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Whether you call them flashes, flushes, or “power surges”, the sudden, intense feeling of warmth, often over the face, neck and chest, is a well-known and oft-maligned symptom as women approach menopause. Today, the most reliable treatment to combat hot flashes is hormone replacement therapy, which uses estrogen and progesterone to ease menopausal symptoms. While hormone therapy is fairly effective (about 75% of women experienced relief in one to two months in clinical trials), it’s also risky. The Women’s Health Initiative trial, which looked at women who used estrogen and progesterone hormone therapy versus those who didn’t, found that those who used these hormones had a higher risk for heart disease, stroke and breast cancer. As you might imagine, drug makers are working to develop non-hormonal treatment options for hot flashes, but they’ve suffered some recent setbacks. In March, the Food and Drug Administration’s Reproductive Health Drugs Advisory Committee voted against allowing two already-approved drugs to be prescribed as treatment options for hot flashes, agreeing that neither drug had the data to prove it would actually work for this purpose. So what’s a menopausal woman to do? For the moment, the safest remedies involve cooling off as quickly as possible when a hot flash begins, minimizing stress, and for some women, acupuncture. In the future, science may offer even more effective solutions. Researchers at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson may be getting closer to discovering the root cause of hot flashes. The study, conducted using rats and published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests a certain set of neurons in a specific region of the brain may play a role in how we regulate our body temperatures. When estrogen levels drop during menopause, these neurons appear to be more active, leading to widening of the blood vessels (vasodilation) that then causes a hot flash. The research team was able to deactivate these neurons (known as KNDy, pronounced “candy”) and the rats’ skin temperature lowered as a result. While the study doesn’t point to a specific treatment option and there’s no guarantee the same neurons perform the same function in humans, the research may be an initial step toward a better understanding of how and why hot flashes occur. That understanding could one day translate into relief for women as they approach menopause.
Click in the boxes below to watch the video clips The Convention on the Rights of the Child does not explicitly set forth children’s right to participate – except as a goal for children with disabilities (article 23). There is, however, a ‘cluster of participation articles’ that, when interpreted together, provide the argument for the child’s right to participate. Article 5. States Parties shall respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom, legal guardians or other persons legally responsible for the child, to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the present Convention. Article 9. (2.) In any proceedings pursuant to paragraph 1 [which speaks to the separation of a child from their parents] of the present article, all interested parties shall be given an opportunity to participate in the proceedings and make their views known. Article 12. (1.) States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. (2.) For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law. Article 13. (1.) The child shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child’s choice. Article 14. (1.) States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. (2.) States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents and, when applicable, legal guardians, to provide direction to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child. Article 15. (1.) States Parties recognize the rights of the child to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly. Article 16. (1.) No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation. (2.) The child has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Article 17. States Parties recognize the important function performed by the mass media and shall ensure that the child has access to information and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral well-being and physical and mental health.… Article 21. States Parties that recognize and/or permit the system of adoption shall ensure that the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration and they shall: (a) Ensure that the adoption of a child is authorized only by competent authorities who determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures and on the basis of all pertinent and reliable information, that the adoption is permissible in view of the child’s status concerning parents, relatives and legal guardians and that, if required, the persons concerned have given their informed consent to the adoption on the basis of such counselling as may be necessary. Article 22. (1.) States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that a child who is seeking refugee status or who is considered a refugee in accordance with applicable international or domestic law and procedures shall, whether unaccompanied or accompanied by his or her parents or by any other person, receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in the enjoyment of applicable rights set forth in the present Convention and in other international human rights or humanitarian instruments to which the said States are Parties. Article 23. (1.) States Parties recognize that a mentally or physically disabled child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child’s active participation in the community. Article 29. (1.) States Parties agree that the education of the child shall be directed to: (a) The development of the child’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential; (b) The development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations; (c) The development of respect for the child’s parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the country in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate, and for civilizations different from his or her own; (d) The preparation of the child for responsible life in a free society, in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of sexes, and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups and persons of indigenous origin; (e) The development of respect for the natural environment.
How many errors do you make each day? Research suggests that regardless of the activity or task being conducted, humans make between 3-6 errors per hour! And even though that number is likely lower in settings like a veterinary practice, where excellence is emphasized, mistakes happen. It’s impossible not to look back at certain actions, diagnoses or decisions and wish they were different. But within the group of total errors that do occur, while some are impossible to prevent, others are preventable. And medication errors often fall into the preventable category. It takes effective protocols and processes to approach medication safety perfection. This post details common errors, why they happen, what to do if one does occur and concludes with 6 ways to reduce veterinary medication errors in your practice.
Entering high school can be an exciting experience, but for some teenagers it can also be scary, intimidating and confusing. According to one study, approximately half of all high school students feel a great deal of stress on a daily basis. As author and film producer Vicki Abeles writes, there’s a “nationwide epidemic of school-related stress.” The cause? Abeles says that “expectations surrounding education have spun out of control,” with excessive loads of activities, homework and sports. As I explain in my book, “Raise Your Kids to Succeed,” this stress can be excessive and even toxic if kids are ill-prepared. Like many parents, I’ve wondered what I could have done to help my teenagers adjust well to the first year of high school. As a parent and teacher, here’s what I’ve learned. Why all the anxiety? A few of the factors that can cause anxiety for high school freshmen include going to school for the first time with older, bigger, physically mature students who are essentially adults. Your teen is now one of the youngest in the school, having come from a school where she was among the oldest and most senior. The change can be jarring. Your teen also has to get used to a new school building as well as new teachers and classrooms for every subject. I know from experience that teens might worry, perhaps even obsess, about their new teachers: Will I like them? Will they be too strict? Too hard to understand? They’ll also likely worry about the work being too difficult, how they can achieve satisfactory grades and if they’ll be able to make new friends. In some unfortunate cases, teens may also have to deal with bullying, cyberbullying, intimidation or sexual harassment. Studies have shown that between 20 and 30 percent of students in grades 6-12 have been bullied. What can parents do? How can you, as a parent, help your teen manage their anxieties in a healthy way? Here are six ideas: Be caring, empathetic and affectionate. Listen to teens intently and give them emotional security. Be as supportive as possible. Try not to give advice too quickly. Let them solve their own problems if they can. In fact, some research suggests that extreme levels of parental protection can be counterproductive. Listen. More importantly, listen without making judgements and without rushing to offer your own solutions. Remember their roiling anxiety and that they need you now more than ever – even if they try to be “cool” and push you away. Expect your teen to be occasionally grumpy, moody and cantankerous. Try not to take it personally. Be supportive. Emphasize that you love your teen unconditionally, and that you admire and respect him for the effort he’s making to tackle the challenges of starting high school. Research shows us that diligence, effort and hard work can increase intelligence. Grit is something to be encouraged. Attend to the basics. When teenagers are stressed, the essentials can be neglected. Do whatever you can to help them get enough sleep, eat healthily and exercise regularly. All of those things will help them to manage their stress. Help them get involved. Find out – or have your teen find out – about extracurricular activities at the high school. Joining a club, sport or activity can be a great way to build a community of friends quickly and adjust to new surroundings. Get help. If you think it advisable, reach out to the school counselor before school begins and set up a meeting for your teen to meet the counselor to talk about the transition to high school. This may not be the right move for all teens, but consider whether it would help with your child. Stress can be good. And bad Your teen cannot – and should not – avoid all stress. Stress arising from challenging situations that they can successfully handle is healthy and even desirable. Even biologically, stress prompts the body to produce adrenaline and the stress hormone cortisol. In short bursts, these hormones raise our performance, keep us focused and increase our capabilities, which is good. However, over the long-term, prolonged and excessive stress can be damaging. In short, some anxiety is natural and to be expected. It will help your teen get prepared for the start of school. But if you sense your teen has a damaging level of anxiety, reach out to the school counselor (or another appropriate professional) for help. Helping your teen face stress head-on at the start of high school will help him or her prepare for potentially higher levels of stress associated with getting into college or finding a job.
Taking a look back To finish with.. this is the end. you really shouldnt state that you are concluding your paper, but just conclude it. If you just conclude it well enough they will understand it is a conclusion. Better to not write any phrases along those lines. Just state the conclusion, without saying "in conclusion". but there's nothing wrong with using "in conclusion" In summary..., or To conclude..., or To summarise..., or well to sum it all up it pretty much says that same thing I dont think its a good idea to say in conclusion or summary or anything. Our teachers yell at us for that... im in the 10th grade... so dont say in conclusion..... :) To sum it all up, In the end, To conclude, I wish to summarize the points I have made here today. 1) to reiterate 2) in summation 3) to recap 4) to summarize 5) in closing Hope that helps! actually, i was taught in school that you should never say anything to the effect of 'in conclusion' or 'therefore' if you are using this to write the concluding paragraph of a paper. you should just restate your thesis statement and basically reiterate your introduction. but to answer your question: 'in summary', 'therefore', 'hence' In summary - all in all given these facts in the end You dont always have to use these words though. If you already wrote your introduction paragraph just change the words a little and make this your conclusion. Make sure it is a strong ending as if to enforce the point you are trying to make!! Good Luck and Have Fun jk (but only if you've proved something) To make a long story short... What it all boils down to is... Having considered the above, With these things in mind, we can now... Having come to the end of our discussion, We now realize that... It is now clear that... Now that that's over... (lol. Just kidding!) Don't insult your reader! To use these words is to imply that your reader is too dumb to realize that you are almost done. Your conclusion paragraph should begin with a restatement of your thesis (which should have been your last sentence in the opening paragraph - telling exactly what your paper is about). Remember what Nike taught us all in its commercials - JUST DO IT. "in summary" "to summarize" This article contents is post by this website user, EduQnA.com doesn't promise its accuracy. More Questions & Answers...
The brief for this project was to explore the connotations of a given colour and create a narrative around it. The colour my group was given was green from which we mindmapped and found a section of the colour that signifies discomfort and “repulsiveness”. Using the contrasting and opposing colour Red we made connections between the colours and something “repulsive” which led us to Menstration. The Female period has always been a tabboo subject and something which has been seen through society as “repulsive”. Due to the current climate including the “Me too” movement, womens march and so on We thought this was a very apt and timely subject to broach through our film. In order to show the hypocrasy and societal perception of Menstration we decided to use comparison to highlight differences. In order to do this we switched the norm and created a “day in the life” of a man on his period.
How economies will fare after the current financial seism has passed will depend very much on how governments and civil society are able to care for the welfare and health of their people during the crisis. An ongoing concern for the World Health Organization (WHO) - the issue of how the financial crisis impacts health expenditure across the world - also interests civil society and faith-based organizations. It is a good sign that two major meetings will soon bring the matter into the public spotlight. In April, members of the European Region of the WHO will meet in Oslo to discuss the impact of the financial crisis on health. In July, the African Religious Health Assets Program will explore the intersection of religion and health at a conference in Cape Town with the theme "When Religion and Health Align: Mobilizing Religious Health Assets for Transformation". The WHO has already convened a high-level consultation on the issue during its Executive Board meeting in January 2009. Though societies in wealthier countries have been hard hit by this financial crisis, the world cannot afford a reduction in their current commitments to social expenditure. There is absolutely no room for cutbacks in social expenditures by governments or civil society organizations. Today the fabric of human society is stretched thin. Even before the financial crisis hit, a third of the population of sub-Saharan Africa and more than 20 per cent of the population of South Asia was going hungry. Past financial crises - for example, the global financial crisis of the early 1980s, the Asian economic crisis in the late 1990s and the Latin American crisis in 2000 - have demonstrated the critical role civil society organizations can play in the recovery of societies. When crisis stares at communities, civil society is by their side. Cooperatives, community centres, mosques, temples and churches do not disappear. They remain, helping communities to cope. Governments must remain engaged as well. In times of crisis, a significant additional burden is taken on by these service providers in the non-government and private not-for-profit sectors, including faith-based and church-related organizations, cooperatives and movements such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent. There is growing recognition of the contribution made by faith-based organizations to health care. A major study undertaken by the African Religious Health Assets Program in 2006 estimated that between 30 and 70 per cent of health care services in Africa were owned by faith-based organizations. Though contributions by non-government and not-for-profit organizations are invaluable, they are not necessarily reflected in the budget lines of governmental health expenditures. Governments need to recognize the assets and services that civil society provides, and see them as part of their national strategy; engage them; assist and resource them; and hold them accountable. Although it is too early to tell, initial reports from several countries indicate reductions in staff and other cost-saving measures by a number of NGOs, while demand for services has increased significantly. In some countries, government subsidies to the private not-for-profit sector - including faith-based organizations providing health services - have been diminishing. Many of the key campaigns to combat disease and to keep global public health objectives on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goals are heavily dependent on international cooperation and support. Cutting back on funding would jeopardise ongoing treatment of millions of people affected by diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis. This would not only infringe fundamental rights of these individuals, but it would also have potentially disastrous consequences for public health. At the same time there are hard questions to be answered by civil society organizations. While rightly challenging governments and the international community, they must examine themselves in a forthright and frank manner. Are they working together with the wider civil society? Are they working closely with the governments? Are they offering their institutional, human and financial assets to the service of society in a non-partisan manner? These questions have to be answered with honesty at all levels. The lasting lesson that the global financial crisis should bring to society is an increased awareness of what is ultimately its greatest asset: the people. (c) Manoj Kurian is a medical doctor from Malaysia, and programme executive for health and healing at the World Council of Churches.
This week I'd like to give a big welcome to Play Therapist, Mary Stuart Neill. My family has enjoyed working with her and I am thrilled to share an article with you that she wrote just for us. This article is a simple how to for parents of young children. The type of play she instructs really allows a parent to get to know their small child's inner world. She also takes the time to share some great resources. If you have any questions please feel free to reach out to either of us. It's time to get back to the basics and play! Children benefit from the power of play in reducing stress and engaging in activity that allows for creative expression characterized by intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. Play provides an opportunity to enjoy the process without the pressure of an end result. Positive feelings accompany play experiences bringing forth smiles and laughter. Play is a child's natural language and it is through this authentic communication that they can teach parents about their inner world. Through play time with your child you will build a secure child-parent relationship which is an essential factor for children's well being. While spending time playfully with children of all ages is beneficial to the child-parent relationship, the special play sessions outlined in this blog are geared more toward ages 3-8. In recent years there has been quite the controversy over charter schools. What’s that all about?? Today we are going to break it down. What I have found in my research is two basic things. The intentions of charter schools are good, however, not in all cases do they work out for the best. Today we’ll take a look at what’s working and what’s not. The term “homeschooling” is a bit of a misnomer. While this kind of education is not part of a school, children will spend much of their time away from their home. Their learning experiences may be while traveling, participating in community groups or service projects, and at museums, parks, and historical sites. There are also a few misunderstandings about exactly what homeschooling is, why parents choose it, what it looks like, and the effects it has on children. Today I want to give you a brief overview of all of the different kinds of homeschooling options along with a basic “what to do” if you find yourself considering it. But first lets take a quick look at why one might choose home education for their children. The average citizen or parent is not typically able to distinguish between the many types of schools we have in the U.S. If you are wanting to follow what is happening politically, wanting to join the reform conversation, and/or a parent looking for the best option for their little ones, it is helpful to understand the difference. In a future article we’ll be looking at the many types of home education. Today we’ll be looking at the various types of public and private schools: Charter, Magnet, Independent, Prep, and Parochial. At the core, the difference comes down to one thing. As they say, "follow the money." Whomever provides the school with funding will then determine how a school is run.
For information only - not an official document 13 August 2013 Re-issued as received Joint Danube Survey 3:International research expedition on the Danube launched Two ships will carry an international team of scientists on a research expedition over 2,375 kilometres to survey Europe's second-biggest river. The "Joint Danube Survey 3" links groundbreaking science with environmental policy on an international scale. REGENSBURG/VIENNA, 13 August 2013 (International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River) - The Joint Danube Survey 3 (JDS3) , the world's biggest river research expedition in 2013, was launched today in Regensburg, Germany. For the next six weeks scientists will test the water quality of the river and look at animals and plants; from chemical substances to sediment, from larger fish to microscopic bacteria. The research will be conducted by an international team of 20 scientists, travelling 2,376 kilometres through 10 countries. The JDS is carried out every six years - JDS1 was in 2001 and JDS2 in 2007. The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) coordinates the project. "A river basin as diverse as that of the Danube is a complex and dynamic system and understanding the ecology of such a system is difficult", says ICPDR President Ermina Salkičević-Dizdarević. "The Joint Danube Survey will help us to improve our understanding of the Danube and its needs. The findings of this survey will feed directly into scientific papers and management plans - and they will help to raise public awareness." The team of scientists will collect information on parameters not covered by the ongoing monitoring, such as pollutants from pharmaceuticals or radioactive isotopes. As the ships will travel along the course of the river, all collected data will come from the same source and is readily comparable. This is important because often data from different sampling locations needs to be harmonized before it can be compared. "I am happy that we managed to secure the support from some of the leading laboratories across Europe", says ICPDR Executive Secretary Ivan Zavadsky. "The Joint Danube Survey will refine our picture of the Danube and the measures it will take to protect and sustain this beautiful river in both environmental and economic dimensions." Laboratories across Europe will carry out chemical analyses. Corporate partners , such as Coca-Cola and Donauchemie, support the JDS3. Public events in all riparian Danube countries will ensure that everybody can get involved with JDS3. All public events are announced on the official JDS3 website www.danubesurvey.org, where you can also find a blog with updates from the ships. For more information please contact: Telephone: (+43-1) 26060-4373 Web site: www.danubesurvey.org JDS3: What will be tested and how? Two ships will lead the expedition. Serbia´s Argus, the main laboratory ship during both previous surveys, was recently refurbished and includes instruments such as a centrifuge, sieving machine, microscope, incubators and refrigerators. Romania's Istros is a coastal and river research ship with six cabins, a lab and dining room. In addition, two Austrian vessels, the Wien and Meßschiff IV, will be used for fish sampling. A total of 68 sites will be sampled, with one or two sites daily on average. All sample containers will be prepared, labelled and pre-packed before the survey. Each sampling site takes about four hours. Many samples will be tested on-board the ships, while others will be shipped to participating laboratories throughout Europe. Sampling at JDS3 stations may include up to five different sample types - water, sediment, biology, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and biota (fish). The experts will conduct numerous tests, looking for animals and plants, from larger shellfish to microscopic bacteria, and chemical and hazardous substances. They will monitor physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH, as well as radioactive contaminants. The study of hydromorphological characteristics will include activities such as sediment testing, creating inventories of harbours, sand bars and gravel banks, and measuring water velocity. Thirty two sites were chosen for monitoring fish. About the Danube River Basin The Danube River Basin is Europe's second largest river basin, with a total area of 801,463 km². It is the world's most international river basin as it includes the territories of 19 countries: Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine, with catchment areas larger than 2000 km²; and Switzerland, Italy, Poland, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania with smaller areas. The Danube River Basin is home to 81 million people with a wide range of cultures, languages and historical backgrounds. About the ICPDR The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) is an International Organisation consisting of 14 cooperating states and the European Union. The ICPDR deals not only with the Danube itself, but also with the whole Danube River Basin, which includes its tributaries and the ground water resources. The ultimate goal of the ICPDR is to implement the Danube River Protection Convention (DRPC) and make it a living tool. Its ambitious mission is to promote and coordinate sustainable and equitable water management, including conservation, improvement and rational use of waters for the benefit of the Danube River Basin countries and their people. The ICPDR pursues its mission by making recommendations for the improvement of water quality, developing mechanisms for flood and accident control, agreeing standards for emissions and by assuring that these are reflected in the Contracting Parties' national legislations and applied in their policies. * *** *
James Lovelock who write "Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth" and "The Ages of Gaia" believes that science can demonstrate that the Earth is a living organism. At least, it maintains basically the same conditions in temperature, atmosphere, salinity and pH of the oceans, etc. These reflect commensurate conditions that should occur in living organisms. So, he comes up with the Gaia hypothesis based on the complex physical, chemical & biological interrelationships that work like a living organism. How can he claim that the Earth is a living organism? He draws a parallel with the mighty redwood tree. With insights from physicist, Jerome Rothstein, he points out that 99% of a redwood is dead. It is "an ancient spire of dead wood, made of lignin and cellulose by the ancestors of a thin layer of living cells" (p.10). Similarly, it is theorized that many of the atoms that compose the rocks in the magma at the core of the Earth, were once part of our ancestral life. So, even "dead" elements are included within the biosphere of living organisms. One thing I found surprising is that the chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere is comprised of chemicals that should react in a volatile manner, creating a state of disequilibrium. However, conditions on Earth have stayed favorable for life for 3.5 billion years without let up, (this is derived from the record of sedimentary rock). The so-called "ice-ages" (a hyperbolic term, apparently) only occured above north of the 45 degree North latitude and below the 45 degree South latitude. 70% of the remaining surface was mostly unaffected by these freezings. So, something about the Earth functions "like" a living organism to bring equilibrium; this implies design and Lovelock points to the Earth itself for answers. I found a nice summary online of Lovelock's three points in this book: "The 3 major principles he brings to light about Gaia are: 1. Gaia exhibits a tendency to keep conditions (e.g., temperature, air quality) constant for all terrestrial life. 2. Like other living systems, Gaia has vital organs at the core, and expandable or redundant ones on the periphery. 3. Under the worse conditions, Gaia responses similar to other cybernetic systems (i.e., where time constant and loop gain are important)" A major implication of Lovelock's work is the interrelationality of all living things. Ecologically speaking, even so called "dead" things are interrelated with "live" things. We don't consider a redwood a mostly dead thing, and yet it is composed of mostly dead things. Similarly, humans in their environments are surrounded by things that seem unrelated or dead (at least in connection), but they should be considered according to Lovelock. Whether we agree or disagree with Lovelock's conclusions, his method should inspire the way we create models. He asked expansively curious questions. Questions that would seem to resist even a sensical begninning point. It seems that I should be gleaning more implications if Lovelock's theory has merit, that the Earth is a living organism. What else should I be considering? Here's something to consider: That God IS the universe, i.e., Being-Itself (Tilllich), not a guy with a beard sitting around someplace a long way off waiting for us to show up there. You've got it right when you note that the questions raised by Lovelock resist a rational, sensible beginning point; they also resist a final answer ("I am that I am--the Beginning and the End"). Lovelock is doing post-modern science in relation to the age-old questions of life and reality. JIM'S ADDITIONAL COMMENTS One of the most significant learnings about ecology for me occurred a number of year ago when I attended a conference on epistemology at which Gregory Bateson, Humberto Maturana, Heinz von Forester, and others presented. I will always remember a presentation by a geologist (whose name I don't recall), during which he held up a large rack of test tubes in a darkened auditorium, and showed the audience all the colors of the rainbow in the light passing through them. He explained that these were layers of sedimentary rock obtained by taking core samples from the area of the Painted Desert in Utah. The colors were created by a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, which over eons of time had found a way to co-exist in the same space by utilizing the atmospheric resources available. The concept of Gaia has been real (and concrete) to me ever since.
Amylase breaks down carbohydrates. They’re called amylolytic enzymes. Carbohydrates include: - Sucrose- a disaccharide commonly called cane sugar. Sucrase splits sucrose to glucose and fructose. - Fructose- a monosaccharide found in fruit and honey. - Lactose- a disaccharide found in milk. Lactase splits lactose to glucose and galactose. - Starches- large polysaccharides found in nonanimal foods especially grains. Amylase splits starch to maltose, which is then split by maltase to glucose. Amylase also breaks down glycogen, which is the storage form of glucose in animals including humans, which is analogous of starch in plants. Amylase is a basic carbohydrase, which breaks down complex carbohydrates such as found in fruits, vegetables and legumes into simple sugars. Its therapeutic use is regulation of histamine, which is produced in cells in response to recognized invaders to the body. Histamine is produced in allergic reactions such as hayfever. Histamine is what causes hives, itchy watery eyes, sneezing and runny noses. Amylase is there to break down the histamine produced by the body in response to allergens such as pollen or dust mites. Some believe it may help the body identity the allergen as nonharmful so the body does not produce the histamine. Possibly amylase’s role could be both. Alpha-amylase hydrolyses alpha-bonds of large alpha-linked polysaccharides such as starch as previously mentioned thus yielding glucose and maltose. It’s the major form of amylase found in humans and other mammals and is also found in seeds, which contain starch as a food reserve. Many fungi also secrete it. Amylase is predominately found in pancreatic juice and saliva, although it’s found in many tissues, and each has its own isoform of human alpha-amylase. They can be separated in testing by using specific monoclonal antibodies. Salivary amylase, also called ptyalin, breaks down starch into maltose and dextrin. The large starch molecules are broken down into soluble starches – amylodextrin, erythrodextrin achrodextrin – producing smaller starches an ultimately maltose. Salivary amylase is inactivated in the stomach by gastric acid. There is a genetic variation in human salivary amylase. It appears that the salivary amylase gene has undergone duplication during evolution. The gene copy number is associated to evolutionary exposure to high starch diets. Perry, et al. published findings in an article “Diet and evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation”, in Nature Genetics (2007). They found an individual living in Japan had 14 copies of the amylase gene, while a Biaka individual had 6 copies. Biaka are rainforest hunter-gatherers who have a low starch diet. Pancreatic alpha-amylase randomly cleaves the alpha (1-4) glycosidic linkages of amylose. This yields dextrin, maltotriose, and maltose. To test for amylase is easier to perform than the one for lipase; therefore, it’s the primary test used to detect and monitor pancreatitis. Labs usually measure either pancreatic amylase or total amylase. Because of the small amount present it’s crucial to sample blood soon after a bout of pancreatic pain otherwise the kidneys will excrete it. Increased plasma levels of alpha-amylase in humans are found in: - Mumps because of inflammation of the salivary glands. - Salivary trauma such as anaesthetic intubation. - Pancreatitis because of damage to cells that produce the enzyme. - Renal failure because of reduced excretion. Pancreatitis usually produces total amylase readings ten times the upper limit of normal. Duodenal disease or renal failure produce 5 to 10 times the ULN and lower elevations are common in salivary gland disease.
Parades are part of what brings our Minnesota communities together. Whether your city is celebrating with a 4th of July parade or any other city-specific parade, the best parade is fun, safe, and inclusive. Unfortunately, accidents still occur as illustrated below: July 8, 2017 Trailer runs over child during parade in central Minnesota The patrol said a pickup, driven by a parade participant, was towing a trailer as part of the parade on the highway, also known as Main Street, and had stopped while children were picking up candy near the vehicle. The pickup began moving again when a passenger in the truck, saw a child under the rear tire of the trailer. The vehicle backed up off the child and emergency responders were immediately on the scene. The 7 year old injured child was then air-lifted to the hospital with non-life threatening injuries. A favorite component of a parade is the distribution of candy, prizes, and flyers. Traditionally, these items are thrown from vehicles. The problem is the combination of excited children and large vehicles/trailers with poor visibility can lead to tragedy as the example illustrates. The solution is to have walkers handing out these items. This will reduce the temptation for children to go near the parade vehicles. Implementing this rule, and reminding participates of its importance, will help to prevent this type on tragedy! For more information on Parade Safety: Page 85-87, Parks and Recreation Loss Control Guide.pdf
Gambling is the wagering of something of value on a random event with the intent to win something else of value. This event may be a football game, or it may be a scratchcard. The gambler must choose an option matched to ‘odds’ set by the betting company – this determines how much they could win or lose. Betting firms promote their wares predominantly through TV or social media advertising, with wall-to-wall sponsorship of football clubs being another common way to reach potential customers. This contrasts with the approach taken by most consumer products, such as Coca-Cola, which does little advertising apart from making sure the product is always available. However, the betting industry is still required to convince its customers that they have a decent chance of winning – even though based on mathematical probability this would be impossible in the long run. While some studies have investigated the positive economic impacts of gambling, many have neglected to include considerations of social costs. Social costs have been defined by Williams and Barnett as “costs that aggregate societal real wealth or cost someone in society without benefiting them directly.” These are the opposite of personal benefits, such as pleasure or amusement. These societal impacts of gambling are often underestimated and can have profound consequences for both gamblers and their significant others. They can also have a direct impact on communities and economies. For example, increased access to gambling opportunities can increase the demand for social services. In addition, the influx of gamblers can lead to higher housing prices, which in turn affects people’s living standards and incomes. Other societal implications of gambling can be found in the increase in crime, including theft and violence. These can have a negative effect on people’s health and well-being. It can also lead to social disorganization and decline in a sense of community. It can even result in social alienation and deprivation of basic amenities. In terms of mental health, gambling can cause problems such as mood swings, addiction and depression. If a person is suffering from these issues, they should seek medical attention. In the case of pathological gambling, there are several models that have been proposed to explain its causes. These include behavioral-environmental reasons, a general theory of addictions and the reward deficiency syndrome. There is no single model that adequately explains pathological gambling. However, some of these models do have some empirical support. Moreover, they can be used to guide research and intervention efforts. They can also help to shape public opinion and policy decisions.
Innovative research conducted at Tel Aviv University indicates that extended pancreatic cancer survival is enabled by an inverse correlation between an oncogene (a gene promoting cancer development) and the signatures of an oncosuppressor microRNA. This research might be used as the foundation for developing an effective mix of drugs not only for pancreatic cancer, but also for other types of cancers. Professor Ronit Satchi-Fainaro, Chair of the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at TAU’s Sackler Faculty of Medicine, headed the research, which was performed by Hadas Gibori and Dr. Shay Eliyahu, both from Professor Satchi-Fainaro’s multidisciplinary laboratory. It was carried out in cooperation with Professor Eytan Ruppin from TAU’s Computer Science Department and the University of Maryland, and Professor Iris Barshack and Dr. Talia Golan from Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer. The study has been reported in the Nature Communications journal. Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers. Most of the patients suffering from pancreatic cancer die within a year of diagnosis. Despite all the treatments afforded by modern medicine, some 75% of all pancreatic cancer patients die within 12 months of diagnosis, including many who die within just a few months. But around seven percent of those diagnosed will survive more than five years. We sought to examine what distinguishes the survivors from the rest of the patients. We thought that if we could understand how some people live several years with this most aggressive disease, we might be able to develop a new therapeutic strategy. Professor Ronit Satchi-Fainaro, Chair of the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at TAU’s Sackler Faculty of Medicine Calling a nano-taxi The researchers investigated pancreatic cancer cells and found out that an inverse correlation exists between PLK1, a known oncogene, and the expression of miR-34a, a tumor suppressant. The oncogene levels were high in pancreatic cancer mouse models, while the levels of miR-34a were low. Researchers wanted to explore whether it was also the same in humans. The team carried out RNA profiling and investigated samples taken from patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. The molecular profiling exhibited the same genomic pattern already found in mouse models for pancreatic cancer. The researchers then developed an innovative nanoparticle that selectively administers genetic material to a tumor and eliminates side effects to healthy tissues surrounding the tumor. “We designed a nanocarrier to deliver two passengers: (1) miR-34a, which degrades hundreds of oncogenes; and (2) a PLK1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), that silences a single gene,” stated Professor Satchi-Fainaro. “These were delivered directly to the tumor site to change the molecular signature of the cancer cells, rendering the tumor dormant or eradicating it altogether.” “The nanoparticle is like a taxi carrying two important passengers,” continued Professor Satchi-Fainaro. “Many oncology protocols are cocktails, but the drugs usually do not reach the tumor at the same time. But our ‘taxi’ kept the ‘passengers’—and the rest of the body—safe the whole way, targeting only the tumor tissue. Once it ‘parked’, an enzyme present in pancreatic cancer caused the carrier to biodegrade, allowing the therapeutic cargo to be released at the correct address—the tumor cells.” Improving the odds In order to prove the outcomes of the study, the researchers administered the innovative nanoparticles into mice bearing pancreatic tumor and found that when the two targets were balanced—getting them to a normal level by increasing their signatures or blocking the gene responsible for their signatures—they considerably lengthened the survival period of the mice. “This treatment takes into account the entire genomic pattern, and shows that affecting a single gene is not enough for the treatment of pancreatic cancer or any cancer type in general,” stated Professor Satchi-Fainaro. The European Research Council (ERC), Tel Aviv University’s Cancer Biology Research Center (CBRC), and the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) funded the study.
Discover the basics in comics writing from Steven Philip Jones, a professional comics writer and comic book writing instructor. Comics Writing shows you the step-by-step process of creating a comics script and how it is turned into a finished comics page. With the help of examples and comic book illustrations, this book will introduce you to: the different styles of comic book scripts; the tools of cartoon communications like panels, borders, and speech balloons; how to write a story as a comics script; the collaborative process between writer and artists; how to find and develop ideas for your comics stories; tips on creating characters; how to avoid common mistakes new comics writers often make; and other tips of the trade. If you're a writer wanted to find out how to write comic books, or if you are any kind of communicator wanted to learn the basics of communicating by using the comics medium, Comics Writing is for you. \|Product dimensions:\|\|7.00(w) x 10.00(h) x 0.33(d)\| About the Author He has also written radio drama stories on all new adventures of Sherlock Holmes and recently, a critical review on Clive Cussler Adventures. His novels include Re-Animator: Tales of Herbert West, Talismen, Bushwackers, Teenage Mutants, and others including young adult novels, Talismen and Wizard Academies. He teaches college courses in creative writing and how to write comics.
Blink: the stress of reading Spare a thought for the reader’s overworked eye muscles when designing text pages Every time you design a page of text, what you’re really doing is creating a high-stress workout for everyone who might end up reading it. Reading is a very stressful task. When people read, their eyes need to make roughly four movements every second – that is 15,000 eye movements for every hour they spend reading. At the same time as the muscles controlling eye movement are working so rapidly, other muscles are busy keeping the lens inside the eye constantly focused at the distance of the book, magazine or computer. Whew! It is no wonder that fatigue and other eye problems such as nearsightedness became widespread in the twentieth century. In a survey of more than 4000 computer workers, 40.5 per cent reported experiencing eye fatigue symptoms (SOLA Optical). If you want people to be able to read the text you design comfortably, whether it is in print or on a screen, it is worth taking the trouble to make the eye workout as low impact as possible. Unfortunately, the current biological understanding of eye fatigue is poor. Asthenopia is the clinical term for it, and it is currently diagnosed by asking patients questions about possible symptoms: Do you have blurred vision? Do you feel ache or pain around the eyes? Do your eyes feel tired at the end of the day? and so on. However, even though the mechanisms of asthenopia are not well understood, some of the causes and fixes are known. For example, we have considerable understanding about the impact of individual diagnosable eye conditions, methods of providing visual corrections, lighting design and workstation arrangement upon eye fatigue. The ordinary definition of fatigue is easily understood. When somebody says they are fatigued after a long day of playing, working or engaging in physical activity, it means they cannot use their muscles to perform the activity as well as before they became fatigued. Eye fatigue occurs when reading becomes difficult, and does not become easier when reading a different topic. So, which muscles get tired during eye fatigue? In the 1940s, Leonard Carmichael and Walter F. Dearborn took detailed measurements of the muscles responsible for moving the eyes up, down, left and right during multiple six-hour reading sessions. Surprisingly, they found that reading speed and comprehension hardly changed over the six-hour periods, and the muscles that control eye movements also retained constant performance over that time. People did report more eye fatigue over the six hours, but the only measured difference was a slight increase in blink rate from about nine blinks per minute at the beginning to eleven blinks per minute at the end. You would think these results indicate that we would want to keep blink rates low. However, other studies found that we blink far more often under relaxed conditions than while reading: 22 blinks per minute while relaxed, versus ten blinks per minute while reading a book. A recent study at Pacific University illuminated why blinking is suppressed during reading. Tai and Sheedy found that the eye movement following a blink was far more likely to be a regressive or backward corrective eye movement than one that did not follow a blink. The blinking muscle The muscle that controls blinking is called the orbicularis oculi. It is a large and powerful muscle, which is surprising since it is not responsible for lifting or moving anything. The muscle goes all the way around the eye and also controls squinting. The external fibres of the muscle are more responsible for squinting and the internal ones more for blinking. We focused on this muscle in our studies. Readers were asked to read under six especially demanding conditions known to cause eye fatigue. These were: reading small text sizes; reading low-contrast gray text; reading with a light source behind the reading material to cause glare; reading from too close a distance, which causes the eyes to point inward towards each other (convergence stress); reading from variable focal distances (accommodative stress); and reading while wearing glasses that simulate an astigmatism (refractive stress). While people were reading under these extra stressful conditions, we measured the activation in the orbicularis oculi muscle with a sensor placed 1.25 cm below the eye. Readers reported eye fatigue after reading under each of these conditions. Small text sizes, low contrast, glare and refractive stress all resulted in increased activity in the orbicularis oculi, while convergence stress and accommodative stress did not, though after reading in these two conditions, readers are more likely to report headaches and pain coming from behind the eye. Stressors such as small text size and glare are reported as irritation on the front of the eye. In a follow-up study, we asked people to read with multiple levels of the small text sizes, low contrast, glare and refractive stress. While readers reported greater amounts of eye fatigue with the more difficult levels (smaller text, more glare etc), we found different reactions to stress from small text size and low contrast from that caused by glare and refraction. Greater amounts of glare and refractive stress result in steady increases of orbicularis oculi activity and blink rates. Both conditions benefit from squinting, which reduces the effect of glare by acting as a physical barrier to some of the unpleasant light. Squinting also improves blurred vision by increasing the depth of field and hence decreasing blur. The intensity of squinting may cause the increase in blinking. Reading small text and low-contrast text resulted in constant orbicularis oculi activity across all levels, and the blink rate decreased even at the smallest text sizes and lowest contrast. For these two conditions, which do not benefit from squinting, readers appear to use the orbicularis oculi to avoid blinking. We know that blinking increases the likelihood of being forced to make a backwards eye movement, and it may be that poor text quality amplifies the need to avoid blinking. It is also possible that poor text quality increases cognitive demands for text recognition, which serve to reduce blink rate. Typography and eye strain There are three different kinds of eye fatigue, and two are not caused by design. Internal eye problems such as accommodation and refractive problems need to be corrected by eye doctors. Bad environmental conditions such as glare and poor workstation arrangement can be solved with workplace ergonomics. But the third kind of eye fatigue is directly related to typography. Light grey text on a white background and small text size both lead to an increased orbicularis oculi activity and decreased blinking. These two conditions are related to text quality, and we would expect to find similar indicators of eye fatigue with poor font quality or condensed letter spacing. To reduce this type of eye strain, we need text of the highest possible quality. Designers usually try to use high quality text when readers are expected to read for any period of time, but using a comfortable text size is not always possible. In print, there is a trade-off between type size and the amount of text that can fit on a page. Nine-point type may be chosen because it is cost-effective, whereas eleven-point would be easier to identify visually and would reduce eye strain. Twelve-point text may be needed for good character definition on computer screens, because readers frequently sit further from a screen than from a printed page, but many Web pages specify small font sizes despite the fact that it costs no more to create additional or longer pages. Designers need to argue for larger text sizes to reduce the effects of eye strain. Of course, there are always times when you do not want someone to read the details … Six-point text is very common for legal disclaimers at the bottom of advertising. If your goal is to try to limit the amount of text that gets read, giving your reader eye fatigue is very effective. Try combining tiny text sizes with very light grey text. No one will even try to read it. First published in Eye no. 67 vol. 17 2008 Eye is the world’s most beautiful and collectable graphic design journal, published quarterly for professional designers, students and anyone interested in critical, informed writing about graphic design and visual culture. It is available from all good design bookshops and online at the Eye shop, where you can buy subscriptions and single issues.
UK money will be used for a ‘climate loan’ to Jamaica, increasing its already heavy debt burden, following a decision by the World Bank this week. Campaigners have condemned the loan, which will drive the Caribbean nation deeper into poverty. Jamaica’s foreign debt stands at $2,500 per person, and the country spends $1.2 billion a year on debt repayments. The government’s foreign-owed debts are 55 per cent of national income, making its debt burden one of the heaviest in the world. The $10 million loan agreed this week is intended to help Jamaica adapt to the effects of climate change. But campaigners say countries like the UK should give climate funds as grants rather than loans. Jubilee Debt Campaign spokesperson Tim Jones commented: "Debt has devastated lives across the world, bringing economic collapse and diverting money from essential public services. The Jamaican government already spends $450 per person annually on debt repayments, more than on education and healthcare combined. The World Bank and UK government should be cancelling Jamaica's debt, not adding to it with new unjust climate loans." World Development Movement campaigner Murray Worthy added: "The UK and other rich industrialised countries bear the responsibility for causing climate change, both historically and currently. We owe it to countries like Jamaica to help them adapt to the ravages of climate change – in fact we owe them money, rather than the other way round. Climate loans do nothing to correct this injustice, and will only make life harder for Jamaicans as their government is forced to spend ever more on debt servicing.” Climate loans using UK funds were also agreed for Bolivia and Yemen. The World Bank has so far lent $1.1 billion to developing countries in the name of climate change. Nearly 90 per cent of the UK’s funding to help countries adapt to climate change is through loans, not grants. The Jamaican government spends 28 per cent of the country’s revenues from exports on debt repayments, the highest amount of any developing country. This figure is a good measure of a country's debt burden, because it is specifically export revenues which are needed to pay foreign debts. Figures all from World Bank Global Development Finance indicators.
Panchvidha Kashaya Kalpana in ayurveda means five types of basic formulations for Aushadh dravya to make herbs consumable. Any substance , let it be obtained from plants (sthawara dravya), animals (jangama dravya) or the crust of the earth (parthiva dravya) , cannot be used in its basic form (natural form) in the body. Means, We human are not able to use everything (Plants, their products or as whole plant for small herb ) in their natural physical state that’s why here it is described five basic method of preparation for formulations. Which is called “panchavidha kashaya kalpna” The thing is that all the substances for use in the body first have to be converted into the form of Swarasa, kalka, Churna, avaleha, kwatha etc. KALPANA meaning :- The processes by which the natural form of substances are converted into consumable aahara or aushadha are called Kalpa or kalpana. Kashaya meaning : कण्ठस्य कषणात् प्रायो रोगाणां वाऽपि कर्षणात् । कषायशब्दः प्राधान्यात् सर्वयोगेषु कल्प्यते।। (का. सं. खिल 3/29) For all the formulations the main word used is Kashaya. It is so due to its property of irritating the throat during consumption. Also as it is not good for the throat and it helps in the karshan(traction) of diseases. The word Kashaya is formed from “kashte kantham” from ‘kash himsanam’ dhatu which means – by destroying base substance (moola dravya). The substance formed from destroying the physical appearance of basic substance. Invention of Kashaya kalpana : Since, the ancient man to satisfy his hunger used the parts of the plants such as leaves, fruits, flowers, roots, stem etc. and ate them by grinding with their teeth, that was the time when Kalka Kalpana was invented.As the substance grinded with teeth or stone is converted into a bolus form known as Kalka. Similarly, some substances were sucked and juice was taken out this formed the swaras. Also, Vedas have discription of many kalpanas but the formation process is not found. Classification of Kashaya Kalpana: Different authors of different Ayurvedic texts describes a variety of kalpanas . \|Author\|\|Kashaya Kalpana\|\|Types of kalpana\| \|Charaka\|\|Panchvidha\|\|Swarasa, Kalka, Kwatha, Hima, Phanta\| \|Sushruta\|\|Shadavihda\|\|Sheera, Swaras, Kalka, Shrita, Sheeta, Phanta\| \|Kashyapa\|\|Saptvidha\|\|Churna, Sheeta, Swaras, Abhishva(Madya), Phanta, Kalka, Kwatha\| \|Sharangdhara\|\|Panchvidha\|\|Swarasa, Kalka, Kwatha, Hima, Phanta\| \|Vagbhatta\|\|Panchvidha\|\|Swarasa, Kalka, Kwatha, Hima, Phanta\| The Panchvidha Kashaya Kalpana described by Aacharya Charaka are considered to be the primary and basic formulations for the preparation of all other formulations such as Churna, vati, Asava, avaleha etc. Means all other are prepared from any of these kalpana Panchkashaya Yoni : The Panchvidha Kashaya Kalpana can be prepared from all other Rasa dravyas (madhura, Amla, tikta, katu, kashaya Rasa substances) except lavana Rasa. The following are the panchkashaya yoni : - Madhura Kashaya Yoni - Amla Kashaya Yoni - Katu Kashaya Yoni - Tikta Kashaya Yoni - Kashaya Kashaya Yoni Any Formulation cannot be formed from Lavana Ras, hence it is not taken under the Kashaya Yoni. The reasons are : - No swarasa (juice) can be taken out of Lavana, as Lavana is always derived in dry form and on adding water it completely dissolves in it. - No kwatha, kalka, Phanta, Hima etc. Can be made out of Lavana. - Kalka is formed on grinding dry substance with a small amount of water but lavana on adding water turns liquid. - Kwatha, hima and Phanta formulations are prepared so as to bring the useful part of the substance into water and throw the extra part but lavana as it dissolves in water donor leave any extra part to be thrown. - As such Churna Kalpana can be thought to be made out of lavana, but lavana when converted to churna doesn’t change any properties of Lavana (whereas formulations are made to enhance the properties). As any of the formulation can not be prepared from Lavana so it is not included in Kashaya Yoni. - Swarasa Kalpana (स्वरस): Juice - Kalka kapana (कल्क ) : Paste - Kwath Kalpana (क्वाथ) : decotion - Hima kalpana (हिम कल्पना) : cold infusion - Phant kalpana (फांट कल्पना : hot infusion
I happened to be in Rome on the first-year anniversary of 9/11 and, as I always do when in Rome, attended a mass at St. Peter’s Basilica. At opposite ends of the portico of St. Peter’s Basilica are two gleaming white marble statues, one of Constantine (272-337), the other of Charlemagne (742-814). Both played significant roles in Christianity’s rise to prominence. Both were men of violence. Constantine gained power by defeating his brother-in-law, Maxentius, at the battle of Milvian Bridge on the outskirts of Rome. Christian mythology has it that prior to the battle, Constantine had a vision in which he saw a cross in the heavens (or was it the chi rho—the first two letters of “Christos,” the Greek word for Christ?—the accounts differ) and heard a voice that said, “In hoc signo vinces (By this sign you shall conquer.)” The particulars of the story are shrouded in ambiguity. The outcome of the battle is not. Constantine was victorious when his troops, though outnumbered, pushed the cavalry and infantry of Maxentius into the Tiber River, where many, including Maxentius, drowned. How much of a Christian Constantine actually was is open to question. He ordered the execution of his eldest son Crispus “by cold poison” and arranged to have his wife, the Empress Fausta (the sister of Maxentius), left to die in an overheated bath, which strike many as rather unchristian things to do. However, spurred on by his mother, who was a devout Christian, he did provide for the construction of many churches, including the first St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome (the one in which Charlemagne was crowned emperor five centuries later). And he did convene the Council of Nicaea, which by issuing the original version of the Nicene Creed in 325, established orthodox Christian belief with respect to the nature of Christ, thereby rejecting competing views among early Christians. Giving official sanction to one particular view, however, set the stage for a good deal of bloodshed. Historian Ralph Martin Novak, Jr., notes: By adopting a statement of “orthodox Christian belief,” the bishops who prevailed at Nicaea drew a line in the sand with respect to all other forms of Christian belief. Christians who refused to adopt the orthodoxy defined at Nicaea would eventually be required to pay for their “heretical” beliefs in blood: more Christians died at the hands of Christians during the seventy- five years following the council of Nicaea than had died as martyrs under the almost three hundred years of Roman persecution. In an essay entitled “Terrorism and War,” H.S. Wilson observes: [A]fter recognition by the emperor Constantine in 312 C.E., [Christianity] soon developed its own means of using force to achieve its objectives. These means included punishment, persecution, imprisonment, banishment of those why strayed away from the true faith, torture, execution of those who refused to repent and recant their false beliefs, and crusades to retrieve lost territories and reclaim members. Charlemagne was no less violent than Constantine. Charlemagne and his brother Carloman became co-rulers of the Frankish kingdom (located in what is now France) upon the death of their father Pippin the Short in 768. Charlemagne, a person of great ambition and many wives (he had five in succession and at least that many mistresses), wished to control the entire Frankish kingdom, which he accomplished upon the death of Carloman in 771 by pushing aside Carloman’s heirs. The first three decades of Charlemagne’s reign were devoted to military campaigns, motivated, at least in part, by lust for conquest and booty and a desire to spread Christianity, which he did by the sword, beheading many who refused to convert. (He apparently saw no contradiction in this dual agenda.) In a time of shifting political alliances and almost constant warfare, he became the protector of Pope Leo III, who rewarded him by placing a crown on his head when he attended mass in St. Peter’s Basilica on Christmas Day of 800 and proclaiming him “emperor of the Romans.” The pattern of violence in the name of Christianity did not end with the death of Charlemagne in 814. The twelfth and thirteenth centuries witnessed the crusades—military campaigns conducted under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church directed toward checking the spread of Islam and regaining control of the Holy Land for Christendom, the latter objective only partially and temporarily achieved. The sixteenth century brought the Spanish Conquest of the New World and the forced conversion of native populations to Christianity. (In an open building near the great doors of the cathedral in Cuernavaca, it is still possible to see the iron rings to which Indian slaves were chained so that they could hear the Gospel of Christ preached.) Meanwhile, the fires of the Inquisition burned brightly on the European continent as thousands were burned at the stake for espousing what inquisitors viewed as heresy. No one knows for certain how many suffered this terrible fate. In Spain alone during Tomás Torquemada's fifteen-year tenure as grand inquisitor (1483-1498), somewhere between two and three thousand unfortunate souls are believed to have been burned at the stake after having been convicted of heresy. The Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century brought its own set of atrocities. Martin Luther, whose Ninety-Five Theses were the spark that lit the religious upheaval that tore Western Europe apart, called for harsh measures against those involved in a peasant uprising in 1525, comparing them to “mad dogs” that ought to be killed. He asserted, “Let whoever can stab, smite, slay. If you die in doing it, good for you! A more blessed death can never be yours, for you die while obeying the divine word and commandments . . . .” John Calvin advocated capital punishment for Michael Servetus, who had the audacity to disagree with some of the views Calvin expressed in Institutes of the Christian Religion. A tribunal convicted Servetus of heresy and sentenced him to be burned at the stake. His crime, in the judgment of the tribunal, was "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity, against the Son of God, against the baptism of infants and the foundations of the Christian religion." Though Calvin recommended that Servetus be beheaded instead of being burned at the stake, Servetus was led to a pile of green wood, where he was tied to a stake with an iron chain. A stout rope was wound around his neck several times. His executioner placed on his head a crown of straw and leaves sprinkled with sulfur. When the executioner brought the torch to light the fire, Servetus let out a horrible shriek. Half an hour after the fire was lit he was dead. Other victims of Protestant persecution included several Anabaptists, who opposed infant baptism, believing that baptism should not be performed until a person was old enough to understand the nature of baptism and request it. Such being the case, the Anabaptists re-baptized adults who had been baptized as children, a practice that infuriated many of the leaders of the Protestant movement, including Zurich-based Ulrich Zwingli. In March of 1526, town magistrates, acting at Zwingli's behest, arrested three of the local leaders of the Anabaptist movement—George Blaurock, Conrad Grebel and Felix Mantz. Due to "carelessness" of a prison guard, they escaped. Grebel died of the plague a few months later. Mantz and Blaurock were recaptured toward the end of the year and returned to Zurich, where rebaptism was now a capital offense punishable by drowning—a means of execution deliberately chosen as a parody of the Anabaptist belief in baptism by immersion. Since Blaurock was not a citizen of Zurich, he was whipped and run out of town, though his respite was only temporary since he was executed three years later in Innsbruck. Mantz was executed in Zurich by drowning January 5, 1527, the day he was condemned. The Age of Enlightenment and a growing belief in freedom of religion largely brought an end to state-sponsored violence in the name of Christianity. Yet even today splinter groups and individuals claim Christian sanction for acts of violence. On May 31, 2009, in the narthex of Reformation Lutheran Church in Wichita, Kansas, Scott Roeder shot and killed Dr. George Tiller, a prominent physician who performed abortions. At his sentencing hearing, Roeder warned that God’s judgment against the United States would “sweep over this land like a prairie wind.” Members of the Westboro Baptist Church, a small Baptist splinter group in Topeka, Kansas, praised the murder of six people at a supermarket in Tucson, Arizona, on January 8, 2011. Among the victims was a nine-year-old girl who was born on 9/11. Anders Breivik, who has described himself as a Christian, confessed to detonating a car bomb in Norway that killed eight people and then donning a police officer’s uniform to gain access to a Labour Party youth camp, where he coldly gunned down more than sixty young people in a three-hour shooting rampage. The initial response of many who view themselves as Christians was to say that Breivik might have claimed that he was a Christian but that he really is not a Christian. That, however, places us on a very slippery slope with overtones of the fires of the inquisition and the persecution of Christians by other Christians in the wake of the Council of Nicaea. Who are we to say that someone else either is or is not a Christian? A slightly less far-reaching claim might be to say that Breivik, Roeder and others who claim Christian sanction for the acts of violence they commit are not good Christians. That, however, is also a slippery slope. If we say that Breivik and Roeder were not good Christians, do we say the same about Luther, Calvin, Charlemagne and Constantine? In an article entitled “The Norway Killer Is a Christian, but So Am I” posted on a website that encourages inter-religious dialogue, Jonathan D. Fitzgerald states with respect to Breivik, “I suppose . . . we could start to make the case that he wasn’t a good Christian. But that will get us into a debate about what constitutes a ‘good’ Christian . . . . In the end, all that will show is that Christianity, as a religion, is big, and encompasses all kinds of beliefs.” Rabbi Arthur Waskow, who founded the Philadelphia-based Shalom Center, observed in the wake of the tragic terrorist acts in Norway, “Every major religious tradition on the planet has within it streaks of blood and hatred, even though its fabric as a whole is woven in compassion and justice. How do we acknowledge these bloody threads while struggling to cleanse the garment of them?” (Waskow includes Judaism in this assessment. He observes, “In our own generation I am watching in horror as these bloody threads emerge in some of the Judaisms of today, claiming warrant in some strands of Judaism of the past.”) What Waskow says is worth underscoring. The fact that there are bloody threads in the garment that is Christianity does not mean that the whole garment is bloody. Indeed, as Waskow reminds us, the garment as a whole is woven in compassion and justice. At the same time, we must come to grips with the fact that there are bloody threads in the garment and do what we can to counteract them and, if possible, cleanse the garment of these streaks of violence. The first step is seeking to understand how it is that religions of peace come to have streaks of violence. I suggest two explanations: (1) when Christianity (or any other religion) is co-opted for political reasons by those in power, be it the power of command of an army or the power of a gun in one’s hand, the stage is set for violence, and (2) when Christians (or anyone else) succumb to the myth that they have “a God’s-eye” view of the truth, the result is often harsh condemnation of others. In an essay included in Sense and Non-Sense, the twentieth-century French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-61) observed that “if I believe that I can rejoin the absolute principle of all thought . . . the suffering I create turns into happiness, ruse becomes reason, and I piously cause my adversaries to perish.” Reinhold Niebuhr made a similar observation in Nature and Destiny of Man when he observed: Moral pride is revealed in all “self-righteous” judgments in which the other is condemned because he fails to conform to the highly arbitrary standards of the self. Since the self-judges itself by its own standards it finds itself good. It judges others by its own standards and finds them evil, when their standards fail to conform to its own. This is the secret of the relationship between cruelty and self-righteousness. How might we counteract these streaks of violence in the religious traditions of which we are a part? The first step is realizing that we don’t have a God’s-eye view of the truth, leavening all that we say and do with humility even as we proceed on the basis of the affirmations of faith that we make. The author of Micah stated it well when he observed, “What does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God?” (6.8) The next step is affirming all that is good, kind, gentle and just in the religious traditions of which we are a part. Fitzgerald put it this way, “Anders Breivik showed the violent side of Christianity. That’s all the more reason for the rest of us to model peace.” For Christians, this involves remembering the words of Jesus in Matthew 5.9: “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called the children of God.” It involves reaffirming and living the words of the beautiful old prayer attributed to St. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226), which reads, in part: Lord, make me an instrument of your peace. Where there is hatred, let me sow love; where there is injury, pardon; where there is doubt, faith; where there is despair, hope; where there is darkness, light; and where there is sadness, joy. Grant that I may not so much seek to be consoled as to console; to be understood, as to understand; to be loved as to love; for it is in giving that we receive; it is in pardoning that we are pardoned . . . . And it means remembering and being inspired by the work of Mother Theresa in India, the eloquent words of Pope John XXIII in Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth), which he concludes by observing, “Let us, then, pray with all fervor for this peace which our divine Redeemer came to bring us. May He banish from the souls of men whatever might endanger peace,” and the triumphal words of Bishop Desmond Tutu, “Goodness is stronger than evil; love is stronger than hate; light is stronger than darkness; life is stronger than death.” Daniel E. Lee teaches ethics at Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, where he is the chair of the Department of Religion. J.F. Matthews et al., “Constantine I,” Encyclopædia Brittanica Online at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/133873/Constantine-I (last accessed 24 August 2012). See also Charles Alexander Robinson, Jr., Ancient History from Prehistoric Times to the Death of Justinian (New York: Macmillan Company, 1951), 648, and N.S. Gill, “Constantine the Great” at http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/people/p/constantine.htm (last accessed 24 August 2012). For an overview of different theories about the deaths of Crispus and Fausta, see David Woods, “On the Death of the Empress Fausta,” Greece & Rome, 2nd Series, Vol. 45, No. 1 (April 1998), 70-85. “Council of Nicaea,” Encyclopædia Brittanica Online at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413817/Council-of-Nicaea (last accessed 8 February 2011). Ralph Martin Novak, Jr., Christianity and the Roman Empire: Background Texts (Harrisburg, Penn.: Trinity Press International, 2001), 176. H.S. Wilson, “Terrorism and War” in Moral Issues & Christian Responses, 7th edition, ed. by Patricia Beattie Jung and Shannon Jung (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2003), 366. Richard E. Sullivan et al., “Charlemagne,” Encyclopedia Brittanica Online at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106546/Charlemagne (last accessed 25 October 2010). Martin Luther, “Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants,” tr. Charles M. Jacobs at http://www.scrollpublishing.com/store/Luther-Peasants.html (last accessed 8 February 2011). Roland H. Bainton, Hunted Heretic: The Life and Death of Michael Servetus (Boston: The Beacon Press, 1953), 3, 149-64, 195, 208-14. See also Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, Ltd., 1996), 267-68, and Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform 1250-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 369-71. Lindberg, European Reformations, 214-16; see also Ozment, Age of Reform, 328-32. The oppression of people of color in South Africa during the days of apartheid might be construed as an example to the contrary since many of the ruling white elite viewed themselves as Christians. “Kansas: Doctor’s Killer Says God Will Judge U.S.,” The Associated Press, 2 April 2010. See also Ed Pikington, “I Shot U.S. Abortion Doctor to Protect Children, Scott Roeder Tells Court,” Guardian, 28 January 2010. “The Early Word: Assessing and Regrouping,” New York Times, 12 January 2011. Joseph Berger, “Born on Sept. 11, Claimed by a New Horror,” New York Times, 9 January 2011. “At Least 85 Dead in Norway youth Camp Attack,” MSNBC, 23 July 2011 at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43854355/ns/world_news-europe/?ocid=MSNToolbar130 (last accessed 21 September 2011). Jonathan D. Fitzgerald, “The Norway Killer Is a Christian, but So Am I,” Patheos, 2 August 2011, at http://www.patheos.com/Resources/Additional-Resources/Norway-Killer-Is-a-Christian-but-So-Am-I-Jonathan-Fitzgerald-08-08-2011.html (last accessed 17 August 2011). Arthur Waskow, “Brevik: A Terrorist Who Claims Roots in Crusader Christianity” at http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-faith/post/brevik-a-terrorist-who-claims-roots-in-crusader-christianity/2011/07/27/gIQAMGaucI_blog.html (last accessed 23 September 2011). Additional information about The Shalom Center can be accessed at http://www.theshalomcenter.org/about. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, “The Metaphysical in Man,” in Sense and Non-Sense, trans. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Patricia A. Dreyfus (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1964), 95. Reinhold Niebuhr, Nature and Destiny of Man, Vol. I, Human Nature (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1964), 199. Fitzgerald, “The Norway Killer Is a Christian, but So Am I.” Though it is widely believed that Francis of Assisi (1181/1182-1226) wrote this much-loved prayer, it can only be traced back to the second decade of the Twentieth Century, at which time it was found on the back of a holy card of St. Francis (“Peace Prayer of St. Francis” at http://www.folsoms.net/peace.shtml [last accessed 23 September 2011]). John XXIII, Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth), 171, April 11, 1963, at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_11041 . . . (last accessed 14 April 2010). Desmond Tutu, “Goodness is Stronger than Evil” in Evangelical Lutheran Worship (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2006), 721. © November 2013 Journal of Lutheran Ethics Volume 13, Issue 7
The Town of Coeymans was named after Barent Pieteres Koijemans who arrived here from Holland in 1639 and was an apprentice in a grist mill owned by the Patron Van Rensselaer. It was on April 7, 1673, that Barent Coeymans took possession of the land that he had purchased from the Indians in 1672, land which became known as the Coeymans Patent. About the year 1800, perhaps 300 or 400 families lived in the Town of Coeymans, which was formed from part of the original patent and also from part of the Town of Watervliet. The first recorded Town meeting was held in April, 1811 and the first Supervisor was elected in 1818. The Ariaantje Coeymans stone house was built about 1720 near the mills on the Coeymans Creek. The house still stands and is in very good condition. The first dwelling, called Coeymans Castle, was a stone house that was subsequently torn down in 1833. It stood on the corner of Westerlo and First Streets. Much of the earliest life was of Dutch ancestry and centered around the junction of the Coeymans and Onesquethaw Creeks and the Hudson River. Several mills were constructed for grinding grain, sawing lumber and water power. The earliest settlement was Coeymans Landing, a port on the Hudson River, where most of the early industry began. Coeymans Landing is now the Hamlet of Coeymans. Commerce grew, especially with the close of the War of 1812, and continued to grow until the turn of the century. Ship building was a major industry along the Hudson River along with the harvesting of ice. In the late 1700s, there were many brick companies and mills along the Hannacroix Creek including Dean's Mill, Aquetuck (Peacock's Corners), Coeymans Hollow, Alcove (Stephensville), and Indian Fields (inundated in 1930 to make way for Albany's water supply, the Alcove Reservoir). Alcove was known for its mills and Mossy Hill Stone Quarry, which is still in operation today. Coeymans Hollow is home to the Little Red Schoolhouse Museum and the Electus Shear house, both listed on the State and National Register of Historical Places. Other listings on the Registers include the Civill Building (now a senior citizen apartment house), Ariaantje Coeymans Stone House, both located in Coeymans, Tobias TenEyck House on Old Ravena Road; the crossroads community of Alcove Historic District; and St. Patrick's Church, Ravena. It was about 1820 when stage companies established routes and were given contracts for carrying mail. Prior to this time, mail had commonly been carried by Post Riders. A turnpike company was incorporated for the construction and maintenance of a highway from Coeymans Landing through Coeymans Hollow, Indian Fields, Dormansville and Westerlo to the Delaware Turnpike (about 18 miles). The first division was incorporated in 1850 as the Coeymans and Westerlo Plank Road Company. Ten years later, plank was taken up and broken stone substituted. The first newspaper was published in 1863. In 1907, the Ravena News bought the Coeymans Herald to become the News Herald. F. E. Bleezarde became the owner in 1917. Coeymans was first connected to Albany in 1864 by the Saratoga and Hudson River Railroad. It was short lived and later called the "White Elephant Railroad." It left the Town without a railroad until 1883 when the New York West Shore Buffalo Line was completed. With it, Coeymans Square, whose name was changed to Coeymans Junction, flourished. Coeymans Junction is now Ravena. Waterworks were constructed in 1897 and Ravena was incorporated into a village in 1914. Telephone service was added in 1903, electric lights were added in 1908 and a sewage system was installed in 1915.
