the rocks. After surveying the "race ground," Mr. Maclay informs us they passed up the river and encamped for the "night opposite a small island called Toner's island," and on the 23d they started early, and as "the men worked hard all day," they reached the mouth of Bald Eagle a little before sundown, "where they encamped." He makes no mention of Williamsport, because there were no settlements on its site at that day, excepting those of Amariah Sutton and two or three other improvements on Lycoming creek, nearly a mile from the river. There were some improvements on the Site of Jaysburg, and Culbertson's mill and house were on the South side of the river, opposite the mouth of Lycoming. Toner's island, where they on camped, (then quite large) was in the river opposite Linden. Since that time it has. been almost entirely washed away by the action of the water. No other places are, mentioned by him till Great Island was reached. There they succeeded in purchasing three horses, when they hurried up the river, reaching Sinnemahoning the, 29th of May. THE WALKER TRAGEDY. In June, 1790, an affair occurred on Pine creek which caused much talk as well as trouble. It was known as the "Walker tragedy." At that time Seneca Indians were in the habit of coming from their villages on the Genesee to hunt along Pine creek, and they frequently remained till late in the fall. They were on good terms with the whites and often stayed over night at their houses, sleeping on the floor, Indian fashion, before the fire which burned in the chimney places. They kept up this practice until the last Indian disappeared. At the time mentioned, three brothers, Benjamin, Joseph, and Henry Walker, lived on a farm not far above the mouth of Pine creek. Their father, John Walker, was killed and barbarously scalped at the time the Lee family were so atrociously murdered by a band of marauding Indians in August, 1782, a few miles above Northumberland. Two Indians, one middle-aged, the other quite young, came into the Pine creek settlement on a hunting expedition and remained for some time. One day they were at the public house of a man named Stephenson, near the mouth of the creek-probably where the public road crosses that stream. A number of men were collected there, the Walker brothers being among them. The Indians became intoxicated and performed some drunken antics for the amusement of the spectators. The older Indian threw himself on the ground before the Walkers, and making the most horrid grimaces said: "This is the way your father acted when I killed and scalped him!" The brothers became greatly enraged at this shocking and tantalizing exhibition by the drunken Indian, who thus boasted of having murdered their father, and mockingly described his death struggles when he tore the scalp from his head. This fiendish exhibition caused their blood to boil with rage and they swore vengeance on the savage, and would have torn him from limb to limb at once but for those present. That evening they persuaded Samuel Doyle, a bold frontiersman, to accompany them a short distance up the creek, when they planned the murder of the two Indians. They boldly went to their camp and announced their intentions. The young Indian begged piteously for his life, declaring that he was not concerned in the murder of the elder Walker, but his appeals were unheeded and he was quickly tomahawked. The older Indian was then attacked and a desperate struggle ensued, in which knives and tomahawks were used. He fought desperately for his life and wounded two of the Walkers, and probably would have killed them, had they not succeeded in shooting him through the head. They then sunk the bodies in the creek not far from where the Phelps, Dodge & Company saw mills were afterwards built. The sudden disappearance of the Indians caused some surprise in the neighborhood, and the Walkers were suspected of having killed them; but as almost everyone felt that they deserved death for their conduct their disappearance was soon forgotten. In a short time there was a rise of water in the creek and the dead bodies were washed on a gravel bar not far from where they had been thrown. The murder now became the subject of much talk; some asserted that the Walkers were justified in doing what they did, whilst others thought that as the deed had been committed in time of peace it was a grave violation of law and might cause trouble with the Indians. In course of time information of the affair reached the ears of the authorities and caused a feeling of uneasiness. When the friends of the Indians learned how they had been treated by the whites, they became greatly excited and threatened to descend Pine creek in force and avenge their deaths. This threat alarmed the authorities and they promptly condemned the act of the Walkers and took steps to arrest them. The people well knew the revengeful spirit of the Indians, and as reports reached them that they were greatly agitated and threatened to raid the settlement along the creek, they became much alarmed for their safety, and failing in their efforts to arrest the offenders, they straightway petitioned the Governor and Supreme Executive Council. The petition, which never was printed before, is given herewith. It shows the names of the residents on both sides of the creek at that time: To His Excellency Thomas Mifflin, Esquire, President, and the Supreme Executive Council of the State of Pennsylvania: The humble petition of the subscribers, inhabitants of the westward part of the county, of Northumberland respectfully sheweth: That your petitioners failing in their attempts to apprehend and secure the bodies of Benjamin, Henry, and Joseph Walker, and Samuel Doyle, the persons who lately killed the two Indians at Pine creek; and they having fled from the county, puts it out of our power to do anything further therein. And the settlement at and near Pine creek is likely to be evacuated on account of the dangers they suppose themselves liable to by the Indians hunting on the head waters of the creek; the settlers for seventeen miles are now moving, and they doubtless will be followed by others, which will ruin this new settlement, which is only beginning to recover [from] the damages they sustained by the late war, unless speedily stopped. We therefore humbly pray your Excellency and Council to take some speedy and effectual method for securing the settlers on the frontiers by treaty or otherwise; and at the same time to adopt some speedy method for our aid and support, in case the Indians should make a descent upon our settlement, and your petitioners will ever pray, etc. Pine Creek, July 4, 1790. The petition was signed by Robert Crawford, James Chatham, William Dunn, Sr., Alexander Porter, Samuel Quinn, Thomas Nichols, Ephraim Morrison, James Erwin, James Fields, Barnabas Parsons, Robert Fleming, William Hepburn, Thomas Forster, William Bell, James Long, David Lusk, William Dunn, John Jackson, Robert King, Richard Salmon, Thomas Greenwood, Isaac Luse, John McMichael, Samuel Marrison, Jr., William Winter, George Fredericks, Alexander Johnson, James McClure, John Wilson, Ez. Smith, David Hanna, John Maffet, Arthur Bell, Matthew Adams, James Jackson, John McCormic, Brattan Caldwell, John King, John Anderson, James Lee Crawford, Joseph Cogley, Hugh White, James Wilson, Thomas Golaugher, George Nilson, Jacob Tomb, William Custard, Samuel Torbert, Edmund Huff, Robert Lee, William Glass, James Thompson, James Dunn, Robert Moore, P. J. Moore, Frederick Hill, John Parrey, James Crawford, Benjamin Demill, George Caihour, Anhalle Stewart, and James Stewart. When the Governor received this petition he was much exercised, as he did not want trouble with the Indians on the frontier. At a meeting of the Executive Council, July 9, 1790, official information of the murder of the two-friendly Seneca Indians on the 27th of June was laid before that body, and a proclamation was at conviction of the Walkers once issued offering a reward of $800 for the arrest an and Doyle or $200 for any one of them. On the 17th of August John Robinson wrote to Col. Thomas Proctor, from Pine creek, as given below: SIR: I desire to inform you that Messrs. Benjamin Walker, Henry Walker, James Walker, and Samuel Doyle have upon mature deliberation been convinced of their error and are willing to give themselves up to stand their trial according to law. They most earnestly solicit your friendship, and pray you would use your interest and endeavors in their behalf with the Council, in order to mitigate their fault, which they are, from all appearance, very sorry for, and have petitioned the Council for their pardon, and knowing there has been some correspondence between you and my father, have desired me to write to you and state their inducement for killing the Indians, and my desire being great for the preservation of their lives, which I now earnestly crave, I will now give you their reasons for killing the two Indians, which are as follows: One of the two Indians they killed vaunted of his taking twenty-three scalps. One of the scalped persons being alive, is willing to give in on oath that he scalped a woman at the same time their father, John Walker, was killed and scalped, which was their inducement for killing them. The writer of this letter was a son of Capt. Thomas Robinson, who rebuilt Fort Muncy, and took such an active part in defending the frontier. And while it is believed a large number of the settlers quietly sympathized with the Walkers for what they did, they were forced to publicly denounce the killing in order to keep on good terms with the Indians. An Indian who publicly boasted of having taken "twenty-three scalps" deserved killing, even if peace did exist. The woman he scalped, and who recovered, was the daughter of Claudius Boatman, and they both lived and died on Pine creek. It is not likely that she entertained much sympathy for the Indian on her own account-much less on the account of her mother, who was killed at the same time. The authorities, to show their good faith in this matter, promptly dispatched "an express" to inform the Indians that they did not approve of the act. He found them greatly irritated, but owing to the influence of Cornplanter a war party was prevented from starting to take vengeance on the frontier settlers. On the 23d of September, 1790, William Wilson informed Governor Mifflin by letter from Northumberland that he had engaged Thomas Rue, Jr., to go in pursuit of the Walkers and Doyle, and to take such persons with him as he could confide in. He started for Pine creek, but a few days before his arrival sixteen persons residing on the creek, banded together to take the Walkers, but being informed of what was going on they disappeared. Rue went upon the ground secretly and soon found Doyle, whom he arrested and sent him to jail at Lancaster. Mr. Wilson said further that he expected to secure the Walkers, as he had several persons in pursuit of them. In another letter from the same place, dated September 29th, he informed the Governor that he had drawn on him "for fifty specie in favor of Hepburn and Cowden," for assisting in the arrest of Doyle and taking him to Lancaster. The, Walkers, he said, were still at large, and as the people sympathized with them, he had little hope of securing them. Some persons thought it would be better to have them "outlawed," as well as those who were secreting them. Strenuous efforts, however, continued to be made by the authorities to arrest the Walkers to appease the wrath of the Indians, and on the 16th of November a, conference was hold at Tioga Point, which Colonel Pickering attended as a commissioner in behalf of the State. Red Jacket and Cornplanter were present, and after a formal consultation, and the assurance on the part of Colonel Pickering that everything possible was being done to bring the offenders to justice, they expressed themselves as satisfied. A deputation had also been sent to Canandaigua by Council bearing a copy of the proclamation, and to apologize to the Indians for what had occurred, and assure, them that the authorities disapproved of the crime. The deputation returned bearing a string of wampum from the chief counsellors and warriors of the Seneca tribe, which was a token of peace and amity. The Walkers, it seems, were secreted by their friends, and the officers failed to find them. As might have been expected in a community that had been so frequently assailed by the savages, who had mercilessly butchered their wives and children, burned their dwellings, and desolated their fields, there would be little disposition to deliver up those who had taken it upon themselves to be the avengers for such terrible outrages. The result was that the Commonwealth failed to secure the Walkers. Doyle was arrested, September 25, 1790, by Thomas Reese and Jacob Maclay, and delivered to the jailer of Lancaster county November 12th. He was indicted by the grand jury of Northumberland county, at Sunbury, for murder, tried, and acquitted, the jury declaring "upon their oath and affirmation that the said Samuel Doyle is not guilty of the felony and murder whereof he stands indicted." Thomas McKean, chief justice of the State, presided at the trial; William Bradford, attorney general, conducted the prosecution, but it does not appear who defended him. Doyle located at Bath, New York, soon after it was founded and lived there until he died. It seems strange that he should take up his residence near the Seneca country, where the friends of the Indian he assisted in killing lived. The Walkers, who escaped, were lost sight of for some time. In 1798 one of them located in what is now Steuben county, New York, where he lived for several years. He occupied a log cabin and spent most of his time hunting, remaining in the woods several days at a time. What became of him and his brothers is unknown.