1920 to 1929 1920 - 1921 1920 A Spanish Reader. With Exercises. By William Hanssler and Clarence E. Parmenter. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 at A-Z Books, North Platte, Jan., '94. Before the second and third parts of this reader go on to Latin America and to Spanish literature, respectively, its first part presents some easily readible segments, among which are three Aesopic fables: "El burro y la sal" (illustrated, 23), GGE (verse, 39), and BC (illustrated, 42). The last is followed by a version in verse. 1920 Aesop's Fables Interpreted Through Music. Mabel Wood Hill. Paperbound. NY: J. Fischer & Bro. $10 from Peter Manno, Frisco, TX, through eBay, Feb., '09. Here are seven fables set to music: OF, LM, MM, TH, FC, "The Two Crabs," and GA. The format is large, as is frequent with music for piano playing: 9¼" x 12¼". The whole pamphlet is 28 pages long. There is a prologue ("or epilogue"): "These tales were old when Aesop lived. He told them all anew -- But morals good for people then -- Are just as good for you!" There is a moral under each fable title. OF interrupts its singing at the very end. "But then he burst" is spoken rather than sung (4). MM closes with "'Ah my child!' said her mother" (11). I do not think I have seen that element before. The hare lies down to take a nap to show his contempt for the tortoise (14). This is not the way the story is always told. The crow in FC is female. GA closes laconically: "When winter came the Ant had food, But the Grasshopper found himself dying" (25). The front cover is separated. There are some pencil and red marks along the way. Harrison Weir's illustration of LM is on the cover and title-page, but that is the only illustration. Signed on the top of the cover by Jesse K. Bailey, Jr. 1920 Alte Tier Fabeln. Aus Karl Wilhelm Ramlers Fabellese, Leipzig 1783. Mit Steinzeichnungen von August Gaul. Limited edition of 110 hand-pressed copies. Dust jacket. Berlin: Paul Cassirer. $25 through Bibliofind from Megabooks, Palo Alto, Oct., '97. Forty-six fables. Traditional fables (like FG; "The Lion, the Ass, and the Fox"; FC, which is overturned in a second phase; AD with a bee instead of an ant; GA; "The Goat, the Lamb, and the Pig"; and "The Lion and the Ass") are intermixed with a majority of stories new to me. I enjoy the opinions of the scientific birds on 10-11. When a poisonous insect (34) shoots its poison at a glow-worm and is asked "Why did you do that?" it asks in return "Why do you glow?" The dust jacket is missing an inch at the top of the spine. Do not miss the red gilt lettered label on the front cover. T of C at the end. I found a fine traditional treasure here! 1920 Amoralische Fabeln. Von Lisa Wenger. Mit Zeichnungen von Carl D. Petersen. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. DM 28 at Antiquariat Müller & Gräff, Stuttgart, July, '95. My one find in the short time I had in Stuttgart after taking a train in for a lunch with Friedo Ricken, who trained in from Munich. There are twenty-six stories of four-to-six pages each touching critically and mockingly on social mores, particularly dealing with marriage, diversity, and how to get along in society. Most frequently cheery, like the good "Das unschuldige Lämmlein" (19) or "So oder So!" (27), but sometimes tragic and pointed, like "Der weiße Maulwurf" (14). In the very first story ("Was das Schäfchen sagen darf und was nicht!"), a female lamb learns to say neither that she wants to marry nor that she wants not to marry; rather she should just stay silent until she is engaged, and then she can say whatever she wants. "Das Festessen" (34) may be the funniest story in the first half of the book. "Das kluge Huhn" (50) tells of a dumb hen who was wise enough to be silent with men and to ask women about their children. One or two quarter-page illustrations per fable. Maybe the best illustration stands across from the T of C at the back: a bespectacled bird looks down on the "Finis" page of a book. 1920 Das Buch der Fabeln. Zusammengestellt von C.H. Kleukens. Eingeleitet von Otto Crusius. Second edition. Hardbound. Leipzig: Insel Verlag. DM 65 from Hatry, Heidelberg, August, '98. This book has a strong sense of itself, starting from the leather spine and the embossed cover displaying a peacock. Crusius offers a sixty-three page introduction on the history of the fable. Babrius, Phaedrus, Avianus, and Romulus represent the ancient world. A rich sampling of German fables starts with Der Alte Spervogel about 1150 and moves up through Boner, Waldis, Luther, Sachs, and Alberus. Leonardo and La Fontaine are included, as are Iriarte, Kyrlov, and Andersen. Kleukens even includes two fables of his own (198). At the end one finds sections on "Volksfabeln," and fables of Asiatic, African, and North American peoples, respectively. The only interior art is on the title page, which includes vignettes of several animals and birds. The texts, both prose and verse, are in Gothic script. 1920 Fabels van Aesopus. Bewerkt door Hermanna. Geillustreerd door G. Wildschut. Amsterdam: H. Meulenhoff. $12.50 at Wout Vuyk Antiquariaat, Amsterdam, Dec., '88. This squarish little book grows on me. There are two nice colored pictures on the cover and opposite the title page. The extensive black-and-white illustrations in the text are generally simple and even anatomically slightly off, but several are attractive: of MSA (49), two frogs on the rim of a well (60), the lap-donkey (118), OF (131), and the fox and the goat (136 and 138). 1920 Fables de la Fontaine. Avec Notes, Exercices et Leçons de Versification par Thomas Keen. Fourth edition. Hardbound. London: Dent's Modern Language Series: J.M. Dent & Sons. See 1906/20. 1920 Fables de La Fontaine classées par Ordre de Difficulté avec Notice en Tète de chaque Fable et notes. Par A. Gazier. 34th edition. Hardbound. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin. €4.50 from Jean-Pierre Bouleau, Privas, France, through eBay, August, '04. Here is a later copy of a very curious book that I already have in its thirtieth edition from 1916. It classifies and organizes La Fontaine's fables in three levels: suitable for little children, moderately difficult, and difficult. The book then drops those fables--and those parts of fables--not suitable for children and presents these three levels with simple notes and pictures less of fables than of the objects one finds in each fable. From the back, there is first of all a T of C, then an AI of fables presented here, then the classic division into twelve books with the corresponding page numbers here, and finally the fables. This copy is in better condition than the earlier copy. 1920 Fables Retold. A. Isabelle Gibbons. Vom Humboldt School Art Club. $26 from Joe Ribar, Hudson, NY, Sept., '99. Thirty-one pages containing twenty-two traditional prose fables and primitive illustrations. My guess is that Ms. Gibbons gathered into this pamphlet the art work of the eleven students listed on the title page. I love finding items like this to bring into the collection! The very first fable, "The Two Foxes," is a rather rare story told by Dodsley (2.40). In fact, the version here may be a simplified version of Dodsley's text. The second fable seems to borrow from James with its final phrase "stuffed with straw." The cover illustration, taken from 15, gives a sense of the methods the young artist uses to differentiate the several mice. One of the two staples has lost its grip. "The Dog and the Goose" (20) and "The Hen and the Horses" (22) are new to me. The text includes "disapper" (11) and "starring eyes" (26). There is a T of C at the beginning. 1920 Folk Stories and Fables. By Carolyn Sherwin Bailey. Illustrated by Frederick A. Nagler. For the Children's Hour Series. Springfield, MA: Milton Bradley Company. See 1916/20. 1920 Hand-Made Fables. By George Ade. Illustrated by John T. McCutcheon. First edition. Garden City: Doubleday, Page, and Co. $15 at Booksellers Row, Chicago, May, '89. Extra copy with inverted frontispiece for $7.50 from Half Price Books, Seattle, July, '93. Vintage Ade. I believe this is some of his latest work. There is nothing Aesopic here, but there are some very funny stories--and an education in the slang and dialect of the time. The McCutcheon illustrations are lively. 1920 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 4 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/21/24/26/29. 1920 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 5 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/24/28. 1920 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 6 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/22/23/24/32. 1920 Les Fables d'Esope Phrygien Illustrées de Discours Moraux, Philosophiques, et Politiques. Avec des Reflexions Morales Par J. Baudoin. Unknown artist. Nachwort von Michael Birkenbihl. #34 of 220. Hardbound. Brussels/Munich: Chez François Foppens/J. Michael Müller Verlag. $175.99 from Arkady Reznikov, Newtown, PA, through eBay, Feb., '14. Here is a second excellent reproduction of a 1669 book. I had already found Bonnot's 1988 reprint at Librairie Epsilon in Paris nine years ago. Now comes this 1920 version from J. Michael Müller in Munich. This reprint has a larger format because it has larger margins. The size of the reproduced pages seems exactly the same in the space taken up for title, illustration, and text. This copy, unlike that one, does not include a second, larger set of the images. Let me repeat some of my comments from there. If there were a single original behind this book, it would fit between Bodemann #67.2 by Jean du Bray (1659) and #67.3 by Foppens (1682). The moral, philosophical and political tracts promised in the title are left out of this edition, as they are left out of that 1988 edition. In his afterword (345) Dr. Michael Birkenbihl admits that his attempts at establishing the visual artist's identity had failed. Birkenbihl finds these illustrations quite similar to those of Virgil Solis. Here is a remark worthy of the epoch and the country but still helpful as one examines these lovely illustrations: "Während Virgil Solis uns in seinem Äsop durch deutsche Innigkeit, durch die heimatlich fränkische Landschaft angenehm beruehrt, bewundern wir an unserem unbekannten Meister die Schönheit der Zeichnung, die entzückende Art der Komposition und die Schärfe des Esprits" (349). Bonnot calls the illustrations chosen for this edition "les plus délicieuses jamais gravées par un artiste pour les Fables d'Ésope" and writes that they come from an unknown Flemish master of the sixteenth century. He takes them from an edition done in Anvers in 1593. 116 numbered fables. I find the glorious frontispiece particularly well done here. As in Bonnot's facsimile of 1988, some fable numbers--like Fable XLIII on 197, LXXXIV on 279, and LXXXIX on 289--have no punctuation after the number. The rest have a period. The figures in the illustrations, both human and animal, are rather full-bodied. Perhaps the most vigorous of the illustrations of the life of Aesop is the last, showing him pushed off of the cliff and losing his cap in the process. Among the fables, some of the liveliest illustrations belong to Fable XXIV (the old dog chases a stag); LIII (stag and horse); LXIII (OR); LXXXI (the book-thief and his mother); and C (the envious and greedy men). This is a splendid volume! Magnificent leather cover with geometric patterns inlaid in gold . 1920 McGuffey's Third Eclectic Reader. Revised Edition. Eclectic Educational Series. No illustrator acknowledged. NY: American Book Company. See 1879/1920. 1920 Studies in Reading: Second Grade. J.W. Searson, George E. Martin, and Lucy Williams Tinley. Illustrated by Ruth Mary Hallock. Lincoln: University Publishing Company. See 1918/20/26. 1920 Studies in Reading: Third Grade. J.W. Searson and George E. Martin. Illustrated by Ruth Mary Hallock. Lincoln: University Publishing Company. See 1918/20. 1920 The Elson Readers: Book Two. By William H. Elson and Lura E. Runkel. Most illustrations by L. Kate Deal. Hardbound. Printed in Chicago: 12 Year Reading-Literature Program: Scott, Foresman and Company. $10 from The Book Eddy, Knoxville, TN, April, '00. 1928 printing for $6.50 from Bluestem Books, Lincoln, Dec., '97. 1929 printing for $12.50 at Curious Book Shoppe, Los Gatos, Nov., '97. 1930 printing somewhere in North Carolina for $6.50, June, '97. There is a fable section (38-50) containing five stories, each illustrated with at least one very nice one-colored illustration. In GA, the grasshopper opens discussion during the summer, asking why the ant works so hard. When the ant says that she is working so that she has food for winter, the grasshopper says that winter is a long way off and goes away singing. The ant's last statement is curious: "Now you may dance for your supper" (39). In OF, the little ones are not hurt; they just see an ox for the first time. After two puffs, the frogs say that even if she were to try till she bursts, their mother will not be half as big as this beast. She tries again and again and does burst. In MSA, the miller unties the donkey, throws away the pole, and does as he thought good at first, with all three parties walking. "Little Mouse and the Strangers" is a mother-child dialogue about meeting the cat and the cock. Also DM. There is also "The Elephant and the Monkey" (57), who learn that they need each other's gifts; there is no resolution to the question "Is it better to be strong or to be quick?" Finally, "The New Voices" (63) allows all the animals to take on different voices; the result is that they harm each other seriously, and they are changed back to their old voices. The 1920 copy is inscribed in 1924. Page 23 is missing in the 1920 copy. Some pages are pencilled in the 1928 copy, slightly torn in the 1929 copy, and--particularly OF--weak in coloring in the 1930 copy. I will keep all four in the collection. 1920 The Golden Blackbird Story Book: A Treasury of Sunshine Stories for Children. Illustrations by Frederick Richardson. Hardbound. Philadelphia: Winston Easy-to-Read Books: The John C. Winston Co. $2.50 from Black Swan, Oakland, Feb., '04. Here is a lovely little 95 page book with a pasted-on picture on its blue cloth cover. There are many fables late in the book. "The Monkey and the Crocodile" (64) turns around not the heart but the skin of the monkey, which has allegedly been left back at home. I find this story harder to believe than the traditional version. This story is followed by six fables. "The Wise Tortoise" (71) is TT but with an excellent interchange that leads to the tortoise's open mouth and subsequent death. Someone on the ground asks who was wise enough to think of the trick of riding on a stick carried by two ducks. The proud tortoise cannot resist answering. There is a good illustration for TT on 73. It may have been used elsewhere. New to me is "Why the Dog Is an Enemy of the Cat" (81). The stories after the announced fables include "The Lion and the Mosquitoes" (91), also new to me. The lion refuses to give up his claim to drink from the well in which the mosquitoes have lived all their lives. The lion jumps into the well to attack them. TMCM is presented as a drama (93). The verso of the title-page mentions another copyright in 1917. 1920 Von Mensch und Tier: Ein Fabelbuch fur die deutsche Jugend. Walther Schwabe. Mit 12 Tonbildern nach Radierungen von Professor Walter Klemm. Dust-jacket. Hardbound. Stuttgart: K. Thienemanns Verlag. €10.70 from Neusser Buch-&-Kunst Antiquariat per ZVAB, July, '14. The fables are traditional Aesopic stuff. Of the twelve strong full-page illustrations, I find best FK (69); "The Fox and the Goat" (97); and TT (117). This is a sturdy book. It has lasted now for almost one hundred years! The front cover of the dust-jacket seems to have a shepherd dealing with a starving wolf. It is signed "Henry." Sixty-six fables on 120 pages. No detached morals. 1920 Windmills: A Book of Fables. By Gilbert Cannan. First American edition? Hardbound. Printed in USA. NY: B.W. Huebsch. $28 from Katahdin Books, Queensbury, NY, Jan., '02. I have read far enough--four chapters into the first story--to know that these are not fables in the Aesopic sense. I have enjoyed the reading thoroughly and plan to pursue it. What we have here is satire and very enjoyable satire at that. If we need to further specify the genre, then we are probably dealing with a short story or a novella that is satiric. I take it that the general target is England before World War II, though any empire, including the German before World War II, will do as the referent. The edition has a "Preface to the American Edition." 1920 Windmills: A Book of Fables. By Gilbert Cannan. First American edition? Hardbound. NY: B.W. Huebsch. $2.99 from J.D. Sheehan, Wildwood, FL, through eBay, Dec., '11. I had forgotten that I already have a copy of this book, purchased in 2002 from Katahdin Books, Queensbury, NY. This copy has a canvas binding and paper boards. And it cost 10% of what the other copy cost. Let me repeat my comments from there. I have read far enough--four chapters into the first story--to know that these are not fables in the Aesopic sense. I have enjoyed the reading thoroughly and plan to pursue it. What we have here is satire and very enjoyable satire at that. If we need to further specify the genre, then we are probably dealing with a short story or a novella that is satiric. I take it that the general target is England before World War II, though any empire, including the German before World War II, will do as the referent. The edition has a "Preface to the American Edition." 1920/21 Children's Literature. Charles Madison Curry and Erle Elsworth Clippinger. Hardbound. Chicago: Rand McNally. $2.50 at a San Francisco Flea Market, August, '88. I already have in the collection a copy of the 1926 reprinting of this book. Here is a more original 1921 printing, perhaps even a first printing. It contans a comprehensive collection of fables from seventeen different sources, with a bibliography and an introduction on fables (262-300). The introduction wisely points out that fables are not lighthouses but lanterns for our lives. 1920/26 Children's Literature. A Textbook of Sources for Teachers and Teacher-Training Classes. Edited, with introductions, notes, and bibliographies by Charles Madison Curry and Erle Elsworth Clippinger. Chicago: Rand McNally. $5.98 at Half-Price Books in St. Paul, July, '89. A comprehensive collection of fables from seventeen different sources, with a bibliography and an introduction on fables (262-300). The introduction wisely points out that fables are not lighthouses but lanterns for our lives. 1920? A Book of Fables Very Simply Told for Infants. Gladys Davidson. Paperbound. London and Edinburgh: T.C. & E.C. Jack. $2.50 from oldbooksgrandma through eBay, Sept., '10. This is an intermediate-sized (about 5" x 7") pamphlet of 32 pages without illustration. The red canvas cover shows on its front a young man and woman sitting on a loveseat with a large book open on their laps. The texts seem to me not to be so simply told as the title proclaims. They mix poetry and prose. Often the moral is given in verse. FWT, GGE, MM, LM, FC, WSC, TMCM, FS, DS, FG, TH, UP, "The Mice and the Cat" (hanging by a nail), "The Eagle and the Brave Mother Fox," DM, "Mercury and the Woodman," and BC. The point of the last fable is that the clever young mouse who proposes the belling plan is nowhere to be seen when it comes to executing the plan. This book seems to have had many previous possessors, including the Brandon School Board, Alexandra School, and H.L. Dobson. 1920? A Hundred Fables of La Fontaine. With pictures by Percy J. Billinghurst. No editor acknowledged. Third Edition. London: John Lane The Bodley Head. See 1900/20?. 1920? Aesop A Thainig Go h-Eirinn. Peadar Ua Laoghaire. Hardbound. Teor: Brun Agus O Nuallain. €25 from Dublin Bookbrowsers, April, '11. Some ninety-four fables in this book of 138 pages with a bright red cloth cover showing BW in white. There are delightful little black-and-white illustrations, like that for the battling frog and mouse on 35; one hardly notices the huge claws descending from the sky. In fact the stories open with a fine quack frog on 9. Enjoy the contrasting expressions on the faces of the two pots on 55. TB on 65 is funny, as the supposedly dead traveller under the bear's weight and scrutiny keeps one eye open. The black-and-white illustration for BW is on 134, and it is good. I wish I could fill in more information, like the artist's name and the publisher's location; Gaelic script is temptingly close to our own. I have a lingering suspicion that I have seen these illustrations elsewhere. Start your search with the smug fox on 126. 1920? Aesop's Fables. No author. Illustrations by Billinghurst, Weir, Rackham, and Griset. NY: Hurst and Co. $1.50 from Constant Reader. A remarkable book in poor condition. The frontispiece picture is of an Indian attacking a buffalo! The last fifteen pages or so are missing, and in their stead 45-57 or so are repeated! The only original illustration is a page border signed "T.G." that is repeated on every page! The book is worth showing as a typical example of what happens to a family's Aesop: it gets used (up). 1920? (Aesop's Fables). (Billinghurst, Weir, Rackham, and Griset). Hardbound. NY: Hurst?. $2 from Mark Hertel, Evansville, IN, through eBay, Sept., '05. This item sets the record as the most used-up "book" in the collection. "Book" is a euphemism. What is here is pages 7 through 156 of what seems identical with a book I have from perhaps 1920 published by Hurst and titled "Aesop's Fables." The pages show water damage and are very brittle. The distinguishing mark of this book remains the page border signed "T.G." It is repeated on every page. I mentioned of the Hurst edition that it is "a typical example of what happens to a family's Aesop: it gets used (up)." This item makes that demonstration even more dramatically! 1920? Aesop's Fables. Based Upon The Versions Of La Fontaine, Croxall & L'Estrange. NY: J.H. Sears & Company. $10 at Book Gallery, El Paso, August, '96. This little book brims with questions. First, do I not recognize these covers of a boy and girl, respectively, reading? Next, how does this text expand the usual set of texts derived from Rundell (sometimes labelled "J.B.R.") from its usual 401 to the 426 fables here? Comparing the book with others in the tradition is difficult because a page is missing, and I believe it (143-44) is an especially important one, because it begins the second part of the book. It includes, e.g., the beginning of "The Hare and Many Friends." Even the book's subtitle is slightly different here, perhaps since there are no illustrations, for the usual subtitle is "With texts based chiefly upon…." One work that seems new by comparison with others in this tradition is "Hodge and Raven" (171) in verse. T of C at the front, numbered in tens by a previous owner. There is a page of advertisements for Sears' books at the back. Travel and little, and you will discover some strange things…. 1920? Aesop's Fables. Pamphlet. Chicago: Little Classic Series: A. Flanagan Company. $10.76 from John Abbas, Dixon, IL, through Ebay, Feb., '00. A thirty-four page booklet listed as appropriate for the first grade. A "Five Cent Edition" if one buys at least five booklets! Otherwise one has to pay a whole six cents! There are many monosyllabic words and short sentences here. There is a simple line drawing for each of the fables. The hare here intends to take a nap along the way. In GA, the grasshopper says that he was singing and dancing all summer, and the ant says he can do both all winter. In SW, there is no bet. The wind sees the man and says that he can blow his cloak off. When he fails, the sun says "I can make him take it off," and the wind answers "Let me see you do it." I think any first-grader will see through that story! Also included: CP, FC, BC, "The Fox and the Lion," "The Dove and the Bee," BW, DS, LM, FG, "The Kid and the Wolf," and "The Fox and the Cat." The booklet is in delicate condition. 1920? Aesop's Fables. Pamphlet. Chicago: Little Classic Series: A. Flanagan Company. $5 from Linda Karaba, Albion, MI, through eBay, Dec., '06. Extra copy for $9.99 from Margaret Hamlin, Duluth, MN, through eBay, Sept., '10. I have another copy of this booklet in a different printing. I will refer to it by the name of the man who sold it to me on eBay in 2000, John Abbas. This Karaba copy found in 2006 may be older. The only difference I can find in the two booklets comes on their covers. The inside front cover of the Abbas copy seems more extensive in its listings, for example, of "five cent editions" for "eighth and high school grades." My guess is that Flanagan developed greater and greater listings in time, and so there are fewer in this earlier, Karaba copy. The layout of these pages has also changed. As I mentioned in commenting on the Abbas copy, this is a thirty-four page booklet listed as appropriate for the first grade. It is a "Five Cent Edition" if one buys at least five booklets! Otherwise one has to pay a whole six cents! There are many monosyllabic words and short sentences here. There is a simple line drawing for each of the fables. The hare here intends to take a nap along the way. In GA, the grasshopper says that he was singing and dancing all summer, and the ant says he can do both all winter. In SW, there is no bet. The wind sees the man and says that he can blow his cloak off. When he fails, the sun says "I can make him take it off," and the wind answers "Let me see you do it." I think any first-grader will see through that story! Also included: CP, FC, BC, "The Fox and the Lion," "The Dove and the Bee," BW, DS, LM, FG, "The Kid and the Wolf," and "The Fox and the Cat." Both booklets are in delicate condition. This copy seems to have a brown honeycomb pattern on its cover, as though it had been up against a lattice for a long time. The extra copy has a cleaner cover but some internal handwriting and smudging. I will keep both in the collection. 1920? Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Edgar Norfield. Paperbound. The Children's Press. $1.99 From Francine Day, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, through eBay, Oct., '02. This is a large-format (about 8" x 11") book stapled together with identical front and back colored covers and heavy-stock paper for its pages. The front cover is creased. Nineteen fables are told and illustrated, using from about one to three pages apiece. The black-and-white line drawings inside this booklet seem to me only average. The spine of this book is weakening. There is already a portion at the bottom missing. SW is told in the better fashion. 1920? Aesop's Fables (cover title: Aesop's Fables for the Children). No editor acknowledged. Illustrations signed by Savile Lumley. Inscribed in 1921. London: J. Alfred Sharp: the Epworth Press. $9.50 from Voltaire and Rousseau, Glasgow, July, '92. A remarkable find in very good condition. Fifty-two fables, listed in a T of C at the beginning. No numbers on the pages. Four full-color inserted pages of rather simple art ("The Cock, the Fox and the Dog" on the frontispiece; MM; TB; and "The Hunter and the Thief"), many two-colored pictures (including two--FG and DS--in which the red color misses the black lines), and even more line drawings. The latter represent the best art of all here. The cover picture of WL looks like it was done through painting by numbers. 1920? Aesop's Fables. Retold by Blanche Winder. Hardbound. London and Melbourne: Ward, Lock & Co. AU $4 from Mary Kreppold, Melbourne, Australia, through eBay, Sept., '05. Here is a fragile book of 256 pages. As the opening T of C shows, there are 58 fables. This is the only non-illustrated edition I have of Blanche Winder's work. Normally her texts are associated with the visual work of Harry Rountree. Her texts are also used in a 1965 Airmont paperbound edition that does not declare who its artist is. It looks as though this edition once had a picture pasted onto its cover, but that picture is gone. It seems as though a little of its glue remains. 1920? Aesop's Fables as told by the Poll-Parrot Solid Leather Shoemakers: Drawing Book. Pamphlet. Star Brand Shoes. $29.51 from Downtown Antique Mall, West Plains, MO, through Ebay, May, '00. Extra copy in poorer condition but with the package of four crayons for $12 from Clara Zechin, Rapid City, SD, through eBay, June, 2005. Also an extra copy in fair condition for $18.27 from Robert Mayle, Mingo Jct., OH, through Ebay, April, '00. This 6" square pamphlet is in mint condition. As happens so often, I found this copy within weeks of finding the pamphlet for the first time--in fact of learning that it existed. This is a drawing book for children, with numbers of the basic eight colors assigned to each section of the illustration presented for each of the nine fables here. The first illustration is also shown in an already-colored version. The last line of TH adds a good second half to its moral: "The race is not always to the swift, and it does not pay to underestimate your rival's ability." This pamphlet comes stamped by "Harker & Son in Platteville, Wisc." The pamphlet comes with a box of crayons. 1920? Comic Fables with Morals Advertising Washburn Crosby's Gold Medal Flour. Pamphlet. $9.98 from Joann Cummings, Colfax, Iowa, through Ebay, April, '00. Extra copy in poorer condition but on different paper for $6 from Richard Graham, Oswego, NY, through eBay, June, '05. This lovely little pamphlet, in surprisingly good condition, has the printed stamp on its back of Grant Ramsey of Grinnell, Iowa, one of the many grocers happy to sell Gold Medal Flour. The multi-colored pictures are excellent. In the first of the six fables, a tramp broke several teeth biting on a pie crust which he had expected to be hard. It had been made with Gold Medal Flour, and so his hard chomp was unnecessary! These simple stories show that Gold Medal Flour brings women proposals of marriage, praise, success, and prizes. The Moral to "The Fable of the Rich Man and His Appetite" is "Healthy Food is better than Health Foods." I will keep the extra copy in the collection because of its different-textured paper. 1920? das buch der weißhait der alten weisen. Text after Anton Pforr. Woodcuts after the Ulm edition of 1483. Canvas-bound. Berlin: Mauritius Verlag. DEM 80 from Frankfurter Bücherstube, Frankfurt, June, '95. Here is a 9" x 12" canvas-bound book with boards from perhaps the 20's. It is a treasure! The fables and beautiful woodcuts here are taken from the 1483 Ulm edition of Buch der Beispiele der alten Weisen. Anton von Pforr there translated into German these famous and widely circulated Indian fables from the Panchatantra. The present collection takes only animal fables and preserves as much as is possible of the medieval language. Two stories were seriously shortened: "Dymna und Kellila" and "Die Raben und die Aren." (Is that "The Ravens and the Owls"?) The latter is of course a great story of Sinon-like betrayal. This edition starts with a "Vorred" on the history of the stories and their purposes. By my count, there are fifteen fables here, with a total of twenty-five illustrations. Every story is illustrated with at least one illustration. What we are used to as "The Lion and the Hare" here uses a fox instead of the hare; it still has the same gambit of bringing the lion to a well. Elephants and jackals are very curiously pictured here! New to me is "Der kranke Aff," a story of one ape who brings another, sick ape to a dragon's lair on a pretext of getting him healed; once the sick ape is consumed by the dragon, the devious ape takes over his home. Also new is "die Linsen," the story of an ape who comes down from his tree and steals beans but has to let them go one by one as he climbs back up his tree. "Die listige Vogel" is begun within the story of the crow avenging the snake beneath his home, but there is no return then to the main story! Also new to me is "wider den Tod is kein Kraut." It tells the story of a man who lives through many dangers only to have a wall fall upon him while he is healing! Another new story pictures a cat but speaks strangely of "ein Tier, das war gleich einem Hund, der die Mäus nicht mag"). The biggest mouse makes an offer of peace to this cat which answers nobly that it cannot accept against its owner's interest. The cat offers three days for the mouse to find a new place to live. When the mouse is not bothered on the first and second days, it presumes that it can go on living as before. On the third day, it is captured and eaten. The work is unpaginated, and the binding is loose. 1920? Das Fabelbuch. Eine Auswahl von Aesop's Fabeln. Mit vielen Schwarz-Weiß Zeichnungen von Arthur Rackham. Illustrierte Universal-Bücherei. Munich: Phoebus Verlag. $20 through Interloc from Arundel Books of Los Angeles, Sept., '97. This is a little book with a damaged spine and a fine selection of Rackham's black-and-white work integrated into the text: silhouettes, smaller designs, and full-page illustrations (the latter with blank backs). T of C at the end. When I ordered it, I thought I was getting the German reprint look-alike of the 1912 Heinemann edition. A nice surprise. 1920? Das Fabelbuch: Eine Auswahl der schönsten Fabeln für die Jugend. Bearbeitet von Karl Becker. Mit zwölf Bildern. Hardbound. Berlin: Verlag Jugendhort. €38 from Dresdener Antiquariat, Dresden, August, '06. This is really two books bound together. The cover has a colored illustration of WC. The beginning T of C covers both books. The texts of the first half bring together German fabulists, Aesop, and La Fontaine. The second half is "100 Fabeln für Kinder von Wilhelm Hey -- Nebst einem ernsthaften Anhange." The first half is 128 pages long and includes one-hundred-fifty-four numbered fables. There is a good mixture of prose and verse. The title-page advertises twelve pictures. I find four full-page colored pictures. The frontispiece shows a lion reclining in a farmyard. The second (64) shows a wolf or dog outside a barn but inside a fence. The third (112) shows monkeys wearing boots. The fourth (II 48) shows the bear bringing a very large rock to kill the fly on his sleeping friend's nose. Black-and-white partial-page illustrations show the eagle releasing the turtle in mid-air (47), WC (65), FC (118), "Murmeltier tanzt" (II 10), "Die Ziege" (26), and "Bär und Klotz" (II 44). It may be that two pictures have fallen out of this old text, or that my search missed two, or that the publisher told a partial truth. 1920? Fables Ancient and Modern Adapted for the Use of Children. Edward Baldwin, Esq. Eleventh edition. London: Thomas Tegg. See 1840/1920?. 1920? Fables and Other Poems by John Gay. With a biographical Sketch of the Author. Undersized. London: William S. Orr and Co. $11.40 at Cooper Hay, Glasgow, July, '92. I do not know if this book qualifies as an authentic miniature, but it is surely the smallest Gay that I have. The book packs in a surprising amount of material, as the opening T of C shows: both sets of fables, fifty and seventeen respectively, and some ninety pages of poetry. The life is by Dr. Johnson. Gilt page edges. The book may well be older than 1920. Good condition. 1920? Fables de La Fontaine, 6me Série. Pellerin of Épinal. Paperbound. Épinal: 6me Série: Pellerin & Cie. $19.99 from Becky Mayeux, Port Allen, LA, through eBay, Dec., '13. There are sixteen pages inside this lovely old pamphlet. The colored images are on the left-hand pages in the first half and on the right-hand pages in the latter half. A wolf-shepherd with a striped shirt sits on the front cover, while a lion's head is above the bannered title. Unpictured are GGE at the beginning and "Le Renard et le Buste" at the end. The pictured fables are "The Thieves and the Ass"; "The Swan and the Cook"; LM; "The Fox and the Cock"; "The Fisherman and the Little Fish"; "The Ass and the Little Dog"; and "The Stag Viewing Himself in the Water." The exquisite detail of the last of these images contrasts with the simplicity -- not necessarily in a good sense -- of the image for "The Thieves and the Ass." The "sixth series" is listed on the back cover. I am learning that it is very difficult to date Pellerin publications. Google Images has a picture of this pamphlet's cover without "6me Série." 1920? Fables de La Fontaine. Paperbound. Epinal: Imagerie Pellerin. $9.99 from Barbara Lemonakis, Yia Yia's Attic, Canonsburg, PA, through eBay, June, '14. This lovely pamphlet of 32 pages is in a sad state but was a wonderful find at a wonderful price. It is hard to date. Some help may come from the back cover, which mentions "Fables de La Fontaine No. 1" and "Fables de La Fontaine No. 2," as well as, in preparation, "Les Robinsons Suisses," "Robinson Crusoé," and "Gulliver." As in other Pellerin materials, the colors are lovely. The book is disintegrating each time I turn its pages. Its illustrations are: "The Bear and Lover of Gardens"; DW; GA; "The Hare and the Frogs"; "The Fox and the Goat"; "The Two Doves"; "The Monkey and the Cat"; WL; FC; "The Lion and the Mosquito"; TMCM; "The Heron"; WS; and "The Horse and the Wolf." The illustration for GA, for example, is new to me, while FC and "The Heron" I have seen many times over. The colorists enjoy giving characters striped trousers. The special attraction of Pellerin illustrations has something to do, I believe, with large areas of strong, bright, simple colors. The cover presents an assemblage of many of the above characters, with "Fables" spelled out by wooden boards. Even here, the Heron has striped pants! 1920? Fables for Little Folks. Pamphlet. Colgate's Ribbon Dental Cream. $8.03 from Bob Niederhauser, Anamosa, Iowa, through Ebay, June, '99. Extra copy for $11.05 from Paul and Teresa Fisher, Pottstown, PA, through Ebay, Sept., '00. Pamphlet 3.3" x 4.25" containing seven short prose fables with exquisite colored illustrations. The cover has a stage of animals with an audience of two children, the center page a rebus poem, the last page children's height being measured by a giant "Colgate's Ribbon Dental Cream" package ("Growing Up With Colgate's"), and the back cover the same two children reading "Fables for Me" and dreaming of animals. A random check does not place the texts among those I have processed. The fables are: LM, "The Kid and the Wolf," "The Donkey, the Cock and the Lion," "The Tortoise and the Eagle," GB, "The Peacock and the Crane" (my prize-winner for best illustration), and WC. This kind of popular and off-the-beaten-track kind of find is what I treasure especially! I crosslist this item on my advertising page. 1920? Fables from Aesop. Retold by Dorothy King. Hardbound. London & Glasgow: Blackie Stories Old and New: Blackie & Son. £8 from Steven Pedlar, Surrey, UK, through eBay, March, '04. Two extra copies with different colored cloth covers: tan for £13.17 from Tom McEwan, Ayrshire, Scotland, through eBay, Sept., '03 and green for $22.70 from alibris, Nov., '02. This is a book I almost missed. It looks familiar. Even after I received it, I thought it must be a copy of something I already have. Its front cover features a pasted colored illustration of a peacock with a crane soaring into the air. The same picture, the only colored illustration inside the book, is the frontispiece, signed by Allan Carter. There is an AI at the front of the book. I count one hundred and fourteen fables on 128 pages. Many of the twenty-five black-and-white illustrations, half-page and full-page, are also signed by Carter. Among the best of these is FK (14). The extra copies have different colored cloth on their covers--tan and green rather than gray--and the McEwan copy has a simple design for endpapers rather than the bow-and-ribbon design of the other two. The McEwan copy was inscribed in 1937. I will keep all three in the collection. 1920? Fables of Aesop and La Fontaine. Illustrated in Colours by G. Vernon-Stokes. London: Geographia Ltd./NY: Geographia Inc. £10.50 from Children's Bookshop, Hay-on-Wye, June, '98. There are thirty fables from Aesop and ten from La Fontaine in this oversized book with cardboard covers. The spine is particularly worn. T of C at the front. Inserted among the text-pages are these full-page colored illustrations: BF (1), "The Lion and the Four Bulls" (10), DS (17), DW (21), OF (28), "The Bruin and the Bees" (60), and "The Partridge and the Hare" (86). The colored illustrations seem to be done with soft-focus pastels. The method may show up best in "The Bruin and the Bees" (60). Perhaps the best of the thirty or so partial-page black-and-white illustrations shows the woman, knife in hand, with her head buried in her arms on the table next to the dead goose (68). On 49, the city dog chases three mice, even though there are only two in the story. The texts are longish prose. I could not find a source from a random sampling of them. The cover raises the images nicely of the fox, vine, and grapes as well as the print of the title. Inscribed at Christmas, 1921. 1920? Famous Fables in Modern Verse. No author or illustrator acknowledged. London and Edinburgh: Nelson and Sons. $7.50 at Andover Antiquarian Books and Gallery, Feb., '89. Good graphics for the fifteen fables in a nice small book. 1920? Funfzig Fabeln für Kinder. Von Wilhelm Hey. Mit Bildern von Otto Speckter. Hardbound. Insel-Bücherei Nr. 309: Insel-Verlag. $12 from Second Story Books, Washington, D.C., Dec., '02. Unnumbered fables on numbered pages 5-54. No appendix. The illustrations are imitations of those in, e.g., the volume I have listed under "1845?". The covers and format seem typical for Insel publications. Here the cover has blue stars within white circles on a yellow background. Are we to think that Insel hired a copyist to create new illustrations modeled on those in the more original editions? Should we also presume that there is no problem with calling these Speckter's illustrations when they are really only "after" Speckter? 1920? Hundert und acht Äsop'sche Fabeln für die Jugend. Mit vier Bildern in Farbendruck nach Aquarellen von Walter Zweigle. Sechste, durchgesehene Auflage. Hardbound. Stuttgart: Verlag von Wilhelm Nitzschke. $6.99 from Roy Cary, Canastota, NY, through eBay, Nov., '01. Neu bearbeitet und mit moralischen Anmerkungen versehen. Not in Bodemann. Seventy-two pages plus four inserted water-color illustrations. T of C at the beginning notes the four fables that have the colored illustrations. It can be fascinating to compare this sixth edition with an earlier, perhaps first, edition I have listed under "1890?". The printer has changed from H. Christian to Carl Liebich, both in Stuttgart. The four illustrations are of the same subjects and by the same artist, but they are different pictures! Thus the cover picture is still of TB, but it is a new picture. Eight fables have been added. The texts have changed--some very slightly--and even their titles have changed, e.g. from "Die Schatzgräber" (22) to "Der Schatzgräber" (20 here). Orthography has changed too, e.g., from "Ihr seht" to "Ihr sehet" in the stories just mentioned. "Hahn und Diamant" (23) changes to "Der Hahn und der Diamant" (8). Even the title on the cover changes from "Äsops Fabeln" to "Aesops Fabeln." There are three pages of advertisements at beginning and end, including the endpapers. Somehow a total of one hundred and eight fables became standard, and this copy is an example of that trend. 1920? Im Fabelland: Die schönsten Tierfabeln. Gesammelt, ausgewählt und herausgegeben von P. Baensch. Illustriert von G. Röder. Hardbound. Leipzig: Verlag von Georg Görtitz. DM 28 from Altstadt Antiquariat, Freiburg, July, '01. There are 141 pages here of fables divided by subject into twenty-nine categories. Each chapter receives from two pages for the cat to fourteen pages for the wolf. Those twenty-nine chapters appear in an opening T of C. At the close of the book there is a listing of individual fables by author. There are some thirty-seven authors. The only non-Germans I notice are Aesop and La Fontaine. Most strongly represented are Aesop, Gellert, Gleim, Hey, La Fontaine, Lessing, and Sturm. Lessing has the most fables of all here. I do not think that I had before noticed Lessing's fable of the ass and the fox. "Tell me an animal I cannot imitate" demanded the ape. The fox answered: "Tell me one that would imitate you!" The illustrations seem rather predictable. One of the best may be "Der grüne Esel" (83), but it is hard to make the point here with a black-and-white illustration! Like so much German work for children, this book is well thought through and well executed. 1920? Krilòff's Fables. Translated from the Russian into English in the original metres by C. Fillingham Coxwell. With four plates. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Two versions: With "London" on spine for $10 from Eric Cline, Santa Monica, Aug., '93. With "Kegan Paul" on spine for $16.50 from Carl Sandler Berkowitz, July, '92. Eighty-six fables. The two versions have different cover and spine material, title on spine, endpapers, page size, page cut, and tint on the top of the pages. That is, the version with "London" on its spine is larger, has as its spine title Fables by Ivàn Krilòff, Coxwell, London, and has rough-cut pages tinted red on top. The version with "Kegan Paul" on its spine has a space block-printed on 156. Both have misprints on 73 ("it's" for "its") and 141 ("I" for "It"). The introduction proclaims that LaFontaine remains a star of the first magnitude: lively, elegant, witty and arch; but it finds Kriloff more versatile, forceful and humorous than LaFontaine. The introduction includes an extensive biography. The plates facing 43, 51, and 108 are taken from Billinghurst, but with Russian titles added! "The Wolves, the Dogs, and the Sheep" illustration on 51 does not fit Krilòff's adjoining fable "The Wolves and the Sheep." The illustration on 129 ("The Three Peasants") is from elsewhere, like the fable itself. T of C at the beginning. Notes. AI on 173-6. There may be some meaning lost in getting the verse to work in English. For example, I do not think someone could understand "The Chest" (VIII) in this version. I gather from other versions that the point is that the "expert" never tries simply to open the lid! The fable touches on the experience of those who cannot get a computer to run because they have not plugged it in! Ditto on "The Nightingales" (XVIII). I had to go back to Ralston to understand it. "The Parishioner" (LXXIV) is still a mystery to me. "The Fly and the Bee" (69) is an answer to the tradition, I think; here the fly gets the last word. 1920? La Fontaine: Fables Complètes. Illustrations de G. Ripart. Hardbound. Paris: Maurice Glomeau. £14.99 from J. Paul, Brighton, UK, through eBay, May, '06. Not in Bodemann. This is a stout (6" x 7¾") one-volume edition of La Fontaine's fables. At the beginning of each book of fables, there is a black-and-white illustration, and at the end of each book there is another illustration related to one of the fables. These are well done. Notice, e.g., the good illustration for OR on 27 and the illustration on 29 for "Les Deux Taureaux et une Grenouille." Book III opens with another very good illustration of MSA (55). In Book IV, the dogs attack the lion who has given up his claws and teeth (77). There is also a series of signed colored illustrations, one per book. These indulge sometimes in somewhat garish colors. Consider the peach-colored sky for SS facing 36 or the aqua sky for WC facing 68. Perhaps the worst is the overly blue illustration of "Le Rat et l'Éléphant" facing 220. 'When the colors are somewhat natural, the illustrations work, as in the illustration for "La Grenouille et le Rat" facing 92. The frontispiece illustrating FC is also well done. For MM facing 172, the proportions simply do not work! I am particularly taken with the illustration for "Le Chat et un Vieux Rat" on 76: you almost need to "connect the dots" to perceive the cat in the trough. Another success is the picture of the wolf who wounded himself with an arrow on 236. At the end one finds "Philémon et Baucis," an AI, and a simple T of C. Apparently 300 numbered copies were produced, but this is not one of them. 1920? Leon Tolstoy: Cuentos y Fabulas. Traduccion de Eusebio Heras. Nueva Edicion. Hardbound. Barcelona: Casa Editorial Maucci. $20 from The Owl at the Bridge, Cranston, RI, through TomFolio, Sept., '06. There are about ninety-five stories here, each with a simple illustration. Many are labeled "Story," "Fable," or "True Story." I do not find the labels here helpful or even accurate. A rich panoply of Tolstoy's fables are represented here in any case. The combination of covers for a book like this is intriguing. It seems to have been produced as a paperback pocketbook, but then covered with a very firm set of cloth covers. 1920? Misericordia Readers: Second Reader. Hardbound. NY?: Benziger Brothers? $3.50 from Heartwood Books, Charlottesville, VA, April, '98. This book is in poor condition. It lacks a title-page, and some of its last pages are torn out. Still, it has some lovely illustrations done in several colors. FG (24); LM (27); "The Dog, the Rooster, and the Fox" (30); and TMCM (200) are all told well with several colored illustrations each. The latter is told in a rather expanded style. Cook and dog interrupt, and the country mouse is immediately on her way back home. There are some very pious stories in this book. Who knows, I may have studied it as a kid! 1920? Phädrus Augusti Libertus: Aesopische Fabeln: Acht Holzschnitte. Erich Glas. Signed; #20 of 50. Hardbound. Berlin: Amsler & Ruthardt. €262 from Antiquariat Burgverlag, Vienna, May, '14. Google Books supplied the date of 1920 for this lovely portfolio. This lovely work occasions a large cluster of comments. First, I could manage getting it only because of a serious reduced-price sale. Secondly, I see that a parallel offering of six fables, by the same artist and publisher and apparently in the same format, is selling for ?645 in Switzerland. Thirdly, there are no texts here; the T of C at the back lists a scene rather than a fable title. Thus LS, the first fable, is listed this way: "Wie der Löwe mit Gewalt den Genossen seiner Jagd den versprochnen Anteil vorenthält." Fourthly, this portfolio is curiously bent, perhaps in conjunction with some contact with water, in its upper left corner. Fifthly, if one can believe it, the post office in Germany misunderstood the last line of a slightly incomplete address. That is, there was no "USA" printed on the label. The package was, as a result, missent to Oman! Other fables illustrated are "The King and the Cobbler Turned Doctor"; OF; "Hawk As King of Doves"; "A Wounded Horse and a Loaded Mule"; "Serpent and File"; "Bees and Drones"; and "The Panther and the Shepherd." The last may be the most impressive of an impressive lot: panther and attacked man are almost fused together artistically. Glas is at his best, I think, with humans and with highly detailed subjects like "Bees and Drones," partially rendered through a magnifying glass. There is also one initial for the "D" that will start "Dohle" in "BF." The illustrations are 3?" x 4?". Now I have to watch for a chance to find that companion volume of six different woodcuts. 1920? Phèdre. J. Chauvin. Paperbound. Paris: Librairie de L. Hachette. FRF 140 from Chapitre.com, Jan., '00. The format of this work is the same as in the 1846 Hachette Phèdre. That is, there are three items for each fable: Phaedrus' Latin, a prose translation, and a two column phrase-by-phrase presentation of the Latin in a new word order with a corresponding French phrase at its side. The work certainly appeared in or after 1895, since it is based on Havet's Phaedrus, published by Hachette in 1895. As in the earlier work, the pre-title here is just too long to try to fit into the title slot: "Les Auteurs Latin expliqués d'après une méthode nouvelle par deux traductions françaises, l'une littérale et juxtalinéaire presentant le mot a mot Français en regard des mots Latins correspondants, l'autre correcte precedée du texte Latin avec des arguments et des notes par une société de professeurs et de Latinistes." Whew! The earlier "et fidele" after "correcte" in this title has been dropped, and "summaires" has changed to "arguments." There is no section of notes in this edition. Carnes 1021 has a listing that seems to fit this work, though it reports one more page than the 204 I find here. I take the suggestion of a publication date from Carnes; I would have guessed that it appeared earlier. 1920? Pour Charmer Nos Petits. Par Mlle M. Capus; Edited by Clara Fairgrieve. Hardbound. Boston/NY/Chicago: Heath's Modern Language Series: D.C. Heath & Co. $15 from Linda LaMarca, Roynton Beach, FL, through eBay, Sept., '04. Fairgrieve's preface describes this as a school edition of selections from Capus' little book. "This prose version of a few well-chosen fables of La Fontaine is written in the purest and simplest French, and is followed by a short modern story ingeniously illustrating the idea conveyed in the fable." There you have it! Twelve of La Fontaine's favorite fables are handled here in some thirty-seven chapters. The story following the "Two Goats" is thus a story of two children who arrive at the class door at the same time and fight over who will enter first. There is a partial-page black-and-white illustration for each story. These successfully picture the story's central action or situation. There is also the usual battery of exercises for pupils, including a short English passage to be translated into French. A vocabulary at the end lists important new words in each of the lessons. This little book was inscribed in 1923. 1920? St. Enda Readers Junior Book. D. O'Daly. Hardbound. Printed in Ireland. Dublin: The Educational Company of Ireland Limited. $1.50 from The Antiquarium, Omaha, August, '98. This school reader contains one fable, "The Old Tree and the Gardener" attributed to Aesop (63). This is a difficult enough fable. The version of it here may not help clarify things. Its hint is to call the gardener "rather greedy" at the start of the last paragraph. He refused to spare the tree because of the fruit it had given or the songs it has provided his wife--but he will spare it for the honey he stands to get from it regularly. One possible point to get from this fable would have been that the right appeal gets a person to see it all positively, since the farmer ends up listing all of the tree's benefits past and present, even though he seems to be sparing it only for one advantage, honey. The binding is coming loose, and the book is in fair condition. 1920? The Book of Fables: Containing Aesop's Fables. Complete, with text based upon Croxall, La Fontaine, and L'Estrange. With copious additions from other modern authors. No illustrations. Rahway and NY: The Mershon Company. Gift of Phillip Vuchetich from Adams Avenue Book Store, San Diego, Jan., '95. Closest to the 1901? and 1902? Lupton editions with the same title. See my comments there. Except for the title page and cover, the books seem identical. Like those, this book has no illustrations. In fact, this book makes sense of their skipped page (157-8) when it adds there a title page "Later Fables" for the second part of the book. It adds ten pages of publisher's advertisements at the end. See my 1920? The Fables of Aesop published by Burt for an attempt at listing the important editions I have that include the J.B.R. preface. "Parker" inscribed this book on its page bottoms and on the back endpaper. 1920? The Children's Wonder Book(?). Title page missing. Illustrations by Harry Rountree and others. $2.60 at A-A Books 'n Bargains, Grand Island, NE, Jan., '93. It is a shame that this book is in such terrible shape. Pages 325-334 contain fourteen fables, ten of them illustrated by Rountree with somewhat indistinct black-and-white designs. My other Rountree books all have exclusively full-page colored illustrations. And the one full-page colored illustration that Rountree did for this book (TH, facing 352) is missing! The best of the black-and-white illustrations here are the pair for TMCM on 330-1. What is that dog doing on the bottom of 328? And is that a wolf with the lamb on 329? The last pages of the book are also missing. My one treasure from Grand Island. 1920? The Fables of Aesop. With 75 illustrations. Texts by J.B. Rundell, not acknowledged. Illustrations from Percy Billinghurst, not acknowledged. Chicago: W.B. Conkey. $7 at Time Traveller, May, '88. A fascinating melange in a cheap book for kids. The seventy-five illustrations are stolen from Billinghurst. The top of the T of C page (5) is stolen from Heighway. The cover picture is colored in from Billinghurst. The tellings seem mostly from the familiar "JBR" version. In fact, this book follows the pattern set by The Fables of Aesop (1900?) put out by Charles E. Graham & Co. Page 81-82 here has become detached and is inserted. 1920? The Fables of Aesop. Complete, with Text Based upon Croxall, La Fontaine and L'Estrange. Selected from the Most Reliable Sources. No editor acknowledged; preface is signed J.B.R. No illustrator acknowledged, but the etchings are Heighway's. "Cornell Series" on spine. NY: Burt. $5.95 at Brattle Bookshop, Jan., '89. Already one of my favorite books because of the hand-colored illustrations. Also it takes the "JBR" text used with so many other illustrators. A lovely book! See the adjacent Burt edition of same year and title for references to works with the same text. 1920? The Fables of Aesop. Complete, with Text Based upon Croxall, La Fontaine and L'Estrange. Illustrations by Richard Heighway, NA. Hardbound. NY: Cornell Series: Burt. $3 from Clare Leeper, July, '96. This book is identical with one already in the collection, purchased from Brattle Books, but I give this copy a separate listing because that other copy includes hand-colored illustrations. This book is just as it came from the printer. As I note there, this edition takes the "JBR" text used with so many other illustrators. 1920? The Fables of Aesop. Complete, with Text Based upon Croxall, La Fontaine and L'Estrange. J.B.R. Illustrations by Richard Heighway, NA. Hardbound. NY: Burt. $3.75 from Holly Mabbott, Aiken, SC, through Ebay, Dec., '99. This book is interiorly identical with another copy done by Burt for which I have guessed the same year of publication. This copy has a distinctive white cover picturing FS. Like other Burt editions, it adds Heighway's work to the frequently used "JBR" text marked by a preface ascribed to JBR and often including an extra set of fables, here beginning on 198 and not including any illustrations. I have noticed this time that this text has the beaver biting off his tail, not his testicles (69)! It is also the first time that I have noticed Heighway's unusually strong depiction of "The Envious Man and the Covetous" (84, "Avaricious and Envious" in standard Jacobs/Heighway editions). One page (139-40) is missing. 1920? The Fables of Aesop, Selected, Told Anew and Their History Traced. (By Joseph Jacobs, NA). With Numerous Illustrations (by Richard Heighway, NA). Hardbound. Chicago: The Rare Book Collectors Original Edition: Albert Whitman & Co. $23 from Alibris, June, '99. By my best count, this is the seventeenth version I have of Heighway and Jacobs' work. This is a simple and smaller book than many (4½" x 6¾"). It acknowledges neither Jacobs nor Heighway, but it does have "J.J." as the signature under the preface. The illustrations come through find here. It offers the usual eighty-two fables on 198 pages. I do not know what the series "The Rare Book Collectors Original Edition" implies. It has a simple red cover and belonged to the Elkton School in the Beaver Local School District. 1920? The Fables of Aesop with 75 Illustrations (Cover: Aesop's Fables Profusely Illustrated). Texts by J.B. Rundell, not acknowledged. Illustrations from Percy Billinghurst, not acknowledged. Hardbound. Chicago: Homewood Publishing Co. $5 from Mary Bee, South Colby, WA, through Ebay, May, '99. I am proud and delighted that I was able to find two parallels for this strange book. In fact, it uses the same plates as an edition by W.B. Conkey that I have also assigned to "1920?" The cover of that book featured a strange paste-on illustration of "The Fox and the Goat." This edition by Homewood features FK on its cover in three colors on cloth-covered boards. The front cover is loose. I will repeat several comments from there: A fascinating melange in a cheap book for kids. The seventy-five illustrations are stolen from Billinghurst. The top of the T of C page (5) is stolen from Heighway. The tellings seem mostly from the familiar "JBR" version. In fact, this book follows the pattern set by The Fables of Aesop (1900?) put out by Charles E. Graham & Co. 1920? The Fables of Aesop with 75 Illustrations (Cover: Aesop's Fables Profusely Illustrated). Texts by J.B. Rundell, not acknowledged. Illustrations from Percy Billinghurst, not acknowledged. Hardbound. Chicago: W.B. Conkey Company. $5 from Clare Leeper, July, '96. This book duplicates one I already have in the collection from Homewood Publishing Company. I will list this under the same date as that. In fact, this copy is in better condition than that one and includes the frontispiece of "The Fox and the Goat." That very picture shows up on the next nearest parallel to this book, Aesop's Fables published by Conkey, which I have also listed under "1920?" Like the Homewood edition, the present book features FK on its cover in three colors on cloth-covered boards. I will repeat several comments from there: This is a fascinating melange in a cheap book for kids. The seventy-five illustrations are stolen from Billinghurst. The top of the T of C page (5) is stolen from Heighway. The tellings seem mostly from the familiar "JBR" version. In fact, all these books follow the pattern set by The Fables of Aesop (1900?) put out by Charles E. Graham & Co. 1920? The Fables of Phaedrus Literally Translated with Notes. Henry Thomas Riley. Hardbound. Reading, PA: Handy Literal Translations: Handy Book Company. $9.99 from Greg Noll, Montgomeryville, PA, through eBay, Jan., '12. This "trot" or literal translation is one of ninety in the series "Handy Literal Translations," listed on the obverse of the title-page. Riley did the translation in the Bohn edition of 1853 putting Phaedrus together with Terence, perhaps because they both made for good school learning and translating. This book has identifying materials from Our Lady of Angels, Glen Riddle, PA and Neumann College Library. Someone gave it a helpful library call number. A little research showed me that Our Lady of Angels College, founded in 1965, became Neumann College in 1980 and Neumann University in 2009. There are sixty-nine pages here and nothing but texts, not even a T of C. It is indeed a handy book! 1920? The Fox and the Stork. Hardbound. London: Shaw's Sunshine Series: John F. Shaw & Company. £.99 from Nicky Stell, Wiltshire, GB, through eBay, June, '04. The cover adds an explanatory phrase to the title: Stories from Aesop. The book was apparently once given to Jean Blakeley from Zion Methodist Sunday School in Bradford. There are twenty fables reproduced on very heavy paper, almost cardboard stock. They have a variety of black-and-white illustrations, several of which has received some coloring. Some of the larger illustrations are signed "Sexton." The fox leaping for the grapes has a human pose. The hare in one illustration for TH has an almost human torso. There is a colored frontispiece of "The Jackdaw and the Peacocks." The front and back covers show, respectively, the two scenes of FS. If one puts together two of the illustrations within FS and the one on the front cover, there are actually three different kinds of vase pictured! Here is a book I would have expected to run into by now, but better late than never. The texts are chatty and a bit over-extended. The field mice deliberately run over the lion, thinking that he will not mind. The narrator praises the fox for calling the grapes sour at the end of FG. 1920? The Fox and the Wolf: Stories from Aesop. Illustrations by Ethel Tanner and "S". Hardbound. London: John F. Shaw & Co., Ltd. £11.99 from Chrislands.com through World of Rare Books, June, '14. The covers of this typical early twentieth-century British children's fable book are pictorial boards, and both are well done. On the front, the fox runs from the well where, presumably, he has left the wolf; on the back, the fox is on tiptoes trying to reach the grapes. The colored frontispiece of WC is by Ethel Tanner; it is becoming detached from the block. There are black-and-white illustrations on the right-hand pages at regular four-page intervals, ranging from partial to full-page. Most are signed "S," but there seems to be no other indication of who that person might be. Several of these illustrations are unusually well done. Notice in particular FG, CJ, "The Stag in the Oxstall," DS, "The Fox and the Mask," and "The Wolf and the Sheep." That last story is also well told. There are no page numbers, T of C or AI. The title-fable appears first and helps, with its illustration, to make sense of the front cover's picture. I would rate this fragile book as a very lucky find! 1920? Un Petit Bréviaire de la Sagesse: Fables de la Fontaine. Illustrations d'André Warnod. Small pamphlet. Paris: Petits Livres d'Heures: Eugène Figuière & Cie. 50 Francs from Librairie Picard, Paris, August, '99. The excellent small illustrations caught my eye in this lovely little book, starting with the detail of GA on the cover: a dog faces a cold young woman with long blond hair and a guitar strung over her back. The fuller version faces 32 near the end of the booklet. MM faces 9. Is that "L'Hirondelle et les petites Oiseaux" facing 16? (I had thought it might be "The Mosquito and the Coach"). There are thirteen texts here, and MM is not one of them! Nor is "The Mosquito and the Coach." There are advertisements at the back. The booklet came with three others in the series, on "le bonheur," "le patriotisme," and "la gourmandise." The first of these, written by Figuière himself and embellished with nice art, lists a catalogue of eleven books in this series. 1920?/25? The Children's Wonder Book. Edited by John R. Crossland and J.M. Parrish. Illustrations by Harry Rountree et al. Hardbound. Dust jacket. Printed in Great Britain. Pageant of Knowledge Series. London/Glasgow: Collins Clear Type Press. $40 from Bibelots and Books, Seattle, July, '00. This is another edition of a book I have listed under "1920?" I presume that it is a later edition that has added the new material on 417-512. It has the same cover and endpapers. It adds a dust jacket, frontispiece, and title-page, as well as pages 415-16, all of which are missing in the other copy. This copy also has the colored illustration of TH on 352 missing in the other copy. As I mention there, 325-334 contain fourteen fables, ten of them illustrated by Rountree with somewhat indistinct black-and-white designs. The best of the black-and-white illustrations here are the pair for TMCM on 330-1. I still wonder if that is a wolf with the lamb on 329. People good with numbers will notice that this copy cost me fifteen times as much as that other copy! I am happy to have a better exemplar with which to illustrate this book's family, if not the book itself. 1921 Aesop A Thainig Go h-Eirinn Cnuasach A II. Peadar Ua Laoghaire. Paperbound. The Irish Book Company. €25 from Dublin Bookbrowsers, April, '11. I found this book at the same time that I found a book that is probably contemporary from a different publisher but also presenting fables in Gaelic. I have that other book, Aesop A Thainig Go h-Eirinn, also by Peadar Ua Laoghaire, listed under "1920?" That was a book of texts and illustrations, entirely in Gaelic. This is more of a pedagogical book. It uses English to identify not only the publisher but to identify each of the forty-four fables in the notes (65-92). It adds a Gaelic-to-English dictionary on 93-114. I am of course curious about that short addition that expands that other title here: "Cnuasach A II." Since there is no T of C, a reader without Gaelic will have to use the notes to identify which forty-four fables are presented here. 1921 Aesop's Fables Translated and with Full Notes. Sixth edition. Paperbound. Shanghai: Commercial Press, Limited. $34 from Nanhai #1 through eBay, June, '10. Here is a softbound reader with lots of explanations right after each paragraph -- and even each sentence -- of a fable. There are 126 fables on 326 pages. The whole book is deteriorating. There is a T of C at the beginning. Now this is an unusual treasure! I am amazed to have found this book! 1921 Aldine Speller. Revised Edition. Part Two: For Grades Three and Four. Catherine T. Bryce, Frank J. Sherman, and Arthur W. Kallom. NY: Newson and Co. $4 at Old Books and Curiosities, Bay St. Louis, MS, August, '96. This speller has five fables in its third-grade portion and three in its fourth-grade portion. They are CP (13), "The Fox and the Lion" (14), GGE (17), "The Fly on the Cart Wheel" (38), and "The Hunter and the Lion" (39) in the first half. In the second half there are these: "The Fox and the Wolf" (52), "The Eagle and the Arrow" (65), and OR (71). There is no T of C or AI. This book does not seem to borrow from the Aldine First Language Book (1913) meant for the same grades; where they use the same fable, they use at least slightly different texts. No fable illustrations. The book is in excellent condition. 1921 An Argosy of Fables. A Representative Selection From the Fable Literature of Every Age and Land. Selected and Edited by Frederic Taber Cooper. Illustrations in Color by Paul Bransom. First edition. NY: Frederick A. Stokes Company. Gift of Linda Schlafer from Shaw's Books, Grosse Pointe Park, at DePaul Book Fair, March, '93. A magnificent book. An impressive array of fables divided carefully according to source into four books, each with multiple parts. By comparison with its counterpart, The Book of Fables (1921), this edition has some 200 more pages covering modern fables. For the first 275 pages of text, this book uses the same plates as that but has bigger margins. This copy is in very good condition. The twenty-four colored illustrations are excellent. Their sharpness here helps to give them much more life and expression than they have in copies. The best of them are FM (8), "The Eagle and the Turtle" (59), "The Hare and the Hound" (102), and "The Kite and the Pigeons" (138). Originally sold at Hudson's in Detroit. 1921 An Argosy of Fables. A Representative Selection From the Fable Literature of Every Age and Land. Selected and Edited by Frederic Taber Cooper. With Twenty-four Illustrations in Color by Paul Bransom. Formerly in the Omaha Public Library Reference Room. NY: Frederick A. Stokes Company. $40 from Bluestem, Lincoln, May, '95. Extra with two of the tipped-in illustrations removed from their heavier page mounts, inscribed in 1921, for $20 from Richard Barnes, Evanston, Oct., '94. This edition is the next step up from the classy edition from Shaw's Books. Here are the points of contrast: This edition has a black cover with gold and red inlay. The excellent illustrations (except the missing FM and "The Kite and the Pigeons" ) are tipped in on heavy paper. The title page has a colored illustration of Zeus. There is a list of illustrations after xxiv; this list helped me to locate an illustration in the Shaw's Books edition that I had not been able to find, and I suspected that there were twenty-four there. The text and its pagination here are exactly the same as there. See my comments there. I keep both copies in the collection because the Omaha copy is somewhat worn, and the glue mounting its illustrations sometimes mars the facing pages. 1921 An Argosy of Fables. A Representative Selection From the Fable Literature of Every Age and Land. Selected and Edited by Frederic Taber Cooper. With Twenty-four Illustrations in Color by Paul Bransom. Large paper edition. Signed by Bransom. #140 of 365. NY: Frederick A. Stokes Company. $175 from Richard Barnes, Evanston, Oct., '94. The fanciest of the four related editions I have of this book, this magnificent book has a red spine and a white cover with gold inlay. Its pages are gilt on top, and its end-papers colored. The pages are larger and the paper finer than those in the other Barnes and in the Shaw editions. I was lucky to find this beautiful book sitting forgotten in Mr. Barnes' basement. 1921 Children's Literature. Charles Madison Curry and Erle Elsworth Clippinger. Hardbound. Chicago: Rand McNally. See 1920/21. 1921 Eton Fables. By Cyril Alington. Hardbound. London: Longmans, Green and Co. £ 3 from Eastgate Bookshop, Beverly, Yorkshire, England, August, '01. These are fourteen talks given apparently starting in 1917 to the students at Eton. They are chapel talks, some closest I think to what we might call exhortations and others really a form of parable. They often have an imaginative character. The author, a former headmaster at Eton, will describe himself as dreaming or as hearing the founder (King Henry VI) speaking. Perhaps the closest to a fable is "The Two Palaces" (52) about two servants who, commanded to build the king a palace, take alternative approaches. The first builds himself a house and waits to learn what the king wants. The second has only a shack for himself but has started a magnificent palace for the king. At their best, these sermons work from a good metaphor or image. At their worst, they labor a bit. 1921 Fabelbuch. Wilhelm Hey. Mit 31 Bildern (artist's initials seem to be "I.K."). Stuttgart: Loewes Verlag Ferdinand Carl. $3 at Vassar Book Sale, DC, May, '92. A check of the first half of the thirty-one fables in this unpaginated, sideways book confirms that all are in the 1836 Opera-Verlag edition illustrated by Otto Speckter. The illustrations here are simpler: sometimes more charming (there is, e.g., a good snowman about halfway through), often a bit awkward. Hey's single-character approach to fable is not my cup of tea. His offerings are very regular: two six-line strophes with "aa bb cc" rhyme. This book represents a wonderful find in the chaos of the Vassar sale! 1921 Fables and Tales from Africa. Adapted by Eliot Kays Stone. Pamphlet. Instructor Literature Series--No. 320. Dansville, NY: F.A. Owen. $3.25 from Mary Kleinahns, Smethport, PA, through Ebay, Sept., '99. Here is an earlier printing of a booklet I have already listed under "1921." I presume that it is earlier because it does not advertise some items that are advertised on the back cover of the other edition (e.g., #316 and double numbers). Interiorly they seem to me identical. Let me add comments on a few things missed when I reported on that volume. Surprisingly, I cannot find it on the lists of readers recommended for each grade on the inside and back covers of either booklet. There are some attractive materials here. "The Cunning Cock" (3) might be subtitled "How the White Man Prays." It is the Chanticleer story about closing one's eyes while a jackal is nearby. The jackal is the trickster in this booklet. In "The Frog's Horse" (22), the frog's "horse" is an elephant. "The Trumpeter" (26) has a great moral: "In a combat between liars, the greater one always wins." It turns out that a caterpillar had frightened the likes of the rhinoceros and the elephant. 1921 Fables and Tales from Africa. Adapted by Eliot Kays Stone. Instructor Literature Series. Dansville, NY: F.A. Owen Publishing Company. $2 from Ed and Dorothy Chesko, Old Delavan Book Co., Nov., '95. A pamphlet containing twelve stories for first graders. The Instructor Literature Series contains 306 volumes! The original price was $.07 or less. The fables are again told very simply, as they were in the other booklets in this series, Eleven Fables from Aesop (1906) and More Fables from Aesop (1905). Unlike them, this booklet has no illustrations. "The Cunning Cock" (3) is a Chanticleer-like story. "The Lion and the Baboon" (4) has a nice trick and a surprise ending. In "The Dove, the Jackal, and the Heron" (6), there is an Aesopic element: the jackal recognizes that someone has given the dove a new perspective, since the dove no longer sacrifices her children to the jackal. This story adds an etiological explanation of how the heron's neck got bent. There is another traditional fable trick in "The Leopard, the Jackal, and the Ram" (9): the ram says to the arriving jackal "Friend Jackal, you have done well. You have brought us the Leopard to eat." "The Wise Jackal" (19) is a slightly different version of the traditional tale of getting the attacker (here a snake) back into his original captivity (here pinned under a stone). "The Frog's Horse" (22) is an Uncle Remus and African tale. "The Lion, the Jackal, and the Hyena" (24) is the Aesopic "sick lion" fable, with the wolf and fox using the lion's illness to attack and even destroy each other. "The Trumpeter" (26) is too long for a fable but very nice. 1921 Fables Chinoises du IIIe au VIIIe Siècle de Notre Ère. Traduites par Édouard Chavannes, Versifiées par Mme. Édouard Chavannes. Ornées de 46 Dessins par Andrée Karpelès. Paperbound. Paris: Éditions Bossard. $22.45 from La Poussiere du Temps, Paris, through abe, April, '06. Extra copy with some uncut pages for €22.87 from Librairie "Ici Aussi" through abe, May, '04 Here is a small-format (5" x 6½") paperback book containing eighteen stories, two tables, and a T of C. The tables give first the date of the translation of these fables from Sanscrit into Chinese and next the correspondence between these stories and those published by Chavanne in a larger volume of stories. The title adds as description of the fables offered here "d'origine hindoue." They are indeed stories of the Buddha. Might they all be Jatakas of some sort? An example may be the fifth story (38), in which the Buddha helps an old mother of a deceased only son to accept the fact that we all face death. She gets a sense of our common impermanence. A few fables later (52), a goose carrying a turtle to water opens her mouth to say something sage--and of course drops the turtle to the ground, where humans pick it up and eat it. On 76 is the familiar story of the hare who throws himself into the fire in order to nourish another. The woodcuts range from small printer's designs to full-page illustrations. I find them rather simple and predictable. Notice the swastika that shows up as a small design on 93. A curiosity of the cover (but not of the title-page) is that the name of Edouard Chavannes is spelled without an accent on the beginning "E" while his wife's name includes the accent on the same word. On the title-page, it is accented for both. 1921 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 4 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/21/24/26/29. 1921 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 7 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/21/22/23/24/25/26. 1921 John Martin's Book: The Child's Magazine. Volume XXIV, Number 2: Aug., 1921. $2.50 from Phyllis Tholin Books, UWM Bookfair, April, '88. The first piece in this magazine is LM, illustrated by George Carlson. Both (prose) text and illustrations differ completely from the rendition in Aesop's Fables in Rhyme for Little Philosophers and John Martin's Big Book (#7), so there are three different renditions of the same fable by the same author/publisher. 1921 John Martin's Book: The Child's Magazine. Volume XXIV, Number 4: Oct., 1921. $2.50 from Phyllis Tholin Books, UWM Bookfair, April, '88. The first piece in this magazine is DS, illustrated by George Carlson. The text is in prose. Both the text and illustrations differ completely from the rendition in Aesop's Fables in Rhyme for Little Philosophers. I would say that they are less fun here. 1921 Les Plus Belles Fables de La Fontaine. Avec 38 figures en silhouettes découpées par Félicien Philippe. Lausanne: Éditions Spes. $60 from Gilann Books, Darien, CT, at Rosslyn Book Fair, March, '92. A beautiful book presenting a great moment in the Scheerenschnitte tradition. Twenty fables, with most getting one large and one or two smaller illustrations. The best of the silhouettes: LaFontaine himself (5), TB (31), "The Oyster and the Litigants" (45), and "The Acorn and the Pumpkin" (47). A selection of the silhouettes is nicely repeated on the endpapers. This may be the only Swiss book in my collection. 1921 Mischle Schualim: Die Fuchsfabeln des Berekhja Ben Natronaj. Nach der ersten Ausgabe herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Lazarus Goldschmidt. Mit Holzschnitten von Leo Michelson. Einmalige Ausgabe in 750 Exemplaren. Hardbound. Berlin: Erich Reiss Verlag. $100 from Meir Biezunski, Haifa, Israel, through eBay, Feb., '04. Bodemann #406.1. T of C on XIII shows the one-hundred-and-seven fables with rhyming German morals. In fact, it is a strange experience to read the title-page, Einleitung, and this T of C from the left-hand, as we do typically with Western books, and then to find that the rest of the book reads in the opposite direction through its 121 pages of "jiddischer Reimprosa," as Bodemann calls it. Berekhja Ben Natronaj (sometimes known as Berechiah ha-Nakdan) lived sometime before the first half of the thirteenth century, perhaps in the Provence. Goldschmidt's introduction seems to indicate that this collection and Marie de France's overlap considerably in their material, so that there are good questions of which collection may have come from the other. Goldschmidt finds this author emphasizing the entertaining as well as the instructing function of his fable collection. Michelson's thirty-one woodcuts vary somewhat in size from 3" x 4" to 4" x 6". As Bodemann writes, they are medieval in style and technique. Among them I am most impressed by "Der Affe und der Panther," which I take to be the Aesopic fable of the monkey that is mother of twins (112). Strong illustrations include WL (13), "Der Esel und der Hund" (14), "Das Reh und die Hunde" (80), "Der Fuchs und die Katze" (99), and "Der Fuchs und die Fische" (106). I feel privileged to have one of the seven-hundred-and-fifty copies of this book in the collection! 1921 Oral and Written English: Primary Book. Milton C. Potter et al. Boston: Ginn and Company. $2 at Pageturners, Nov., '89. This classroom book uses four fables to teach lessons from storytelling to paragraph organization: GA (15), "Two Goats" (168), "Trying to Please Everybody" (208), and SW (221). There are two pages of colored pictures of MSA after 206. All the grasshoppers die in winter except one. Pages 29-30 and the last page of the index are missing. 1921 Oral and Written English: Primary Book: Part Two. Milton C. Potter et al. Boston: Ginn and Company. $4 at Librairie, New Orleans, Dec., '92. This classroom book, equivalent to and paginated the same as the second part of a book acquired earlier from the same year and publisher, uses three fables to teach lessons from storytelling to paragraph organization: "Two Goats" (168), "Trying to Please Everybody" (208), and SW (221). There are two pages of colored pictures of MSA after 206. The index at the end is adjusted to remove references to Part One. 1921 The Book of Fables. A Representative Selection From Fable Literature. Inside pre-title: An Argosy of Fables. Selected and Edited by Frederic Taber Cooper. Illustrations by Paul Bransom. NY: Hampton Publishing Co. $45 at The Bookstall, San Francisco, Dec., '90. Extra copy for $19 from St. Croix, Stillwater, March, '94. Apparently a scarce book, since prices for it are always high. An impressive array of fables divided carefully according to source into two books, each with four parts. The Bookstall copy is in very good condition. The six colored illustrations (no black-and-white) are disappointing: like Detmold's, they are sometimes more impressive and grandiose than expressive and insightful; some also suffer from inexact color printing. The best of them, besides the cover's "Eagle and Turtle," are WL (26), FS (95), and "The Kite and the Pigeons" (138). Others include LM (frontispiece), CP (171), and "The Camel and the Mouse" (234). 1921 The Herford Aesop: Fifty Fables in Verse. Oliver Herford. Illustrated by the author. Preface by C.H. Thurber. Dust jacket. Boston: LeRoy Phillips, Publisher/Boston: Ginn and Co: Athenaeum Press. Originally sold by Brentano's in NY. 27.50 Guilders at Straat in Amsterdam, Dec., '88; second copy with better cut pages but without dust jacket for $5 in Goodspeed's basement, Dec., '89. The verse seems good. Several of the illustrations catch hold of the reader: the exploding frog (19), the lion having eaten a man (21), and the crane with a "bill" in his bill (81). 1921/21? Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Nora Fry. No editor acknowledged. Philadelphia: Washington Square: David McKay Company. $25 from Greg Williams, May, '96. Extra copy for $8 at Bonifant Books, Wheaton, MD, Oct., '91. I had seen too many reproductions of Fry's work. This early (first?) edition, sitting on the shelf at Bonifant, shows how good her work is in color and black-and-white. The latter offer their own witty commentary on the story, as when Cupid weeps over the cut rose of the lion's love (19). There should be eight full-page colored illustrations in all. From the good copy, the last (FG, 127) is missing; from the extra copy "The Tortoise and the Eagle" (75) is missing, and "King Stork" (58) is loose and damaged. "The Ass and his Master" (24) is the best of the colored pieces, I believe. T of C at the end. The book has a red cover with a paper paste-down repeating the illustration of FG; in fact this illustration is remarkable because it features a ladder. 1921/24/27 Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Nora Fry. No editor acknowledged. London: George G. Harrap and Co. $13 at P.J. Hilton, Cecil Court, London, July, '92. Most similar in items like cover and title page to my Coker edition (1930) of Fry's work. This edition at last gives me a date with which to anchor the first edition of this book. Unfortunately three of the eight colored illustrations are missing here, and two of the others are loose (the vain jackdaw for one and the tortoise and the eagle for another). Some staining. The black-and-white illustrations are frequently very sharp here. 1921/27/30 Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Nora Fry. No editor acknowledged. London: J. Coker and Co. $37.50 from Yoffees, April, '92. A beautifully preserved book. A quick check suggests that the colored illustrations here are not quite as sharp as those in my McKay edition. See my comments there on the art. This edition does have "The Tortoise and the Eagle" at 76/77. 1921/31 Fables de La Fontaine. Illustrations de Félix Lorioux. Cloth spine. Paris: Librairie Hachette. $19.99 from Barbara McManus, Hastings-on-Hudson, NY, through Ebay, June, '00. The last page signals that this is the 1931 printing of Lorioux' work, which originally appeared in 1921. See my comments on the original edition, also by Hachette, under "1921?" This edition changes the cover to offer a full-page illustration of La Fontaine reading with children. The first signature or so is loose, the first page is torn, 3-8 are missing, and the back end-paper is missing. Between these problem areas the book is in reasonable condition. The Lorioux illustrations remain thrilling! 1921/32 Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Edwin Noble. No editor acknowledged. October, 1932 reprinting. £10 from an unknown source in England, July, '98. Extra copy of the March, 1932 reprinting, inscribed in 1932, for $12.50 from Green Apple, August, '94. A treasure I am glad finally to have. Noble illustrated Vredenburg's fables (1920?) in a different style; frankly I prefer those illustrations to these. The six colored illustrations (in one-third and two-third page segments) are in a "block" style with large masses of color and simple forms; the best are DS and DLS. The copious black-and-white engravings here seem to come from Tenniel; "The Mice in Council" is particularly good. There are no page numbers. The cover (unsigned, in a different style) does not seem to be from Noble. The cock faces not one pearl but a string of them! AI at the back. 1921/34 Eton Fables. By Cyril Alington. New impression. Hardbound. Dust jacket. Printed in Great Britain. London: Longmans, Green and Co. £3 from Eastgate Bookshop, Beverly, Yorkshire, England, August, '01. See my comments on the first edition, bought at the same time and in the same bookstore. Other than the addition of "New impression" and the stipulation that it was printed in England, I do not think that the seventeen years brought any changes. 1921/88 Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Nora Fry. Edited by Lois Hill. No translator acknowledged. Stamford, CT: Longmeadow Press: Dilithium Press. $9.95, Dec., '88. A pleasing nostalgic edition. Probably a good source for morals (e.g., "The creaking wheel gets the oil"). Good black-and-white illustrations of two mice (5) and of the thief and his mother (79). Good colored illustrations of the ass and its master (13) and the tortoise and the eagle (77). Some black-and-white decorations are ineptly repeated. AI on v. 1921/92 Fables. Jean de la Fontaine. Illustrations de Félix Lorioux. Paris: Hachette Jeunesse. 100 Francs at FNAC, Metz, Sept., '92: purchased by Wendy Wright. A beautiful book, with about a dozen illustrations each for six fables: "Le Rat de ville et le Rat des champs," "Le Renard et la Cigogne," "La Cigale et la Fourmi," "Le Loup et l'Agneau," "Le Corbeau et le Renard," and "Le Héron." The full LaFontaine text comes out a few lines at a time. I had loved the few illustrations that Whitman's Fontaine's Fables does in color. I love this book even more because it does them all in color. A lovely facsimile that Hachette did from one of the books in its own archives. 1921? Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Nora Fry. Hardbound. Printed in Great Britain. London: J. Coker & Co. Ltd. £24 from Rose's, Hay-on-Wye, July, '98. Compare with my Coker edition of 1921/30. This has sharper illustrations. Here there is nothing on the back of the title-page where that has a history of printings. Might this be a first edition? The only item against its chances as a first is a 1951 inscription. The cover is a delightful set of diamonds with colored illustrations of fable characters inside. This is a very nice book! 1921? Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Edwin Noble. No editor acknowledged. Hardbound. Printed in Great Britain. London: George G. Harrap & Company Ltd. £15 from Stella Books, Monmouthshire, Dec., '98. This book is closest to the Crowell edition I have listed under 1921?/1925?. Like it, this copy has illustrations of TH (22) and FS (84). Contrast with the British Coker edition (1921/33), which lacks those two illustrations. Check my notes in those two places. This copy has pencilling on the upper half of the TH illustration on 22. As in the Crowell edition, the colors are lively here, and all the illustrations except the frontispiece are on the right-hand page. This edition also has, like the Crowell, page numbers and a T of C at the back. Finally, it has the Crowell edition's cover illustration, developed from Noble's illustration of FS. A lovely book without dates: might it be a first edition? 1921? Fables de La Fontaine. Illustrations de Félix Lorioux. Paris: Librairie Hachette. £30 at Great Russell Hotel Book Fair, London, May, '97. Bodemann describes the book very well (#409) and lists it as "ca. 1921." I find no date indicated in this book, but I have no doubt that this is the first edition of a book I have loved for a long time, first through Whitman's Fontaine's Fables (1934) and then through Hachette's reprint in 1992. See my comments there. The illustrations in this edition are slightly larger than in the 1992 edition. They have a dull finish that seems to me better than the 1992 edition's glossy finish. Some of the best illustrations in a book full of beautiful work: the anthill with its beautiful colors (6), the ant at work in a scene that is used recently for the cover of a French pocketbook La Fontaine (10), the face of the cheese-mouthing crow in a rich variety of hues (14), and several title-pages, including TMCM (25), WL (37), and "The Heron" (61). The spine is weak internally, and the pages are loose; it is also split and taped externally. A wonderful surprise find! 1921? Fables de La Fontaine. Illustrations Félix Lorioux. Hardbound. Paris: Hachette. $18 from Antiques on the Square, Marietta, GA, through eBay, August, '11. I already have an edition of this lovely book that I think is a first edition, but it differs from this one in its cover and last page. This cover has a strip of gold background over the top quarter featuring the title. Superimposed on this gold strip and the tan lower three-quarters is a lively picture of the wig-wearing La Fontaine reading a large copy of his book to two children, who are perched on his arms. The other book, purchased at the Great Russell Hotel Book Fair in 1997, has the same picture within a flecked tan frame. Where that copy's last page declares simply "Imp. E. Desfossés," this copy has four lines: "Imprimé en France/Brodard et Taupin/Paris - Coulommiers/334-3-1491." I suspect that this, rather than that, is the derivative edition. It has a weak spine and has crayon scribblings on the upper left front cover and on 16-17, 25, 33, and 50-51. Still, it is a spectacular book! I am so glad that that little artist did not deface more of these lovely pages! 1921?/25? Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Edwin Noble. No editor acknowledged. Second Edition. NY: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. $24 at Midway, St. Paul, Nov., '92. Apparently the American version of the British Coker edition (1921/33). Check my notes there. This edition adds two illustrations: TH (22) and FS (84). The pictures are done here on better, thicker paper; their colors are much livelier. They are differently placed in the text. All illustrations here except the frontispiece are on the right page. This edition adds page numbers and a T of C at the back. It has a stronger cover illustration, developed from Noble's illustration of FS. The color here makes it even easier to like Noble. 1921?/1929 Fables de La Fontaine. Illustrations Félix Lorioux. Hardbound. Paris: Hachette. $25 from Hoboken Books, Jan., '98. This is a 1929 reprint of a book whose original I have listed under "1921?"; Bodemann describes that original very well (#409) and lists it as "ca. 1921." This copy, owned by the Newark Free Public Library, has a date of 1929 on its last page, 72. This copy has a library binding and cover, monochrome brownish red, by contrast with the original's pictorial cover featuring a wigged La Fontaine with writing quill in hand, an open book of fables, and two children reading with him. This book has numerous tears and tape repairs, and one page with a portion missing (37). It has known considerable use! But, oh, those Lorioux illustrations are glorious! The book dealer reported it lost for several months after I ordered it--and then was nice enough to call when he found it again. I will include some of my comments on the original. I have loved this work for a long time, first through Whitman's "Fontaine's Fables" (1934) and then through Hachette's reprint in 1992. See my comments there. The illustrations in this edition are slightly larger than in the 1992 edition. They have a dull finish that seems to me better than the 1992 edition's glossy finish. Some of the best illustrations in a book full of beautiful work: the anthill with its beautiful colors (6), the ant at work in a scene that is used recently for the cover of a French pocketbook La Fontaine (10), the face of the cheese-mouthing crow in a rich variety of hues (14), and several title-pages, including TMCM (25), WL (37), and "The Heron" (61). 1921?/29 Fables de La Fontaine. Illustrations by Félix Lorioux. Hardbound. Paris: Hachette. $24.99 from Mary Beyer, Mt. Arlington, NJ, through eBay, July, '11. I already have a copy of this 1929 printing of Lorioux's great work, formerly owned by the Newark Free Public Library, from Hoboken Books in 1998, and in fact I paid then one cent more than I just paid for this edition! I find the two copies identical except that the Newark copy has a library cover and binding, while this copy has the typical canvas binding and the lively picture on its cover of wig-wearing La Fontaine reading from a large volume with two children perched on his arms. This canvas-bound copy lacks the usual pre-title-page and the title-page; that is, it starts promptly with the title-page for GA (1). Pages 25-26 and 31-32 are lacking. For endpapers, it uses the FC design regular in other editions, as the Newark library-bound copy does not. As I wrote there, I find the Lorioux illustrations glorious! I have loved this work for a long time, first through Whitman's "Fontaine's Fables" (1934) and then through Hachette's reprint in 1992. Some of the best illustrations in a book full of beautiful work: the ant at work in a scene that is used recently for the cover of a French pocketbook La Fontaine (10), the face of the cheese-mouthing crow in a rich variety of hues (14), and several title-pages, including TMCM (25), WL (37), and "The Heron" (61). 1922 - 1923 1922 A Critical Fable. No author acknowledged. Boston and NY: Houghton Mifflin. $1 at McIntyre & Moore, April, '89. A strange little paperbound book with a quaint colored picture of "Hermes and the Sculptor" on its cover. Its one hundred pages seem to review poets in entertaining fashion, but I will admit that I did not get past 10. There is an amusing title page in an older style. 1922 A Hundred Fables of Aesop. From the English version of Sir Roger L'Estrange with pictures by Percy J. Billinghurst and an introduction by Kenneth Grahame. London: John Lane the Bodley Head. See 1898/1922. 1922 Biisha Ya Poto; Cover: Bembila Ya Nyama Ya Poto (Selected Aesop's Fables in Ekele). (Translated by W.M. [William Millman]). Paperbound. Yakusu, Haut Congo Belge: Baptist Missionary Society. £40 from Clive Farahar, Calne, Wiltshire, UK, June, '08. I have heard of unusual finds like this before. I tried for one at an auction in San Francisco a couple of years ago. I am delighted to get hold of this little booklet of 28 pages. As the Farahar description points out, that page total is a bit problematic, since the T of C inside the front cover lists items on pages 29, 30, 31, and 32. The only language I can understand in this book are the publisher and place words printed on the title-page and some additional handwriting on the title-page. That handwriting reads "Selected Aesops Fables in Ekele Translated by W.M. 1st edition 2,000." I presume that the 2000 refers to the number of copies printed. Stitched binding. I would describe the cover as something close to oilcloth. I am not even sure what language is here! 1922 Child Classics: The Second Reader. By Georgia Alexander. With pictures by Alice Barber Stephens, Sarah Stillwell Weber, and Sarah K. Smith. Hardbound. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. See 1909/22. 1922 Fables de La Fontaine. Avec Images de André Hellé. Nancy: Berger-Levrault. $25 at Midway Books, St. Paul, March, '88. A real treasure. The beautiful watercolors are in great shape and show lovely taste and imagination. It is hard to pick favorites: the guitar-carrying grasshopper, the fox looking up at the crow, the fox and the crane, the heir with a valuable manuscript, or the borrowed plumes. A pure visual delight! 1922 Fábulas y Cuentos en Verso. Seleccion Hecha por Maria Goyri de Menendez Pidal. Dibujos de Fernando Marco. Paperbound. Madrid: Biblioteca Literaria del Estudiante 1: Instituto - Escuela: Junta para Ampliación de Estudios. $14 from Christian Tottino, Buenos Aires, through eBay, Oct., '14. I count some 33 fabulists represented in this fragile anthology of 210 pages. The largest contributors include the expected, Samaniego and Iriarte, and the unexpected, Hartzenbusch, Calderón de la Barca and Lope de Vega. A special feature of the book is the designs of Fernando Marco. They start with the front cover where the cat teaches a class of mice. One finds next a mouse fleeing on the page across from the title-page. I would say: the artist is out to surprise us and offer us some fun! The first fabulist here is Rafael Pombo, and his traditional "Lobster and Daughter" receives a nice, slightly off-center design of two lobsters (3). My eye was drawn immediately to the full-page illustration of Campoamor's "El concierto de los animales" on 13, where a crocodile is making great music on the harp! One notices for sure the name of Menendez-Pidal, an illustrious philologist and historian. This seems to be the first in a series of books for students. One wonders if the series was able to be sustained. I happened to notice Hartzenbusch's "Las Espigas" (31). This is a strong short poem, perhaps not a fable, but a telling image. Ears of wheat with fruit bow down; the empty stand straight. The wise man carries himself modestly, while the stupid exalts himself. That paraphrase just took me more words than Hartzenbusch uses! 1922 Fontaine's Fables, With Which Are Included Aesop's Fables. Adapted by Edwin Gile Rich. Illustrations (not acknowledged) by T.C. Derrick. Boston: Small, Maynard & Company. $12.75 from David Morrison, Portland, March, '96. This book has some fascinating features among its forty-three fables from LaFontaine (through 75) and its fifty-four from Aesop. There is never more than one fable to a page. The LaFontaine portion seems to me to represent LaFontaine faithfully in English prose; the Aesopic texts seem to represent the tradition without any clear errors. The plates are from T.C. Derrick, but he is nowhere acknowledged; several of the illustrations have his "1910 D" monogram. In a curious move, two of the illustrations are used for quite distinct fables. Thus the DLS there becomes an illustration here for "The Ass and the Mule." And the illustration there for GGE becomes here that for "The Birdcatcher, the Partridge, and the Cock." In both cases, some French text is removed from the original illustration. The break between authors comes on 78. There is a T of C at the beginning. 1922 Grasshopper Green and the Meadow-Mice. Written and illustrated by John Rae. Sunny Books. NY: Algonquin Publishing Co. $15 at Second Story Books, Rockville, MD, Jan., '11. Extra copy in poor condition for $2 at Book Nook, College Park, MD, Feb., '92. A delightful small-format book that picks up at the end of GA. In keeping with the philosophy of Sunny Books, which "leave out fear, mischief, and cruelty," the book is cheery, delightful, and upbeat. A family of meadow mice take Grasshopper Green in. He pays his keep with dancing lessons and even saves the children from Mouser by using magic pellets supplied by friendly fairies. It is all good fun, and I enjoy Rae's art thoroughly. The book even has one groaning pun in a sea story of "pie-rats." 1922 Grasshopper Green and the Meadow-Mice. Written and illustrated by John Rae. Sunny Books. Thirteenth edition. Chicago: Volland Publishing Co. $9 at Martha Merrell's Bookstore, Racine, Oct., '94. Almost identical with the Algonquin edition of the same year. This book adds a different back end-paper stating the golden rule and displaying a mouse. It lacks the summary facing the title page there. It has several crayoned pages early. I cannot yet decipher the relationship between Algonquin and Volland. 1922 Greetings Christmas 1922. Kaufmann's. Cover illustration by Lentz. Paperbound. Kaufmann's. $14.94 from Nord Parkinson, Robesonia, PA, through eBay, Oct., '08. The book is written by Santa Claus for all the good boys and girls. It is published by "Kaufmann's, The Big Store." "Christmas, 1922" is at the base of the front cover, which features a picture of Santa with two children in front of the Christmas tree, surrounded by various gifts. Together they are reading a book of Mother Goose. After "Three Bears"; "Ding, Dong, Bell"; and "Little Red Riding-Hood" there are four unillustrated fables: FG, WS, "The Fox and the Lion," and "The Hares and the Lions." WS is mistitled "The North Wind and the Lion"! Someone was asleep at the switch! "Little Jack Horner," "Humpty-Dumpty," and verses by Robert Louis Stevenson follow. The latter part of the book features poetry on the alphabet and animals, "Mary's Lamb," "Ten Little Animals," "Christmas," and "Old Woman in a Shoe." Many of the selections feature full-color illustrations. In curious fashion, the alphabet is partly full-colored, and the animal poems are partly illustrated with monochrome illustrations and partly with black-and-white. This pamphlet is losing its cohesion. The fables as the middle page have already come loose. The fox in FG "turned away, beguiling herself of her disappointment.." The moral is "Out of reach is not worth having." WS is told in the better form. "The Hares and the Lions" has for a moral "Arguments backed by power are most convincing." The hares' argument that all should be equal received this reply from the lions: "Your words. O Hares! are good; but they lack both claws and teeth such as we have." The cover illustration is signed "Lentz." Here is a rare piece of ephemera! According to Wikipedia, "Kaufmann's was an iconic department store that originated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The store became a regional chain in the eastern United States, and was last owned by Federated Department Stores. At the height of its existence it had some 59 stores in 5 states." 1922 Jean de La Fontaine: Ouvrage Orné de Gravures. André Hallays. Ouvrage Orné de Gravures. Hardbound. Paris: Essais sur le XVIIe Siècle: Perrin & Cie, Librairies-Éditeurs. $17 from Schwabe Books, Simi Valley, CA, Sept., '10. There are only six chapters to this life of La Fontaine. The book may be shorter than it seems; though it is thick, it has only 295 pages, including six appendices, a list of illustrations, and a T of C. Those six chapters cover his infancy and youth; his time with Fouquet; Limousin and Mademoiselle de La Fontaine; "Psyché" and his friends Boileau, Racine, and Molière; the Duchess de Bouillon and Madame de La Sablière; and his old age and conversion. There seems not to be a particular section devoted to the fables. There are twenty-one helpful illustrations. A few pages are still uncut. Hallays seems to be best known for his writings on the various sections of France. 1922 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 6 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/22/23/24/32. 1922 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 7 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/21/22/23/24/25/26. 1922 La Fontaine: Fables. D'après l'édition de É. Gerusez par M.E. Thirion. 26th edition. Hardbound. Paris: Hachette. $4 from purpleaceofbass through eBay, Sept., '13. This Hachette edition came along as part of one lot with a valuable 1757 edition on eBay. The collection already has an apparently identical book, identified by Hachette as a 31st edition, from 1929. Here is a 26th edition from seven years earlier. As I wrote of that other edition, this may be the most compact full edition of La Fontaine's fables that I have. It contains all the fables and extensive notes in a book of 4" by 6". There are both an AI and a T of C at the back. This well-worn book is in fair to poor condition. 1922 More Jataka Tales. Re-told by Ellen C. Babbitt. With illustrations by Ellsworth Young. First edition? Hardbound. Printed in USA. NY: The Century Co. $10 from Thomas Joyce, Chicago, April, '97. Twenty-one fables, with a T of C before them. Again, I am taken first with the exquisite silhouettes. Notice the detail in the red-bud tree on 34, for example. Most of the stories are new to me. The fishes in "The Three Fishes" (8) are named as in the standard Kalila and Dimna story, but the story now has to do with one fish who saves two others from a net. "The Golden Goose" (21) presents a goose whose golden feathers turn white if they are plucked out against his wish. Furthermore, the new feathers that come in are not golden either. I like "The Cunning Wolf" (27). In it the wolf reveals a man playing dead by tugging at his weapon. "The Woodpecker and the Lion" (36) seems like a replay of WC. The spine is split internally. Tom Joyce got a charge out of adding this line to his listing of this book: "Not in Carlson!" 1922 Picture Tales from the Russian. Valery Carrick. Translated by Nevill Forbes. First Selection. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. $10 at Arkadyan, Dec., '90. Looks at first like a companion to More Russian Picture Tales (1914)--except that the Aesopic "The Dog and the Cock" (40 here) appears in both. An unusual 5" x 7" format with linen binding. The other eight tales and illustrations are delightful; "The Fox and the Lobster" may be the best known. The lobster grabs onto the fox's tail to arrive at the finish line as the fox does. "The Gold Egg" is not the Aesopic fable. 1922 Second Reader. By Walter Hervey and Melvin Hix. No illustrator acknowledged. The Horace Mann Readers. NY: Longmans, Green, and Co. See 1909/22. 1922 Still More Russian Picture Tales. By Valery Carrick. Translated by Nevill Forbes. NY: Frederick A. Stokes Company. See 1915/22/24. 1922 The Lincoln Readers: Third Reader. Isobel Davidson and Charles J. Anderson. Illustrated by Bernice Oehler. Hardbound. NY: The Lincoln Readers: Laurel Book Company. $20 from Burlington Antique Mall, Lincoln, NE, Jan., '13. It is somehow appropriate that I have found this Lincoln Reader in Lincoln, NE! This particular copy is marked on its title-page as a "sample copy taken from our regular stock, compliments of the Laurel Book Company." Laurel also had offices in Chicago and Philadelphia. This series as of this printing ran from third through sixth readers. The two authors are both from the Wisconsin Department of Instruction. "The Cat, the Monkey, and the Chestnuts" is listed as by Aesop (53). It features a fine initial "O" and a lovely two-colored tailpiece. This telling has several unusual features. The monkey compliments and even flatters the cat into trying to get chestnuts out of the fire. The latter burns her paw on the first chestnut and hops around the room in pain, but the monkey kisses her paw and coaxes her to try again. The collection of stories here is quite broad. It includes "How to Know Cotton from Wool"; "Earthworms at work"; "Soap-Making"; and "Storing Food in Pioneer Days." 1922 The Talking Beasts. Kate Douglas Wiggin and Nora Archibald Smith. Harold Nelson. Hardbound. Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Co. See 1911/1922. 1922 The Winston Companion Readers: Primer. By Ethel H. Maltby and Sidney G. Firman. Illustrated by Frederick Richardson. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company. $10 at Dog Eared Books, San Francisco, July, '13. A longer version of My Animal Story Book (1923). Among the six added stories is BC (91) with one good Richardson illustration. The version of the story has only two mice. Here, as in the later edition, are "The Fox and the Cheese" (47) and "The Rooster and the Grasshopper" (71). This good copy replaces an earlier poor copy. 1922 The Wisdom of the Beasts. By Charles Augustus Strong. 780 copies printed for the USA. Hardbound. Boston & NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. $65 from Pellbooks, Pelham, NY, through, Nov., '02. I am amazed now, almost two years later, that I paid so much money for this slim little volume. What we have here are ten philosophical fables. Strong says in his preface that he is saying here, in words that can be read on the go, the same thing that he has said in his serious books. T of C at the beginning. "The Bird and the Fish" (7) presents a headstrong bird who invents bad theories to explain the impact of wind upon the time and effort of his flight from steeple to stream. "Achilles and the Tortoise" finds the latter thanking Zeno for not allowing Achilles to catch up to him. A bullet and an eagle argue in deeply philosophical fashion over whether lines and points exist. The busy bee starts one fable by declaring "Time is honey" (41). An intelligent and skeptical young lamb argues with her practical mother over whether she can know that the grass is really green, and asks whether everything is not really one. "Do you not know that these things have been definitively threshed out by the Germans, and that it has been proved beyond question that things in themselves are unknowable and do not exist, and that the universe is One?" (60). The mother asks "One what?" and the daughter's reply is "one Lamb." 1922/30 Everyday Classics Second Reader. By Franklin T. Baker, Ashley H. Thorndike, and Mildred Batchelder. Illustrated by Maud and Miska Petersham. Twelfth reprinting. NY: The MacMillan Company. $7.20 from Book Ark, NY, April, '97. See 1917/25 for a third reader in the same series. Though the illustrators here are different from Pogany there, the illustrations are gems again. The book presents five fables, with one illustration for each: "The Wise Goat," FS, CP, BC, and (later in the book, on 122) AL. 1922/82 Grasshopper Green and the Meadow-Mice. Written and illustrated by John Rae. Paperbound facsimile by Merrimack Publishing Corporation, NY. $15 from Elaine Woodford, Haddonfield, NJ, Oct., '97. This seems closest to my 1922 Algonquin edition. It is in very good condition. The illustrations come out quite clearly here. See my comments there. 1922? Aesop's Fables. (FS on cover.) Illustrated by Harry Rountree. London and Glasgow: The Children's Press. £15 from June Clinton, May, '97. This is a beautiful, large-format edition with eight colored illustrations, particularly well rendered here. Fifty fables. This book represents the most comprehensive presentation I have of one group of Rountree's work; see my Ward, Lock (1924?) edition for the most comprehensive presentation of the other group. His illustrations here fill out their rectangles; there they frequently had a completely white background, with only a foreground figure to stand out. Many black-and-white designs and full-page illustrations; there are none in the other (1924?) group. One finds some of the less-than-full-page black-and-white illustrations in Children's Wonder Book (1920?) and The Mammoth Wonder Book for Children (1935). Do not miss the illustrations for "The Cat and the Mice" and "The Thief and His Mother." Also do not overlook the great MSA illustration under the last item in the T of C. The (prose) texts here seem generally from James, sometimes altered slightly. Not paginated. 1922? Aesop's Fables. (TH on cover.) Illustrated by Harry Rountree. Inscribed in '35. Glasgow: The Children's Press. $30 in trade from Linda Schlafer, who had it from Swiss Village in St. Louis, June, '93. This is one of two thinner editions that present portions of the above book. The pages here are like cardboard: thick and blottery. No T of C, index, or pagination. Thirty-three fables. Rountree's work is typically very lively. Four colored full-page inserts: the lion and the fox, the horse and rider (and stag), the cat and the fox, and the lion and the tiger with their tails tied. I do not know to what fable the latter belongs! It is not represented in the work just above. There are some fine scenes in the black-and-whites. The cock kicks away not just a jewel but a whole necklace! The tortoise who wants to fly smokes a pipe, even when he is falling. The repeating capitals are nice, especially the guitar-playing pig that is "O." The texts and illustrations are identical with those in the comprehensive edition; I presume they are mainly from James. The back cover has an outside advertisement for Nestlé's milk. 1922? Aesop's Fables. (TH on cover). Thomas James et al, NA. Illustrated by Harry Rountree. Hardbound. Dust jacket. Glasgow: The Children's Press. $30 from Roe & Moore, London, June, '02. This book is very close to another that I have, but it also shows tantalizing differences. The most obvious is that the back cover (and the back dust jacket) advertise not Nestlé's milk but rather its competitor Ovaltine! What a surprise! Another striking difference lies in the different introduction and typesetting for the inside cover's list of not eight but five other books in the series. The lower number makes me think that this printing is earlier (though both books are inscribed in 1935). The imprints tend to be much cleaner here. The typesetting of "The Children's Press" on the title-page is slanted here, and the verso has "Printed in Great Britain," not "British Made." The spine's title runs from bottom to top, and there is no price indicated. To show the similarities between the two books, let me include portions of my remarks from there. In fact, we consulted my website while I was in the store to find the similarities and differences. The pages here are like cardboard: thick and blottery. No T of C, index, or pagination. Thirty-three fables. Rountree's work is typically very lively. Four colored full-page inserts: the lion and the fox, the horse and rider (and stag), the cat and the fox, and the lion and the tiger with their tails tied. I do not know to what fable the latter belongs! There are some fine scenes in the black-and-whites. The cock kicks away not just a jewel but a whole necklace! The tortoise who wants to fly smokes a pipe, even when he is falling. The repeating capitals are nice, especially the guitar-playing pig that is "O." 1922? Aesop's Fables (FC on cover). Thomas James et al, NA. Illustrated by Harry Rountree. Hardbound. London/Glasgow: Collins' Clear-Type Press. £7.65 from Ripping Yarns, Highgate, May, '97. Extra copy for $10 from Nigel Allum, Middlesex, England, through Ebay, Oct., '99. This is another thinner edition of The Children's Press edition of the same year, but it has more in common with it than the previous listing. The layout of the T of C is identical, as are the title-page illustration and the decorations on both sides of the "List of Illustrations" page. This edition has colored illustrations of "The Eagle and the Fox," "The Mice in Council," "The Ass and the Frogs," and TH. Note that its illustration serves as the cover of the other partial edition! This book has 25 fables in common with the other partial version and 13 of its own. (OF is missed in the T of C; it belongs fourth from the end.) This edition adds something like fourteen full-page black-and-white illustrations not found in the other partial edition (but all found, I believe, in the comprehensive edition). The texts and illustrations are identical with those in the comprehensive edition; I presume they are mainly from James. The cover has "Fully illustrated by Harry Rountree" while the title-page has the simpler "Illustrated by Harry Rountree." 1922? Aesop's Fables (FC on cover, no colored illustrations). Thomas James et al, NA. Illustrated by Harry Rountree. Hardbound. London/Glasgow: Collins' Clear-Type Press. $8 from O'Leary's Books, Tacoma, WA, through Ebay, Oct., '99. This is a derivative version--shorter and no doubt cheaper--of Rountree's works from The Children's Press (1922?) and Collins' Clear-Type Press (1922?). This book has only twenty fables, no colored illustrations, and a very gray thick cardboard-like paper for its pages. There is no pagination, T of C, or list of illustrations. Its images and page-layouts are identical with those in the just mentioned editions. See my comments there. The inside front-cover mentions the other five books in this series but does not name the series! This is #4. 1923 California State Series: Third Reader. By Martha Adelaide Holton, Mina Holton Page, and Charles Madison Curry. Illustrated by Frederick Richardson. Sixth edition. ©1916 by the People of the State of California. ©1916 by Rand McNally & Company. See 1916/23. 1923 Die erneuerten Aesopischen Fabeln nebst den hiezu geeigneten Lehren zusammengetragen zum wahren Nutzen und unterhaltenden Vergnuegen. Mit zwanzig handkolorierten Holzschnitten aus der Ausgabe den Joh. Zainer, Augsburg 1475. Paperbound. Munich: Mittelalterliche Volksbuecher/Band 1: Holbein-Verlag. $60 from Berlin, Sept., '95. Extra copy in poor condition for $25 from Oak Knoll Books, Sept., '89. This is one of my favorite books in the collection, since it offers the twenty hand-colored illustrations similar to or identical with Steinhoewel's original Ulm edition. Some of the most dramatic of the twenty are: WS (6); TMCM (9); "Vom dem Esel und dem Huendlein" (14); FS (27); "Vom dem Loewen und dem Pferde" (35); and "Vom der Tanne und dem Rohr" (63). There are 64 pages covering four books of Aesopic fables. The books include, respectively, 20, 20, 19, and 20 fables. 1923 Die erneuerten Aesopischen Fabeln nebst den hiezu geeigneten Lehren zusammengetragen zum wahren Nutzen und unterhaltenden Vergnuegen. Mit zwanzig handkolorierten Holzschnitten aus der Ausgabe den Joh. Zainer, Augsburg 1475. Hardbound. Munich: Mittelalterliche Volksbuecher/Band 1: Holbein-Verlag. $24.98 from Antiquations.Com, Bolton, MA, August, '08. Here is a hardbound copy in good condition of a favorite book of mine that, in both copies, is in only poor condition. This book offers the twenty hand-colored illustrations similar to or identical with Steinhoewel's original Ulm edition. Some of the most dramatic of the twenty are: WC (6); TMCM (9); "Vom dem Esel und dem Huendlein" (14); FS (27); "Vom dem Loewen und dem Pferde" (35); and "Vom der Tanne und dem Rohr" (63). There are 64 pages covering four books of Aesopic fables. The books include, respectively, 20, 20, 19, and 20 fables. What a find! 1923 Fabeln. Jean de LaFontaine. Ins Deutsche übertragen von Theodor Etzel. Mit 24 Tafeln in Kupfertiefdruck nach den Stichen von J.B. Oudry. Berlin: Im Propylaen-Verlag. $17.50 from Carl Sandler Berkowitz, April, '95. One of the chief glories of this book lies in the twenty-four copper engravings after Oudry. By contrast with a similar edition of Etzel from Müller in 1911, the illustrations here are larger and lack titles. Among the strongest are those of Death and the woodman (18), of the wolves and sheep (60), of the old woman and her two maids (90), and of the coach and the fly (134). That edition had eighty fables and thirty reproductions, while this edition has forty more fables and six fewer engravings. One finds a Nachwort, notes, and a T of C at the back. On the second-to-last page one reads "Von diesem Werk wurde eine einmalige Vorzugausgabe von 200 numerierten Exemplaren gedruckt." Were these numbered copies printed before this more general printing? On the very last page we learn that the printing of text and illustrations was done by two different firms. 1923 Fables. By Robert Louis Stevenson. Inscribed in 1929. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. $10 at Titles, June, '93. A very mixed group of twenty short writings. None seems to me Aesopic. The first, "The Persons of the Tale," reminds me of John Barth's "Menelaiad." "The Yellow Paint" moves toward Ade or Twain, "The House of Eld" towards Poe. "The Man and His Friend" and "Something in It" are quite close to Bierce. "The Tadpole and the Frog" sets the mark for brevity with its four sentences. The best of the book are "The Two Matches," "The Touchstone," and "The Poor Thing." Inscribed at Smith College. 1923 Fables de la Fontaine: Édition a l'Usage de la Jeunesse. 20 Compositions de J.-B. Oudry. Hardbound. Printed in Villefranche-de-Rouergue. Paris: Librairie Delagrave. 30 Francs from Buchinist, Paris, August, '99. How many thousands of copies of books like this are sitting in French attics?! It includes twenty indifferent renderings of great Oudry illustrations, but its special charm is that it was a prize. The embossed cover proclaims "Ville de Paris Prix Municipal" around a seal and under "République Française: Liberté - Égalité - Fraternité." Life does not get more dramatic than this! On the inside paper is a pasted slip from the "Écoles Communales de Paris" naming school, street, class, date (1926), and student. What is left of the spine is breaking up. I consider this a steal, marked down from 70 Francs. There is a misprint of the book number on the top of 337. 1923 Fairy Stories and Fables. James Baldwin. Hardbound. American Book Company. See 1895/1923. 1923 Fairy Tales and Fables: A Collection of Stories and Rhymes that Children Love. Pamphlet. Printed inUSA. Cleveland, OH: The Goldsmith Publishing Co. $9.99 from Robert Rigsby, Noblesville, IN, through Ebay, Oct., '99. This is a large pamphlet with a wide selection of materials, some illustrated with colored images almost a full page in size, others with smaller colored images, and others with black-and-white drawings. There are several different repeated border designs along the way. Four fables are offered about a third of the way into the booklet: "The Kid and The Wolf," "The Dog and The Hare," "The Mice in Council," and "The Dog in the Manger." Do not ask why the last "the" here received no capital letter while the two earlier instances within a title did! Good condition. 1923 Fairy Tales and Fables: A Collection of Stories and Rhymes that Children Love. Paperbound. Cleveland, OH: The Goldsmith Publishing Co. $10 from Intergalactic Trading Company, through eBay, July, '07. This book is related to another in the collection. They share the same title and publisher. Pages 2-32 here replicate the pages in that booklet, which stops at that point. This book continues on with a second half containing various stories, including four more fables on 46-47 and four last fables on 50-51. A common feature of the two books is the alternation of pages using colored illustrations with pages featuring black-and-white. This book has been heavily crayoned. Page numbers have been pencilled in, but they are all one page too short, since Page 1 was not counted. The exposed spine of this book shows two booklets stapled together. This book, much more worn, has "No. 670" on its cover. I wrote the following about the shorter book: This is a large pamphlet with a wide selection of materials, some illustrated with colored images almost a full page in size, others with smaller colored images, and others with black-and-white drawings. There are several different repeated border designs along the way. Four fables are offered about a third of the way into the booklet: "The Kid and The Wolf," "The Dog and The Hare," "The Mice in Council," and "The Dog in the Manger." Do not ask why the last "the" here received no capital letter while the two earlier instances within a title did! The word "the" in titles in the latter two groups of fables do not have the problems noted in the first group. 1923 Fireside Stories. By Annie Klingensmith. Illustrated by Dorothy Dulin. Chicago: A. Flanagan Company. $10 at Westport Bookstore, May, '93. Six fables in a reader in good condition. The versions are simple and the illustrations two-colored. The best illustration is for TMCM (48). Others include LM (40), WS (50), and DS (52). OF (41) has several different twists: the mother frog had never seen anything as big as an ox; when she stopped short of bursting, she convinced the children that they had been dreaming of this big monster. "A Good Joke" (45) is new to me: a rich student learned to put dollars, not stones, into a poor workman's shoes. 1923 Four and Twenty Famous Tales. A Silent Reader For Lower Grades. By Anna G. Clark. Chicago: Hall & McCreary Company. $2 at Venice Antiques, March, '95. A small booklet in very poor condition. The last few pages are missing. This booklet represents an approach of "reading for meaning." It surprises me that, among twenty-four tales, all but six are clearly fables. "The Camel's Nose" (#11) is read here, I believe, as though it were a fable, and I would find it hard to attack that characterisation, even though the story is not from Aesop. Other non-Aesopic material is under #12, 17, 22, 23, 24. 1923 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 6 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/22/23/24/32. 1923 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 7 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/21/22/23/24/25/26. 1923 My Animal Story Book. A Treasury of Sunshine Stories for Children. Edited by E.H. Maltby. Illustrated by Frederick Richardson. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co. $3.50 from Renaissance, Jan., '88. "The Fox and the Cheese" (33) has a very nice four-color illustration. "The Rooster and the Grasshopper" (57) looks like Aesop, or at least La Fontaine. 1923 Phèdre: Fables. Texte Établi par Alice Brenot. Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé. Paris: Societé d'édition "Les Belles Lettres." Hardback $13.50 from Carl Sandler Berkowitz, Middletown, NY, Dec., '89. Paperback $8 at Book Stop, Alexandria, VA, Jan., '96. An unusual Budé edition in that it has no accompanying French translation. The notes seem purely textual. The hard-bound cover apparently stems from the publisher. The back endpapers contain an old advertisement for the Hoogstraten 1701 Phaedrus. 1923 Phèdre: Fables. Texte Établi par Alice Brenot. Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé. Paris: Societé d'édition "Les Belles Lettres." Paperback $8 at Book Stop, Alexandria, VA, Jan., '96. Like the hardbound version, this seems to me unusual Budé edition in that it has no accompanying French translation. The notes seem purely textual. 1923 Promenade au Jardin des Fables. Camille Schlumberger. Hardbound. Limited edition of 1200 copies. Dornach/Paris: Braun & Cie/Berger-Levrault. 1000 Francs from Librairie F. Chanut, Paris, May, '97. One of the heavier and more pretentious books in the collection. The book seems to me to represent a kind of printer's dream, drawing in all sorts of illustrations. I have listed Berger-Levrault as a publisher, but they may be only the exclusive seller of the book. "Ribeauvillé" appears next to the date on the title-page, but I hesitate to put that down as the place of publication when the publisher has already assigned himself two other places! Schlumberger herself does an intricate silhouette surround the text material of the title-page. Overall the book has two parts, including 370 reproductions in the text and 15 plates outside. The first part presents forty-three fables (listed at the part's beginning as a T of C for it) with illustrations from the fourteenth century until today. This is arguably a list of the most popular La Fontaine fables. Illustrations used in the first part do not follow the dimensions or context of the original. Reading through a fable in the first part sometimes gives a good sense of the visual motif; for GA, there are five illustrations from 1566 and before on two facing pages (2-3). Pages 3-6 are loose. Schlumberger's favorites seem to include Lyon 1556, Solis, Gheeraerts, Barlow, Chauveau, Oudry, Grandville, Barboutau, and Rackham. My only complaint about the first part is that some chapterlets are too brief. AD (65) manages only five illustrations, and "The Peacock Complaining to Juno" (76) only four. The second part lists seventy-three principal illustrated editions of fables of Aesop and La Fontaine, starting with Ysopets and Robert's Fables inédites and ending at the time of Félix Lorioux. New to me and interesting from the second part: Verdizotti 1577 (catalogue XVI), Monnier 1828 (XLII), and Gouget 1834 (XLVII). This part may help on some thorny bibliography problems of mine, e.g., concerning Jaoust editions. There are three alphabetical indices at the back: authors, artists, and fables. Do not miss the pretty paper inside-cover with its golden rendition of Barlow's frontispiece. 1923 Story Hour Readers Revised: Book One. By Ida Coe and Alice Christie Dillon. Hardbound. NY: Story Hour Readers Revised: American Book Company. See 1913/23. 1923 Story Hour Readers Revised: Book Two. By Ida Coe and Alice Christie Dillon. Hardbound. Printed in USA. NY: American Book Company. See 1914/23. 1923 Story Hour Readers Revised: Book Three. Ida Coe and Alice Christie Dillon. Hardbound. Chicago: American Book Company. See 1914/23. 1923 Story Hour Readers Revised: Book Three. By Ida Coe and Alice Christie Dillon. NY: American Book Company. See 1914/15/23/28. 1923 The Bowers Movie Book: Book 2: Aesop's Fables. Canvas-bound. NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company; The W.F. Powers Company. $45 from George Robert Kane Fine Books, Santa Cruz, May, '04. Extra copy--the one I could not find while cataloguing the Kane copy--for $21.50 from Paul Lazarek, Cranberry Twp, PA., Nov., '02. "Flip the Pages--The Pictures Live," the cover proclaims. I swear I had found a copy of this book before, but I cannot find it now. The inside back cover proclaims four books in the series; "Aesop's Fables" is the second of the four, the others being "Mother Goose," "The Circus," and "Once Upon a Time." The concept is simple. Each of the eight pages is really a double page, folded once. One of its quadrants has fables illustrated with small black and white illustrations. One of its quadrants is blank. The other two quadrants have similar colored illustrations. Because of the fold and the placement of the two colored quadrants, one can "make the pictures move" by raising and lowering the top colored page with a rolling motion. The characters seem to move between their two positions. The colored illustrations are exquisite! The colored fables are FG, "The Boy and the Filberts," "The Bald Man and the Fly," "The Hare and the Hound," "The Fisherman," "The Blackamoor," GA (alas, one picture is not aligned well), and "The Cocks and the Eagle" (less good than others because of a crease). The texts for these special fables are done in rhyming verse. The fable used for demonstrating the flip technique and for representing this second, fable, volume is "The Wolf and the Goat," but that fable does not appear here! It does appear, along with a second copy of FG, in the second copy from Paul Lazarek. For that reason, I will keep both in the collection. There happens to be an unusually good moral to "The Boy Bathing": "Give Assistance, not Advice, in a Crisis." Was it Mr. Kane himself who wrote at the top of the first page "Not in Carlson 1994"? This book was surely not in my 1994 catalogue! And I am delighted that it is in my catalogue now. What a lovely little treasure! 1923 The Boys' and Girls' Readers: First Reader. Emma Miller Bolenius. Illustrated by Mabel Betsy Hill. Hardbound. Printed in USA. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $7.50 from Florence Shay at Titles, Highland Park, August, '96. Extra copy in good condition for $8, about '99. This volume contains four fables that are first told in narrative and then in dramatic form: DM (23), FG (44), DS (60), and " The Fox and the Lion " (103). The book also includes " The Fox and the Goat " (48), " The Rabbit Who Was Afraid " (105), and LM (114). Simple black-and-orange illustrations. Good condition. The Titles copy is from the Board of Education in Ashland, WI. Because there is smudging on various pages of both copies, I will keep both in the collection. They differ only in the code on the back of the title-page. Where the Titles copy has "SJ8," the extra has "RA8." 1923 The Grateful Elephant and Other Stories Translated from the Pali. Eugene Watson Burlingame. Illustrations by Dorothy Lathrop. Hardbound. New Haven: Yale University Press. $45 from the Bay Area, July, '13. Formerly in the Belmont High School Library. The twenty-six stories here are selected from the author's "Buddhist Parables" from Yale in 1922. A beginning T of C points out that for several stories there is both a canonical version and an uncanonical version. The T of C is followed by a list of the book's ten full-page illustrations. Of these, only the frontispiece is colored. A quick look at titles suggests the tenor of the stories: "The Grateful Elephant"; "Grateful Animals and Ungrateful Man"'; "Antelope, Woodpecker, Tortoise, and Hunter"; "A Buddhist Tar-Baby"; "Blind Men and Elephant"; "How Not to Hit an Insect"; "Monkey-Gardeners"; and "Two Caravan Leaders." An introduction says that the Buddha often used parables, similes, fables, and other stories. Eleven of those related here belong to the oldest verifiable layer -- from about 250 BCE -- and many of them may come from the Buddha himself. The rest, except for the last two, come from the "Jataka Book" from soon after 400 CE. In the older canonical versions of several of these Jatakas, the future Buddha is not even mentioned. The introduction offers copious comparisons with later tales, including the "Panchatantra," Aesop's fables and Grimms' fairy tales. "Notes on the Illustrations" explain each illustration quite copiously. Story #3, "Elephant and Forester" (19), may be particularly graphic: Buddha in the form of an elephant gives an ungrateful man first part and then all of his tusks in bloody operations. The earth opens and consigns the man to hell. Story #7, "Antelope and Hunter," is the familiar story from "Kalila and Dimna," in which several animal companions work together to outwit a hunter. A key story seems to be #8, "Brahmadatta and Mallika" (52). It is an object lesson in overcoming evil with good. The sub-title of "Blind Men and Elpahant" (79) is "Avoid vain wrangling." Story #15, "A Buddhist Henny-Penny" (92), is about the earth collapsing rather than the sky falling. 1923 The Merrill Readers: Third Reader. By Franklin B. Dyer and Mary J. Brady. With illustrations by Rhoda Campbell Chase. NY: Charles E. Merrill Company. See 1915/23. 1923/24/26/31 The Child's Treasury. Editor May Hill. The Foundation Library. Chicago: Foundation Desk Company: W.F. Quarrie & Company. $17 at Blake, Aug., '93. This book can be recognized by the two twitty kids whose cherubic faces appear on both the cover and the title page. The "Animal Stories" section contains seven fables called Aesop's and TMCM, described as adapted by May Hill. An earlier section featured the poorer version of WS (47). New to me, especially as Aesop's, is "The Camel and the Pig" (114) on differing gifts. The pleasant illustrations include some black-and-white, and many in various numbers of colors. 1923/71 The Ontario Readers: First Book. Authorized by the Minister of Education. Exact Facsimile. Toronto: T. Eaton Co., Ltd. $4, Summer, '92. A clean facsimile of a typical reader. I find nine simple fables, all illustrated except the first: "The Boys and the Frogs" (7), SW (19), TH (35), "The Fox and the Cat" (39), "The Wolf and the Cat" (47, there is no one whom the wolf has not offended), DS (50), "The Honest Woodman" (66), TMCM (69), and "The Fox and the Hen" (94). 1923/73 The Ontario Readers: Second Book. Authorized by the Minister of Education. Exact Facsimile. Paperbound. Toronto: T. Eaton Co., Ltd. $2.40 at Village Book Store, Toronto, Dec., '93. A facsimile of a typical reader in the same series as my First Book (1923/71). There are over a dozen fables from various sources, about six illustrated in black-and-white by C.W. Jefferys. The unusual presentations include a verse treatment of GA (142) and "The Hare with Many Friends" (58) presented as from Aesop. "The Tiger, the Brahman, and the Jackal" (128) is well told by Flora Anne Steel. A very nice book to find first on my first book hunt in Canada! 1923/89 Phèdre: Fables. Texte Établi et Traduit par Alice Brenot. Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé. Quatrième tirage. Paris: Societé d'édition "Les Belles Lettres." Gift of the publisher, June, '92. A typical Budé edition with text and accompanying French translation. The texts and notes seem identical with those in the 1923 edition without translation. The APA representative two years earlier offered me this book. When I wrote, he gave no answer. I am glad that I wrote back again when Budé sent around some advertising this year. 1923? Fables. Édition illustré. Franc-Nohain (pseud. Maurice-Etienne Legrand). Hors-texte de Marie-Madeleine Franc-Nohain. Vignettes de Clot. Paris: La Renaissance du Livre. Gift of Viviane Pott-Rovera, Oct., '95. A beautiful gift of a new friend from the Renard Society meeting in Düsseldorf. I had already noticed Franc-Nohain's work in Norman Shapiro's The Fabulists French, and this is a lovely edition of 57 of his fables. One of the more delightful fables here is included among the five offered by Shapiro as a sampling: "The Revolt of the Elevators" (156-8). The full-page illustrations by Franc-Nohain's wife and the designs by Clot add delightfully to the book. What a wonderful gift! I cannot find an indication of date but presume that this book is the one Shapiro identifies, in Footnote 8 on 190, as having been published in 1923. This copy is inscribed "20.2.32." T of C on 199-200. Thank you, Prof. Pott-Rovera! 1924 - 1925 1924 A Hundred Fables of Aesop. From the English version of Sir Roger L'Estrange with pictures by Percy J. Billinghurst and an introduction by Kenneth Grahame. London: John Lane the Bodley Head. See 1898/1924. 1924 Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Nora Fry. No editor acknowledged. London: George G. Harrap and Co. See 1921/24/27. 1924 Aesop's Fables in Rhyme for Little Philosophers. John Martin. Illustrated by George L. Carlson and Fletcher White. NY: John Martin's Book House. $14.25 from Meandaur, June, '93. Extra copy for $12.00 from Travellers' Tales Books at UWM Book Fair, April, '88. I enjoy the illustration style here, and the fables are versified, with one or two (e.g. MM) even song-ified. Perhaps the best for use in a show would be LM. Interspersed poems often reinforce the morals of the fables. Repeaters from John Martin's Big Book include CP and "The Reed and the Oak." Now in 1996 I have done a thorough study of the book’s twenty-three fables. There are no surprises in the stories here. Rather the versions are quite faithful to the tradition, but they seem considerably padded and even wordy. They tend to be moralistic; the crow’s vanity over stealing cheese, e.g., "makes honest children wonder." Oh? "The Misguided Ass" may be Martin’s best text. 1924 Ancient Indian Fables and Stories, Being a Selection from the Panchatantra. Stanley Rice. Hardbound. Printed in Great Britain. NY: The Wisdom of the East Series: R.P. Dutton and Company. $12 from Titles & Tales, Littleton, NH, through Bibliofind, Sept., '98. The first of the five tantras here covers about half of the book. It tells the story of Karataka and Damanaka. In this version, these two jackals work in unison and are thoroughly scoundrels! They have been thrown out of court in disgrace. The lion hears the bull and sends for them. They tell the lion king that the bull is the charger of Siva sent to devour every animal (40). They tell corresponding lies to the patient and personable bull. At the time of their final betrayal, however, they provoke only the lion. A violent rainstorm drives the bull to the lion's cave, where he is surprised by the lion's attack. There are plenty of sub-stories that are new to me. One of them is the early story of the pond with a hole (24). The frustrated king who had dug the pond listened to the advice given by an anchorite, namely, that an anchorite must be sacrificed. So he sacrificed the anchorite who had given him that advice! By luck, the anchorite's dead body sealed up the hole. Here it is a jackal that induces the lion to jump into the well to attack the supposed adversary that is really his own reflection (54). Damanaka, not the bull, tells the sad story of the camel betrayed by the lion's counselors (59). The story here does not include an offer of self-sacrifice from the camel; rather the three others mention him first and offer themselves as back-up. The lion cannot bear his hunger and so kills the camel and feeds on him, with the jackal, crow, and dog feasting on the dead camel later. TT here involves a tortoise and eagles, not geese (63). A jackal deliberately baits the tortoise into answering. But then he cannot eat the tortoise because of her hard shell. She suggests that he take her to a neighboring pond to soften her up. He holds on with one paw while she is in the water. She claims that she is now soft everywhere but where his paw is, and so he removes the paw, and the tortoise is immediately gone! The second tantra on friendship is told in cursory and unsatisfactory fashion. The third tantra on the war between the owls and the crows is more fully developed. In the fourth tantra, it is the monkey's liver, not heart, that the crocodile's wife demands. This version cleverly gets the monkey to suggest the trip to the crocodile's home, so that the crocodile can both enjoy his friend and attend to his wife. Otherwise the story does not hang together very well. After significant travel, the monkey asks to be let off on the shore. He never does use the "I left my liver at home" ploy--since he never hears that a monkey's liver is what is supposedly needed. The fifth tantra on rash action includes the funny story of the barber who watches a man--under divine inspiration--kill three beggars, whose bodies promptly turn into copper pots full of gold and jewels. The barber kills the first beggar he can find and chases after the next two, but there is no transformation, and the barber is executed (120). This version omits the many quoted verses one usually finds in the Panchatantra and so is, I believe, easier to read for many of us. 1924 Carl Fischer Film Themes: Aesop's Fables--Animated Cartoons--Fast Moving Comedy--Allegretto. Selected and Classified by Chas. J. Roberts. Paperbound. NY/Boston/Chicago: Carl Fischer, Inc. $0.99 from tokensgalore, Anderson, CA, through eBay, Feb., '06. This portfolio offers sheet music, one sheet for each part in a small orchestra. The music in this instance is from Tschaikowsky's Symphony Number 4. The piano part takes up two pages; as a double-page, it serves as the folio to enclose the sheets for the other instruments, each of which is a single page written on just one side. The other instruments include the first and second violin, violoncello, flute, bass, viola, and first clarinet in A. Four other instruments receive pages that show "tacet": first and second cornet; trombone, and drums. Now I need to find a small orchestra to play this short piece for me! 1924 Die deutsche Fabel von ihren ersten Anfängen bis auf die Gegenwart. Hubert Badstüber. Paperbound. Vienna: Carl Gerold's Sohn. $40 from Alcuin Books, Phoenix, AZ, July, '99. Here is an uncut exemplar of a piece of serious German research on the history of German fable. I am surprised by two things in Badstüber's opening remarks: first, that there had been no systematic history of the German genre of fable to his time and, secondly, that this was in his time an "almost forgotten form of poetry." He divides the history into three sections: the beginnings up to Alberus and Waldis; up to von Hagedorn; and since von Hagedorn. 48 pages. I look forward to reading this history! 1924 Fabelreich: Menschentorheit und Menschentugend im Maskenkleid des Aussermenschlichen. Bildschmuck von Ernst Weber. Paperbound. Zweite, veränderte Auflage. Munich: Der deutsche Spielmann: Eine Auswahl aus dem Schatze deutscher Dichtung für Jugend und Volk: Georg D.W. Callwey: Verlag des deutschen Spielmanns. DM 35 from Antiquariat Hatry, Heidelberg, July, '01. Here is an eighty-eight page paperbound book of fables. Was "Der Spielmann" perhaps a magazine? The T of C at the end gives titles and authors. There are fifty-eight fables by a variety of fabulists, all German--as is fitting for the series. The first fable comes from Abraham a Santa Clara. It tells in detail the old story of unthankfulness, but adds a new chapter. In this version, a farmer listens to the plea of a snake which a stone has confined in a hole. When the freed snake wants to kill the farmer, the man asks for opinions of others. They meet first a horse and then a dog, both of whom speak of human unthankfulness. Finally a fox does the usual trick of getting the snake back into his enclosed hole. The man gratefully invites the fox to a meal of chicken soup the next day, but his wife kills the fox as soon as the animal arrives. The further chapter adds something to the story, I would say! There are frequent black-and-white illustrations of varying size, many of which show more than usual wit. One of the best of these is TMCM on 32. There are also four full-page colored illustrations. These colored pages have two panels. Perhaps the most curious of these colored illustrations is for "Das Heupferd oder der Grashüpfer" (27). Lessing's fable tells of the grasshopper (das Heupferd) who congratulates himself on getting an overloaded wagon moving. In the panel below the farm scene is a human being holding up a Zeppelin! The book was originally sold in the "Treue" Buchhandling in Sollstedt bei Nordhausen. Is that the Spielmann himself pictured on the colored cover? 1924 Fables Mises en Vers par Jean de La Fontaine I. Jean de la Fontaine. Édition illustrée par Maurice de Becque. #255 of 1965. Paperbound. Les Maitres du Livre. Printed in Argenteuil. Paris: Les Éditions G. Crès et Companie. $24.16 from Alibris, July, '02. Bodemann 410. Limited edition of 1965 copies. The woodcuts are done in tans, browns, and blacks (Bodemann here speaks of yellows). A great full-page frontispiece shows a monkey viewing his reflection in water. Good partial-page illustrations introduce each section and book; the best of these may be FS introducing Book I. A very small square acts as tailpiece to almost every section and book; the sole exception seems to occur at the end of Book V. Many pages are uncut. The last 1850 copies, including this one, are done on Papier de Rives. This volume also includes, between the life of Aesop and the dedication to the Dauphin, a portrait of La Fontaine after de Troy. 1924 Fables Mises en Vers par Jean de La Fontaine II. Jean de la Fontaine. Édition illustrée par Maurice de Becque. Paperbound. Printed in Argenteuil. Paris: Les Maitres du Livre: Les Éditions G. Crès et Companie. $24.16 from Alibris, July, '02. Bodemann 410. Limited edition of 1965 copies. The woodcuts are done in tans, browns, and blacks (Bodemann here speaks of yellows). The full-page frontispiece in this second volume shows an assembly of monkeys. Good partial-page illustrations introduce each section and book; the best of these may be those showing the rat in the cheese on 7, TT on 181, and two goats on 271. Again a very small square acts as tailpiece to almost every section and book. Many pages are uncut. The last 1850 copies, including this one, are done on Papier de Rives. There is no indication in this second volume of the set's number among the 1965 copies; only Volume I is marked (as #255). At the end this volume has an AI for both volumes as well as a T of C for just this volume. 1924 Favole. A. Murari. Illustrazioni di Angoletta. Hardbound. Milan and Rome: Ed. A. Mondadori. $20 from Moe's, Berkeley, August, '13. Here is a small book, 6½" x 7¼". It contains some sixty fables on 117 pages. I wish my Italian were better. The fables seem to be genuine fables in the form of those we associate with the name of Aesop. Bruno Angoletta seems much better kown than A. Murari. The best among the seven orange-and-black illustrations may be those of the fox and hedgehog (43) and the wind indicator (93). The wind indicator is cleverly turned into a face with just a couple of changes. Not in Bodemann. 1924 Favorite Folk Tales. Julia Darrow Cowles and Ethelyn Abbott. Illustrated by Dorothy Dulin. Chicago: A. Flanagan Co. $5 at Aberdeen in DC, Feb., '89. A nice little book. It is surprising that four fables are included, each with a picture. The tales are told differently here. In FK (with a strong picture) the request goes to the "Great Ruler"; the stork eats every one. FS is a dialogue with a lively picture. In a drama, the turtle is carried by geese, not ducks; they initiate the offer. 1924 Fifty Famous Stories Retold. By James Baldwin. Few illustrations; illustrators not acknowledged. NY: American Book Company. See 1896/1924. 1924 Insurance Fables for Life Underwriters. By William Alexander. With Illustrations by Alexander Williams. William Alexander's Educational Series for Life Underwriters. Stiff boards. Printed in Chicago: The Spectator Company. $23.49 from Peggy Randall, Amarillo, Texas, through Ebay, Oct., '00. A clever little book combining original fables with adaptations of Aesopic models. Each fable then receives an insurance application. The illustrations of various sorts and sizes are enjoyable. Some of the better Aesopic adaptations include FWT at the beginning; the clever fox here would not go the same route that his Uncle Reynard had gone, namely advising other foxes to cut off their tails. Instead he bought a long-skirted coat and said he had just returned from London. "And the result was that from that day on frock coats became quite fashionable in Foxville." The application for banks and trust companies urges them not to conceal their surplus. The full-page illustration is spirited! "The Deluded Blackamoor" is told in standard fashion; the application is that "To the Life Underwriter truth is essential." A good fable that is new to me concerns the sheep dog bought by a farmer. A neighbor tells him that the dog is a well-known killer of sheep, and the farmer promptly kills the dog. The next day the neighbor says that he had made a mistake! The booklet tells "The Lap Dog and the Ass" as usual. Its application? "The life underwriter who lacks common sense is seriously handicapped." In a witty transformation of DS, a wolf gives the dog a tip that there is a large piece of meat floating in the water. That afternoon the wolf was seen with a large piece of meat in his paw. The application has to do with giving up a policy in a solvent company for a "better" policy in another company. FS is told in the opposite order from the usual. 1924 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 4 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/21/24/26/29. 1924 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 5 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/24/28. 1924 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 6 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/22/23/24/32. 1924 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 7 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/21/22/23/24/25/26. 1924 Knickers and Bobs: An Unusual Collection of Fables, Modern Stories and Old Time Tales for Young People. Hardbound. Printed in USA. Springfield, MA: McLoughlin Bros. $14.98 from Ronald Taxe, Beverly Hills, CA, through Ebay, April, '03. This is one of the larger books in the collection, 8½" x 10½" x 1½". Of the forty-one stories here, only two are, despite the title, fables. "The Tailor and the Bear" on 221 has a clever tailor using fable-like means to overcome the bear and so to marry the princess. "Johnnie Jones" (250) is an updating of BW, in which Johnnie's mother eventually reads him the story of BW and explains to him that he has been such a cry-baby that people naturally did not think that he was hurt this time either. Most of the stories here are fairy tales heavy on magic. There is a fine colored picture of a dressed frog and a dressed mouse facing 60, but I can find no story that bears any relation to this picture! 1924 Listen to Mr. Aesop. After Jacobs. Drawings by Walt Huber. Pamphlet. Printed in USA. Harrisburg, PA: J.C. Funk. $2.95 from Robert Williams, New Concord, OH, through Ebay, Oct., '00. This pamphlet is fascinating not only as a period piece that advertises the Oakland automobile and uses phone numbers that are anywhere between two and five digits long. It also is fascinating for the way it matches an individual business in Harrisburg, PA, with each of the twenty-four fables here. Each fable gets a page and a simple three-color illustration. The fables were selected from Jacobs' edition published by Macmillan. Some matches are natural, e.g. GGE (5) with the Mechanics Trust Company and CJ (6) with a jeweler. BS (8) underscores the strong stitching of a tailor. "The Traveler and Fortune" (14) promotes an insurance company. Many of the ads have to turn against the fable. Thus after the first fable, "The Fox and the Mask" (3), we read "While clothes do not make the man, they do help to make his reputation." The fable "Prometheus and the Making of Man" (12) has the moral "A Leopard Cannot Change His Spots," but the next sentence proclaims "Change, however, is one of nature's immutable and universal laws" on the way to offering Hoover & Sons as morticians. Right after the moral "Familiarity Breeds Contempt" (21), we are admonished "This is true in some instances, but in others quite the opposite." We are to get familiar with Walker's Ice Cream. Other matches may be somewhat forced. What does WC (4) really have to do with a haberdashery?! "The Man and the Trees" (11) somehow turns into an ad for a drug store. WSC (24) differs from the usual version; here the wolf leads a lamb away from the flock and devours it. 1924 Live Language Lessons: First Book. Howard R. Driggs. Lincoln: The University Publishing Company. See 1916/24. 1924 Phedre: Fables. Texte Établi et Traduit par Alice Brenot. Hardbound. Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé. Printed in Paris: Societé d'édition "Les Belles Lettres." $15 from William H. Allen, Bookseller, Philadelphia, Oct., '96. Here, by contrast with the hardbound and softbound books that I had found earlier from 1923, is a more typical Budé edition with an accompanying French translation. The Latin texts and the notes seem to be identical with those in the all-Latin Brenot Budé edition of 1923. The hard-bound cover apparently stems from the publisher. Carnes #753. 1924 Phedre: Fables. Texte Établi et Traduit par Alice Brenot. Softbound. Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé. Printed in Paris: Societé d'édition "Les Belles Lettres." $20 from Mike's Library, Wilkes-Barre, PA, August, '98. Here is the softbound version of Brenot's typical Budé edition with an accompanying French translation. As I mention about the hardbound version, the Latin texts and the notes seem to be identical with those in the all-Latin Brenot Budé edition of 1923. Carnes #753. 1924 Still More Russian Picture Tales. By Valery Carrick. Translated by Nevill Forbes. NY: Frederick A. Stokes Company. See 1915/22/24. 1924 Studies in Reading: First Grade. J.W. Searson, George E. Martin, and Lucy Williams Tinley. Illustrated by Ruth Mary Hallock. Hardbound. Lincoln: Studies in Reading: University Publishing Company. $10 from Walnut Antique Mall, May, '12. This schoolbook in poor condition joins copies I had already found of the second and third readers in the same series. This book is missing at least 41-46, but it still has three fables intact, two of them with nice three-color illustrations. DS on 80 has a good illustration; in it a large dog first steals a piece of meat from a smaller dog. "The Boys and the Frogs" (135) is on loose pages. "The Kite and the Butterfly" (138) is presented in the opening T of C as an "Old Russian Fable." I think that this book has been through many hands! 1924 The Child's Treasury. Editor May Hill. The Foundation Library. Chicago: Foundation Desk Company: W.F. Quarrie & Company. See 1923/24/26/31. 1924 The Outline of Knowledge, Volume XIX: Fables and Fairy Tales. Edited by James A. Richards. Hardbound. Printed in USA. NY: The Outline of Knowledge: J.A. Richards. From Alibris, May, '00. This is a standard collection of fairy tales and fables. The surprise to me is that starting on 425 of a 500-page book, the volume can include so many fables. The fables are divided into eleven from Caxton and about 225 from James, followed by two English folk tales, two Welsh fables, and one Hitpadesa fable. The biggest surprise about the first Caxton fable, FG, is that it is not from Caxton! Somehow a James text is presented as Caxton's. James tells the fable with the fox leaping more than once and getting tired, while Caxton's fox does not leap at all and goes away pronounced to be wise. I checked the next three "Caxton" fables and they are faithful to Caxton's text. One of the Welsh "fables" is the good story of Howel of Glamorgan, who stirs the king's envy by his wisdom and virtue. The queen, eager to help the king, arranges with visiting lime-burners to kill the man coming to them with a glass of mead. Howel, sent to the lime-burners with a glass of mead, hears scripture being read and has promised never to pass up a reading of scripture. While he listens to it, the king is eager to reward the lime-burners and so goes himself to them with a glass of mead as reward…. The Hitopadesa fable is of an ass in a lion's skin who terrifies everyone until one field-owner covers himself with an ass-skin. Seeing the kindred skin prompts a bray from the "lion," and, as he approaches, the field-owner easily slays him with his bow and arrow. 1924 Tierfabeln und Schwänke. Ausgewählt von Bernard Lundius. Paperbound. Frankfurt am Main: Die Lateinischen Quellen des Deutschen Mittelalters: Verlag von Moritz Diesterweg. DM 10 from an unknown source, August, '95. This is a 32-page pamphlet using Latin and teaching German cultural history in the upper levels of the schools. The seven fables on 2-17 are all in Latin verse and are identified on the inside of the back cover by their centuries, from ninth to twelfth. The fables include: "Fox and Bear"; "Calf and Stork"; "Sick Lion"; "The Fox's Cure"; "Fox and Rooster"; "Wolf Mocks Fox"; and "Fox Steals Farmer's Ham." This booklet is fragile! 1924 Up-to-Date Animal and Other Fables. By Lincoln Sonntag. Hardbound. San Francisco: Lincoln Sonntag. $30 from Bibliomania, Oakland, CA, Nov., '06. This 101-page privately published book seems a curiosity. It contains over two hundred paragraph-length fables without illustration. I have read the first eleven fables and find them quite unremarkable. At first I thought they might be humorous journalistic fables, perhaps similar to those of George Ade or even Ambrose Bierce. Now they seem to me to be utterly straightforward. If I can locate a problem with them, it is that they do not teem with analogies. They do not invite the reader to think immediately of five cases where the story fits perfectly. Perhaps my judgement is influenced by the fact that I have found four typos in these first eleven fables. This collection of fable books exists in part to find and preserve together little-known ephemeral treasures like this little book. 1924 With Aesop Along the Black Border. Ambrose E. Gonzales. First edition in book form. Columbia, S.C.: The State Company. $65 by mail from St. Nicholas Books, Toronto, March, '94. An excellent, delightful, challenging presentation of some sixty Aesopic fables in strong Black dialect. The sampling I tried (five fables) took time but made wonderful reading, especially as one gets the hang of the pronunciation. These fables elaborate significantly. They may even lose some of the punch of surprise as they develop many of the story's details. So the grapes are very ripe in FG, the fox and stork do their thinking out loud before the guest appears, and the two women being considered for marriage want much different things from the man. That fable, 2W (149), seems to me to be typical. There is a long figure about how deep one has to plow with each woman. Taking two women was the man's first mistake; taking two of different ages was the second. One wants dancing and the other liniment! As the story moves along, the younger woman notices him going white fast. The introduction is curious, to say the least. For Gonzales, the Negro has a "racial contempt for the truth" (X). This seems to me a strange way to describe a gift for exaggeration. I think the racism grows stronger when he explains himself on XI. Against those who assume "that the Black saw in the Rabbit and the weaker creatures the poor slave forced to resort to cunning and lying to protect himself," Gonzales argues "But the slave brought these myths from Africa, whence, also he brought his race characteristics!" T of C on VII. These stories first appeared in The State. 1924/28 The Laidlaw Readers: Book Two. Herman Dressel, M. Madilene Veverka, and May Robbins. Illustrated by Mabel B. Hill and Betty Selover. Chicago: Laidlaw Brothers. $3, Spring, '93. Extra copy for $1 at Pageturners, Nov., '89. A pleasing little reader with six fables and four good colored illustrations: "The Fox and the Crane" (24); "The Cat and the Birds" (95, the best here); "The Cat, the Monkey, and the Chestnuts" (116); and DW (141). The ant with the dove gets changed to a bee in "The Dove and the Bee" (170). Page 27 gives a description of fables just after the first one. 1924/36 Bobbs-Merrill Readers: The Third Reader. By Clara B. Baker and Edna B. Baker. Illustrated by Vera Stone. ©1924 by the Bobbs-Merrill Company. Topeka: The State of Kansas. Gift of Wendy Wright from "Once Again Antiques and Books," Atchison, KA, April, '93. The section called "A Few Fables" on 16-22 includes GA; "The Jay and the Peacock"; FS; "The Little Fish"; MM; and MSA. The latter has a nice but not artistically resolved illustration on 22: the pole and the donkey's leg are competing for one space! AL appears on 154-7 with an illustration; it is labelled an "Italian fable." Pages 87-88 are missing. 1924/88 The Fable of the Bees. Or Private Vices, Publick Benefits. By Bernard Mandeville. With a Commentary Critical, Historical, and Explanatory by F.B. Kaye. Volume One. Paperbound. First edition? Indianapolis: Liberty Classics. Originally published at Oxford by the Clarendon Press. $6.50 at Second Story, Nov., '92. I freely admit that I have not come close to reading this tome. The heart of this first volume was published by Mandeville in 1732. The problem of the text is discussed on ix-xii and xxxiii-xxxvii. The volume gives a great example of what I do not mean by "fable"! 1924/88 The Fable of the Bees. Or Private Vices, Publick Benefits. By Bernard Mandeville. With a Commentary Critical, Historical, and Explanatory by F.B. Kaye. Volume Two. Paperbound. First edition? Indianapolis: Liberty Classics. Originally published at Oxford by the Clarendon Press. $6.50 at Second Story, Nov., '92. I freely admit that I have not come close to reading this tome. This work gives a great example of what I do not mean by "fable"! 1924? Aesop's Fables. Retold by Blanche Winder. With 48 Colour Plates by Harry Rountree. London: Ward, Lock and Co., Ltd. $35 at Old Children's Books in New Orleans, Oct., '86. A real find. The retellings are a bit lengthy. The colored illustrations--in the tradition of Norman Rockwell--are delightful. There are great illustrations to show people and several for use in a lecture: FG on 144 and the cigar-smoking city mouse on 171. One of the features of his art here is a significant number of illustrations (like FG) without background: a foreground figure stands out against a sheer white page.Some of the fables seem quite "transformed" into modern settings. I have moved this book from its first place (1920?) because Ash and Higton list Rountree in 1934, but Gregory Gillert has graciously looked Rountree up and reports a 1924 work for Ward, Lock. This book seems to me to be the most comprehensive in a second group of Rountree work, distinct from the first group (1922?). There are very few repeaters from the first group for subject matter among the illustrations: TH, "The Committee of Mice," and FS. In fact, there are few fable repeaters! This book is about 8.5" x 7". It contains two good fable illustrations on each of its endpapers. It has no black-and-white illustrations at all. Had Rountree established himself by earlier, cheaper work, so that he had a chance to do extensive expensive work here that he wanted to do? 1924? Aesop's Fables. Retold by Blanche Winder. With 30 Colour Plates and 18 sepia Illustrations by Harry Rountree. Hardbound. Dust jacket. London: Ward, Lock and Co., Ltd. £38 from Stella Books, Monmouthshire, UK, Nov., '01. This book sits precisely between two others I had already found. Both are listed under the same date. One has thirty illustrations and the other forty-eight. Let me mention then which of the two this book resembles on several points. It has the same cover as the less illustrated book: plain red cloth with gold lettering. It shares a similar advertisement with the lesser book, in that both speak of "Charming Colour Books for Children" whereas the more illustrated book speaks of "'Prince Charming' Colour Books for Children." This volume shares with the more illustrated version the frontispiece of the castle of King Eagle, an illustration for "The Little Partridge's Stolen Eggs" (299). It shares with the lesser version Whitefriars Press as its printer. It shares with the more illustrated version the T of C and its page numbers; here the sepia illustrations add an asterisk. All three have endpapers illustrating a variety of fables: two birds and LM at the front, and the fly-in-the-telescope and FS at the back. This copy adds a dust jacket mentioning the 30 colored plates and 18 sepia illustrations but then--just to confuse things--advertising the Prince Charming Colour Books for Children, all of which have the same "30 plus 18" format. The cover picture here has the tortoise at the finish line doffing his cap to the late-arriving hare. FG is on the spine, and DS on the back cover. Might this book put an end to my finding new editions of Rountree? See my comments on the 48 and 30 illustration versions in this series, on the three different versions in Ward and Lock's Sunshine Series ("1924?"), and on the three versions of Rountree work done by Collins and Children's Press. The latter are listed under "1922?" 1924? Aesop's Fables. Retold by Blanche Winder. With 30 Colour Plates by Harry Rountree. Hardbound. Printed in England. London: Ward, Lock & Co., Ltd. £18.50 from Rose's Books, Hay-on-Wye, June, '98. I thought I had exhausted Ward and Lock's publications of Rountree's work with the editions that included forty-eight and sixteen illustrations, respectively. Wrong again! I have compared this work with the one containing forty-eight illustrations. See my comments there on Rountree's work. This volume is remarkably similar. The T of C is exactly the same, but the page numbers have changed, and the number of colored-plate indications in parentheses after the titles has dropped from forty-eight to thirty. Now the plates are listed as facing a given page and are not themselves paginated. The printer is now the Whitefriars Press. The frontispiece here is "The Traveler and the Ass," whereas it had been "The Castle of King Eagle" in the more heavily illustrated edition. That edition had the series name of "Prince Charming" on an advertisement on the back of the pre-title-page. At the same place now we have an advertisement for many books with thirty illustrations, labeled as a group "Charming Colour Books for Children." Now have I come to the end of Ward & Lock editions of Rountree? 1924? Aesop's Fables. Retold by Blanche Winder. With 24 colour plates by Harry Rountree. Hardbound. London: The Sunshine Series: Ward, Lock. £24 from Stella Books, Monmouthshire, UK, Nov., '01. It is hard to believe, but this is the third distinct book I have found now in the "Sunshine Series" by Ward and Lock. The other two have, respectively, sixteen colored plates and sixteen colored plates plus eight sepia illustrations. This one is exactly identical with the latter with the following exceptions. First, it offers what were sepia illustrations at the same place but here in full color. Secondly, it has for its cover not FS but an enlargement of a detail from "The Wolf and the Fox" (112), showing the fox in a bucket in a well. Thirdly, its advertisement for "The Sunshine Series" on the verso of the pre-title page is identical with the advertisement at the same place in the other volume except that it offers fewer volumes and says of course "Each with 24 Colour Plates" and not "Each with 16 Colour Plates and 8 Sepia Illustrations." The ten volumes that it does offer are all among the fourteen in the other advertisement as well. Aesop's Fables does not appear in the advertisement here, as it does there. The printer here is not Whitefriars but Butler & Tanner Ltd., Frome and London. This book may have the firmest binding of the three "Sunshine Series" books I have. Here the leaping fox of FG on 68 is a classic! There are some minor stains in this copy. See my comments on both of the other books in the Sunshine Series. Ward and Lock used the same illustrations in a second family of Rountree books with Winder texts, listed here under the same date. They are generally advertised as "Prince Charming" or "Charming Colour Books for Children," are smaller in page-format, and include more illustrations than these volumes in the Sunshine series. Rountree was also involved in another distinct venture, the publishers of which were Collins and the Children's Press. I have those grouped under "1922?" 1924? Aesop's Fables. Retold by Blanche Winder. With 16 Colour Plates and 8 Sepia Illustrations by Harry Rountree. Hardbound. London: The Sunshine Series: Ward, Lock. £30 from Stella Books, Monmouthshire, UK, August, '00. Extra copy, somewhat foxed but with dust jacket, for £15 from Minstergate Bookshop, Beverly, August, '01. I happened to notice this book on an ABE listing and did not remember the sepia illustrations. So I checked my book and saw that it seemed otherwise identical to the one being offered but had no sepia illustrations. Now as I have the two books before me, there are only a few subtle differences. Please see my notes there, under the same year, publisher, and title. The cover of the other book has a yellow box highlighting "With 16 Colour Plates"; this cover prints in orange "16 colour Plates and 8 Sepia Illustrations." Strangely, the pre-frontispiece page of either advertises "The Sunshine Series," but one describes the series as "Each with 16 Colour Plates" while the other says "Each with 16 Colour Plates and 8 Sepia Illustrations." The title-pages are identical except for this mention of the illustrations. The T of C has changed in two ways. First, the sepia illustrations are added and asterisked. Secondly, the pagination begins here on 11, not 7, and the plates are now counted in the pagination. This book thus finishes on 176, not 128. The sepia illustrations include "The Donkey and the Lap-Dog" (45), FG (68: I have seen this illustration somewhere colored), BC (95), "The Boys and the Frogs" (106), "The Miser" (117), "The Widow and Her Little Maidens (128), "The Dragon in the Moon" (139), and "The Tiger's Golden Bracelet" (150). I like Rountree's colored work so much that I am less impressed by the sepia illustrations. 1924? Aesop's Fables. Retold by Blanche Winder. With 16 Colour Plates by Harry Rountree. The Sunshine Series. London: Ward, Lock and Co., Ltd. $24 at Arkadyan, San Francisco, Aug., '94. Once again I thought I was buying an extra of a book I already had. This edition has fewer illustrations, in fact one-third of the number in the other edition from Ward and Lock. It is in excellent condition. The texts and illustrations are identical with their counterparts in the other 1924? edition. See my comments there. This book is done in a larger format and so adds several frames around each illustration (white/beige/white), whereas there is only white in the thicker but smaller edition just above. 1924?/87 Aesop's Fables. Translator (Blanche Winder) and illustrator (Harry Rountree) not acknowledged. Sixteen of the forty-eight illustrations of the original are included and perhaps three-fourths of the texts. Printed in Yugoslavia. NY: Exeter Books. $8 at Castalia Books in Berkeley, June, '89. Extra copy for $5.98 from CU bookstore, Nov., '89. Surprisingly good runs of the reproductions of Rountree's work. This book is closest to the sixteen-illustration edition of 1924? As is typical of Exeter, there is no introductory or bibliographical material. 1924?/90 Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Harry Rountree. After the version of Blanche Winder (unacknowledged). ©Ward Lock. Dust jacket. Printed and bound in Norway. NY: Gallery Books. Gift of Maryanne Rouse, Nov., '91. Extra copy for $7.95 at Booklegger's, Chicago, Sept., '90. My original Winder/Rountree (1924?) has fifty-eight fables, forty-eight illustrated. This has fifty-six, thirty illustrated. What has been dropped?: "The Blackamoor," "The Ass in the Tiger's Skin," and "The Boy and the Nettle." GA (175) has been added. The Winder text is altered here: note the loss of "gay colors" in FG. The plates are enjoyable, but not up to the quality of the originals. They are printed back-to-back on special paper, with sayings facing. Compare also with the smaller 1987 Ward Lock reprint from Exeter (forty-eight fables, sixteen illustrations). 1925 Aesopi Fabulae, Pars Prior. Recensuit Aemilius Chambry. Paperbound. Nouvelle Collection de Textes et Documents publiée sous le patronage de l'Association Guillaume Budé. Paris: Societé d' Édition "Les Belles Lettres." $20 from Serendipity Books, Berkeley, June, '01. With the second volume (1926), this standard-setting work is the lovely Budé text of 359 Greek fables. Many of them include one or more variants. This first volume contains 144 Greek texts. Compare the two volumes of this work with Chambry's bilingual one-volume edition of 1927 by seeing my notes there. This volume does indeed have "The Oak and the Reed" as #101. (It will become "The Reed and the Olive" and occupy #143 in the 1927 work.) And the last of the fables in this volume is "The Horse and the Wild Boar," which will be dropped in favor of its doublet, #329, in the later work. I have been on the hunt for this work since I learned ten years ago of the two different Budé versions. Hooray for finding it now! Notice that this book is in a different series ("Nouvelle Collection de Textes et Documents publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé") from that one ("Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé"). 1925 Aesop's Fables. With designs by Phyllis A. Trery. Printed in England. NY: Boni and Liveright. $50 from Cynthia Fowler, Oct., '91. A beautiful book. Each of twenty-four fables gets a title page with a clever design, a text page, and a five-color full-page illustration (yellow, green, grey, pink, black). No pagination or T of C. The best of the excellent illustrations are DS, "The Fox and the Mask," "The Man and the Satyr," "The Black Slave," "The Lioness and the Cub," FC, and MM. Included in Ash/Higton but not mentioned in Hobbs or Quinnam. 1925 Aesop's Fables. Chosen and Retold in Easy Words by A.P. Williams. Pamphlet. "Books for Young Readers" Series. London: G. Bell and Sons. £7.50 from Quinto, Charing Cross Road, London, June, '02. This is a slightly changed reprinting of the original from 1913. Like it, it is a clean copy with good illustrations. The changes come in two areas. I will describe them and then include the pertinent remarks from that comment. That pamphlet has four pages of advertising at its beginning, including an advertisement for the work itself that mentions a frontispiece; the irony is that the frontispiece is not there. This work lacks the advertisements but has the frontispiece, "The Dog and the Sheep." Like the earlier printing, this is a sturdy little pamphlet with canvas wrapping. Twenty fables, each marked as a lesson, and a farewell. The sentences are numbered and indented. The illustrations are quite clear and in good condition. I recognize but cannot place them; they are not from Tenniel or Weir. Check "The Goat in the Well" (#3) and DM (#8) as typical illustrations. SW (#1) lacks the element of a bet and tells the story in the poorer fashion besides. New to me is the fox in the well being lectured by the wolf (#5). The morals are curious in this book. Almost all are negative. Typical are #10, "Do not be vain like the crow," and #15, "Do not be vain like the ass or you may suffer for it." The cat playing dead (#4) shows that you may not get rid of a bad name. #16 and #17 are one fable ("The Lark and Her Young"). 1925 Aldine First Language Book: Part Two for Grade Four. Catherine T. Bryce and Frank E. Spaulding. NY: Newson and Co. $1 at Silver Spring Thrift Shop, Oct., '91. This book apparently represents a revision of the 1913 edition; the earlier edition may also have been broken up into several parts. Fable remains a part of the content and method of teaching (especially in 186-91 and 257-61) but is reduced in extent from the earlier edition. "The Man and the Satyr" from the earlier edition has become "The Wanderer and the Woodman" (202). Several fables are well told, with a number of others named from earlier study or common usage. 1925 Buch und Leben des hochberühmten Fabeldichters Aesopi. Mit einer Einführung von W. Worringer und in sprachlicher Erneuerung von R. Benz. Mit 36 Abbildungen. Hardbound. Dust jacket. Hauptwerke des Holzschnitts. München: R. Piper & Co. DM 75 at Antiquariat J.F. Steinkopf, Stuttgart, July, '01. Extra copy without dust jacket a gift of William Jenkins, July, '91. A real prize! These woodcuts of Steinhöwel's Ulm edition are beautifully reproduced: a title piece of Aesop, ten from the vita, and twenty-four with fables. I had heard of this book but figured I would never find it. 1925 Buch und Leben des hochberühmten Fabeldichters Aesopi. R. Benz. Ulm. Hardbound. Muenchen: Hauptwerke des Holzschnitts: Piper. $35 from R&D Emerson, Falls Village, CT, Jan., '02. Here is a simpler version of a book I have already listed with the same bibliographical information. Here there are no cloth covers or dust jacket but rather simple boards. The Ulm "Esopus" picture adorns the front-cover board. The lower right corner is seriously bumped. The book is still a real prize! These woodcuts of Steinhöwel's Ulm edition are beautifully reproduced: a title piece of Aesop, ten from the vita, and twenty-four with fables. I had heard of this book but figured I would never find it. 1925 Busy Folk. Mary E. Laing and Andrew W. Edson. With illustrations by Clara Atwood Fitts and Katharine Bird Eckert. Hardbound. Chicago: The Edson-Laing Series: Benj. H. Sanborn & Co. See 1913/25. 