[back to menu for this book] Tuesday, October 30, 1849 The scenes witnessed at the London Docks were of so painful a description - the struggle for one day's work - the scramble for 24 hours' extra subsistence and extra life were of so tragic a character - that I was anxious to ascertain, if possible, the exact number of individuals in and around the metropolis who live by dock labour. At one of the docks alone I found that 1,823 stomachs would be deprived of food by the mere chopping of the breeze. "It's an ill wind," says the proverb, "that blows nobody any good;" and until I came to investigate the condition of the dock labourer, I could not have believed it possible that near upon two thousand souls, in one place alone, lived, chameleon-like, upon the air; or that an easterly wind, despite the wise saw, could deprive so many of bread. It is indeed "a nipping and an eager air." That the sustenance of thousands of families should be as fickle as the very breeze itself; that the weathercock should be the index of daily want or daily ease to such a vast number of men, women and children, was a climax of misery and wretchedness that I could not have imagined to exist; and since then I have witnessed such scenes of squalor, and crime, and suffering, as oppress the mind even to a feeling of awe. The docks of London are, to the superficial observer, the very focus of metropolitan wealth. The cranes creak with the mass of riches. In the warehouses are stored goods that are, as it were, ingots of untold gold. Above and below ground you see piles upon piles of treasure that the eye cannot compass. The wealth appears as boundless as the very sea it has traversed. The brain aches in an attempt to comprehend the amount of riches before, above, and beneath it. There are acres upon acres of treasure - more than enough, one would fancy, to stay the cravings of the whole world; and yet you have but to visit the hovels grouped round about all this amazing excess of riches, to witness the same amazing excess of poverty. If the incomprehensibility of the wealth rises to sublimity, assuredly the want that co-exists with it is equally incomprehensible and equally sublime. Pass from the quay and warehouses to the courts and alleys that surround them, and the mind is as bewildered with the destitution of the one place, as it is with the superabundance of the other. Many come to see the riches, but few the poverty abounding in absolute masses round the far-famed port of London. According to the official returns, there belonged to this port, on the 31st of December, 1842, very nearly 3,000 ships, of the aggregate burden of 600,000 tons. Besides these there were 239 steamers of 50,000 tons burden; and the crews of the entire number of ships and steamers amounted to above 35,000 men and boys. The number of British and foreign ships that entered the port of London during the same year was 6,400 and odd, whose capacity was upwards of a million and a quarter of tons; and the gross amount of Customs duty collected upon their cargoes was very nearly £12,000,000 of money. So vast an amount of shipping and commerce, it has been truly said, was never concentrated in any other single port. Now, against this, we must set the amount of misery that coexists with it. We have shown that the mass of men dependent for their bread upon the business of only one of the docks, are by the shifting of the breeze occasionally deprived in one day of no less than £220 the labourers at the London Docks earning, as a body, near upon £400 today, and tomorrow scarcely £150. These docks, however, are but one of six similar establishments three being on the north and three on the south side of the Thames - and all employing a greater or less number of "hands," equally dependent upon the winds for their subsistence. Deducting, then, the highest from the lowest number of labourers engaged at the London Docks - the extremes according to the books are under 500 and over 3,000 - we have as many as 2,500 individuals deprived of a day's work and a living by the prevalence of an easterly wind; and calculating that the same effect takes place at the other docks - the East and West India, for instance, St. Katharine's, Commercial, Grand Surrey, and East Country, to a greater or less extent, and that the hands employed to load and unload the vessels entering and quitting all these places are only four times more than those required at the London Docks, we have as many as 12,000 individuals, or families, whose daily bread is as fickle as the wind itself - whose wages, in fact, are one day collectively as much as £1,500, and the next as low as £500; so that 8,000 men are frequently thrown out of employ, while the earnings of the class today amount to £1,000 less than they did yesterday. It would be curious to take the average number of days that easterly winds prevail in London throughout the year, and so arrive at an estimate of the exact time that the above 8,000 men are unemployed in the course of 12 months. This would give us some idea of the amount of their average weekly earnings. By the labourers themselves I am assured that, taking one week with another, they do not gain 5s. weekly throughout the year. I have made a point of visiting and interrogating a large number of them, in order to obtain some definite information respecting the extent of their income, and have found in only one instance an account kept of the individual earnings. In that case the wages averaged within a fraction of 13 shillings per week - the total sum gained since the beginning of the year being £25 odd. I should state, however, that the man earning thus much was pointed out to me as one of the most provident of the casual labourers, and one, moreover, who was generally employed. "If it is possible to get work, he'll have it," was the description given to me of his character - "there's not a lazy bone in his skin." Besides this, he had done a considerable quantity of piece-work; so that altogether the man's earnings might be taken as the very extreme made by the best kind of extra "hands." The account was written in pencil, on the cover of an old memorandum book, and ran as follows: - \|£ s d\| \|Earned by day work from 1st January to 1st August, 1849, averaging 11s. l0d. per week\|\|16 11 6\| \|By piece-work in August, averaging 1l. 6s.5d. per week\|\|5 5 8\| \|By day work from 1st September to 1st October, averaging17s.1¾d. per week\|\|3 8 7\| \|Total, averaging l2s. hid, per week\|\|25 5 9\| The man himself gives the following explanation as to the state of the labour-market at the London Docks: "He has had a good turn of work," he says, "since he has been there. Some don't get half what he does. He's not always employed, excepting when the business is in any way brisk, but when a kind of 'slack' comes, the recommended men get the preference of the work, and the 'extras' have nothing to do. This is the best summer he has had since he has been in London. Has had a good bit of piece-work. Obliged to live as he does, because he can't depend on work. isn't certain of the second day's labour. He's paid off every night, and can't say whether or not they'll want him on the morrow. If, then, 13s. be the average amount of weekly earnings by the most provident, industrious, and fortunate of the casual labourers at the docks - and that at the best season - it may be safely asserted that the lowest grade of workmen there do not gain more than 5s. per week throughout the year. It should be remembered that the man himself says "some don't get half what he does" - and, from a multiplicity of inquiries that I have made upon the subject, this appears to be about the truth. Moreover, we should bear in mind that the average weekly wages of the dock labourer, miserable as they are, are rendered even more wretched by the uncertain character of the work upon which they depend. Were the income of the casual labourer at the dock, five shillings per week from one year's end to another, the workman would know exactly how much he had to subsist upon, and might therefore be expected to display some little providence and temperance in the expenditure of his wages. But where the means of subsistence occasionally rise to 15 shillings a week, and occasionally sink to nothing, it is absurd to look for prudence, economy, or moderation. Regularity of habits are incompatible with irregularity of income - indeed, the very conditions necessary for the formation of any habit whatsoever are, that the act or thing to which we are to become habituated should be repeated at frequent and regular intervals. It is a moral impossibility that the class of labourers who are only occasionally employed should be either generally industrious or temperate; both industry and temperance being habits produced by constancy of employment and uniformity of income. Hence, where the greatest fluctuation occurs in the labour, there of course will be the greatest idleness and improvidence; where the greatest want generally is, there we shall find the greatest occasional excess; where, from the uncertainty of the occupation, prudence is most needed, there, strange to say, we shall meet with the highest imprudence of all! "Previous to the formation of a canal in the north of Ireland," says Mr. Porter, in the Progress of the Nation, "the men were improvident even to recklessness. Such work as they got before came at uncertain intervals; the wages, insufficient for the comfortable sustenance of their families, were wasted at the whisky-shop, and the men appeared to be sunk in a state of hopeless degradation. From the moment, however, that work was offered to them which was constant in its nature and certain in its duration, men who before had been idle and dissolute were converted into sober, hard-working labourers, and proved themselves kind and careful husbands and fathers; and it is said that, notwithstanding the distribution of several hundred pounds weekly in wages, the whole of which must be considered as so much additional money placed in their hands, the consumption of whisky was absolutely and permanently diminished in the district. Indeed, it is a fact worthy of notice, as illustrative of the tendency of the times of pressure, and consequently of deficient and uncertain employment, to increase spirit drinking, that whilst in the year 1836- a year of the greatest prosperity - the tax on British spirits amounted only to £2,390,000; yet, under the privations of 1841, the English poorer classes paid no less than £2,600,000 in taxes upon the liquor they consumed - thus spending upwards of £200,000 more in drink at a time when they were less able to afford it, and so proving that a fluctuation in the income of the working classes is almost invariably attended with an excess of improvidence in the expenditure. Moreover, with reference to the dock labourers, we have been informed, upon unquestionable authority, that some years back there were near upon 220 ships waiting to be discharged in one dock alone; and such was the pressure of business then, that it became necessary to obtain leave of her Majesty's Customs to increase the usual time of daily labour from eight to 12 hours. The men employed, therefore, earned 50 per cent. more than they were in the habit of doing at the briskest times; but so far from the extra amount of wages being devoted to increase the comforts of their homes, it was principally spent in public-houses. The riot and confusion thus created in the neighbourhood were such as had never been known before, and indeed were so general among the workmen, that every respectable person in the immediate vicinity expressed a hope that such a thing as "overtime would never occur again. It may, then, be safely asserted that, though the wages of the casual labourer at the docks average 5s. per week, still the weekly earnings are of so precarious and variable a nature, that, when the time of the men is fully employed, the money which is gained over and above the amount absolutely required for subsistence is almost sure to be spent in intemperance; and that, when there is little or no demand for their work, and their gains are consequently insufficient for the satisfaction of their appetites, they, and those who depend upon their labour for their food, must at least want - if not starve. The improvidence of the casual dock labourer is due, therefore, not to any particular malformation of his moral constitution, but to the precarious character of his calling. His vices are the vices of ordinary human nature. Ninety-nine in every hundred similarly circumstanced would commit similar enormities. If the very winds could whistle away the food and firing of wife and children, I doubt much whether, after a week or a month's privation, we should many of us be able to prevent ourselves from falling into the very same excesses. It is consoling to moralize in our easy chairs, after a good dinner, and to assure ourselves that we should do differently. Self-denial is not very difficult when our stomachs are full and our backs are warm; but let us live a month of hunger and cold, and assuredly we should be as self-indulgent as they. Since my last letter I have devoted my time to the investigation of the state of the casual labourers at the other docks, and shall now proceed to set forth the result of my inquiries. The West India Docks are about a mile and a half from the London Docks. The entire ground that they cover is 295 acres, so that they are nearly three times larger than the London Docks, and more than 12 times more extensive than those of St. Katharine. Hence they are the most capacious of all the great warehousing establishments in the port of London. The Export Dock is about 870 yards, or very nearly half a mile in length by 135 yards in width, its area, therefore, is about 25 acres. The Import Dock is the same length as the Export Dock, and 166 yards wide. The South Dock, which is appropriated both to import and export vessels, is 1,183 yards, or upwards of two-thirds of a mile long, with an entrance to the river at each end; both the locks, as well as that into the Blackwall Basin, being 45 feet wide, and large enough to admit ships of 1,200 tons burden. The warehouses for imported goods are on the four quays of the Import Dock. They are well contrived and of great extent, being calculated to contain 180,000 tons of merchandise; and there has been at one time on the quays and in the sheds, vaults, and warehouses, colonial produce worth £20,000,000 sterling. The East India Docks are likewise the property of the West India Dock Company, having been purchased by them of the East India Company at the time of the opening of the trade to India. The Import Dock here has an area of 18 acres, and the Export Dock about nine acres. The depth of water in these docks is greater, and they can consequently accommodate ships of greater burden, than any other establishment on the river. The capital of both establishments, or of the united company, amounts to upwards of two millions of money. The West India Import Dock can accommodate 300 ships, and the Export Dock 200 ships, of 300 tons each; and the East India Import Dock 84 ships, and the Export Dock 40 ships, of 800 tons each. The number of ships that entered the West India Dock to load and unload last year was 3,008, and the number that entered the East India Dock 298. I owe the above information, as well as that which follows, to the kindness of the secretary and superintendent of the docks in question. To the politeness and intelligence of the latter gentleman I am specially indebted. Indeed, his readiness to afford me all the assistance that lay in his power, as well as his courtesy and gentlemanly demeanour, formed a marked contrast to that of the deputy superintendent of the London Docks - the one appearing as anxious for the welfare and comfort of the labouring men as the other seemed indifferent to it. The transition from the London to the West India Docks is of a very peculiar character. The labourers at the latter place seem to be more civilized. The scrambling and scuffling for the day's hire, which is the striking feature of the one establishment, is scarcely distinguishable at the other. It is true there is the same crowd of labourers in quest of a day's work, but the struggle to obtain it is neither so fierce nor so disorderly in its character. And yet here the casual labourers are men from whom no character is demanded as well as there. The amount of wages for the summer months is the same as at the London Docks. Unlike the London Docks, however, no reduction is made at the East and West India Docks during the winter. The labour is as precarious at the one establishment as at the other. The greatest number of hands employed for any one day at the East and West India Docks, in the course of last year, was nearly 4,000, and the smallest number about 1,300. The lowest number of ships that entered the docks during any one week in the present year was 28, and the highest number, 209; being a difference of 181 vessels, of an average burden of 300 tons each. The positive amount of variation, however, which occurred in the labour during the briskest and slackest weeks of last year, was a difference of upwards of 2,500 in the number of extra workmen employed, and of about £2,000 in the amount of wages paid for the six days' labour. I have been favoured with a return of the number of vessels that entered the East and West India Docks for each week of the present year, and I subjoin a statement of the number arriving in each of the first 14 of those weeks. In the first week of all there were 86, the second 47, the third 43, the fourth 48, the fifth 28, the sixth 49, the seventh 46, the eighth 37, the ninth 42, the tenth 47, the eleventh 42, the twelfth 131, the thirteenth 209, and the fourteenth 85. Hence it appears that in the second week the number of ships coming into dock decreased nearly one-half; in the fifth week they were again diminished in a like proportion, while in the sixth week they were increased in a similar ratio; in the twelfth week they were more than three times what they were in the eleventh; in the thirteenth the number was half as much again as it was in the twelfth; and in the fourteenth it was down below half the number of the thirteenth; so that it is clear that the subsistence derived from dock labour must be of the most fickle and doubtful kind. Nor are the returns from St. Katharine Docks of a more cheerful character. Here, it should be observed, that no labourer is employed without a previous recommendation; and indeed it is curious to notice the difference in the appearance of the men applying for work at this establishment. They not only have a more decent look, but they seem to be better behaved than any other dock labourers I have yet seen. The "ticket" system here adopted - that is to say, the plan of allowing only such persons to labour within the docks as have been satisfactorily recommended to the company, and furnished with a ticket by them in return - this ticket system, says the statement which has been kindly drawn up expressly for me by the superintendent of the docks, "may be worth notice at a time when such efforts are making to improve the condition of the labourers. It gives an identity and locus standi to the men which casual labourers cannot otherwise possess; it connects them with the various grades of officers under whose eyes they labour, prevents favouritism, and leads to their qualifications and conduct being noted and recorded. It also holds before them a reward for intelligence, activity, and good conduct, because the vacancies in the list of preferable' labourers which occur during the year are invariably filled in the succeeding January by selecting, upon strict inquiry, the best of the extra' ticket labourers - the vacancies among the permanent men being supplied in like manner from the list of 'preferable' labourers, while from the permanent men are appointed the subordinate officers, as markers, samplers," etc. Let us, however, before entering into a description of the class and number of labourers employed at St. Katharine's, give a brief description of the docks themselves. The lofty walls which constitute it, in the language of the Custom-house, a place of "special security, enclose an area of 23 acres, of which 11 are water, capable of accommodating 120 ships, besides barges and other craft. Cargoes are raised into the warehouses out of the hold of a ship without the goods being deposited on the quay. The cargoes can be raised from the ship's hold into the warehouses of St. Katharine's in one-fifth of the usual time. Before the existence of docks, a month or six weeks was taken up in discharging the cargo of an East India-man of from 800 to 1,200 tons burden; while eight days were necessary in the summer and 14 in the winter to unload a ship of 350 tons. At St. Katharine's, however, the average time now occupied in discharging a ship of 250 tons is 12 hours, and one of 500 tons two or three days, the goods being placed at the same time in the warehouse; there have been occasions when even greater despatch has been used, and a cargo of 1,100 casks of tallow, averaging from nine to 10 hundredweight each, has been discharged in seven hours. This would have been considered little short of a miracle on the legal quays less than 50 years ago. In 1841 about 1,000 vessels and 10,000 lighters were accommodated at St. Katharine's Docks. The capital expended by the dock company exceeds two millions of money. The business of this establishment is carried on by 35 officers, 105 clerks and apprentices, 135 markers, samplers, and foremen, 250 permanent labourers, 150 preferable ticket labourers, and a number of extra ticket labourers, proportioned to the amount of work to be done. The average number of labourers employed, "permanent," "preferable," and "extras," is 1,096; the highest number employed on any one day last year was 1,713, and the lowest number 515, so that the extreme fluctuation in the labour appears to be very nearly 1,200 hands. The lowest sum of money, therefore, that was paid in 1848 for the day's work of the entire body of labourers employed was £64 7s. 6d., and the highest sum £214 2s. 6d., being a difference of very nearly £150 in one day, or £900 in the course of the week. The average number of ships that enter the docks every week is 17; the highest number that entered in any one week last year was 36, and the lowest five, being a difference of 31. Assuming these to have been of an average burden of 300 tons, and that every such vessel would require 100 labourers to discharge its cargo in three days, then 1,500 extra hands ought to have been engaged to discharge the cargoes of the entire number in a week. This, it will be observed, is very nearly equal to the highest number of labourers employed by the company in the year 1848. The remaining docks are the Commercial Docks and timber ponds, the Grand Surrey Canal Dock at Rotherhithe, and the East Country Dock. The Commercial Docks occupy an area of about 49 acres, of which four-fifths are water. There is accommodation for 350 ships, and in the warehouses for 50,000 tons of merchandise. They are appropriated to vessels engaged in the European timber and corn trades and the surrounding warehouses are used chiefly as granaries - the timber remaining afloat in the dock until it is conveyed to the yards of the wholesale dealer and builder. The Surrey Dock is merely an entrance basin to a canal, and can accommodate 300 vessels. The East Country Dock, which adjoins the Commercial Docks on the south, is capable of receiving 28 timber ships. It has an area of ½+ acres, and warehouse room for 3,700 tons. In addition to these, there is the Regent's canal Dock, between Shadwell and Limehouse, and though it is a place for bonding timber and deals only, it nevertheless affords great accommodation to the trade of the port by withdrawing chipping from the river. The number of labourers, casual and permanent, employed at these various establishments is so limited, that, taken altogether, the fluctuations occurring at their briskest and slackest periods may be reckoned as equal to that of St. Katharine's. Hence the account of the variation in the total number of hands employed, and the sum of money paid as wages to them by the different dock companies, when the business is brisk or slack, may be stated as follows: - At the London Docks the difference between the greatest and smallest number is ... ... 2,000 hands. At the East and West India Docks ... 2,500 At the St. Katharine Docks ... ... 1,200 At the remaining docks (say) ... ... 1,300 Total number of dock-labourers thrown out of employ by the prevalence of easterly winds ... 7.000 difference between the highest and lowest amount of wages paid at the London Docks is ... ... £1500 At the East and West India Docks ... ... 1,875 At the St. Katharine Docks ... ... 900 At the remaining docks ... ... 975 From the above statement, then, it appears that by the prevalence of an easterly wind, no less than 7,000 out of the aggregate number of persons living by dock labour may be deprived of their regular income, and the entire body may have as much as £5,250 a week abstracted from the amount of their collective earnings at a period of active employment. But the number of individuals who depend upon the quantity of shipping entering the port of London for their daily subsistence is far beyond this amount. Indeed, we are assured by a gentleman filling a high situation in St. Katharine's Docks, and who from his sympathy with the labouring poor has evidently given no slight attention to the subject, that, taking into consideration the number of wharf labourers, dock labourers, lightermen, riggers and lumpers, shipwrights, caulkers, ship carpenters, anchor smiths, corn porters, fruit and coal meters, and indeed all the multifarious arts and callings connected with shipping, there are no less than from 25,000 to 30,000 individuals who are thrown wholly out of employ by a long continuance of easterly winds. Estimating, then, the gains of this large body of individuals at 2s. 6d. per day, or 15s. per week, when fully employed, we shall find that the loss to those who depend upon the London shipping for their subsistence amounts to £20,000 per week; and considering that such winds are often known to prevail from a fortnight to three weeks at a time, it follows that the entire loss to this large class will amount to from £40,000 to £60,000 within a month; an amount of privation to the labouring poor which it is positively awful to contemplate. Nor is this the only evil connected with an enduring easterly wind. Directly a change takes place, a "glut" of vessels enters the metropolitan port, and labourers flock from all quarters, indeed they pour from every part where the workmen exist in a greater quantity than the work. From 500 to 800 vessels frequently arrive at one time in London, after the duration of a contrary wind; and then, such is the demand for workmen, and so great the press of business, owing to the rivalry among merchants, and the desire of each owner to have his cargo the first in the market, that a sufficient number of hands is scarcely to be found. Hundreds of extra labourers, who can find labour nowhere else, are thus led to seek work in the docks. But, to use the words of our informant, two or three weeks are sufficient to break the neck of an ordinary glut, and then the vast amount of extra hands that the excess of business has brought to the neighbourhood are thrown out of employment, and left to increase either the vagabondism of the neighbourhood, or to swell the number of paupers and heighten the rates of the This may in some measure account not only for the poverty and wretchedness of the people located in the many courts and alleys round about the docks, but it seems also to afford a ready explanation as to the amount of crime to be found there. As we said before, uncertain employment destroys all habits of prudence; and where there is no prudence, the present affluence cannot be made to provide for the future want. Since it is the very necessity of those who depend upon their daily work for their daily food, that if such work is not to be obtained, they must be either paupers, beggars, or thieves, it cannot be wondered at that the great majority of the population round about the port of London, where work is of such a precarious nature, should consist principally of these three classes. That such was the fact we had been assured by those whose long residence in the neighbourhood had made them acquainted with the condition of the lower classes abounding in the purlieus of Rosemary-lane and the Minories. A few days ago I made an attempt to fathom the secrets of one of the low lodging-houses in the neighbourhood; and though I had proof demonstrative that the endeavour was attended with considerable personal risk, still I was determined to compass my end, so as to be able to give the public some idea of the misery and crime that infested that part of the town. Entrusting myself to an experienced guide, I was led to one of the most frequented and cheapest lodging-houses in the neighbourhood. It was a large-sized out-house, about the size of a small barn, and about as rudely put together. The walls were unplastered, and the tiles above barely served to cover it in. In the wet weather we were told it leaked like a sieve. Around the room ran a long dirty table, at which sat some score of ragged, greasy wretches. The others were huddled round the fire. Some were toasting herrings, others drying ends of cigars for tobacco, and others boiling potatoes in coffee-pots. I soon communicated to them the object of my visit; and having inquired how many of them out of those then present worked at the docks, I found them ready to answer my questions in a more courteous manner than I had expected. There were 29 people in the shed, and about a fourth were occasional dock labourers. "I worked at the docks half a day this afternoon," said one, "and all yesterday, and half a day on Monday - three days last week, and never above two or three days in the week these last nine weeks." This one appeared to have been about the most successful of the number; and when I asked the rest what they did when they were wholly unemployed, the answer was, they were forced to walk the streets all night, and starve. "There are plenty of us," said another, "who have to walk the streets of a night, though the 'bunks' (beds) are only two-pence here, and there's no other crib so cheap anywhere near." I asked those who spoke of having walked the streets all night till daylight what they had done for food? "I've been two days," cried one, "without taste or sup;" and one in the corner, with his head down, and his chin resting on his chest, cried, "I've been three days without food - haven't had a bit in the world." "Ah! it's plaguy hard times, in the winter time with us, that it is," said a youth who could not have been more than 17. "Average it all the year round," cried a tall fellow in a canvas-smock, "I've worked 11 years in the dock as an extra, and it don't give more than 5s. in the week. Why, we're very often three or four weeks and earn nothing in the winter time." "But you must get something," I said. "Yes, we goes about jobbing, doing things down at Billingsgate. We gets a twopenny and a three-halfpenny job very often. If we don't get that, we have to go without anything for lodging, and walk and starve." "I'll have to do that tonight, sir," cried the man at the corner of the room, who still sat with his chin on his chest - "I'll have to walk the streets all night." "Yes," said a second, "and there's another besides him that'll be obligated to walk the streets. The Refuge isn't open yet." I asked them what they usually had to eat. One had had "taters and herrings and a pound of bread." Another, "a pound of bread and a farthing's worth of coffee." "I've had two or three hard crusts," cried the man again who sat alone at the end of the room. "That's about the living we all has," I was told. "When we go without food all day," they said, "it's generally the depth of winter, wet weather, or something like that. We give those that want a bit of ours, whatever it may be. We gather all round for him if we can." I asked them how much money they had got. "I've got 4d.," cried one. "I've got 1s. 3d., cried another. "I've got just enough for me bed." "I've got three-halfpence. " "I've got ld." "I haven't one halfpenny," said the man at the end of the room. "No more have I," cried a second. "There's another one here hasn't got one," exclaimed a third. "Ah, if you was to come a here tomorrow night, you'd find half of us had not got any - full half." At this moment a boy about 13 years of age, in rags and tatters, with his hands full of halfpence, entered the room. There was a cunning about his expression that half told his calling. "What's he been at?" said our guide, "spouting a fogle,' think you? At this there was a loud laugh all through the company. "He's been on the monkey, sir." I requested an explanation, and was informed that he had been begging. The boy had retired to the further corner of the apartment and was busy changing his clothes. "Do you see, sir," said one of the company, "he's going to call at the same houses over again - he's changing his dress ready for it." "I'll lend you my cap, Jim," said a lad to the young but experienced mendicant. I asked them whether they all usually slept there of a night. "Bless you," was the answer, "I've known many here six months without sleeping in a bed. One of the youths saw me writing, and cried as he laughed, "Ah, they'll make a good play of this here, and have it out at the Standard. ""I've been for the whole winter round, said a beardless young man, " and never slept in a bed at a stretch. I laid for three solid months on Billingsgate stones. Some here lives by begging, but I don't; there's two in the place now. The boy who had entered with the halfpence here approached me, and, looking up impudently in my face, cried, "I lives by cadging master, and that's the plain truth. I get sometimes 4d.; had two sixpenny jobs today, carrying gentlemen's parcels." I wished to know something more definite about their living. I asked one what he was boiling; he told me that it was a farthing's worth of coffee, and that was his supper. "There's a shop round here makes farthing's worths of everything," said they. "A farthing's worth of sugar, a farthing's worth of coffee, butter, and bacca. A halfpenny worth of bread - a farthing's worth of that ain't no good." I then inquired as to the state of their clothing. "I've got a clean shirt to put on tomorrow morning, and that's the first I've had these eight months," cried the first. "I've got no shirt at all," said another. "I've none," said a third; "and the man down there ain't got none, I know;" he spoke of the same man at the far end of the room. Next I sought to find out how many among the number had been confined in prison. "I've been in quod, sir, I have," cried one. "I've been in," too, shouted a second. And finding the answers to come too quickly for me to take down, I requested those who had been inmates of a gaol to hold up their hands. They did so, and I counted 18 out of the 29 who were my companions. "Ah, there's quite that," said the best-looking man of the party; "if the whole 29 of us was down, it would not be too much, I'm sure." The young beggar-boy here advanced again to me, and with a knowing wink, cried, "I can't tell how many times I've been in - oh! it's above counting. I'm sure it's above a dozen times." I wished to see the size of the farthing's worth of coffee and sugar that they had spoken of as constituting their meals, and I spoke to the gentleman who had brought me to the place as to the possibility of getting a sample of the quantity. He directed me to give one of the boys a shilling, saying the lad would fetch what I wanted. Seeing that I hesitated doing as be requested, he took one from his purse, and giving it to a lad of the name of Dan, whose physiognomy was not of the most prepossessing description, he told him to go for what I wished. The boy quitted the room, and I must confess I never expected to see him enter it again. I now asked the lodgers the reason why they preferred theft to work. "We don't," was the answer; "its precious hard work having to walk the street, I can tell you; but we can't get nothing to do." "Look at me," cried one standing up. The man was literally a mass of rags and filth. His tattered clothes and shirt were black and shiny as a sailor's dreadnought with grease and dirt. "Look at me; who'd give me a day's work in the state I am! Why, the best job I've had I only got 3d. by, and I don't make above 2s. 6d. a week honestly at the outside. We couldn't live on what we get, and yet we can live on a precious little here. Get a meal for five farthings. A farthing's worth of coffee, a farthing's worth of sugar, and half a pound of bread, three farthings. We can have a slap-up dinner for two-pence; a common one for a penny." "Oh, yes, a regular roarer for two-pence! " cried the beggar boy. "Three halfpenny-worth of pudding, and a halfpenny-worth of gravy." "Or else we can have," said another, "2½ lb. of taturs - that's a penny - and ½ lb. fourpenny bacon - that's another penny. That's what we calls a first-rate dinner. Very often we're forced to put up with a penn'orth of taturs and a halfpenny herring - that's a three- halfpenny dinner. There's a chap here was forced to do today with a ha'p'orth of taturs. He's been out ever since, and perhaps won't come in at all tonight. He'll walk the streets and starve." At this point the boy came back with the farthing's worth of coffee and sugar, and to my utter astonishment produced the 1l½d. of change. He was without shirt to his back or shoe to his foot, and when I asked him whether he had ever been in prison, he told me he had been "quodded" three times for vagrancy, and once on suspicion of highway robbery! I expressed my surprise at the honesty of the young thief. "Why, there's not a chap among them that wouldn't have done the same thing," said my companion, who knew their characters well; "they would all have done the same, except that one smoking there," pointing to an ill-looking lad in a Scotch cap. "When you gave me the shilling," cried Dan, "he followed me into the yard, and told me to hook it. I whispered with my companion as to whether it were possible to take the poor shoeless boy, who had resisted this double temptation, from the wretched and demoralizing associations of the place, and make an honest man of him. "No," was his answer; "he is hopeless. This is the chivalry of these people. Make friends of them, and they will scarcely ever deceive you. They may be trusted with pounds by those whom they know; but as for industry or getting an honest living, it's out of the question. I have known a few in my time that have been reclaimed, but they are the exceptions, and certainly not the rule." Their habits could not be attributed to ignorance, for I found that 18 out of the 29 could read and write; nor could their propensities be said to be due to the influence of early associations, for, on inquiring as to their parentage, one told me that his father kept about 40 or 50 horses. "My father was a schoolmaster," said a second. "And mine a dyer," said a third. "My father was a hatter," cried a fourth. Observing that the individuals were mostly youths, I wished to know how many were under 21; and on inquiry I found that 15 out of the 29 were below that age, nine were under 19, five under 17, and three under 15. The remainder of the scene I must reserve for my next letter. Suffice it, before my departure I went to inspect the "bunks," as the beds are called, for which they are charged 2d. per night. The dormitory was at first appearance exactly similar to a small dissenting chapel, the divisions between the beds standing up like the partitions between the pews. On inspection, however, I found they were much closer, the partitions being only 22 inches apart. So close, indeed, were the bunks together, that 120 of them were stowed into a place about double the size of a four-stall stable. At the bottom of each of these was spread a leather, and as I walked round the place I saw many shirtless men stretched there like corpses, in a bed as narrow as a coffin, with another leather to cover. The stench of the room was overpowering, and I hurried from the place, indeed, a wiser and a sadder man.