1925 Das neunzehnte Jahrhundert in der Karikatur. Friedrich Wendel. Hardbound. Berlin: J.H.W. Dietz Nachfolger. €18 from Antiquariat Niedersätz, Berlin, July, '07. Here is a heavily illustrated presentation of nineteenth century caricatures out of contemporary journals. There are some 136 black-and-white illustrations on 188 pages. I find two that make their statements by appealing to fables. Illustration #58 on 69 from Punch in 1860 presents a fine wolf in sheep's clothing sending a letter to England. This wolf -- Napoleon III? -- has little sheep labeled "Savoy" and "Nice" already in his pockets. As a good caricature, it has human hands and a human face visible underneath the lamb's head. The lower body -- back legs and tail -- are those of a wolf. The book's identifier underneath this illustration speaks of "Die verdächtigen Anbiederungsversuche Napoleons III. England gegenüber." Illustration #61 on 73 presents an 1865 Kladderadatsch caricature on Napoleon III's aims on the Rhein. Apparently a French Renard looks up at the flowing Rhine -- and especially the flowing Rhinewein -- and remarks "Die Trauben sind sauer." This French Renard carries palm branches declaring "The empire is the peace." This book seems to have been a special publication for the Dietz "Bucherkreis." Several colored illustrations occur in the course of the book. 1925 Everyday Classics Third Reader. With exercises in silent reading. By Franklin T. Baker and Ashley H. Thorndike. Illustrated by Willy Pogany. Fifteenth reprinting. NY: The MacMillan Company. See 1917/25. 1925 Fables by Rishon Bardiov (Rabbi Berachya Hanakdan). Pamphlet. Bardiov, Slovakia: Druck und Verlag von M. Ch. Horovitz. $24 from C. Karlinsky, Jerusalem, through eBay, Oct., '02. As much as any book I have catalogued in this collection, this book is beyond me. The eBay seller advertised it as a book of rhymed fables by Rabbi Berachya Hanakdan, one of the great Rishonim. It has 67 pages. Though fragile, it is intact. That may be a T of C on 3-7. I wish I could say more! This collection is one place where this fragile pamphlet can find a happy home. 1925 Fables de La Fontaine: Cent Fables Choisies. Henri Laurens, Éditeur. Illustrations de Henry Morin. Paperbound. Paris: Librairie Renouard. $75 Canadian from David Mason Books, Toronto, Nov., '03. This is the third distinct copy I have of this work, one of the most beautiful books in the collection. Apparently unknown to standard bibliographers like Quinnam, Hobbs, and Bassy, it is in my favorite private collection. It is well described in Bodemann in an edition of 1904. My other two copies are hardbound, one with a gray background on its cloth cover and no date on its title page and the other dated 1932 with a dark green background on its cloth cover. The twelve full-page colored illustrations are particularly good, e.g., of GA (1), two pigeons (117), the little fish and the fisherman (137), and the oyster and the litigants (189). The best among the black-and-white line illustrations are of Death and the woodcutter (15), the hunter fleeing from the lion (30), the dog and food (36), the bear and the gardener (81), DW (91), the frog and the rat (150), and TB (151). Have I seen elsewhere the donkey cartoon before and the pigeon cartoon after the ending T of C? The closest artist generally may be Boutet de Monvel. 1925 Fables de Lokman. M. Cherbonneau. Paperbound. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste: Paul Geuthner. $45 from Serendipity, Berkeley, 8/06. Here are forty-one fables on 79 pages. The rest of the title proceeds "Expliquées d'après une Méthode Nouvelle par deux Traductions Françaises." One translation right underneath the Arabic is a standard prose paragraph in French. On the page facing, there is a two-column presentation of the fable, phrase by phrase, in Arabic and French, respectively. The book has three further elements. First comes a long analytic dictionary of words with difficult forms. Then there is a helpful T of C that lists other fabulists who treat the same fable or theme. Finally there is an Arabic AI of fables. Lokman is mentioned in the thirty-first sourate of the Koran. Cherbonneau starts his preface by writing that Lokman's fables are much more modern than had been thought; Lokman is commonly dated to 1100 BC. The numbering and understanding of these fables seems consistent with what I have described from the Dutch edition of Lokman by Leo Ross in 1964, though that edition presents only thirty-seven fables. Thus the moral of Fable 3 about a sick gazelle is again that when a family grows, so do concerns grow. In this fable and generally, this edition substitutes "gazelle" for deer or stag. In Fable 9, a fox tells a gazelle who has fallen into a well that she made a mistake by not thinking ahead to the way to get out. In Fable 11, it is a rabbit that claims to the lion to produce a number of offspring. Fable 12 is also consistent with Ross' edition and with his numbering: the woman who overfeeds her productive hen wanting more has been getting silver eggs from this hen. I have for Fable 19 the same question that I had about this fable in Volume III of "The Classic and the Beautiful from the Literature of Three Thousand Years" from 1895. This story tells of the lamenting pig who is travelling with the lamb and goat. There is again a strange moral, namely that criminals should know the dire fate that awaits them in the next life. But what crime did this pig commit? As in Ross' edition, Fable 22 tells of the bramble bush that takes over the garden. In Fable 29, it is a cat and not a snake that licks a file. As against Ross, Fable 34, SW, is told in the better version. I noted in Ross that Fable 37 on the goose and the swallow seems new. When this pair encounter a trap, the swallow can fly up and away, but the goose is caught. Fable 40 is new to me. Two snakes are fighting, and a third comes up to reconcile them. A human observer addresses the third snake: "If you were not worse than both of them, you would not try to mediate." In Fable 41, DS, the piece of meat dropped into the river is picked up by a bird. 1925 Fábulas de Esopo. Ilustrada con 133 grabados. Hardbound. Barcelona: Bibllioteca para Niños: Casa Editorial Ramon Sopena. $45 from Christian Tottino, Buenos Aires, through eBay, June, '15. "Novisima edición cuidadosamente revisada e ilustrada con 133 grabados." Sopena has done several books that are alike. A first feature one may notice is the thick pages. This substantial book has only 70 pages! Sopena's editions include many texts, each done with a small black-and-white illustration. Each page has two columns, with two or three fables recounted on each page. There are occasional larger black-and-white images. Good examples of the book's art are "Thief and Mother" (15); "The Man with Two Women" (90); TB (57); and "The Beaver" (61). Among the stranger images in the book is that for DLS (33). There is an alphabetical index on last page (70). This book was published with ecclesiastical approval! It was sold at Casa Editorial Ramon Sopena in Buenos Aires. 1925 Forty-Two Fables of La Fontaine. Translated by Edward Marsh. First U.S. edition. NY: Harper and Brothers. $13.50 at Q-Rosity Shop, Santa Fe, May, '93. Extras for $2.50 from Constant Reader, Fall, '86, and for $7.50 from David Morrison, Portland, March, '96. Witty rhyming texts. The tales may get a bit long in the telling. Many witty classical allusions are made and played with. Good stuff for the scholars and pundits around! 1925 Forty-Two Fables of La Fontaine. Edward Marsh. First U.S. edition. Hardbound. NY: Harper and Brothers. $2.50 from Constant Reader, Milwaukee, Sept., '86. This book is interiorly identical with another, bought in Santa Fe. It has a slightly smaller format, no label on its front cover, and lighter green cloth for its covers. As I mention of that other first U.S. edition, the book has witty rhyming texts. The tales may get a bit long in the telling. Many witty classical allusions are made and played with. Good stuff for the scholars and pundits around! 1925 Gold's Gloom: Tales from the Panchatantra. Translated by Arthur W. Ryder. First impression. One of 2000. Hardbound. Printed in USA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. $15 from an unknown source, March, '98. I listed earlier a copy of the second impression of August, 1926. Now I have found a first impression, according to the note at the end saying that 2000 copies were made in September, 1925. This copy is in better condition than the copy I have of the second impression. There is a design of one larger and several smaller birds on the title-page and a repeated pattern that appears in a band above titles and in a smaller section at the end of each story. There are stains on the verso of the title-page and on the T of C's first page. The book is inscribed on January 29, 1926, and heavy initials "V.B.S" are pasted onto the front end-paper. I can only guess at when and where I found this book. 1925 Hundertundeine Fabel. Alois Wohlmuth. Mit Umschlag und 23 Federzeichnungen von Olaf Gulbransson. Hardbound. Munich: Verlag Parcus & Co.. €18 from Antiquariat Ihring, Berlin, August, '07. I had known a little bit about Wohlmuth's work from encountering it in the 1961 Vogel und Fisch: Ein Buch Fabeln. Bodemann seems to have only one work of Wohlmuth's, Vierundsiebzig Fabeln 1917 with art by Olaf Gulbransson, as here. Might this be a later and fuller rendition of that work? Bodemann's comment there mentions an "aesopähnliche Dichterfigur in humoristisch-antikisierender Aufmachung mit erhobenem Zeigefinger in Kornfeld." Exactly that picture is on the cover of this book. The dust-jacket promised on the title-page is not with this copy. I enjoy these poems and sketches. These poems are more than fable-like. The first is "Hilferuf" (3). Frogs are aware of the approaching snakes and make a big noise. Stork hears the frogs' cries, comes down, eats the snakes and then eats the frogs too! "Pfeffer" (71) relates the difficulty Ebrahim has getting his ass to continue traveling. He gets the advice: "Put pepper in his buttocks." He dismounts and does that. The ass then runs so fast that Ebrahim cannot catch him. So he tries the same on himself and it works! His wife wonders what is up, but Ebrahim cannot stop. He recommends that she too pepper her buttocks and she will follow them "like lightning." Gulbransson's two sketches for this fable are particularly good. "Vom Hamster" (107) relates the death of a hamster who had saved up food that he never enjoyed. "Verschwender ist, wer nicht geniesst!" He is a waster who does not enjoy! The last fable, "Hund und Hase" (126), tells of a rabbit upon whom a chasing dog is closing. In desperation the rabbit stops fast and lets the dog fly over and past him. "When the great man overshoots his goal, the little man can make use of that with pleasure." T of C at the end. 1925 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 7 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/21/22/23/24/25/26. 1925 Isoho Monogatori, I. Paperbound. Tokyo: Kisho Fukuseikai Sosho, Ser. 4, No. 3: Beizando, Taisho 14. $38.95 from Shingo Ueda, Tokyo, through eBay, June, '05. The three volumes of this set are a facsimile reingraving of the 1659 Haseda Daigaku Toshokan copy of Aesop's fables. The imprint reads "Ito San'emon, Manji 2." It is done in Oriental style on double leaves in a heavier paper casing bound by thread. I count some 23 double pages in this volume, which seems to me to present the life of Aesop. There are five illustrations in this volume. The first is easily recognizable as the story of Aesop voluntarily throwing up to prove that he did not eat stolen figs. After second and third illustrations that remain uncertain for me, there is a fourth in which Aesop seems to cover horses' heads. In a fifth, he is pursued by soldiers. Could this be the Delphi episode which saw him killed? Lovely work, and I am delighted to include it in the collection! There is a loose insert at the beginning of the volume, perhaps an advertisement. 1925 Isoho Monogatori, II. Paperbound. Tokyo: Kisho Fukuseikai Sosho, Ser. 4, No. 3: Beizando, Taisho 14. $38.95 from Shingo Ueda, Tokyo, through eBay, June, '05. The three volumes of this set are a facsimile reingraving of the 1659 Haseda Daigaku Toshokan copy of Aesop's fables. The imprint reads "Ito San'emon, Manji 2." It is done in Oriental style on double leaves in a heavier paper casing bound by thread. I count some 30 double pages in this volume, including five illustrations. At least the first two seem to deal with the life of Aesop. The first has Aesop looking at people inside cages, upon which birds stand; this was his supposed bright idea for waging war, according to the life. The second has a lower panel in which Aesop seems to have been thrown down a cliff. The third again presents two scenes, I believe. Is the boar kicking the old bull in the face in the upper panel? And might the lower scene show the crow waiting for the eagle to drop the snail, so that he can eat it first? The fourth seems to show BF in its upper panel. In the lower, has the horse just kicked Dr. Wolf? The upper part of the fifth seems to be UP. Are those two men visiting the land of the monkeys in the lower portion? Is the first being rewarded for his flattering lies? There is a loose insert at the beginning of the volume, perhaps an advertisement. 1925 Isoho Monogatori, III. Paperbound. Tokyo: Kisho Fukuseikai Sosho, Ser. 4, No. 3: Beizando, Taisho 14. $38.95 from Shingo Ueda, Tokyo, through eBay, June, '05. The three volumes of this set are a facsimile reingraving of the 1659 Haseda Daigaku Toshokan copy of Aesop's fables. The imprint reads "Ito San'emon, Manji 2." It is done in Oriental style on double leaves in a heavier paper casing bound by thread. I count some 31 double pages in this volume, including five illustrations. The upper panel of the first presents "The Ant and the Fly." The lower panel seems to present a demon on horseback with a human walking alongside. The second may have the fox betraying the wolf in the upper panel, but the presence of both waves and a basket with the latter animal make me wonder. The lower panel here is AD. The upper panel of the third illustration has perhaps one animal (a wolf?) seizing the prey (a fox?) from another animal which is hard for me to identify. The lower panel has a cat outside a house and a mouse or rat inside. Might the upper portion of the fourth panel be the story of the wife visiting her drunken husband in his tomb? The lower portion seems to show a raging storm god causing wind and rain. The fifth illustration seems to have a bird on a tree branch relating to a man with a long pole. Below one human being may hold a rope over another human being on the ground. I look forward to working with the person who can clarify the association of these fascinating illustrations! There is a loose insert at the beginning of the volume, perhaps an advertisement. 1925 Kalender für das Jahr 1925 (Cover: Klingspor Kalender 1925). Gedruckt und herausgegeben von Gebr. Klingspor. Holzstiche von Willi Harwerth. Hardbound. Offenbach am Main: Gedruckt und herausgegeben von Gebr. Klingspor. €12 from Antiquariaat Engel, Stuttgart, August, '09. This book represents one of the best finds of an extended stay in Europe. During a one-day trip to Stuttgart, Ursula Kuhn and I headed for the bookshops on Alexanderstrasse. I soon recognized the territory and remembered Antiquariaat Engel and its place above a store for new books. No one was there to help. I found little, and checked "Neue Eingänge" before I left, knowing that chances of finding something were very small. Out popped this Klingspor Kalender. I recognized it immediately because of the 1933 calendar featured in Anne Hobbs' Fables, a calendar I found by luck on eBay five years ago. This hardbound book is slightly larger than the 1933 edition, about 5½" x7¾." It begins with poems on the four seasons and then offers a page for each month. Each month has an astronomical sign at the top. Each month features four or five small figures representing saints or feasts. Do not miss Salome on October 24th! The Sundays are printed in red, and phases of the moon noted. There follow then two pages of fables: Lessing's "Der Besitzer des Bogens," Ernst's "Eine harmlose Geschichte," and Luther's "Gewalt" or LS. Then come seven verse selections, all either fables or very close to fables. The first is Pfeffel's good story of the grainfield where only one stalk raises its head. That is the stalk without fruit; all the others are bowed down by their good fruit. One of the seven, of anonymous authorship, is even titled "Eine Fabel." When King Lion locks up the bear who had censored people's writing, he found that making everyone into writers only produced confusion. "Let the bear go free!" The images are exquisite. Here they are all colored, by contrast with the copy I have from 1933. What a find! Formerly in the possession of Joachim Butterling. 1925 More Fables of La Fontaine. Translated by Edward Marsh. Signed first edition, #88 of 165. Hardbound. London: William Heinemann Ltd. NZ$ 40 from John & Carole Ansley, Titles Bookshop, Manukau, New Zealand, Dec., '98. Extra signed and numbered (#5) copy for £3.20 from J. Carson, England, through eBay, Jan., '04. Marsh had just published "Forty-Two Fables of La Fontaine" in the same year with (Heinemann in England and?) Harper in the US. In the preface to the 1931 complete translation of La Fontaine in two volumes for Heinemann, he writes that he revised both of these earlier works for this more stringent task. That revision is clear in the very first ten lines of GA. It is of course a part of the treasure of this little 1925 book that it is a numbered copy of a limited first edition, signed by Marsh himself. The book joins others by Marsh in my collection besides the monumental 1931 work: a 1933 Heinemann reprinting of the two-volume 1931 work, now in one volume; Everyman's edition in 1952; and Marie Angel's lovely edition of some of the fables in 1979/81. 1925 More Fables of La Fontaine. Translated by Edward Marsh. Hardbound. London: William Heinemann Ltd. $10 from Midway Books, St. Paul, June, '03. This is a less expensive version of the signed, numbered first edition I found from John & Carole Ansley in New Zealand. This book has smaller margins and is thus perhaps ¼" smaller in each dimension. It has a blue cloth cover with a title pasted in paper on the front cover and on the spine. Inside, it appears to be identical, with exception of the missing page number (88) on the final page. Here is what I wrote about the signed, numbered edition: "Marsh had just published Forty-Two Fables of La Fontaine in the same year with (Heinemann in England and?) Harper in the US. In the preface to the 1931 complete translation of La Fontaine in two volumes for Heinemann, he writes that he revised both of these earlier works for this more stringent task. That revision is clear in the very first ten lines of GA. It is of course a part of the treasure of this little 1925 book that it is a numbered copy of a limited first edition, signed by Marsh himself. The book joins others by Marsh in my collection besides the monumental 1931 work: a 1933 Heinemann reprinting of the two-volume 1931 work, now in one volume; Everyman's edition in 1952; and Marie Angel's lovely edition of some of the fables in 1979/81." 1925 Never-Grow-Old-Stories Retold from Aesop's Fables. By Edwin Osgood Grover. With Illustrations by Percy J. Billinghurst. Hardbound. Chicago: Lyons & Carnahan. $16 from Alibris, Dec., '98. Extra copy with blue, red, and black cover for $31 from Alibris, May, '00. "This book contains thirty-eight of the best stories told for very little boys and girls who like cats and dogs, and lions and bears (at a proper distance), and who never tire of watching them or reading about their wise and otherwise actions" (Introduction by Grover, 7). There is a T of C at the beginning. These are pleasant tellings for little children. At the end of their story "the fox and stork shook hands and parted as good friends as ever" (25). Grover starts DM with a long examination of the dog's envy over the horses' living conditions (39). The fox actually enters the door after the "doorman" dog opens it for him (45)! There is a tendency here to lighten the impact of a fable. Thus the crow outwitted by another into dropping his mussel onto rocks only for the other crow to eat it consoles himself that the eater will not "enjoy eating when he remembers what a mean trick he played on me to get it" (61). And the fox without a tail "was a brave Fox to try to make the best of his misfortune" (17). The fox and goat jump into the well together for a drink (73). The talkative approach to stories may backfire slightly when we read that the frogs asked for a king because "they did not like so much liberty and freedom" (81). In the next paragraph they are talking of the court balls, parties, and good times they could have with a king. Mercury actually cuts the camel's ears off--or at least down to small size (101). FG is told as an aetiological tale (105). The fox takes over the wolf's den with impunity after the farmer does away with the wolf (113). Both copies have a misprint "Boer" on 131. The contrast between "room" and "company" in "The Sow and the Wolf" (137) is in Croxall and thus in many others. The very last fable, "The Cat and the Mice" (141), is new to me. The cat seems to sleep and so catches a newly arrived mouse. The extra copy shows more signs of age and has different colors on its covers and endpapers and in its good Billinghurst illustrations. These seem to have two or three colors (brown, tan, and orange) besides black and white. I recognize them as standard Billinghurst; at least here he is acknowledged! 1925 Reynard the Fox and Other Fables. Adapted from the French of La Fontaine. Written by W.T. Larned. Illustrated by John Rae. Chicago: P.F. Volland Co. $36 by mail from Dorothy Meyer, Dec., '95. This book uses the illustrations of the Volland 1918 Fables in Rhyme for Little Folks (see my listing for 1918/24?) and puts them now with prose stories rather than the verse used there. Most fables also get new titles. In addition, the order is changed, so that now the ass from MSA is holding a (miswritten Latin?) "farewell" sign four fables before the book ends! Though some illustrations come out clear, I am still disappointed at how frequently the Volland illustrations end up lacking definition. The end-paper illustration here is dramatically clear! 1925 Stone's Silent Reading: Book Three. Clarence R. Stone. Illustrated by Ruth Sutherland. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. $1 at Omaha Flea Market, March, '90. Extra copy for $3 from 5th Avenue Antiques, Milwaukee, August, '96. Pages 147-53 present six fables with multiple choices for morals. Then there is a page of nice small colored pictures. "The Geese and the Crane" becomes "The Crows and the Dove." Page xviii complains that pupils often get the story without getting the moral! "The real content value of the fable lies in the moral lesson taught." The Omaha copy is slashed on 237, and the Milwaukee copy is missing 239-40, which was torn out. 1925 The Fables of Aesop. (Cover and spine: Aesop's Fables.) Text Based upon LaFontaine and Croxall. Illustrated by Joseph Eugene Dash. Hardbound. Published in the USA. Chicago: Albert Whitman. $9.95 from Jim Pierce, Willow Street, PA, through Ebay, Nov., '00. Extra copies: of the third printing ('29, tan cover), a gift of Linda Schlafer from Dorothy Meyer, Chicago, at the DePaul Book Fair, March, '93; and of the fourth printing ('36, red cover) for $20 from Bookman's Alley, August, '96. Here is a singular find. I had never seen this book before, and I cannot find it mentioned in Hobbs, Quinnam, or my favorite private collector. I checked for a formulaic text adapted from LaFontaine and Croxall identified as this book's subtitle identifies it; I found no comparison from my holdings. (The closest is the "JBR" version that includes Croxall, LaFontaine, and L'Estrange in, for example, Aesop's Fables of 1893/1893?). A quick check finds that this text does follow Croxall, with updatings. Both follow the version in which a company of mice run over the lion. I find thirty-seven colored (orange, brown, and tan with black) and fifty-two black-and-white illustrations; the page after the title claims "over seventy" colored illustrations. The book has a curious way of using partial phrases under its illustrations, right from the frontispiece on: "Illness of the Lion was only a sham." Why not "The Illness"? Some good illustrations feature 2P (23), WS (79), "The Frogs and the Stork" (113), and "The Grasshopper and the Owl" (217). Juno is one-third the size of the peacock (129)! Good work on donkeys and asses (49, 133, and 181). About 115 fables. The fourth printing adds colored background to the black-and-white illustrations. How lucky to find a first edition on Ebay! Its outer spine is torn, and the cloth of its cover is blue. The "Special Note" between the title-page and the T of C speaks of "Le Fontaine." 1925 Two Fables. Translated by Christopher Morley. Borders and Etchings by Cameron Wright. First edition. Signed by Christopher Morley. Garden City: Doubleday, Page and Company. Gift of Linda Schlafer from Canterbury Books, Arlington Heights, IL, at DePaul Book Fair, March, '93. Extra copy of the first edition for $12.50 from Second Story Books, Portland, July, '93. A delightful introduction engagingly brings the reader to the points in Morley's life at which he met each of these two fairy tales. Morley seems to use that expression interchangeably with "fables." De Musset's "Histoire d'un Merle Blanc" (1-55) is a delightful satiric autobiography of a white blackbird. It touches humanly on questions of identity, art, fame, and love. Hauff's short story "The Young Foreigner" (59-95) is fun. One dare not say much; take Morley's own word that he spent an evening in a German inn laughing outrageously over it. The book's pages are bordered in engaging fashion. The design for de Musset includes quills and a candle, black and white birds, leaves and flowers. That for Hauff includes the sun and feathers, a stein and pipes, and a vine and grapes. Each story begins with a full-page engraving. In summer of '97, Kelmscott is offering a dust-jacketed first edition for $65. 1925 Up One Pair of Stairs of My Book House. Volume 3 of twelve. Edited by Olive Beaupré Miller. Various illustrators. Chicago: The Book House for Children. See 1920/25/28/37. 1925/26 Gold's Gloom: Tales from the Panchatantra. Translated by Arthur W. Ryder. Second Impression. Hardbound. Printed in USA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. $14.40 from Starbooks, Valatie, NY, March, '01. Here are selections from Ryder's translation of the larger work. A note at the end declares that 2000 copies were made in September, 1925. "This is a copy of the second impression, published in August, 1926." The outside layer of the spine is starting to separate. There is a design of one larger and several smaller birds on the title-page and a repeated pattern that appears in a band above titles and in a smaller section at the end of each story. The translator's introduction is reduced from eight to five pages. 1925/26 The Panchatantra. Translated from the Sanskrit by Arthur W. Ryder. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. $5 from Klaus Grunewald, Kansas City, May, '93. Five books, with, at the front, a convenient T of C according to fables. Maddening jingles versify every thought. This work practices retardation with a vengeance! A coming story is announced in a verse or tag-line followed by "How is that?" The fable comes as the answer, concluded by "And that is why I said . . . and the rest of it." Frequent parentheses say "Fate had decreed it," especially for escapes from death. Frequent catalogues, used then to structure what follows. The plot framework is that a king wants to educate his three sons who are hostile to education. Counselors tell him it will take years, but one recommends the Brahmin Vishnusharman. The latter offers to do it in six months or the king can show him the "Majestic bare bottom." Vishnusharman makes the boys learn these five books by heart. Book I, "The Loss of Friends," is the "Kalila and Dimna" story with lots of new twists, generally told in more rudimentary fashion than in Ramsay Wood's Kalila and Dimna (1982). In II, "The Winning of Friends," the friendship of "Swift" and "Gold" is simply that. In fact, all four friends in II are male. "The Crows and the Owls" in III makes for very good intrigue. The frame of IV, "The Loss of Gains," comes from "The Monkey and the Crocodile," with its "Let us go back and get my heart" trick. In V, "Ill-Considered Action," after "The Barber Who Killed the Monk" and "The Mongoose Son," the frame story is "Four Treasure Seekers." Though this is not a first edition, I am very happy to get an early copy of this important book. 1925/29 The Fables of Aesop (Cover and spine: Aesop's Fables). Text Based upon LaFontaine and Croxall. Illustrated by Joseph Eugene Dash. Third printing. Hardbound. Chicago: Albert Whitman. Gift of Linda Schlafer from Dorothy Meyer, Chicago, at the DePaul Book Fair, March, '93. Here is a third printing of this unusual book. Its cover is tan cloth. As I mentioned about the first printing, here is a singular find. I had never seen this book before, and I cannot find it mentioned in Hobbs, Quinnam, or Lindseth. I checked for a formulaic text adapted from LaFontaine and Croxall identified as this book's subtitle identifies it; I found no comparison from my holdings. (The closest is the "JBR" version that includes Croxall, LaFontaine, and L'Estrange in, for example, Aesop's Fables of 189March, '1893?). A quick check finds that this text does follow Croxall, with updatings. Both follow the version in which a company of mice run over the lion. I find thirty-seven colored (orange, brown, and tan with black) and fifty-two black-and-white illustrations; the page after the title claims "over seventy" colored illustrations. The book has a curious way of using partial phrases under its illustrations, right from the frontispiece on: "Illness of the Lion was only a sham." Why not "The Illness"? Some good illustrations feature 2P (23), WS (79), "The Frogs and the Stork" (113), and "The Grasshopper and the Owl" (217). Juno is one-third the size of the peacock (129)! Good work on donkeys and asses (49, 133, and 181). About 115 fables. The fourth printing adds colored background to the black-and-white illustrations. How lucky to find a first edition on Ebay! Its outer spine is torn, and the cloth of its cover is blue. The "Special Note" between the title-page and the T of C speaks of "Le Fontaine." 1925/32 The Pathway to Reading: Third Reader. Bessie Blackstone Coleman, Willis L. Uhl, and James Fleming Hosic. Illustrated by Eunice and John Stephenson. Hardbound. NY: Silver, Burdett. $12.60 from Corn Country Antiques, Walnut, Iowa, Oct., '08. This book represents a very lucky find. I no longer expect to find as-yet-undiscovered fable books in rural antique stores. Here I found two from the same series! The fables included here are: "Hercules and the Wagoner" (37); "The Boys and the Frogs" (39); "The Hare and the Hound" (39); "The Banyan Deer" (115, identified as a Jataka Tale); BC (206); WL (207). Only "The Banyan Deer" gets an illustration. The book is in good condition, especially for its age. 1925/36 The Fables of Aesop (Cover and spine: Aesop's Fables). Text Based upon LaFontaine and Croxall. Illustrated by Joseph Eugene Dash. Fourth printing. Hardbound. Chicago: Albert Whitman. $20 from Bookman's Alley, August., '96. Here is a fourth printing of this unusual book. Its cover is red cloth. As I mentioned about the first printing, here is a singular find. I had never seen this book before, and I cannot find it mentioned in Hobbs, Quinnam, or Lindseth. I checked for a formulaic text adapted from LaFontaine and Croxall identified as this book's subtitle identifies it; I found no comparison from my holdings. (The closest is the "JBR" version that includes Croxall, LaFontaine, and L'Estrange in, for example, Aesop's Fables of 189March, '1893?). A quick check finds that this text does follow Croxall, with updatings. Both follow the version in which a company of mice run over the lion. I find thirty-seven colored (orange, brown, and tan with black) and fifty-two black-and-white illustrations; the page after the title claims "over seventy" colored illustrations. The book has a curious way of using partial phrases under its illustrations, right from the frontispiece on: "Illness of the Lion was only a sham." Why not "The Illness"? Some good illustrations feature 2P (23), WS (79), "The Frogs and the Stork" (113), and "The Grasshopper and the Owl" (217). Juno is one-third the size of the peacock (129)! Good work on donkeys and asses (49, 133, and 181). About 115 fables. The fourth printing adds colored background to the black-and-white illustrations. How lucky to find a first edition on Ebay! Its outer spine is torn, and the cloth of its cover is blue. The "Special Note" between the title-page and the T of C speaks of "Le Fontaine." 1925/53/56/64 The Panchatantra. Translated from the Sanskrit by Arthur W. Ryder. Paperback. Phoenix. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. $15 from Sackler Galleries, DC, May, '92. Extra copy from same source and one extra with gold cover (original price $5.95) for $3.60 at Logos, Santa Cruz, July, '92. This paperbound edition seems identical with the 1925 hardbound edition. See my comments under 1925/26. Originally lent to me by Jim Reddington, this book was my companion during some hard times with stomach problems in Georgetown in Spring, 1992. 1925? A Primary Reader. (?) Title pages missing. Stamp on 35 declaring the book property of New York City Board of Education is dated 1928. $10 at Yesterday's Books, DC, Sept., '91. This book is a re-covered reader for the fourth through sixth grades by a feminine author who refers to Riverside reader volumes (168). "From Foreign Lands" (165-203) includes "The Lark and Its Young," MM, and "The Cat and the Monkey" from Aesop; "The Fox, the Hen, and the Drum" and "Three Fish" from Bidpai; "The Brahmin, the Tiger, and the Six Judges" from Hindu; and "The Oyster and the Two Claimants" nicely rhymed from LaFontaine. Several simple illustrations. 1925? Aesop's Fables. Retold by Enid Blyton. Hardbound. Great Britain: Reading Practice #1: Thomas Nelson and Sons. $3.03 from Lorna Horlock, Swansea, UK, through eBay, August, '02. I have been looking for this book for a long time. It is the background for the one other fable book I have found by Blyton, published by Element in 1999. There are twenty-two fables on 64 pages, with a T of C at the front and discussion questions at the back. I find the stories well told. SW, for example, is told in an appropriate form (10). At the end of MSA, the miller's wife scolds the miller for losing the ass (23). The whole ass along with his load is loaded onto the horse in "The Horse and the Loaded Ass" on 62. There is about one black-and-white illustration for each fable. I think this may be the first time that I have found the tortoise in TH mopping his sweaty brow (34). Blue cloth covers. Fair condition. 1925? Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Edwin Noble. No editor acknowledged. Second Edition. NY: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. See 1921?/25? 1925? Aesop's Fables. With designs by Phyllis A. Trery. London: Humphrey Milford/ Oxford University Press. $25 from Walk A Crooked Mile Books, Philadelphia, Jan., '92. Apparently the (original?) British version of the book I have in the American edition from Boni and Liveright (1925). Some pages are slightly soiled. This has a cheaper cardboard cover with Trery designs. See my comments there on the lovely five-color illustrations. How strange it is never to have heard of a book and then to find it in two different editions within a few months! 1925? Aesop's Fables. Edited with Notes by Joe Yoshida. Paperbound. Tokyo: The Ai-iku-sha English Library #14: Ai-iku-sha. $8 from Clare Leeper, July, '96. This paperback book presents fifty-three fables on 84 pages. Each has a simple design derived from standard English-language sources like Weir or Tenniel. On 85-112 there are vocabulary notes on each of the fables. There is a T of C at the beginning. I have just discovered that Ai-iku-sha is still very much in business. 1925? Aesop's Fables. Pamphlet. Printed in England. A Tuck Book: Raphael Tuck & Sons, Ltd. £9 from Skoob Two, London, June, '98. Extra copy in more used condition for £15 from Marchpane, London, June, '98. Here is a thirty-two page pamphlet that I had not found for years and then found twice within one week. It features twelve full-page colored illustrations signed something like "Abbé" or "Alli." It also includes frequent black-and-white images integrated with the text. Between the two forms of illustration, almost all of the thirty-three fables are illustrated somehow. The Skoob copy is in better condition but looks suspiciously recent, and so I will keep both copies in the collection. The colored illustration for TH here has the fox at the finish line brandishing a written slip of some sort (7). The owner of the goose with golden eggs (28) has a great gesture with extended arms. 1925? Aesop's Fables and Other Stories. Appropriately Illustrated. No author or illustrator mentioned. Inscribed in 1927. Chicago/NY: M.A. Donohue and Co. $2 from Holmes Book Co., Oakland, Dec., '86. I am going crazy because I recognize both the drawings (Weir?) and the page tops of the fables on the first forty pages of this book. Then it moves off to various other children's literature. The illustrations are rather cheaply done. 1925? Aesop's Fables in Words of One Syllable. By Mary Godolphin. The illustrations are after Harrison Weir and Ernest Griset (NA). Hardbound. NY: Saalfield. $3.75 from Gary Hood, Winterset, Iowa, through Ebay, March, '99. This book reproduces the one I have listed under "1905?" from the same publisher with the same title. Thus it has 92 pages and includes four illustrations after Griset as well as many done after Weir. The cover here is red cloth stamped with a blurred black image of two children on a window seat. See my comments for that edition and for the very similar edition listed under "1904?" 1925? Aesop's Fables in Words of One Syllable. By Mary Godolphin. Illustrations after Harrison Weir and Ernest Griset, not acknowledged. Dust jacket. Hardbound. NY: Saalfield. $5 from Rev. Irwin Page, Kane, PA, through eBay, Nov., '02. This book reproduces the one I have listed under "1925?" from the same publisher with the same title. Thus it has 92 pages and includes four illustrations after Griset as well as many done after Weir. The cover here is not red but tan cloth stamped with a black image of two children on a window seat. This copy has a dust jacket. See my comments on the red cloth copy and the very similar editions listed under "1904?" and "1905?" 1925? Animals Talking: A Book of Fables. René Bull (NA), F.C.P. (NA). Pamphlet. Printed in Great Britain. Read and Remember--Teaching Unit I-A. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. $0.46 from Renaissance Bookstore, Palo Alto, March, '96. Twenty-eight fables after a surprising appearance of frontispiece portrait of Aesop from way back in the tradition (Gheeraerts perhaps?). The first fable, "The Panther and the Kid" seems a strange redoing of WL (5). New to me and good is "How the Monkey Found Trouble" (7). Moozimoo the Wise One gave him a bag to open in a clearing, and inside the bag was a vicious dog. "The Lark and Her Nest" (16) has a twist that is new to me. When the children hear the farmer say that he will hire men to help cut the field,, the mother lark knows that he is serious. The talkative tortoise does not get to say any word because her travels had already come to an end when she opened her mouth to speak (19). There is here a new version of DW (20), in which the dog wants to know from the wolf why he would attack defenseless sheep. The wolf explains that the shepherd will kill the whole flock, while the wolf takes just one sheep now and then. "The Hare and the Baboon" (36) tells of a Tom-Sawyer-like scheme by the hare to get the baboon to help pick his monkey-nuts. If the baboon can pick a bag's worth before the hare, he can have the nuts. The hare cheats and wins by stealing from the baboon's bag and thus filling his own bag first, but then he cannot carry the overly full bag back home. So the baboon finishes filling his bag, carries it off, and enjoys it! New finally is "The Monkey and the Hippo" (40). The monkey learns to swim because he must to save his life. There are simple small illustrations every few fables. OF (25) has the tombstone illustration that Nelson used in other versions as well. On it is written "Here lies the frog who would be as big as an ox." In fact, several illustrations of this book are shared with Nelson's Fables de la Fontaine, also dated to "1925?" There are extensive questions on each fable at the back of the pamphlet. The spine has been crudely repaired. 1925? Fables by G. Washington Aesop. Cover expands "G." to "George." Writer not acknowledged: George T. Lanigan of The World of NY. Illustrated by F.S. Church. London: W. Mack. See 1878/1925?. 1925? Fables de La Fontaine. No editor or artist acknowledged. Paris: Nelson, Éditeurs. $3 at The Antique Society, Sebastopol, June, '97. This book and the circumstances around my getting it are strange. I was wandering through this antiques mall, having found nothing, and found this away from the usual book sources for this incredible price! I would never have expected to find a book like this in a place like that. The book itself is also strange. It was published by an English publisher in Paris and sold in Geneva. It contains 43 fables, with two colored illustrations ("The Shepherd and the Sea" as frontispiece and TB on 60). Along the way most fables have simple but playful illustrations. Among the best are the smiling hanging cat on 16, the bird dying in three stages on 19, the frog weeping at his burst mate's tombstone on 20, and the helmeted rats on 59. The book has weak cardboard covers that have managed to bring it this far! 1925? Harum-Scarum: The Tale of a Hare and a Tortoise. By May Byron. Frontispiece by E.J. Detmold; Line Illustrations by Day Hodgetts. Hardbound. London: Old Friends in New Frocks: Hodder & Stoughton. £ 15.50 from M. & D. Reeve, Oxford, UK, Sept. '02. Two things are coming clear to me as I get into further stories in this series. First, the cover picture is the same on each book. No wonder I noticed that it has nothing to do with the book's particular story! Secondly, I think that the Detmold tipped-in illustration serving as frontispiece for each volume is a reprint of his Aesop's Fables illustrations from his 1909 Hodder edition. How convenient for this publisher to bring the illustrations over from one book to another! Harum-Scarum is a hyperactive young bunny who frightens his mother and the neighbors with his energy. The race is cleverly introduced here. Neighbors are complaining about Harum-Scarum, and Mrs. Tortoise says that anyone with legs as long as his could run. She goes on to say that she thinks her husband could beat Harum-Scarum. These two tortoises are over a hundred years old! The match and its outcome is related in loving and lingering detail. William Weasel makes a surprise second appearance very near the end of this little book. 1925? Jack-a-Dandy: The Tale of the Vain Jackdaw. By May Byron. Frontispiece by E.J. Detmold; Line Illustrations by Day Hodgetts. Hardbound. London: Old Friends in New Frocks: Hodder & Stoughton. $11.99 from Diane Mosbacher Books, Bainbridge, OH, through abe, August, '04. I now have five books in this series. Again, the cover is the same as for the others in the series. Again the Detmold tipped-in illustration serving as frontispiece is a reprint from his 1909 Hodder edition of Aesop's Fables. Byron here adds a character, "Pucklet," a tiny sprite that knows how Jack Daw is hankering after various birds' feathers. Pucklet offers to help Jack get all the feathers he wants. Pucklet rides Jack as they collect the feathers. Jack Daw becomes "rather like a rainbow turned into a bird" (27). At first, the new "Jack-a-Dandy" makes a great impression on the other birds. He becomes the talk of the town. The sparrow has been spurned by Jack and Pucklet, and he notices that Jack has no two feathers alike. He sees Pucklet and Jack fall out, so that the former leaves. In the end, Mrs. Daw is able to convince Jack that he is better as a plain Jack Daw. Again, this series provides a fresh and reflective version of a traditional fable. 1925? La Fontaine: Fables. Herausgegeben von G. Schmidt. Illustriert von Gertrud Stamm-Hagemann. Hardbound. Heidelberg: Fremdsprachliche, Illustrierte Jugendlesebücher: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. Gift of Otto and Ulrike Knupfer, August, '06. A lovely little volume containing sixty fables, all but one (the first: GA) with a very engaging black-and-white silhouette. Some of my favorite little silhouettes include the cover/frontispiece illustration of Aesop speaking to a group, "Death and the Woodman" (12), LM (28), AD (30), FK (46), GGE (70), and "The Rat and the Elephant" (104). I first found this book at my favorite Bücherwurm in Heidelberg in 1998. Now Ulrike has brought me her father's signed, stamped, dated (1926) copy. My earlier guess for the book's date was 1935. I have changed that to "1925?" and will make a separate listing for the other copy with a darker cover differently executed. 1925? La Fontaine: Fables. Herausgegeben von G. Schmidt. Illustriert von Gertrud Stamm-Hagemann. Hardbound. Heidelberg: Fremdsprachliche, Illustrierte Jugendlesebücher: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. DEM 16 from Bücherwurm, Heidelberg, July, '98. This is the edition I had first of this lovely little volume containing sixty fables, all but one (the first: GA) with a very engaging black-and-white silhouette. Some of my favorite little silhouettes include the cover/frontispiece illustration of Aesop speaking to a group, "Death and the Woodman" (12), LM (28), AD (30), FK (46), GGE (70), and "The Rat and the Elephant" (104). I found this copy at my favorite Bücherwurm in Heidelberg in 1998. Then Ulrike Knüpfer brought me her father's signed, stamped, dated (1926) copy. My earlier guess for the book's date was 1935. I have changed that to "1925?" and have made separate listings for the two copies. This Bücherwurm copy has a darker cover. On the cloth cover and the spine are inlaid paper elements with the title, silhouette, and publisher's insignia. The Knüpfer copy has a paper cover and spine, and those elements may be printed right onto them. 1925? Little Jumping Joan: The Tale of the Ants and the Grasshopper. By May Byron. Frontispiece by E.J. Detmold; Line Illustrations by Gordon Robinson. Hardbound. London: Old Friends in New Frocks: Hodder & Stoughton. £13.50 from M. & D. Reeve, Oxford, UK, Sept., '02. This is an unusually reflective approach to the story of GA. Great-Grandfather Ant harrumphs against Jumping Joan, the singing grasshopper, during the summer, promising that a day for regret will come. Joan consults with her friends about whether they work: Running Water, Sun, Wind, birds, and others give the same answer. They do not work or raise children; they do their special thing. She is reassured but still bothered by the question. But then her friends go away or get sick. Joan turns to the ants for help. Great-Grandfather Ant is lecturing her and turning her away when one of the queen-mother ants asks if she could teach her children to dance and sing. In a way that is appropriate to children, this book probes the issues of the story. 1925? Mother Goose's Book of Nursery Stories, Rhymes, & Fables. Illustrations by Charles Robinson, Frank Adams, and Hassatt. Hardbound. London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son Limited. £1.20 from John Hayward, Wakefield, England, through eBay, Nov., '10. This book is heavy on the nursery stories and rhymes mentioned first in the title. At the book's end come six stories including three fables and "The Three Bears," "Red Riding Hood," and "Cinderella." The first of the fables is "The Heron and the Fish." The heron was "rather a faddy bird." This fable features a lovely colored illustration by Charles Robinson. There is also a line drawing after the fable of the heron having captured a snail. LM has a nice rhyming moral: "Never despise a humble friend;/Perhaps he'll save you in the end." TH is presented in rhyming couplets. The book is well scribbled, well used, and sometimes not so well colored! There is no pagination. There are colored illustrations by Frank Adams and "Hassatt" (?) as well as Robinson. Hassatt's colored cover-picture of Mother Goose makes the old girl look quite masculine. This work represents one of those cases where shipping costs are more than six times the price of the book! 1925? Mouseling and Missykin: The Tale of the Town Mouse and the Country Mouse. By May Byron. Frontispiece by E.J. Detmold; Line Illustrations by Day Hodgetts. Hardbound. London: Old Friends in New Frocks: Hodder & Stoughton. £15.50 from M. & D. Reeve, Oxford, UK, Sept., '02. This is a loving, expansive telling of TMCM, interspersed with pleasing, lightly imprinted designs. Maybe the key comes on 18: "Now it has been often said that everything in this world depends on how you look at it. And this was quite true, for Mouseling and Missykin saw two quite different places, though they both were looking at the same place." After Missykin is thoroughly disappointed in the country, Mouseling is enraptured by the city. Then four dogs come crashing into the London dining room at once, soon followed by three cats. When the cats and dogs fight, a human being comes in with a big stick and drives them all out. When she is safe and comfortable back in the country (46), Mouseling declares " What a splendid place one's home is!" The tipped-in Detmold frontispiece is fine, and the colored cover illustration of many animals at night, though unrelated to this story, is very nicely done. 1925? Picture Comprehension. Reading with Understanding: Selected Pictures and Passages with Comprehension Tests and Exercises. Introductory Book. By A.E. Smith. Some illustrations signed by Rene Cloke. Edinburgh: McDougall's Educational Co. $5 at Wm Burgett, San Diego, Aug., '93. Two fables are among the thirty offerings here. "The Cunning Jackdaw" (14) features a picture, story, test, and things to discuss and do. This bird painted himself white to join the pigeons, revealed himself with a spontaneous caw, and was thrown out by both them and his own. TB (36) has the same features except for the illustration. Use the fire-brigade and airport illustrations to date this book. 1925? Reineke Fuchs: Der Alten Sage Nacherzählt. Von Helene Fuchs. Mit Illustrationen in Farbendruck. Hardbound. Berlin: Globus Verlag. DM 40 from Dresdener Antiquariat, July, '01. Several particular qualities attracted me to this book. First, it is in excellent condition. Secondly, it is a prose edition of Reineke. Thirdly, it has six excellent full-color plates. "Fox and Hare" is pasted onto the cover. The frontispiece features the fox throwing fish off of the wagon to the waiting wolf. Facing 32 is a picture of the bear with his paws caught in the woodchopper's wedged log. Facing 80 is the lion and his court reacting to Reineke's betrayal. The next image shows Isengrim's tail stuck in the ice, while Reineke looks on (128). At 176, the miller and his dogs encounter Reineke out in the woods. There is a T of C at the beginning. After the seventeen chapters of Reineke on some 124 pages there is a fourfold appendix through 224: "Tiersagen aus verschiedenen Ländern." The first of these sections covers stories of the fox and wolf from Siebenbürgen. There follow, respectively, animal Märchen from Greece, Finland, and Germany. 1925? Reynard Russet's Party: The Tale of the Fox and the Crane. By May Byron. Frontispiece by E.J. Detmold; Line Illustrations by Day Hodgetts. Hardbound. London: Old Friends in New Frocks: Hodder & Stoughton. £ 15.50 from M. & D. Reeve, Oxford, UK, Sept., '02. This book takes the FS story to unusual places. Reynard has no wife and no family. Mrs. Vixen, an elderly widowed cousin, keeps house for him. He comes home regretful after a delightful party with his nieces and nephews. He invites to supper a group of old friends. In the meantime, a Wood Goblin named Gobble-O has been pestering Reynard for an invitation. Reynard says he will think it over but forgets completely about it. Mrs. Vixen prepares a feast, complete with four soups. Everything is served in Reynard's broad, shallow china dishes. Corney Crane cannot eat anything from dishes like these. Reynard is at first distressed by Corney's misfortunes, but soon he, like the others at table, finds it funny. The group is just getting rowdy in their fun, when they hear Gobble-O making some lovely music. At this point Corney makes a stately, polite departure, inviting just Reynard to his home for supper the following evening. Corney takes Gobble-O with him. At his cook's suggestion, he invites three of his cousins. The whole group except Reynard has a good time. The others take no notice of Reynard in his frustration and inability to eat from the tall vases. Reynard reflects on his bad behavior of the evening before. Gobble-O sings a song about the blessings of kindness as opposed to "tit for tat." We should tit-for-tat kindnesses rather than insults. Reynard apologizes to Corney. In the meantime, the cook has borrowed some dishes out of which Reynard can eat. The additions to the usual story include the motivating experience of being sociable, the addition of table-mates and of the Wood Goblin, and the closing reconciliation. This is perhaps the first time that I have seen the feeding of the stork--and then of the fox--go on in a social situation involving other people. Gobble-O, it turns out, is added to the story to compound Reynard's guilt and Corney's revenge. The story often ends with insight, but I do not remember it ending elsewhere with an apology and a reconciliation. 1925? The Fables of Aesop. Based, according to the introduction, on the texts of L'Estrange and Croxall. The World's Popular Classics. Art-Type Edition. No editor named. No illustrations. Dust jacket. NY: Books, Inc. $2 from Victoria, NY, Jan., '90. Extra copy with different binding for $3.50 at Avenue Victor Hugo, Boston, June, '91. Printed from the same plates as my 1930? edition. See the description there. Their differences touch the cute dust-jacket (Aesop's Fables), the pre-title page ("Aesop's Fables 251 Series"), the title page (publisher is only in NY), and the binding. The first two of these differences apply only to my Victoria book, while the last two apply to both the Victoria and the Avenue Victor Hugo books. Poorly printed. Heavy foxing. The writer of the introduction, "J.W.M.," says that Herodotus speaks of Jesus! 1925? The Lion and the Mouse and other Aesop's Fables. No editor named. Pictures are signed by Ethel L. Tanner. The G and P Series. London: Gale and Polden. £10 at G. Heywood Hill in London, Aug., '88. A nicely preserved children's book with two good full-color pictures (one very good of the LM) and lots of simple drawings, including the good endpapers. Some stories are told differently here: the frog is only told that she would burst, and mother crab tries to walk forward! "The Walnut Tree" is new to me. Ten pounds may be too much for a simple book, but I had bothered them a lot! 1925? Young Folk's Mammoth Story Book. Inscribed in 1926. Cleveland: Goldsmith Publishing Company. $2 at Rummage-o-rama, Dec., '87. A fascinating book, sold in Indianapolis and given as a gift. There is a list of contents at the front but no page numbers. There are no Aesop illustrations, but the morals of the ten stories are fascinating, especially those of "The Fox and the Lion" ("Acquaintance softens prejudices") and FG ("Out of reach is not worth having"). 1926 - 1927 1926 A Certain of Aesop's Fables Drawn into English Verse. By the Reverend G.R. Woodward, M.A., Mus. Doc. Three woodcuts from the Ulm Aesop. Printed at 48 West Hill, Highgate Village. $19 somewhere in the British Isles, July, '92? Now here is an anomaly of a book. I cannot remember where I got it or when, but I find that its price was £10. What kind of publisher is an address? The book must be very rare if it comes from a press so private! I think Woodward is the first person I remember in 1550 fable books who has boasted of a degree in music. His 194 fables, including a few repeaters, are well done. The lines are short and, like the rhymes, strong. I think a proverb may apply here: the shorter the line, the stronger the poem. Many seem to follow song rhythms, including refrain-like repetitions (for example, "The Ass and the Wolf" on 3-4). Some shorter translations resemble limericks (DM, 8; "The Woman and the Hen," 27). There are some differences from the usual handling of fables: the ant is female (2-3). The frogs get three kings: a log, an eel, and a hydra (7-8). The men in 2W laugh at the bald man because they know the reason for his baldness (17). Good: GB (27) and "The Murderer" (49). AI at the back; no T of C. 1926 Aesop in Verse. By J.E. Wetherell. Drawings by E.L. Thomson. Hardbound. Printed in Canada. Toronto: The MacMillan Company of Canada Limited, at St. Martin's House. $20 Canadian from Contact Editions, Toronto, June, '03. Extra copy for $3.99 from Gabriel Ivan, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada, through Ebay, Jan., '02. The introduction finds verse appealing for children and even adults and offers the combined authority of Socrates, Phaedrus, and La Fontaine in favor of fables in poetry. "At any rate, among the countless current editions of the Fables one edition in verse will not be regarded as quite out of place" (ix). The morals are given in pentameter couplets, while the stories themselves are in couplets apparently of four feet and then three. The T of C on xiii-xvi numbers the one hundred fables here, and there is an AI at the back. A fable and its illustration take up either one or two pages. I read the first ten fables and enjoyed them and their illustrations. Wetherell is faithful to the tradition. The wolf's final retort to the lamb is nicely done: "All your excuses but vex me the more,/And there's yet one way to treat you:/If I'm always wrong and you're always right,/I still can manage to eat you" (3). Does it help MM to have the maid walking home rather than to market (4)? Poetry is a cruel mistress, and WC may show the compromises Wetherell needs to make to keep his rhyme and rhythm going (7). I am surprised that I have never heard or read of this book. May it not have been distributed outside Canada? Not in Bodemann. Page 105 of the extra copy is damaged, and its front cover is growing loose. 1926 Aesopi Fabulae, Pars Altera. Recensuit Aemilius Chambry. Paperbound. Nouvelle Collection de Textes et Documents publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé. Paris: Societé d' Édition "Les Belles Lettres." $20 from Serendipity Books, Berkeley, June, '01. With the first volume (1925), this standard-setting work is the lovely Budé text of 359 Greek fables. Many of them include one or more variants. This second volume contains the Greek texts for fables 145-359. At the back one finds an appendix of three more texts, errata, and an index of fables by Greek titles. Compare the two volumes of this work with Chambry's bilingual one-volume edition of 1927 by seeing my notes there. I have been on the hunt for this work since I learned ten years ago of the two different Budé versions. Hooray for finding it now! Notice that this book is in a different series ("Nouvelle Collection de Textes et Documents publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé") from that one ("Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé"). 1926 Aesop's Fables Profusely Illustrated: Second Series: Stead's Books for the Bairns: Ernest Benn's Edition. Sketches by Brinsley le Fanu, not acknowledged. Pamphlet. Printed in Great Britain. London: Stead's Books for the Bairns.-26: Ernest Benn, Ltd. £8 from Plurabelle Books, Cambridge, UK, through the Advanced Book Exchange, Oct., '00. This blue booklet is a reissue of the earlier (1899?) "New Series" now as a "Second Series." The publisher has changed to Ernest Benn, and Brinsley le Fanu is no longer acknowledged. Page numbers have been dropped. The 56 pages of fables and their illustrations remain the same. See my comments on the booklet there. This booklet is in good condition. 1926 Alte deutsche Tierfabeln. Ausgewählt und übertragen von Wolfgang und Hildegard Stammler. Hardbound. First edition. Jena: Deutsche Volkheit #20: Eugen Diederichs. DM 18 from Antiquariat am Dom, Trier, July, '01. Extra copy of the first edition for DM 45 from Dresdener Antiquariat, July, '01. This is a curious old German book with a bright orange-and-blue cover. Its five illustrations include photographs of an altar-cloth from Lübeck, a relief from the Münster in Freiburg, a page of the Ademar Aesop-manuscript from Leiden, and two woodcuts from Zainer's Augsburg edition of 1475. The book is strong on very early materials. Almost half of the book is taken up with materials before Hans Sachs. There is an especially large number of fables from Waldis, who is the last author represented here. I am surprised to find nothing from Steinhöwel. There is a T of C at the back. It appears that I bought this book twice in one summer! 1926 American Aesop: Negro and Other Humor. William Pickens. Signed by the author. Boston: The Jordan and More Press. $10 at Amaranth Books, Evanston, Sept., '92. Not even close as a book of Aesopic material! The introduction does not seem to mention either Aesop or fable. What is the connection with Aesop? Perhaps just witty (?) stories? As it is, what we have here is a collection of rather dim-witted Black, Irish, and Jewish stories. Three surprises near the end are salvageable. The first is a story (140) of a Sunday school answer to the question "Who was Esau?"--"The guy who wuz the author of a book of fables, but went an' sold his copyright fer a bottle o' potash!" The second is a delightful exchange of Thomas More and Erasmus in Latin on 147-8. The last is Aesop's "lion subdued by man in art" story done in a contemporary conversation between a mother and son (181-2). The things I find! 1926 Bidpai: Das Buch der Beispiele alter Weisen. Hardbound. Berlin: Volksverband der Buecherfreunde, Wegweiser-Verlag. DEM 65 from Dresdener Antiquariat, Dresden, July, '01. Extra copy with canvas binding for DEM 120 from Antiquariat Ahrens & Hamacher, Düsseldorf, July, '95. Here is a beautiful book, of which I now have two copies. It takes apparently both the text and the handcolored illustrations of a Heidelberg manuscript (pal. Germ. 84) of about 1480. In its afterword, it comments on the poor fit between this much-read world classic and the late medieval German culture into which it came: "Out of the connection and juxtaposition of these contraries came a work, that was hard and sharp like a woodcut but strong, powerful, and lapidary in its simplicity" (152). The special quality of this edition lies, I believe, in its thirty colored illustrations. These are engaging, sometimes for their wonderfully detailed presentation and sometimes rather for their naïve presentation of figures. Among the former I would count the illustrations on 7 of the man loading treasure on servants who will steal it, on 89 of the cat who gave the rat three days to leave and then caught it, and on 114 of the goldsmith who was hanged for his treachery. Among the latter I would count the illustrations on 26 of the snake serving the frog-king, on 87 of the cats overwhelming the wolf after one has scratched out his eyes, on 94 of the man who broke the honey-pot that would bring him riches, and on 133 of the monkey and turtle eating figs. The latter do not look like either a monkey or a turtle! Kalila and Dimna on 73 look more like camels than jackals. Though the format is probably true to the manuscript presentation of the work, I find it difficult to work through the stories when there are no breaks, like titles or page-breaks, to help separate one story from another. Several stories are new to me. I recount here three examples. First, a man and an associate each had a pile of grain. The evil one covered his partner's and planned with a thief to steal from it at night. The good one came before and appreciated the solicitude of his partner in protecting his pile, but took the mantel and put it on his evil partner's pile. The latter thus ended up stealing from himself! Secondly, the devil and a thief came after the same man one evening, the first to frighten and the second to steal. Neither would give precedence to the other Finally, the thief cried out to warn people of the devil's presence. Thirdly, a merchant's servant who unsuccessfully tried to seduce his master's wife tried to get his revenge this way. He trained three parrots to speak in Edomite the following sentences "I saw the doorman lying with my mistress," "How scandalous that is!" and "I will speak no further." The servant gave the birds to his master, who gave them to his wife. One day pilgrims from Edom came, and the merchant invited them as his guests. After dinner the birds were brought in as the entertainment. The guests were astonished at what the parrots said and told the merchant, who was ready to kill his wife. She was clever enough to show that the birds could say nothing else. New also to me is the king's dream, pictured on 96. The two copies are externally different in their spines--leather from Dresden and canvas from Düsseldorf--and so I will keep both in the collection. 1926 Children's Literature. A Textbook of Sources for Teachers and Teacher-Training Classes. Edited, with introductions, notes, and bibliographies by Charles Madison Curry and Erle Elsworth Clippinger. Chicago: Rand McNally. See 1920/26. 1926 Choix de Fables de La Fontaine: Album pour les Enfants. Avec de nombreuses illustrations par J.-J. Grandville; colored illustrations by Jules David. Oversized. Cloth spine with pictorial boards. Chromotypogravure de Brun et Cie. Printed in Clichy, France. Paris: Librairie Garnier Freres. $31 from Buchanan's Book Shop, York, PA, through Ebay, May, '00. Extra copy for NLG 65 ($39) from Antiquariaat Jos Wijnhoven, Diemen, Netherlands, Oct., '98. A lovely large-format book in paperboard covers. There are thirty fables of La Fontaine, each introduced with a good Grandville engraving. There are also six full-paged color illustrations by Jules David. If he is the same "J. David" who did the outstanding edition for Armand Aubree which I have, these editors took different illustrations of his for this book. In fact, the color work is not superior. The six are facing 10 (FC), 20 (FG), 30 ("The Wolf Become a Shepherd"), 40 (WL), 48 ("The Oyster and the Litigants"), and 60 (MM). There is a T of C at the front, in fact even before the title-page. I of course had known nothing of this book; now I have found it twice on the Internet! This is not the first time that I have found the better copy for less money than the more worn copy. The Winjhoven copy shows heavy wear on the cover. The title-page gives credit to the chromolithographers de Brun et Cie. 1926 Die Fabeln des Kuhbuches in Übertragung. Übertragung von Dr. R. Beatus. Holzschnitte von Moshe Wallich?. Vorwort von Prof. Dr. Aron Freimann. Hardbound. Berlin: Soncino-Gesellschaft der Freunde des jüdischen Buches. $111 from Dr. Baruch Falach, Netanya, Israel, through eBay, May, '12. I am gathering a nice little circle of books on the work of Moshe Wallich that appeared in 1697 in Frankfurt. Here, if I understand correctly, we have two parallel works running in opposite directions. Starting from the modern western place, the book contains German translations of thirty-four fables in some XVI and 98 pages. The source of these translations is then given in the facsimile portion of the book that starts from its other cover. This portion includes the small but fetching illustrations of the 1697 edition. They remind one of Ulrich Boner's Edelstein, but are not quite so craftily done. The language throughout this section is Hebrew. I feel very lucky to have found this book! One shudders to think about what the people who produced it experienced in succeeding years of their lives. I am surprised at the number of simple themes repeated from Aesop. See my 1994 edition from Wayne State for more information on the sources Wallich used in putting together his Kuhbuch. Apparently not in Bodemann. 1926 Fables de la Fontaine. Illustrées par R. de la Nézière. Tours: Maison Alfred Mame et Fils. $75 at Westport Bookstore, Kansas City, May, '93. An instant favorite! I had never known of this book, which is not in Bassy. It is in good condition except for a weakening spine and some damage to the cover. Sixty fables with a T of C at the end. Sixteen full-page brightly-colored illustrations on different paper with very lively movement; these are particularly well preserved. There are two black-and-white illustrations per fable except for "La Latière" (129), which has only one. The match between colored and black-and-white illustrations is extraordinarily good. Nice front and back covers present the cast of characters and the poet himself. Trees are frequently personalized; the frogs romp on a "bear" of a log (64). Humans often become monkeys. The funniest black-and-white illustration (96) has a horse pulling a rolling scaffold of thirteen people, four children in a coaster cart, an alligator, and a further cast. The secret to the humor of this funny book lies in the use of updated technology. On 11-12, the frog uses a bicycle pump to inflate himself. There is a good splat here! The wolf has a musket against the lamb (21), the mosquito a bow and arrow against the lion (46), the spider--with dead flies pinned to his hat--a butterfly net (49). The pigeon flies an airplane (53), while frogs have umbrellas and bath houses (55). The racing turtle has a cart and a turtle-jockey, while the hare has a bike (117). The tortoise in mid-air is carried between two biplanes (149). A great imaginative lark! 1926 Fables of Aesop. Illustrated by M. Maitland Howard. London: John Lane The Bodley Head. $30 from Yoffees, Jan., '92. A curious book in very good condition. Seven nice duochrome illustrations join excellent engravings that, like the print, are deeply impressed into the paper. The language is often archaic. The fables chosen and versions presented are unusual; I would not be surprised if a number of the latter come from Babrius or the Augustana. For surprises, check these fables: the shepherd's boy (26) plays his trick many times; LM (28) presents its second episode first; the "authors are divided" on the second king sent to the frogs (33); the kite seizes the duelling champions frog and mouse (35); the horse kicks the lion, not the wolf (52); and the nightingale offers the hawk a song (107). New to me: "The Cat and the Mice" (95) and "The Bear and the Bee-Hives" (112). First prize for a fable beginning goes to 55: "In the days of old, when horses spoke Greek and Latin, and asses made syllogisms, there happened...." Second prize: "There was a time, when a fox would have ventured as far for a bunch of grapes, as for a shoulder of mutton...." (126). 1926 Francesco del Tuppo e il suo "Esopo". Alfredo Mauro. Paperbound. Citta di Castello: Biblioteca di Coltura Letteraria: Il Solco Casa Editrice. Gift of Giuliano Gasca, S.J. in Turin, Sept., '97. I am sorry that my Italian could not reach further into this book. Chapters here handle Tuppo's biography, culture and literature (of the times?), the work itself, editions that followed and used it, and two conclusions. There is a T of C at the back. This book is falling apart. I never expected to encounter a book on Francesco del Tuppo! 1926 Gold's Gloom: Tales from the Panchatantra. Translated by Arthur W. Ryder. Second Impression. Hardbound. Printed in USA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. See 1925/26. 1926 Ironical Tales. Laurence Housman. Hardbound. London: Jonathan Cape. $5.99 from Kitty Moritz, San Juan Capistrano, CA, through eBay, Oct., '10. I bought this book on eBay since -- as I recall -- it was advertised as containing fables. Though it contains no fables, it does have some lovely short "Philosophical Romances," several of which I read. They are short and pointed narratives, fable-like in their pointedness. I can highly recommend "The Rose and the Thorn" (68); ""The Prince and His Two Mistresses" (77); "Two Kings and Their Queens" (79); and "The Mirror and the Mistress" (85). The stories turn frequently on the surprising and complex character of the human heart. 1926 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 4 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/21/24/26/29. 1926 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 7 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/21/22/23/24/25/26. 1926 Legolibreto. J. Borel. Paperbound. Berlin & Dresden: Esperanta Biblioteko Internacia, N-o 1: Esperanto-Verlag Ellersiek & Borel. $15 from Momtchil K. Marinov, Federal Way, WA, August, '10. Here is the first in an Esperanto publisher's thirty-three pamphlets, listed on the back cover. Its 48 pages have a T of C at the end. Pages 5-7 are taken up with six fables from Lessing. Enjoy these titles! "Kaprido kaj lupo"; Leono kaj tigro"; Grilo kai najtingalo"; "Leono, bovo, kaprino kai safo"; "La bronza statuo"; and "Herkulesco." My! This copy is in good condition. A copy, I notice, is selling on eBay right now for over $30. I got this copy at the right time! 1926 Les Subtiles Fables D'Esope, Lyon Mathieu Husz, 1486. Julien Macho. Notice par J. Bastin. Unstitched. Livres a Gravures Imprimés a Lyon au XVe Siècle, ed. Claude Dalbanne. Association Guillaume le Roy, Lyon/Charles Eggimann, Paris. $65 from by mail from The Owl at the Bridge, Cranston, RI, Nov., '97. Here is an unusual piece of work. It is unstitched as issued and mostly unopened. Its paper covers are torn at the spine. After the colored frontispiece (from a 13th-century Lyon Isopet manuscript), there are 208 black-and-white woodcut illustrations, very much in the tradition of Steinhöwel. The introduction identifies the focus of this work as the reception of the work of Julien Macho, who first translated Steinhöwel's work into French in 1480 in Lyon. After the introduction there is a very useful list of all the illustrations of fables in the work, starting with those in the life of Aesop. For the "extravagantes" and other later sections of Macho's work, this list also gives the story for less well known fables. After 48, there are four inserted plates, each containing one or more manuscript illustrations for Aesop and/or the fables. There follow--as I understand--the 1486 Husz edition's 192 woodcuts, two to a page, without the texts of the fables. Many have a number and/or a title over the woodcut. There is a tear on 95-96. These are all in the full uncut sheets, four pages (and thus eight woodcuts, since there is one on each side of the page) to a sheet. Dalbanne and E. Droz offer a study of the woodcuts, including sixteen further illustrations for comparison. There follows a very handy contrast of various woodcuts from Lyon with those in Steinhöwel's edition. At the very back is a list of fables and illustrations, comparing Husz's 1486 edition with Phillippe and Reinhard's 1480 and Husz et Schabeler's 1484 editions. Do I read this work correctly to indicate that the original Macho edition in 1480 had no illustrations for the life of Aesop? 1926 Reineke Fuchs von Goethe. Wolfgang von Goethe. Zeichnungen von Wilhelm von Kaulbach. Hardbound. Leipzig: F.W. Hendel Verlag. Gift of Martin and Ulrike Koelle, August, '01. This is a lovely, dramatic, imposing reproduction of Kaulbach and Goethe's work! I am so happy to have a good representation of Kaulbach's work in the collection. On this viewing, I watched particularly for illustrations bearing on fables. They include depictions of an eagle stealing a lamb (58); the fox playing possum (128); the horse kicking the wolf (144); WS (196); the sick lion needing the right cure (198); and the mother dog and her litter confronting the home's generous former owner (226). Watch out: 67-70 have become detached. What a treasure! 1926 Story-Book Tales. By Mina Pearl Ashton. Introduction by E.W. Howey. Illustrated by Ludwig and Regina. Chicago: Beckley-Cardy Company. $10 from Bibelots & Books, Seattle, July, '00. Extra copy in poorer condition for $8.10 at Sebastopol Antiques, Sept., ’96. A much-marked beginning reader that includes six fables, each with an orange-brown-and-black illustration. Many of them also contain a curious feature, silhouettes as "Something to Cut and Paste." I have seldom seen this sort of invitation to take a scissors to a schoolbook! "The Hares and the Frogs" (22) is not about suicide and so ends up illogical. Does the fact that some animals fear hares mean that hares should go back to living with animals that they fear? LM (34) is told and illustrated in standard fashion. "The Camel and the Pig" (41) is new to me. The two learn that each has a gift, shown in their respective abilities to get over and under the wall to a nearby garden. "The Bear and the Fox" (61) is the fishing-on-ice story that explains the bear’s short tail. "The Farmer and the Stork" (70) has crows as the companion birds. "The Whale and the Elephant" (84) features the land-sea tug-of-war. 1926 Studies in Reading: Second Grade. J.W. Searson, George E. Martin, and Lucy Williams Tinley. Illustrated by Ruth Mary Hallock. Lincoln: University Publishing Company. See 1918/20/26. 1926 Tales of Laughter. Edited by Kate Douglas Wiggin and Nora Archibald Smith. Decorated by Elizabeth MacKinstry. NY: Garden City Publishing Co. See 1908/26/38. 1926 The Bolenius Readers: Fourth Reader. By Emma Miller Bolenius. Illustrated by Mabel B. Hill and Edith F. Butler. Revised edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. See 1919/26/29. 1926 The Canadian Readers: Book II. Hardbound. Toronto: T. Nelson & Sons/W.J. Gage & Co. $8 from Walnut Antiques Store, May, '12. "Authorized for Use in the Public Schools of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia." This second-grade reader includes a surprising number of fables, perhaps more surprising because only one of them -- the first -- is listed as such. These include GGE (8); "The Water and the Pitcher" (16); "The Jackal and the Alligator" (34); "Why the Bear's Tale is short" (52); LM (58); SW (79); BW (106); and TMCM (120). In BW, the wolf notices that the shepherd boy is fat and decides to eat him first! The book is in fair condition plus, I would say. 1926 The Child's Treasury. Editor May Hill. The Foundation Library. Chicago: Foundation Desk Company: W.F. Quarrie & Company. See 1923/24/26/31. 1926 The Fables of Aesop. Translated by Sir Roger L'Estrange, Kt. Wood-engravings by Celia M. Fiennes. #83 of 350 copies. Waltham Saint Lawrence, Berkshire: Golden Cocker Press. $272 by mail from Old Friends Antiques and Collectables, Portland, OR, July, '96. The text is taken from L'Estrange's 1692 edition. The book presents 201 fables, with twelve of Fiennes' wood engravings plus a cockerel on the colophon page (after 94). The wood-engravings are: CJ (1), FK (11, one of the liveliest), "A Horse and an Asse" (20), "A Cat and Venus (31, another of the best), "A Fox and a Goat" (40), "A Man and a Wooden God" (51, one of the most dramatic), "Two Cocks Fighting" (60), 2W (67, well done), "The Washing of a Blackmore" (76), "A Raven and a Snake" (85), and "A Gnat Challenges a Lyon" (94). The wood-engravings give the impression of being silhouettes with very fine white lines defining their areas. I like them; in fact, I regret that there are only twelve! I had received this book just before going off on sabbatical, and had not yet accessioned it or removed it from my "want list." What a pleasure it is now (August, '97) to find it as I return! A slim book, beautifully made. 1926 The Nightingale from Far-a-way China. Illustrations by Ray Gleason. Hand lettered by Earnest Vetsch. Hardbound. Printed in USA. Racine: Whitman Ppublishing Co. $15 from University Used & Rare Books, Seattle, June, '03. Here is a little square 44 page book about 6½" on a side. In the forest near the emperor of China's palace there was an especially gifted nightingale that became famous throughout the world, but was unknown to him and his court. A poor kitchen maid was found who knew the nightingale well, and the nightingale agreed to the invitation to sing at the court. Everyone raved about his performance, and he was feted--but constrained--at court. Soon the emperor received the gift of a mechanical nightingale; it turned out, however, that the artificial nightingale could sing only one waltz. He was, however, much more colorful than the original, living bird. Soon the real nightingale left, and then was banished. One evening, a spring burst in the mechanical nightingale. Repaired, it was now allowed to sing only once a year. After some years, the emperor lay on his deathbed. The nightingale appeared and charmed away Death. Simple, pleasant two-color illustrations in blue and orange decorate the work along the way. 1926 The Panchatantra. Translated from the Sanskrit by Arthur W. Ryder. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. See 1925/26. 1926 The Pathway to Reading: Fifth Reader. By Bessie Blackstone Coleman, Willis L. Uhl, and James Fleming Hosic. Illustrated by Eleanor Howard. NY: Silver, Burdett and Company. $3 at Hamburg Antique Mall, May, '94. A well used reader. The fifth grade seems to have been a relatively late period for reading fables in the classroom. There are three fables here in a section labelled "Fable and Fancy," introduced by a pair of black-and-white medallions, the first of them illustrating the first fable, "The Fox, the Cock, and the Dog" (130). The other two are MM (136) and "The Man and the Lion" (176). 1926 Trilussa: Le Favole Fasciste. Pamphlet. Rome: I Romaneschi: Istituto Editoriale. 5000 Lire from Porta Portese Flea Market, July, '97. This pamphlet presents twenty-four fables on 31 pages, with a T of C at the end. There are a few designs of various styles along the way. Blossom Kirschenbaum, a translator of Trilussa's fables, writes in an article in "Fables from Trastevere," an article in Italian Journal in 1994: "From sonnets he passed on to fables and satire, and to indirect but sharp criticisms of the foibles and brutalities of Fascism. Yet in a sense he was non-partisan, and it was said that both the Pope and Mussolini laughed at his verses" (33). This booklet is in very good condition for being eighty years old. 1926/26? Krylov's Fables. Translated into English Verse with a preface by Bernard Pares. NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company. $3 from Pageturners, Aug., '91. Apparently originally published by Jonathan Cape in London; there is no such indication here (and no date whatsoever). Though Harcourt, Brace is listed as in New York, the book is made and printed in London. A charming translation of Krylov, perhaps the only complete Krylov's fables in English. A quick scan puts him squarely in the tradition of LaFontaine. I found this book shortly after I ordered Hyperion's reprint (1926/77/87) at seven times the cost! 1926/27 My Story Book. Nila Banton Smith under the direction of Stuart A. Courtis. Drawings by Elizabeth Tyler Wolcott. NY: World Book Co. $.95 at Constant Reader, March, '88. FG, CP, LM, BC, FC, and TH are among the thirty stories. Wolcott's multi-colored illustrations are nice and in good shape. Maybe the best picture is the first, that of FG. 1926/28 The Open Door Language Series: First Book. Language Games and Stories. Zenos E. Scott, Randolph T. Congdon, Harriet E. Peet, and Laura Frazee. No illustrator acknowledged. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $3 at Renaissance Airport, Jan., '90. This book combines the third and fourth grade books published in the same years, following even the same pagination as they. It thus contains five fables: FG (53), which is promptly transformed into "The Boy and the Butterfly" with other titles suggesting further variations; "The Fox and the Lion" (55); GA (225) as a springboard to constructing other stories; BW (232) redone promptly as a drama; and "The Crab and His Mother" (249) as an exercise in punctuation. 1926/28 The Open Door Language Series: Fourth Grade. Louisiana Edition. Zenos E. Scott, Randolph T. Congdon, Harriet E. Peet, and Laura Frazee. No illustrator acknowledged. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $.50 at Biermaier's Books, Minneapolis, July, '89. Excellent condition. Orange illustrations as we knew them when we were kids. Contains three fables: GA (225) as a springboard to constructing other stories; BW (232) redone promptly as a drama; and "The Crab and His Mother" (249) as an exercise in punctuation. 1926/28 The Open Door Language Series: Third Grade. Louisiana Edition. Zenos E. Scott, Randolph T. Congdon, Harriet E. Peet, and Laura Frazee. No illustrator acknowledged. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.50 at Dinkytown Antiquarian Bookstore, Minneapolis, March, '90. Good condition. Orange illustrations as we knew them when we were kids. The book contains two fables: FG (53), which is promptly transformed into "The Boy and the Butterfly" with other titles suggesting further variations, and "The Fox and the Lion" (55). 1926/28/30 The Open Door Language Series: Fourth Grade. Zenos E. Scott, Randolph T. Congdon, Harriet E. Peet, and Laura Frazee. No illustrator acknowledged. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $2.40 at Georgetown Books in Bethesda, April, '97. Good condition. Curious redoing of the 1926/28 edition. See my comments there. The book has been rewritten. Thus iii-vi of the introductory section in the earlier edition are gone. The "Foreword to Boys and Girls" drops its first paragraph and rewrites the second. This book is paginated from 1, not 133. The two fables—GA and BW--thus are now found on 93 and 100. "The Crab and His Mother" has been dropped. 1926/30 Fables de la Fontaine. R. de la Nézière. Hardbound. Tours: Maison Alfred Mame et Fils. $10.50 from Debbie Bailey, Ansonia, CT, through eBay, Nov., '10. Here is a copy of one of my favorite fable books, alas in wretched condition. It is a second (?) printing of Nézière's glorious book. His illustrations are intact, but the covers of the work are deteriorating. I include the book partially to give representation to the "corrupting" book in this collection, though I would rather keep it in my room and use it for presentations! Let me include remarks on the 1926 original. An instant favorite! Sixty fables with a T of C at the end. Sixteen full-page brightly-colored illustrations on different paper with very lively movement. There are two black-and-white illustrations per fable except for " La Latière " (129), which has only one. The match between colored and black-and-white illustrations is extraordinarily good. Nice front and back covers present the cast of characters and the poet himself. Trees are frequently personalized; the frogs romp on a "bear" of a log (64). Humans often become monkeys. The funniest black-and-white illustration (96) has a horse pulling a rolling scaffold of thirteen people, four children in a coaster cart, an alligator, and a further cast. The secret to the humor of this funny book lies in the use of updated technology. On 11-12, the frog uses a bicycle pump to inflate himself. There is a good splat here! The wolf has a musket against the lamb (21), the mosquito a bow and arrow against the lion (46), the spider--with dead flies pinned to his hat--a butterfly net (49). The pigeon flies an airplane (53), while frogs have umbrellas and bath houses (55). The racing turtle has a cart and a turtle-jockey, while the hare has a bike (117). The tortoise in mid-air is carried between two biplanes (149). A great imaginative lark! 1926/30 Folk Tales from Many Lands. Kinscella Readers. By Hazel Gertrude Kinscella. Illustrated by Ruth Mary Hallock. Stories in Music Appreciation--Book Three. Lincoln: University Publishing Company. $2 at Logos in Santa Cruz, Aug., '89. This book carries out an unusual project. All its selections are related to music, with reference to particular musical pieces that can accompany each selection. Aesop's "The Boy and the Nightingale" is included (25) in the form of a short narration with a following dialogue. Might "The Sly Fox" (15) also be Aesopic? Simple art. Very good condition. 1926/32 The Pathway to Reading: Fourth Reader. Bessie Blackstone Coleman, Willis L. Uhl, and James Fleming Hosic. Illustrated by Eleanor Howard and Eunice Stephenson. Hardbound. NY: Silver, Burdett. $12.60 from Corn Country Antiques, Walnut, Iowa, Oct., '08. This book represents a very lucky find. I no longer expect to find as-yet-undiscovered fable books in rural antique stores. Here I found two from the same series! The fables included here are: "The Cat, the Monkey and the Chestnuts" (111); "The Quails" (156, identified as an "Eastern Fable"); and "The Bundle of Sticks" (157). Only the first of these has an illustration. "The Quails" is about cooperating against a common enemy. The quails are able to fly away with a fowler's net -- as long as they work together. Once they start quarreling, their common enterprise is lost. 1926/77/87 Krylov's Fables. Translated into English Verse with a preface by Bernard Pares. Westport, CT: Hyperion Press. $21 from the publisher, July, '91. A facsimile of the book originally published by Jonathan Cape of London. See my copy of the edition by Harcourt, Brace (1926/26?), which seems identical. 1926? Aesop's Fables with Compliments of Chelmsford Ginger Ale. Paperbound. St. Paul: Chelmsford Ginger Ale; Brown & Bigelow. $4 from Marle G. Smith, Scottsbluff, NE, through eBay, April, '09. This little booklet of sixteen pages answers some questions and raises others. It offers seven spreads of a full-page picture on the left and a text on the right. Before that, there is a cover showing a fox dressed as a hunter with a rifle and ducks on his back. After that, there is a back cover advertising Chelmsford soft drinks. The answers come for a different set of items using these pictures, namely Bloom Calendar Blotters. I had asked of the pictures there: Are these all fables? Here we get texts to go along with some of those questionable pictures. LM alone is told and illustrated in standard fashion. Then come stories that are new to me. A rooster is bragging to a carpenter hare that he is of more use to the master; the master then kills the rooster and says that he is good only for Sunday dinner. The next fable has a little bear named Johnny lying to Papa Bear about a "monstrous fish that was on his hook." A monkey praying for bananas is told to swing his tail up to the top of a tree, and heaven rewards him for helping himself. A black child named Sambo in the "deepest jungles of dark Africa" checks out a new hole before he dives in; there is a crocodile there "all ready to swallow him up." Papa Bear catches a fox who is stealing a hen and gives him a caning not for the stealing but for lying about it. This booklet is a good example of the way in which proverbs, all quoted in their pictures, can shape stories. Some questions have to do with the location of Brown and Bigelow, here located in St. Paul and there in Boston. 1927 Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Nora Fry. No editor acknowledged. London: J. Coker and Co. See 1921/27/30. 1927 Aesop's Fables. Illustrated by Nora Fry. No editor acknowledged. London: George G. Harrap and Co. See 1921/24/27. 1927 Aesop's Fables. George Fyler Townsend, NA. With over one hundred drawings in line and colors by Louis Rhead (and Frank E. Schoonover, not acknowledged). Hardbound. First edition with Rhead's pictures. NY: Harper & Brothers. $15 Canadian from Ten Editions Bookstore, Toronto, Feb., '04. I had found what I thought to be a first edition of this book earlier from Greg Williams. This copy is, like that, a pictorial black cloth octavo with a colored frontispiece and three other full-page colored illustrations. This copy states, however, as that one does not, "First Edition with Louis Rhead's Pictures." Otherwise the two books seem identical. I comment at more length there. Here I will repeat that the book contains engravings of all sizes and shapes, including one (TH on 9) repeating a colored illustration (facing 6). The other colored illustrations besides GA on the cover and frontispiece are of BF facing 41 and FG 118. "The Vain Jackdaw" text (39) does not match in sense the colored illustration of the story facing 41. Typical of Rhead's work are the illustrations on 20 and 87. Note the mother with bandaged ear on 55. There is an AI at the front, followed by a list of illustrations. 1927 Aesop's Fables. George Fyler Townsend, NA. With over one hundred drawings in line and colors by Louis Rhead (and Frank E. Schoonover, not acknowledged). Hardbound. First edition with Rhead's Pictures. NY: Harper & Brothers. $10 from Brattle Books, Boston, Nov., '03. This book is very similar to two others in the collection. All show a publication date of 1927. Like the Ten Editions book, this edition states "First Edition with Louis Rhead's Pictures." Unlike either of those books, this has a cover material, behind the applied picture of GA, of plain green cloth. Unlike those books, the spine of this book contains only the title and publisher; there is no mention of Rhead on the spine. Like those books, this copy has a colored frontispiece and three other full-page colored illustrations. There is an AI at the front, followed by a list of illustrations. See the other two copies for more extensive comments on the texts and illustrations. 1927 Aesop's Fables. George Fyler Townsend, NA. With over one hundred drawings in line and colors by Louis Rhead (and Frank E. Schoonover, not acknowledged). NY: Harper & Brothers. $21 from Starlight Books, Parma, OH, via Greg Williams, March, '96. Here is a very curious book. I had not known of it until I saw a copy advertised through Old Friends in Portland for $130. At almost the same time, Greg mentioned it to me from a computer listing of his. Pictorial black cloth octavo with a colored frontispiece and three other full-page colored illustrations. The bottom of its spine is skinned. Finding the Blue Ribbon Books edition of this same book helped me to identify the painter of the cover/frontispiece illustration of GA, namely Schoonover. One would not learn in either edition that the text and preface are taken from (I believe) George Fyler Townsend. His justification is that his first association lay in being asked to provide new morals and applications, while in this text he is concerned with "a purer translation, and more literal rendering of the fables" (xix). The latest thing he cites in his bibliography is from 1857. The text seems to be identical with the Townsend text in the Parents' Magazine edition of 1964. I do notice now for the first time Townsend's creative approach--a thorn-tree stick--to the fable about the child prophesied to be killed by a lion (190). The engravings are of all sizes and shapes, including one (TH on 9) repeating a colored illustration (facing 6). The other colored illustrations are of BF facing 41 and FG 118. "The Vain Jackdaw" text (39) does not match in sense the colored illustration of the story facing 41. Typical of Rhead's work are the illustrations on 20 and 87. Note the mother with bandaged ear on 55. There is an AI at the front, followed by a list of illustrations. I can find no mention of this book in any of my resources. 1927 Aesop's Fables. With over one hundred drawings in line and colors by Louis Rhead and Frank E. Schoonover. NY: Blue Ribbon Books. Inscribed in 1934. $7 through Interloc from Debue's Book Shop, Lima, NY, August, '97. I presume this is the "knock-off" version of my adjacent copy of the Harper first edition. This edition has GA on its yellow cover. The only substantial difference here seems to be that the book's spine (but not its title-page) acknowledges Schoonover. See my comments there. This book, like the other, has an AI at the front, followed by a list of illustrations. 1927 Die babylonische Fabel und ihre Bedeutung für die Literaturgeschichte. Erich Ebeling. Paperbound. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer. $20 from Turtle Island Booksellers, Berkeley, July, '97. Here is a offprint of an article from this journal: Mitteilungen der Altorientalischen Gesellschaft, II. Band - Heft 3. Ebeling here confirms the Babylonian background of the Greek fable first recommended by Diels around 1910. Ebeling offers three sorts of fables that show both formal correspondence and some identity in detail. First is a set of arguments about greatness between various kinds of trees. The second and third types concern animals. The second set includes "epic" fables, which I take to indicate stories, particularly stories again of arguments between two kinds of animals. The third type is close to the joke. Here my favorite gets repeated. "Allen meinen Lesern dürfte die Fabel von der Mücke und dem Stier bekannt sein.." (49). He presents the Babylonian fable of the elephant and the gnat. Here is a bit of good old German Wissenschaft at work! 1927 Ésope: Fables. Texte établi et traduit par Émile Chambry. Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé. #67 of 200 numbered copies. Paris: Societé d' Édition "Les Belles Lettres." $25 from Laurie in St. Paul, July, '89. Lovely Budé text of 358 fables. No notes. Index at the back. Chambry explains on v-vi the numbering changes from his standard-setting two-volume work: "The Horse and the Boar" was a doublet in the earlier work (#144 and 329). #144 is dropped in this work. Also "The Oak and the Reed" had appeared as #101. Now Chambry has chosen the variant "The Reed and the Olive," and it takes its new alphabetical place at #143. The other items seem to match up consistently, but note that he has taken just one text in each case from the many he presented earlier. 1927 Ésope: Fables. Texte établi et traduit par Émile Chambry. Hardbound. Paris: Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé: Societé d' Édition "Les Belles Lettres.". €20 from Librairie Epsilon, Paris, Jan., '05. Now I have a hardbound version of this important first edition, distinct from the two-volume work of 1925 and 1926. I doubt that the binding of this book was done by the publisher himself. Thus it is practically equivalent with the paperback copy I have already listed (ID #687). However, that other copy of this book is a numbered edition. So this book stands as a simple copy in contrast to that special one. I repeat what I said there. It is a lovely Budé text of 358 fables. No notes. Index at the back. Chambry explains on v-vi the numbering changes from his standard-setting two-volume work: "The Horse and the Boar" was a doublet in the earlier work (#144 and 329). #144 is dropped in this work. Also "The Oak and the Reed" had appeared as #101. Now Chambry has chosen the variant "The Reed and the Olive," and it takes its new alphabetical place at #143. The other items seem to match up consistently, but note that he has taken just one text in each case from the many he presented earlier. 1927 Ésope: Fables. Texte traduit par Émile Chambry. Paperbound. Paris: Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé: Societé d' Édition "Les Belles Lettres." €8 from Librairie de l'Avenue, Saint-Ouen, July, '12. I have a number of Chambry editions, but until now I had not found this simple book of translations. I am delighted to add another lovely Budé text. After 54 pages of introductory material paginated with Roman numerals, the book consists simply of 358 numbered translations, with a French AI at the back. Chambry explains on v-vi the numbering changes from his standard-setting two-volume work: "The Horse and the Boar" was a doublet in the earlier work (#144 and 329). That fable at #144 is dropped in this work, the new #144 is the old #145, and all succeeding fables are one number lower than their earlier number. Also "The Oak and the Reed" had appeared as #101. Now Chambry has chosen the variant "The Reed and the Olive," and it takes its new alphabetical place at #143. 1927 Everyday Classics Third Reader. Franklin T. Baker and Ashley H. Thorndike. Illustrated by Willy Pogany. Hardbound. NY: MacMillan. See 1917/27. 1927 Fabeln von Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Käthe Olshausen-Schönberger. Prof. Dr. J. Petersen. Hardbound. Berlin: Volksverband der Bücherfreunde: Wegweiser-Verlag. €20 from Lehndorfer Versandantiquariat, Braunschweig, through zvab, Jan., '16. This delightful little volume was a "Liebhaberabdruck für die Freunde des Volksverbandes der Bücherfreunde" and was not for sale. Lessing's fables are always stimulating. One forgets perhaps how droll and clever he is! There are three books of fables here on 67 pages. This little book presented me with a major surprise. I have paged through Bodemann's Volume II of "Das Illustrierte Fabelbuch" for years and loved the little design at the top of 216. Imagine my surprise when I see it here as the frontispiece! Is that a fox underneath a giant talking head with wig? I could wish that the reproductions of Olshausen-Schönberger's hand-drawn illustrations were sometimes more distinct, but they are witty. Notice the composition of ass's head and human hand on 18: I find that combination just right for the fable. I think she also gets it just right in presenting the fox and ape on 20. "Name one animal I cannot imitate!" "Name one animal that would want to imitate you!" In the next image, the wolf weeps over the shepherd's bad luck in losing his herd to drought. Yes, he suffers from his neighbor's loss, so I guess he can feel pity. Olshausen-Schönberger underscores the youth of the horse's rider on 22 by making him naked. The horse answers the bull's "I would never let myself be ruled by a boy" with "I would. What is the honor in throwing off a child?" One picture pleases me especially: the wolf on his deathbed admits that he has done lots of evil, but also some good. He once spared a lamb that he could have eaten. The fox confirms, adding that it was just after the crane had removed a bone from his throat -- and still suffered, one can presume (36). The cover is surprising: Diana and a fox dance deliriously! Half leather cover. 1927 Folk Tales from the Far East. By Charles H. Meeker. Illustrated by Frederick Richardson. Hardbound. Chicago: The John C. Winston Company. $19.5 from Packet Books, Raleigh, NC, June, '97. My, I have waited seven years to catalogue this book! There are thirty-four stories, with twelve full-page illustrations (including a colored frontispiece) by Richardson, listed just after the opening T of C. There is also a printer's design, sometimes repeated from elsewhere in the book. at the start of each story. I have sampled the stories here and find that several of them are short, pointed, and unmagical enough to be fables. Many of them feature "Mr. Monk," the wise monkey. For example, a cat with six kittens wanting to travel over the mountain asks the monkey how long it will take (9). He gives three estimates, the longest of them if the cat family goes the fastest. The mother dismisses his view and moves fast. She leaves her kittens behind without knowing it and has to go back and get them and then care for them in their exhaustion. Going slowest would have got them there the fastest! Again, the monkey wants to buy the terrapin's bananas and finally agrees to pay for one banana by teaching him to climb a tree (40). Once he has the terrapin at the top of the tree, he leaves him there, climbs down, takes all the bananas, and says he never promised to teach him how to climb down! 1927 Fünfzig Fabeln von Lafontaine. In deutschen Versen von Kurt Koch. Mit 63 Scherenschnitten von Alfred Thon. Hardbound. Halle: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. €20 from Antiquariat Haufe & Lutz, Karlsruhe, March, '13. The Scherenschnitte are particularly appealing in this book, generally small and simple but finely done. Good examples include FC (6); "Horse and Wolf" (10); "Wolf and Fox" (49); and "The Heron" (62). There is a fine series of five illustrations for MSA, but they follow La Fontaine's version (72-76). My prize for the best of all goes to WL on 18, which has the lamb and river in white with the wolf strong in black against the horizon. One finds a "Nachwort," T of C, and advertisements at the end of the book. 1927 Ironical Tales. Laurence Housman. Hardbound. Dust jacket. Printed in USA. New York: George H. Doran Company. $35 from Early Jackets, Plant City, FL, June, '98. Irony is the central concept here. Just when a reader thinks that she or he has found the right vantage point, there can be an ironic shift. This book starts with seven short stories and ends with ten similar pieces. In between there are thirteen "Philosophical Romances" that sometimes come close to fables. Of the early short stories, I recommend most highly "The Real Temptation of St. Anthony" and "The Turn of the Worm." I find in Housman's work a steady clash of body and soul, of belief and unbelief. The latter of these two pieces is about getting the head and body of a missionary together in a literal way. It is typical of Housman's satire that the head ends up being made into a god and leading local Christians into many battles against other tribes, "including many that were Christian" (58). The shorter pieces at the center sometimes approach Bierce for their sardonic quick shifts. Try the first, "The Merchant and the Robber" (59) for a taste of human ingratitude and ingenuity. "The Poet and his Mistress" (74) shifts perspective several times--deftly and pointedly. Among the best for humor is "The Prince and His Two Mistresses" (92). 1927 Jataka Tales out of Old India. Retold by Marguerite Aspinwall. With illustrations by Arnold Hall. First edition? Dust jacket. NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons. $9 at Left Bank, Oak Park, June, '93. Extra copy for $15 from Midway, St. Paul, June, '03. Twenty-nine tales with eight striking silhouette illustrations (the best on 35 and 73). The book is in good condition. The tales have a standard beginning: "Once upon a time when Brahmadatta was King in Benares...." I took detailed notes on these stories. New and good: "The Rash Magician" (25), "The Stupid Monkeys" (70), "The Foolhardy Jackal" (110), "The Monkey's Heroic Self-Sacrifice" (182), and "The Lost Charm" (192). I miss here the snap of ingenuity, surprise, or congruence between conflict and resolution that characterizes fables--and Jatakas?--at their best. 1927 La Fontaine: Selected Fables. Edited with Introduction, Notes, and a Vocabulary by Cécile Hugon. Hardbound. Oxford: Clarendon Press. See 1918/27. 1927 More Eton Fables. By Cyril Alington. Hardbound. Printed in Great Britain. London: Longmans, Green and Co. £3 from Eastgate Bookshop, Beverly, Yorkshire, England, August, '01. See my comments on Eton Fables in 1921, bought at the same time and in the same bookstore. The common factor in these homilies is the movement from something concrete and particular, whether it is a tree or a story or an experience. Even though they do not contain fables in the sense in which I am collecting, I have put this book, the original, and the new impression of the original (192Jan., '34) into the collection because they come up so frequently when one searches for "fables." Inscribed at Christmas, 1927. 1927 My Story Book. Nila Banton Smith under the direction of Stuart A. Courtis. Drawings by Elizabeth Tyler Wolcott. NY: World Book Co. See 1926/27. 1927 Old Fables for You And Pictures too. Told by Elsie-Jean. Pictured by Estelle Duval. Lettered by Erik Franz. NY: Nelson and Sons. $10 at Goodspeed's, Jan., '89. A precious find! This good old rebus does violence to some stories by having to fit them into its two-page poetic format, but I love the pictures it uses and the approach it takes. 1927 Studies in Reading: Third Grade. By J.W. Searson and George E. Martin. Illustrated by Ruth Mary Hallock. Hardbound. Lincoln and Chicago: University Publishing Company. See 1918/27. 1927 The Home University Bookshelf. Volume III: Folk-Lore, Fables, and Fairy Tales. Editorial board of the University Society. NY: University Society. $3 from Tom Joyce at Dearborn Street Fair, June, '88. Fables of Aesop are on 364-88. Some curious tellings: the monkey seizes the cat's paws and makes her grab the hot nuts, and the moral of FG is "Disappointment may be lightened by philosophy, even if the latter is wrong." A curious melange of illustrations: four nice colored illustrations to a page by Bess Bruce Cleveland in addition to the black-and-whites on the pages themselves (which look copied). Aesop is followed by fables of India, Gay, La Fontaine, and others. Also check 257-74: this "Japanese and Other Oriental Tales" section includes "The Story of Zirac" and other fable material. See the nearly identical edition of 1945. 1927 The Open Door: Newson Readers, Book Two. Catherine T. Bryce and Rose Lees Hardy. Illustrations by C.T. Nightingale and others. NY: Newson and Co. $2 at Pageturners, Omaha, Oct., '89. A standard kids' reader in very good condition. Three fables: TH (60), AD (112), and DM (114). Edna Potter is the illustrator for TH. 1927 The Volume Library. A Concise, Graded Repository of Practical and Cultural Knowledge Designed for both Instruction and Reference. Advisory editor Abram Royer Brubacher. NY: Educators Association. $6 at 5th Avenue Antiques, Milwaukee, August, ’96. Of the 1139 pages in this massive book, two are given to fables: 48-9. Curiously, the two pages are formatted differently, and the fables on the right all have italicized morals. I had not seen "Horns" before: a city boy on the farm for the first time thinks that mooing cows are blowing their horns. This compendium of knowledge includes references to La Fontaine and Ade’s Fables in Slang as well as Lowell’s A Fable for Critics. This book shows what fables people might have thought of first early in the century (the first copyright is 1911) and also what place in life they might give them. Note that the fables are placed just after the fairy tales in the "Kindergarten" section of the book. There is a simple illustration of FC. 1927 The Winston Readers: Second Reader. By Sidney G. Firman and Ethel H. Maltby. Illustrated by Frederick Richardson. Hardbound. Philadelphia: The John C. Winston Company. See 1918/27. 1927 Trilussa: Le Favole Fasciste: con Introduzione ed Illustrazioni. Illustrazioni di Valente. Pamphlet. Rome: Libro e Moschetto, Biblioteca del Giovane Fascista #3: Istituto Editoriale Giovanile. 10000 Lire from Centro Bibliografico M. Pucci, Rome, July, '97. This pamphlet is similar to another I have recorded one year earlier with the same title, but there from "Istituto Editoriale" rather than "Istituto Editoriale Giovanile." The series is not "I Romaneschi," as there, but rather "Libro e Moschetto, Biblioteca del Giovane Fascista." This edition, one year later, is rougher in execution but adds three stronger illustrations. Note the strong feminine figure for "La libbertà" on 28. The pamphlet presents the same twenty-four fables, now on 36 pages with no T of C at the end. Blossom Kirschenbaum, a translator of Trilussa's fables, writes in an article in "Fables from Trastevere," an article in Italian Journal in 1994: "From sonnets he passed on to fables and satire, and to indirect but sharp criticisms of the foibles and brutalities of Fascism. Yet in a sense he was non-partisan, and it was said that both the Pope and Mussolini laughed at his verses" (33). 1927 Wildwood Fables. Arthur Guiterman. Dust-jacket. Hardbound. NY: E.P. Dutton. $20 from Walk a Crooked Mile Books, Philadelphia, Nov., '95. There are here twenty-eight verse fables on 3-73, as the opening T of C shows, followed by "Tales and Songs." Several of the fables formed part of a Phi Beta Kappa poem entitled "The New Aesop," read at the triennial convention of Phi Beta Kappa in New York in 1925. The several of these fables that I have read are good for performing aloud. They carry a fable's lesson in enjoyable rhythm and rhyme. "The Chant of Mikinak" (5) tells of a soft-shelled turtle who finds himself everyone's victim and plaything. He toughens up by bathing in limestone and comes back. When he does not mind getting kicked around, people stop kicking him around. "'Where the sticks will fly and the stones will hurtle,/You mustn't be too sensitive,' says Mikinak the Turtle" (7). In "The Professional," the writer, an amateur fisherman, admires the Kingfisher as a professional who is glad for anything he can get and does not have time for talking or wishing. "A Rabbit Parable" (23) tells of a rabbit who had to yield the nice hole he found to a larger groundhog. The groundhog was killed by a badger. A fox challenged the badger, and they ended up killing the other. The meek rabbit inherited the earth! This sounds like the kind of poetry that would be fun after-banquet reciting. 1927 Work That Is Play. By Mary Gardner. Illustrated by Helen Hodge. Hardbound. Chicago: A. Flanagan. $7 from an unknown source, July, '98. This book reprints in slightly different format an original publication from 1908 from the same company. The format is slightly larger; the plates seem the same, but the margins have increased in size. The cloth cover has changed its background color from tan to yellow. The lovely monochrome endpapers of MM and "The Wolf and the Goat" have become plain paper. Let me repeat some of my comments from that edition. This book is a favorite of mine. It begins with an impassioned plea for play for little folks. It presents a narrative and then the same story in dramatic form. New to me: "The Lion and His Echo" and "The Farmer's Three Enemies." Differently told: the fox sees other beasts go into the "sick" lion's den. The river fairy is a hand: my, how secular can we get! The ant lets the grasshopper in and gives him food. The sun tells the wind that each has strengths. (The bet of the sun and wind follows the poorer tradition.) The mice are interrupted by a servant and then by a boy and a dog together. The lion is tied up while asleep; there is no trap or net. This copy is in good condition. 1927 20 Fables de La Fontaine. Illustrées par Jehan Sennep. #493 of 960 on vellum (after 40 on other paper). Hardbound. Paris: Librairie de France. €200 from Paris International Book Fair, July, '09. Here is a serious addition to the collection. In each of the twenty instances, La Fontaine's text is matched with a contemporary full-page colored political cartoon by Jehan Sennep. These full-page cartoons are exquisitely colored and printed. There is no printing on their obverse. Among my nominees for the best of the multi-colored illustrations are FC (the German helmet is a great clue!); "Le Renard et le Bouc"; "L'Ane Portant des Reliques"; MM; "Le Lion Devenu Vieux"; GGE; TB; "Le Coche et la Mouche"; 2P (featuring an American safe!); "Le Loup Devenu Berger"; and TT. One can see, I am impressed by the whole book! Though pages are not numbered, the fables are introduced with a numbered title-page for each. The closing "Table des Fables" fortunately identifies the specific figures pictured in each cartoon. I do not know French history of the twenties well enough to identify the individuals involved, but I can certainly understand "le Boche" in FC! Clemenceau appears in "Le Lion Devenu Vieux." After each text, there is also a tail-piece, often showing the outcome of the fable. The design showing Herriot exploding at the end of OF is delightful! Not in Bodemann. 1927/29 Inductive Readings in German: Book 1. By Peter Hagboldt and F.W. Kaufmann. Hardbound. Fifth Impression. Chicago: The University of Chicago Junior College Series: The University of Chicago Press. $5 from an unknown source, perhaps in June, '97. Hadboldt's work here is different from his work for the "Heath-Chicago German Series" in 1933. This book contains twenty-seven items or groups of items with which students can start reading German. Perhaps half of them are or contain fables. The fables are ""Der Löwe und der Wolf" (2); "Ich bin gross, und du bist klein" (2); "Wer alles will, bekommt nichts" (3); "Der Esel und der Wolf" (4); "Der Frosch und die Maus" (4); "Der Hofhund und der Wolf" (5); "Das Kalb und der Storch" (6); "Der Löwe teilt" (6); "Rechts oder links" (8); "Das Geld im Garten" (9); "Die Milchfrau" (14); "Der Wolf und das Lamm (Nach Luther)" (17); "Der Rabe und der Fuchs (Nach Lessing)" (31); and "Der junge Löwe und der Mensch" (38). "Der Esel und der Wolf" is told in a straightforward way; surprisingly, the ass does not outwit and strike the wolf. Lessing's FC is clever: the cheese is poisoned and kills the fox. There are questions and exercises and a vocabulary at the end. This study-booklet is unusually tall (8¼") and thin (4¾"). 1927/48 The Bookshelf for Boys and Girls. Volume I: Fun and Thought for Little Folk. NY: Editorial Board of the University Society. $4 from Renaissance Airport Shop, Jan., '90. Same organization and print style as in The Home University Bookshelf (1927), from which I have Volume III. There is one fable here, TT (353), with a nice colored illustration by Hugh Spencer. 1927/48 The Bookshelf for Boys and Girls. Volume II: Golden Stories and Fables. NY: Editorial Board of the University Society. $6.50 from Avenue Victor Hugo, Boston, June, '91. This book follows upon Volume I of the same year, but seems in cover and format to belong to an earlier generation of the book. Its fable section takes over the section in Volume III of The Home University Bookshelf (1927, see comments there) with a few curious changes: e.g., "Fables" becomes "Aesop's Fables," the colored pictures--several clearer here--are now printed back to back, and the "Modern Fables" section has become the "More Fables" section. Good condition. 1927/60 Ésope: Fables. Texte établi et traduit par Émile Chambry. Deuxième Edition. Paperbound. Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé. Paris: Societé d' Édition "Les Belles Lettres." $3 from Victoria, NY, Jan., '90. Uncut pages. See my comment on the first edition in 1927. This is a helpful bilingual edition. And I remember fondly Victoria and its owner. 1927/85 Ésope: Fables. Texte établi et traduit par Émile Chambry. Collection des Universités de France publiée sous le patronage de l' Association Guillaume Budé. Hardbound. Fourth impression. Paris: Societé d' Édition "Les Belles Lettres." $14 from the publisher, Feb., '90. Lovely Budé text of 358 fables. No notes. Index at the back. Apparently no changes from the 1927 first edition. 1927? Aesop's Fables. Pictures by Jack Orr. Hardbound. Printed in Great Britain. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd. £18.5 from Rose's Books, Hay-on-Wye, June, '98. For a long time, I had thought this would be a book that would take hours to read because it is so thick. It turns out that it is only 96 pages long, with very thick paper. Orr's art work is very nice. I find three of the four color plates outstanding! They are "The Eagle and the Crow" (24), TB (torn, 48), "The Thieves and the Cock" (becoming loose, 72). There are many black-and-white illustrations, both full and part page. Among the best of them are: DM (15), "The Miser" (41), "The Ass and the Little Dog" (57), "The Astrologer" (59, dressed like Noel Coward), "The Rat and the Frog" (77), and "The Ass and His Driver" (78). Many especially of the full-page black-and-white illustrations make great use of the open undefined space around the figures; in this respect Orr may be only one step away from Calder. The five or six texts I have checked have all come verbatim from either Dalkeith or James. Note the additions to and variations from traditional stories: The hare lies down and says "If that slow-coach passes, I shall see him and easily catch him up again" before she falls asleep (18). A doe (not a fox or a group) argues with the lioness about children and says that she bears only one or two in a lifetime (38). The shepherd boy cries "Wolf!" "from time to time" (42). Orr's work is presented at five places in Ash and Higton, but he is not mentioned at all in Bodemann or Hobbs. 1927? Aesop's Fables. Pictures by Jack Orr. First edition? Hardbound. London: Nelson's Standard Bumper Books: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd. £1.99 from A.J. La-Vine, Dorset, UK, through eBay, April, '04. At first, I thought this book would be identical with another edition I have listed under the same date and publisher. A chance to inspect the two together shows a number of differences, starting from a cover illustration here of MSA, whereas there Aesop was at the center of the cover, crowned with laurel and writing with a feather. This copy lacks the patterned end-paper on the inside of both front and back covers. It also lacks any declaration on the verso of the title-page about where the book was printed. The last page here claims the series, "Nelson's Standard Bumper Books," and lists nine books in the series. The other copy lists six titles "in the same series" but does not mention the series and does not include "Aesop's Fables." I will reproduce here my comments on that copy. For a long time, I had thought this would be a book that would take hours to read because it is so thick. It turns out that it is only 96 pages long, with very thick paper. Orr's art work is very nice. I find three of the four color plates outstanding! They are "The Eagle and the Crow" (24), TB (torn, 48), "The Thieves and the Cock" (72). There are many black-and-white illustrations, both full and part page. Among the best of them are: DM (15), "The Miser" (41), "The Ass and the Little Dog" (57), "The Astrologer" (59, dressed like Noel Coward), "The Rat and the Frog" (77), and "The Ass and His Driver" (78). Many especially of the full-page black-and-white illustrations make great use of the open undefined space around the figures; in this respect Orr may be only one step away from Calder. The five or six texts I have checked have all come verbatim from either Dalkeith or James. Note the additions to and variations from traditional stories: The hare lies down and says "If that slow-coach passes, I shall see him and easily catch him up again" before she falls asleep (18). A doe (not a fox or a group) argues with the lioness about children and says that she bears only one or two in a lifetime (38). The shepherd boy cries "Wolf!" "from time to time" (42). Orr's work is presented at five places in Ash and Higton, but he is not mentioned at all in Bodemann or Hobbs. 1927? Juvenile Mammoth Story Book. 695 Series. No editor or illustrator named. Cleveland: Goldsmith Publishing Co. $8.98 at Cheever Books, San Antonio, August, '96. Extra copies for $2, perhaps at Rummage-o-rama, Jan., '88, and, without covers, a gift of Greg Williams, Sept., '94. The section on Aesop's Fables is one of twelve. No T of C, index, or page numbers. Twelve fables, most with coarse illustrations. The last ("The Greedy Fox") is a play for one person on getting into and out of the field with the grapes; it moves strangely into territory associated with FG to tell a fable usually associated with a weasel in a granary. New to me is "The Fly and the Moth." In the Rummage-o-rama copy, some of the heavily inked illustrations are colored in with crayons by a previous reader. The Greg Williams copy is missing one page at the front and nine at the back besides its covers and spine. None of the copies is in very good condition. 1928 - 1929 1928 Aesop's Fables. Edited by Catherine T. Bryce and Edna Turpin. With Illustrations by Walter Crane and other artists (Tenniel, Weir, Herbert Deland Williams, Bewick). Pamphlet. Printed in USA. Little Folk's Library: Second Series. NY/Chicago: Newson & Company. $2 from an unknown source, July, '98. This pamphlet measures almost 6" x 4½" and has 48 pages. BF is on its front cover and FG on the back. Inside there are nine fables, two reflections, and one bit of biography. The illustrations are classic. The illustrators include Tenniel, Weir, Herbert Deland Williams, Bewick, and Crane. All of the illustrations are colored. The fables include FG, LM, DS, "The Cats and the Monkey" (with two illustrations), CP, FS, "One Good Trick" (the fox and the cat, without illustration), BF and GGE. The first reflection, after LM, is "Doing Something for Others." The second, "Just Like--What?" offers good short applications and asks which fable each is like. The pamphlet has seen significant wear. Its staples are gone, and all of its pages are loose. Such ephemera as this I am especially happy to see preserved in this collection. 1928 Aesop's Fables. Arranged with an introduction by Blanche E. Weekes. Illustrated by John Fitz, Jr. Hardbound. Printed in the USA. The Child's Garden of Charming Books. Philadelphia: John C. Winston. $5.95 from Brattle Books, April, '89. A pretty standard small book in good shape. There are nice copies of the black-and-white illustrations on the end papers. Two colored illustrations (of CJ and WC) and maybe a dozen black-and-whites, of which the best might be of the vain jackdaw on 24. T of C on v. Very good condition. Compare with another book, identical except for its series marker on the back of the title-page. This book shows "The Child's Garden of Charming Books," while the other shows "The Winston Large-Type Classics For Little Folks." 1928 Aesop's Fables. Arranged with an introduction by Blanche E. Weekes. Illustrated by John Fitz, Jr. Hardbound. Printed in USA. The Winston Large-Type Classics For Little Folks. Philadelphia: John C. Winston. $5 from an unknown source, June, '87. Extra copy a gift of Alexandra Varga, Catskill, NY, Oct., '00. This book is almost exactly identical with another found at Brattle Books. The only difference between the two copies is the "series" listing on the back of the title page: that book shows "The Child's Garden of Charming Books," while this one shows "The Winston Large-Type Classics For Little Folks." See my comments there. The good copy of this version lacks one endpaper. The extra copy of this version, a gift from Alexandra Varga, is in relatively poor condition. It has a plain green cover and plain endpapers. I will keep it in the collection. 1928 Bajky LaFontaineovy S Obrazky Doreovymi. Cenek Semerad. Various illustrators. Paperbound. Kvety Mladez, Svazek III. Printed in Bratislava? Prague: Kral. Vinohrady. $6 from Zachary Cohn, Prague, Dec., '01. Seventy-two fables on 72 pages, with a T of C at the end. This paperbound volume has a nice oval portait of La Fontaine on its cover. It is in only fair condition, and its binding is deteriorating. 1928 De La Salle Readers: Book IV. Brothers of the Christian Schools. St. Joseph's Normal Institute, Pocantico Hills, NY. First printing. Saint Louis: Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company. $1 at Mrs. Clemens Antique Mall, Hannibal, Oct., '94. This book is in very poor condition. It is very Catholic! There are four fables here: AL (29), "The Monkey and the Cats" (33), FC (verse by Jane Taylor, 35), and "The Masked Monkeys" (188). There is a short biography for Aesop on 227, but where has he been mentioned? ("Fables" are referred to in the preface.) Pages 109-10 and 207-8 are missing. Compare this book with the second De La Salle Reader of 1913: St. Joseph's has become an institute, and now the book has a regular publisher. 1928 Fables Choisies. Jean de la Fontaine. Privately printed for William Andrews Clark, Jr. by Chester Troan. Los Angeles. #43 of 100 copies printed for private distribution. Text from a scarce edition printed in Bouillon, Belgium, in 1776, with plates by Bertin and Savart. Purchased by Camilla Nilles for $6 at a Chicago used bookstore, Summer, '85. A real treasure. I do not know if any of the plates speak quickly enough to appeal to a viewing audience. Seven fables: GA, FC, OF, DW, TMCM (clearly after Oudry -- or vice versa?), "Death and the Woodman," and "The Reed and the Oak." 1928 Fables Comiques. Benjamin Rabier. Paris: Librairie Garnier Frères. $25 at Booksmith, Oak Park, Sept., '91. A treasure in very good condition. Twenty-two fables preceded by a photo of Rabier. The colored pictures are particularly funny, e.g., of the dead dog with paddles and wings (7), the masked rabbit (52-3), or the drunken revolutionary animals (80-1). Rabier's fables argue strongly for status quo thinking. Dreams of greatness, ease, and universal kindness lead to ruin. "Too much kindness hurts." "Revolutions give birth to profit-makers." Animals staging a revolution finally ask the humans if they may return to their former life--while the fox has profited immensely from the whole revolutionary silliness. Rabier cuts deep like LaFontaine even in "comic" fables like that of the gossiper dog Faraud (67-8) who surrounds himself with an artificial audience. A real delight! 1928 Fables de Phedre. Traduit du Latin par E. Panckoucke. Illustré par Geneviève Rostan. #986 of 2500 on Tsahet paper. Paperbound. Paris: Collection Antiqua #4: A l'Enseigne du Pot Cassé. $32.33 from Librairie Hatchuel, Paris, through abe, March, '03. Here is one of those French books that is still in "paperback" form. Unfortunately, it is splitting into two or three parts. It seems a rather straightforward presentation in French of Phaedrus' five books. Its best claim to fame may be the woodcut illustrations for each fable. These are small and simple. Each book gets a larger woodcut besides at its start. Among those worth a second look, I think, are FS (48), "The Man with Two Wives" (67), and "The Man Who Threw a Rock at Aesop" (96). 1928 Fifty Fables from La Fontaine. Cover and spine: La Fontaine's Fables. Radcliffe Carter. No illustrations. NY: Oxford University Press: American Branch. $4 from Imagination Books, Silver Spring, Feb., '92. Extra copy for $10 from Titles in Highland Park, May, '89. The rhymes are fun for the few I have checked so far. A pleasant little book. Use the beginning T of C: the fables are not in LaFontaine's order. 1928 Fifty Fables from La Fontaine. Radcliffe Carter. No illustrations. London: Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press. $6.75 from Ralph Casperson, Niles, May, '95. This book has a different cover and different plates from its mate done in the United States. Because the plates are different, the pagination turns out to be different too. 1928 For the Children's Hour. Caroly S. Bailey and Clara M. Lewis. Illustrated by Rhoda Chase. Hardbound. Springfield, MA: Milton Bradley Company. $4 from The Lantern Bryn Mawr Bookshop, Washington, D.C., Oct., '12. The categories of an early story book like this tell a great deal. Here the sections are titled "Stories of the Home Relationship," "The Home," "Nature Stories," "Holiday Stories," and "Fairy Tales and Fables." In this last section there are six fables (328-33). None of the six nicely colored illustrations relate to the fables. Five of the six fables seem to me to be predictably good traditional choices for children to learn from: GA, AD, CP, FC, and DS. "The Gourd and the Pine Tree" (330) is new to me: a gourd grows upon the pine and grows up to its top in a year and is proud of that fact. Winter storms and frost come and the gourd soon falls into a heap, while the pine continues to stand strong and tall. The end of the book is separating from its spine. 1928 Further Forensic Fables. By O (Theo Mathew). With Thirty Illustrations. Cardboard-bound. London: Butterworth. $12 from Vintage Books, Vancouver WA, through the mail, Oct., '98. I had earlier found Fifty Forensic Fables, though in a republication by the original publisher in 1949. See my comments there. Again, these stories had all appeared in the Law Journal. Before the thirty fables, this volume, like the first, offers a table of cases cited and a table of statutes. Again, each story has an enjoyable newspaper-like caricature. One can get a good sense of these stories, I believe, by trying the second and third of them. In "The Industrious Youth and the Stout Stranger" (5), a con man looking like W.C. Fields hires the industrious youth and then borrows a sum of money from him. Of course the industrious youth never sees him again. In "Mr. Whitewig and the Rash Question" (9), the young Mr. Whitewig has established a very strong case when he asks one question too many of the Police Inspector, i.e., why he arrested the defendant. That question produces the records of nine previous convictions. There are twenty-six pages given to an index starting on 107. The covers are heavy boards with titles pasted on. 1928 Hoot-Owl Classics, Being a Selection of Bed-Time Stories, Volume One. By Dean Collins. Pamphlet. Printed in Portland. Portland, OR: The Rainbow Division. $15 from The Great Northwest Bookstore, Portland, OR, March, '96. We read on the title-page: "First Read Over the Radio from the Home Roost of the H G W Keep-Growing-Wiser Order of Hoot Owls in the Oregonian Tower at Portland, Oregon." This 54-page pamphlet features twelve delightful live radio scripts, up-to-date slang parodies of known stories given plenty of local color from the Portland, Oregon area. There are three fables among its twelve offerings. These are LM (13), GGE (27), and TH (41). Collins transforms LM quite thoroughly. The lion, looking for lunch, comes upon the mouse while the latter is working on his income tax. In fact, that is also what the lion is doing a year later when he walks into the net. Here the mouse comes upon him by chance, and the lion suggests that the mouse "gnaw a few of these strings." The mouse makes sure that he is well tied up and then kicks him in the pants and walks away. "And the moral of this story, dear children, is: The important thing is to know when you can get away with it" (15). GGE concerns a financial scheme dreamed up by a son to save his parents' bankrupt farm. The race in TH is from Portland to NY. The tortoise gets himself picked up by a traveler. There is in this longish story, as in the other stories, some delightful play on words. Other offerings include songs, a history of Oregon, "Pandora," "Baucis and Philemon," "Jonah," "Goldilocks," and "The Little Red Hen Re-Read." 1928 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 5 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/24/28. 1928 La Fontaine pour Rire: 18 Fables de Dominique Bonnaud. Illustrées par O'Galop. Hardbound. Paris: Librairie Delagrave. €39.80 from Librairie Le-livre, Baron, France, through abe, Nov., '13. The cover has a fox saying to La Fontaine's statue "Good man, good man, you are not the master in your own house when we are there." This book has fun with fifteen fables of La Fontaine on some 60 large-format pages. In the first illustration facing the title-page, a crow uses a phonograph to make Crra sounds for the waiting fox, while the crow keeps a round of cheese in his beak. WL runs its usual course a la La Fontaine but near its usual end, the lamb mentions seeing two gendarmes approaching. Why not make them judges in this case? One of the soldiers in fact shoots the wolf as he runs away. FC fills out the picture we have already seen: the crow was ready with the necessary phonograph to respond to the fox's request for song. "The Coach and the Fly" here turns into "The Coach and the Car." The passengers struggle to get a horse-drawn coach up a hill. A car races by and wishes them luck. Not far beyond the top of the hill though, the coach and passengers come upon the car stalled with carburetor trouble. One can imagine their response. By the way, the car had destroyed the clay pot along the road. If one knows La Fontaine, this really is "pour Rire"! There is a combination of colored full pages and black-and-white partial-page designs. 1928 Le Roman de Renard. Version moderne pour la jeunesse et 71 dessins. Léopold Chauveau. Paris: Éditions Victor Attinger. $4.08 at the Book Forum, Colorado, March, '94. A straightforward prose version for young people. The book is done on cheap paper, and the illustrations, silhouettes with extensive captions, are viewed from the side rather than the bottom of the book. One can follow a great deal of the story with just the illustrations. Among the best of these is that of Renard dunging from a tree onto the sleeping watchman (141). New to me: Hermeline ransoms Reynard at the point of death by hanging in the lion's court (203). The last note on the illustration on 273 is delightful: "It would have been necessary to make many designs to illustrate this story." (And so we get one.) Facing the title page is a notice of another edition of Renard by Chauveau, "ou sont contées les aventures de Renard que la révérence due à la jeunesse n'a pas permis de rapporter en celle-ci." 1928 Polichinelle: Old Nursery Songs of France. Translated, Set, and Illustrated by J.R. Monsell. Hardbound. Dust jacket. Printed in England. London: Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press. £35 from Ripping Yarns, London, June, '02. I had thought that this book was a knock-off of Boutet de Monvel's Chansons de France (1870?), but it turns out that only about seven of the thirty-one songs here are also there. The one fable that is in this book is TMCM on 18-19. Whereas it was titled "Le Rat de Ville et le Rat des Champs" there, here it is more simply "Les Deux Rats." As with the other pieces offered here, the book is bilingual. In this case, as frequently, the left-hand page gives the musical score, the first verse in French, and the first verse in English. The right-hand page continues with more illustration and separate columns for the further verses in either language. The art is not up to Monvel's high level, but it does play nicely with the rats' tails. On the left, city rat has his tail hooked around a wine glass as he leans over the edge to invite the country rat up. In a second phase, the latter has hold of the city rat's tail as they march across the top of the table. In the fourth of five phases, the city rat's tail is pulling a glass over the right edge as the two escape. Most of the book's art seems to be restricted to two colors beyond black. Here the emphasis is on yellow. The dust jacket is in only fair condition, but the book itself is in good to very good condition. 1928 R.L. Stevenson: Ten Fables with Twenty One Illustrations by Rachel Russell. Robert Louis Stevenson. #165 of 250. Hardbound. London: The Swan Press. $115 from Acquitania Gallery, San Francisco, at the San Francisco Antiquarian Book Print, & Paper Fair, Jan., '04. Here are ten of Stevenson's twenty fables with small illustrations. Several of the texts take my breath away. One of these is the first, "The Sick Man and the Fireman." Others are just fun. Among these, I would say, is "The Devil and the Innkeeper." Again I find "Something in It" engaging. The images, about 1½" x 3¼", are nicely done. 1928 Sancho Panza: Compendio de Refranes y Fábulas. Ilustraciones de J. Serra Masana. Hardbound. Barcelona: I.G. Seix & Barral Hermes., S.A. $25 from Christian Tottino, Buenos Aires, through eBay, Dec., '13. The title continues "para ejercicios de lectura elemental." This is a fine little book for those getting their first experience of Spanish poetry. The first 90 pages offer stories exemplifying popular aphorisms or proverbs. Some are easily recognized. "Speech is silver but silence is golden." "All that glitters is not gold." "Tell me who you go with and I will tell you who you are." Then follow, as the closing T of C shows, twelve fables from Samaniego and Iriarte. The author is given by the T of C in each case. Several are Aesopic borrowings, like LM (99) and TB (107). Each story or fable gets one or two full-page black-and-white illustrations. And where does Sancho Panza fit into this lovely offering? The last paragraph of the introduction hails him as "profundo conocedor de la ciencia popular española, caudal inagotable de dichos y proverbios" (6). 1928 Some Little Plays and How to Act Them. By Mary Ellen Whitney. Illustrated by Dorothy Saunders. Educational Play-book Series. Chicago: Beckley-Cardy Company. $8 at Arkadyan, Aug., '94. Seven fables are presented here in short, one- or two-page play form, with discussion questions following each. WS is presented in the poorer version. There is a simple illustration for "The Boy and the Nuts" (20) depicting the boys at about ages 12 and 18. There is also an illustration for WS. Formerly owned by Grandview School and the school board of Hutchinson, Kansas. 1928 Story Hour Readers Revised: Book Three. By Ida Coe and Alice Christie Dillon. NY: American Book Company. See 1914/15/23/28. 1928 The Children's Big Story Book. (Cover: The Story Book for Young Folks.) No author or illustrator acknowledged. Racine: Whitman. $7.50 at Renaissance, Mitchell Field, Jan., '89. A fascinating book in poor condition. It shows how a catch-all story-book uses Aesop for short filler: five fables appear on heavy inserted pages and the inside back cover. TMCM appears late as a story. The paper is brown, and a previous owner has added some crayonings. One picture page and one story precede the title page. 1928 The Great Fables of All Nations. Selected by Manuel Komroff. Illustrated by Louise Thoron. The Library of Living Classics. First edition? NY: Lincoln MacVeagh/The Dial Press. $7 from Klaus Grunewald, Kansas City, May, '93. Thinking I was picking up a working copy for travelling, I may have found the original edition on which all of my Tudor editions (listed under 1928 and 1928/33) are based. See my comments there. Good condition. 1928 The Great Fables of All Nations. Selected by Manuel Komroff. Illustrated by Louise Thoron. Dust jacket. NY: Dial Press: Tudor Publishing Co. $10 at Selected Works in Chicago, May, '89. Extra copy without dust jacket inscribed in 1947 for $7.50 from Oregon Coast, Aug., '87. This edition marks the second of five different books all using the same plates. It looks as though Tudor picked up sole rights to the plates just after the book was jointly published with Lincoln MacVeagh in 1928. See further printings by Tudor under 1928/33. This book changes the cover design and color (to gray) and adds the bright yellow, orange, and black dust jacket. 1928 The Laidlaw Readers: Book Two. Herman Dressel, M. Madilene Veverka, and May Robbins. Illustrated by Mabel B. Hill and Betty Selover. Chicago: Laidlaw Brothers. See 1924/28. 1928 The Magic Garden of My Book House. Volume 7 of twelve. Edited by Olive Beaupré Miller. Various illustrators. Chicago: The Book House for Children. See 1920/28/36/37. 1928 The New Winston Primer/The New Winston First Reader. By Sidney G. Firman and Ethel Maltby Gehres. Illustrated by Frederick Richardson. Inscribed in 1941 and 42. Chicago: The John C. Winston Company. $10 at Laurie, March, '94. Comparing these bound-together books with their apparent predecessors from 1918 and 1922 yields surprises. Ethel Maltby has married and has given Sidney Firman top billing. Though "The Dog and the Rooster" with slightly changed vocabulary has remained in the first reader (102-7 here), most of the text of both books has changed. Might there be two different series involved here? Check the price on the back cover: $.50! Excellent condition. Perhaps a later printing? 1928 The Open Door Language Series: First Book. Language Games and Stories. Zenos E. Scott, Randolph T. Congdon, Harriet E. Peet, and Laura Frazee. No illustrator acknowledged. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. See 1926/28. 1928 The Open Door Language Series: Third Grade. Louisiana Edition. Zenos E. Scott, Randolph T. Congdon, Harriet E. Peet, and Laura Frazee. No illustrator acknowledged. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. See 1926/28. 1928 The Open Door Language Series: Fourth Grade. Louisiana Edition. Zenos E. Scott, Randolph T. Congdon, Harriet E. Peet, and Laura Frazee. No illustrator acknowledged. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. See 1926/28. 1928 The Prince of the Land of the Rose Apple & Other Stories. Adaptations from Buddhist Folklore. By Ada Marie Kelly. #4 of 17 copies. Inscribed by author and publisher. San Diego: Tom Givens Dawson. $7.50 at Adams Avenue Book Store, San Diego, Aug., '93. A beautifully executed slim book. Talk about a limited edition! I am certainly lucky to have found this book. Several of the fifteen freely adapted Buddhist (I presume Jatakas) tales here are quite familiar, like "The Smallest Rabbit" (19) about the bunny who thinks the world is ending and TT (29). The tales in the first half of the book strike me as simplistic. The second half is far more interesting. Page 20 shows two different spellings of coconut. 1928 The Talking Beasts. Edited by Kate Douglas Wiggin and Nora Archibald Smith. Illustrations by Harold Nelson. Dust jacket. Garden City: Doubleday, Page, and Company. See 1911/28. 1928 Three Hundred Five-Minute Sermons for Children. Compiled and Edited by Rev. G.B.F. Hallock. Stated first edition. Hardbound. Garden City/NY: Doubleday, Doran & Company. $8 from Palmerton Mountain Books, Fort Ann, NY, through abe, Nov., '02. This is a thick 362-page book delivering just what the title says. There is a subject index at the front. Checking under "Fables, Legends, Folk-Lore, etc." reveals at least thirty fables included here. Each is introduced to the young listeners with a homey introduction, including references to "Mr. Aesop." The spine of this book is starting to give way. Here is one more tribute to the presence of Aesop in American culture. 1928 Through Fairy Halls of My Book House. Volume 6 of twelve. Edited by Olive Beaupré Miller. Various illustrators. Chicago: The Book House for Children. See 1920/28/37. 1928 Twenty Four Fables of Aesop and other Eminent Mythologists. Roger l'Estrange. Illustrations after etchings of Marcus Gheeraerts the elder. Dust jacket. London: Ernest Benn. $15 in Chicago, Dec., '91. Extra copy without dust jacket for $20 from Wordsmith, Lincoln, May, '95. Identical after the title page with the Dutton edition printed in England (1928?). Most of the illustrations are taken from Gheeraerts' edition from Bruges of 1567 (the three others are from Gheeraerts' work published in another edition of 1617). The high-quality etchings are unfortunately a bit light here. A note on the illustrations (48-49) is written by A.E. Popham. The cover is slightly different from that on the Dutton edition. The Chicago copy has a weakened binding, and so I will keep the Wordsmith edition (which shows some foxing) in the collection. 1928 Up One Pair of Stairs of My Book House. Volume 3 of twelve. Edited by Olive Beaupré Miller. Various illustrators. Chicago: The Book House for Children. See 1920/25/28/37. 1928 Vergnügte Tiere. Hans Ostwald. Various artists. Hardbound. Berlin: Paul Franke Verlag. €18 from Antiquariat Niedersatz, Berlin, July, '07. This is a curious book. If one is to judge from the bibliography facing the title-page, Ostwald, the editor of Der Neue Eulenspiegel, wrote humorous books. This book is no exception. Some 367 pages are chock full of animal stories. The T of C at the back may not help a great deal to understand their organization. And so I am not surprised when the last chapter is titled "Allerlei Durcheinander," roughly "All sorts of stuff mixed up together." There are several fables in the first section, "Mensch und Tierwelt." Notice TB on 14, DW on 15, and a lovely rhymed verse version of MSA on 16-17 from Eucharius Eyring (1520-1597). Most of the material here seems to me to be chreiai, humorous incidents. I am happy to encounter the item on 30, titled "Warum die Ochsen gegen den Fortschritt sind." When Pythagoras came up with his "Eureka!" he sacrificed one hundred bulls. Since then bulls get nervous whenever a new truth comes to light! I trust that there are more fables scattered in this long book. Seek and you shall find! 1928/33 The Great Fables of All Nations. Selected by Manuel Komroff. Illustrated by Louise Thoron. Dust jacket. NY: Dial Press: Tudor Publishing Co. $7.50 at the Antiquarium, July, '89. A wonderful find! The first hundred pages or so go to Aesop in a fine collection from all sorts of fabulists, including Pilpay, Gay, Dodsley, Kriloff, Tolstoi, and Bierce. No author credited for Aesop. Only the combination of illustrations on 67 rises above decoration. The first copy here has the spine design of the original 1928 MacVeagh/Tudor edition, but the color is now purple and there is a cameo portrait marked "Tudor" impressed on the front cover; 1933 is listed on the title page in Roman numerals; there is a new blue and red dust jacket. 1928/36 The Great Fables of All Nations. Selected by Manuel Komroff. Illustrated by Louise Thoron. Hardbound. Dust jacket. Printed in USA. NY: Dial Press: Tudor Publishing Co. $20 from Horizon Books, Seattle, Aug., '93. There is no longer a date on the title-page, but there is a notation "New Edition October 1936" on its back. The Horizons copy is in particularly good condition. Internally unchanged from the 1933 edition. See my comments there. The dust jacket here is like that on the 1928 Tudor edition, and the embossed cover is like that on the 1929 McVeagh edition. 1928/44 The Great Fables of All Nations. Manuel Komroff. Louise Thoron. 1936 printing. Dust-jacket. Hardbound. NY: Dial Press: Tudor Publishing Co. $10 from St. Croix Antiquarian Booksellers, May, '91. Here is the 1936 edition as in my copy from Horizon in Seattle but with a red cover. It also adds "MCMXLIV" on the title-page. It is slightly smaller in format and has a bright yellow, orange, and black dust jacket. There is the same notation "New Edition October 1936" on the verso of the title-page. This copy is in particularly good condition. 1928/69 Tales of Wise and Foolish Animals. Written and illustrated by Valery Carrick. Unaltered republication of a work originally published by Frederick A. Stokes Company. NY: Dover. $3.50, Summer, '89. Good stories and satisfactory illustrations. Several of the fourteen stories are one step away from Aesop. Getting the bear's paw stuck in a briefly-split tree trunk seems a popular motif. The FC trick shows up in "Clever Dog" (39) with a good final twist: the young dog brags about getting the cheese, and the old dog immediately snatches it up. The hare tricks the lion into seeing himself in the well and jumping in. The hare sees his ears shadowed, runs from the chasing monster, and is happy in the shade that he is fast enough to have run away from him. Note that Valery is a male. 1928? Aisopeion Mython Synagoge: Fabulae Aesopicae Collectae. Ex Recognitione Caroli Halmii (Carl Halm). Exemplar Photomechanice Iteratum. Hardbound. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. See 1884/1928?. 1928? La Fontaine: Fables Choisies. Livres VII a XII. Nouvelle Série. Notice et Notes par Ferdinand Gohin. Les Classiques pour Tous: Littérature Française. No 154. Paris: Librairie A. Hatier. 1.50$ Canadian from Librairie Bibiomanie, Montreal, Oct., '95. Forty-eight fables, listed in a T of C at the very back, in the kind of pamphlet the French seem to have made a specialty! See 1938 for a later edition, which adds some critical judgments and big enough print to make the booklet grow from 80 to 112 pages. 1928? The Child's World. Hardbound. Memphis, TN: Students Educational Publishing Company. $7 from Todd Wagner, Dayton, OH, through eBay, August, '00. This thick book comes apparently from a religious publishing house. Three parts present, respectively, ten traditional stories, lives of great Americans, and bible passages with prayers. Among the ten traditional stories are three traditional fables, each with a simple black-and-white design. They are "The Lark and the Farmer," FWT, and "The Cobbler and the Rich Man." The latter story shows people in contemporary modern dress. The man in a suit gives the cobbler $500. There is an unfortunate typo "Childern" on the title-page. 1928? Twenty Four Fables of Aesop and other Eminent Mythologists. Roger l'Estrange. Illustrations after etchings of Marcus Gheeraerts the elder. Dust jacket. Printed and made in Great Britain. NY: E.P. Dutton and Co. $10 at Old Capitol Books, Monterey, Feb., '97. Extra copy without dust jacket for $4 at O'Gara and Wilson, May, '89. Most of the illustrations are taken from Gheeraerts' edition from Bruges of 1567 (the three others are from Gheeraerts' work published in another edition of 1617). The high quality etchings are unfortunately a bit light here. A note on the illustrations (48-49) is written by A.E. Popham. 1929 Am Karpfenteich. Vortragsfabeln von Karl Heinz Hill. Paperbound. Berlin: Verlag Maria Luehr. DM 2 from Germany, July, '02. The subtitle "Vortragsfabeln" indicates that these literary works are meant for entertainment. They do not seem to be fables in the stricter traditional sense. These are rather short stories and even allegories. Some are in prose and some in verse. At the end there are two narratives in dialect. As the T of C at the back indicates, there are thirty-three works in this 42-page pamphlet. Closest to fables might be these four works: "Elternträume" (25); "Die alte Klage" (27); "Die Eule" (31); and "Pussi und der Hase" (37). I found the first two especially insightful; their surprise endings work. 1929 Androcles and the Lion. Bernard Shaw. Hardbound. London: Constable and Company. £4.95 from D.A. Pearce, Norfolk, UK, through eBay, April, '15. Encyclopedia Britannica says this about the play: "'a drama consisting of a prologue and two acts by George Bernard Shaw, performed in Berlin in 1912 and published in 1916. Using the Roman story of Androcles, Shaw examines true and false religious exaltation, combining the traditions of miracle play and Christmas pantomime into a philosophical farce about early Christianity. The play’s central theme, recurrent in Shaw, is that one must have something worth dying for—an end outside oneself—to make life worth living." I am happy to find this early copy, even though it is not a first edition. As I wrote earlier of a Penguin edition, I am delighted at last to have the opportunity to read the play. (The book contains some one hundred pages of stuff--mini-essays?--before the play starts, and a few pages of explanation after it.) Androcles is a Christian Greek tailor, known for his "sorcery" with animals, whom he loves dearly. He exists within a strong cast of characters including his wife Megaera, a "rather handsome pampered slattern"; Ferrovius, the fierce fighter; Lavinia, the beautiful, forthright, sometimes doubting believer; the Roman Captain; and the Emperor. As Shaw constructs it, the play becomes an examination of allegiances and motives around the question of imperialism. Here, as in the Penguin edition, Shaw writes here without apostrophes in his contractions. 1929 Child-Story Readers. By Frank N. Freeman, Grace E. Storm, Eleanor M. Johnson, and W.C. French. Illustrated by Vera Stone Norman. Hardbound. Chicago/NY: Lyons and Carnahan, Publishers. $2 from Don's Antiques, Walnut, IA, August, '00. The title-page neglects to mention what is clear on the cover of this children's reader: it is a primer. There is one fable here: "The Baby Show" (114). Five colored images help to show how every animal mother was proud of her baby. Mother Monkey's baby could not run or play and was not pretty, but his mother declared "I have the finest baby of all." The king looked at every baby, but no one got the prize. Every mother thought her baby finest of all. Formerly in the Villisca School Library, this book is in very poor condition. The covers have already separated. A small hand has been busy pencilling! 1929 Child-Story Readers: Jack and Jane. Frank N. Freeman, Grace E. Strom, Eleanor M. Johnson, and W.C. French. NA. Hardbound. Sacramento: Child-Story Readers: California State Series. $19.5 from Shakespeare, Berkeley, June, '13. Here is a standard reader, unusual perhaps most for its lovely illustrations of many colors, almost one to a page. The book contains two fables. "The Rat and the Elephant" gets this story right (32). The rat struts about proclaiming "I am little, but I am great." "Just then the king's pussy saw the rat. Soon the rat knew he was not so great as an elephant. And that was the end of the foolish rat." "The Wise Old Cat" presents two ploys usually used separately in two varied tellings (55). First he climbs up on a shelf and hangs from it head down -- and succeeds in eating some mice. Then he rolls himself in flour and lies down on the floor. A wise old rat comments "That may be a heap of flour. But it looks to me very much like the cat." This time Pussy goes hungry. 1929 Dreams & Fables. C.S. Woodward. With illustrations by Ethel Everett. Dust jacket. London: Longmans, Green & Co. $12 from Yoffees, April, '92. Twelve stories, apparently not distinguished between dreams and fables, written by this canon of Westminster and originally broadcast as part of children's services. The stories are very pious. I suspect that for an educated believer today they are curious at best. Angels move in and out of the stories. Lent is the long white road to the cross. An old church and the buildings around it converse--especially to suggest that the church needs more money for maintenance! Dead flowers meet in the "kingdom beyond" to discuss their experiences of trying to make people happy. I could not take more than half of the stories. 1929 Fables. Theodore Francis Powys. First edition. Dust jacket. NY: The Viking Press. $25 at Alkahest, Evanston, Oct., '94. Nineteen stories that are really tales, I would say, about talking sub-human creatures rather than fables in the tradition, invoked by the dust jacket, of Aesop and La Fontaine. The dust jacket says aptly "The common note is a sort of smiling cynicism." I read five and found them various, offbeat, and engaging. "The Withered Leaf and the Green" (31) is a poignant classic confrontation of young and old with well-etched attitudes given to each. "The Seaweed and the Cuckoo-Clock" (45) is a bizarre piece about Miss Gibbs who marries unlike things to each other, like these two objects. "The Ass and the Rabbit" (65) is a good commentary on the problem of a creature whose life gets complicated and mixed up by thinking he is God. It contains this fine sardonic remark: "There are some who have even doubted that the hermit ever lived at all upon the moor, for during all the time that he lived--if, indeed, he did live--he caused no scandal that could rightfully give him the smallest place in the remembrance of a man" (67). Though I do not think these belong in the history of fable, I intend to read more. 1929 Fables de La Fontaine. Etchings by T. Polat. Preface by Louis Barthou. #3 of 196 copies; on Vélin de Rives. Hardbound. Paris: Henri Vever. $200 from Paris, July, '14. Here is a major addition to the collection, discovered in a box of books that needed to be put aside before being catalogued months ago. Now I cannot remember where or when I found it! I will hope that that information shows up as I work my way through boxes of books like this one. This impressive single volume starts with a cover picture (iii in the hardbound version) of "Mythos." Story here is a lovely naked woman smiling and maybe even laughing as she holds up a mirror and looks at us. The last illustration is of the artist working with his child next to him -- and maybe even getting in the way? In between these two smaller etchings are 22 full-page etchings and 46 partial-page etchings. These illustrations routinely translate animal stories into human stories of the 20th century. They have a propensity to include nude women. As Metzner modestly says "zahlreiche aktähnliche Frauendarstellungen." For me the best of the full-page illustrations inserted into the text are WL (facing 14); 2W (22); "The Lion in Love" (76); "The Wolf, the Goat, and the Kid" (98); 2P (110); "The Coach and the Fly" (174); "The Two Roosters" (190); "Women and a Secret" (206); "The Lion" (296); and "The Companions of Ulysses" (314). This last illustration has come loose from the binding. The best of the partial-page illustrations are DW (5); TMCM (9); "The Lion and the Mosquito" (39); "The Cat and the Old Rat" (73); "The Wagoneer Stuck in Mud" (149); "The Rat Retired from the World" (169); "The Rat and the Oyster" (211); "The Old Man and Three Young Men" (305); and "The Old Cat and the Young Mouse "(327). "The Rat and the Oyster" (211) may represent the most questionable use of a nude, here to represent the captivating oyster. Watch out, young world traveler! There is a protective slip for every illustration. The fables are presented without books or numbers; books are however presented in the T of C. At the end of the book one finds an AI; two indices of illustrations; a T of C, and several colophon pages. There are some uncut pages near the end. 1929 Fables de La Fontaine. Illustrations Félix Lorioux. Hardbound. Paris: Hachette. See 1921?/29. 1929 How Amusing! And a Lot of Other Fables. By Denis Mackail. First edition. Hardbound. London: William Heinemann. $5 from Henrietta Page, Middlesex, England, through eBay, Oct., '02. This is a book of short stories very typical of life as literature depicts it in the 1920's. The two I read were the first and last: "As You Dislike It" and "How Amusing!" The stories are similar. They consist mostly of bright banter among the bored rich, often about the subject of getting married. The only positive quality in life is anything's amusingness. There is a good twist at the end of the final story. Bettine has spent a day full of short encounters with several different men, each of whom proposes marriage and each of whom loses something valuable in pursuit of her. Her mother checks on her as she has come to bed very late; the mother wonders why she has missed important appointments during the day. "And you had an amusing time, I hope?" she asks. Bettine sits up in bed with a jerk. "Amusing!" she snorts. "It's been the most boring day I've ever had in my whole life!" I am afraid that I would be tempted to say the same about the two stories that I read. I will not again confuse this with a fable book! 1929 How Amusing! And a Lot of Other Fables. By Denis Mackail. First edition? Hardbound. Boston & NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. $27.20 from Neil Shillington, Hobe Sound, FL, through abe, May, '03. Here is the American version of a book I have already catalogued in its English version from Heinemann in the same year. Both versions were printed at the Windmill Press, Kingswood, Surrey. It is a book of short stories very typical of life as literature depicts it in the 1920's. The two I read were the first and last: "As You Dislike It" and "How Amusing!" The stories are similar. They consist mostly of bright banter among the bored rich, often about the subject of getting married. The only positive quality in life is anything's amusingness. There is a good twist at the end of the final story. Bettine has spent a day full of short encounters with several different men, each of whom proposes marriage and each of whom loses something valuable in pursuit of her. Her mother checks on her as she has come to bed very late; the mother wonders why she has missed important appointments during the day. "And you had an amusing time, I hope?" she asks. Bettine sits up in bed with a jerk. "Amusing!" she snorts. "It's been the most boring day I've ever had in my whole life!" I am afraid that I would be tempted to say the same about the two stories that I read. I will not again confuse this with a fable book! 1929 Inductive Readings in German: Book 1. By Peter Hagboldt and F.W. Kaufmann. Hardbound. Fifth Impression. Chicago: The University of Chicago Junior College Series: The University of Chicago Press. See 1927/29. 1929 John Martin's Big Book for Young People. Volume 4 of a seven-volume set. NY: Collier and Son. See 1919/20/21/24/26/29. 1929 La Fontaine: Fables. Précédées d'une notice biographique et littéraire et accompagnées de notes revues et complétées d'après l'édition de É. Gerusez par M.E. Thirion. Trente et unieme édition. Paris: Librairie Hachette. Gift of Jim Ciletti of Aamstar Books, Colorado Springs, Christmas, '95. This may be the most compact full edition of La Fontaine's fables that I have. It contains all the fables and extensive notes in a book of 4" by 6". There are both an AI and a T of C at the back. How nice that Jim thought of me! 1929 La Fontaine: Fables. Précédées d'une notice biographique et littéraire et accompagnées de notes grammaticales et d'un lexique. Par René Radouant. Paris: Librairie Hachette. 65 Francs at Pochotheque Hachette, Paris, May, '97. This is the standard school text for La Fontaine's fables today, recommended to me when I arrived at the Rue de Grenelle this year. It is a textbook of amazing staying power! There must be a way to tell what edition this is, but I cannot find it. I do seem to find some indication that my copy was published in 1996. I found it useful in a recent trip through LaFontaine. Grammar, vocabulary, and T of C at the back. Is this edition the successor to that of Gerusez and Thirion? 1929 Merry Animal Tales. A Book of Old Fables in New Dresses. By Madge A. Bigham. Illustrated by Clara Atwood Fitts. First thus. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. $12.50 at Bibelots & Books, Seattle, July, '93. A delightful book that I have read carefully. It is unusual in pulling its thirty-five traditional fables, based on those of LaFontaine, into one almost seamless narrative. There are happy endings here. For example, the eagle does not eat the little owls that he takes from the nest (152), and the fox caught after his many tricks is sold to the circus (139). Many actors are changed. "Universal Peace" involves the fox and turkeys (131). A frog, not a turtle, is carried through the air on a stick (176); he gets up to walk home after he falls. Blackie the rat, not a weasel, is caught in the corn-house with a crack in the wall (64). There are seven full-page colored illustrations, with many black-and-white illustrations in the text. Maybe the best of the latter shows the rat family moving to the country with the help of a toy pull-horse (17). Chapter XXVI is a difficult-to-believe version of "The Monkey and the Cat." T of C at the beginning, with lists of both kinds of illustrations. 1929 Recueil Général des Isopets, Tome Premier. Publiée par Julia Bastin. Hardbound. Paris: Société des Anciens Textes Français: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion. €50 from Librairie Picard, Paris, August., '13. The first two volumes of Pierre Ruelle's "Recueil Général des Isopets," from 1982 covering Macho appeared in 1929, and here they are. This valuable gathering of medieval collections includes, in this volume, Neckam and the Isopets of Paris and Chartres -- Latin for the former and French for both of the latter. Neckam's "Novus Aesopus" was apparently the source for the latter two. Valuable early material includes a classification of Isopets (i) and a table of correspondence of the three presented here (1). This was a lucky find from some routine searching of the web. 1929 Recueil Général des Isopets, Tome Deuxième. Publiée par Julia Bastin. Hardbound. Paris: Société des Anciens Textes Français: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion. €50 from Librairie Picard, Paris, August., '13. The first two volumes of Pierre Ruelle's "Recueil Général des Isopets," from 1982 covering Macho appeared in 1929, and here they are. This valuable gathering of medieval collections includes, in this volume, L' Isopet de Lyon, L'Isopet I - Avionnet, and L'Isopet III. Also here are the Latin sources, the Romulus in verse attributed to Walter of England and the fables of Avianus. The first collections presented are thus, in Latin, the Romulus and Avianus. There follow in French: the Isopet de Lyon, the Isopet I-Avionnet, the Avionnet, and the Isopet III de Paris. Valuable early material includes two tables of correspondence. The first includes five collections, namely the three Isopets presented here (Isopet I in two versions) with the ordinary Romulus and Walter's Romulus (1). The second shows the correspondence between Avianus and "L'Avionnet (5). This pari of volumes was a lucky find from some routine searching of the web. The next step for me in this area would be to understand the relationship between L'Isopet I - Avionnet (199) and the Avionnet (349). 1929 Studies in Reading: Second Grade. J.W. Searson, George E. Martin, and Lucy Williams Tinley. Illustrated by Ruth Mary Hallock. Hardbound. Lincoln: University Publishing Company. See 1918/29. 1929 The Bolenius Readers: Fourth Reader. By Emma Miller Bolenius. Illustrated by Mabel B. Hill and Edith F. Butler. Revised edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. See 1919/26/29. 1929 The Children's Own Readers: Book Two. Mary E. Pennell and Alice M. Cusack. Illustrations by Marguerite Davis and Blance Fisher Laite. Hardbound. Boston: Ginn. $12 from Unknown source, June, '10. Here is the second reader in a series from which I already have the third reader. This book is in good condition. It has one fable: TH (19), with an illustration by Blance Fisher Laite. "After a long time the hare waked up" (11). Usage has changed in eighty years! 1929 The Children's Own Readers: Book Three. By Mary E. Pennell and Alice M. Cusack. Illustrated by Maurice Day and Harold Sichel. Boston: Ginn and Company. $2 at Antique Joe's, Breda, Iowa, Sept., '95. A pretty standard reader for the times. Its three fables are particularly well told. The first is AL (41) with two illustrations (perhaps to be analyzed by the four colors they use) by Day. The second is "The Wise Jackal" (52) with four illustrations by Day. The last is "The Monkey and the Crocodile" (197), apparently with four illustrations by Sichel, since they are not signed as Day's are. This fable is told with differences from the standard version. Here it is an older crocodile, not a wife or mother, who demands a monkey's heart. The monkey and crocodile are not friends before the action of the fable. The monkey has left his heart on a fig tree; all the figs are monkey hearts! 1929 The Fables of Aesop. Selected, told anew and their history traced by Joseph Jacobs. Done into Pictures by Richard Heighway. Hardbound. NY: The Book League of America. $25 from Miscellanea Libri, Philadelphia, Jan., '01. This book duplicates and recognizes MacMillan's printings -- some fourteen of them -- between 1894 and 1929. It lacks the typical frontispiece of FS. The cover is red cloth with a simple printer's design on the front. I will include comments from an 1894 copy I have. There is a curious pre-title page that says "Jacobs's Fables of Aesop." I love Heighway's work! There are 220 pages, followed by a two-page AI. Some of the early elements following the curious "Jacobs's" page include: a right-page dedication to Prof. F.J. Child; a preface signed by Jacobs beginning on the right page (ix) and ending over a design on xii; a "Contents" page; "A Short History of the Aesopic Fable" (xv-xxii); "List of Fables" (xxiii-xxv) including eighty-two fables numbered here but not in the text; a left-page showing a hand holding a mirror's reflection of a demon and a right page with a framed scroll of a title ("The Fables of Aesop"); and finally "The Cock and the Pearl" (2-3). By contrast with many of the smaller editions, the two pages of one fable here face each other, and so one does not need to turn a page to finish a fable. The illustrations, titles, and closing designs are very distinct here. Among the best are "The Hart & the Hunter" (64), "The Fox & the Cat" (90), "The Shepherd's Boy" (103), "The Four Oxen & The Lion" (123), and GGE (134). This book was born in a tumultuous time! 1929 The Fables of Aesop. Selected, told anew and their history traced by Joseph Jacobs. Done into Pictures by Richard Heighway. NY: Macmillan. See 1894/1929. 1929 The Fables of Aesop. (Cover and spine: Aesop's Fables.) Text Based upon LaFontaine and Croxall. Illustrated by Joseph Eugene Dash. World-Wide Edition of a Just Right Book. Chicago: Albert Whitman and Co. See 1925/29. 1929 The Lights of Canopus: Anvar i Suhaili. Described by J.V.S. Wilkinson. London: The Studio. $75 from Argosy, NY, Feb., '92. Extra copies for $19.50 from David Morrison, Portland, March, '96 and, with slightly torn binding, for $20 from Bookhouse, Arlington, VA, Jan., '96. A presentation of "Additional 18579" and particularly its thirty-six paintings, from the hands of several artists, dated to about 1610. Quinnam (23) gives the year of publication of this book in a helpful bibliographical entry. Chapter VI (24-53) summarizes the stories of the fourteen books and comments on each of the colored plates, which are mounted on heavy, lined paper. The best of the illustrations for me are "The Fox Crushed Between the Fighting Goats" (VII); "The Woman Killed by the Sneeze" (VIII); "Dimnah and the Ox" (XI); "The King, The Ape and the Thief" (XXII); "The Lion, the Unfaithful Wife and the Prince" (XXV); "The Old Woman, the Sick Daughter and the Cow" (XXVI); and "The Ravening Lion" (XXX). The plates are listed on viii-ix. An unusual and lovely book. I will keep the Argosy and Morrison copies in the collection, the latter because of its lighter-colored cover with black lettering instead of the gold engraving of the other two copies. 1929 The Little Wise One. By Frank Worthington. With fully Illustrated Text by the Author. Hardbound. London: W. Collins and Sons & Co., Ltd. $AUS 35 from Elverston Books, Queenscliff, Australia, April, '99. Twenty stories, copiously illustrated with small black-and-white designs. I have read the first five. TH is told in a standard story form, in which a succession of look-alike turtles chide the racing hare at every signpost. Hare supposedly cleans lion's tail of fleas but is secretly burying it in the ground. Hare tricks the baboons in revenge for their trick on him. Hare tricks bear in revenge by getting bees into his blanket. Hare saves a man from a lion by distracting the lion to pursue him for his boasting. I find the stories enjoyable, tight, fun. 1929 The Real Picture Book. Artists include Milo Winter, as the editors include Valdemar Paulsen, for Aesop. NY: Rand McNally & Company. $20 from Midway, Jan., '97. This is a beautiful, large picture-book drawing from nine favorites, including such titles as The Real Story Book, The Illustrated Bible Story Book, and The Peter Patter Book. The introduction evokes a time when for a small child the pictures were everything. "The text, you observe, is merely incidental…." The illustrations, always on the right-hand page, are indeed magnificent here! Five fables are included and—for the first time in my awareness—attributed for their texts to Paulsen. The fact that there are few fables here spurred me to examine their texts more carefully, with some surprising results. Thus there are time problems in TMCM (44). After a country lunch, which the town mouse shows that she eats only to be polite, there is some talk, and then they go right to bed, where the country mouse dreams of city life. The next day they travel and find the leavings of a banquet. Are not two versions conflated here, one of which involved immediate travel and the other a country overnight? After intrusions from a cat and later from servants and a dog, the country mouse stops in the town mouse's den only long enough to pick up her carpet bag and umbrella. In "The Rose and the Butterfly" (49) both are inconstant. In TH (71), the tortoise sugests the race. The hare naps in order to show the tortoise how ridiculous it is for him to run against the hare. In GGE (107), there is an egg every day. "The Peacock" (119) is new to me. He got the magnificent tail-feathers that he lacked originally but asked for later at the price of having to give up flight. Unfortunately several pages are torn, e.g., the front endpaper, the frontispiece, 37, 41, 47, and 85-92. 1929 The White Elephant And Other Tales from Old India. Retold by Georgene Faulkner, "The Story Lady." Illustrated by Frederick Richardson. ©1929 The P.F. Volland Company. NY: The Wise-Parslow Company. $21 from Richard Dix, Beaverton, OR, March, '96. Extra copy for $20 from the Thrifty Scotsman, Denver, March, '94. This book has captured my fancy. I find three fables: "The Timid Little Rabbit" (22), "Singh Rajah and the Cunning Little Jackals" (29, patterned after the story of the hare, lion, and well), and "The Brahmin and the Tiger" (67). Besides those there are three wonderfully told stories. "The Kingdom of Mouseland" (35) tells of the mice's revenge upon the camel-stealing woodcutters. "The Bear's Bad Bargain" (75) rewards a couple with all the good breaks while the poor bear gets all the bad breaks. "The Man Who Rode a Tiger" (84) has an unlikely hero who gets very lucky. Note the misprint where for were in the bottom line on 65. The extra copy has writing on its cover, and many of its typical Richardson-Volland illustrations have slightly misaligned colors. 1929 The White Elephant And Other Tales from Old India. Georgene Faulkner. Frederick Richardson. Hardbound. NY: The P.F. Volland Company. NY: The Wise-Parslow Company: P.F. Volland. $15 from Treehorn Books, Dec., '99. This book is identical with another in the collection except that it has a green cloth cover with a strong weave, as against the blue cloth of the other copy without a significant weave. This book has captured my fancy. I find three fables: "The Timid Little Rabbit" (22), "Singh Rajah and the Cunning Little Jackals" (29, patterned after the story of the hare, lion, and well), and "The Brahmin and the Tiger" (67). Besides those there are three wonderfully told stories. "The Kingdom of Mouseland" (35) tells of the mice's revenge upon the camel-stealing woodcutters. "The Bear's Bad Bargain" (75) rewards a couple with all the good breaks while the poor bear gets all the bad breaks. "The Man Who Rode a Tiger" (84) has an unlikely hero who gets very lucky. Note the misprint where for were in the bottom line on 65. 1929 Wings of Flame: Everyday Fables. Joseph Burke Egan. Edwin J. Prittie. Hardbound. Printed in USA. Chicago: John C. Winston Company. $25.00 from Midway Book Store, St. Paul, March, '98. This is not the first time that I have guessed wrong on the basis of a book's sub-title and a bookseller's affirmation that "there are a lot of fables in this book." Oh, well. These are edifying stories, often in several parts or chapters. I tried "The Unconquered Army" (248). A power-centered king who relies on the strength of his army visits another land where they cherish children and so have a great army in their regular citizens. Other readers can go further in this book! 1929/29 Hindu Fables For Little Children. Dhan Gopal Mukerji. With many illustrations by Kurt Wiese. Third printing. Hardbound. NY: E.P. Dutton. $1 from A Novel Idea, Lincoln, May, '95. There is already a copy of the fourth printing in the collection. Here is a copy of the third printing with a different texture -- a cloth that is almost cordury -- for its covers. I found this copy (which once belonged to the Lincoln Public Library) and read it in an evening on a road-trip after a year of trying to get to the first copy. It is in only fair condition. As I wrote of the fourth printing, there are here ten stories remembered from a childhood in India, with ten full-page illustrations with blank backs. Four stories use standard fable material: "Bunny the Brave" (9) has a tiger, not a lion, brought by the rabbit to the well. "How a Single Bunny Overcame a Herd of Elephants" (39) has a clever rabbit acting as the moon's voice to command a herd of elephants away from the rabbits' pool. "Monkey Vanaraj" (58) is the standard "I left my heart at home" story, but this version ends with the baboon and the two crocodiles becoming friends! "Bunny the Brave Saves Brahmin the Priest" (89) is the standard story about getting the tiger back into the cage. Two stories are well known Jatakas stories on generosity: "Bunny in the Moon" (30) and "Pigeons of Paradise" (69) both involve the same motif of giving oneself as food to another. "Monkey and Gun" (3) has to be recent in this long tradition; it is quite pointed. 1929/29 Hindu Fables For Little Children. Dhan Gopal Mukerji. With Many Illustrations by Kurt Wiese. NY: E.P. Dutton & Co. Fourth printing of the first edition, Nov., '1929. Ten stories remembered from a childhood in India, with ten full-page illustrations with blank backs. Four stories use standard fable material: "Bunny the Brave" (9) has a tiger, not a lion, brought by the rabbit to the well. "How a Single Bunny Overcame a Herd of Elephants" (39) has a clever rabbit acting as the moon's voice to command a herd of elephants away from the rabbits' pool. "Monkey Vanaraj" (58) is the standard "I left my heart at home" story, but this version ends with the baboon and the two crocodiles becoming friends! "Bunny the Brave Saves Brahmin the Priest" (89) is the standard story about getting the tiger back into the cage. Two stories are well known Jatakas stories on generosity: "Bunny in the Moon" (30) and "Pigeons of Paradise" (69) both involve the same motif of giving oneself as food to another. "Monkey and Gun" (3) has to be recent in this long tradition; it is quite pointed. I found the extra copy (which once belonged to the Lincoln Public Library) and read it in an evening on a road-trip after a year of trying to get to the first copy. 1929? Abdallah or the Magic Rug and Other Stories. [Cover: Fun and Fiction.] No author or editor acknowledged. Dust jacket. Apparently put out as/by Child Play Magazine. $5 at Holmes, Oakland, July, '89. Perhaps a title page is missing. Three fables, each with something different. SW has a bet over stripping a man of (all) his clothes--and gets him into a stream. TH has the tortoise dozing across the finish line. FG has this moral: "Out of reach is not worth having." 1929? Fables de La Fontaine. Illustrations de Vimar. Hardbound. Printed in France. Tours: Maison Alfred Mame et Fils. See 1910?/1929? 1929? Fables de La Fontaine. Illustrations de Vimar. Colored cover. Hardbound. Tours: Maison Alfred Mame et Fils. See 1910/29?