Japan, a country of islands, extends along the eastern or Pacific coast of Asia. The four main islands, running from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu (or the mainland), Shikoku, and Kyushu. About 3,000 smaller islands are included in the archipelago including Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, Okino-tori-shima, Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto), and Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto) which includes Okinawa . In total land area, Japan is slightly smaller than California. Japan's population, currently some 126 million, is primarily an urban society with only about 4% of the labor force engaged in agriculture. About 80 million of the urban population is heavily concentrated on the Pacific shore of Honshu and in northern Kyushu. Major population centers include: Metropolitan Tokyo with approximately 12.8 million; Yokohama with 3.7 million; Osaka with 2.6 million; Nagoya with 2.2 million; Sapporo with 1.8 million; Kyoto and Kobe with 1.5 million each; Kawasaki and Fukuoka with 1.4 million each, and Saitama with 1.2 million. Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government with universal adult suffrage and a secret ballot for all elective offices. The executive branch is responsible to the Diet, and the judicial branch is independent. Sovereignty, previously embodied in the emperor, is vested in the Japanese people, and the Emperor is defined as the symbol of the state. Because the islands run almost directly north-south, the climate varies considerably. Sapporo, on the northernmost main island, has warm summers and long, cold winters with heavy snowfall. Tokyo, Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe, in central and western parts of the largest island of Honshu, experience relatively mild winters with little or no snowfall and hot, humid summers. Fukuoka, on the island of Kyushu, has a climate similar to that of Washington, DC, with mild winters and short summers. Okinawa is subtropical. Natural hazards include volcanoes, tsunamis, earthquakes, and typhoons. Japan has about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors but occasional severe earthquakes) every year. Two historically active volcanoes, Unzen (elev. 1,500 m) and Sakura-jima (elev. 1,117 m), which both lie near the densely populated city of Kagoshima, have been deemed "Decade Volcanoes" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior. Other active volcanoes include Asama, Honshu Island's most active volcano, Aso, Bandai, Fuji, Iwo-Jima, Kikai, Kirishima, Komaga-take, Oshima, Suwanosejima, Tokachi, Yake-dake, and Usu. Hot springs are numerous and have been developed as resorts. On September 21, 2011, Japan was hit by Typhoon Roke. The powerful storm comes as Japan is still recovering from the devastating earthquake and tsunami that struck in March 2011 killing more than 15,000 people. To learn more about this typhoon, go to the NASA Earth Observatory Program site. CIA World Factbook; U.S. State Department Background Notes; NASA Earth Observatory Program, 08/2011, 09/2011 This map has also been used: - Japan, March 2011
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 5th Edition. - noun plural Strips of cloth wrapped around a newborn infant to hold its legs and arms still. - noun plural Restrictions imposed on the immature. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. - noun A garment, made of strips of cloth, used to bindan infantand restrict movementof its limbs - noun idiomatic An early period in development, infancy, the beginnings of something; inception. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - noun restrictions placed on the immature - noun a garment (a gown or narrow strips of cloth) for an infant Sorry, no etymologies found. Sorry, no example sentences found.
Metastatic calcification is deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissue, because of elevated serum levels of calcium in blood, which can occur because of deranged metabolism as well as increased absorption or decreased excretion of calcium and related minerals, as seen in hyperparathyroidism. In contrast, dystrophic calcification is caused by abnormalities or degeneration of tissues resulting in mineral deposition, though blood levels of calcium remain normal. These differences in pathology also mean that metastatic calcification is often found in many tissues throughout a person or animal, whereas dystrophic calcification is localized. Metastatic calcification can occur widely throughout the body but principally affects the interstitial tissues of the vasculature, kidneys, lungs, and gastric mucosa. For the latter three, acid secretions or rapid changes in pH levels contribute to the formation of salts. The numerical value of Metastatic calcification in Chaldean Numerology is: 8 The numerical value of Metastatic calcification in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9 Images & Illustrations of Metastatic calcification Find a translation for the Metastatic calcification definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these Metastatic calcification definitions with the community: Word of the Day Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily? Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: "Metastatic calcification." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 23 Aug. 2017. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/Metastatic calcification>.
The domain of is the surface that is the circle centered at the origin and which radius is ... that's not ! The level curve should be a circle lying in the plane centered at and which radius is .The function is the following: The solution I've attempted and which I'm not sure it's correct is: I've drawn a level curve of level 4,because it's within the domain of f(x,y)(which is ) and it's the point where the function changes to the other branch. Does this make sense? What is "the condition" ? The only condition I can see is that because of the square root. As this inequality is true for such that , working with the "if" clause is enough.Just another question,to determine the domain of the second "piece" of the function,why do we also use the sqrt(32-x^2-y^2) condition and not only just the if clause?
In graph theory, an Eulerian path is a path in a graph which visits every edge exactly once. Similarly, an Eulerian circuit is an Eulerian path which starts and ends on the same vertex. They were first discussed by Leonhard Euler while solving the famous Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem in 1736. It has been proven that connected graphs with all vertices of even degree have an Eulerian circuit, and such graphs are called Eulerian. If there are exactly two vertices of odd degree, all Eulerian paths start at one of them and end at the other. A graph that has an Eulerian path but not an Eulerian circuit is called semi-Eulerian. (Cited from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulerian_path) Given an undirected graph, you are supposed to tell if it is Eulerian, semi-Eulerian, or non-Eulerian. Each input file contains one test case. Each case starts with a line containing 2 numbers N (≤ 500), and M, which are the total number of vertices, and the number of edges, respectively. Then M lines follow, each describes an edge by giving the two ends of the edge (the vertices are numbered from 1 to N). For each test case, first print in a line the degrees of the vertices in ascending order of their indices. Then in the next line print your conclusion about the graph – either Eulerian, Semi-Eulerian, or Non-Eulerian. Note that all the numbers in the first line must be separated by exactly 1 space, and there must be no extra space at the beginning or the end of the line.
From World Wind Wiki The red planet Mars is now viewable from within World Wind (using version 1.3.4 or above) and has full 3D terrain. For more information on whats new in 1.3.4 visit What's new in 1.3.4. Introduction to Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, named after the Roman god of war, it is 1/2 the size of Earth (see figure 1), and its red appearance is mainly due to iron oxide on the surface. For a much more detailed description see the wikipedia Mars page, a NASA tour of Valles Marineris video, two educational pages at NASA Learning technologies planet Mars and What's The Difference, and a NASA fact sheet about Mars. Mars Tutorial A flash tutorial that explains how to view Mars in World Wind can be found at the World Wind Tours Homepage. Viewing Mars You can view Mars by either double clicking the 'World Wind Mars 1.3' desktop icon (see the image on the right of this page), selecting Start->Programs->NASA->World Wind Mars 1.3, or after launching World Wind by switching to Mars from the Mars Layers The different Mars layers can be toggled on and off by clicking the corresponding icon in World Winds toolbar (see image below). Please note - When you load Mars for the first time your screen may appear blank for a minute or two while the default image is downloaded, please be patient. High resolution greyscale imagery, created using imagery from the Mars Orbital Camera. More information about the Mars Orbital Camera can be found at the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera Geodesy Campaign Mosaic page. High resolution color imagery, created using MOC imagery. More information about the Mars Orbital Camera can be found at the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera Geodesy Campaign Mosaic page. Elevation Map, created using data from JPL. The color of the map represents the elevation. The highest points are represented in red. The lowest points are represented in black. Shaded relief derivied from altimetry, colorized by elevation. 128 ppd/460m, created using data from MOLA. The color of the map represents the elevation. High resolution greyscale imagery, 256 ppd/230m, created using data from NASA Mars Odyssey/THEMIS. More information about the Thermal Emission Imaging System can be found at the THEMIS Project homepage. Mars Add-ons For information on how to use World Wind add-ons visit the Add-on Launchpad. Mars Missions The Mars Missions add-on displays the locations of various NASA related Mars landings. For more information and to download this add-on please visit the Mars Missions add-on page. Olympus Mons structural features This is a map of the visible structural features around Olympus Mons. For more information and to download this add-on please visit the Olympus Mons structural features add-on page. Mars global geology This is a map of the equatorial and polar regions of Mars representing an advanced study of the geology afforded by the high resolution, and nearly complete coverage of the Viking Orbiter images. For more information and to download this add-on please visit the Mars global geology add-on page. Mars landmarks (fictional) This add-on shows landmarks taken from maps in Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars series of novels. For more information and to download this add-on please visit the Mars landmarks (fictional) add-on page. Mars Videos This is a collection of Martian flyovers created using World Wind. Martian Hotspots Interesting places on the Lunar surface, click the links for more information, or click the worldwind button to visit the location in World Wind. \| \|\| \|\| \|\| \| Related Links - Venus for World Wind page - Jupiter for World Wind page - Moon for World Wind page - SDSS for World Wind page - OnMars add-on - Mars exploration page - The new Mars - Wikipedia Mars page - THEMIS ASU - Christensen, P.R., N.S. Gorelick, G.L. Mehall, and K.C. Murray, THEMIS Public Data Releases, Planetary Data System node, Arizona State University - Malin Space Science Systems - PDS Geosciences Node Washington University - MDIM USGS - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory - NASA World Wind Team - Adam Nowacki
Since Joey loves books, it was only natural that we’d want to use books and interactive read alouds to help him learn to use his Augmented Alternative Communication (AAC) device. Joey began using the device in December, and we initially struggled to find ways to motivate him to use it since prior to using the device he had developed a way to communicate that was working out pretty well for him. One way we were able to model how to use the system, encourage him to use it, and introduce new core words was through his interactive read alouds . Joey has books he loves. He absolutely lights up when you read Pete the Cat to him. To bridge in his core vocabulary, we simply added phrases into the story. Pete is walking down the street, singing his song when suddenly he stops in a large pile of something. (This happens repeatedly – with strawberries, blueberries, mud, and then water). As a way to include Joey’s communication device into the story, I added a picture of the ‘stop’ sign here, so that we could add in the line “STOP Pete, STOP!” Although that phrase is not in the story to begin with, it logically fits with the story. If you saw someone walking into a large pile of blueberries you would cry “STOP!” too. Of course, it is Pete, and nothing bothers him, so after the line “Does Pete cry? Goodness no! He keeps walking along and singing his song,” I added a picture of the ‘go’ icon so we can now read “Go, Pete, Go.” This labels what Pete is doing – going along. Adding in these additional phrases gives us an opportunity to model using the system with a repeated phrase. Joey does not have to process a novel sentence each time, instead he knows what the words are so he can watch us select the buttons that correspond with those familiar words.The goal is that eventually this repetitive sentence gives Joey an opportunity to respond to the story himself, so that we can pause at the right moment and Joey can use his eye gaze system to say “STOP!” and “GO!” to Pete. On some reads of this book we can just focus on the core words of stop and go. Other reads we can bring in other vocabulary words as well. Joey has access to all of the color words on his device, so we can label what color Pete’s shoes turn. Pete the Cat books are great for this because they directly ask the reader a question – “What color did his shoes turn?” This creates a natural, environmental prompt. Any three year old reading the book is encouraged to label the color. We also look for books that already use core vocabulary as a repeated text. Bear Wants More is great for this, since it uses the phrase “wants more” in predictable parts of the story, which can be done on the device. It also incorporates the words ‘hungry’ and ‘eat, eat, eat’ which are also core words on Joey’s device. I like to print out a picture of the icon on the device, tape* it to a sticky note, and then put that sticky note into the book. The sticky notes do not do any damage to the book pages, but easily let you add your own words and phrases into a book. The greatest value I’ve found in adding the images of the core vocabulary words into the book is that it serves as a visual reminder for the adults (myself included) to use the talky. I can easily get wrapped up in the story and can forget to incorporate the device, even if it is right there. Although Joey does not always select the words on the device during the story, he does use the words from the story at other times during our sessions. Spontaneously transferring and generalizing the targeted vocabulary to other occasions shows us he is paying attention to the vocabulary in the books and applying understands its meaning. *Tapping in the pictures was a great idea, until the system updated their icon pictures and now all of my books have icon for want as the criminal stealing and not the new cookie jar picture. I like the picture better, but I’m not a fan of re-doing my prep work!
Produced in Japanese, this series contains 20 lessons on the intermediate level for teachers to use in foreign language science study. This segment explores the largest species of the tortoises, the Galapagos tortoise. This tortoise can weigh up to 900 pounds. Sailors that visited the Galapagos Islands in the 17th century originally discovered these tortoises. The tortoises vary from island to island.
The Standard Electrical Dictionary A voltmeter in which the current passing through its conductor heats such conductor, causing it to expand. Its expansion is caused to move an index needle. By calibration the movements of the needle are made to correspond to the potential differences producing the actuating currents through it. The magnetic action of the current plays no part in its operation. It is the invention of Capt. Cardew, R. E. The construction of the instrument in one of its most recent forms is shown in the cut. On each side of the drum-like case of the instrument are the binding screws. These connect with the blocks m and n. To these the fine wire conductor is connected and is carried down and up over the two pulleys seen at the lowest extremity, its centre being attached to c. From c a wire is carried to the drum p, shown on an enlarged scale on the left of the cut. A second wire from the same drum or pulley connects to the spring S. The winding of the two wires is shown in the separate figure of c, where it is seen that they are screwed fast to the periphery of the little drum, and are virtually continuations of each other. By the screw A the tension of the spring S is adjusted. On the shaft of the little drum p is a pinion, which works into the teeth of the cog-wheel r. The shaft of r is extended through the dial of the instrument, and carries an index. The dial is marked off for volts; g g and h h are standards for carrying the pulleys. The action of the instrument is as follows. The current passing through the wire heats it. This current by Ohm's law is proportional to the electro-motive force between the terminals. As it is heated it expands and as it cools contracts, definite expanding and contracting corresponding to definite potential differences. As the wire expands and contracts the block or pin c moves back and forth, thus turning the drum p and cogwheel r one way or permitting it to turn the other way under the pull of the spring S. The numerical value of voltmeter, cardew in Chaldean Numerology is: 7 The numerical value of voltmeter, cardew in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4 Images & Illustrations of voltmeter, cardew Find a translation for the voltmeter, cardew definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these voltmeter, cardew definitions with the community: Word of the Day Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily? Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: "voltmeter, cardew." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 23 Aug. 2017. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/voltmeter, cardew>.
\|Structures of Clamp-Loader Complexes Are Key to DNA Replication\| DNA replication occurs when the enzyme DNA polymerase moves along DNA strands at high speed, copying nucleotides as it goes. A separate ring-shaped protein complex, called the sliding clamp, attaches the polymerase to the DNA with the help of a molecular machine, the clamp loader, whose action depends on ATP. How the clamp loader accomplishes this task was unknown until researchers from University of California, Berkeley, and Rockefeller University solved structures of the clamp loader bound to the sliding clamp, DNA, and an ATP analog. The structures, obtained at ALS Beamlines 8.2.1 and 8.2.2, reveal key insights into the mechanism by which the sliding clamp that facilitates replication of chromosomes is loaded onto DNA. DNA replication is the most crucial step in cellular division, a process necessary for life, and errors can cause cancer and many other diseases. High-speed replication of chromosomal DNA (up to 1000 nucleotides per second) requires the DNA polymerase to be attached to a sliding clamp that prevents the polymerase from diffusing away from the DNA when it releases the DNA substrate during synthesis. In forms of all cellular life, sliding clamps are protein complexes that form rings around DNA, thereby providing a topological link for DNA polymerases to the DNA. Sliding clamps are also crucial components of various other cellular pathways, such as DNA repair, cell cycle control, and chromatin structure. Sliding DNA clamps are loaded onto DNA by pentameric clamp-loader complexes. Among the two strands of the separated DNA (leading and lagging strands), the lagging-strand replication is semi-discontinuous; that is, it breaks into a chain of fragments (the Okazaki fragments). Clamp loaders must place a clamp at the start of each of these fragments in order to accomplish lagging-strand synthesis. Thus, the clamp loader is a crucial aspect of the DNA replication machinery. But the ring shape of the sliding clamp presents a topological problem: How is a closed circle loaded onto a chromosome? Here is where the ATP comes in. Clamp loaders belong to the AAA+ family of ATPases, an important family of molecular enzymes that convert the chemical energy of ATP to mechanical work. When clamp loaders are in the ATP-bound state, they can bind with high affinity to the sliding clamp and, importantly, break the ring open and hold it in an open state. The open clamp/clamp-loader complex can then bind to so-called primer-template DNA to start the replication. Binding of DNA triggers the activation of the ATPase active sites. The subsequent hydrolysis of ATP causes the clamp loader to release from the clamp, which closes around the DNA. However, how clamp loaders accomplish these tasks was not known at the structural level. To address the mechanism of clamp loading, the researchers solved the structure of the ternary complex of the clamp loader from bacteriophage T4 bound to a sliding clamp and DNA. The structure revealed that clamp-loader AAA+ modules form an ATP-dependent, right-handed spiral that matches the helical symmetry of DNA. The AAA+ spiral, in turn, holds the clamp in a right-handed, open, lock-washer shape, causing the clamp to be broken at one of the subunit interfaces. Further, the researchers identified a mechanism occuring away from the ATPase active site (allosteric mechanism) for activation of the ATPases in response to DNA binding and also defined a conformational change that occurs in response to ATP hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of ATP begins from an end of the AAA+ spiral, which causes the symmetric AAA+ spiral to break down. This allows the clamp to close around DNA and causes the clamp loader to lose its symmetric recognition of the clamp and DNA, resulting in an elegant mechanism for ejection of the clamp loader. Thus the ATP-dependent spiral of AAA+ modules is the key for controlling the clamp loader's function. Research conducted by: B.A. Kelch, D.L. Makino, and J. Kuriyan (University of California, Berkeley and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute) and M. O'Donnell (Rockefeller University and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute). Research funding: U.S. National Institutes of Health. Operation of the ALS is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Publication about this research: B.A. Kelch, D.L. Makino, M. O'Donnell, and J. Kuriyan, "How a DNA polymerase clamp loader opens a sliding clamp," Science 334, 1675 (2011). ALS Science Highlight #249
When we think of smokers, most non-smokers think about the elementary fact that they are at a serious risk of premature death. And often, people scoff at the behavior as being careless, which usually begins in the impressionable teenage years. But research now shows that it’s not any more dangerous (or frivolous) for young adults to smoke than it is to be overweight. Dr. Martin Neovius of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden and his colleagues stressed that since overweight and smoking are both associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease and certain cancers, that if young adults fall in either category, they are at risk of an early death. Although the pathogenic mechanisms differ, he said, a synergistic effect of smoking and obesity may be possible. The researchers found that obesity and being overweight in late adolescence increased mortality risk, regardless of whether or not they also smoked. Researchers concluded that “overweight, obesity, and smoking among adolescents might be good targets for intensified public health initiatives.” (via: MedPage Today)
Alarming pattern of antibiotic use in the southeastern United States New research suggests a pattern of outpatient antibiotic overuse in parts of the United States—particularly in the Southeast—a problem that could accelerate the rate at which these powerful drugs are rendered useless, according to Extending the Cure, a project of the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. These findings come out just as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) kicked off an annual effort to reduce overuse of antibiotics called “Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work.” The campaign, which lasts throughout the week, urges Americans to use antibiotics wisely. The CDC estimates that $1.1 billion is spent annually on unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions for adult upper respiratory infections alone. These prescriptions also speed the development of resistance to important antibiotic therapies. Also, on Monday of this week, Extending the Cure introduced a new tool that allows non-experts to track changes in antibiotic effectiveness over time. The new Drug Resistance Index (DRI) is similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index and is described in a paper in the British Medical Journal Open. Trends in Antibiotic Use Paint a Troubling Picture Interactive maps released by Extending the Cure track antibiotic use in the United States from 1999 to 2007 and show how overall antibiotic dispensing has decreased; consumption fell by about 12% over this time period. However, they also highlight alarmingly high antibiotic use across the Southeast compared to states in the Pacific Northwest. For example, residents of West Virginia and Kentucky, where antibiotic use rates are highest, take about twice as many antibiotics per capita as people living in Oregon and Alaska. Additional key findings include: The five states with the highest antibiotic use in the nation are West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Alabama. However, the maps show higher than average use of antibiotics in other regions of the country as well. Check your state’s antibiotics use at ResistanceMap. Prescribing rates for a powerful class of antibiotics known as fluoroquinolones shot up by 49 percent from 1999 to 2007. At the same time, antibiotic resistance is increasing: these drugs are now seven times less likely to work against Escherichia coli, the most frequent cause of bacterial infections, than they were in 1999. Penicillins remain the most popular antibiotics—accounting for nearly one out of three prescriptions filled in the United States. At the same time, the market share of these standard drugs has declined by 28 percent as physicians increasingly turn to more powerful antibiotics. High per capita antibiotic use rates could reflect an environment in which consumers mistakenly demand antibiotics – and physicians prescribe them—when they have a cold or the flu, which are caused by viruses and cannot be treated with these drugs. However, additional research must be done to better understand the driving factors behind antibiotic use. The data was released today as part of Extending the Cure’s ResistanceMap, an interactive web-based tool that tracks drug resistance. Novel Way to Track Resistance: Drug Resistance Index (DRI) In a report published this week in the British Medical Journal Open, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Director of Extending the Cure, and Keith P. Klugman, Professor of Global Health at Emory University, describe a first-of-its-kind index for tracking resistance. Like a Consumer Price Index (CPI) for drug resistance, the tool aggregates information about resistance trends and antibiotic use into a single measure of antibiotic resistance over time. Hospitals can use the DRI to track resistance levels in their facility and to measure the success of interventions including antibiotic stewardship and infection control programs. The tool also offers decision makers a convenient way of communicating progress and pitfalls in the fight against resistance, according to the study authors. The index is designed to be applicable at any level, from local hospitals to national healthcare system surveillance. In this paper, researchers explain how the index can be used by assessing trends in resistance associated with two disease-causing micro-organisms: Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii. The index can also illuminate how physicians adapt to trends in resistance. For example, in this analysis, the index showed how physicians were able to use other drugs to treat infections caused by resistant strains of E. coli but had very few options left for treating Acinetobacter, a superbug that increasingly is resistant to all available antibiotics. “Mapping the geography of antibiotic use and summarizing their effectiveness with a Drug Resistance Index bring us one step closer to the solutions we urgently need in order to curtail this public health crisis,” Laxminarayan said. “If we do nothing, resistance will continue to develop and our most valuable antibiotics ultimately will fail.” Extending the Cure research suggests that policymakers must address the broader problem of antibiotic resistance by putting comprehensive solutions in place, including better infection control and surveillance as well as stepping up efforts to curtail overuse of antibiotics, a solution that would help preserve the power of the drugs we have left on the shelf. Funding for this research and ResistanceMap was made possible in part by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Pioneer Portfolio, which supports innovative projects with the potential to transform health and health care and accelerate change, leading to significant improvements in people’s lives. Extending the Cure is a research and consultative effort that examines policy solutions to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation focuses on the pressing health and healthcare issues facing our country. As the nation’s largest philanthropy devoted exclusively to improving the health and healthcare of all Americans, the Foundation works with a diverse group of organizations and individuals to identify solutions and achieve comprehensive, meaningful and timely change. Projects in the Pioneer Portfolio are future-oriented and look beyond conventional thinking to explore solutions at the cutting edge of health and healthcare. 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Cat6 cables, also called Category 6 or Cat 6 cables, provide lower crosstalk, a higher signal-to-noise ratio, and are suitable for 10GBASE-T (10-Gigabit Ethernet), while Cat5e cables support only up to 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet). As a means of future-proofing your network, Cat6 is generally a better choice and worth the small premium in price. Cat5e and Cat6 cables are both backwards compatible, which means newer Cat6 cables can be used with older Cat5e, Cat5 and even Cat3 equipment. Both Cat5e and Cat6 are twisted pair cables that use copper wires, typically 4 twisted pairs in each cable. The specification for Cat6 features more stringent specifications for crosstalk and system noise, and provides performance of up to 250 MHz. Cat5e, in contrast, performs up to 100 MHz. This was often achieved using a spline (a longitudinal separator) in the wiring, which isolates each of the four pairs of twisted wire. However, this made Cat6 cables more rigid; newer cables use other methods to reduce noise and are more flexible. Regardless of whether a spline is used, a cable that meets Cat6 specifications provides significantly lower interference or near end crosstalk (NEXT) in the transmission. It also improves equal level far end crosstalk (ELFEXT), return loss and insertion loss compared with Cat5e. The result is less noise, fewer errors and higher data rates in the transmission of the signal. How to identify The category is almost always printed on ethernet cables. It is not possible to identify cable categories by color, but Cat6 cables are often thicker than Cat5e because it uses thicker copper wires. Both Cat5e and Cat6 cable specifications allow lengths up to 100 meters, but Cat6e has a lower max length (55 meters) when used for 10GBASE-T (10 Gigabit Ethernet). In order to run 10GBASE-T for 100 meters, Category 6a cable, or Augmented Category 6, cables need to be used. Cat6a cables allow performance up to 500 MHz. As mentioned previously, Cat6 cables can be used to power 10GBASE-T, or 10 Gigabit Ethernet, while the maximum that Cat5e cables can support is 1GBASE-T, or 1 Gigabit Ethernet. This is because Cat6 cables perform up to 250 MHz, more than twice that of Cat5e cables (100 MHz). The price of ethernet cables vary by length, manufacturer and seller. In general, Cat6 cables are 10-20% more expensive compared with Cat5e cables. However, cables are generally cheap and the speed boost offered by Cat6 cables usually makes the price premium well worth it, even for home use.
The USDA Plant Hardiness Map has been updated and is now available as an interactive GIS-based map. The last update took place in 1990. Many zone boundaries have shifted due to the use of more sophisticated technologies and data collection spanning over a 30-year period. The new version is more accurate and detailed. Check out the New Map! “Plant hardiness zone designations represent the average annual extreme minimum temperatures at a given location during a particular time period. They do not reflect the coldest it has ever been or ever will be at a specific location, but simply the average lowest winter temperature for the location over a specified time. Low temperature during the winter is a crucial factor in the survival of plants at specific locations. The new version of the map includes 13 zones, with the addition for the first time of zones 12 (50-60 degrees F) and 13 (60-70 degrees F). Each zone is a 10-degree Fahrenheit band, further divided into A and B 5-degree Fahrenheit zones.”
The WHO recommends that no more than 10% of calories should come from added sugars for optimal health, but this latest study found that people who consumed less than 5% of their calories in the form of added sugars had better dental health. The UK researchers said that they found “a significant relationship” between reducing sugar intake to less than 5% of total calories and reduced risk of caries. For a person consuming a 2000-calorie diet, that would equate to about six teaspoons of sugar. For comparison, a can of regular Coke contains about nine teaspoons of sugar. The researchers used data from 55 meta-analyses conducted globally and looked at caries incidence and added sugar intake at both 10% and 5% of total energy. However, the study’s authors warned that despite the significant correlation between lower sugar intake and caries, the evidence was of low quality due to data variability. “Of the studies, 42 out of 50 of those in children and 5 out of 5 in adults reported at least one positive association between sugars and caries,” they wrote. They added that there was “evidence of moderate quality” suggesting that incidence of caries was lower when intake of added sugars was less than 10% of total energy. Other recent research has suggested excess sugar consumption linked with poor oral hygiene could lead to more serious health conditions, beyond oral health. Research published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine earlier this year found that chronic infection from gum disease could trigger an inflammatory response linked to an increased risk of heart disease. Source: Journal of Dental Research Published online ahead of print. doi:10.1177/0022034513508954 “Effect on Caries of Restricting Sugars Intake: Systematic Review to Inform WHO Guidelines” Authors: P.J. Moynihan, S.A.M. Kelly
Fernley Animal Control has a big job - to assure that pets and people live together in safety and harmony - and that all pets receive proper care and housing. Animal Control staff are in action every day, handling many routine as well as emergency situations with pets and wild animals. One of the most important things that animal control officers do is to investigate animal bites. Rabies is transmitted by wild and domestic animal bites and is usually fatal. Officers place animals that have bitten people under observation and make sure the threat of rabies is reduced. Animal Control enforces city, county and state ordinances. They investigate nuisance situations and assure humane treatment of animals. Officers Patrol the streets for the purpose of enforcing animal control laws. Impound stray, injured, abandoned, trapped and diseased animals Respond to complaints pertaining to animals and provide animal registration (with current rabies certificate). Animal Control staff can visit your school or group for an informational presentation on responsible pet care and the responsibilities of their job.