In a perfect world, there would be peace and abundance for all people. Disease and climate problems from what we caused through technology and our need for things would be conquered to nurture happiness. Unfortunately, we live in the real world with each of us experiencing our own unique set of problems. How we navigate through those obstacles thrown at us affects us differently from making us stronger, weaker, more selfness to hardening our hearts. When we grow enough to discover the strength within and show empathy for others, it has a positive impact on you as well as others in ways that you never thought possible. The Value of Empathy and Being There for Others Seeing a situation others are experiencing almost like viewing it through their eyes is understanding the meaning of empathy. Imagining yourself in their shoes to go through the same thing instead of an impersonal viewpoint and showing selfless compassion for the position they’re in is being there by helping through a rough spot. Instead of just feeling sad or sorry for their circumstances, you take an active role over a passive one in coming to their rescue. The value of expressing empathy for another can help make the right difference to improve another life. It also can trigger mirror neurons in the brain and help stimulate the release of feel good chemicals like serotin for your own well-being. Some schools of thought believe that being too overly empathetic also can be detrimental. The reason is you may lose sight of the big picture when you heart takes the lead. For example, seeing homeless people sleeping on church steps or pushing a shopping cart with their only possessions breaks my heart, but it is not possible to donate to every one of them. Despite what the heart wants, total empathy is not always rational thinking when it comes to reality and our options. Simple Ways of Being There Empathy and being there for others doesn’t necessarily have to involve dire circumstances. Here are some simple ways to just be supportive when you see others trying to cope with whatever the situation may be. How many times have you walked by others like they don’t exist? I dare you to just give them a passing smile if your eyes meet and see what happens. Seeing that you acknowledged their presence can cause them to smile back and fill you with joy. I’m not saying everyone will smile back, but it can improve your day and that person’s day for the better. We all lead such busy lives that it can always manage to put a restraint on our free time. While this may be true, demonstrating empathy can be easy enough as helping your spouse with a chore that is usually his or hers. Calling family or friends, especially an old or sick relative person that may be living alone or visiting them more often can accomplish small miracles just remembering what they mean to you. Sharing happy memories and selfless concern for their welfare and state of mind can bring you closer and brighten moods. Volunteering to a cause that you feel strongly about like feeding the poor, helping battered women and children or abused animals are just tips of the iceberg. When you truly see the problem, then become involved because it affects your heart and not because you will look good in your church, club or to your friends, then you’re revealing genuine empathy that can make a positive impact. Empathy just for social recognition is fake because it is selfish and premeditated for your own good. Sometimes empathy can take as little as just offering a hug, companionship even if you sit silently watching a movie or a scenic view together, to holding a hand when someone is suffering can speak volumes and kindness when it is most needed. Bake a plate of cookies or sharing something from your garden is another small gesture of being there for others that need your support. If you know someone that is going through a difficult time ask that person if there is something you can do to lend a hand. Don’t just ask because offering is the polite thing that is expected of you. Do it because you feel for that person out of empathy. Making the world a better place involves commitment and persistence and on our part for real change to happen. Only when each of us stops criticizing or judging others for how they got in certain circumstances can you see past your own self. Merely picturing yourself in the same situation can you truly evolve as an individual to understand empathy.
For some riders, winter riding is simply not an option. For them, the bike goes into hibernation in the garage, protected by a thick layer of grease and covered by a tarpaulin until the spring shoots appear. If this is you, then check out our winter motorcycling storage tips. Riding anytime of the year demands caution, however winter in particular can be treacherous. Almost half of Britain's motorcyclists say that riding on icy, winter roads is one of the worst aspects of motorcycling. Check out these helpful hints from The RAC, together with a list of the common hazards that bikers may face during the winter months plus our guide on winter motorcycle maintenance. Don't over estimate your abilities. If it is snowing outside or if you know it’s going to snow do not venture out on your bike. Tempting as it is to think you have the experience and response times to keep safe, accidents do happen. Even if the weather looks mild, ice patches could have formed overnight or black ice formed in the morning, which can radically reduce grip. Even though your tyres may heat up over time, cold tyres on a cold surface provides less traction than hot tyres and a hot surface. A thermometer may tell you the ambient temperature, but it doesn’t consider the wind chill factor. Wind chill is effectively what the temperature ‘feels like’ and takes into account air temperature, relative humidity and wind strength. For riders, wind strength is of particular importance. For example, if you are travelling at 20mph the ambient temperature may be 0 °C, but the wind chill is approximately -6 °C. Similarly, if the ambient temperature is 0 °C and you are travelling at 45mph the wind chill is approximately -9 °C. With winter conditions increasing braking distances the chance of a biker being involved in an accident increases. There are a number of factors that can affect braking distances, be it vehicle weight, speed, braking force and thinking time. But, all of these factors are exacerbated during winter. During Winter these braking distances can increase up to ten times. For a typical rider travelling at 30mph, with a 210kg bike, on average the thinking distance would be 9 metres, braking distance 14 metres with a stopping distance of 23 metres. During Winter these braking distances can increase up to ten times. To combat this, increase the distance to the vehicle in front. Your motorcycle helmet is the most important piece of safety equipment. Generally a typical helmet is good for five years, three if used regularly. Riding in temperatures below 10°C can affect a biker’s ability if they don’t have the appropriate clothing. What to check before you travel During the winter it is essential that you check your T-CLOCS. This stands for Tyres, Controls, Lights, Oil, Chassis and Stands, and all should be inspected before you ride. In addition, make sure the drive chain is properly lubricated & check that the bike roles freely without resistance, which is a good indication that the brake pads haven’t stuck to the discs from salt corrosion. When you do start your bike, if you haven’t run it in a while, let the engine warm up for a couple of minutes before revving it up. Best practice would be to get the bike to normal operating temperature before starting your journey. After that take your bike out for a short ride as one final check. The simple advice is to take it easy. Save your carefree open-road riding for those glorious summer mornings. In winter the conditions need as much care as you can muster. Not only will there be much less grip on wet and icy roads, you will also be challenged by the wind and the rain as you ride along. So use your lane, and give yourself space to adapt, adjust, and slow down. And if you have a long ride ahead, plan to stop and warm up along the way. Take your time and pay attention to other road users. This task doesn’t take long at all and can help extend the life and performance of your bike. If you don’t have a good, automatic chain oiler fitted, such as a Scottoiler, you must lube your chain regularly, at least weekly if being used. Getting your bike on a paddock stand helps as it allows the rear wheel and chain to run freely while you apply. It’s also worth remembering to lube the chain AFTER riding rather than before which lets the lubricant get into all the gaps rather than being flung off straight away. Whether your bike’s going to be sitting still all winter or out on the road, now’s a good time to change the oil. Dirty oil contains contaminates that can increase corrosion, leading to premature engine wear. Start by firing up the engine and let it run for several minutes to get everything up to operating temperature. Then, drain the old oil, and refill the engine with whatever viscosity is recommended by your owner’s manual. There’s no need for any special ‘winter’ blend or oil additive, so save your pennies and buy your bike’s regular oil. Obviously, it’s important to keep exposed surfaces clean from the dangers of road salt and subsequent corrosion. The best way is regular cleaning but there are a variety of corrosion protectants, like ACF-50, XCP Rust Blocker, SDoc 100 Corrosion Protectant, ACS TC200 or Scottoiler FS365 which can protect exposed surfaces, which is especially useful in awkward, out of the way places. Bear in mind, though, that many wash off easily so will have to be continually reapplied. Grease is still the best way of lubricating and protecting major joints and moving parts and protecting exposed bolt threads so make sure you always have some knocking around. All should get a liberal coating before the onset of winter and regularly checked throughout the cold months. It’s not a nice job, but after every ride it’s vital that you wash your bike, and particularly the exposed underside. Do this thoroughly with cold water. Don’t use hot water – this dissolves the salt crystal and allows it to penetrate even further into the bike, cold water simply washes it away. Our insurance customers can visit Bennetts Rewards for an exclusive 25% off all Muc-Off motorcycle cleaning products. Plus, check out our workshop wisdom video on how to give your bike a good clean, here. Your tyres need a good once over in time for winter and it might be a good time to change them if the tread depth has reduced significantly during the summer. You will need a good tread depth to cope with the overly wet or slushy roads. Colder temperatures also reduce pressures, so make sure you check these before each journey. One myth is that under-inflated tyres offer better grip in winter – they don’t and this could be dangerous. It’s really important to check your brakes regularly during winter as motorcycle brakes are particularly vulnerable in winter riding. Exposed calipers are vulnerable to road salt and can corrode easily so give them a good clean and check as often as possible. .
Berkeley is full of relics that harken back to an earlier time — such as a police telephone box, community bulletin boards, and storefronts that once held neighborhood grocery stores. One bystander was killed, one was permanently blinded, and many others were hurt when police forces used lethal buckshot to corral demonstrators in at the park, newly created on UC Berkeley land, 50 years ago today. Dozens of protests in support of civil rights, the student movement in France, the Black Panther movement and against the UC Regents set the stage for the creation of the Southside Berkeley park. The creation and destruction of People's Park took 25 days in 1969. April 20 marks the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the building of the park. In 1969, Tom Dunphy moved to Berkeley. His nickname and alternative persona was “General Wastemoreland,” alluding to and mocking General William Westmoreland who commanded United States Army forces in South Vietnam. Join us on a brief exploration of the elephants of Berkeley, both three- and two-dimensional. Let us linger on objects in Berkeley belonging, or appropriate to, a period other than today, especially an object that is conspicuously old-fashioned. Know of others? Give us a shout. The family had created a quirky house on Russell Street. Fortunately, when they moved to Prince Street, they added some quirk to their new surroundings. To visit the Berkeley studio of Susan Brooks is to step into a world of whim and quirk. Telegraph Avenue was her stomping ground, her nation. She spent her days at the Caffe Med, drinking coffee, watching the world pass by and writing poetry. The City Council gave her a lifetime achievement award. Tom Dalzell talks to the activist and writer who lived in Berkeley at an extraordinary time and was fully engaged in a series of history-changing movements. Angel Jesus Perez, whose latest work, “Displacement of Beauty and Migration of Gentrification,” is on Alcatraz, is a bright addition to our city's cadre of muralists. A charming "small village" in a front yard turns out to be the tip of the iceberg of a creative wonderland, created with the help of children, in North Berkeley. On the 49th anniversary of the largest protest marches Berkeley has likely ever seen, Tom Dalzell recalls a day when Berkeley demonstrated "moral outrage" in abundance. On Saturday, the owners of a long-closed 'Star Trek' oriented store on Telegraph Avenue hosted a reunion. This is a story with many layers of quirk that shows Berkeley at its best. The careful unpicking of a Berkeley bulletin board plastered with years and years worth of flyers from the early 1980s through the 1990s proves to be a fascinating time capsule.
The juxtaposition of and sudden shift from verse 13 to verse 14 indicates that James is contrasting some others with those who are wise and understanding. In place of good conduct, and works done in the meekness of wisdom, he finds envy, bitterness, selfish rivalry, ambition and strife. The word translated ‘jealousy’ (zēlos; ζηλος) can have either positive or negative connotations. Positively, it might refer to zeal, ardour, or enthusiasm; negatively, it might speak of indignation, envy, or jealousy. Literally, it means to have ‘ferment of spirit’ (Friberg), signifying an inner life active and generative, boiling and bubbling away; but what is being produced? James obviously uses the word in its negative sense, pairing it with another word pikros (πικρος, cf. v. 11)—bitter—which has the sense of being pointed and sharp, and used figuratively as it is here, refers to a resentful attitude that may also be harsh or cruel. ‘Selfish ambition’ (eritheia; ἐριθεία) means just what it says, though it also carries the sense of rivalry or factionalism. Moo notes that it is a comparatively rare word: In its only pre-New Testament occurrences (in Aristotle), the word refers to the selfish ambition, the narrow partisan zeal of factional, greedy politicians. This meaning makes excellent sense here in James (Moo, 133). Together these terms portray individuals or even groups within the congregation at odds with one another, striving not with but against one another, seeking an advantage over the over, and jealous or resentful of any success that the other may achieve. James sees these attitudes and attributes as lodged in the heart, at the centre of one’s personality. Vlachos (122) notes that James’ language indicates that his listeners are ‘harbouring’ these attitudes in their hearts. If this is the ‘spirit’ at work in a person’s heart, they are actually far from wise and understanding. Rather, these attitudes are evidence of an ‘arrogance’ or ‘boastfulness’ that James prohibits (mē katakauchasthe; μὴ κατακαυχᾶσθε), an expression of the belief in one’s superiority over others, and as such the very antithesis of the ‘meekness of wisdom.’ Such a person claiming to be wise and understanding is in fact ‘lying against the truth’ (pseudesthe kata tēs alētheias; ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας): their very attitudes and resulting actions betray them. It is not surprising, then, that James prohibits these attitudes. He is calling upon his hearers either to stop this behaviour, or more generally, to avoid becoming these kinds of persons at all (Vlachos, 122-123). It is worth pausing for a moment to consider the little word zēlos which is used by James. Zeal in itself can be a commendable quality, if one is zealous for the right things in the right way. Titus 2:14, for example, exhorts believers to be ‘zealous for good deeds.’ One can be zealous for the things of God, for his word, his truth, his justice, and his mission, in ways that are life-affirming and kingdom-oriented. But it is also possible that this commendable zeal might tip over to become the kind of harsh and bitter zeal that James condemns here. The problem is that zeal can easily become blind fanaticism, bitter strife, or a disguised form of rivalry and thus jealousy; the person sees himself as jealous for the truth, but God and others see the bitterness, rigidity, and personal pride which are far from the truth (Davids, 151). How does this occur, and how might it be avoided? James would teach us that if we become convinced of our own rectitude in such a way that we are now against others, if we become partisan and competitive, angry and jealous, ever more determined to press our understanding upon those with whom we disagree, we have already passed beyond the tipping point. James would call us to return to the meekness of wisdom that displays itself good works kindly intended and executed.
Independent Evaluation of Physical Activity and Nutrition Programs Reveal that Strong School-Based Interventions are Effective at Improving Health OAKLAND, California, February 5, 2013 –For millions of students, teachers and staff, the school campus provides a setting for a whole host of activities centered around daily living, learning and working. The Institute of Medicine recently issued a call to strengthen schools as the “heart of health” in its 2012 report, “Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention.” That call to action has been further supported in recent findings announced this week from Kaiser Permanente showing that community-based health interventions focused in and around schools are proving to be an effective way of improving the overall health of communities. Researchers examined a series of Kaiser Permanente community-based obesity prevention interventions in adults and children and found that the more effective obesity prevention interventions were those that were“high dose” – reaching large populations with greater strength – and those that focused particularly on changing child behaviors within the school environment. Kaiser Permanente has been tracking the impact of obesity prevention efforts as part of its Community Health Initiatives to improve population health. The recent findings confirm that the high dose interventions in and around school settings can make positive, measurable impacts on health behaviors. “These findings underscore what we’ve always known – that schools are a natural locus for focusing our prevention efforts and that we can change people’s behaviors when we make the healthy choice the easy choice,” explains Loel Solomon, PhD, vice president, Community Health, Kaiser Permanente. “One in five Kaiser Permanente members spends most of his or her day in a school, either as a student or as a teacher of staff member. These new results make a compelling case for us continuing our work in schools, and redoubling those efforts.” Behavior changes for healthy eating and active living Researchers from the Center for Community Health Evaluation looked at the results from three comprehensive community-based collaboratives in Northern California and funded by 5-year grants from Kaiser Permanente. The results, recently published in the American Journal of Health Promotion, showed children’s physical activity behaviors could be improved as a result of such health interventions as increasing active minutes during school physical education classes, increasing minutes of activity in after-school programs, and increasing walking and biking to school. Physical activity in children is shown to improve bone health, heart health, mental health and to support healthy weight. Further findings from community initiatives in Colorado, not yet published, showed that changes made in the school cafeteria lunch menu to offer more fresh produce resulted in improvements in kids’ perception of healthy lunches and in kids eating more fruits and vegetables. Researchers also tracked and evaluated the number of people reached by community interventions with the strength of those interventions. They found that the more people reached through various health promotion programs and the stronger the impact on each person reached, the more likely there was to be an observable difference in behavior at the population level. The strength of the impact might be measured by the frequency that a given intervention is employed, the intensity of exposure to a particular intervention, and/or any additional efforts that amplify and support that intervention. “Kaiser Permanente and our partners have been at this work for a long time and it is exciting to see that we are having an impact!” explains Pamela Schwartz, MPH, director of program evaluation at Kaiser Permanente. “The concept of dose, in particular, has really galvanized our organization and served to clarify what we must do to have even greater impacts moving forward.” Population dose provides a standard for comparing diverse community health projects and a way to measure interventions in aggregate. An article about the population dose findings was recently published in the American Journal of Evaluation. “Community change is hard to do and even harder to measure,” explains Allen Cheadle, director of the Center for Community Health and Evaluation. “Our thinking around dose can enable public health leaders to better capture the impact that community health initiatives are having on community environments and individual behaviors.” Kaiser Permanente’s Community Health Initiatives aim to increase healthy eating and active living in communities with Kaiser Permanente facilities. Active in over 40 communities, including 13 in California and 25 in Colorado, the program focuses on environmental and policy change, including work in neighborhoods, schools, workplaces and the health sector. With school-based health interventions showing promising results in improving community health, Kaiser Permanente is making plans to expand its school health efforts in the coming months.[divider scroll_text=”SCROLL_TEXT”] Authors on the American Journal of Health Promotion paper on evaluation findings and lessons learned in Northern California communities include: Allen Cheadle, PhD; Suzanne Rauzon, MPH, RD; Rebecca Spring, MPH; Pamela M. Schwartz, MPH; Scott Gee, MD; Esmeralda Gonzalez, BS; Jodi Ravel, MPH; Coire Reilly, BA; Anthony Taylor, BA; Dana Williamson, MPH. Authors on the American Journal of Evaluation paper on the dose evaluation methods include: Allen Cheadle, PhD; Pamela M. Schwartz, MPH; Suzanne Rauzon, MPH, RD; Emily Bourcier, MPH, MHA; Sandra Senter, MN, MPH; Rebecca Spring, MPH.
Sash Windows Huddersfield in West Yorkshire understands why people say that windows are the “eyes of the house” They bring in natural light, allow you to view out of, and define the style and design of your own building. This means that understanding your windows is always important to know. What are sash windows made of? (https://sashwindows-huddersfield.co.uk)Sash windows are commonly composed of two movable panes of glass, called “sashes”. The most popular sort of sash window, the “sliding sash”, is constructed of two sashes that move up and down, one in front of the other, and are balanced in place with lead weights. However, weights are not the main part anymore in modern sash windows, but springs. The sliding sash windows have openings at the bottom and top. Older style sliding sash windows do not have an outward swing, but modern styles have a tilt to them. The term sash has originated from France and is similar to frame. . The “sash” in sash windows is referring to the single frame glazing. In conventional sash windows, there are a few small panes held together with glazing bars to create larger areas. Sash Windows Essential and Integral Part of British Architectural History. Sash windows were brought into England near the end of the 17th century by the French and was regarded extremely trendy for the subsequent 2 centuries This is the reason why these windows are found in houses that belong to a different era, including the Victorian, Georgian and the Regency periods. . Subtle differences can be found within the era mentioned within this discussion. . If you have a property which belongs to one of the eras mentioned it would be extremely important for you to have sash windows if you are trying to capture the historical feeling of the property. . If otherwise, then the design of your window is actually incumbent upon you. Sash windows have a great capacity of regulating how the air flows into a house, if they keep sealed properly, this is a benefit that no everybody knows, which means that sash windows are not only about the look. The functionality of the sash window is such that even opening the window slightly will make it possible for you to have a powerful ventilation system for the below reasons, sash windows are also a very secure type of window. first of all, sash windows can be held in an ajar position. this is a clear sign that you will have no problems with intruders even if the windows are left ajar. another reason which should also be considered is the glazing. sash windows are typically made of multiple small panels, making it impossible for an intruder to break the window and climb in as the glazing bars will still be intact. However to be sure that they are working in the right way Sash Windows Huddersfield in West Yorkshire advice to watch the windows constantly. Original and period sash windows more than any others However, any damage to the window can easily be sorted out with restoration. wooden sash windows commonly rot due to flaking of paint. Sash Windows Huddersfield https://sashwindows-huddersfield.co.uk can replace your sash windows with aluminium. this can be avoided just with constant maintenance and new paint finishes. damaged and worn out cords are a common issue with traditional sash windows and make the sashes to become immovable. do not look for new windows because it can be repaired. but, it is vital that you have them repaired straight away, as when one breaks, the others will soon give way and also break due to the increased pressure. sashes are quite heavy, so this can cause complications if not sorted quickly. too much paint building up can lead to your windows sticking and not sliding properly. rub your windows down with sugar soap to remove and dirt of paint flakes before putting on a new coat of paint. cleaning traditional sash windows can be problematic. however, things are different with the modern varieties which are available because they often have tilting functions, which have simplified the process. Fitting Sash Windows. Sash Windows Huddersfield is fully aware that it is important to install your Windows appropriately especially if you are looking forward to maximum benefits from them It has often been observed that sash windows are fitted into a brick wall and therefore, having a few tips within your possession will prove beneficial. . the border and the sashes can be divided. placing the windows will be easier if you do it. this factor will lower the risk of you making mistakes of any type. Hold the frame in a proper position using the air wedges. position the wedges at the edge of the frame, between it and the wall. you can then acclimatise accordingly; ensuring that the window is at a minimum of 5 cm into the brickwork in order to safeguard it from atmospheric conditions. intruders look for failures on the top and sides of your windows to check them. drill a hole in each side into the brick instead of putting a joint, after you have secured your window. the screw must not be easy to see, remember that. ensure that the distance between the screws does not exceed 60 cm because there is generally a label on the windowpane providing details of the measurements. once you’ve secured the frame, plumb and level it, then add the sashes. if you are having traditional cord operated sash windows you must ensure that the weight is placed near the top to the frame, pinned in the position and that after attached to the top sash. you can make use of carpet tacks or a knot to achieve this. take away the initial pins and make the top sash to rest in its expected position. repeat the same process for the bottom sash. Sash Windows Huddersfield is experts in traditional and modern construction methods, and we enjoy sharing our expertise with customers. . If you are looking forward to finding more information about sash windows or to understand whether we can help you, please contact us on 0800 061 4053 alternatively visit our website https://sashwindows-huddersfield.co.uk. .
Why is kukur tihar celebrated : The second day of Tihar festival is reserved for the worship of Kukur (Dog). Pet dogs and stray dogs are well fed and worshipped, putting garland across their necks and tika in the forehead on this day as a symbol of honoring them for being loyal to the Humankind for eternity. Dog’s companionship, loyalty, and service to humans are honored on this day. Tihar is the Nepalese second greatest festival Soon after celebrating the greatest festival Dashain of Nepalese comes the festival of lights, Tihar. Also known as Deepawali, Swanti, and Yamapanchak, Tihar is a 5 day long festival celebrated by Hindus of Nepal and India and the diaspora scattered all around the world. Festival of Lights, Tihar is associated with the worship of 4 animals related to the God of Death, Yama, and the final day is when sisters worship brothers for long life and prosperity. Why and when is Tihar Festival celebrated? Tihar is celebrated in Nepal in October or November and is celebrated for five consecutive days. During these 5 days, Nepalese honor crow, bulls, dogs, and Goddess Laxmi. During the entire festival, lanterns and candles are lit up to welcome Goddess Laxmi, and hence it is also called the festival of lights. In Nepal, Tihar is also equally auspiciously celebrated in India, where it is popularly known as Deepawali. In Nepal, during the festival, four different animals, namely Kaag (Crow), Kukur (Dog), Gai (Cow), and Govardhan (Oxes), are worshipped each day. The first day of the festival is called Kaag Tihar. On this day, the crow is honored. It is believed that Crow is the messenger of God of Death as per Hindu mythology, and worship of Crow is conducted this day to wand evil or death off from the family in the coming year. Crow is offered different types of grains, seeds, and sweets. The second day of the festival is reserved for the worship of Kukur (Dog). Pet dogs and stray dogs are well fed and worshipped, putting garland across their necks and tika in the forehead on this day as a symbol of honoring them for being loyal to the Humankind for eternity. Dog’s companionship, loyalty, and service to humans are honored on this day. Similarly, on the 3rd day, Cow and Goddess of wealth, Goddess Laxmi, is revered. According to Hindu mythology, cows are sacred, and to this day, all cows are worshipped. The same day, in the evening, every household Laxmi puja is conducted. 4th day of the festival is the day to respect the OX. As OX is provided work for an agriculture dependent country like Nepal, on the 4th day of Tihar, OX is adored for their help in agriculture and thereby living of many Nepalese. Along with that, amongst the Newars, Tihar’s 4th day is very popular as a day to “Self Worship.” Also named Mha Puja, Newars have a unique ritual of the adoring soul within this day. Finally, we come to the last day of the festival, which is probably the most important day, Bhai Tika. This day is reflected significant as this day marks the lovely bond’s festivities between the brothers and sisters. On this day, brothers and sisters worship each other for long life and prosperity. 7 Reasons Why Is Kukur Tihar Celebrated : Importance of Kukur Tihar Kukur Tihar or popularly known as Dog Festival, is a festival that celebrates the undying loyalty and services of the Dogs to all Human Kind. All year long, Dogs provide their undying and immense love to their keepers, and on the 2nd day of the Tihar festival, all Nepalese worship dogs, be it pet dogs or stray dogs, for their yearlong service. As rightly said, Dogs are the best friends of Humans and this day celebrates the special bond humans have with dogs. This is a unique festival in itself that is admired by the world. Moreover, few nations like Mexico have started to worship dogs on this day. Hopefully, other countries will have a similar festival intended to admire and honor the Dogs for being human’s best companion and loyal friend. While there are many important Kukur Tihar, below are a few that can be considered the most important ones. 1. Kukur Tihar celebrates Dogs’ loyalty and service to Humankind: Kukur Tihar, alternatively known as a dog festival, is a perfect occasion to admire the “Keeper of the House” and “Human’s loyal friend,” Dogs, for their immense love and loyalty to the Humankind. For centuries, Dogs have served humans, becoming the best friend and keeper of the house, and on the second day of the Tihar festival, all Nepalese scattered around the world worship dogs and adored dogs for their faithfulness. Nepalese celebrate this day with adoration to their dogs and all dogs in general for their services and, most importantly, their loyalty towards the keepers. 2. Historical and mythological importance: Dogs are very important animals as per Hindu Mythology and have a special designation as per Hinduism. They are revered not just because of their companionship but are also considered as the Yama’s messenger and one of the incarnations of God Bhairava. The bond between the dog and the man is well depicted in the Mahabharata as well. In Mahabharata’s epic tale, while the 5 Pandavas ascend to Svarga, a dog follows the Pandavas. Among all Pandavas, the eldest one, Yudhishira, gets followed by the dog loyally, and at the gate of Svarga, he refused to enter without the dog that followed him all the way. Thus, this ancient tale purely depicts the loyalty of Dogs towards humans. Celebrating this festival is undoubtedly revelations to the dogs for their faithfulness, while this festival is important as per Hindu Mythology. Celebrating this festival every year is the way of keeping the unique tradition alive for centuries to come. 3. A unique tradition in itself: Kukur Tihar is one of the unique festivals celebrated in Nepal. Nowhere else dogs are honored on a particular day, though Dogs are pet to many households around the world. This unique tradition of Nepal has gone global. Due to widespread popularity over the internet, an animal rights group from Mexico has started similar celebrations. Since 2016, the Mexican animal rights group and general people have been celebrating this festival. This shows how important this festival is in terms of getting the world to know the rich culture and tradition of small south Asian countries like Nepal. 4. A practice that is an example to the world: Dogs have been the best friend to Humankind for centuries. Petting dogs is not only limited to Nepal. Dogs are pets to millions of households around the world and are adored by Billions. However, few countries are cruel to Dogs. Guangxi, Chinese province, holds a “Dog Festival” annually. This festival is held not to honor dogs; instead, this is the festival where visitors eat different Dogs types. Reportedly, over 10 days, thousands of dogs are consumed. Many animal rights activists are against such rituals, and in such condition, the Kukur Tihar that we conduct in Nepal every year is a perfect example to the world. 5. Ignites human’s emotional attachment with the Dogs: Dogs are the human’s best companion. There are hardly any dog owners who hate their dogs. In this regard, the Dog Festival or Kukur Tihar that is celebrated in Nepal is one that ignites human’s emotional attachment with the dogs. Dogs have no requirement for fancy cars, clothes. They want to get loved. Dogs give their loyalty and undying companionship to those who love them and pet them. This is one of the most significant importance of Kukur Tihar. Celebrating this festival helps you connect with your dogs even more. 6. A tradition that says “No Animal Cruelty”: Various animal rights activists, as well as governmental and non-governmental organizations, are working to stop any form of animal cruelty. In this regard, the Tihar festival of Nepal, especially Kukur Tihar, is a perfect example to remind the world to act intending animal cruelty. No animals are to be harmed whatsoever, and this tradition of Nepalese, which has become worldwide, speaks volumes about the rich Nepalese culture and respect bestowed upon the animals. This is commendable and needs to bepracticed for years to come. 7. Elaborative rituals: Kukur Tihar is performed by Nepalese following the elaborative traditional rituals. On this day, the dogs are bathed in the early morning and worshiped tika over their forehead and garland around the neck. Dogs are then given the right foods and treats. Many people chant the Mantra during the ritual in honor of the dogs and their services to Humankind. The elaborative rituals make this festival even more beautiful and attractive. In conclusion, Kukur Tihar, the second day of the Tihar festival, is considered one of the Tihar festival’s most important days. It is the day that is set specially for honoring dogs for their immense love for human kinds. For centuries, Dogs have been the perfect companion to the Humans, and on this day, Nepalese show their gratitude and love towards their furry best friend for their love and companionship. In Nepal, few other countries like Mexico have a similar practice to honor their dogs on this day. I hope you will have a beautiful Kukur Tihar with your furry best friend. Happy Tihar!
The Big Bible Adventure – 1 Samuel 17 (Download Powerpoint) What are the following people afraid of if they have the following? [Acrophobia = Heights; Arachnophobia = Spiders; Myctophobia = Dark; Coulrophobia = Clown; Gigantasophobia = Tall People]. The people of Israel in the next part of the Big Bible Adventure were gigantasophobic. They were at war with the Philistines, but before any fighting started, the Philistine army sent forward their best man to issue a challenge to the Israelites. A one on one fight to the death. If the Israelite solider wins, the Philistines would be the Israelite’s slaves, and if the Philistine soldier wins, the Israelite’s would be the Philistines slaves. Sounds straightforward doesn’t it. The only problem was that none of the Israelites wanted to take on the Philistine’s best soldier. King Saul didn’t want to. His best soldiers didn’t want to. In fact no-one in the Israelite army wanted to. They were scared, afraid, frightened, petrified, of the Philistines best solider – they were gigantasophobic! “A champion named Goliath, who was from Gath, came out of the Philistine camp. He was over nine feet tall.” (1 Samuel 17:4) He wore big, heavy armour covering his legs and chest. He had a bronze helmet on his head. He carried a big sword and spear. No wonder none of the Israelites wanted to fight him. For 40 days, morning and evening, Goliath issued this challenge, for someone to take him on in a fight. One day Jesse sent David to the battlefield to take to his brothers who were in the army some food. While he was there, Goliath issues his challenge. When David heard what Goliath had said he was not afraid, he was angry. “How dare he make fun of God’s army? How dare he make fun of God?” David loved God and there was no way he was going let Goliath get away with saying those things. So David went to Saul and said that he would fight Goliath. Saul wasn’t so sure, he thought David didn’t have a chance and was worried that he and all the Israelites would end up as Philistine slaves. David told King Saul about how he had fought lions and bears and God had kept him safe. David knew that just as the God had been with him then, He would be with him now. Saul tried to dress David up as a soldier but David said he couldn’t wear this stuff. Instead David took five smooth stones from a brook, and with his sling in hand went out to face Goliath, trusting that God would be with him and give him the victory. You can imagine the scene. Big heavily armoured giant Goliath looking down at this young lad with what looked like no armour and no weapons. In fact Goliath started laughing and making fun of David. He said to Goliath: “You come against me with sword and spear and javelin, but I come against you in the name of the LORD Almighty, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied.” (1 Samuel 17:45) After he had said these words, David ran towards Goliath, put a stone into his sling and flung it at Goliath. Straight into the giants forehead it went and Goliath fell to the ground. David then took Goliath’s sword and chopped off the giants head. David showed he loved God, and God had saved his people in an amazing way. This wasn’t the only way David showed that he loved God too. More talks from The Big Bible Adventure can be found HERE.
Today’s Gospel tells a story from the next day after Jesus had fed the five thousand with the five loaves. In St. John’s account of that previous day he wrote that the crowd, in becoming aware of the great miracle happening before them, had begun saying, “This is truly the Prophet, the one who is to come into the world.” They were referring to Deuteronomy, 18:15 where Moses had promised that at some future date God would raise up a Prophet like himself to whom they would need listen. When the people made a move to make Jesus their king, he slipped away from them. On the following day when they caught up with him across the lake in Capernaum, they wanted to know if he really were the Prophet whom Moses had promised centuries before. Now, it had become a belief among the people that when the promised Prophet came, he too would bring down manna from heaven. To check if Jesus were that Prophet, they asked him what sign he could give that would be like Moses bringing down bread from heaven; and Jesus told them that what Moses gave them was not true bread from heaven. It is possible that Jesus based that answer on the historical fact that what their ancestors took to be bread from heaven was actually a bread-like substance that can still be found in the Sinai Desert. There are aphids feeding on desert shrubs, exuding a white, honey-like, substance that the Bedouins still call “manna.” Like the Bible’s manna, it must be gathered in the morning, because at 80 degrees it melts into the sand. Later in this discourse from Chapter Six of John’s Gospel, Jesus would turn most of his followers away by insisting that the Bread he would give them to eat was his flesh. But here at the beginning of the long discourse, he seemed to be saying that his teaching was bread for their souls that they would need to believe to have life in them.
Early Settlement \| Organization \| County Seat Troubles Part 2: Investigation of Treasurer Van Sickle The Agricultural Society \| Progress of the County \| Storms Prosperity of the County \| Schools \| Public Buildings Part 3: Kearney Junction: Troubles with Cowboys The Murder of Milton M. Collins Part 4: Kearney Junction (cont.): Criminal \| Bank Failure Religious \| Lodges and Societies \| The Press \| Education Business Interests \| Buda (Kearney Station). Part 5: Kearney (cont.): Biographical Sketches Part 6: Kearney (cont.): Biographical Sketches (cont.) Part 7: Kearney (cont.): Biographical Sketches (cont.) Part 8: Gibbon: Biographical Sketches Part 9: Shelton: Biographical Sketches List of Illustrations in Buffalo County Chapter L. D. GRANT, dealer in fancy goods, stationery, etc., Post Office Building. Established the business in October, 1879; he first located in Schuyler, Neb., in the spring of 1870, and engaged in gardening and farming two years; then moved to Kearney in 1872, and engaged in the same business until he began his present business. He was born in Monroe County, N. Y., May 14, 1831, and was raised as a farmer. His parents moved to Michigan when he was three years old; living then with adopted parents, he farmed from eighteen years of age until he was thirty. He moved to Armada, Mich., and clerked and followed various kinds of clerking. He was married in the latter place, in October, 1865, to Jennie Frazier, of Armada; they have one daughter-Ella J.--now married to Mr. F. G. Keens, of Kearney. Mr. Grant erected the first dwelling house in Kearney, Neb. CHARLES E. HANSON, dealer in all kinds of agricultural implements, and deals largely in broom corn seed, etc. Opened the business in the spring of 1882. He was born in Sweden November 19, 1855; came to America, arriving in Chicago, Ill., May 25, 1869. Worked at farming the first five years in Illinois; followed teaming two years; spent the winter of 1877-78 in Chicago, Ill., and went to Nebraska the following spring, and settled in Phelps Center, Phelps County, Neb. He soon became Postmaster in the place, and served as such until December, 1881; thence to Kearney, Neb. He was married in Phelps County, Neb., in the spring of 1880, to Miss Ida H. Halgren, of Sweden; they have one son--Arthur E. J. D. HAWTHORNE, dealer in a general line of watches, clocks and jewelry, silver and plated ware. Opened business in Kearney in May, 1878, and carries a stock equal to $3,500. He was born in Thorald, C. W., June 23, 1853. He began the jewelry business at age of fifteen, and first opened business in Vinton, Iowa, in 1871, where he continued until 1878, then removed his stock to Kearney. He learned the jewelry and watch trade in Cedar Rapids Iowa, in 1866. He was married in Vinton, Iowa, in 1875, to Miss L. J. Gwinn, of the latter place. They have two children--Nellie and Lillian. He is a member of the Masonic order of Kearney, also of the A. O. U. W., of Vinton, Iowa. RICHARD HIBBERD, manufacturer of brick, builder and contractor, opened his brick-yard in August, 1880, which comprises eight acres of ground. He employs from sixteen to fifty men in the manufacture of brick, with a capacity of 40,000 hand-made brick per day, and about twenty-five men in building in the business season. He erected the brick work of the State Reform School, High School Building, Presbyterian Church, store buildings for L. R. More, store for C. R. Finch, and Roberts Bros. new bank building, and a large dwelling for ex-Mayor Campbell, also the deaf and Dumb Asylum at Omaha, Neb., all of which he has erected since he settled in Kearney. He has made and laid 2,500,000 brick since living in the latter city. He was born in North Staffordshire Eng., April 12, 1845. Came to America in June, 1863. Was married in England, in 1870, to Miss Emma M. Gould. They have five children--John Clement, Charles Francis, Elma M., William Eris and Lucy. He enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Forty-seventh Illinois Regiment, and served thirteen months during: the late rebellion. [Portrait of F. G. Hamer.] FRANCIS G. HAMER, of the firm of Hamer & Conner, attorneys and counselors, was born near Fostoria, Ohio, February 20 1843. He began the study of law at the age of 18, at his home near Delphi, Ind. At nineteen, he entered the law office of Perrin & Manlove, of Indianapolis, Ind., where he remained until he was twenty-one, and until after he was admitted to the bar. He then spent some time with his parents on the farm, after which he was engaged for a short time in the real estate business at Chicago, Ill. After prospecting in the great West some months, he located at Lincoln, Neb., on the 7th of January, 1870, and at once began the practice of the law. On the 1st of April, 1872, he formed a partnership with the Hon. A. H. Conner, who had just removed from Indianapolis, Ind. On the 30th of the following May he removed to Kearney, to which place his partner, Conner, also removed in the following October. Mr. H. was married at Eddyville, Iowa, to Miss R. A. McCord, of Delphi, Ind., on the 6th of December, 1869; they have two children--Thomas T. and Grace J. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. He was the first lawyer to locate at Kearney, where he has established a lucrative practice, and is known throughout the State as a diligent lawyer and earnest advocate. He has successfully defended in several important murder trials, and has also been employed in many other cases of public interest, both civil and criminal. J. M. HOPWOOD, firm of A. L. Hopwood ; Bro., dealers in general line drugs, paints, oils, etc. Opened the trade in November, 1878. Carries a stock worth from $7,000 to $9,000. Mr. J. M. Hopwood has a drug and grocery store in Phelps Center, Phelps County. Also handles agricultural implements, wagons, etc. Opened the business there in August, 1881. Mr. H. first located in Kearney County, Neb., on a land claim September, 1874. He was born in Greensburg, Greene County, Penn., September 9, 1845. He was brought up a merchant until the age of sixteen. He enlisted in Company F, Twenty-second Regiment Iowa Volunteer Infantry. Participated in the battle of Winchester September 19, 1864, and was wounded in the right shoulder. Was mustered out in Savannah, Ga., July 5, 1865. He engaged in farming until he was twenty-five years of age. He then entered a drug store as clerk, and learned the drug business thoroughly. He then went to Vinton, Benton County, where he was in the drug business until he came to Nebraska. Was married, in Iowa County, Iowa, in 1867, to Miss Hannah E. Tufts, of that county. They have four children--William D., Charles W., deceased, James M., deceased, Olive C. and Alonzo L., and an infant son, Arthur Garfield. J. H. IRVIN, proprietor of the Grand Central Hotel. The building is two stories high, 50x75 feet, contains twenty-six rooms, and can accommodate fifty guests. Employ ten persons about the hotel. Mr. I. located in Kearney, Neb., in December, 1874, and became proprietor of the above hotel, keeping the same four years, after which he rented the house and engaged in the stock business in Custer County, sixty-five miles northwest of Kearney. He now owns a cattle ranch, consisting of 150 head of cattle. He has made the stock business a specialty from December, 1874, until February, 1881, when he returned to the hotel, and has since kept the same. He was born in Danville, Ky., June 1, 1831. Was raised on a farm. He lived in Kentucky until he was seventeen years of age, at which time he went to Rushville, Ill., and engaged in the manufacture of brooms until 1855, after which he engaged in merchandising, speculating, etc., until he came to Nebraska. LOUIS S. IRVIN, attorney at law, also collecting and loan agent, opened the business in November, 1879; he was born in Rushville, Ill., October 14, 1858; he learned broom making at an early age, and worked at the same until he was about nineteen years of age. Began the study of law in the fall of 1877, in Kearney, Neb., in the law office of Worthen & Elsworth, where he remained one year, then entered the law office of Samuel L. Savidge, and remained until the fall of 1879; was admitted to the bar of the District Court in November of the same year; he then began practicing law, and has since continued, he first came to Nebraska in April, 1875. Was married in Bismarck, D. T., in May, 1881, to Miss Fannie S. Culbertson, of Peoria, Ill., a daughter of the late Maj. A. Culbertson. DR. C. A. JACKSON, practicing physician and surgeon, came to Hooper, Neb., and located in practice in 1876, where he remained three years; then to Osceola and practiced until October 7, 1881, when he located in Kearney, where he established an office, and where he has since lived. He was born in Stockholm, Sweden, February 28, 1835; began the study of medicine at the age of twenty-one years, entering the Upsala Institute, of Sweden, and graduated March 29, 1859; then practiced until 1865, when he emigrated to America, locating in Chicago, Ill., until 1871, then practiced in La Crosse, Wis., until 1873, then came to Nebraska as before stated. JAMES JENKINS, dealer in boots and shoes, known as the Chicago Boot and Shoe Store. Established in business in June, 1881; employs two men, and carries a stock worth $3,000. He first located in Kearney Precinct on a homestead, March 22, 1872, and followed farming until he opened the above business. He was born in Wales March 11, 1848; came to America in 1855 with his parents, locating in Dartford, Green Lake Co., Wis.; lived there nineteen years. He began learning the boot and shoe business in 1863. He enlisted September 12, 1864, in Company K, Forty-third Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry; was mustered out in Nashville, Tenn.; then followed farming and shoe-making until he came to Nebraska; worked at his trade in Charles City, Iowa, in 1869-70. He was married in Markesan, Wis., January 1, 1868, to Miss Emma L. Morse, of Seneca Falls, N. Y. They have had two children--Frank B. and Florence L. His first wife died August 12, 1875, at Kearney; he was again married July 15, 1877, to Miss Mary E. Morrison, of Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, they have three children--Charles A., Paul B. and Noble E. Mr. J. is a member of Sedgwick Post, No. 1, G. A. R. [RESIDENCE OF F. G. KEENS.] FRANCIS G. KEENS, insurance and loan agency; also life and fire insurance. Opened the business in 1876. He was born in Exeter, England, November 7, 1853; came alone to America in April, 1869, locating in Hillsboro, Ill., where he followed various occupations--any kind of labor--from the fact that he had no money to go any farther; he remained in the latter place about one year; then went to Lincoln, arriving in June, 1870, ahead of the railroad then being built, riding on top of a load of lumber; he then engaged as painter two and a half years in the latter city, meeting with fine success. He then settled in Kearney in July, 1872, and opened a general store, and doing an extensive business a year; he was then appointed Deputy County Clerk for Buffalo County, holding the same two years, then went into the County Treasurer's office, as Deputy, a year, after which he engaged in his present business. He does about one-third of the fire insurance and all of the life insurance of Kearney; he has done during the months of December, January and February, 1882, over $2,500,000 worth of life insurance. He was Grand Secretary for Nebraska of the I. O. G. T. seven years, and is now Secretary of Good Templars of the World. He was married in Kearney in November, 1875, to Miss Nellie Grant, of Romeo, Mich.; they have two sons--Fred and Harry. He erected the first store building in Kearney in July, 1872, and has recently erected the finest brick dwelling in Central Nebraska. [RESIDENCE OF G. KRAMER.] GABRIEL KRAMER, dealer in dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes, hats and caps, tailoring and millinery. Opened the business in 1877, and carries about $80,000 worth of goods; employs nine men; store building is 22x100 feet, and store up stairs is 28x70 feet, and filled with choice goods from cellar to garret. He was born in Germany February 14, 1849; came to America in 1865, and remained one year in New York City as clerk; then came to Chicago in the same occupation ten years; he then went into business a year, after which he removed his goods to Kearney. He was married in Chicago, Ill., in September, 1876, to Miss Kittie Stein, of Chicago, Ill.; they have one daughter--Maud--born in September, 1880. Mr. K. is a member of the Blue Lodge, Chapter and Knights Templar, A., F. & A. M., of Kearney. JOHN MAHON, dealer in live stock, owns a stock ranch forty miles north of Kearney, on the South Loup River, and now has about six hundred head of cattle. He first settled in Gibbon October 14, 1871, and was some time engaged in prospecting for a location, and in a short time came to Kearney, taking charge of the village site for the Burlington & Missouri Railroad two years, he then assisted to survey the reservation of Ft. Kearney, consisting of a tract of land ten miles square, after which he engaged in farming in the reservation. He was born in Delphi, Delaware Co., N. Y. , October 5, 1824; he was bound out as an apprentice to a machinist; served his time, and followed steam engineering on board of a man-of-war, the steamer Missouri; the latter steamer blew up, and he was transferred to the sloop-of-war Jamestown, being three years in service. He landed in California October 5, 1849, and engaged in working on ships; made some money; bought a sail boat and went up the Sacramento River, running in most all portions of the latter State; worked in the navy yard three years, taking charge of docks. He went to Idaho and kept a general store and a blacksmith-shop two years; then returned to the Eastern States. He was married in Bradford County, Penn., in March, 1869, to Miss Harriet Kellgore, of New Jersey; they have one son--William M. Mr. M. is a member of the Masonic order of California. JOHN T. MALLALIEW, County Superintendent of Schools for Buffalo County, located in Platte County, Neb, in August, 1876, and followed teaching one year; removed to Gibbon and became Principal of the Gibbon Academy three years. He was elected County Superintendent of Schools in the fall of 1879; re-elected in the fall of 1881; moved to Kearney in the fall of 1880. He was born in Millington, Md., September 23, 1852; graduated from the Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn., in June, 1876. Previous to that time, he had attended an academy in Wilmington, Del., working in a woolen factory, etc. He was married in Harrisburg, Penn., in 1875, to Miss Alice S. Gotwold, of Indiana; they have two children--Thomas and Mary. He is a member of the I. O. G. T. of Kearney. W. W. MANN, brick manufacturer, contractor and builder, Kearney. All kinds of brick and stone work done. T. M. MESSICK, dealer in grain and agricultural implements of all kinds. Opened the business in 1874, locating in Kearney in July of that year; his annual sales of implements will equal $40 000. He was born in Nicholasville, Jessamine Co., Ky., August 28, 1843; was raised as a merchant, living there until 1862. He served in the army two years under the rebel General, John Morgan. He then went to Terre Haute, Ind., and engaged in the mercantile business until 1867, when he returned to his native State and lived about a year. He was married in 1868 to Miss Emma J. Farrar, of Lexington, Ky. He went to Monroe, Jasper Co., Iowa, in 1868, and engaged in the grain and implement business until he came to Nebraska. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., of Kearney, also of a detective association of Lincoln, Neb. ELISHA MILES, stock-raiser and farmer, located in Kearney in May 1876, and engaged in the cattle business; he owns a stock ranch between the Dismal and Little Loup Rivers, 120 miles northwest of Kearney, and has about seven hundred cattle on his ranch; he also owns a farm of 160 acres seven miles northwest of the city. He follows buying stock, trading and loaning money. He was born in Washington County, near Louisville, Ky., December 15, 1816, was raised on a farm; has followed the stock business more or less during all his life. He has been in the mercantile business three times during his life, and in the banking business once. He lived in Harrison County, Ind., about eight years; moved to Sangamon County, Ill., in the fall of 1829, with his parents, and lived two years, and moved to Warren County, Ill., in 1831. He was a member of the Black Hawk war in 1832. Moved to Mercer County, Ill., in the spring of 1840. He was married in Knox County, Ill., in 1837, to Hesther Thrash, of Lawrenceburg, Ind., they have four children living--Millard F., now on their stock ranch; Harriet H., now married to Mr. McClintock and living on the old homestead in Mercer County, Ill.; Catharine, now married to I. R. Kidd, and living in Riverton, Iowa; Nancy S., now married to Mr. James C. Beswick, and living in Kearney. He was a recruiting officer during the rebellion, and held three commissions at times. He is a member of Kearney Commandery, A., F. & A. M.; he was made a Royal Arch Mason in 1854, in Mercer County Ill. CHARLES H. MILLER, dealer in a general line of hardware, stoves and tinware; carries a stock to the value of $5,000 to supply his trade. He located and opened business in Kearney in April, 1879; he owns and has operated a branch hardware store at Minden, Neb., where he carries a stock to the value of $1,500, he opened the latter April 1, 1882. He was born in Boswell, Ohio, and has always been identified with the hardware business since he first began business life. LUMAN R. MORE, President and proprietor of More's Bank. The above bank was established in September, 1872; the deposits average from $50,000 to $100,000 per annum; the building is 50x70 feet and two stories high. Mr. M. is also proprietor of the Kearney Flouring Mills, which have a capacity of 100 barrels in twenty-four hours; he is also the proprietor of the Grand Central Hotel and More's Block, on the south side of the railroad; the latter block was erected in 1874, by Mr. M., the size of which is 49x80 feet and two stories high, and contains the only town hall in Kearney. He also owns a large amount of real estate, etc.; he deals largely in coal and is the only party in Kearney who sells Wyoming coal. He was born in Delaware County, N. Y., September 22, 1839, and is a first cousin of the renowned Jay Gould, railroad king of the world. Mr. M. was brought up a farmer, and lived in his native county until he was twenty-five years of age; he went to Chicago, Ill., in 1867, and engaged in the lumber and planing-mill business five years, after which he sold out and became a resident of Kearney. SIMON MURPHY, County Surveyor and City Engineer, which latter office he has filled for the past eight years. He located in Lincoln, Neb., in 1868, and engaged in farming four years; removed to Kearney in 1872, and built the first house on the village site, known as the Harold House Hotel, raising the framework August 1, 1872; completed and occupied it as a hotel September 5, 1872; that latter date was the first day that a passenger had arrived on the Burlington & Missouri Railroad. Mr. M. was the first hotel keeper on the village site, which business he followed six years; he has since been engaged in surveying and engineering. He was born in Marcellus, Onondaga Co., N. Y., May 1, 1833; he lived in New York until 1849; went to Ireland in 1852; returned and entered Oberlin College, Ohio, as a student, in 1853, where he spent five years, after which he went to Southern Ohio and taught school five years; he then went to Valparaiso, Ind., and took charge of St. Paul's Catholic School four years, being married there in 1867, to Miss Ellen Harold, of Ireland; they have four children--John S., Ann, Katie and Ellen. He was elected County Surveyor of Buffalo County in the fall of 1876, and has since held the office by re-elections. DR. E. W. NORTHUP, practicing physician and surgeon, settled in Kearney in March, 1880, and continued practicing medicine. He was born in Warren County, Penn., in August, 1845; began the study of medicine in 1870, under Dr. C. J. Phillips, of the latter county, and remained with him until the fall of 1873; then took his first course of lectures in an Eclectic College in Philadelphia, Penn., and graduated from that institution in March, 1875. He then began the practice of medicine in Petrolia, Penn., remaining about four months; he then went to Edenburg, Clarion Co., Penn., and practiced until his removal to Kearney. He was married in Chautauqua County, N. Y., in February, 1869, to Miss Josephine Shaw, of Bush, in the latter county; they have one daughter--Alice Maude--born in August, 1879. Mr. N. is a member of the Masonic fraternity of Kearney. WILLIAM B. OGDEN, wholesale and retail druggist opened the business in company with Dr. Chase in 1877; Mr. O. bought the entire business in November, 1881; he carries about $4,000 worth of stock to supply his trade. He was born in York, Penn., August 17, 1853; he first engaged as a printer in his native place, and followed the same about two years; he then went to Memphis, Tenn., and worked for his father in a drug store; also traveled, engaged in various occupations, until he came to Kearney. He attended the School of Pharmacy in Maryland College, Baltimore, Md.; also with his father, Dr. S. Ogden. He was married in Kearney September 27, 1880, to Miss Lulu L. Chase, of the latter city; they have one daughter--Quindero Ogden--born August 8, 1881. EMORY PECK, County Clerk for Buffalo County, Neb., located eight miles north of the city of Kearney on a farm in the summer of 1876; he and his family lived there five years, then removed to Kearney. He was elected County Clerk in the fall of 1879, and re-elected in the fall of 1881. He was born in Madison County, N. Y., May 26,1836; he left his native State at the age of eighteen; then moved to Winnebago County, Wis.; lived there five years; then to Livingston County, Mo., and followed teaching one year, after which he moved to Clarinda, Page Co., Iowa, and was Principal of the public school one year. Enlisting in 1861, in the First Regiment Nebraska Volunteer Infantry as First Sergeant, he was soon promoted to Second Lieutenant, and soon after to First Lieutenant; participated in the battles of Shiloh and Ft. Donelson, Tenn., re-enlisted in the same regiment as a veteran, and was placed in the recruiting service with headquarters at Brownville, Neb.; he resigned some time afterward and engaged in farming in Nemaha County, Neb., four years; he then removed to Bates County, Mo., and followed farming eight years, after which he went to Buffalo County, Neb., as before noted. He was married in Winnebago County, Wis., in 1858, to Miss Frances Bunn, of New York City; they have four children--Jennie S, Elmer, Charles and Mattie B. Mr. P. is a member of Sedgwick Post, No. 1, G. A. R. SEHON W. POWERS, Special Freight and Stock Agent for the Union Pacific Railroad, Kearney. He located in Kearney in January, 1873, and opened a stock of general merchandise, which he continued until 1876, after which he opened a general line of hardware and continued two years; he next engaged in milling a year; then his present occupation. He was born in Ellsworth, Mahoning County, Ohio, June 3, 1844; he lived in his native State until he emigrated to Nebraska. He was married in Portage County, Ohio, to Miss Martha Holly; they had two children--Miranda and John Wesley. His wife died in 1878; he was married again, January 11, 1881, in Grand Island, Neb., to Miss Sylvia L. McNish, of Berlin, Wis.; they have one son not yet named. Mr. P. is a member of the Masonic fraternity of the East. THOMAS C. ROBERTS, dealer in general merchandise, opened business April 1, 1873; employs three clerks; carries $10,000 worth of stock to supply his trade. He located in Kearney in 1873, and immediately opened the above business. He was born in Nashville, Tenn., July 12, 1840; was brought up a grocer, living the latter city until 1863; then moved to St. Joseph, Mo., and engaged as book-keeper in a wholesale grocery house eight years. His father, William Roberts, was born in 1800, in New Haven, Conn., went to Nashville, Tenn., when he was twenty-one years of age; lived there until 1863, and moved near St. Joseph, Mo., on a farm, and to this day is noted for being a hale and hearty man. Thomas C. Roberts was married in St. Joseph, Mo., September 19, 1866, to Miss Annie M. Flint, of the latter city; they have two children-- Emmie S. and Annie M. Mr. R. is a member of the I. O. O. F., of Kearney. He owns some of the finest blooded fast stock that can be found in the West, among which is the celebrated Orphan Boy; he has also several other fine colts, which bid fair to eclipse any of the fast stock in the Great West. DANIEL, W. ROE, dealer in agricultural implements, buggies and carriages of all kinds. Opened the business in the fall of 1880. Located in Kearney in August, 1874, and engaged in the land business with his brother, J. H. Roe, under the firm name of Roe Brothers; was cashier in More's bank in 1877-78; clerked in the County Treasurer's office until the fall of 1879; then returned to his brother's office, and has assisted him in the same since then. He was born in Delaware County, N. Y., August 18, 1844; was a member of the Delaware Literary Institute; he graduated from Bryant & Stratton's College, Albany, N. Y., in 1866. He enlisted in August, 1864, in Company E, Sixty-ninth Regiment New York Volunteer Infantry, and participated in several battles and skirmishes; was wounded in the charge on Petersburg, Va., losing his right leg, March 25, 1865; was discharged in August of the same year. After graduating from college in Albany, N.Y., he was appointed Deputy Sheriff of Delaware County, N. Y., serving three years; was Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue in Delaware, Otsego and Chenango Counties, N. Y., two years ; then engaged in the manufacture of cheese one year; then went to Cherokee, Iowa; was proprietor of an eating-house and restaurant until he came to Nebraska. He was married in Kearney, in 1877, to Miss Fannie L. Cook, of St. Joseph, Mo. They have one child, a son--Claude W. [PROPERTY OF COL. JOHN H. ROE.] 1--Timber Claim, 160 Acres. 2--Residence at Kearney. 3--Roebelle Sheep Ranch, 7 miles Southwest of Kearney. [Portrait of John H. Roe.] COL. JOHN H. ROE. dealer in real estate, Union Pacific Railway, and Government lands, which are located in Buffalo, Kearney, Phelps, Dawson, Custer and Sherman counties. He has already sold over 700,000 acres during the past eight years, dating from 1874. He came to Omaha, Neb., in 1873, in the employ of the Union Pacific Railway Company, and remained until July, 1874. He has now 570,000 acres of land for sale, comprising some of the best lands in the State for the production of cereals and grazing land. Mr. R. has the finest sheep ranch in the State, located seven miles southwest of Kearney, containing 3,203 acres of land. Now has 1,000 sheep on the same, consisting of high bred and pure blood merinos, and sheared 10,000 pounds of wool in the spring of 1882. He has an offer of 28 cents per pound. Mr. R. was born in Franklin, Delaware County, N. Y., March 10, 1839. He first worked as a farm hand until he was eighteen years old, then entered the Delaware Literary Institute in his native place, and graduated in 1860. Paid his way from his own labor; he entered the New York State Agricultural College in Ovid as a tutor, and continued his studies, preparatory for college, entering the Sophomore Class of 1864, of Hamilton College in Clinton, N. Y. After passing his Junior examination in 1862, he enlisted in Company G, One Hundred and Fifty-seventh New York Volunteer Infantry. In August, he was duly promoted to all of the minor offices. Participated in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. His regiment was then transferred to the Department of the South, and he was promoted to First Lieutenant on staff duty, subsequently to Captain, and participated in the attack on Fort Wagner, John's Island, Honey Hill. Was wounded in the battle of Gettysburg July 1, 1863, in tile face and side by two rifle balls, and a splinter of shell. Was mustered out in Charleston, S. C., in February 1866. He then to returned home, and soon leased a plaster mill, conducting the business a year, then became general agent for agricultural implements three years, and, in 1870, moved to Cherokee, Iowa, and was soon after appointed land and town lot agent for the Iowa Railway and Land Company. He laid out the town of Cherokee, Iowa, and remained in the employ of the above company three years, then sold out, and removed to Kearney, Neb. He was married in Norwich, N. Y., January, 1881, to Miss Cerissa A. Whitmore, of the latter place. They have two children--Louie B. and Ormond B. FRED ROSSO, farmer and dealer in wind-mills, pumps, etc. Began business in July, 1877. He located in Furnas County, Neb., in October, 1876, on a homestead, and has made that his home since. He now owns 320 acres of land in that county. Also 166 acres on Section 31, Township 11, Range 15 east. He was born in Germany March 19, 1850. Left his native county with his parents at four years of age, and came to America. His parents settled in New York, he has lived in Massachusetts, Wisconsin and Nebraska since coming to America.
Siting Wind Energy Facilities – What Do Local Elected Officials Need to Know? is a brief guide to aid local officials in understanding commercial-scale wind siting. Local government officials presented with potential wind energy projects in their municipalities often find that clear and concise answers to their citizens ’ concerns can be difficult to locate. This publication seeks to give local elected officials, in a few paragraphs on each topic, a clear understanding of the information they need to sort fact from fiction and get a sense of how states and other municipalities have addressed key issues. Topics discussed include wind facility location, site safety and security, setbacks from property lines and buildings, shadow flicker, electromagnetic interference, decommissioning, and visual, sound, road and wildlife impacts.
Communication is key, yet too many government agencies voice platforms are living in archaic times. As government agencies are turning to collaboration technologies like voice, video and mobility to increase efficiency and lower costs, many are faced with outdated voice platforms like Private Branch Exchange (PBX) and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) . However, the shift to VoIP enables organizations to modernize their communications platform for more robust communication applications, while significantly reducing operating costs. VoIP provides significant net savings by allowing the management of managing one unified network and no longer needing to sustain a legacy phone system. It also provides enhanced features and VoIP services that improve the user experience. Advanced call routing, image transfer, phone portability, as well as integration with other collaboration applications, such as voicemail delivery via email, voice call button on email are examples of functionality users have come to expect. Read More » Tags: centrex, civilian, collaboration, dod, federal, government, ip, tdm, UC, unified communications, voip, voip services Almost everyone has heard of the “cloud,” as a result of advertising by computer companies and frequent mentions in the news media. “Cloud” refers to technology resources used by an organization that are not at their own location, but available over the global data communications network (otherwise called the Internet). Moreover, the cloud is not just a question of getting access to some big data center in the sky; ultimately, it means gaining authorized access to any data or computing resource that is part of the Internet, and even combining data and software components from physically distant computers. Public officials may have heard about how the cloud is being used in the public sector. For example, the United States Conference of Mayors had a session on this at its 2011 meeting where various mayors spoke about how their cities were using such services as shared email “in the cloud.” At the National Association of Counties, there have been sessions describing a cloud that is restricted to trusted government agencies at the state and local levels — what some call the “private cloud” because its services are not available to every organization, thus helping preserve the privacy and integrity of government data. But the reasons state and local government officials might want to use the cloud are not often explained. This post will describe the various ways that the cloud can provide strategic value to state and local governments. Most people have first heard of the cloud as a means of saving money, which is especially attractive at a time of tighter budgets. So instead of buying hardware and software, a government agency rents what it needs, when it needs it. This approach means you can shift from using bonds and debt service to an approach that matches your IT budget with the real demand each year. And, often, the software services available in the cloud, such as email, can cost less per employee than licensing equivalent software in-house. Resilience, Flexibility & Faster Technology Adoption Potential cost reduction is not all there is to the story. There are other positive benefits as well. Read More » Tags: Cisco, cloud, Cloud Computing, collaboration, data, government, IBSG, internet, IT, local, Sharing, state For the last 3 years, Cisco has helped many CIOs and IT leaders achieve their objectives by using a business/IT architecture methodology called Strategic IT Roadmap, or SITR. SITR’s ultimate deliverable is the “Unified Architecture Roadmap” which aligns IT initiatives with the key business priorities. This puts the CIO in a strong position when defending the IT plan/budget towards the other C-level executives. We have seen great successes in public sector accounts, such as Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire Fire Services or Fontys University of Applied Science, coming from the fact that: - SITR is simple & pragmatic: it’s not rocket-science and values common sense over pre-established rules; - SITR is holistic: it encompasses network, data centre, collaboration, security, applications, governance, etc. - SITR is flexible: it’s not a rigid framework, and can be adapted depending on the context; - SITR is result-oriented: it’s not an academic project, and there are concrete business deliverables; - SITR is iterative: we prefer short iterations (ideally no more than 6 to 8 weeks), and we are not re-writing the annual report; - SITR is based on TOGAF and COBIT5, as well as many best practices and templates from similar customers across EMEAR region; - SITR is entirely funded by Cisco and/or our partners. In this post, I explain how SITR can be performed in 10 steps, as depicted below. I will now describe each step and provide template slides; these are just samples of what SITR deliverables look like. Read More » Tags: architecture, government, TN Cities around the world are facing some big and complicated problems, with few easy answers at the ready. Rising energy costs, environmental concerns, and new government initiatives have inspired a focus on sustainable IT operations. But how can cities be expected to solve these crises, while also improving citizen services and ensuring future economic success? Advanced information and communications technology (ICT) is a great answer, but this is easier said than done. Cities frequently face logistical hurdles on the road to becoming Smart Cities. I believe the key is creating a more effective “connected transformation,” harnessing the power of cloud computing for cost reduction and the delivery of vital services. We’ve seen this in the enterprise sector: An intelligent IP-enabled information network provides a single, multiservice infrastructure to support productivity and cost initiatives—all achieved remotely, via cloud management. Government agencies are beginning to follow this lead. The public sector, for example, is finding new ways to measure such things as power consumption, thereby controlling energy output, reducing costs, and increasing operational efficiency. For government as well, the cloud is becoming an important tool for achieving greater sustainability. Overall, the cloud is helping to create more effective city management, and it enables the network to become: - Observable. Cities can monitor systems, power flows, and equipment, with no physical or location constraints. - Controllable. Providing remote two-way communications and data between stations, systems, and equipment will maintain effective operations. - Automated. Hands-off processes allow for greater cost efficiency. - Secure. Layers of defense throughout a cloud grid will assure service reliability, prevent outages, and protect citizens. The result is an intelligent, integrated cloud infrastructure that is pivotal to a Smart City’s evolution. Some amazing technology advances are making it possible for complex systems to be managed—and self-managed—remotely and efficiently. A flood of recently published case studies show how, in practical terms, high connectivity is essential to a new future for buildings and cities, and to the urban economy as a whole. Read More » Tags: Cisco, city systems, City24x7, cloud, Cloud Management, connectivity, government, IBSG, infrastructure, Intelligent Network, Smart City Welcome to the Cisco Sizzle! Each month, we’re rounding up the best of the best from across our social media channels for your reading pleasure. From the most read blog posts to the top engaging content on Facebook or LinkedIn, catch up on things you might have missed, or on the articles you just want to see again, all in one place. Let’s take a look back at the top content from March… Tomorrow Starts Here Explore how the Internet of Everything will change the way we work, live, play and learn. Connected World Technology Report Calling all IT professionals! Over two thirds of the IT managers agree that Big Data will be a strategic priority for their companies in 2013 and over the next five years as well. Do you agree? Is Big Data a strategic priority for your company? Cisco on Fortune’s Most Admired Once again, Cisco is honored to be on Fortune Magazine’s “World’s Most Admired Companies” List. Fortune tells us that the Most Admired list is the “definitive report card on corporate reputations.” Congratulations to our employees, and thanks to Fortune for the honor! Understanding the Different Types of Wireless Routers If your small business has grown and your workforce has become more mobile, you may be considering adding wireless to your network. Cisco explains the basics so you can identify which wireless router best fits your needs. If you telecommuted for a week, how much time do you think you would save? Don’t worry network managers; we’ve got you covered. Find out about Cisco’s solutions to Network Madness. Check out the Cisco Storify feed for even more great content! Tags: Big Data, CCWTR, Cisco Connected World Technology Report, collaboration, connected solutions, data in motion, Fortune, government, innovation, Internet of Everything, IoE, IT, mobility, Most Admired, networking, reputation, security, small business, telework week, Tomorrow Starts Here, wireless network, wireless router
Chemical Eye Burns (cont.) - Surgical measures may be necessary after severe chemical injuries when the initial injury has healed. - Chemical injuries may necessitate surgery to the eyelids to restore good eyelid closure to protect the eye. - If the surface of the eye is severely damaged, a specialized set of cells called Limbal stem cells may be damaged and require replacement to prevent surface scarring. - If the cornea becomes opaque (or cloudy) following a chemical injury, a corneal transplant may be required. - Chemical injuries, especially from alkaline substances, can also cause cataracts and glaucoma, which may also require later surgical intervention. Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 8/31/2015 Must Read Articles Related to Chemical Eye Burns Eye pain has many causes, signs, symptoms, and treatments. It's also described as pain behind the eye, eye socket pain, or shooting pain in the eye. Headaches a...learn more >>
Send the link below via email or IMCopy Present to your audienceStart remote presentation - Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present - People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account - This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation - A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation - Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again. Make your likes visible on Facebook? You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. Cold Working of Metals Transcript of Cold Working of Metals of Cold Rolling Malleability and Ductility of a metal are necessary for cold working. Advantages and Disadvantages Better surface finish closer dimensional tolerances superior mehanical properties better strength to weight ratio Drawing, Forming and Extruding Metal Cold forming is less expensive b/c cost of heating metal is eliminated There is no thermal damage to dies Warm forming reduces the need for secondary machining and operating personnel Warm forming can work metals difficult to cold work (titanium, stainless steel) without the high pressures of cold forming and Wire Drawing -Hot formed metal bars and tubes are reduced in size by being drawn through a slightly smaller die -The drawing process hardens the metal and gives it a smooth finish Also called cold heading or cold forging Cold Forming Threads Threads can be machined or cold rolled onto blanks. How do you choose? -Metal becomes more brittle and less workable. -Annealing required to continue the process -Metal may contain residual stresses that can cause warping when machined or welded -More massive and powerful equipment needed -Subsequent heating will undo cold working and reduce its strength The Theory of Cold Working Metals are stessed below their recrystalization temperature These stresses must be above the elastic limit (yield strength) Each time the metal is worked it becomes stronger and harder and more brittle Manufacturers must be careful to stop cold working before the material fails If more deformation is needed, a process anneal is used to restore deformation Cold working can determine... toughness, strength, hardness, and ductility of a metal Some materials work harden - quickly increase hardness as cold working progresses plasticity due to compression plasticity due to tension If metal is formed by loading it beyond its elastic limit (cold forming) it will be permanently deformed, but will bounce back a certain extent called "spring back" or elastic recovery. When metal is cold worked, though the grains are stretched in the direction of working... The atom structures within the grains are not aligned and can react to deformation differently, causing residual stresses Each grain has a different stress even though the overall object is not loaded, which can be released during machining or welding, warping the object. Recovery anneal is used to get rid of residual stress (heating material below its recrystaliztion temperature Cutting a flat shape out of a strip of sheet metal. The shape is saved for further operations If the hole material is scrap, it Cutting small round holes into sheet metal If the holes are small and close together its called Blanking Punch and DIe Sometimes mechanical presses are fitted with progressive punching and forming dies EX. Electrical outlet boxes Aluminum cans are formed by the "draw and iron" process where a sheet formed by hot rolling then cold rolling is punched. That slug is then drawn to a cup, ironed and trimmed. Some Advantages of cold/warm forming Forming a metal while below its phase transformation temperature (melting) but above its recrystalization temperature Drawing plate, sheet and Foil -A flat piece of metal is formed into a holow shape by applying force with a punch to the center portion of the metal Blanking and piercing process can be added to drawing using progressive dies Wall thickness can be further reduced by ironing Tube Drawing -Seamless Tubing Cylinders are drawn into tubes using a mandrel that creates the inner cavityand provides an internal finish This process is much more expensive then piping that is curled and butt-welded Process used to manufacture hydraulic cylinders high pressure pipes Similar to tube drawing, except with smaller diameters, and it is a continuous process done on rotating equipment Drawing Process Limitations... The metal work hardens as it is pulled through the die Annealing may have to take place so that material can regain some ductility to avoid the forces needed to cold work the metal becoming greater than the strength of the metal Metal upsetting process Only used for small parts like screws, bolt blanks, rivets, and ball bearing blanks Upsetting machines can produce up to 36,000 per hour (for small rivets) and 27,000 per hour for screw blanks No metal is wasted Cold forming machines can produce final products through series of upsets, extrusions, trimming and piercing/blanking (Advantages over machining) The amount of deformation required is directly related to the plasticity of the metal. Some grades of aluminum, gray cast iron, and die-cast metals cannot be rolled because of their insufficient elongation and reduction of area. Most stainless steels and high manganese steels rapidly work harden when cold worked. These metals do not readily lend themselves to cold rolling Some parts are not adaptable for rolling, for example those with threads that are too close to a shoulder. Some tapered threads should be cut instead of rolled Rolling is far superior to cutting if the finish is a consideration The rolling process produces a greater surface hardness that wears well and helps resist metal fatigue HIgher Speeds and Greater Strength Generally, thread rolling is a somewhat faster operation than cutting threads with dies Rolled threads are stronger than cut threads because of grain flow Critical Thinking Activity In groups of 2 answer the 3 case problems on page 222 of your book. (use complete sentences, typed) Develop a rubric for these questions -A guideline to grade assignments -Specify the elements of the answer you require and what grade should be received. and cold roll forming Roll bending- used to from curved shapes, cylinders or rings. Plates, stocks and structural shapes are bent Cold -Roll Forming- bending a flat strip into a complex shape through a series of rolls (each performaing an incremental part of the bend). Straightening or flattening - process to remove unwanted bens from metal sheet or bar stock Stretching a light gauge sheet metal over a contoured form or die block Stretch Wrap forming A Blank is stretched beyond the yeild point and then wrapped around a form block A shallow stamping process in which bottom and top dies are brought together to form a stretched sheet Reduces spring back reduces tooling costs High Energy Rate Explosive Forming - same as explosive forming except uses chemical explosion to produce shockwaves that bend metal No limit to the size or thickness of plate that can be formed Reduced spring back Metal Spinning and Flow Forming Process in which a disc is rotated and forced against a form (no reduction in thickness) Flow Forming -same as metal spinning but with a reduction in thickness Forming Pipe and tubing Smaller sizes of sheets are rolled together and then the edges are welded together
Object Moved This document may be found here Use of raw materials in the cement industry Procurement of local raw materials forms the basis for the manufacture of cement, and represents an essential component of … This article surveys the historical development of cement, its manufacture from raw materials, its composition ... Concrete is used for a large variety of constructional purposes. Mixtures of soil and portland cement are used as a base for roads. ... China and India had become the world leaders in cement production, followed by the United ... Concrete hollow block can be produced by block making machine, the product is mainly used to fill high-level framework, because its light weight, sound insulation, good thermal insulation effect, the majority of users trust and favor. Its raw materials are: Cement. Production of fly ash aerated concrete hollow block should be used Portland cement and ordinary cement is appropriate. The raw material waste in precast concrete production is very small. The use of new technologies such as self-consolidating concrete (SCC) can significantly reduce noise and vibration in the production process. The use of high-performance concrete (HPC) enables the design and production of more slender, reliable and more durable structures with ... Silica or Sand is used for molding. Water: Water is an important raw material for iron and steel industry. It is mainly used to quench coke, to cool blast furnaces, to make steam to coal furnace doors, to operate hydraulic machinery and to have sewage disposal. Ferro-alloys: For the production of steel of different grades various non-ferrous ... 2. Raw Material Use The raw materials used in cement production are widely available in great quantities. Limestone, marl, and chalk are the most common sources of calcium in cement (converted into lime through calcination). Common sources of silicon include clay, sand, and shale. Certain waste products, such as fly, can Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Cement is the most widely used material in existence and is only behind water as the planet's most-consumed resource. Alibaba.com offers 297 raw materials used cement products. About 9% of these are refractory, 7% are mine mill, and 4% are concrete admixtures & mortar admixtures. A wide variety of raw materials used cement options are available to you, such as free samples. The raw material consumption is similar for similar qualities of concrete, whether the production takes place in a factory, at a ready-mix plant or at a building site The raw material waste in precast concrete production is very small Concrete is used in large quantities almost everywhere there is a need for infrastructure. Concrete is one of the most frequently used building materials in animal houses and for manure and silage storage structures in agriculture. The amount of concrete used worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum combined. Jun 21, 2017· The raw materials used in the production of the Concrete Batching Plantmust be compatible with the mix proportion design.; All raw materials should be stored separately in the warehouse, each warehouse should be separated from the wall. Applications of cement. Cements may be used alone (i.e., "neat," as grouting materials), but the normal use is in mortar and concrete in which the cement is mixed with inert material known as aggregate.Mortar is cement mixed with sand or crushed stone that must be less than approximately 5 mm (3 / 16 inch) in size. Concrete is a friend of the environment in all stages of its life span, from raw material production to demolition, making it a natural choice for sustainable home construction. concrete and autoclaved concrete. Also, it is exhibits the raw materials used in aerated concrete, types of agent, properties and applications. The production method is classified for each foamed and autoclaved concrete. The literature review of aerated lightweight properties is focuses what are the raw material used for production of concrete. Raw materials used for Cement Production - INFINITY. Previous Post Next Post Contents1 Raw materials used for Cement Production1.1 Raw materials1.1.1 Lime component184.108.40.206 … Cement manufacturing - raw materials. If you happen to be a geologist, the raw materials quarry is probably the most interesting part of a cement works, maybe unless you view the clinkering process as igneous rocks in the making. The most common raw rock types used in cement production are: Limestone (supplies the bulk of the lime) Raw Materials The basic raw materials used in the manufacture of coloured concrete roof tiles are sand (quarried or river), cement, colour pigment and water. The production of concrete roof tiles adds considerable value to these economic and readily available materials and as a result, the popularity of the product continues to grow in both ... Changes in raw materials use in the United States ... Raw materials and technology fuel U.S.economic growth Thomas D. Kelly Thomas D. Kelly is a ... 80% of these materials are used in cement concrete, bi-tuminous (asphalt) concrete and the loose aggregate as- The quality of cement clinker is directly related to the chemistry of the raw materials used. Around 80–90% of raw material for the kiln feed is limestone. Clayey raw material accounts for between 10–15%, although the precise amounts will vary. Magnesium carbonate, which may be present in limestone, is the main undesirable impurity. The level Table 3.3 lists just some of the many possible raw ingredients that can be used to provide each of the main cement elements. Table 3.3: Examples of raw materials for portland cement manufacture (adapted from ref., Table 2.1). CONCRETE MATERIALS AND TESTING 5-694.100 ... Inspect all materials used in the construction of concrete work at their source, on the job, or both. The Engineers and ... This consists of grinding the individual raw materials and feeding at controlled Although the dry process is the most modern and popular way to manufacture cement, some kilns in the United States use a wet process. The two processes are essentially alike except in the wet process, the raw materials are ground with water before being fed into the kiln. - what is the crushing process for copper - what is nickel ore used for - what is function of scale pit in steel mills - what material used crusher spindle - what is the cost of mini cement grinding unit - what machinery is used to mine diamonds - what are factors that hampered mining development in sa - what is a vertical shaft crusher - what is better crushed granite or limestone - in indonesia what is copper used for - what i need to start up a rock mining in zambia - what is an ebenezer stone - what is brand hammermill - what is the mining process for diamonds in the congo - what type of plants are used in coal mining crusher - what coal crusher price indonesia - What Is A Pellet Mill With Picture - what s the molar mass of iron iii acetate - what is the cost of solid mineral mining from norway - what do we control mill outlet temperature - what is the difference between gcv on arb and adb basis - what are the rules to start a quarry crusher unit in kerala - gyratory crusher is generally what couplings - what is a device for grinding coal - what is mean by ls crusher - jaw crusher what brand is good - british standard what is the difference between the aggregate impact value and aggregate crushing value - what was the role of coalminers in world war
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! Graphology, inference of character from a person’s handwriting. The theory underlying graphology is that handwriting is an expression of personality; hence, a systematic analysis of the way words and letters are formed can reveal traits of personality. Graphologists note such elements as the size of individual letters and the degree and regularity of slanting, ornamentation, angularity, and curvature. Other basic considerations are the general appearance and impression of the writing, the pressure of upward and downward strokes, and the smoothness of the writing. For example, analytic graphologists interpret large handwriting as a sign of ambition and small handwriting as a sign of pedantry. Graphologists have cautioned that the validity of handwriting analysis can be subverted by such considerations as myopia and the loss of motor control. In general, the scientific basis for graphological interpretations of personality is questionable. (See also calligraphy; Spencerian penmanship.) Learn More in these related Britannica articles: handwriting: Handwriting identification…speculative personality analysis seen in graphology.… Personality, a characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most clearly expressed in interactions with other people. It includes behavioral characteristics, both inherent and acquired, that distinguish one person from another and that can be observed in people’s relations to the environment… Myopia, visual abnormality in which the resting eye focuses the image of a distant object at a point in front of the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back and sides of the eye), resulting in a blurred image. Myopic eyes, which… Calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting. The term may derive from the Greek words for “beauty” ( kallos) and “to write” ( graphein). It implies a sure knowledge of the correct form of letters—i.e., the conventional signs by which language can be communicated—and the skill to make them with such ordering of…
To what extent can sport and physical activity change the attitudes of young people regarding anti-social behaviour? A case study of Catch22, Cardiff University of Wales Institute Cardiff MetadataShow full item record The aim of this study was to investigate if sport and physical activity can have an effect on changing young people’s attitudes about anti-social behaviour. “Vague and unexamined claims about sport’s ability to address issues of anti-social behaviour and crime have always underpinned public investment in sport” (Coalter, 2007, p.115). 40% of crime is committed in 10% of locations and two thirds of young offenders come from these areas. The government has invested £20 million since 2000 in to Youth Inclusion Projects (YIP’s) to try and limit youth offending and socially include more young people (MacDonald, 2007). Thus, this study wanted to investigate whether sport and physical activity actually has a positive effect on the young people attending these projects and to try and give support to its value in reducing anti-social behaviour. The research carried out on the Catch22 (YIP) in Cardiff included 8 semi-structured interviews on the young people who regularly attended. Numerous roles of sport came out of the interviews, these included; sport and physical activity acting as an antidote to boredom; sport as a form of releasing anger and changing moods; a way of diverting young people away from anti-social behaviour and an attitude that favoured sport over participating in undesired anti-social behaviours. Other issues indentified by the research included the value of other activities alongside sport and physical activity such as music and the role of the family as a possible reason for anti-social behaviour. Other challenges for Catch22 also arose, such as, not reaching out to as many young people as possible and the lack of incentives to attend, for example, transport. While some of the young people understood the meaning of anti-social behaviour, others did not and still have negative perceptions of the law. The role of the youth worker acting as a role model to the young people was very significant in changing their attitudes. Furthermore, the young person feeling a sense of empowerment through sport and physical activity was very significant in their behaviour change. Showing items related by title, author, subject and abstract. How effective is the use of sports participation in combating youth antisocial behaviour in a deprived area of South Wales? Barnes, Rachel (University of Wales Institute Cardiff, 2010)In recent years there has been an increasing concern about youth antisocial behaviour and the impact such behaviour can have on communities. Previous research has shown that using sport and physical activity can contribute ... A critical review of the role of sport/physical activity in preventing anti-social behaviour among young people: a case study of the Teenbridge youth project Ayres, Benjamin (University of Wales Institute Cardiff, 2008)This research study addresses the idea that sport/physical activity can have an effect on the prevention of anti-social behaviour and crime among young people. The Research study carried out on the Teenbridge Youth Project ... An investigation into the impact of sport on the behaviour of young people who reside in an area of socio-economic deprivation and attend a pupil referral unit with North Wales Challenor, James (Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2015)Youth antisocial behaviour has become a growing concern in recent years due to the negative influences that it can have on communities. Research has shown that sport can have a positive influence on behaviour, which may ...