Donkey-hide gelatin (ejiao) [quanding.com] Donkey-hide gelatin (ejiao) is a type of glue made by decocting a donkey's hide and some medicinal Chinese herbs (such as dried tangerine or orange peels and sweet-scented osmanthus) in water, and then concentrating the liquid. The gelatin is one of the three treasures of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In recent years, an increasing number of Chinese women have been using the gelatin, formerly a tribute to the imperial family, to improve their health. So, just what are ejiao's health benefits? Ejiao has a long history; the earliest known historical record of the gelatin is in the ancient Chinese medical document entitled Shen Nong's Materia Medica. The document was compiled by medical practitioners during the Qin (221 BC -206 BC) and Han (206 BC-220 AD) dynasties. In that document, ejiao is listed as one of the top-grade health products in China. As documented in the Compendium of Materia Medica, written by Li Shizhen in 1578, ancient Chinese used donkeys' hides, oxen's hides and some other animals' hides to make tonics. However, they considered ejiao, made by decocting a donkey's hide in water collected from the Ejing Well — best-quality water that contained mineral substances, such as calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium — in Dong'e County, in East China's Shandong Province, as the best tonic. The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (the 1990, 1995 and 2000 editions) refer to donkey-hide gelatin as the only certified ejiao product. Benefits to Women The sweet-tasting ejiao has proven to be an effective tonic/medicine for women. It provides the following health benefits: 1. Invigorates blood circulation, moistens the lungs and treats yin deficiency (by reinforcing body fluids and nourishing the blood) and cures dizziness, insomnia, coughing and palpitation, which result from lack of blood or yin; 2. Helps women who suffer from such ailments as coughing up blood and/or passing blood to stop bleeding; 3. Curing irregular menstruation, stabilizes the fetus (if the woman is pregnant) and prevents miscarriage. As ejiao invigorates blood circulation, it can treat lack of blood and blood stasis, both of which are major causes of irregular menstruation. In addition, ejiao contains such elements as lysine, arginine, histidine, cysteine, calcium and sulfur, which help prevent miscarriage; 4. Helps prevent and treat cancer. Ejiao can be used to prevent cancer, and it can be used as a supplementary medicine for patients who receive radiotherapy and chemotherapy; and 5. Improves physical appearance. As ejiao invigorates blood circulation, women who eat it often tend to have rosy cheeks and glossy skin. In addition, ejiao helps strengthen bones and muscles and improves the quality of sleep. Dos and Don'ts Since ejiao benefits one's health, you might be inclined to think the more you take, the healthier you will be. However, you should be mindful of the following: 1. The gelatin tends to be more beneficial if you take it on an empty stomach; 2. You should not eat turnips or drink tea while you eat ejiao; 3. You should consume less ejiao if you suffer from excessive internal heat after taking the gelatin; 4. You should not take ejiao if you have a cold; and 5. You should not eat the gelatin if you are menstruating. Ingredients: 100g of polished glutinous rice and 15g of ejiao Directions: 1. Place the glutinous rice in water and cook it thoroughly; 2. Add the ejiao and stew until the ejiao melts in the porridge. Effects: This porridge increases blood circulation, helps stop bleeding, treats yin deficiency (by increasing the body's fluids and nourishing the blood) and prevents miscarriage. Soup with Ejiao and Egg Flakes Ingredients: 10g of ejiao, a spoonful of honey and an egg Directions: 1. Melt the ejiao in warm water or warm milk; 2. Add honey; 3. Add an egg to the soup. Effects: For best results, serve the soup before breakfast every morning. The soup will help treat such illnesses as bad cough and asthma. Soup with Ejiao and Red Dates Ingredients: 10 red dates, 6g of ejiao and a spoonful of brown sugar Directions: 1. Place the red dates in water and cook thoroughly; 2. Pound the ejiao into pieces, place in the soup and stew until the ejiao melts; and 3. Add the brown sugar. Effects: The soup will help improve functioning of the spleen and increase blood circulation. It will also help treat diseases, such as illnesses of the heart and spleen, palpitations and insomnia. Soup with Ejiao and Pork Ribs Ingredients: 30g-50g of ejiao, 500g of pork ribs, some dried tangerine or orange peels and roots of Angelica dahurica Directions: 1. Place the pork ribs in a pot and add some water; 2. Stew for about 20 minutes, until the pork is thoroughly cooked; 3. Pound the ejiao into pieces, add to the soup and cook until the ejiao melts; and 4. Add the tangerine or orange peels and roots of Angelica dahurica to taste. The soup, if eaten regularly, will help one stay fit and improve his/her physique. Donkey-hide gelatin (ejiao), ginseng and pilose antler (of a young stag) are called the "three treasures of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)." Many women favor donkey-hide gelatin, as it can help them replenish qi and increase blood circulation. The other two "treasures" are especially good for men, as they can strengthen muscles and bones and improve yang (vital function), which can help men increase virility and sexual potency. (Source: Women of China English Monthly March 2013 Issue) Please understand that womenofchina.cn,a non-profit, information-communication website, cannot reach every writer before using articles and images. For copyright issues, please contact us by emailing: firstname.lastname@example.org. The articles published and opinions expressed on this website represent the opinions of writers and are not necessarily shared by womenofchina.cn.
According to Jewish historians, the Roman Empire came to be identified with Esau and “Edom”. In medieval rabbinic writing, “Edom” is used to refer to the Byzantine Empire. Story of Romulus and Remus According the Jewish historians, Romulus, the founder of Rome was from the line of Esau. The basic legend about how Romulus came to be the first king of Rome begins with the god Mars impregnating Rhea Silvia, who was daughter of deposed king. This was from the line of the Trojan Kings who ruled from Alba Longa. After the birth of Romulus and Remus, the king orders them to be left to die in the Tiber River. When the basket in which the twins were placed washes up on shore, a wolf suckles them until a shepherd Faustulus finds the twins and brings them into his home. Latin for prostitute and she-wolf is lupa. They were probably raised by a prostitute. When they grow up, Romulus and Remus restore the throne of Alba Longa to its rightful ruler, their grandfather. Then they set out to found their own city. Sibling rivalry leads Romulus to slay his brother. Romulus started the town on one of the 7 hills of Rome called Palestine. Romulus then becomes the first king and founder of the city of Rome. Rome is named after him. Below is a picture of one of the excavated hills of Rome: The Byzantine Empire After the fall of Rome, all Roman kings reigned out of Byzantium Empire in Constantiople the new Roman capital. The Byzantium included all of Italy all the surrounding coastal regions of the Meditterean Sea. Emperor Justinian regained many of the old Roman territories that the ermanic tribes had taken during the 3rd AND 4TH Century. That included the tip of Spain and North Africa which was taken from the Goths. Does the Bible talk about the Byzantium Empire? Number 24:24 identified the Byzantium Empire. Num 24:20 And he looked on Amalek, and took up his parable, and said, Amalek was the first of the nations; But his latter end shall come to destruction. Amalek was the leader among Esau’s princes. Num 24:21 And he looked on the Kenite, and took up his parable, and said, Strong is thy dwelling-place, And thy nest is set in the rock. Num 24:22 Nevertheless Kain shall be wasted, Until Asshur shall carry thee away captive. Num 24:23 And he took up his parable, and said, Alas, who shall live when God doeth this! Num 24:24 But ships shall come from the coast of Kittim, And they shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber; And he also shall come to destruction. Josephus, that ‘all islands, and the greatest part of the sea-coast, are called Chethim. This is talking about the Byzantine Empire. It control the Mediterrean Sea. The word Kittim is plural. God is trying to point to all of the Islands on the Mediterrean Sea and their coastlines. God is describing the Byzantine Empire. Kittim is the ancient name for the island of Cyprus. Dan 11:30 For the shipsH6716 of ChittimH3794 shall comeH935 against him: therefore he shall be grieved,H3512 and return,H7725 and have indignationH2194 againstH5921 the holyH6944 covenant:H1285 so shall he do;H6213 he shall even return,H7725 and have intelligenceH995 withH5921 them that forsakeH5800 the holyH6944 covenant.H1285 Chittim strong’s # H23794 means Cyprus. The Bible is telling you that the Island of Chittim is Cyprus. But Num 24:24 uses the plural form of the word meaning more than one island. This is explaining that the coast area in the Mediterrean Sea would conquer Eber who was ancient Spain –and Asshur is German and Austria. This is referencing the two parts of the Byzantine Empire. Spain was conquered by the Moors in the 7th Century and later initiated the Spanish Inquisition. Asshur is referring to the Hapsburg Dynasty. Num 24:24. is definitely talking about the Byzantine Empire. The Israelites were told they would go to war with Amalek EVERY GENERATION. Exo_17:14 And the LORD said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: for I will utterly put out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven. Exo_17:16 For he said, Because the LORD hath sworn that the LORD will have war with Amalek from generation to generation. Who has the descendants of Israel gone to work throughout the centuries — Rome or the Byzantium. Parthia (a Israelite nation) went to war with Rome 13 times. The Germanic Tribes in Western Europe were consistently at war with the Byzantine Empire. Even in modern day, America and Britain during WWI and WWII fought the same people — the descendants of the Byzantium Empire. The Axis powers were Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Thailand, Finland, Iran, and Iraq. Notice how many of the nations sit in the old Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire make up the Modern countries of Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Spain and Italy. Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon and Iraq, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and almost all other Balkan countries. According to the book of Jasher, Edom lived on the Island of Chittim.In the book of Jasher, we read that great battles arose between the children of Chittim and Edom. Edom was taken captive and mixed with the people on the island of Chittim which is Cyprus today. “and Edom became subject to the children of Chittim. And the children of Chittim ruled over Edom, and Edom became under the hand of the children of Chittim and became one kingdom from that day. And from that day they could no more lift up their heads, and their kingdom became one with the children of Chittim” (p.251) Esau Descendants also were in Turkey in the Taurus Mountains. They were called the Isaurians. Zeno was a Byzantine Emperor reigning from 474 to 475 AD. Zeno married the daughter of Byzantine emperor Leo I and fathered Leo II. The child reigned briefly upon the death of Leo I but died within a year and Zeno, having been appointed co-emperor, succeeded him in 474 AD. He was an Isaurian from the land of Isauria in Southern Asia Minor in the Taurus Mountains. The Isaurians carry the name of Esau. If take the name Esau you drop the “E” and replace it with an “I” You will have the name Isau. It is so extremely close to the name Esau. in ancient geography, is a rugged isolated district in the interior of South Asia Minor, of very different extent at different periods, but generally covering what is now the district of Bozkır and its surroundings in the Konya province of Turkey, or the core of the Taurus Mountains. He was called the “King of the Edoms”. Wikipedia states in the same article, According to Samaritan sources, Zeno (whom the sources call “Zait the King of Edom”) persecuted the Samaritans.(Procopius, 5.7). Also the Bible places Edom in the area above Turkey. He is identified with the area of Armenia located above Turkey. So it is not a difficult to believe that the Edomites were found in Turkey also. Lamentations 4:21 “REJOICE AND BE GLAD, O DAUGHTER OF EDOM, THAT DWELLEST IN THE LAND OF UZ Targum Yehonatan (Aramaic Translation): “IN THE LAND OF UZ is Armenia”. Nachmanides (Jewish Historian) agreed he was in Armenia. The Byzantine Empire was ruled by the Isaurian from 711 to 802 AD. So the descendants of Esau controlled the Byzantium for almost hundred years. It is called the Isaurian Dynasty. Isaurian dynasty (717–802) Leo III “the Isaurian” 25 March 717 – \|Born c. 685 in Germanikeia, Commagene, he became a general. Rose in rebellion and secured the throne in spring 717. Repelled the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople and initiated the Byzantine Iconoclasm.\| Constantine V “the Dung-named” 18 June 741 – \|Born in July 718, the only son of Leo III. Co-emperor since 720, he succeeded upon his father’s death. After overcoming the usurpation of Artabasdos, he continued his father’s iconoclastic policies and won several victories against the Arabs and the Bulgars. He is given the surname “the Dung-named” in hostile later chroniclers.\| June 741/742 – \|General and son-in-law of Leo III, Count of the Opsician Theme. Led a revolt that secured Constantinople, but was defeated and deposed by Constantine V, who blinded and tonsured him.\| Leo IV “the Khazar” 14 September 775 – \|Born on 25 January 750 as the eldest son of Constantine V. Co-emperor since 751, he succeeded upon his father’s death.\| 8 September 780 – \|Born in 771, the only child of Leo IV. Co-emperor in 776, sole emperor upon Leo’s death in 780, until 790 under the regency of his mother, Irene of Athens. He was overthrown on Irene’s orders, blinded and imprisoned, probably dying of his wounds shortly after.\| Irene of Athens August 797 – \|Born c. 752 in Athens, she married Leo IV. Regent for her son Constantine VI in 780–790, she overthrew him in 797 and became empress\| Esau married into the Royal Families The Byzantine Emperors are a royal line stretching from before the fall of Rome to the Hapsburg Dynasty. The Byzantine dynasties are link together through marriage. We know Esau’s descendants are tied to the Royal line through the Isaurian Dynasty. During the 11th Century a prominent family came to power called the Palaiologos. One of the Palaiologus rulers was Andronikos II (1259 – 1332). His son became lord of Montferrat through his heritance from his mother. His dynasty ruled in Montferrat. This inheritance was eventually incorporated by marriage to the Gonzaga family. Later, that succession passed to the Dukes of Lorraine, who became the progenitor of the Habsburg-Lorraine emperors of Austria. Also KONSTANTINOS XI (1448-1453) was the Byzantium Emperor during the fall of the Byzantium Empire to the Turks. His brother Thomas had a daughter named Zoë (Sophia) who married Ivan III of Russia. This links the line of Esau to the royal line of Russia. The Turks brought the Eastern Empire to a close in 1403 when they destroyed Constantinople. From that time, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Byzantine Emperor. The Ottoman Turks came from Turkey and Central Asia. The Mitanni Empire settled Central Asia. Mitanni was the descendants of Abraham’s children — Esau, Midianites (Kitarch’s children) and Ismael. Some aspects of the Eastern Empire were transferred to Imperial Russia under Ivan III (the Great) who was regarded as the first national sovereign of Russia. The Ottoman Empire existed for about 400 years and ended with World War I. The Ottoman Empire made up majority of the Axis powers in World War II (1939–1945) Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Iraq, Iran, Southeast Asia, Finland. History keeps repeating itself!!! The double-headed eagle is most commonly associated with the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire and their successor states. AND HITLER. They were the same people. Also the Bible tells us that the Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire will be the Prince at the End time. Dan 8:19 And he said, Behold, I will make thee know what shall be in the latter time of the indignation; for it belongeth to the appointed time of the end. Daniel 8 talks about the little horn. Dan 8:20 The ram which thou sawest, that had the two horns Dan 8:21 And the rough he-goat is the king of Greece: and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king. Dan 8:11 Yea, it magnified itself, even to the prince of the host; and it took away from him the continual burnt-offering, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down. Dan_9:26 And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined. The Temple had already destroyed during the time that Daniel wrote the prophecy. But this is also referencing the Herod’s temple. Roman was the empire that destroyed the temple during the time of Herod. God is trying to tell us who the people of prince is. It is the same people that destroyed the temple and city the first time– The Romans. He is telling us the Roman or Byzantium Empire will rise again at the end time and it will be the Kingdom of the Prince or Vial man of Daniel who destroys Israel. The Philistines are in Rome also Also was not the only people from the Middle East found in Italy. Nermin Vlora Falaski, in its book “Linguistic and genetic heredities” has deciphered Etruscan and Pelasgic and linked it with the Albanian language today. This would mean that the Albanians who were also known as the Descendants of the Illyrians, were anciently called the Pelasgians, one of most ancient civilizations that lived Europe. Therefore, in Italy it exists the locality of the TOSCHI (the Tuscany), therefore as the Toschi lives in the “Toskeria”, in southern Albania. Herodotus (c. 450 B.C.) reports that the Etruscans came from Asia Minor. Herodotus says the Etruscans came from Lydia, in Asia Minor, as the result of a famine around 1200 B.C. Herodotus says the Etruscans came from Lydia and left and settled Italy. That is where we get the name Tuscany. Also Pliny the elder confirms the information of Diodorus. Virgil (Aeneid, VIII, V. 62-63), writes:“It is sayd that the first dwellers of our Italy were the Pelasgians”. Pelasgians were on the Island of Crete. In the “Odyssey” by Homer, Odysseus, mentions the Pelasgians among the tribes in the ninety cities of Crete. (Homer. Odyssey, 19.175–19.177 (Robert Fagles translation). The Pelasgians were also in the Aegean Sea. A stele from Lemnos, an island in the Aegean, shows writing that appears similar to Etruscan. The Bible called the Island of Crete Caphtor. It says that the Philistines would also live there. Jer_47:4 Because ofH5921 the dayH3117 that comethH935 to spoilH7703 (H853) allH3605 the Philistines,H6430 and to cut offH3772 from TyrusH6865 and ZidonH6721 everyH3605 helperH5826 that remaineth:H8300 forH3588 the LORDH3068 will spoilH7703 (H853) the Philistines,H6430 the remnantH7611 of the countryH339 of Caphtor.H3731 Jewish Virtual Library. CAPHTOR (Heb. כַּפְתּוֹר, כַּפְתֹּר), place located either in the Aegean Sea area or on the southern coast of Asia Minor. According to Amos 9:7, Jeremiah 47:4, and possibly Genesis 10:14, the Philistines came from Caphtor prior to their penetration of southern Palestine. Deuteronomy 2:23 notes that the Caphtorim destroyed “the Avvim, that dwelt in villages as far as Gaza,, taking over their lands. The location of Caphtor or kftyw is in dispute. Most scholars consider Caphtor to be the ancient name for *Crete and the surrounding islands (cf. “islands” in LXX, Jer. 47:4). In Jeremiah 47:4 Caphtor is defined as an island. Furthermore, several verses place the origin of the Philistines among the Cretans (Ezek. 25:16; Zeph. 2:5), while elsewhere they are identified as coming from Caphtor. Philistine pottery resembles that of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations to the point that a material connection is beyond question. That puts the Philistines in the area of Crete and Greece. The Sea People probably drove out the person of Crete and Asia Minor in the 12th century. Or they may have left because of the famine that struck the region at that same time. Mail this post
Table of Contents Harmful Marine Pollution Marine pollution refers to the contamination of the ocean and its surrounding ecosystems by various harmful substances. It is a significant environmental issue that poses a threat to marine life, human health, and the overall balance of the marine ecosystem. Among the different types of marine pollution, some are particularly harmful and have severe consequences. In this article, we will explore the most harmful marine pollution and its impact on the environment. Ocean Contamination Threat One of the most harmful forms of marine pollution is oil spills. These incidents occur when oil is accidentally released into the ocean, either through accidents during transportation or offshore drilling operations. Oil spills have devastating effects on marine life, as the oil forms a thick layer on the water surface, preventing sunlight from reaching underwater plants and phytoplankton. This disruption in the food chain can lead to the death of marine organisms, including fish, birds, and mammals. Furthermore, oil spills can contaminate the habitats of marine animals, such as coral reefs and mangroves. These delicate ecosystems are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, and the presence of oil can suffocate and kill the organisms living there. The long-term effects of oil spills can be catastrophic, as it takes years for the affected ecosystems to recover, if they ever do. Sea Environment Danger Another harmful form of marine pollution is plastic waste. Plastic pollution has become a global crisis, with millions of tons of plastic ending up in the ocean each year. Marine animals often mistake plastic debris for food and ingest it, leading to internal injuries, blockages, and even death. Additionally, plastic waste can entangle marine animals, such as turtles, seals, and seabirds, causing them to suffocate or drown. The presence of plastic waste in the ocean also poses a threat to human health. As plastic breaks down into smaller particles, known as microplastics, it can enter the food chain. These microplastics can accumulate in the tissues of marine organisms, eventually reaching humans through the consumption of seafood. The long-term effects of ingesting microplastics are still not fully understood, but studies have shown potential health risks, including hormonal disruptions and organ damage. What is the most harmful marine pollution? Among the various forms of marine pollution, it can be argued that plastic pollution is the most harmful. The sheer volume of plastic waste entering the ocean each year, coupled with its long-lasting nature, makes it a significant threat to marine life and ecosystems. Plastic pollution affects a wide range of marine organisms, from the smallest plankton to the largest whales. Plastic pollution not only causes physical harm to marine animals but also disrupts their natural behavior and reproductive patterns. For example, sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, their main food source, and often die from ingesting them. Similarly, seabirds often feed plastic debris to their chicks, leading to malnutrition and reduced survival rates. To address the issue of plastic pollution, it is crucial to reduce the use of single-use plastics and promote recycling and proper waste management. Governments, industries, and individuals all have a role to play in preventing plastic waste from entering the ocean and finding sustainable alternatives to plastic products. Marine pollution, particularly oil spills and plastic waste, poses a significant threat to the health and sustainability of our oceans. The harmful effects of these pollutants on marine life and ecosystems cannot be ignored. It is essential for individuals, communities, and governments to take action to reduce marine pollution and protect our precious marine environments for future generations. - Oil spills: These incidents have devastating effects on marine life, disrupting the food chain and contaminating habitats. To learn more about the impact of oil spills, visit National Geographic. - Plastic pollution: The presence of plastic waste in the ocean poses a threat to marine animals and human health. To find out more about the global plastic crisis, visit Plastic Pollution Coalition. By raising awareness and taking action, we can work towards a cleaner and healthier marine environment.
Report doubts future of wind power Wind farms are an expensive and inefficient way of generating sustainable energy, according to a study from Germany, the world's leading producer of wind energy. The report, which may have ramifications for the UK's rapidly growing wind farm industry, concludes that instead of spending billions on building new wind turbines, the emphasis should be on making houses more energy efficient. Drawn up by the German government's energy agency, it says that wind farms prove a costly form of reducing greenhouse gases. It costs €41-€77 (£28-£53) to avoid emitting a tonne of carbon dioxide by using wind energy, the report says. The study is likely to feed the bitter debate on whether Britain should continue to emulate Germany and dramatically expand its wind farm programme. Germany has the largest number of wind farms in the world, producing more wind energy than Denmark, Spain and the US put together. The UK's wind power movement is the fastest growing in the world, with up to £10bn expected to be invested in the next five years, attracting government subsidies of roughly £1bn. But more than 100 national and local groups, led by some of Britain's most prominent environmentalists, including David Bellamy, Sir Crispin Tickell, and James Lovelock, have argued that wind power is inefficient, destroys the countryside and makes little difference to Britain's soaring carbon emissions. "At last. This report confirms what we have been saying," said Angela Kelly, director of Country Guardian, an umbrella group for the anti-wind-power lobby. "Wind power is three times more expensive than conventional electricity. It is a scandalous waste of taxpayers' money." The report comes when the British government is promoting wind power as a means of getting 10% of energy need from renewables by 2010. The German report estimates that it will cost €1.1bn to link Germany's existing wind farms to the national grid if it is to meet its target of producing 20% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2015. About 800 miles of cables will have to be laid or upgraded, and power plants will have to be replaced or adapted to cope with the large fluctuations in wind-derived energy. This programme will cost each German household €16 a year, it says. "Wind energy is expensive. That's true. You can't dispute it," Stephan Kohler, the head of Germany's energy agency told the Guardian. "Conventional methods are cheaper. But you have to do both." In the past 15 years Germany has constructed more than 15,000 turbines, half of them in the past five years. The number is due to double again by the end of the decade. In November British and German ministers announced plans for cooperation on alternative energy development. The 1,034 big turbines now running in Britain produce about 700MW of electricity - about as much as one conventional power station - but in the next seven years more than 7,000MW of generating power will be installed on 73 new farms. Last year 22 onshore wind farms with a capacity of 475MW were built, but developers are increasingly moving to shallow water off the coasts. Altogether, 9,000MW of new wind power is planned to be installed by 2010, enough to meet the government's targets. Critics of wind energy in Germany said it would be cheaper and more environmentally efficient to insulate old houses or to renew existing power stations. "The problem with wind farms is that you have to build them in places where you don't need electricity. The electricity then has to be moved somewhere else," Klaus Lippold, a Christian Democrat opposition MP, said. "There is growing resistance in Germany to wind farms, not least because of the disastrous effect on our landscape." The German environment minister, Jürgen Trittin, of the Green party, hit back, saying that the "central parts" of the report vindicated his claim that an expansion of wind energy could be done quickly and cheaply. "There are no grounds for pessimism," he said. Last year more than 10% of Germany's energy consumption came from renewable sources, a record. Jim Footner of Greenpeace said the German study would inevitably be used by opponents of wind power as an argument against further investment. But he remained confident that wind power was the best option for Britain's energy needs. "You can't energy-efficiency your way out of climate change," he said. "You need to have clean forms of energy generation, and wind power is the technology that's competitive, current and it's the one that's available now." The British Wind Energy Association said it was wrong to compare wind energy in Britain and Germany. "The UK has a far greater wind resource than Germany. The winds blow harder and therefore the economics of wind power in the UK will be better than those of our European neighbours", said Richard Ford of the BWEA. The National Audit Office, reporting on renewable energies last week, said wind was the most expensive way to fund carbon emission reductions in Britain. It gave a figure of £70-£140 a tonne of carbon saved - more than in Germany. But it did not condemn wind, saying that a mix of renewable energies and energy savings was needed. What do you think? Leave a comment below. Sign up for regular Resilience bulletins direct to your email.
Britain may soon join Germany in harvesting subsidy-free electricity from offshore wind farms, giving government ministers new options in securing power supplies that don’t pollute. Until recently, turbines based at sea were among the most costly forms of power generation, requiring more than $100 a megawatt-hour, which is more than the cost of the latest nuclear power station in the U.K. Across Europe, costs have fallen rapidly in the last year and industry experts say the U.K. could see equally aggressive bidding this year. In April, Germany accepted bids from developers to build offshore wind farms for an average of 4.40 euros ($4.93) a megawatt-hour, below the current market price for power meaning the facilities essentially will work without subsidy. The British government soon will collect bids for a 290 million pound ($375 million) funding round for offshore-wind projects to be completed in the early 2020s, and industry officials are speculating how low developers might bid. While the headline cost reported in the U.K. won’t be directly comparable with Germany’s, it’s likely to show progress toward the goal having the technology work without government support. “If they don’t do that, then they will not be competitive,” Torben Hvid Larsen, chief technology officer at MHI Vestas Offshore Wind A/S, said in an interview in London on Thursday. A spokesman for MHI Vestas said the company’s official outlook is for the technology to still require some support from government, though the results will indicate a “trajectory toward subsidy-free pricing in future offshore wind auctions.” Winners are expected to be announced later this year, and as many as seven offshore wind farms may qualify to bid, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance. British projects have higher prices than those in Denmark or the Netherlands, where either utilities companies or the government absorb the costs of hooking the wind farms into the grid. In the U.K., developers must pay for site surveys and grid connections, making projects in Britain appear more expensive than those elsewhere, according to the trade association RenewableUK. The amount of subsidy paid is the difference between the wholesale price of energy and the investment required to make a return on a renewable energy plant. To match Denmark, the Netherlands and excluding grid costs, the U.K. would need to see bids from 60 pounds to 69 pounds a megawatt-hour, said RenewableUK. “For it to be shockingly cheap in the way that Denmark and the German auction have been, a price in the 60s would be amazing,” said Emma Pinchbeck, executive director of RenewableUK. “My personal view is that a price in the 70s is not unlikley.” Prices for offshore wind in Europe have fallen dramatically in the last half decade and plunged 22 percent in 2016 alone, according to BNEF. While the U.K. auction system operates differently to that in the U.K., calculations can be made that allow companies to compare costs, said MHI Vestas’ Larsen. MHI Vestas, a joint venture between Denmark’s Vestas Wind Systems and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, this week unveiled a 9.5-megawatt machine, the world’s most powerful wind turbine, as part of its efforts to increase the size of turbines and reduce their costs. Wind turbines account for about 40 percent of the cost of offshore projects, said Larsen. Bigger blades are at the heart of Germany’s subsidy free bids. Dong has said it expects machines able to produce 13 to 15 megawatts each for its projects when they’re due to be completed in 2025.
See what questions a doctor would ask. Other broader types of medical diagnostic tests related to PET scan include: PET scan: Positron emission tomography scan. A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is used. Because cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body. Source: National Institute of Health Disease or Condition count: 3; see list of conditions below. These are the diseases or medical conditions in which the medical test 'PET scan' may be involved. Search Specialists by State and City
The Evolution of Light and the Importance of Circadian Rhythms Illuminating Our Past: Living in Harmony with Natural Sunlight Human evolution is intricately linked to the rhythms of the natural world. For millennia, our ancestors lived under the full-spectrum glow of the sun, basking in its balanced wavelengths. Unlike the artificial light sources we encounter today, natural sunlight emits a harmonious spectrum that aligns with our biological needs. Artificial lights today can isolate specific wavelengths (e.g. blue light) to stimulate the brain and body, pushing people to be more productive or active. This impact on hormones and neurotransmitters can create a sense of "forced stress" in environments like workplaces or schools. Thomas Edison and the Birth of Artificial Light In 1880, Thomas Edison famously filed for a patent for the incandescent light bulb, which marked a transformative moment in human history. Suddenly, individuals could expose themselves to artificial (blue) light after sunset, disrupting the age-old rhythm dictated by the Earth's natural light cycle. Source: National Archive Living in Sync with Nature: Pre-Light Bulb Era Before the advent of artificial lighting, human beings lived in sync with the Earth's rhythm. As the sun set and disappeared below the horizon, the absence of bright light naturally signaled the brain and body to wind down and prepare for rest and rejuvenation. The primary post-sunset light source was fire, emitting predominantly infrared light (perceived as heat) and zero disruptive blue light, making it way less disruptive to our circadian rhythms than the shorter wavelengths such as blue light. Blue light simply should not be present after sunset. Credit: Researchgate, On the Potential of Flaming Hotspot Detection at Night via Multiband Visible/Near-Infrared Imaging The Dual Nature of Blue Light: Daytime Alertness vs. Nighttime Relaxation Blue light, inherent in natural daylight, plays a crucial role in promoting wakefulness and alertness during the day. However, at night, exposure to blue light is counterproductive and causes health issues. Our circadian rhythm, the internal clock regulating physiological and behavioral changes over a 24-hour cycle, naturally shifts towards relaxation and sleep preparation after sunset unless bright (especially blue) light continues to be present in the environment — again, something that does not naturally occur in nature. It is the human invention of isolated wavelengths that causes this disruption. When will we realize we cannot separate ourselves from nature? We are nature. We went from being a part of nature to being apart from nature. Circadian Rhythms: A Symphony Orchestrated by Light Circadian rhythms, influenced predominantly by light and darkness, govern a wide array of functions in organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young in 2017 underscore the pivotal role of light in synchronizing our internal cycles with the day's length. The researchers discovered that the primary driver of the circadian rhythm is light. This makes sense, considering that a day is created by one full rotation of the earth around its own axis, and the most significant change in the environment during this period is the shift between the presence and absence of daylight. Melatonin: The Guardian of Sleep and Cellular Health At the heart of circadian rhythm regulation is melatonin, a hormone responsible for inducing sleep, slowing down brain waves, and facilitating cellular repair. Chronic exposure to blue light, especially after sunset, disrupts melatonin production, leading to a cascade of negative effects, including compromised cellular repair and increased degeneration of mitochondrial function. Blue Light Protection Eyewear Recognizing the health implications of artificial light, Ra Optics has crafted blue light protection eyewear designed to filter out harmful blue light, promoting healthy circadian rhythms, safeguarding melatonin production, protecting against eye damage, improving the quality of sleep, and increasing overall health as a result. Preserving Well-Being: Ra Optics and Mitochondrial Health The significance of protecting our natural melatonin production cannot be overstated. Chronic disruption of circadian rhythms and melatonin production, driven by excessive blue light exposure, can contribute to long-term health consequences. Mitochondrial dysfunction, almost always at the root of modern chronic illnesses, underscores the critical need to shield our bodies from the detrimental effects of blue light at night. In a world where artificial light is omnipresent, Ra Optics offers protection, providing a stylish and science-backed solution to mitigate the adverse impacts of excessive blue light exposure. By embracing the principles of circadian health and understanding the evolutionary context of light, we can strive for better sleep, improved well-being, and a healthier future. It is time to remember As Dr. Joe Dispenza beautifully said: "Knowledge is the precursor to experience”. Then, once we know about the tremendous power of light, we can act on that to realize the greatest version of ourselves.