While Mississippi has mild winters compared to the national average, cold weather can drive rodents indoors when temps go down. Across the country, rodents find shelter in an estimated 21 millions homes. Rodents can cause property damage and spread disease and ought to be taken seriously. Here are a few types of rodents that can affect the Mississippi Gulf Coast area. Found throughout the country, deer mice are common in rural areas. While rarely a problem in residential neighborhoods, they can move indoors during inclement or cold weather. While people may not encounter them often at home, deer mice are the most common carrier of the Hantavirus, which is primarily transmitted via dust particles contaminated with saliva, feces or urine of infected mice. The easiest identifying marker for deer mice is their bicolored tail in half brown, half white. Avoid storing store pet food or birdseed in garages and storage sheds, which can attract mice. As per their name, house mice usually nest in dark, secluded area within structures, such as houses and buildings. Beware that, as excellent climbers, they can jump up to a foot high, and cause property damage by chewing through materials like wires — which can cause electrical fires — and can contaminate stored food and spread diseases like tapeworms, Salmonella and even the plague via fleas. As house mice hide in clutter, keep storage areas clean and boxes off the floor, as well as sealing food in rodent-proof containers. Contrary to their name, Norway Rats are found throughout the U.S. Mostly nocturnal, they often burrow in garbage piles or under concrete slabs. They often enter homes in fall when exterior food sources become scarce; once inside, they nest in attics, basements or abandoned homes. They can cause significant property damage by gnawing through materials such as plastic and lead pipes to obtain food and water, and also carry diseases such as plague, jaundice, rat-bite fever, cowpox virus, trichinosis and salmonellosis, in addition to bringing fleas and mites into your home. Inspect your home on a regular basis for signs of infestation, including grease rub marks caused by rats’ oily fur, gnaw marks, droppings and damaged food goods. Roof rats are common to coastal states and the southern regions of the U.S. They live in colonies and offer nest in upper parts of structures or trees, and are best known for helping spread the plague — through their fleas — as well as typhus, jaundice, rat-bite fever, trichinosis and salmonellosis. Ensure fruit that falls from trees on your property is cleaned up to avoid attracting roof rats, as well as sealing your garbage in securable receptacles. If you suspect an infestation, contact us immediately. Rodents multiply quickly and can become an issue just as fast. Contact us, today!
There’s no way to be sure exactly when people began to read and write. But the epic story of Gilgamesh, a king of Babylon, and the Code of Hammurabi, which was one of the first examples of law, were written around 2000 BC. Writing provided the opportunity to share ideas in a new way and to preserve their accuracy by providing a fixed text instead of relying on word of mouth. Most of us may have only a nodding acquaintance, if any, with Gilgamesh and Hammurabi. But this time of year many think of Jesus’ humble birth. Of the journey of Joseph and Mary, who was nine months pregnant, heading to Jerusalem either walking or riding a donkey. Of the wise men, the angels, and shepherds. The fact that Luke took the time to write his Gospel means that we, too, can feel the inspiration of that momentous time and let it lift our hearts. On the other side, writing can also carry messages that can drag people down, lure them into hateful or lustful thoughts. In a very real sense, this is where the battle for hearts and minds comes into focus. For Jesus, who surely was a reader based on his knowledge of Jewish law, the struggle was between the material interpretations of his opponents and his higher spiritual message. While they jousted over the actual words, he perceived a divine law in those words. He boldly told them, "Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me" (John 5:39). People continue to search the Scriptures today, and they also search other texts in the quest for knowledge and freedom. The greater accessibility of reading materials makes individual discernment between the good and the manipulative messages even more important than in the past. But I’ve found helpful guidance in advice Jesus gave his disciples: "By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another" (John 13:35). Looking for evidence of love in our choices about what to read doesn’t mean reading only "happy" books. But it does enable one to analyze the writer’s motive and to find truth, or to be on guard if the author’s purpose is to warp and deceive. Mary Baker Eddy, whose book "Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures" makes Jesus’ healing method accessible today, was well aware of humanity’s oppression by disease, age, sin, and other forms of slavery. And she wrote in that book: "The power of God brings deliverance to the captive. No power can withstand divine Love" (p. 224). In a very real sense, divine Love can and does shape our thoughts about what we read. It can keep us from fear when the news seems overwhelmingly grim, and it can enhance our joy when there is a much-needed rescue or when disaster has been averted. Reading opens the way to God’s Word, and all the good He has in store for us.
So did the hobbits and the giant storks live in peaceful harmony, or did they try to kill each other? On the island of Flores, the same place where controversial evidence of the tiny ancient hominid Homo floresiensis turned up in 2003, scientists found large leg bones in a cave. A new analysis of those bones published in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society indicates that they belong to giant storks taller than any alive today, capable of towering over the Homo floresiensis “hobbits.” “From the size of its bones, we initially were expecting a giant raptor, which are commonly found on islands, not a stork,” said Hanneke Meijer, a vertebrate paleontologist at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. The carnivorous giant (Leptoptilos robustus) was a hitherto unknown species of marabou stork, among the largest birds alive on the planet. [MSNBC] At about 6 feet in height, the great stork would have stood nearly twice the height of H. floresiensis individuals, who reached just about three and a half feet tall. And like many other over-sized birds, the stork likely wasn’t the flying type. Says Meijer: “Fly? Not very well, I think. They wouldn’t have gone very far if they could even get off the ground. But I don’t think they needed to fly. They were the top predator of that ecosystem.” [Toronto Star] Anthropologists have conducted a new analysis of skulls from the so-called “hobbit” fossils found in an Indonesian cave in 2003, and say their results add more evidence that the fossils come from a hitherto unknown race of tiny people. The researchers compared the hobbit skulls to those of modern humans and apes, as well as the fossil brain cases of early human ancestors. “The shape of the skull is consistent with what we would expect for a small archaic Homo,” said Karen Baab [National Geographic News], lead author of the new study. When paleontologists unearthed a cluster of strange, hominid skeletons on the island of Flores, they had little idea that they were about to start a fierce debate that would divide the field of anthropology. But soon the researchers declared that the 18,000-year-old fossils came from people who were only three feet tall, and who were actually a different species of hominid, which researchers called Homo floresiensis. “These hobbits – hominids – appear to have survived when modern humans were all over the Earth at this time,” Baab said [The Guardian]. Since then, debate has raged over whether the hobbits were indeed an unknown species, or whether the individuals found in the cave were just modern humans with a disease that stunted their growth and gave them small brains, a condition called microcephaly.
Jellyfish Stings Topic Guide Jellyfish Stings: There are over 200 types of jellyfish. Some are not poisonous, however, some are very poisonous and may lead to coma or death. Symptoms of a jellyfish sting include stinging pain, rash, itching, and raised welts. More serious symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or muscle spasms. Treatment depends on the type of jellyfish. Some may require immediate hospitalization. - Questions About Childhood Hemophilia Treatments? - Why Do We Have Earwax? - Are We Close to a Cure for Cancer?
About the Book Table of Contents Part IV: The Fitness of Living The Nature of Dauermodifications THE TERM dauermodifications (original German: dauermodificationen) seems to have been first used by V. Jollos in 1913. (9) It has still not found its way into evolutionary literature in general, because the climate of opinion is not sufficiently favourable toward the concept for which it stands. Yet the phenomena which it was coined to define have been observed and demonstrated experimentally for many years. Dauermodifications are the kind of modifications which are observed in living things in response to environmental pressures and which, when they occur in one generation, appear to be inherited by the next. the term to describe what he observed to be long-lasting changes induced in paramecia by heat treatment and by various chemicals, which he was persuaded were being transmitted through the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus. Moreover, he noted that such induced changes, or "modifications," continued to be propagated over successive generations even after the inducing agent had In a textbook on organic evolution in 1952, A. W. Lindsey reported experiments by F. B. Sumner and others, reinforcing the evidence for cytoplasmic inheritance of this kind. (10) Sumner raised white mice at 20-30 degrees C. and found that at the higher temperatures they developed longer bodies, tails, ears, and hind feet. In these experiments Sumner took normal mice and exposed them to an environmental pressure in the form of a higher temperature than they were accustomed to; he discovered that within a few generations the mice had modified their bodies to improve their chances of survival by increasing the amount of body surface area 9. Jollos, V., "Experimentelle Untersuchungen an Infusorien," Biol. Zblt., vol.33, 1913, p.222-36. 1 of 6 10. Lindsey, Arthur Ward, Principles of Organic Evolution, Mosby, St. Louis, 1952, p.342. from which heat could be radiated. This included elongation of the body, enlarging the ears and tail (both of which are excellent heat exchangers), and also enlarging the hind feet for reasons which are not altogether clear at the moment. These modified animals were then returned to a normal environment and mated. Their offspring were raised at temperatures normal to the species. It was found that these offspring retained the modified form for some generations even though they were no longer being subjected to above-normal temperatures. Thus Sumner demonstrated experimentally that the modified form had become inherited. He also demonstrated that with a return to a normal environment, the inherited modification only gradually reverted to original type. This seemed to be clear evidence that the elongated shape which was an acquired character in response to heat had indeed become inherited, but only in a semipermanent way. Sumner was convinced that this was a form of cytoplasmic inheritance, since it had been demonstrated so clearly by others that the nuclear genes are not subject to environmental influences. That the cytoplasm was capable of influencing the form and function of daughter cells had already been argued by a number of developmental physiologists and embryologists on the following grounds. Since all cells in an organism share the same nucleus and yet differentiate specifically into different kinds of tissue ‹ bone, tendon, nerve, muscle, skin, and so forth ‹ the power of differentiation was presumed to be under the control of the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus. Moreover, since millions of cells retain their ability to produce any one of these specifically different structures in the body, there must be some inheritable factors unique to the controlling cytoplasm which governs the proliferation of cell lines in certain directions. Boris Ephrussi put it succinctly: Unless development involves a rather unlikely process of orderly and directed gene mutation, the differential must have its seat in the cytoplasm. If the cytoplasm causes differentiation, it must be endowed with the power of perpetuation of cell type. - Bone cells continue to reproduce bone and not skin ‹- not because their nuclei are different from cells producing skin, but because their proliferation as bone cells is under some cytoplasmic control which so directs them. Since these cells replicate as bone and not as, say, muscle, the control must be passed on from cytoplasm to cytoplasm by some process of inheritance. We seem therefore to be driven to the conclusion that there - 11. Ephrussi, Boris, Nucleo-cytoplasmic Relations in Micro-Organisms, Oxford University Press, 1953, is a cytoplasmic form of inheritance as well as a nuclear gene form of inheritance, and it seems likely to be of a somewhat similar particulate nature. difficulties continued for many years to leave the matter in doubt, especially by contrast with the easily demonstrable and therefore undoubted hereditary factors in the nucleus. Lindsey complained that the experimental evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance existing by 1952 was ignored by most geneticists because of their anti-Lamarckian bias. It was simply denied that any environmental pressure could influence the nuclear genes, which were held to be the sole determiners of inheritable characters. In 1953 Boris Ephrussi published a report of his work with paramecia in such a lucid manner as to draw fresh attention to the evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance. He wrote: (12) These studies confirm the view that cytoplasm, like the genes, is endowed with genetic continuity. The genes are therefore no longer to be regarded as the sole cell-constituent with this property. is a delight to read. He is full of enthusiasm for his subject, and this enthusiasm is communicated to the reader in a flow of language which seems easily to be able to handle the most complex details. At that period Ephrussi did not seem certain that the mechanism always involved active particles of some kind in the cytoplasm which would be comparable to the genes in the nucleus. But certainly the mechanism of this type of inheritance resided in the cytoplasm and not in the nucleus. Toward the end of his book he wrote: (13) Considering that embryonic development results in a restriction (and some widening, too) in different cell lineages of the manifold potentialities originally carried by the egg, we may picture the process of differentiation as consisting, for example, in the segregation or sorting out of an initially mixed population of cytoplasmic particles. Or we may suppose that the egg, to begin with, contains a mixed population of inactive particles and that development consists in the activation by nuclear genes of different sorts of lineages. In 1959 C. L. Prosser was able to report: (14) Several types of non-genic inheritance and of indirect effects of environmental selection on the genotype are recognized. Cytoplasmic inheritance is being discovered in more and more groups of organisms, and cytoplasm is more readily influenced by the environment than is the nucleus. - 12. Ibid., p.6. - 13. Ibid., p.100. - 14. Prosser, C. I., "The Origin After a Century: Prospects for the Future" in American Scientist, vol.47, 1959, p.545. the ovum in many species, including man, is much larger than the spermatozoon. In man the ratio is about 500 to 1. Since the nucleus is of equal size in both, the difference in mass results from the far greater amount of cytoplasm which the ovum contains. It is considered that this fact is related to the greater importance (in some matings) of the female contribution rather than that of the male, and it results in such instances in a greater resemblance of the offspring to the female parent. This in itself reinforces the likelihood that some real contribution to inherited factors is made specifically by the cytoplasm. In his book on the architecture of the cell, Verne Grant proposes that if a cytoplasmically controlled character does not persist for more than a generation or two, it could be explained as a maternal effect in which the nuclear genes of the mother, by imposing some condition on the cytoplasm of the egg, predetermines a phenotypic trait of the offspring. The trait in question is not therefore carried by some particles in the cytoplasm acting autonomously. On the other hand, if the cytoplasmically controlled characteristic persists for several generations but still eventually disappears, it should be regarded as a dauermodification. The decisive test is persistence number of generations even when the stimulus which was the determining factor is removed. As Verne Grant observed: (15) We are forced to conclude that particles with a gene-like property of self-reproduction exist in the cytoplasm. Inheritance through the cytoplasm has been verified for a number of plants, animals, protista, and fungi. - A little later Grant refers to a plant experiment undertaken by P. Michaelis (16) in which enucleated cells retaining only the original cytoplasm were supplied with nuclei from other cells. These structurally modified cells were then cultured, and it was demonstrated that "the cytoplasmic constituents responsible for the characters in question maintain their identity and produce their specific action even though under the influence of a foreign nucleus for 24 generations." (17) This would seem to indicate that the hereditary factors in the cytoplasm do, in some cases, have genuine autonomy. Grant was writing in 1964. Since that time the principles of cytoplasmic inheritance have been elaborated somewhat, as may be seen from Alfred Kuhn's treatment of the subject. - 15. Grant, Verne, The Architecture of the Germplasm, Wiley, New York, 1964, p.15. - 16. Ibid., p.19. - 17. Micehaelis, P., "Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Epilogium and its Theoretical Significance" in Advances in Genetics, vol.6 1954, p.287-401. Kuhn published his lectures on developmental physiology in 1971. He observed: (18) The form and size of [certain protozoans] can be modified strongly and in various ways by environmental factors. Certain modifications of form are retained as dauermodifications for a long time after the conditions change, and it often takes a large number of generations before a new form corresponding to the new conditions is acquired. And we shall see in the next chapter, the response of the organism to the environment may be extraordinarily rapid, even in man. Toward the end of his volume, Kuhn wrote: (19) In dauermodifications the consequences of transient environmental influences can last for many cell generations in single-celled organisms and for several individual generations in multi-cellular organisms. The norm of reaction of the cells is in all these cases controlled by alterations of the cytoplasm. . . . In dauermodifications, cytoplasmic components with altered properties must replicate. Thus, in order to understand the nature of determination one is led to the possibility that certain cytoplasmic structures are capable of self-replication and that their relative numbers and properties can he altered by appropriate conditions. That part of the hereditary mechanism lies in the cytoplasm cannot A cytoplasmic property which shows extra-nuclear inheritance has been called the plasmagene or plasmon by von Wettstein. The name plasmagene has been given to the bearer of properties inherited in an extra-nuclear At this point Kuhn lists a number of references to work in this area by E. Caspari (1948-55), F. Ochlkers (1952), P. Michaelis (1954), and R. Hagemann (1964). Thus we come in a kind of circular course from a general acceptance of Lamarck's common-sense doctrine of the inheritance of acquired characters in the early eighteenth century to a position of uncertainty by the mid-nineteenth century, followed by outright rejection in the first half of the twentieth century. And now we are back again to the original position, but on an entirely new basis. As soon as the doctrine began to receive more favourable attention by a few members of the scientific community whose opinion was not to be lightly set aside, then a host of lesser authorities suddenly began to observe any number of potential examples of cytoplasmic inheritance, and a whole new field of experimental inquiry was opened up. Today there is a wide measure of agreement that organisms have the power to improve their fitness by 18. Kuhn, Alfred, Lectures on Developmental Physiology translated by Roger Milkman, Springer-Verlag. New York, 2nd edition, 1971, p.83. 19. Ibid., p.489. adjusting their form and function and passing on these adjustments to their offspring. Nuclear genes do not seem to be involved, and for the most part the older established doctrines of nuclear genetics remain valid. Nuclear genes are indeed surprisingly impervious to environmental pressures, but plasmagenes are not. A way is thus opened for any organism to contribute to the greater fitness of its descendants, and the whole of nature is in a position to reinforce the fitness of things without becoming in bondage to an altered form which in a later reversion of the environment would spell its doom. Copyright © 1988 Evelyn White. All rights Previous Chapter Next Chapter We shall now examine some of the growing evidence that such a mechanism does exist.
Hunters and Trappers Career Video Description: Hunt and trap wild animals for human consumption, fur, feed, bait, or other purposes. Hunters and trappers hear the call of the wild… and answer it. They hunt and trap wild animals for wildlife management… for food… or to harvest their fur. Trappers set up and bait traps in locations they believe will attract animals. They monitor their trap locations to remove any catches or relocate unsuccessful traps. Hunters track and catch or kill animals with rifles or bows. Hunters and trappers usually kill their quarry, butcher it, and stretch pelts on frames to be cured. For wildlife management or research, they may trap animal species to study or relocate. Hunters and trappers need a state license to perform their duties. They also need to seek permission from landowners to hunt on private property. Licenses specify the hunting season, the type and amount of wild animals that may be caught, and the type of weapons or traps that can be used. These careers may require considerable travel to reach hunting areas— whether relying on personal stamina traveling by foot, skis or snowshoes— or for greater distances, relying on an off-road vehicle, such as an ATV or snowmobile. This work appeals to those who like the freedom to make their own decisions… are skilled with using their hands… and enjoy time outdoors without a schedule. It takes resourcefulness to come up with solutions as problems arise, sometimes in dangerous circumstances or bad weather. There are no formal education requirements, but most people in the field have prior recreational hunting and trapping experience.
Needle (Wire) Localized Surgical Breast Biopsy What It Does This procedure will help the surgeon pinpoint the correct area in your breast for biopsy. Before The Exam Find out general instructions about your surgery and procedure. During The Exam 1. A marker will be placed in your breast at the site of the suspicious area that was identified on your mammogram or ultrasound. 2. Two mammogram pictures or ultrasound will be taken to confirm the location of the suspected area. 3. In most cases, a local anesthetic will be injected using a very tiny needle. You may feel a slight sting in your breast at the injection site. 4. The radiologist will insert a needle at the marked site using ultrasound or repeat mammogram images to confirm correct needle placement. 5. When the tip is in the correct position, a small amount of blue dye will be injected through it. 6. The needle will be removed or replaced with a wire. You will be taken to surgery for your biopsy. 7. The tissue removed at surgical biopsy is often sent to radiology for mammogram or ultrasound prior to being sent to pathology for analysis. After The Exam You will be monitored after the surgery and sent home when ready. You will be given home care instructions before being sent home.
Counseling is professional guidance to help a person, family, or group of individuals recognize and deal with issues that are interfering with their mental well-being. Counseling involves regular meetings (sessions) with a qualified counselor, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, licensed professional counselor, or clinical social worker. Counseling, which may also be called psychotherapy or therapy, can be done on an individual, family, or group basis. eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise To learn more visit Healthwise.org © 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
Diesel Locomotives Made in Europe Asturias Railway Museum, Gijón Traction on industrial railways is often associated with steam locomotives, since it was its main driving force for a hundred years, together with animals and the workers themselves. However, over the course of the 20th century, other forms of traction gradually made their way onto this scene, especially as technical progress made them more efficient and reliable. One of the most common forms was by means of internal combustion engines, using both petrol and, especially, diesel. Different drivetrain solutions (i.e. mechanical, hydraulic, electric) were incorporated depending on the manufacturer or the task of the machine itself. Although they started operating in Asturias in the 1910s, they did not become widespread until the 1950s, when they were introduced both on surface lines and in the mechanisation of dragging operations inside the mines. There is a wide variety of this type of locomotives due to the presence of different manufacturers. Among the most interesting ones, the Hunslet was delivered in 1948 to Carbones Asturianos, becoming one of the first to be used on the surface mining railways in the Nalón river valley, with a gauge of 650 millimetres and a mechanical drivetrain. The smaller French-built Comessa came from Antracitas de Gillón to become one of the few machines used in the Narcea mining basin. ENSIDESA's extensive railway network was operated from its earliest days by means of diesel traction. From the wide variety of locomotives available to the public steelworks, the B-15 is worth mentioning. It was built in 1959 by the French company Batignolles as a classic broad-gauge model that represents the characteristics of this country's manufacturers. The German manufacturer Deutz was another major player in this field in Asturias. In 1964, a broad-gauge machine named General Jiménez Alfaro was produced in their workshops for the internal network of the Trubia Weapons Factory. It belonged to a standardised model of this manufacturer, who also delivered a good amount of these machines for several Asturian mining facilities. Deutz not only built locomotives, but also supplied engines to other manufacturers, such as the Spanish company Ferrotrade, based in Madrid. They delivered one of their models to the Soto de Ribera Power Plant. This engine bore the number 2 and has a German-inspired design. It is a peculiar example of a little-known national manufacturer.
- Introduces the main components of literary text (theme and technique, genre and historical context) so that it can be understood, appreciated and analyzed by - Stimulates discussions of the relationships between English texts and Taiwanese/contemporary culture so that students can better understand the texts, their society as well as themselves. - Builds up a collection of texts--with supportive mateirals such as leading questions, authors' photos, related art works, and related websites--for local courses such as Introduction to English Literature and Guided Reading. - Creates more specialized online research/teaching areas on ekphrastic poetry( 讀畫詩), Poetry of the Blues, Canadian film and literature, Medieval liteature, World literatures in English, etc. - Offers relevant links and academic papers in the areas of English Literatures for further studies and research. Im4age Sources: (from top to bottom) 1. My Gems, 1988, W. M. Harnett 2. The Artist's Son, Jean, drawing, 1901, A. Renoir 3. Madonna and child with Saints, c. 1518, R. Fiorentino 4. Senecio, 1922 P. Klee \|請設定800 x 600解析度，32768色，使用Netscape 3.0以上版本獲得最佳效果。 Please set 800 x 600 resolution, 32768 color depth, and Netscape 3.0 & above for best results. Homepage Design 版面設計︰多媒體視教中心朱孝龍與劉紀雯 Databank Construction 資料庫建構︰The English teachers, Copyright 版權所有︰輔大英文系English Department, Fu Jen University 歡迎批評指教, Questions, Comments or Contributions, please
CHAPTER 8: BRITISH EMPIRICISM From The History of Philosophy: A Short Survey by James Fieser Copyright 2008, updated: 1/7/2012 No Innate Ideas Simple and Complex Ideas Primary and Secondary Qualities Natural Rights and Revolution Idealism: No Materials Objects Arguments against Material Objects God and Evil Origin and Association of Ideas Personal Identity and Causality Belief in Miracles Morality: Reason vs. Emotion Radical Skepticism and Natural Belief Questions for Reflection 1. Our five senses clearly give us a lot of information. Is there any knowledge that we obtain without our five senses? 2. Consider the qualities of an apple, and explain which of these belong to the apple itself, and which exist only in our minds. 3. When you look at an object, such as a chair, you typically assume that there really exists a “chair-shaped thing” that is the source of your perceptions of it. What is your evidence that a physical “chair-shaped thing” actually exists? 4. You typically assume that your personal identity remains unified and intact as time passes from one moment to the next. Do you really have a unified conscious experience of yourself from one moment to the next? If so, try to describe it. 5. Some philosophers think that morality involves a rational judgment about objective moral truths, and others think that moral judgments are emotional reactions that we have when we observe people act in certain ways. Does one of these views seem more correct than the other? During the 17th and 18th centuries, Britain certainly had its fair share of rationalist philosophers, particularly of the Platonist variety. However, Britain’s philosophy was soon dominated by an alternative and more scientific view that knowledge is gained primarily or mainly through the five senses. We see this presumption in Francis Bacon’s statement that in our efforts to understand nature we can “can act and understand no further than [we have] . . . observed in either the operation or the contemplation of the method and order of nature” (New Organon, 1.1). Direct experience is foundational for obtaining knowledge, and this position is known as empiricism. During the first half of the 18th century, three great philosophers—Locke, Berkeley and Hume—argued for this approach, thus forming a philosophical movement known as British empiricism. Contrary to the 17th century rationalist philosophers in Continental Europe, these British empiricists largely denied the role of innate ideas and deduction in the quest for knowledge. Instead, they argued, knowledge comes from sensory experience and inductive reasoning. The originator of British empiricism was John Locke (1632–1704), who was born into a Puritan family near Bristol, England, his father being an attorney and government official. He studied at Oxford University and later worked there in various positions, where he took particular interest in the writings of Descartes and other modern thinkers. The direction of Locke’s life shifted dramatically when he accepted employment as the household physician of a prominent British politician who founded the radical Whig party, which opposed the absolute rule of the British monarchy. As public opposition to the King was on the increase during this period, Locke’s association with the Whigs forced him to flee to the Netherlands for his safety. He returned home after the King was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and subsequently published a steady stream of books that he had been working on for some time. The books were instant sensations, and his reputation skyrocketed, rivaling that of Newton. He died at age 72, never having married or produced children. Locke wrote on a range of subjects, including politics, religion, economics and education. His fame as a philosopher, though, rests on his work in two distinct areas. First, as a metaphysical philosopher he expounded the empiricist position that there are no innate ideas and all knowledge comes from experience. He sets this out in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689). Second, as a political philosopher he developed the notion of natural rights in his Two Treatises of Government (1690). We will look at each of these. No Innate Ideas Throughout the history of philosophy it was common to hold that human beings are born with a special set of ideas—innate ideas—that guide us in our quest for truth and certainty. In ancient times Plato held that we have an inborn knowledge of the perfect Forms of justice, piety, goodness, and countless others. In the Renaissance John Calvin held that we are all born with a sense of God. Descartes, the leading Continental rationalist, held that we have an innate idea of ourselves and of infinite perfection. When looking at this long history of belief in innate ideas, Locke said that enough was enough, and he launched a powerful attack on the very concept. For Locke, we simply have no innate ideas, and all notions that we have come to us through experience. It’s important to recognize that Locke was not critical of other types of innate human characteristics, such as coughing or blinking, which are inborn muscle reflexes. His attack focuses exclusively on the ideas that we are born with. The movie “Close Encounters of a Third Kind” illustrates the features of an innate idea. The lead character has an idea of a mountain embedded in his mind by some aliens from outer space. The idea obsesses him to the point that one evening at the supper table he scoops a pile of mashed potatoes onto his plate and then shapes it into the image he has of the mountain. While Locke’s attack on innate ideas certainly applies to the views of Descartes and other Continental rationalists, they were not his immediate target. Instead, according to Locke, there are two types of innate ideas that philosophers commonly allege: speculative ones and practical ones. Good examples of speculative innate ideas, he argues, are the foundational logical concepts that are sometimes dubbed “laws of thought” and associated with Aristotle. Chief among these is the law of identity which simply states that an object is the same as itself, or, in more formal terms, A=A. The chair in front of me is identical to the chair in front of me. The tree in the yard is identical to the tree in the yard. While this seems to be a painfully obvious truth, it does play an important role in logical systems. Next, there is the law of non-contradiction, which Aristotle himself states as follows: “It is impossible for the same thing to belong and not to belong at the same time to the same thing and in the same respect” (Metaphysics, 4.3). The point can be stated more formally as “not (P and not P)”, that is, it is not the case that P and its opposite not-P obtain at the same time. It is impossible for the chair in front of me to exist and not exist at the same time. It is impossible for the apple on the table to be completely red and not completely red at the same time. The second type of alleged innate idea involves practical ones, that is, ideas that regulate moral behavioral practices. Examples of these, according to Locke, are the famous “five common notions” of religion and morality proposed by British philosopher Edward Herbert (1583-1648). They are (1) There exists a supreme God, (2) We should worship God, (3) The best form of worship is proper moral behavior, (4) We should repent for our immoral conduct, (5) We will be rewarded or punished in the afterlife for our conduct on earth. Herbert argued that all humans have an inborn knowledge of these truths and we find these truths exhibited in virtually all religions around the world. Locke has two main arguments against the innateness of ideas, both speculative and practical. First, he argues, people in fact do not universally hold to these ideas, contrary to what defenders of innate ideas typically claim. This is particularly obvious with the laws of thought, which children and mentally challenged people have no conception of whatsoever: If therefore children and idiots have souls, have minds, with those impressions upon them, they must unavoidably perceive them, and necessarily know and assent to these truths. Which since they do not, it is evident that there are no such impressions. For if they are not notions naturally imprinted, how can they be innate? and if they are notions imprinted, how can they be unknown? To say a notion is imprinted on the mind, and yet at the same time to say, that the mind is ignorant of it, and never yet took notice of it, is to make this impression nothing. [Essay, 1.2.12] Locke’s second argument is that it makes no sense to hold that such ideas lie dormant within us, and then blossom when we reach the right age, contrary to what defenders of innate ideas commonly claim. Again, particularly with the laws of thought, children reason perfectly well regarding identity and non-contradiction, yet at the same time are completely incapable of articulating those specific ideas. If these ideas really were innate, then children should be able to verbally express them. As Locke states it, “How many instances of the use of reason may we observe in children, a long time before they have any knowledge of this maxim, ‘That it is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be?’” (ibid). Also, it is obvious that may adults have reached the so-called age of reason, such as the illiterate and those from primitive societies, and yet lack these ideas. These people “pass many years, even of their rational age, without ever thinking on this and the like general propositions.” Simple and Complex Ideas According to Locke, then, we should completely reject the theory of innate ideas and instead look for the true source of our ideas within human experience. His basic position, which encapsulates the entire empiricist approach, is that the mind is from birth a blank slate (or sheet of “white paper” in his words), which gets filled with information through experience. However, the process by which we form our ideas through experience has two main steps. We first acquire simple ideas through experience, and then recombine those simple ideas in different ways to create more complex ideas. Simple ideas are the building blocks from which all other ideas are formed, and, for Locke, there are two main sources of simple ideas. The first and most obvious source is that they come from sensation, specifically our five senses which give us perceptions of colors, tastes, smells, tactile solidity. The color of blue, the taste of sweetness, the tactile sensation of smoothness, the sound of a high-pitched squeak are all basic sensory experiences that are building bocks for our ideas about the external world. Second, there are simple ideas that come to us through reflecting on our mental processes; these are ideas of reflection, or “introspection” as we now call them. I can shut my eyes and think about how my mind operates: how I perceive things through my senses, how I think about problems, how I doubt questionable ideas, how I believe reasonable ideas, how I will to perform actions. According to Locke, “This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself; and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called internal sense” (ibid, 2.1.3). According to Locke, some of our simple ideas come solely through sensation without any introspective reflection, such as our perceptions of colors, sounds and smells. Others come solely through introspective reflection, such as our notions of perceptions of the mental acts of thinking and willing. Nothing that we perceive through our five senses will give us ideas of these. Then there is an especially interesting group of simple ideas that we can get either through sensation or introspective reflection. Pleasure and pain is a good example. I can feel physical pain through my senses as when a candle flame burns me; but I can also experience emotional pain in my mind when a loved one dies. Another example is the notion of causal force, or “power” as 18th century philosophers called it. Through my senses, I see a volcano spew out lava with great causal force. But through introspective reflection I can also experience causal force when I reflect on my own willful decisions, such as when I will to conjure up in my mind the idea of a rock, a tree or a unicorn. My will itself is a causal power. Other ideas that we get through both sensation and reflection are existence, unity, and succession. For Locke, there are countless simple perceptions that flood into our minds through sensation and reflection, in fact so many that we don’t even have names for most of them. But as we store these raw simple notions in our memories, our minds mechanically shuffle them around and create new ones which he calls complex ideas. There are three specific mental processes that form complex ideas. First, some are the result of simply combining together more simple ideas. For example, I can get a complex idea of an apple by assembling the simple ideas of roundness, redness, sweetness, and moistness. Second, some complex ideas involve relations that we get from comparing two things, such as the notions of “larger” and “smaller” that I get when comparing two apples of different sizes. Third, there are complex ideas that result from the mental process of abstraction, such as when I arrive at the abstract notion of “roundness” by looking at an apple and stripping away all of its attributes except for its being round. As the mind then churns out complex ideas from simple ones, the complex ideas will be of two types: ideas of substances and ideas of modes. Ideas of substances are those of individual objects such as such as rocks, trees, houses, animals, people and God. Ideas of modes are attributes of those objects that cannot exist independently of them, such as an apple’s attributes of being round, crunchy and moist. Primary and Secondary Qualities One of Locke’s philosophical claims to fame is his development of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities of objects. The issue involves a distinction between qualities of objects that actually belong to the object itself, and qualities of objects that we impose on them. Suppose, for example, that I made a list of the qualities that I perceive in an apple. It has a round shape, red surface, smooth texture, and a sweet taste. It also has a particular size and weight. Some of these qualities are part of the object itself, and others are qualities that I am imposing on the apple. For Locke, a primary quality is an attribute of that is inseparable for a physical body, and includes solidity, shape, motion, number. These are components that an object retains, regardless of how we might modify the object, such as by cutting it into pieces. He illustrates this by considering changes that we might impose on a grain of wheat: Take a grain of wheat, divide it into two parts; each part has still solidity, extension, figure, and mobility: divide it again, and it retains still the same qualities; and so divide it on, till the parts become insensible; they must retain still each of them all those qualities. For division (which is all that a mill, or pestle, or any other body, does upon another, in reducing it to insensible parts) can never take away either solidity, extension, figure, or mobility from any body, but only makes two or more distinct separate masses of matter, of that which was but one before; all which distinct masses, reckoned as so many distinct bodies, after division, make a certain number. [Ibid, 2.8.9] No matter how much we grind down the grain of wheat, the parts still retain the qualities of solidity and shape which were inherent in the original grain. In contrast with primary qualities, there are also secondary qualities that are spectator-dependent: we impose the attributes onto objects, and these include colors, sounds, and tastes. For example, there is something in the apple that makes it appear red to me, but the redness itself does not reside within the apple but instead is a function of my sense organs and biology. The phenomenon of colorblindness is ample proof of this: while the structure of the apple itself might trigger the perception of redness in my mind, I need to have the appropriately designed eyes to have that perception. So too with other qualities of the apple like taste and smell: the specific sensations of taste and smell directly depend upon the construction of my tongue and nose. Locke adds there is a third type of quality of objects—tertiary qualities—which involves the power that an object has to produce new ideas or sensations in us. For example, the mere sight of an apple may produce a feeling of hunger within me. Being near a fire may produce a feeling of warmth within me. Perhaps the main difference between secondary and tertiary qualities is that with secondary ones we often improperly mistake them for primary attributes of the objects themselves. For example, I might just assume that an apple’s redness is actually part of the apple when, upon reflection, I would see that it clearly isn’t. With tertiary qualities, though, we are less apt to make this mistake; for example, I would never presume that my feeling of hunger resides in the apple itself. Aesthetic feelings, such as the sense of beauty I get when viewing a landscape, might also be included among tertiary qualities. Natural Rights and Revolution Locke’s empiricist views immediately impacted the direction of philosophy for generations to come, particularly in Great Britain. As influential as Locke was in this regard, however, his impact was even greater with his political philosophy. Even today, people around the world are familiar with the idea that the function of governments is to protect our freedoms, and citizens are morally entitled to overthrow governments when they fail to perform that task. This was Locke’s great political contribution to the civilized world. Prior to Locke, the standard view of political authority was a position called the “divine right of kings.” That is, political rulers are put in power by God, and, as God’s representatives on earth, we can never challenge their authority over us. Locke was strongly opposed to this notion, in part because of his personal experience in England where the people recently overthrew their despotic king. Locke supported the overthrow and composed his Two Treatises of Government (1690) to justify rebellion against bad rulers. The starting point for Locke’s theory is the state of nature, that is, the condition that humans were in prior to the creation of societies and governments. Thomas Hobbes, we’ve seen, believed that the state of nature is a place of moral chaos, where might makes right, and everyone is perpetually at war with everyone else to gain the upper hand. Locke, though, is a little more optimistic than Hobbes. Yes, the state of nature sometimes can be brutal, but there still are moral rules that everyone must follow. For Locke, everyone is born with fundamental God-given rights and, even without governments, we have a moral obligation to respect each other’s rights. The four main natural rights are those of life, health, liberty and possessions: The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. [Two Treatises, 2.6] What if someone does violate my rights by mugging me and taking my wallet, for example? Locke’s answer is that I am entitled to punish the mugger: “every one has a right to punish the transgressors of that law to such a degree, as may hinder its violation” (ibid, 2.7). By violating my rights, the mugger has thereby forfeited all of his own rights, including his right to life, and at that point I am fully entitled to hunt him down, punish him, and even kill him as I see fit. The reason for such a harsh reprisal is that, when the mugger attacks me he puts me in a position where I’m fully under his control, and, even if he doesn’t kill me, I have every reason to assume that he might. The mugger has thus declared war on me and, at that point, I have the right to punish him by any means whatsoever. While in the state of nature, vigilante justice is the only recourse we have to retaliate against attackers. Once we create a civil society with a government, however, all that changes. Following Hobbes, Locke argues that we create societies by forming a social contract with each other: we agree to mutually set aside our hostilities in the name of preserving peace. And, to assure that we all follow the rules, we set up a government that has the authority to punish anyone who breaks the rules and thereby violates our basic rights. The whole point of establishing societies and governments to begin with is to preserve our natural rights, particularly, Locke argues, our right to possessions: The reason why men enter into society, is the preservation of their property. And the end why they choose and authorize a legislative, is, that there may be laws made, and rules set, as guards and fences to the properties of all the members of the society, to limit the power, and moderate the dominion, of every part and member of the society. [ibid, 222] What happens, though, when governments fail at their assigned task, and, rather than protecting our rights they undermine them? Locke specifically has in mind a situation in which the government unjustly takes people’s property and reduces them to “slavery under arbitrary power” (ibid, 222). His answer is that we are thrown back into a state of war, this time a war with our government. By violating our rights, the government has forfeited its authority over us, and we are fully entitled to remove the offending government and set up a better one: by this breach of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty, and, by the establishment of a new legislative, (such as they shall think fit) provide for their own safety and security, which is the end for which they are in society. [Ibid, 222] As necessary as governments are for assuring that individual citizens respect each others’ rights, the government itself has a responsibility to uphold its part of the social contract; if it fails in that regard, society is entitled to do what’s necessary to remove it—even start a full-fledged revolution. If it comes to that, according to Locke, the blame lies with the government, not with the revolutionaries. Locke’s justification for revolution was quite radical in his time, especially when other philosophers were arguing that governments have absolute authority over citizens through a divine right of kings, and can never be overthrown. Within a matter of decades, Locke’s rationale was adopted by revolutionary movements in both America and France, as we see specifically in this famous opening to the U.S. Declaration of Independence, penned by Thomas Jefferson: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.—That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,—that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Locke, we’ve seen, stressed that revolution is justified particularly when governments violate our property rights. Jefferson, though, deemphasizes our property rights and implies that the governmental violation of any of our fundamental natural rights may justify revolution. The second major figure in British Empiricism was George Berkeley (1685-1753). Born into a moderately wealthy family near Kilkenny, Ireland, his father was a customs officer who migrated there from England. Berkeley received his B.A. and M.A. degrees from Trinity College, Dublin, and taught there for some years. Still in his twenties he, he wrote his two main philosophical works, upon which his fame today rests: A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) and Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (1713). In his thirties he was ordained into the Anglican Church of Ireland and received is Doctor of Divinity degree. Shortly after, he devised a plan to establish a college in the Bermuda Islands to train ministers and missionaries for the colonies. He traveled to Rhode Island to prepare for the project, but after three years abandoned it when governmental funding for it never came through. He then donated land and books to the newly founded Yale College and returned to Ireland. Back home he was appointed Bishop of Cloyne in south Ireland, a position that he retained for most of the remainder of his life. Berkeley’s fame grew with his many publications, one of the most unusual of which was a work called Siris (1744), which details the medical benefits of tar-water, which he learned from Native Americans years earlier. He died of a stroke at age 67. Idealism: No Material Objects The heart of Berkeley’s philosophy is his theory of idealism: material things do not exist, and all reality exists as perceptions within the minds of spirits. The term “idealism” comes from the word “idea” insofar as the only things that exist are ideas in one’s mind. In that sense, a term like “idea-ism” might have better conveyed its meaning. A good way of understanding Berkeley’s position is to see it as taking Descartes’ evil genius hypothesis seriously. Consider again what Descartes suggested. For all I know, there is no material world whatsoever, and all of my experiences are hallucinations that are imposed into my mind by an evil genius. It might appear that I have a body and am sitting on a chair, but it could be that there is no three-dimensional world at all, and an evil genius is just making those things appear in my mind, while my mind itself floats around without any body. Descartes, we noted, did not actually believe this hypothesis, but only proposed it as a strategy for arriving at certainty about the world around us. Berkeley, however, does take this scenario seriously, although he rejects that there is anything sinister or deceptive about it. This is simply the way that God constructed the world: it is a virtual reality that consists of God continually feeding our spirit-minds sensory information in a very consistent way. Key here for Berkeley is the regularity and consistency with which God feeds our minds sensory data. God stores all sensible perceptions in his mind – in something like a master database – and he feeds them to us at the appropriate time. Imagine that I perceive myself to be in a room conversing with five friends. For Berkeley, the reality is that I and five other spirit-minds are being consistently fed similar sense data by God. Drawing from his master database of perceptions, God feeds us all sense data of walls, tables and chairs within the room. I decide to speak to my friends and say “Did you hear the President’s speech list night?” Drawing again from his master database of perceptions, God then interjects sensory data into all of our minds that portray the image of my mouth moving with audible words coming out. One of my friends decides to respond and say “The President’s speech was an insult to the intelligence of everyone in this country!” Another friend decides to say “I disagree, and think the President properly addressed the concerns of the nation.” In each case, God reads the thoughts of my friends and interjects sensory data into all of our minds, thus portraying them speaking. When we’re done conversing, we decide to get up and leave the room. We might then ask what happens to the empty room since God is no longer feeding us sense perceptions of it. Does the room go out of existence? According to Berkeley, no it does not: God himself is still perceiving the sensory information about the room and it continues to exist in his mind. Indeed, God continually monitors his master database of perceptions, and thus keeps the perceptions active. Berkeley expresses this point with the idealist motto that to be is to be perceived. That is, external things exist only in our minds or in God’s mind. On face value, the idealist position of denying material objects seems ridiculous. The vast majority of us believe that we live in a world of material objects that includes physical things like rocks, houses, chairs, and our own bodies. Berkeley, though, takes the opposite view: it is belief in the existence of material objects that is ridiculous. He writes, It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and in a word all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it in question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the fore-mentioned objects but the things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? [Principles, 4] His point is that when I perceive something like a table, I’m not really experiencing any physical thing, but instead I’m only receiving sensations. This sensory data is all that I really know, and it is a colossal fabrication to assume that some physical thing is the source of my perceptions of the table. Berkeley recognizes that there is indeed some external source of my perception of the table, but that source is God, not some mysterious physical stuff. So natural is this position, he argues, that it is backed by common sense: I am content . . . to appeal to the common sense of the world for the truth of my notion. Ask the gardener why he thinks yonder cherry-tree exists in the garden, and he shall tell you, because he sees and feels it; in a word, because he perceives it by his senses. Ask him why he thinks an orange-tree not to be there, and he shall tell you, because he does not perceive it. What he perceives by sense, that he terms a real, being, and says it is or exists; but, that which is not perceivable, the same, he says, has no being. . . . The question between the materialists and me is not, whether things have a real existence out of the mind of this or that person, but whether they have an absolute existence, distinct from being perceived by God, and exterior to all minds. [Dialogues, 3] Berkeley is classified as an “empiricist” philosopher along with Locke. How, though, can Berkeley be an empiricist if he doesn’t believe in material objects? The answer is that the central point of empiricism involves gaining knowledge through the senses, rather than through innate ideas. And Berkeley wholeheartedly believes that we do acquire all of our knowledge through sense perception. The only issue involves what the source is of those sense perceptions. Whereas Locke believed that material objects feed us sensory information, Berkeley believed that God performs that role, not material things. Arguments against Material Objects As always with philosophy, it’s one thing to simply propose a theory, but quite another to prove it. Berkeley rises to the occasion, though, offering an abundance of arguments for his position. We’ll look at the two most compelling of these. The first is his argument from primary and secondary qualities. According to Locke, the fundamental difference between the two types of qualities is whether they are spectator dependent. Primary ones, such as shape, motion and solidity, are part of the external things themselves and not spectator dependent, where as secondary ones such as colors, sounds and tastes are not part of external things and are spectator dependent. On Locke’s view, primary qualities involve the fundamental nature of external things: they are three-dimensional, have solidity, and move around in a three dimensional area. To believe in external material objects, then, requires a commitment to the reality of primary qualities that exist in things, independently of what a spectator might perceive. Berkeley denies that there are any primary qualities of objects in this sense, and he argues instead that all so-called primary qualities are just as spectator dependent as secondary ones. In other words, all qualities of objects are really secondary and thus spectator dependent. His main argument is here: They who assert that figure, motion, and the rest of the primary or original qualities do exist without the mind in unthinking substances, do at the same time acknowledge that colors, sounds, heat cold, and suchlike secondary qualities, do not- which they tell us are sensations existing in the mind alone, that depend on and are occasioned by the different size, texture, and motion of the minute particles of matter. This they take for an undoubted truth, which they can demonstrate beyond all exception. Now, if it be certain that those original [primary] qualities are inseparably united with the other sensible [secondary] qualities, and not, even in thought, capable of being abstracted from them, it plainly follows that they exist only in the mind. But I desire any one to reflect and try whether he can, by any abstraction of thought, conceive the extension and motion of a body without all other sensible qualities. For my own part, I see evidently that it is not in my power to frame an idea of a body extended and moving, but I must withal give it some color or other sensible quality which is acknowledged to exist only in the mind. [Principles, 10] His main point is that so-called primary qualities are nothing beyond the secondary qualities that we perceive in things. Visual perceptions of shape, for example, are just patches of color, which are secondary. To make his case, Berkeley examines several so-called primary qualities and explains with each one how it is spectator dependent. Take, for example, the quality of extension, that is, three-dimensional shape. Our conceptions of an object’s shape hinge directly on the perspective of the spectator. The leg of a bug, for example, appears exceedingly small to us; to the bug itself it would appear to be a medium sized thing, yet to an even tinier microscopic organism it would appear to be huge. The texture of an object similarly hinges on the perspective from which we examine it. From a distance bug’s leg might appear to be smooth; through a microscope it might appear to be quite coarse. The point is that everything that we know about shape depends upon where we stand in relation to the things that we are perceiving; thus, all notions of shape are spectator dependent. The so-called primary quality of motion is also relative to the perceiver. Imagine, for example, that a leaf is falling from a tree directly in front of a humming bird, a human, and a sloth. How would each of these creatures perceive the leaf’s motion? To the humming bird the leaf’s motion might appear to be so slow as to be almost frozen in time. To the human it would appear to be moving at a normal pace. To the sloth it might appear exceedingly rapid. According to Berkeley, speed and time are measured by the succession of ideas in our minds, which varies in different perceivers. Berkeley’s second argument against material objects is based on the principle of simplicity: there is no real need for the material objects, hence would be a useless creation. Everything we need to perceive sensible qualities is accounted for more efficiently through idealism: God directly feeds us sensory information without creating the material world as a useless middleman. He writes, If therefore it were possible for bodies to exist without the mind, yet to hold they do so, must needs be a very precarious opinion; since it is to suppose, without any reason at all, that God has created innumerable beings that are entirely useless, and serve to no manner of purpose. [Principles, 19] In theory, we might think that God could have created the material world as a middleman if he wanted to, sort of as an instrument to accomplish the task. But even that, according to Berkeley, is inconsistent with God’s nature. Instruments are used only when there is a need. A hammer is a useful instrument since I can’t effectively pound in a nail with my bare hands. My glasses are a useful instrument since I can’t see very well without them. However, God, who has infinite powers, has no needs and thus has no use of any instrument that might help him accomplish some task. Berkeley writes: We indeed, who are beings of finite powers, are forced to make use of instruments. And the use of an instrument shows the agent to be limited by rules of another’s prescription, and that he cannot obtain his end but in such a way, and by such conditions. Whence it seems a clear consequence, that the supreme unlimited agent uses no tool or instrument at all. [Dialogues, 2] Thus, God is perfectly capable of feeding us sensory information directly without the need for him to create the material world as a crutch. God and evil Reconciling God’s existence with the presence of evil in the world has been a central concern among philosophers since at least the time of Augustine. Why would an all good God permit the enormous amount of suffering that we see in the world around us? The problem is especially acute for Berkeley’s theory since God not only permits suffering, but he also seems to be the originator of suffering as he injects all external sensory information into our minds. Imagine again that I perceive myself to be in a room conversing with five friends about the President’s speech. All of my perceptions of the room itself are implanted directly into my mind by God; the dialogue that I’m having with my friends also depends upon God feeding each of us sensations of our voices and bodily images. Suppose that our political conversation becomes heated, a fight erupts and in a fit of anger my friend throws me out the window; my spine is broken and I’m paralyzed for life from my neck down. Let’s now see what God’s role was in this tragedy. First, he enabled the controversy by mediating the sensory information of the dialogue. When things became heated, he could have just cut off the flow of perceptions. Second, since, according to Berkeley’s theory, I have no physical body, God alone is the source of whatever physical pain I experience from my so-called “physical injury”. Third, God is directly responsible for whatever continued incapacity I have as a quadriplegic. God decides to shut off all perceptions I might have of bodily movement and sensation in my arms and legs, and I’m stuck with that for life. While I and my friends are certainly morally responsible for our respective roles, God is nevertheless an active participant and conspirator in how I am affected. Berkeley has two responses to this criticism. First, he argues that the problem with God and evil is no more severe with his idealist theory than it is for those who believe in the existence of matter. In both cases, God is actively involved in sustaining a world that includes immorality and suffering. If a material world does exist, then it would just be an instrument in God’s hands, and a person is just as morally responsible whether or not he used an instrument. He writes, the imputation of guilt is the same, whether a person commits an action with or without an instrument. In case therefore you suppose God to act by the mediation of an instrument or occasion, called matter, you as truly make Him the author of sin as I, who think Him the immediate agent in all those operations vulgarly ascribed to Nature. [Dialogues, 3] Technically, this response does not attempt to solve the problem of God and evil, but only maintains that there is no extra problem added to the situation by endorsing Berkeley’s idealism. Berkeley’s second response, though, does attempt to solve the problem in a more positive way. According to Berkeley, evil does not consist of outward actions, but inward attitudes: I farther observe that sin or moral turpitude does not consist in the outward physical action or motion, but in the internal deviation of the will from the laws of reason and religion. This is plain, in that the killing an enemy in a battle, or putting a criminal legally to death, is not thought sinful; though the outward act be the very same with that in the case of murder. Since, therefore, sin does not consist in the physical action, the making God an immediate cause of all such actions is not making Him the Author of sin. [Dialogues, ibid] Thus, when God feeds us sensory information that involves immorality or is painful, his motives are pure. It is as though he is performing the role of a messenger or delivery service; sometimes the information is good, sometimes not so good. But we shouldn’t blame the messenger when we don’t like what he delivers. Ultimately the fault rests with the person who initially sent the message, not delivered it. With the present example, the fault rests solely with me and my friends. The last of the great British empiricists was David Hume (1711-1776), who pushed empiricism to its skeptical conclusions. Hume was born near Edinburgh, Scotland into a moderately wealthy family, but the bulk of the family fortune went to Hume’s older brother after their father died, thus forcing Hume to be frugal for some decades. Educated in law at his family’s direction, he quickly abandoned that career and devoted himself to the study of philosophy. In his teens wrestled with the question of God’s existence, balancing the arguments on both sides, and soon rejected the notion of an all powerful divine being. In his early twenties he wrote the manuscript of his most important work, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740). To Hume’s disappointment, it received little attention, and the discussion that it did generate was highly critical. Blaming its failure on the work’s technical style, he rewrote and published portions of it in a more reader-friendly format. Hume hoped to work as a philosophy teacher at one of Edinburgh’s universities, but the skeptical and anti-religious nature of his writings poisoned his efforts, and instead he took on temporary jobs in government and as a librarian. With a steady flow of publications, branching out into history as well as philosophy, by his mid forties he became one of the most famous—and controversial—authors in Europe. His wealth grew with his fame. In spite of the skeptical tone of his writings, Hume was a cheerful person and enjoyed socializing with people at all levels of society. Though he never married, he was well received by “modest women” as he words it in his autobiography. One of his friends was the controversial French author Jean Jacque Rousseau, who took political refuge in Hume’s home for a short time. Rousseau had mental problems, though, and, turning on his generous host, he publicly accused Hume of trying to sabotage his reputation. The event turned into an international scandal, and the two never reconciled. Hume died at age 65 from a digestive disorder that lingered for a year and left him emaciated. On his deathbed, crowds of people gathered around his Edinburgh home, curious to know whether he would repent of his irreligion. He held firm in his disbelief, and, in fact, one of his final acts was to plan for the posthumous publication of his most anti-religious writing, which he felt was too controversial to appear in print while he was alive. Origin of and Association of Ideas In his own day, as now, Hume had a notorious reputation as a skeptical philosopher, and in many ways he carried on the skeptical tradition forged in ancient Greece. Much of Hume’s skepticism, though, results from pushing the empiricist agenda to its logical conclusion. There are two main building blocks upon which his empiricist philosophy is founded. The first of these concerns the origin of ideas. Thoughts and ideas flow through our minds endlessly – ideas of people, houses, music concerts, scientific discoveries, God, on and on. Where do they all come from? Hume’s answer is that all of our ideas come from two types of experiences, or impressions as he calls them: (1) outward impressions through our five senses and (2) inward impressions through reflection on our mental operations. For example, the idea I have of the color red ultimately came from some outward sensory experience that I had of the color red that was stored in my memory. The idea I have of fear similarly came from an inward feeling of fear that I experienced in the past. He writes, though our thought seems to possess this unbounded liberty, we shall find, upon a nearer examination, that it is really confined within very narrow limits. . . . When we think of a golden mountain, we only join two consistent ideas, gold, and mountain, with which we were formerly acquainted. . . . In short, all the materials of thinking are derived either from our outward or inward sentiment: The mixture and composition of these belongs alone to the mind and will. Or, to express myself in philosophical language, all our ideas or more feeble perceptions are copies of our impressions or more lively ones. [Enquiry, 2] Hume offers two proofs for his position that all ideas are copied from impressions. First, he says that if you take any idea you have and examine its components, you’ll find that it traces back to outward or inward one or more sensory experience or inward feeling. Second, he says that, if you go your entire life without having a particular type of sensation, then you would lack the corresponding idea of that sensation. For example, “a blind man can form no notion of colors.” On face value, Hume’s view is innocent enough, and he seems to just be reiterating Locke’s position that experience is the source of all our mental contents. What Hume does with this, though, is quite radical insofar as he transforms it into a theory of meaning. For my ideas to have any meaning, they must be grounded in some impression that I’ve had. An idea is meaningless, then, if I cannot trace it back to any impression. He writes, When we entertain, therefore, any suspicion that a philosophical term is employed without any meaning or idea (as is but too frequent), we need but enquire, from what impression is that supposed idea derived? And if it be impossible to assign any, this will serve to confirm our suspicion. By bringing ideas into so clear a light we may reasonably hope to remove all dispute, which may arise, concerning their nature and reality. [Ibid] For example, if I have an idea of an all-powerful divine being, but I’ve never had any impression of something that is all powerful or divine, then my idea is without meaning. Whatever I idea I do have of God – regardless of whether God even exists – it must be grounded in impressions that I’ve had. It is this theory of meaning that leads Hume down the path of skepticism as he explores one philosophical theory after another. In fact, he believes that much of traditional philosophy and religion can be dismissed as meaningless since it fails this test. The second building block of Hume’s empiricism is his theory of the association of ideas. Suppose that I sit down on a couch and let my mind wander where it will. I think about the President, then Japan, then my car, then a telephone pole, then a railroad track, then an old apartment I lived in. It is tempting to think that I am conjuring up these ideas spontaneously without any organization behind them. Not so, Hume argues. Our flow of ideas is connected together by three principles of association. First is resemblance, where one thought leads to another because of resembling features that they have. For example, if I look at a photograph of a friend, I’ll start thinking about that friend. Second is contiguity, that is, one thing being in close proximity to another. For example, if someone says something about a store in a shopping mall, I might then think about the store located next to it. Third is cause and effect. For example, if I look at a scar on my arm, I immediately start thinking about the accident I had that caused me to get the scar. These three principles alone, according to Hume, are responsible for all mental association that our minds make in the normal flow of ideas. With the above example, my thought about the President leads me to think about Japan since he recently visited there (contiguity); Japan is where my car was built (causality); my car is parked next to a telephone pole (contiguity); the telephone pole is covered with the same kind of black tar that’s on railroad ties (resemblance); my old apartment was along side a railroad track (contiguity). Hume says that “The more instances we examine, and the more care we employ, the more assurance shall we acquire, that the enumeration, which we form from the whole, is complete and entire” (Enquiry, 3). Personal Identity and Causality Hume’s skepticism emerges quite clearly with his treatment of two philosophical notions, namely personal identity and causality. In both of these cases his skeptical conclusions arise from applying the theory of meaning described above. If the traditional ideas of causality and personal identity are to be meaningful, then we must be able to trace those ideas back to some impression. In each case, though, there are problems locating an impression that is suitable for forming these ideas. Let’s start with the idea of personal identity. The traditional notion of personal identity held by Descartes and other philosophers is that it is a single, unified substance that continues through time. On this view, I am a single conscious entity, and, even though my specific thoughts change, my identity remains intact throughout time, and perhaps even into the afterlife. The critical question for Hume, then, is “what impression is the basis of this traditional idea of personal identity?” His skeptical answer is that we have no actual experience—or internal impression—of a unified, continuous self; thus the traditional notion of personal identity is meaningless. If I introspectively examine the actual experience I have of my identity, I’ll discover that it consists only of various perceptions that come and go, such as feelings of heat or cold. He writes, For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call myself, I always stumble on some particular perception or other, of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I never can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can observe any thing but the perception. . . . The mind is a kind of theatre, where several perceptions successively make their appearance; pass, repass, glide away, and mingle in an infinite variety of postures and situations. There is properly no simplicity in it at one time, nor identity in different. . . . [Treatise, 1.4.6] Thus, the inward impression that I have of my identity is that of an ever-shifting bundle of perceptions, and this is the impression that must form the basis of my true notion of personal identity. Hume analyzes the traditional notion of causality in the same way, first attempting to discover some impression that forms the idea, then abandoning the traditional notion when the appropriate impression can’t be found. Let’s begin with a simple example of a cause-effect connection, which Hume himself uses: billiard ball A strikes billiard ball B and causes it to move. The traditional notion of causality is that there is an external power or force that causes ball A to strike and move ball B, independently of what you or I might perceive when we watch the balls move. Think of it like an invisible explosion that occurs when A strikes B and forces it to move. That is, there is an objective necessary connection between the cause and effect. Applying Hume’s theory of meaning, for this idea of necessary connection to be meaningful, we need to discover the impression which forms the basis of it. One possibility is that we perceive an outward impression through our five senses that forms the idea of an objective necessary connection. But do we? Suppose that when ball A struck ball B, it produced a flash of light and a loud boom, and, in fact, that every causal connection we saw was similarly accompanied by a light flash and a boom. If that was the case, then, yes, we would have a very strong outward impression that would give us the idea of an objective necessary connection. But that’s not what happens. When A strikes and moves B, all that appears to our eyes is the motion of two balls, and that’s it. He writes, When we look about us towards external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover any power or necessary connection; any quality, which binds the effect to the cause, and renders the one an infallible consequence of the other. We only find, that the one does actually, in fact, follow the other. The impulse of one billiard- ball is attended with motion in the second. This is the whole that appears to the outward senses. [Enquiry, 7] He next considers whether there is any inward impression that forms the idea of necessary connection. Locke had suggested one possibility: we experience a feeling of causal power when we willfully move parts of our bodies, such as when I raise my arm. Here we have a causal sequence where the cause is my mental decision and the effect is the raising of my arm. Since the causal sequence is taking place within my own mind, I am thus capable of directly experiencing a feeling of causal power or necessary connection when I willfully raise my arm. But Hume rejects this as well, since we don’t have a clear experience of how or where such willful bodily motion takes place. Indeed, I do mentally experience my willful decision (the cause) and I do see and feel my arm move (the effect), but I don’t experience anything that links them. I don’t feel a special electrical shock or anything unique to the necessary connection by itself. In the absence of an appropriate outward or inward impression, we must then reject the traditional notion of necessary connection as an objective force or invisible explosion. He suggests an alternative, though. There is a more moderate notion of necessary connection that comes from an inward feeling of expectation that occurs when we repeatedly see A followed by B. Consider again the example of billiard balls: it is only after repeatedly seeing ball A move B that our minds feel a transition from the cause to the effect. He writes, The first time a man saw the communication of motion by impulse, as by the shock of two billiard balls, he could not pronounce that the one event was connected: But only that it was conjoined with the other. After he has observed several instances of this nature, he then pronounces them to be connected. What alteration has happened to give rise to this new idea of connection? Nothing but that he now feels these events to be connected in his imagination, and can readily foretell the existence of one from the appearance of the other. [Ibid] In the end, Hume does not completely reject the idea of necessary connection and causality. But he does reject the traditional idea of it being something like a primary quality within objects themselves. Instead, he suggests that necessary connection is like a secondary quality that we spectators impose onto A-B sequences when we repeatedly see A and B conjoined. It’s just a habit of our minds, not a reality in the objects themselves. Belief in Miracles One of Hume’s lifelong goals was to help rid the world of religious superstition and fanaticism, and nowhere is this better seen than with his attack on the belief in miracles. To properly understand exactly what Hume is criticizing, three things need to be clarified. First, Hume as in mind a very precise notion of the term “miracle”, which is that it is a violation of a law of nature. It is not simply an unusual event that occurs at just the right moment, such as if I’m saved from drowning by grabbing onto a vine that just happens to be hanging from a tree within my reach. Rather, it must break some law of nature, such as if my arm gets chopped off and a new one instantly appears. Second, Hume focuses specifically on reports of miracles—stories about miracles that we hear about from other people or read about in books such as the Bible. He does not consider miracles that we might directly witness ourselves. Third, Hume focuses on whether it is reasonable for us to believe reports of miracles, not whether the miraculous event actually took place. It is impossible for us to go back in time and prove with absolute certainty whether any reported miracle was genuine. The best we can do is consider whether the evidence in support of a miracle report is compelling enough for us to believe the report. Hume’s precise position, then, is that it is never reasonable to believe reports of violations of laws of nature. Hume offers a series of arguments against belief in miracles, but his main one is this: it is never reasonable to believe in reports of miracles since those reports will always be outweighed by stronger evidence for consistent laws of nature. Suppose, for example, that the Mayor and all the city officials say that they witnessed a genuine miracle. As they report, a car rammed into city hall, causing the wall to collapse, but seconds later all the smashed pieces of the wall floated into the air, and reassembled themselves just as they were before. Should we believe their report? According to Hume, our first step is to weigh the evidence for and against this miracle, sort of like we were placing the evidence in the pans of a balance scale. On the one side, the evidence that we have in favor of the miracle is the credibility of the witnesses. They are reporting what they’ve seen with their eyes, and we know from past experience that they are people of their word. On the other side, the evidence against the miracle consists of the accumulated experience that we have in favor of uniform laws of nature. The natural world behaves in an orderly way based to natural laws. We count on this every moment of the day as when, for example, I open a door and expect it to swing on a hinge, rather than do something like transform into a bird and fly away. According to Hume, the evidence that we have in favor of consistent laws of nature is overwhelming, and will always outweigh even the best evidence in favor of a reported miraculous violation of a law of nature. He writes, A miracle is a violation of the laws of nature; and as a firm and unalterable experience has established these laws, the proof against a miracle, from the very nature of the fact, is as entire as any argument from experience can possibly be imagined. . . . There must, therefore, be a uniform experience against every miraculous event, otherwise the event would not merit that appellation [i.e., that title]. And as a uniform experience amounts to a proof, there is here a direct and full proof from the nature of the fact against the existence of any miracle. . . . [Enquiry, 10] For Hume, since miracles are defined as violations of laws of nature, any alleged miracle report is instantly outweighed by overwhelming evidence that we have of consistent laws of nature. The wise thing to do, Hume says, is to proportion our belief to the evidence. With the above City Hall example, we should thus disbelieve the report that the wall miraculously reassembled itself since the evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of consistent laws of nature. In addition to this main argument against belief in miracles, Hume offers four additional criticisms. First, he says, the witnesses who report miracles typically lack credibility. Sometimes they lack sufficient education and good sense, which makes them gullible. Other times they are consciously deceptive. Even in the above example of the City Hall miracle, our first reaction would be to suspect that the Mayor and the city officials concocted the story to hide something politically sensitive. Second, Hume argues that human beings are predisposed to enjoy hearing sensational stories, and this creates an instant audience for accounts of miraculous events. In recent times, we see this in the success of tabloid publications such as the National Enquirer that specialize in stories about alien abductions, monsters such as Bigfoot, and every possible type of miracle. This vulnerability within human nature itself casts doubt on the truth of such sensational claims. Third, Hume states that reports of miracles typically come from pre-scientific and primitive countries whose cultures are obsessed with the supernatural. The most ordinary natural events are ascribed to supernatural causes, and reliance on omens and oracles is the norm. The very location of such miracle reports counts against their credibility. Fourth, Hume argues that reports of miracles support rival religious systems, and thus nullify each other. There are reports of miracles within virtually every religious tradition around the world. Christian miracles support the Christian plan of salvation. Muslim miracles support the Muslim plan of salvation, and so on. The problem is that these religions are rivals to each other and typically discredit the others’ legitimacy. Taken as a whole, then, rival miracle reports are mutually undermining. Hume recognizes that the Christian religious tradition not only contains reports of miracles, but is in fact founded on miraculous circumstances in the lives of the Biblical characters. Nevertheless, Hume argues, the reasonable thing to do even here is to disbelieve these reports. In fact, belief in such miracle stories is so irrational that it would take an act of God to make an otherwise reasonable person suspend “all the principles of his understanding” and make him believe a miracle story that “is most contrary to custom and experience” (ibid). Morality: Reason vs. Sentiment Throughout the history of philosophy, the traditional conception of morality was that it consists of objective universal truths that can be discovered through human reason. Plato’s view of the forms is the clearest example of this. For Plato, moral standards such as justice and goodness exist independently of human society in the higher spirit-realm of the forms. And, for Plato, it takes a mental act of reason to grasp moral truths, in much the way it takes an act of reason to grasp mathematical truths which also reside in the realm of the forms. This is largely the view of morality that moral philosophers in Hume’s day held: we discover objective universal moral principles through reason. Hume rejects this view: morality is not grounded in an objective feature of the external world, but rather on internal mental feelings of pleasure and pain. Hume’s main argument for his position is that, as hard as we may try, we can never discover any special fact about an action that makes it either moral or immoral – either within the physical act itself or in any alleged higher realm of moral truths. All that we will find is a feeling of pleasure or pain in reaction to the action. He writes, Take any action allowed to be vicious; willful murder, for instance. Examine it in all lights, and see if you can find that matter of fact, or real existence, which you call vice. In whichever way you take it, you find only certain passions, motives, volitions, and thoughts. There is no other matter of fact in the case. The vice entirely escapes you, as long as you consider the object. You never can find it, till you turn your reflection into your own breast, and find a sentiment of disapprobation, which arises in you, towards this action. Here is a matter of fact; but it is the object of feeling, not of reason. It lies in yourself, not in the object. So that when you pronounce any action or character to be vicious, you mean nothing, but that from the constitution of your nature you have a feeling or sentiment of blame from the contemplation of it. [Treatise, 3.1.1] Thus, morality does not involve making a rational judgment about some objective moral facts. Instead, moral assessments are just emotional reactions. If I see someone robbing a bank and determine that action to be morally wrong, I am not making a rational judgment about some objective moral truth or fact; rather, I am experiencing a feeling of emotional pain, and that feeling constitutes my negative assessment of the robber. Using the terminology of primary and secondary qualities, Hume’s point is that morality is not a primary quality that’s part of external things, but is instead like a secondary quality that spectators impose onto actions. He writes, “Vice and virtue, therefore, may be compared to sounds, colors, heat, and cold, which, according to modern philosophy, are not [primary] qualities in objects, but perceptions in the mind” (ibid). As obvious as this all seems to Hume, he notes that most moral theories insist on linking moral assessments with some factual judgment of reason. They begin by listing some kind of fact, such as a fact about moral Forms, moral truths, divine commands; from these facts, then, they immediately jump to some moral statement, such as “Stealing is wrong”. He makes this point here: In every system of morality which I have hitherto met with, I have always remarked, that the author proceeds for some time in the ordinary way of reasoning, and establishes the being of a God, or makes observations concerning human affairs; when of a sudden I am surprised to find, that instead of the usual copulations of propositions, is, and is not, I meet with no proposition that is not connected with an ought, or an ought not. The problem, for Hume, is that you just can’t rationally deduce a statement of moral obligation from a statement of fact—stated more succinctly, you cannot derive ought from is. Rather, the obligation comes from feeling, not from deduction of facts. When I see a bank robber and state that “The robber’s act of stealing is wrong”, I am expressing the painful feelings that I am experiencing. Thus, statements of moral obligation are introduced through an emotional reaction, not through a rational deduction. Radical Skepticism and Natural Belief Hume was a chronically skeptical philosopher, and we’ve already seen several expressions of this. He began with a theory of meaning that ruthlessly dismembers any concept that is not grounded in an outward or inward impression, and the first victims were traditional notions of personal identity and causality. He questioned the legitimacy of belief in miracles and, in essence, called into doubt anything supernatural. Finally, he attacked the traditional notion of rationally perceived moral truths, and reduced moral assessments to emotional reactions. But there is an even more radical skepticism within Hume’s philosophy that goes beyond these particular issues. According to Hume, the underlying structure of human reason itself is inherently flawed, and thus completely untrustworthy. Specifically, the human reasoning process, even at its very best, is on a collision course with itself and regularly contradicts itself. If we follow one rational train of thought we reach conclusion A; if we follow a different rational train of thought we reach a conflicting conclusion “not A”. It’s like a computer that is running two incompatible programs that eventually cause the computer to crash. Hume describes this collision course here: The intense view of these manifold contradictions and imperfections in human reason has so wrought upon me, and heated my brain, that I am ready to reject all belief and reasoning, and can look upon no opinion even as more probable or likely than another. Where am I, or what? From what causes do I derive my existence, and to what condition shall I return? Whose favor shall I court, and whose anger must I dread? What beings surround me? and on whom have I any influence, or who have any influence on me? I am confounded with all these questions, and begin to fancy myself in the most deplorable condition imaginable, environed with the deepest darkness, and utterly deprived of the use of every member and faculty. [Treatise, 1.4.7] For Hume, then, the most central questions about human existence are incapable of being adequately answered because of the inherent flaws in the human reasoning process. Whatever reason tells us about these matters can never be fully trusted, and thus we slide down the slope of philosophical despair. Amidst all this skepticism and despair, though, Hume has a strangely optimistic solution. Human nature has embedded within us some very concrete natural beliefs which enable us to get through the day. Nature forces us to believe in external objects, causal relationships, personal identity, moral responsibility and a host of other notions that are crucial for our normal routines. These are not innate ideas per se, but are normal beliefs about the world that emerge through natural inclinations. For example, when I look at a chair and I’m naturally inclined to think that it exists in the external world exactly as I perceive it. The fact that we have these natural beliefs doesn’t mean that they are entirely true, and Hume warns that many are not. However, they are functionally important for our lives. Also, they serve as a natural antidote to philosophical despair. When radical skepticism causes us to mentally crash, all that we need to do is back off from our philosophical inquiries and let our natural beliefs take over: “Nature herself suffices to that purpose, and cures me of this philosophical melancholy and delirium” (ibid). Hume warns that natural beliefs are no replacement for philosophical inquiry, which, even with all its skepticism, is still important to keep us from giving in to gullibility and superstition. As flawed as human reason is, it is still preferable to “superstition of every kind or denomination” (ibid). Questions for Review Please answer all of the following questions for review. 1. What are Locke’s main arguments against innate ideas? 2. Explain Locke’s distinction between ideas of sensation and ideas of reflection. 3. What are the three mental processes involved in forming complex ideas? 4. What is Locke’s distinction between primary and secondary qualities? 5. Explain Locke’s view of natural rights and the justification of revolution. 6. Explain Berkeley’s idealism and God’s role as the source of perceptions. 7. What are Berkeley’s arguments for idealism from primary/secondary qualities and simplicity. 8. What are Berkeley’s two solutions to the problem of God and evil? 9. What is Hume’s view of the origin of ideas and the association of ideas? 10. Explain Hume’s view of personal identity. 11. Explain Hume’s view of necessary connection. 12. What is Hume’s main argument against miracles? 13. Explain Hume’s view about emotion and moral judgment. 14. Explain Hume’s view of radical skepticism and natural belief. Questions for Analysis Please select only one question for analysis from those below and answer it. 1. Locke argued that if ideas such as Aristotle’s laws of thought were truly innate, then children and retarded people would have some knowledge of them. Explain his argument and try to refute it. 2. Berkeley argued that, just as secondary qualities don't exist outside of the mind, primary qualities don't either. Explain his argument and try to refute it. 3. Hume argued that all ideas are copies of some kind of impression. Explain his argument and try to refute it. 4. Hume argued that we have no idea of a continuous and unified self. Explain his argument and try to refute it. 5. Hume argued that the idea of necessary connection derives from a feeling of expectation which habitually results from observing two constantly conjoined events. Explain his argument and try to refute it. 6. Write a dialogue between Plato and Hume, where Plato defends the view that moral assessments are rational judgments about moral Forms, and Hume holds the view that moral assessments are just emotional reactions.