Every year in August, the same Mars message circulates across the Internet: The Red Planet will appear "as big as the full moon" in the sky, as seen with the naked eye. The problem is, it's not true: Skywatchers won't be able to see a "double moon" in the late August sky. The so-called Mars Hoax (which started in 2003 after a real-life close approach of Mars to the Earth) is just one of a series of false claims concerning the Red Planet. Here are some misconceptions about Mars that just won't die. [Seeing Things On Mars: A History of Martian Illusions] 1. Mars as big as the full moon The culprit for this hoax was an unsigned email advising people how to observe Mars during the planet's historically close approach to Earth in August 2003, said Space.com skywatching columnist Joe Rao. Readers apparently missed the line saying that it would take a 75-power magnification in a telescope to make Mars appear as big as the full moon. 2. "Face" on Mars This hoax arose from a picture taken in 1976 by NASA's Viking 1 orbital spacecraft of a rocky outcrop in the Cydonia region of Mars. The appearance of what looks like a face (created by light and shadows) sparked discussions that it could have been some remnant of an ancient civilization. The "face on Mars" idea persisted even past 1998, when NASA and the European Space Agency began taking more pictures with higher-resolution cameras to show that the facelike shape on the planet's surface was a coincidence. 3. Woman on Mars In 2007, NASA's Spirit rover captured a photo of what appeared to be a human figure (perhaps a woman) far in the distance. The mysterious photo lit up several Internet forums as users had hopes of confirming life on another planet. But astronomers quickly pointed out that the human shape is actually just a rock that is only a few inches high, but positioned very close to the camera. Plus, humans can't breathe on Mars. [Why Do We Believe in Mars Hoaxes?] 4. Iguana on Mars In 2013, conspiracy sites reported a "creature" spotted in a photo captured by the Curiosity rover: an iguana. But as The Huffington Post pointed out at the time, the iguana, rat and other animals spotted in photos from the Red Planet have yet to be shown to be anything but oddly shaped rocks. 5. Rat on Mars? UFO buffs zeroed in on a portion of a panoramic photo taken by NASA's Curiosity rover in September 2012. These viewers spotted an object that looked like a rat lying between two rocks. While it's a creative idea, the "Mars rat" is unlikely, scientists have said. The Red Planet has extremely cold temperatures, is baked in radiation and lacks a thick, protective atmosphere like Earth's, making it an extremely hostile environment for life. 6. Life-bearing organics on Mars Based on a vague quote from the Curiosity rover's chief scientist, rumors swirled in late 2012 that Curiosity found complex organic compounds (organics contain carbon, which can be a building block of life). But it turned out that the rover's organic findings were not complex organic compounds, and it was unclear to scientists if the carbon in them had originated on Earth and were brought to the Red Planet, or if they were truly Martian. Interestingly enough, proof of more-complex forms of organics were in fact found, in 2014.
Mifflin County Biographies "History of the Juniata Valley and Its People, Vol. II" 1913 The first record found of the Hanawalts is of Henry, who on October 31, 1785, warranted three hundred acres of land in what is now Oliver township, Mifflin county, and on November 21, 1792, patented another tract of one hundred acres. Henry Hanawalt, died in 1794, leaving two sons, George and John. George, son of Henry Hanawalt, in company with his brother John, purchased in April, 1802, a tract of land in what is now Wayne township, of the heirs of James Ross. John Hanawalt moved to that purchase, but George remained at the home farm. They continued their partnership until April, 1821, when they divided the property, but each seemed satisfied with the land they were living on, so George kept the homestead and John the Ross purchase, in Wayne township. John died in 1829, George in 1832. He served in the revolution, and a relic of that conflict is still preserved by his great-grandson, Daniel A. Hanawalt. in the form of a firearm, the barrel of which was part of the musket carried by his sire, when a soldier in the revolutionary army. George Hanawalt left a widow, Catherine, and children: Margaret, married Hugh McKee; Ann, married Leopold; Susanna; Joseph, of whom further; Joseph, son of George and Catherine Hanawalt, was born in Oliver township, Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, where he also spent his after life. He was a prosperous farmer and both he and his wife Mary were members of the German Baptist church, he being a minister. He left male issue including a son, John S. John S., son of Joseph and Mary Hanawalt, was born in Oliver township, Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, May 20, 1840, died in the same township May i, 1883. He attended the public schools and spent his early life at the home farm. After his marriage he bought a tract of one hundred acres of partly cleared land, and thereon spent his after life. He finished the clearing, erected many improvements and brought his land to a point of high fertility. He was a member of the German Baptist church, and a minister of the branch known as The Brethren, as was his father and father-in-law. In political faith he was a Democrat, and served several terms as school director. He married Nancy Snowberger, born in New Enterprise, Pennsylvania, August 3, 1842, later moved to McVeytown, where she was married. She survives her husband, has never remarried and now resides at the Oliver township farm, to which she moved in early married life. She is a daughter of Daniel Snowberger, a prosperous farmer of Bedford county, Pennsylvania, and a member of the German church (The Brethren); he had several children, one of them Theodore, a soldier of the Union army, was killed at the battle of Antietam. Children of John S. Hanawalt: 1. Christie Ann, married Fred J. Sunderland, and lives in Wayne township. 2. Catherine, married George White, and lives at Burnham. 3. Mary Elizabeth, married Henry Rhodes, whom she survives, a resident of Alberta, Canada. 4. Ira, drowned at the age of two years. 5. Joseph Rothrock, married Effie Rupert and resides at McVeytown, a teacher in the public schools. 6. Daniel Abraham, of whom further. 7. Charles B., married Bessie Bailey and resides at Falls Creek, Pennsylvania, principal of schools. 8. John Miller, married Essie Strawser and farms the homestead. 9. William H., married Phoebe Kirk and resides in Oliver township, a farmer. 10. Ada Margaret, married Robert Strawser, a farmer of Oliver township. Daniel Abraham, son of John S. and Nancy (Snowberger) Hanawalt, was born near McVeytown, Oliver township, Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, June 30, 1873. He obtained his early education at the Pine Grove public school, later entering Juniata College, whence he was graduated from the business department, then taking the normal English course. After teaching school in Brown township for six years, Mr. Hanawalt located in Belleville in 1903, having been appointed station agent for the Kishacoquillas Valley railroad, a position he yet occupies. He is a Republican in politics, served six years as school director, and is now secretary of the Belleville board. He is a member of The Brethren church, his wife a member of the Presbyterian church. He married, in December, 1903. Katherine Cummins, born in Brown township, daughter of James T. Cummins, of an old county family. Children: Emogene B., born May 2, 1906; James Milton, October 15, 1908; Robert Campbell, September 4, 1912. Mifflin County, PA AGHP © 2012 Mifflin County Pennsylvania AHGP
Psychotherapy as a Human Science Publication Year: 2006 Published by: Duquesne University Press Title Page, Copyright This book is the culmination of many years of research, reflection, and spirited, scholarly communication about psychotherapy as a human science. We began this process with the aim of filling a gap in the current literature on psychotherapy. Much is written today about advances in neuroscience, empirically validated treatments, and quantitative methods for the practice... Psychotherapy and Philosophy Training in the mental health professions is increasingly driven by political and economic forces and has become very technical in focus. Insurance companies demand that psychotherapy be objectifiable, and as a result, manualized treatment protocols are now widespread. Because of this growing reliance on a natural science approach, the fact that psychotherapy rests on a set of implicit, philosophical assumptions about human experience... Truth, Method, and the Limits of Reason: Descartes and Pascal Reason, the Unconscious,and History: Kant, Hegel, and Marx If Descartes ushered in the Age of Enlightenment, with its characteristic emphasis on reason, then Pascal, who dwelt on the mystery and power of the unconscious, prefigured the Romantic reaction against it. Wedged between the Enlightenment and Romantic movements was Immanuel Kant, who was born in 1724 in K Angst, Authenticity, and Ressentiment: Kierkegaard and Nietzsche Much as they differed on important points, Hegel and Marx were both historicists who believed that history has an ascertainable goal and that movement toward this goal should be reckoned as “progress.” For Hegel that goal was the self-recovery of Absolute Spirit, while for Marx it was the creation of a classless society, free of exploitation and oppression. Disparate as these goals seem, both... Psychology as a Human Science: Dilthey and Husserl The year 1900 was a major turning point in the history of the human sciences: Nietzsche died, Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams, and Wilhelm Dilthey published a paper entitled “The Rise of Hermeneutics.” Given the obscurity... Psychology of the Unconscious: Freud and Jung Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiburg, now Pribor, which is in the Czech Republic. His family moved to Vienna when he was six years old, and with the exception of studying in Paris in 1885, and a year before his death in 1939, when he fled to London to escape the Nazis, Freud lived in Vienna for his entire life. He was the eldest son (and favorite child) of his father’s second wife, and was raised... Phenomenology and Human Experience: Scheler, Jaspers, and Heidegger During his years at G Modes of Relatedness: Buber, Binswanger, and Boss Martin Buber was born in Vienna in 1878 and was raised by his paternal grandparents. His grandfather Solomon, a wealthy philanthropist, was steeped in rabbinic commentary on the Hebrew Bible, while his grandmother, Adele, was versed in Moses Mendelsohn, the German Enlightenment, and efforts to modernize European Jewry. So... Recognition and the Limits of Reciprocity: Sartre, Lacan, and Laing Jean-Paul Sartre was born in Paris in 1905. His father, a naval officer, died when he was a few months old, and he grew up in the home of his maternal grandfather, Carl Schweitzer, a professor of German at the Sorbonne. Carl Schweitzer was a native German speaker from the Alsace region who had shifted his personal loyalties to France.... Psychoanalysis and Intersubjectivity: Sullivan, Fromm, Merleau-Ponty, Benjamin, and Stolorow Our travels thus far have brought us from the early seventeenth to the mid twentieth century, covering what is commonly known as the “modern era.” The themes, thinkers, and clinicians whose work we explored were all rooted in European soil. And with the exception of Freud, a neurologist by training, those who were not philosophers were invariably psychiatrists... Psychotherapy and Postmodernism Current debates in the mental health professions—including, but not limited to the psychotherapy field—are often couched in terms of the tensions between modernism and postmodernism. This polarization takes many forms, affecting how researchers and clinicians practice their crafts. In place of... Contemporary psychotherapy is often portrayed as an empirically based treatment technique practiced by professionals in a medical setting. According to this account, the patient has a discrete form of psychopathology, while the therapist is an expert with the requisite knowledge and skills to remove the patient’s symptoms as quickly and painlessly as possible. Yet the push toward “evidence-based” and standardized, highly scripted... Page Count: 335 Publication Year: 2006 OCLC Number: 607855275 MUSE Marc Record: Download for Psychotherapy as a Human Science
So, you suspect that age has finally caught up with your computer and want to run a computer speed test to verify this? A slow computer is not a great proposition. However, age has got little do with the sagging speed. Most computers fail a computer speed test because of negligence on the owner’s end. Surprised? Given below are the most common causes of a slow computer and a few tips that can help you prevent them from occurring in the first place. Why do computers run slow? The top reasons are: • Malware infection • A large number of programs running in the background • A fragmented hard disk • A bloated and/or fragmented registry All these can be easily resolved. Want to know how? Here are the answers: Keeping your computer safe from malware Malware infections, without an iota of doubt, are the biggest cause of slow computer speed. To resolve malware-related issues, perform the following steps: 1. Install a reliable anti malware software if you do not have one. 2. Update your anti malware software. 3. Restart Windows in Safe Mode. 4. Run a malware scan on your computer. 5. Take appropriate action (as recommended by the software) against the reported threats. Once you have removed all threats from your computer, it is necessary that you maintain your computer’s optimum functioning. Here are a few tips that help you keep malware away from your computer: • Update your anti malware software regularly and run occasional malware scans. • Stay away from dubious websites. • Scan the files you download from the Internet before running them. • Scan email attachments before opening them. Keeping background programs to a minimum Most of the programs you install also run in the background without you being aware of it. At any given moment, there could be as many as hundred programs or even more running in the background. While many of these background processes are necessary, a few are likely to be associated with programs that you no longer use or require. So what’s the solution? Simple- open Add or Remove Programs and remove all the programs you don’t need. Better yet, only download programs that you really need. Also, regularly check the list of installed programs and remove the ones you no longer use. Keeping the hard disk defragmented Without going into any technicalities, let us understand the following facts: 1. A defragmented disk improves your computer’s performance, whereas a fragmented hard disk slows your computer’s speed. 2. As you use your computer, your hard disk will become fragmented unless you take corrective action. So, how you can prevent fragmentation or defrag a fragmented disk? Disk Defragmenter is a built-in utility which allows you to defrag your hard drive(s). Run this tool regularly (once every 15-30 days) to prevent fragmentation of the hard disk. Keeping the Windows registry clean As in the case of the hard disk, the Windows registry becomes bloated over time and fragmented due to prolonged use. Although Windows computers do not include a registry maintenance software, many such tools are available for free on the Internet. Install a reliable registry maintenance program and run a thorough registry scan to weed out unwanted registry entries. After running a registry scan, defrag your registry files if the option is provided. To prevent registry-related errors in the future, run a registry scan regularly. Incorporate the aforementioned tips and run a computer speed test after you are done- you will, more likely than not, have a blazing fast computer. It will easily teach you how to speed your computer [http://www.howtospeedupyour-computer.com]. Visit [http://www.howtospeedupyour-computer.com] for more information. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/expert/Marosh_Adams/889260