Almost every culture — the Hebrews, Egyptians, Persians, Saxons, Huns — had a pledging of honor with a glass, Dickson says. But it wasn't always called a toast. The term didn't come about until the late 17th century. In the same way you throw a lime in tequila, it was customary to plop a piece of toast or crouton in a drink, Dickson says. Think of it as an early form of a cocktail snack. "It may have been a flavoring device," he says. "The practice was common, and virtually anything found floating in a drink was referred to as toast." Origins Of The 'Clink' And the clinking of glasses? Dickson says that toasting flair didn't popularize until the early days of Christianity. Many believed the bell-like noise would drive off the devil — which was most dangerous in times of drinking and reveling. But that's just one theory. Another legend contends that by adding the clink, toasters could get the greatest pleasure from a drink, Dickson says. Before the clink, toasts only satisfied four of the five senses. And there's a third theory. Though Dickson's research can't confirm or deny this one, many believe the clinking of glasses began as a way for nobles to avoid being poisoned. The tale goes that the clank would slosh liquid from one drink to the other, reassuring the guest that his or her drink was safe and untouched. The Road To The American Toast Regardless of the reason, many in those early days drank to health, hospitality and honor. But every culture practiced different customs — some a bit strange. The Irish tended to recite blessings, whereas young Englishmen in the 17th century toasted sour drinks to profess their love. "The practice called for men to show their affection for a woman by stabbing themselves in the arm, mixing their blood in their wine, and drinking to the lady in question," Dickson explains. In Scotland, it was customary to drink sparingly during the meal and then bring in a large punch bowl filled with whiskey, hot water and sugar after dinner. The drinking sometimes lasted eight to 10 hours, Dickson says. And as for early Americans — they adopted the tradition of toasting quite readily. But their ritual was largely directed to America as a patriotic gesture. They toasted to the new republic and the experiment of democracy. "After the [Revolutionary] War, no official dinner or celebration was complete without 13 toasts, one for each state," writes Dickson. "For many years, the 13 toasts were obligatory at local Fourth of July celebrations." Today, the ritual of toasting seems more popular than ever, perhaps a product of movies and cultural references, Dickson says. Toasts have also evolved into something of a verbal souvenir: "It's something you take home with you as sort of a remembrance of that time." We'll certainly do that on Monday night. Copyright 2012 National Public Radio.
Stands for "Database Management System." In short, a DBMS is a database program. Technically speaking, it is a software system that uses a standard method of cataloging, retrieving, and running queries on data. The DBMS manages incoming data, organizes it, and provides ways for the data to be modified or extracted by users or other programs. Some DBMS examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle, RDBMS, dBASE, Clipper, and FoxPro. Since there are so many database management systems available, it is important for there to be a way for them to communicate with each other. For this reason, most database software comes with an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) driver that allows the database to integrate with other databases. For example, common SQL statements such as SELECT and INSERT are translated from a program's proprietary syntax into a syntax other databases can understand.
Beginning of new Hebrew month of Adar. Adar is the 12th month of the Hebrew year. Corresponds to February or March on the Gregorian calendar. Month Number: 12 Number of Days: 29 Gregorian Equivalent: February–March The most important events in Jewish history during the month of Adar 1 Adar – (1313 BCE) – Plague of Darkness - The ninth plague to be cast upon the Egyptians for their refusal to release the Israelites from slavery was a thick darkness across the entire land so “no man saw his fellow, and no man could move from his place” (Exodus 10:23). This started on the 1st of Adar, six weeks before the Exodus. 1 Adar – (1164) – Death of the Ibn Ezra 1 Adar – (circa 1663) – Death of the Shach 3 Adar – (515 BCE) – Second Temple completed 4 Adar – (1307) – Maharam‘s body ransomed 4 Adar – (1796) – Death of Rabbi Leib Sarah’s 7 Adar – (1393 and 1273 BCE) – Moses‘ birth and passing - Moses was born in Egypt on the 7th of Adar of the Hebrew year 2368 (1393 BCE) and is said to have died on his 120th birthday, Adar 7, 2488 (1273 BCE) 7 Adar – (1828) – Death of Rebbe Isaac Taub of Kalov 9 Adar – The day, approximately 2,000 years ago, on which the initially peaceful and constructive conflict (machloket l’shem shamayim) between Beit Hillel and Beit Shammai, erupted into a violent and destructive conflict over a vote on 18 legal matters leading to the death of 3,000 students. The day was later declared a fast day, by the shulchan aruch, however, it was never observed as such. 11 Adar – 18th century – Death of Reb Eliezer Lipman 13 Adar – (522 BCE) – war against enemies of the Jews in Persia - On the 13th of Adar of the Hebrew year 522 BCE, battles were fought throughout the Persian Empire between the Jews and those seeking to kill them in accordance with the decree issued by King Achashveirosh eleven months earlier. (Achashveirosh never rescinded that decree; but after the hanging of Haman on Nissan 16 of the previous year, and Queen Esther‘s pleading on behalf of her people, he agreed to issue a second decree authorizing the Jews to defend themselves against those seeking to kill them.) 75,000 enemies were killed on that day, and 500 in the capital, Shushan, including Haman’s ten sons (Parshandata, Dalfon, Aspata, Porata, Adalia, Aridata, Parmashta, Arisai, Aridai and Vaizata), whose bodies were subsequently hanged. The Jews did not take any of the possessions of the slain as booty, though authorized to do so by the king’s decree. (The Book of Esther, chapter 9). 13 Adar – (161 BCE) – Maccabee victory / Yom Nicanor 13 Adar (5746-1986) – Rabbi Moshe Feinstein passes away. 14 Adar – (1393 BCE) – Moses‘ brit milah - Moses was born on the 7th of Adar of the Hebrew year 2368 (1393 BCE); accordingly, Adar 14 was the 8th day of his life and the day on which he was circumcised in accordance with the divine command to Abraham. 14 Adar – (522 BCE) – Purim victory celebrated - The festival of Purim celebrates the salvation of the Jewish people from Haman‘s plot “to destroy, kill and annihilate all the Jews, young and old, infants and women, in a single day.” SeeTimeline. 15 Adar – (522 BCE) – Purim Victory Celebrated in Shushan 15 Adar – (1st century CE) – Jerusalem Gate Day - King Agrippa I (circa 21 CE) began construction of a gate for the wall of Jerusalem; the day used to be celebrated as a holiday. 17 Adar – (522 BCE) – Yom Adar - The day the Jewish people left Persia following the Purim story 20 Adar – (1st century BCE) – Choni the Circle Maker prays for rain - “One year, most of Adar went by and it didn’t rain. They sent for Choni the Circle Maker. He prayed and the rains didn’t come. He drew a circle, stood in it and said: ‘Master of The World! Your children have turned to me; I swear in Your great name that I won’t move from here until You have pity on Your children.’ The rains came down.” (Talmud, Taanit 23a) 20 Adar – (1640) – Death of the “Bach” 21 Adar (Adar II in leap years)– (1786) – Death of Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk - Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk, also known as Noam Elimelech was a great Chassidic Rebbe, and a prominent student of Rabbi DovBer, the great Maggid of Mezeritch. Rabbi Elimelech was the brother of Rabbi Zusha of Hanipol– also a prominent Tzaddik and a student of the Maggid. Among the students of Rabbi Elimelech are several prominent Rebbes, including: The Seer- Chozeh of Lublin, Rebbe Menachem Mendel of Rimanov, The Maggid of Kozhnitz, Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Heshel- The Apter Rov, Rabbi Naftali Zvi of Ropshitz, Rabbi Kalynomus Kalman Epstein, Rebbe Dovid Lelover. 23 Adar – (1312 BCE) – Mishkan assembled for the 1st time; “Seven Days of Training” begin. - During the week of Adar 23-29, the Mishkan was erected each morning and dismantled each evening; Moses served as the High Priest and initiated Aaron and his four sons into the priesthood. Then, on the “eighth day,” the 1st of Nissan, the Mishkan was “permanently” assembled (that is, put up to stand until the God-given command would come to journey on), Aaron and his sons assumed the priesthood, and the divine presence came to dwell in the Mishkan. 23 Adar – (1866) – Death of 1st Rebbe of Ger 24 Adar – (1817) – Blood Libel declared false 25 Adar – (561 BCE) – Nebuchadnezzar died 25 Adar – (1761) – Death of Rabbi Abraham Gershon of Kitov - Rabbi Abraham Gershon of Kitov was the brother-in-law and leading foe-turned-disciple of the Baal Shem Tov. Rabbi Gershon was the recipient of a letter from the Baal Shem Tovdescribing his heavenly prophecy regarding the coming of the Messiah. Rabbi Gershon’s gravestone, which lists 25 Adar as his day of passing, was discovered in the Mount of Olives cemetery in Jerusalem after the Six-day War. 27 Adar – (561 BCE) – Death of Zedekiah - Zedekiah was the last king of the royal house of David to reign in the Holy Land. He ascended the throne in 597 BCE, after King Nebuchadnezzarof Babylonia (to whom the Kingdom of Judah was then subject) exiled King Jeconiah (Zedekiah’s nephew) to Babylonia . In 588 BCE Zedekiah rebelled against Babylonian rule, and Nebuchadnezzar laid siege to Jerusalem (in Tevet 10 of that year); in the summer of 586 BCE the walls of Jerusalem were penetrated, the city conquered, the (first) Holy Temple destroyed, and the people of Judah exiled to Babylonia. Zedekiah tried escaping through a tunnel leading out of the city, but was captured; his sons were killed in front of him, and then he was blinded. Zedekiah languished in the royal dungeon in Babylonia until Nebuchadnezzar’s death in 561 BCE. Meroduch, Nebuchadnezzar’s son and successor, freed him (and his nephew Jeconiah) on the 27th of Adar, but Zedikiah died that same day. 28 Adar – (from the 2nd century onwards) – Talmudic holiday - In 1524, the Jews of Cairo were delivered on the 28th of Adar from the plot of Ahmad Pasha who sought revenge against the Jewish minterAbraham de Castro who had informed Selim II of Ahmad’s plan to cede from the Ottoman Empire. To this day, Adar 28th is considered the Purimof Cairo, with festivities including a special Megilah reading.
Far before the looming pyramids and the learned librarians at Alexandria, Egyptian civilization sprung up from the fertile banks of the Nile. Long predating the Inca empire and the sprawling structures of Macchu Picchu, Andean civilization emerged from a whole bunch of llama poop. For civilizations to take root, people need to have enough food on hand to put time and energy into activities like waging war, building stuff, and composing epic poetry. In the high and rugged Andes, growing that much maize—the staple crop of ancient South America—isn’t easy. That’s what llama droppings are for, a new study suggests. Digging through some deeply buried and really old dirt from a spot in the Andes two miles above sea level, paleoecologist Alex Chepstow-Lusty found two things: pollen and bugs. In particular, he found maize pollen from 2700 years ago—and, from the same period, a population explosion of little crap-eating critters called oribatid mites, which are known to make a meal of that which llamas leave behind. The local people were suddenly able to cultivate maize with such success, Chepstow-Lusty surmised, because they had growing herds of llamas, and therefore an abundance of llama dung with which to fertilize their crops. (As he explained to the Guardian, llamas “defecate communally so it is easily gathered.” Thanks, guys.) Around that time, the archaeological record shows, a small Andean society that was a progenitor of the Incas began taking shape. In other words: Lots of llamas pooped. People slathered that poop on the fields as manure. Pretty soon, they were forming small chiefdoms like nobody’s business. From scat came civilization. Those who feel modern society is headed down the tubes, it seems, may have things backward. Image: Flickr / EVIL EMRE
How a Bacterial Toxin Causes Diarrhea By: Carol A. Rouzer, VICB Communications Published: August 6, 2010 VICB investigators show how the structure of the Clostridium difficile major toxins enables them to enter cells. The bacterium Clostridium difficile (Figure 1) has become the major cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, including a particularly virulent form of infection known as pseudomembranous colitis. An anaerobic gram-positive bacillus (rod-shaped bacterium), C. difficile can frequently be found among the intestinal flora of healthy individuals, but its growth is normally suppressed by the presence of overwhelming numbers of non-pathogenic bacteria. This balance is upset by the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which kill the harmless bacteria allowing an overgrowth of C. difficile. Elderly and debilitated patients are particularly at risk. Figure 1. Scanning electron micrograph of C. difficile obtained from a human stool specimen. (Image obtained courtesy of Wikimedia Commons under the GNU Free Documentation License. Like many pathogenic bacteria, C. difficile causes illness by secreting toxins which damage cells and invoke an inflammatory response. The two major toxins of C. difficile, TcdA and TcdB, are large proteins that damage host cells via a multistep process, each step of which involves a separate portion of the molecule. First, a binding domain allows the toxin to attach to sugar-containing proteins on the cell’s surface. Once this occurs, the toxin enters the cell through the process of endocytosis which directs it to the acidic endosomal compartment of the cell. The acid in the endosomes causes the toxin molecule to change shape, forming an elongated structure that enables the toxin to form a pore through the endosomal membrane. Next a protease domain cleaves the toxin’s amino acid chain, freeing a portion of the protein called the glucosyltransferase domain. This portion of the toxin leaves the endosome through the pore, thereby reaching the cytosol where it transfers sugars to a class of cell signaling proteins known as Rho GTPases. The sugar addition inactivates these proteins, resulting in abnormal intra- and extra-cellular communications, ultimately leading to inflammation or cell death (Figure 2). Figure 2. Healthy CHO cells (left) have an elongated shape. After 4 h exposure to 2 μg of TcdA (center) or TcdB (right) the cells round up and detach from the culture dish, indicating cell death. Used with permission from Pruitt et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., published online July 12, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002199107. Copyright 2010. The proposed mechanism of action for the C. difficile toxins suggests a complex structure consisting of separate molecular regions each designed for a distinct function. Although past studies have characterized the three-dimensional structure of separate portions of the molecule, an understanding of how these regions are integrated to form the complete toxin protein has remained a mystery until VICB member Borden Lacy, and collaborator Melanie Ohi applied the technique of negative stain electron microscopy to obtain pictures of individual TcdA and TcdB molecules [Pruitt et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., published online July 12, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002199107]. In negative stain electron microscopy, protein molecules are dispersed onto a carbon-coated grid, so that distinct, individual molecules can be visualized. Coating the proteins with a high molecular weight stain, such as the uranyl acetate stain used by the Lacy and Ohi labs coats, provides a contrast medium that deflects the microscope’s electron beam differently from the protein. The result is a high contrast image of individual protein molecules. Analysis of the shapes of a large number of molecules allows mathematical averaging to obtain a representative image of the protein’s shape (Figure 3). Figure 3. Example of negative stain electron micrographs of TcdA (top) and TcdB (bottom). In each case the large figure shows the appearance of the raw data with individual proteins circled. The small inset shows the results of mathematical averaging that reveals the shape of the protein. Used with permission from Pruitt et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., published online July 12, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002199107. Copyright 2010. Initial studies indicated that the structures of TcdA and TcdB were similar, so the investigators concentrated on defining the structure of TcdA, which showed greater uniformity. They found that the protein is comprised of a head consisting of two globular “pincher-like” domains, a long kinked tail extending from the bottom of the larger of the two pinchers, and a shorter tail connected to the smaller of the pinchers. The investigators were able to show that the long tail corresponds to the sugar binding domain, the head is the pore-forming domain, and the short tail is the glucosyltransferase domain (Figure 4A). The proposed model correlated well with previous X-ray crystallographic data, as indicated by the fact that structures based on those data could be neatly docked by computer modeling in to the outlines of the model (Figure 5). Figure 4. Model of TcdA under neutral (A) and acidic (B) conditions. The long tail (green) bind the toxin to the target cell. The head domain (yellow) forms the membrane pore. The protease domain (blue) cleaves to protein to release the short tail (red) which transfers sugar groups to Rho GTPase target proteins. Used with permission from Pruitt et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., published online July 12, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002199107. Copyright 2010. Figure 5. Overlay of crystal structure data with proposed model for the binding domain (green), protease domain (blue), and glucosyltranferase domain (red). Used with permission from Pruitt et al. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., published online July 12, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002199107. Copyright 2010. Having established the shape and configuration of TcdA, the Lacy and Ohi labs repeated their experiments under acidic conditions to reflect exposure of the toxin to the environment of the endosome. They found that the head domain of the protein exhibited a marked change in shape, exemplified by elongation of the large pincher region (Figure 4B). This shape change correlates very well with the pore-forming function of the head domain of the protein. Thus, the model proposed by the Lacy and Ohi labs provides a molecular mechanism for TcdA intoxication. TcdA and TcdB belong to the family of large clostridial toxins which share many of the same structural features. Therefore, it is highly likely that this model provides critical information for understanding the mechanism of all of these important disease-causing proteins.
Human cooperation is highly unusual. We live in large groups composed mostly of non-relatives. Evolutionists have proposed a number of explanations for this pattern, including cultural group selection and extensions of more general processes such as reciprocity, kin selection, and multi-level selection acting on genes. Evolutionary processes are consilient; they affect several different empirical domains, such as patterns of behavior and the proximal drivers of that behavior. In this target article, we sketch the evidence from five domains that bear on (...) the explanatory adequacy of cultural group selection and competing hypotheses to explain human cooperation. Does cultural transmission constitute an inheritance system that can evolve in a Darwinian fashion? Are the norms that underpin institutions among the cultural traits so transmitted? Do we observe sufficient variation at the level of groups of considerable size for group selection to be a plausible process? Do human groups compete, and do success and failure in competition depend upon cultural variation? Do we observe adaptations for cooperation in humans that most plausibly arose by cultural group selection? If the answer to one of these questions is “no,” then we must look to other hypotheses. We present evidence, including quantitative evidence, that the answer to all of the questions is “yes” and argue that we must take the cultural group selection hypothesis seriously. If culturally transmitted systems of rules that limit individual deviance organize cooperation in human societies, then it is not clear that any extant alternative to cultural group selection can be a complete explanation. (shrink) This chapter focuses on the way that cultures change and how cultural diversity is created, maintained and lost. Human culture is the inevitable result of the way our species acquires its behavior. We are extremely social animals and an overwhelming proportion of our behavior is socially learned. The behavior of other animals is largely a product of innate evolved determinants of behavior combined with individual learning. They make quite modest use of social learning while we acquire a massive cultural repertoire (...) from the people we associate with (Richerson & Boyd, 2005: Chapter 2). Expertise in exploiting our environment, values about what matters in life and even feelings about whom to trust and whom to hate are mostly “absorbed” from those around us. (shrink) This chapter examines whether religion is adaptive: if it changes from one generation to another, from a specific culture to another, and how other domains of culture influence changes in a certain religion. It begins by providing the basics of evolution, including adaptation and selection of characteristics at multiple levels. It explains how religion promotes cooperation, and which elements of religion contribute to this and how effective they are. Also, it explores how established churches depend and select a certain frequency (...) of believers, as in the same community, same culture, etc. The chapter concludes that even in the presence of biological and cultural complexity and diversity, religions are unlikely to support generalizations about adaptation versus maladaptation. (shrink) Women's preference for symmetrical men need not have evolved as part of a good gene sexual selection (GGSS) reproductive strategy employed during recent human evolutionary history. It may be a remnant of the reproductive strategy of a perhaps promiscuous species which existed prior to the divergence of the human line from that of the bonobo and chimp. In theory, observed correlations between genetic information and behaviour might be useful to members of the WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) populations. Guiding young people to choose educational opportunities that best match their abilities would benefit both the individual and society. In practice, however, such choices are far more profoundly limited by the culture people have inherited than their genes. On the basis of a reinterpretation of the International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP) data, we suggest that findings are consistent with the view that human reproductive behaviour is largely under social control. Behaviours associated with a high Sociosexual Orientation Index (SOI) may be part of a progressive change in reproductive behaviour initiated by the dispersal of kin that occurs as societies modernize.
What is Methamphetamine? Methamphetamine is commonly known as “meth,” “speed,” and “chalk.” In its smoked form, it is often referred to as “ice,” “crystal,” “crank,” and “glass.” It is a white, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder that easily dissolves in water or alcohol. The drug was developed early in this century from its parent drug, amphetamine, and was used originally in nasal decongestants and bronchial inhalers. Meth is a highly addictive sythnthetic stimulant that affects the central nervous system by releasing high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which stimulates brain cells, enhances mood and body movement; and regulates feelings of pleasure. Meth can be manufactured into several forms, it can be smoked, snorted, injected or orally ingested. Depending on the method of intake, the high can last from 6 to 24 hours. Why is Methamphetamine a Problem in Our Community? The production and use of methamphetamine is a serious threat to the health and safety of our community. Large quantities of the meth in this country are supplied by foreign or domestic superlabs. Locally the majority of the meth sold and consumed is produced in small, illegal laboratories, where it’s production endangers the people in the labs, neighbors and the environment. The chemicals needed to manufacture meth are often illegally diverted from legitimate sources. Some of these precursor chemicals include pseudoephedrine (contained in over-the-counter cold medications) sodium hydroxide (lye) and lithium (batteries). When manufacturing methamphetamine, the mixture of one or all of these chemicals can become a lethal combination. The vapors can also be highly volatile, sometimes leading to explosions that can severely burn or kill the individual “cooking” the meth as well as other individuals in the house or close neighbors. The Affects of Methamphetamine on the Body Meth users are often seduced by the intensity of the initial high – a high many say is unlike anything they have experienced before. Almost immediately, users build up a tolerance for the drug, causing them to vary the quantity, frequency or method of intake in an effort to recreate that first experience. With repeated use, meth can “turn off” the brain’s ability to produce dopamine, leaving users unable to experience any kind of pleasure from anything other than more meth. Even with sustained low-level usage, a person will often begin to experience symptoms such as: drug craving, extreme weight loss, loss of muscle tone and tooth decay (meth mouth), along with withdrawal related depression and other symptoms. High doses can elevate the body temperature to dangerous, sometimes lethal levels, as well as cause convulsions. Long-term meth abuse may result in many damanging effects, including violent behavior, anxiety, confusion, insomnia, paranoia, auditory hallucinations, mood disturbances and delusions (for example the sensation of insects crawling on or in your skin). Chronic use frequently leads to brain damange, respiratory problems, irregular heartbeat and irreversible damange to blood vessels in the brain which can produce strokes, heart and kidney damange; cardiovascular collapse and death.
Thunderstorms, insects, and annoying relatives are not the only thing that could ruin a cookout. Many beloved summertime foods are susceptible to contamination by several foodborne bacteria. The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) reminds all cooks to follow four simple tips—clean, separate, cook and chill—for a safe cookout. Additional safe food handling and cooking tips are available at the Grill It Safe website. Clean and Separate Preparation begins long before your guests arrive. Wash your hands, cutting boards and utensils with warm soapy water before handling food. To prevent cross contamination, raw meat products should be separated from other food items. Also, use different knives and cutting boards during preparation of these products. Always keep meat products chilled until the grill is ready. Thaw meat completely to ensure meat cooks evenly on the grill. If you choose to use a marinade, do not reuse the marinade liquids that have been in contact with the raw meat later on a cooked dish. All foodborne bacteria are killed when foods are heated to the proper temperature. FSIS reminds cooks to use a meat thermometer to ensure meat reaches the safe internal temperature. - Hot dogs—165 °F or until steaming hot, - Poultry—165 °F, - Ground beef and other ground meat—160 °F, - Whole cuts of pork, lamb, veal and beef—145 °F (followed by a three-minute rest time), and - Fish—145 °F. Some popular side dishes like cold cuts, prepared salads (such as chicken salad or egg salad), and soft cheeses purchased at a deli are not typically reheated. These foods pose a risk of contamination with L. monocytogenes, a bacterium that can grow at normal refrigerator temperatures. Most healthy people rarely contract listeriosis, but it can cause serious and sometimes fatal infections in people in at-risk groups, including people with weakened immune systems, pregnant women, infants, and the elderly. If you or your guests fall into any of the at-risk categories, these food products should be avoided or reheated until hot and steamy (165 °F) to ensure food safety. After the table is set and the feasting begins, do not let your guard down. Bacteria grow most rapidly between 40 °F and 140 °F. To limit bacterial growth, keep hot food on the grill and place cold food in a cooler or ice bath. Never let perishable food sit out for more than two hours. If the outdoor temperature exceeds 90 °F, food should not sit out more than one hour. Refrigerate or freeze leftovers promptly and discard any food that has been sitting out too long. By following these simple tips, you have piece of mind that you are serving your family and friends healthful and safe foods.
But today, for most middle-class American children, "going out to play" has gone the way of the dodo, the typewriter and the eight-track tape. From 1981 to 1997, for instance, University of Michigan time-use studies show that 3- to 5-year-olds lost an average of 501 minutes of unstructured playtime each week; 6- to 8-year-olds lost an average of 228 minutes. (On the other hand, kids now do more organized activities and have more homework, the lucky devils!) And forget about walking to school alone. Today's kids don't walk much at all (adding to the childhood obesity problem).Remember 'go outside and play?' (via Wonderland) Increasingly, American children are in a lose-lose situation. They're forced, prematurely, to do all the un-fun kinds of things adults do (Be over-scheduled! Have no downtime! Study! Work!). But they don't get any of the privileges of adult life: autonomy, the ability to make their own choices, use their own judgment, maybe even get interestingly lost now and then.
Arcadia Publishing, 2008 - History - 128 pages Cape Canaveral is a name that evokes visions of giant rockets and a shuttle thundering into space. In fact, the cape's history is much older than the space program. In the beginning of European exploration of the New World, maps marked Cape Canaveral as a hazard for sailors. Its treacherous shoals and currents caused the destruction of many ships and the deaths of many seafarers. The Cape Canaveral Lighthouse, built in the 19th century, became a welcome landmark, warning ships of dangers and serving as a beacon of light for a bright future. In addition to serving as a major seaport, Cape Canaveral became another kind of portal in the 1960s: the Kennedy Space Center is now known locally and worldwide as the "gateway to the stars." What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. 45th Space Wing Ais Indians Aldrin Ann Thurm Apollo 11 Armstrong Artesia artifacts astronaut Banana River Brevard County built Bumper Bumper Rocket Burnham called Canaveral Harbor Canaveral Lighthouse Canaveral Port Authority capsule Casino church city of Cape Cocoa Beach Cocoa Tribune daughter early Elizabeth Eberwein fish fleet Florence Florida Florida Solar Energy Flossie Staton Harvard Canaveral Club Honeywell Jim Morgan Joe Morgan John F John Glenn July Kennedy Space Center Knutson launch left to right lighthouse keeper Lorena Merritt Island missile mission module pilot moon Museum of Sunken NASA at KSC NASA photograph NBHM newspaper Nonie Fox Oral histories picture Pier Port Canaveral Pres President reported rocket seen ship Solar Energy Center Space Flight space industry Space Wing History Spanish Station SunCruz Sunken Treasure surfing Ted Morris Trident U.S. Navy Vehicle Assembly Building visitors Wernher von Braun Wing History Office Wyatt Chandler
Always good advice to follow! When studying a language at home, it’s all too easy to forget about pronunciation. There are loads of resources out there to help you create structured plans for grammar and vocabulary, but when it comes to studying pronunciation, it can be difficult to know where to start. If you’d like to improve your pronunciation but you’re not sure how to go about it, try some of these ideas: 1. Warm up: Speaking a different language requires you to use your mouth muscles in a completely new way. Learning tongue twisters is a great way to train your muscles and have some fun getting to grips with the sounds of the language. omniglot.com has an excellent list in a wide range of languages. 2. Listen: Find a short audio recording of a native speaker. Record yourself speaking on your phone or computer and compare it to the native speaker’s pronunciation. Note… View original post 329 more words
When I first tell someone I’m a paleontologist, I get a pretty consistent set of responses, the most common being “Like Ross from Friends?!” followed by “I wanted to do that when I was 5!” and, eventually, “Is it true that there is no such thing as Brontosaurus?” And until a study came out on Tuesday, that answer required a simplified version of a long, convoluted story: “Yes, Brontosaurus is the same as a dinosaur called Apatosaurus. But in the early 1900s scientists realized that the proposed differences between these two animals were subtle, and since Apatosaurus was named first, it is the correct name. Brontosaurus has only persisted in the public’s vocabulary because some museums continued to use the name on signs, and because nearly everyone agrees it has a better ring to it.” The study, conducted by paleontologist Emanuel Tschopp along with two other researchers (full disclosure: I published two papers with an author of the study, Roger Benson, in 2013) challenges the long-held invalidity of Brontosaurus. When I first heard of their preliminary results at a scientific meeting a couple of years ago, I thought perhaps I wouldn’t have to go through my convoluted explanation ever again, and that people could enjoy the name Brontosaurus once more. And this week, the welcome-back party for Brontosaurus in the media and on the Internet has been, like the animal, gargantuan. But is Brontosaurus really back? The new study analyzed each published fossil ascribed to a group of dinosaurs called Diplodocoidea – which can be thought of as the “class” of a few dozen species to which famous dinosaurs such as Apatosaurus and Diplodocus belong. The level of detail presented in the study is impressive, and required Tschopp to undergo a sort of rite of passage for aspiring paleontologists, combing through museum basements around the world, where studying just one bone often requires the help of several people and a forklift. The new study takes a non-traditional approach to taxonomy, the science of classifying animals. Most biologists define a species as a set of individuals that can reproduce over generations, grouped by their shape, size, color, DNA fingerprint, and other traits. For fossils, we usually only have access to bones, leading paleontologists to define species based on a combination of shape, and where and when the fossil is from, not reproductive potential or DNA. Reconciling these concepts so that paleontological studies are consistent with modern ones has been a challenge. The approach taken by the new study is non-traditional in that it includes only anatomical information to determine a species, disregarding any other information. These new rules for defining a species lead to the “return” of Brontosaurus, just as changing the definition of “planet” could be made to include Pluto in that category once again. But does this make Brontosaurus a real species any more than a rule change would make Pluto a real planet? Many would argue that taxonomy is to some degree arbitrary but should be consistent. The new study places this consistency above all else. But is consistently worth aiming for if the result is just consistently arbitrary? One regularly finds that new scientific techniques are validated before they are published. However, no validation was performed before publication of this study, so although these dinosaur species might now be more consistently defined, there is no way to know if the new definitions reflect biological reality. The paleontological community has already begun poring over the anatomical details presented in the paper in order to assess their validity. More recent studies like this one have tended to subdivide anatomical features ever more finely, but like Mickey Mouse fighting the broomsticks in Fantasia (a movie that also featured Brontosaurus), the division of the problem makes it harder to deal with, so it will be a while before the study is fully re-analyzed by other researchers. Each of the hundreds of anatomical features used in the new analysis is a hypothesis. Tschopp and his colleagues outlined these hypotheses in impressive detail, and each requires testing from independent observers in order for science to progress. So, should museums rush out to print new signs for their Apatosaurus bones on display? Perhaps not just yet — as admitted by the paper’s authors, the results are far from indisputable, and just a few changes in the data result in the new family tree collapsing into a jumbled bush. The tangle of taxonomy surrounding “Brontosaurus” has only just been rekindled, and there are sure to be more surprises along the way. For me, it looks like introducing myself as a paleontologist and answering the questions about Brontosaurus that follow won’t be getting simpler any time soon. - How to Help Victims of the Texas School Shooting - TIME's 100 Most Influential People of 2022 - What the Buffalo Tragedy Has to Do With the Effort to Overturn Roe - Column: The U.S. Failed Miserably on COVID-19. Canada Shows It Didn't Have to Be That Way - N.Y. Will Soon Require Businesses to Post Salaries in Job Listings. 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Journalist on Assignment! (Vitually 'meet' an environmental campaigner and write a short newspaper article) The Newspaper wants to publish some more stories next week in the 'Meet the campaigners' section of the page. You are going on assignment to research facts to write an article on this topic! Chose the campaign below that you are most interested in covering then click on the link below to be taken on location to the Newsround Website. Once you have got all the information you need write an article (a short paragraph for the newspaper) on your story. You can only use facts from the video in your work - no making up stories that aren't true! Don't forget to pick up some Miss Coleman punctuation points for using as many different pieces of punctuation in your work as possible. Artist make Giant Sculptures with Beach Plastic. Artist Rod Arnold started collecting plastic from his local beach before the lockdown. He has now cleaned and sorted it to make giant sculptures to highlight the amount of rubbish found on out beaches. The 12-year old who is fighting plastic pollution Tilly, 12, from Cheshire is on a mission to help to reduce plastic waste by getting local shops to sign up to free water refills. She spends her spare time persuading businesses in the town of Wilmslow to be part of a special app, which shows how people can top up their bottles for free. Kids demand supermarkets reduce plastic waste Last month a primary school posted a video asking supermarkets to take action on plastic waste. They want them to reduce the ammount of non-essential plastic packaging on food. The Garbage Orchestra A group of musicians in Mexico couldn't afford their own instruments, so they made their own using rubbish. They have now made over 25 different instruments and recorded 3 albums! Write some interview questions that you want to ask the people in the story to get even more information for your article. Record an Interview with a member of your family answering the questions as one of the characters.
Social Security payments aren't spread evenly across the U.S. In Sumter County, Florida, one out of four dollars in local personal income comes from Social Security. In some wealthy western resort counties, it's closer to one dollar out of 50. Sumter County, Florida, is best known as a retiree haven and a center of Republican and Tea Party politics in the state. Sumter County, however, is most notable for the large percentage of people living there who receive a monthly Social Security check. More than 55 percent of the residents of Sumter are on Social Security, by far the highest percentage in the country. On average, 16.7 percent of the U.S. population receives some kind of Social Security check — retirement benefits, survivor benefits or disability payments. More than one out of every four dollars of personal income in Sumter County comes from Social Security, according to data from 2009. Again, that is way above the national average — nationally, one in 18 dollars of personal income comes from Social Security checks. The case of Sumter County — a retirement community that, in 2008, cast 63 percent of its votes for Republican John McCain — shows that Social Security checks are not spread equally across the country. The map above shows the percentage of total personal income derived from Social Security in each U.S. county. The darker the blue, the larger the percentage of income in the county that comes from Social Security. On average rural counties and counties with small cities (such as Sumter in Florida) are more dependent on Social Security than are urban counties. In urban counties, 5 percent of personal income comes from Social Security. In rural counties, an average of 9.3 percent of personal income arrives in the form of a Social Security check. There are wide differences among rural counties, however. You can see some of that in the map. Retirement counties in Florida, Appalachian counties, the Ozarks, northern Michigan and counties in the Hill Country of Texas, for example, have higher proportions of their incomes coming from Social Security than counties in the Dakotas and Wyoming. Congress is now considering ways to limit government programs, including Social Security. There have been suggestions that the retirement age be raised (beyond 62) or that adjustments be made to Social Security’s cost of living adjustment to slow the rate monthly checks increase with inflation. If those limits are put in place, economists have told The Daily Yonder that the effect of any restriction of Social Security payments will be felt most strongly in rural America. “Cuts would have a bigger negative impact on rural places, absolutely,” said Middlebury College geographer Peter Nelson said. “They are more dependent on Social Security.” Even within rural America, however, there are differences. In several rural Michigan counties, one out of five dollars of personal income come from Social Security. In the rural Colorado resort counties of Pitkin and San Miguel, however, only 2 out of every 100 dollars of personal income come from Social Security. The chart below shows the fifty rural counties with the largest proportion of personal income coming from Social Security payments. Eight of the top ten counties are in Michigan. Sumter County is classified as a “micropolitan” county by the federal government. It’s not rural, but it’s not urban either. These semi-rural counties are also more dependent on Social Security than are urban counties. Again, however, there is a wide variation. Below is a list of the 50 “small city” counties with the largest proportion of personal income deriving from Social Security. While Sumter gets 26 percent of its income from Social Security, a large group of very wealthy ski and resort counties receive a tiny proportion of their income from these benefits. The relatively wealthy residents of Teton County, Wyoming, for example, take in only 1.3 percent of their total personal income from Social Security. Social Security accounts for less than 3 percent of total personal income in Eagle County, Colorado, Summit County, Colorado, and Campbell County, Wyoming. Here is the list of the counties with small cities that have the highest proportion of personal income coming from Social Security. Bill Bishop is co-editor of the Daily Yonder. Dr. Roberto Gallardo is a research associate with the Southern Rural Development Center at Mississippi State University. This study was made possible with a grant from the National Academy of Social Insurance.
Among the measurements sent back to Earth were air temperature, pressure, composition and wind speed sampled at points ranging from the top of Titan's atmosphere to the ground. The temperature of the landing site itself was minus 291 degrees F. A "penetrometer" on the bottom of the probe poked into the ground. The soil, it found, has the consistency of wet sand or clay and is covered by a thin crust ... of something. Scientists are still analyzing all these data. The willingness to spend so much on such an enterprise speaks to a deep desire to know our origins. It's a glorious enterprise, but there is a danger in all such enterprises - the risk of seeing things that are not really there, because we want them to be there so badly.
Using computers and the internet to store, access and organise information carries some risk. Users should take responsibility to make sure files are not lost, corrupted or viewed by the wrong person. Saving your work It is very important to save your work regularly. A saved piece of work is easily recovered if something goes wrong. To save your work use ‘Save’ or ‘Save As’ from the 'File' menu [file menu: The menu that is normally in the top left of an application window (or at the top left of the screen on an Apple Mac). This menu normally lets you open or save a file as well as other functions.] . Do not rely on autosave [autosave: An automated process of saving a file at regular time intervals.] . Name your file [file: Anything you save. It could be a document, a piece of music, a collection of data or something else.] and choose which folder [folder: A place to store files that are related, eg all of the files relating to one project. Folders help to keep work organised. Sometimes called a directory.] to save it in. From now on, when you save your work it will overwrite [overwrite: To save and replace an existing file.] the original file with your changes. To prevent this from happening, use ‘Save As’ from the 'File' menu to save a copy [copy: To reproduce or replicate the same content elsewhere, eg to copy a photo or a line of text.] of your work. Use 'Save As' to: • save something for the first time • save a copy or a different version of your work Use 'Save' to: • save your changes (this will overwrite the original file) • save your work quickly You can use shortcut keys to save your work. In Windows [Windows operating system: An operating system, similar to Mac OS or Linux. Windows is produced by Microsoft.] press CTRL-S and in OSX [OSX: A version of Apple's Mac OS operating system for Apple computers.] press CMD-S. Organising your work The number of files and folders you use can grow quickly over the course of a project. If they’re not well organised, you can waste a lot of time trying to find what you’re looking for. To ensure your work is easy to find, use relevant file [file: Anything you save. It could be a document, a piece of music, a collection of data or something else.] and folder [folder: A place to store files that are related, eg all of the files relating to one project. Folders help to keep work organised. Sometimes called a directory.] names and a sensible folder structure. It’s important to use an approach that will be understood by everyone, especially if you’re working on a group project, so other members of the group will be able to find what they’re looking for. This is an example of a project with well-named files, folders and sub-folders [sub-folder: A folder inside another folder.] . Good file and folder names instantly tell you what they contain. Files have two parts to their names – a name and an extension. The purpose of a file extension is to tell the computer what type of file it is. The file extension is typically three or four letters long and is always at the end of a file name. There are hundreds of different file extensions. Common file extensions .doc = Document .xls = Spreadsheet .jpg = Image .exe = Excutable User accounts and passwords All of your files [file: Anything you save. It could be a document, a piece of music, a collection of data or something else.] , folders [folder: A place to store files that are related, eg all of the files relating to one project. Folders help to keep work organised. Sometimes called a directory.] and settings [settings: A series of options that lets a user configure a piece of software to their liking.] are stored in your user account [user account: A collection of settings, and often files, that relate to just one user. A password is normally needed to gain access.] . You can password protect [password protect: To make a file secure by forcing a user to enter a password before it can be opened.] your user account to prevent other people from accessing its contents. Your username is commonly based on your name and you usually get to choose your own password. To access your user account, enter your username and password into the login screen [login screen: A display asking a user to enter a username and/or password in order to gain access to the system.] . Sometimes the username is selectable or entered for you, especially if you were the last user to login to the machine. Passwords can be set to expire, at which point you will be forced to choose a new one. This is a security feature. Always choose a password that’s difficult for someone else to guess. Choosing a password A strong password is: • at least eight characters long • a mixture of numbers, uppercase and lowercase letters and other symbols, eg !@#£$ • not a real word • impossible to guess A weak password might be: • the word ‘password’ • your favourite colour / favourite football team / pet’s name • a single letter Stealing a password The word ‘cracking’ is used to describe the process of obtaining a password by force. Hackers [hacker: People who try to gain unauthorised access to a computer.] use programs that use brute force and dictionary attacks to crack passwords. • A brute force attack tries every combination of letters, numbers and symbols until it identifies the password. • A dictionary attack behaves in the same way but uses a list of words instead. Do not write your passwords down and use a different password for each of your accounts. If you use the same password, a hacker that gains access to one of your accounts will have access to all of them. Password protecting a file It is possible to add password protection to many file types, eg word processing documents, spreadsheets and presentations. There are two types of password protection: • Password to open - the file [file: Anything you save. It could be a document, a piece of music, a collection of data or something else.] cannot be opened without a password. Use this to keep the contents of the file private. • Password to modify – the file can be viewed but cannot be modified without a password. Use this to prevent other people making changes to your work. Password protection remains intact if a file is renamed, copied or emailed [email: Electronic mail. A method for sending messages and sometimes files to other people.] as an attachment [attachment: A file that is sent with an email.] . Only password protect files if you have a good reason to. If you forget a file’s password it is very difficult to get access to it again. Backing up your work You should perform regular backups [backup: A copy of important files that is kept separately in case your original files are lost or damaged.] . A backup is a copy of your work. It lets you restore [restore: The process of getting lost or damaged files from a backup.] your work if something happens to the original copy. A local backup is stored on the same computer or on a different computer or storage device [storage device: A device used to store files.] that’s located on the same site, eg the school grounds. They are useful because recovery [recovery: The process of getting lost or damaged files from a backup.] is quick. For really important data it’s advisable to have a remote backup. This is stored off site. If the computer is damaged or the site itself is subject to a flood or fire, the backup is safe. Backup in organisations Computers in large organisations, like businesses and schools, are networked [networked: A device that is connected to at least one other device.] . Each computer is used by many different people and all of their work is saved to a server [server: A computer that holds data to be shared with other computers. A webserver stores and shares websites.] . Server backups are often performed daily and are usually automated [automate: Turning a set of manual steps into an electronic operation that requires no human input.] . Specialist technicians are responsible for networks and servers. Backups are extremely important for large organisations. Imagine if a business lost all of its customers’ details or if a school lost all of its students’ work. Backup at home Your home computer is unlikely to be a part of a network with a dedicated server and automated backup system. You’ll need to back up your own data manually. It can be backed up to: • a USB memory stick [USB memory stick: A physically small storage device. It normally plugs into a USB port and it can store up to 128 GB of data. They are also called USB sticks, memory sticks, thumb or flash drives. These devices use solid state memory with no moving parts.] (or flash drive) • writable or rewritable CDs [CD (compact disc): A plastic, circular disc used to store up to 700 MB of music, video or data. CDs are optical storage media, similar to DVDs and Blu-ray discs.] and DVDs [DVD (digital versatile disc): A plastic, circular disc used to store up to 8.5 GB of music, video or data. DVDs are optical storage media, similar to CDs and Blu-ray discs.] • external hard drives • online [online: Connected to and using the internet.] or cloud [cloud: A term often used to describe a location on the internet from which software applications are run and where data is stored.] -based services Some people use a combination of the above depending on how important they think their data is. External storage options - advantages and disadvantages USB memory stick or flash drive • Small and portable • Convenient (plug and play [plug and play: A device that can be plugged in to a computer and used straightaway.] ) • If unprotected, the USB plug may be damaged CDs and DVDs • Cheap • Reusable (if rewritable) • Easily damaged • Relatively small capacity - Easy to lose - If unprotected, the USB plug may be damaged CDs and DVDs • Reusable (if rewritable)
ZUBOV, Aleksey Fyodorovich (b. ca. 1682, Moscow, d. 1751, Moscow) Battle of Grengam on 27 July 17201721 Etching with line engraving, 500 x 720 mm The Hermitage, St. Petersburg The Battle of Grengam of 1720 was the last major naval battle in the Great Northern War that took place in the Aland Islands, in the Ledsund strait between the island communities of Föglö and Lemland. The battle marked the end of Russian and Swedish offensive naval operations in the Baltic waters. The Russian fleet has conducted one more raid on the Swedish coasts in spring 1721, whereupon the Treaty of Nystad was signed, ending the war.
Right, let’s start at the basics. Put simply: Broadband is high speed Internet access. It’s much faster than dial-up, sometimes cheaper and more reliable than satellite, and far more comprehensive than wireless connections. So what’s “net neutrality”? Net neutrality is the principle that users should have unrestricted access to the Internet, without interference from service providers. Though it’s often framed as a new debate, the principles of net neutrality—also called open Internet—have existed informally for about as along as the Internet’s been around. It means that your Internet service provider (ISP) doesn’t distinguish between, say, CNN, ColorLines, or someone’s personal blog. You can access each site at the same speed without interference from your ISP. So those same ISP’s, like Time Warner or AT&T, don’t charge users more to connect faster to certain sites or block them from going onto others; every site is, in effect, treated the same. The current debate is merely a matter of formalizing these principles by imposing regulations that say service providers must continue to treat everything on the Internet equally. That means that Verizon, for instance, couldn’t go and block its users from going to sites it didn’t like, or slow users’ connectivity to sites that don’t drive revenue. Got that? Good, because now it gets a bit complicated. Industry, government, advocates and even courts are in a heated battle over who exactly gets to set the ground rules for the Internet. And what’s the fight about? The fight started because those scary scenarios about blocking and slowing traffic aren’t merely speculative. In 2005, Comcast blocked its users from sharing BitTorrents, which are popular ways to send and receive large files. The company claimed that it was preventing its users from committing copyright infringement, since the file-sharing platforms are often associated with quick and easy ways to get free music and movies. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) stepped in and ruled that no Internet service provider could block or interfere with user traffic—unless it was for “reasonable network management purposes.” Comcast challenged the ruling and this year a federal court overturned it, finding that the FCC didn’t have the authority to regulate broadband in the first place. The court ruling has added yet another layer to the debate. The FCC is scrambling to regain its regulatory authority. That authority actually began eroding years ago, when a conservative majority of commissioners ruled that broadband be treated differently from landline phone and TV services, which are seen as essential to every household and therefore subject to federal oversight. Meanwhile, service providers have argued vehemently against net neutrality regulations, saying that any formal rules would stifle competition and innovation—which would in turn keep prices up and limit broadband expansion into poor and rural communities. On the other hand, some consumer and civil rights advocates have argued the exact opposite: that the principle of having an open Internet is at the heart of innovation to begin with. And, further, that the claim that regulation will stifle competition is baseless—especially considering that there are only a handful of service providers left to make the decisions in the first place and, for them, it’s a matter of will. Not opportunity. But why should people of color care? The Internet’s become an essential part of everyday life. Increasingly, crucial parts of society are moving online, including everything from scholarship and college applications to social security forms. But the Internet’s also allowed folks of color to engage with democracy in pretty unprecedented ways. Think Jena 6 or Oscar Grant, where online campaigns and petitions shed national spotlight on cases that eventually found their ways to court. The same sentiment even extends to Barack Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign, which used online action as a crucial part of its strategy. In each case, keeping online traffic neutral allowed users to access information on their own and help shape the public conversation. Yet many communities of color still lack regular, home-based access. What’s been called the “digital divide” has been helped incrementally by the surge in popularity of mobile wireless devices for black and brown folks, but advocates say it’s not enough. For instance, you generally can’t write a paper on your Sidekick, and your grandma might be hard pressed to fill out immigration renewal forms on an iPhone. The key point here is that everyone knows that there’s a problem, but they’re all bickering over how to solve it. The Obama administration included $7.2 billion in broadband stimulus funds as part of the Recovery Act (though Congress voted to rescind $300 million of it this week), and the FCC expressed high hopes for nationwide expansion when it released its National Broadband Plan earlier this year. But a study by the Social Science Research Council recently showed that cost is just one part of why communities of color have a hard time getting online. While many still rely on so-called “third spaces” — libraries, community centers, and schools — for high speed access, others who can afford it simply can’t get it because it’s not offered in their areas. In one example, residents of a Philadelphia housing project couldn’t get online unless they also paid for Verizon’s costly digital phone service. It’s a similar story in parts of New Mexico, Wisconsin, and other areas where the infrastructure for high speed Internet simply doesn’t exist yet. To date, service providers haven’t received any explicit push to make it happen. What’s the big deal with Google? Google was right about at least one thing in yesterday’s rebuttal of its proposal with Verizon: It’s been one of the leading corporate voices on net neutrality over the past five years. In a debate that’s often polarized between big bank telecommunications companies and open Internet activists, Google’s brought much-needed credibility to the idea that the Internet should remain free from interference from service providers. Not to mention that the company’s got a considerable amount of clout. Not convinced? Try to imagine a day without Gmail, Google’s search engine, or even YouTube. At last check, the company was worth more than $23.6 billion, and was named by CNN as one of the 10 most valuable companies in the US. Google’s also played a key role in the legislative process. In the past they’ve encouraged their users to send letters to Congress in favor of net neutrality, and the company’s CEO Eric Schmidt has written publicly that without net neutrality, the Internet is facing a “serious threat.” When Google and Verizon made the pre-emptive move to announce their own plan—which favored keeping service providers from interfering with some user traffic, but left the door open to wireless interference—it in effect set the standard for any net neutrality negotiations to come. Already, AT&T has called Google and Verizon’s plan a “reasonable framework”, and when word of the plan came out, the FCC abruptly halted its negotiations with several other big players on the Web. And because the FCC’s been busy trying to reinstate its authority to oversee the Internet in the first place, its hands are basically tied. For more on Google’s changing positions, see Matthew Lasar’s account on Law & Disorder.
Daniele grew up in rural Washington state during a time when logging companies and environmental activists were bitterly contesting issues regarding the fate of endangered wildlife and some of the last pristine, old-growth forests in America. By the time she was a teenager, Daniele was a committed environmentalist, and she knew what she wanted to do with her life: protect the planet. A Degree With Clout Daniele thought about majoring in environmental science in college, but she realized that to really make a difference she needed the technical knowledge that engineering provided: "I would have the skill set to be both an engineer and a scientist, and could also be an environmentalist." She also knew that with the professional degree in environmental engineering came respect: "If I wasn't qualified to do the technical work, I wouldn't be listened to as much." Protecting a River and Wildlife Sanctuary After a brief stint working for a large engineering firm, Daniele found an engineering job that she loved: protecting the Ipswich River and its wildlife sanctuary in Massachusetts. She would evaluate, for example, whether or not chemicals found in the ground water were dangerous. Daniele worked closely with volunteers and local communities, using her engineering expertise to arm them with knowledge for addressing environmental problems. "I could work with people who were passionate about the environment, passionate about wanting to make Massachusetts a better place, and give them the technical information needed to do that." From Massachusetts to Zambia Daniele currently works as an environmental engineer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Her focus is now on public health, using her engineering degree to help bring safe drinking water to people around the world. More than a billion people—a sixth of the world's population—do not have access to safe drinking water, and about two million people, the majority of them children, die each year from cholera, typhoid, and other waterborne diseases. Daniele’s work is changing that, one community at a time. Engineering Solutions That Work In Bolivia, Angola, Nepal, and other countries in the developing world where Daniele has worked, she has evaluated the water sources, tested for contamination, and then designed a practical and inexpensive way for the local people to disinfect their water. The most simple engineering solution is often the best: poor families can’t afford to adopt a disinfecting process that is costly, complicated, or time-consuming. The solution has to work for a specific community, or else it isn’t a solution. Teaching and Making a Difference Whether equipping volunteers along the Ipswich River with the technical knowledge to fight pollution, or giving a community in Guyana the education and tools necessary for keeping their children healthy with safe drinking water, Daniele considers teaching an essential part of her job. "As a kid I wanted to be a teacher. In a lot of ways, I use engineering to teach, just not in a classroom." What she’s always loved the most about engineering is "helping people who want to make a change, make it."
Sounding the Alarm on Type 2 Diabetes Awareness Day Jul 12, 2019 Today is the American Diabetes Association Alert Day, a day to sound the alarm about the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. A simple way to start is by taking the Type 2 Diabetes Risk Test. It's a 60-second anonymous test designed to help determine if you have the factors most commonly associated with the disease. What is Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the pancreas is unable to make enough insulin to keep one's blood glucose levels normal. If you're not in the health care field or in a health care training program, it doesn't mean that you may not know someone who is at risk too. In fact, the American Diabetes Association reports that 9 out of 10 Americans who are most at risk for type 2 diabetes don't even know it. Sometimes, there are symptoms that are thought to be caused by other conditions or attributed incorrectly to things other than an insulin imbalance. You may have covered some of this in your health care training program. Check out this infographic created by the Center for Disease Control as a public education tool. Ways to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes As the infographic noted, there are ways that you can help limit your chances of becoming one of the millions who have Type 2 diabetes. They are things that are common sense good health practices such as, eating a balanced diet, decreasing your alcohol and smoking intake, and being more active. Changing lifestyle habits is worth the trade-off when you consider living a happier, healthier life. As someone who chooses to pursue a health care training program, you know how important preventative care is for our overall well-being. Who do you know that could use this information? What if your five closest friends or family took the test and found out that they were in jeopardy? Wouldn't you want to help them live their best life? Share this article and let's get moving toward a healthier tomorrow!
I'm a new resident, what's my recycling collection day? Recycling Information What is recycling? Curbside Solid Waste & Recycling Brochure Recycling is defined as the act of removing from the overall waste stream those materials that can be reused in their original or reconstituted form. It is the process by which materials are collected and used as raw materials for new products. There are four steps in recycling: collecting the recyclable components of municipal solid waste, separating materials by type, processing them into reusable forms and purchasing and using the goods made with reprocessed materials. Recycling prevents potentially useful materials from being landfilled or combusted, thus preserving our capacity for disposal. Why bother to recycle? - Recycling saves natural resources: Substituting recyclables for raw materials saves the raw material from being used and saves the space in landfills for materials that cannot be recycled. - Recycling saves energy: Substituting recyclables for new raw materials in manufacturing saves energy. Recycling can conserve 95% of the energy required to manufacture aluminum (enough energy to run a TV set for 3 hours), and from 40-70% of the energy necessary to produce glass, paper, and other metal products. It takes 17 tress and 16,320 kilowatt hours to make 1 ton of paper compared to 5,919 kilowatt hours to make 1 ton of recycled paper; that's an energy savings of 64%. - Recycling saves landfill space: In the United States, almost one ton of solid waste per person is collected annually from residential, commercial and institutional sources. Recycling reduces this amount. - Recycling produces less pollution: 74% less air pollution is produced from the manufacture of recycled paper compared to paper made from raw wood pulp. 35% less water pollution is produced when making recycled paper, and 58% less water is used when making paper from recycled paper instead of virgin pulp. Americans improperly dispose approximately 220 million gallons of used motor oil every year; that's 20 times the amount of crude oil the Exxon Valdez tanker spilled in Alaska. One gallon of motor oil improperly disposed has the potential of contaminating 1 million gallons of drinking water; that's a year's supply of water for 50 people. - Recycling stimulates job growth. - Recycling is the law in New Jersey. What are some interesting facts about recycling and solid waste? - Over 60% of the garbage going to local landfills is business/industrial waste. - American businesses go through 300 million rolls of fax paper every year. In 1990, over 30 billion faxes were sent. - 37% of the estimated 400 billion copies made by American businesses each year end up in the trash can. It takes over 11 million tress to make that discarded paper. - In 1991, there were more than 7 million copiers in operation in the US. These copiers produce nearly 400 billion copies per year (almost 750,000 copies per minute). - An average American worker used between 10-20 pounds of paper per month. - Approximately 85% of office waste is recyclable paper. - American businesses use over 21 million tons of paper every year. - Recycling at work is great pubic relations for your business. Customers and associates appreciate environmental consciousness. What is in our trash? - 38% paper - 18% yard trimmings - 8% metals - 8% plastic - 7% glass - 7% food waste - 14% other What is solid waste? Solid waste is a fancy term for the things people throw away. Solid waste is material that is considered worthless or unnecessary. Below are some interesting facts. Americans throw away: - Enough aluminum in three months for the United States to rebuild its entire commercial airfleet - Each year, the equivalent of a 12-foot high wall of office and writing paper that stretches from the New Jersey shore to California. - 2.5 million plastic bottles -- every hour. - 31.6 million tons of yard waste (grass, brush, leaves) each year. - 2 billion disposable batteries, 350 million disposable lighters, 1 1/2 billion ball-point pens, and 2 billion plastic razors each year. - 18 billion disposable diapers each year; laid end-to-end they could reach to the moon and back 7 times. - Enough garbage to fill the New Orleans Superdome every 12 hours. - 43,000 tons of food every day; this is the equal to the weight of 50,000 compact cars. What is manufactured from recyclables? Recyclables supply industries with raw materials for manufacturing a variety of products. - Newsprint and corrugated paper may be used to produce insulation, packaging products, gameboards, building materials, animal bedding, tube or coreboard, roofing felt and newspaper. Mixed paper and white ledger and printing paper can be made into napkins, facial tissues, paper towels as well as new office paper. - Plastic bottles can be made into fiberfill for jackets, pillows, rope, filters, insulation, carpeting, flower pots, toys, appliance parts, bath tubs, sinks, "lumber" for decks, boardwalks, picnic tables and benches as well as buckets, paint brushes and videotape holders. - Steel food and beverage cans can be made into any new steel product. - Glass bottles and jars can be made into fiberglass insulation, brick making and glassphalt paving material, as well as new glass containers. - Aluminum cans are made into new aluminum cans and other aluminum products such as lawn chairs and window frames as well as car parts. - Concrete and asphalt can be crushed and recycled into new concrete or road paving. - Leaves and grass clippings can be recycled into compost and used as mulch. - Branches can be chipped for use as landscape mulch. - Auto batteries can be recycled into new auto batteries. - Used motor oil can be re-refined into new motor oil. - Tires can be retreaded or used to make tire reefs, truck mud guards, road fill, carpet padding, wire & pipe insulation, floor mats, dock and trailer bumpers. What are the three Rs? Reduce, reuse, recycle. Reduce: Make less garbage to start with by: - Becoming an "Environmental Shopper" - buy products with less packaging and buy products made from recycled content. - Don’t use disposable products if you can use permanent, reusable, fixable and washable items. - Bring lunch, snacks or drinks in refillable containers. - Use rechargeable batteries. - Write or make copies on BOTH sides of paper. Reuse: Reuse things before recycling or putting them in the garbage. For example: - Reuse containers, boxes, packaging and scrap paper. - Give away, swap or sell outgrown equipment and toys. - Repair, restyle, recycle into consumes or donate clothing. - Share, rent or borrow items for special projects or events. - If it’s broken - fix it! - Use products in containers accepted by local recycling programs. - Separate and prepare items as directed by your municipality. - Leave grass clippings on the lawn - it replenishes nutrients. For more information, see Grasscycling. What do the three arrows in the recycling symbol mean? Collect, Process, Manufacture. All are essential for recycling to work. Separate recyclables as well as purchased items made from recycled process to complete the "loop." - Collect: Items recycled by your municipality, company or school. Make sure to prepare them according to instructions. - Process: Separated materials are cleaned, shredded or baled and sold to industries - Manufacture: Material is reprocessed and used to make new consumer products. What is source reduction? Source reduction, generally speaking, means reducing the amount of solid waste which enters the waste stream. It means that waste is prevented before it is created by using materials more efficiently, using reusable products and extending life of products. In other words, source reduction can be achieved by reducing the total volume of disposable packaging material generated for domestic, commercial, industrial and governmental use by: - Reducing the disposal impact of packaging waste by changing to more environmentally benign packaging material. - Increasing the recyclablility of packaging products that cannot be reduced. - Increasing the recycled material content of packaging products. What do the different numbers molded into plastic containers mean? Manufacturers of plastic containers have developed a labeling system consisting of code numbers 1 to 7, representing seven types of plastic. Check the bottom of each container for a recycling symbol with the code number inside. Your local municipality can help determine which types of plastics are acceptable in your community. South Brunswick accepts only type #1 and #2. The code numbers, along with their respective types of plastics and most common uses are as follows: - PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) - soda and beverage bottles, mouthwash bottles, peanut butter jars and some spice and ketchup bottles. - HDPE (high density polyethelyne) - usually milk and water jugs, detergents, bleaches - PVC (polyvinyl chloride) - telephone cable, floor mats, irrigation pipe, truck bed liners, - LDPE (low density polyethelyne) - trash bags, grocery bags, fiberfill for pillows, pipe, - PP (polypropylene) - carpet backing, auto battery cases, video cassette cases, plastic - PS (polystyrene) - food trays, cups, silverware, toys, plastic lumber, garbage cans, - Other - plastic lumber, parking lot backstops, barrier retainers, fencing, sign posts, pallets, picnic tables, playground equipment, and flooring. What are some interesting statistics about waste and recycling? - Hotels will create 1.5 pounds of solid waste per day per room - 1 ton of solid waste is equal to 3.5 cubic yards of solid waste - Each person produces 3.5 pounds of solid waste per day - There are 6 two liter bottles in one pound of PET - One three foot stack of newspapers is equal to one tree, approximately 30 feet tall - One three foot stack of newspaper weighs 100 pounds - To make one ton of virgin paper uses 17 trees (3 2/3 acres of forest) - 62,860 trees must be cut to provide pulp for a single edition of the Sunday New York Times. - Recycling one aluminum can saves the energy equivalent to one cup of gasoline. - A steel mill can reduce its water pollution 76% and mining wastes 97% using scrap metal, such as steel cans, instead of iron ore. - In the summer, nearly one third of all summer waste handled by garbage haulers consists of grass clippings. - In the fall, leaves comprise as much as half of all waste generated by residents. - One dollar out of every $11 spent on groceries goes to pay for packaging - 32% of all municipal waste is from packaging. - Americans are the world’s trashiest people. US citizens consume more goods per capita than any other nation in the world. Each year we throw away: Enough aluminum to rebuild the entire American Airlines air fleet 71 times. Enough steel to reconstruct Manhattan Enough wood and paper to heat 5 million homes of 200 years. One third of all of the food we buy What is Grasscycling? Grasscycling is the natural way YOU can have a green, healthy lawn while spending less time and money! Years of research have shown that by mowing frequently (5-6 times per month) and not bagging those clippings can save lawnowners up to 40% of the time they spend on routine lawn care! Click here for details I have a plastic shopping bag and would like to recycle it. How do I do this? The Township is unable to recycle plastic bags. However, area grocery stores have bins for collection and recycling of plastic bags. It is important to make sure that the bags have no receipts or other items inside. How should I dispose of grass clippings? Since 2000, grass clippings have been disposed with regular garbage. But why should you throw away free fertilizer? See the Grasscycling page. I have Styrofoam. Can it be recycled? Currently, the Township cannot recycle Styrofoam. During the winter holidays BASF has collected block Styrofoam at their facility. Call Kathy Balonia at 521-6240 for more information. Mailboxes USA accepts plastic peanuts (Styrofoam) at their store in South Brunswick Square Mall. Call 329-3600 for more information. I have some hazardous waste to dispose of. How do I do this? See the Hazardous Materials portion of the site. My recycling was not picked up. What should I do? Occasionally there is a good reason why your material was not picked up on the scheduled day (ie. street construction, car parked in front of material, material put out late, material not properly prepared, holiday). However, on some occasions the contractor just misses a house. LEAVE the material at the curb and call the Public Works Department. You will be asked a series of questions in order to determine the cause. If material is properly prepared and was out on time the contractor will be sent back within 48 hours. I have paint that I need to dispose of. What should I do? See the Paint Drop-Off page. When will my leaves be picked up? Leaves are banned from the landfill and must be recycled or delivered to our drop site. Watch the local newspaper for scheduled pick-up days in your area or click to see the Leaf Collection schedule. I have cut some branches in my yard. How can I dispose of them? Brush is a mandated recyclable in Middlesex County. Brush will not be collected with the garbage and must be recycled by bringing it to the Township's drop off convenience center located behind Sondek Park Monday through Saturday from 8:30 a.m. to 3 p.m. The area is closed Township Holidays. NO CONTRACTORS ARE ALLOWED. Proof of residence may be required. From Route 1: Go east on New Road. At stop sign make a right onto Ridge Road and a quick left onto East New Rowad. Proceed approximatley 8/10 of a mile. Sondek park will be on the right. From Route 130: Go west on Friendship Road. Make a right onto East New Road. Sondek Park will be on the left approximately 3/10 mile. I have an old appliance that I need to dispose of. What should I do? See the Special Recycling Guidelines.
This Proofreading: Lesson 2 lesson plan also includes: - Join to access all included materials Identify and develop strategies for proofreading with your class. They read and identify the grammar rules for capitalization, end punctuation, and commas, correct errors as a class, and complete three worksheets. This resource includes a script to follow along.
Meriweather Lewis was born August 18, 1774 in Ladysmith, Virginia, and died October 11, 1809. Meriweather Lewis sailed to St. Louis / the Mississippi River with William Clark. Meriweather Lewis was president Thomas Jefferson's private secretary. He was in charge of the expedition to explore the newly purchased Louisiana Territory. He asked his friend William Clark to help. Lewis and Clark together with their team of over 40 men, began their expedition at the city of St. Louis on May 14th, 1804. Heres five interesting things i learned about him. 1. His journey was over 7,000 miles! 2. He explored the west Mississippi with Willam 3. He died in Tennessee. 4. Born on August 18, 1774 5. He worked for Thomas Jefferson.
Just before the Israelites crossed the Jordan, the Lord admonished Joshua to be strong. God had just appointed Joshua to take over the leadership from Moses (Joshua 1:1, 2) and told him that He would be with him as they conquered the land that had been promised to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Deuteronomy 30:20). The Lord said: There shall not any man be able to stand before thee all the days of thy life: as I was with Moses, so I will be with thee: I will not fail thee, nor forsake thee (Joshua 1:5). Even though the Lord had made this promise and that Joshua knew God cannot lie (Numbers 23:19), the Lord still had to encourage Joshua to be strong: Be strong and of a good courage: for unto this people shalt thou divide for an inheritance the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give them (Joshua 1:6). God had already told the Israelites, through Moses, that if they obeyed His commandments that they would be strong: Therefore shall ye keep all the commandments which I command you this day, that ye may be strong, and go in and possess the land, whither ye go to possess it (Deuteronomy 11:8). But, we know that for the most part they were not obedient. In fact by the time of the end of Judges, "every man did that which was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25). God knew though that He would have to come Himself and save us: Say to them that are of a fearful heart, Be strong, fear not: behold, your God will come with vengeance, even God with a recompence; he will come and save you (Isaiah 35:4). And that is exactly what He did: And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins (Matthew 1:21) God came in the flesh (John 1:1,14, 1 Timothy 3:16) so we might have His power, the power of the Holy Ghost (Acts 1:5,8). And the Apostle Paul equated having the power of His might to being strong in the Lord: Finally, my brethren, be strong in the Lord and in the power of His might (Ephesians 6:10 NKJV). Paul then goes on to explain how this power will work for us to be strong in the Lord: Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. Wherefore take unto you the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand. Stand therefore, having your loins girt about with truth, and having on the breastplate of righteousness; And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; Above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God: Praying always with all prayer and supplication in the Spirit, and watching thereunto with all perseverance and supplication for all saints (Ephesians 6:11-18) Yes, let the power of the Holy Ghost strengthen us! Let us always declare: I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me (Philippians 4:13 NKJV).
The word orient as a noun means "east." It may be capitalized when referring to the geographical location of the Far East. Example: Hong Kong is located in the Orient. Orient as a verb means to "find direction" or "give direction." The noun form of this kind of orienting is orientation. Sometimes people in their speech will form an imagined verb from orientation and say orientate. At best, orientate is a back-formation used humorously to make the speaker sound pompous. The correct word is the verb orient. Incorrect: Melanie is helping me get orientated to the new job. Correct: Melanie is helping me get oriented to the new job. Orientate is more widely accepted in the U.K. than in the U.S.A., but it should be avoided in any formal or standard writing. For much more on this and other words that are similarly created by back-formation from a noun see http://www.niquette.com/books/101words/orient.htm.
The black-capped Chickadee is a non-migratory, North American songbird that lives in deciduous an mixed forests. It is a passerine bird in the tit family PARIDAE. It is the state bird of both Maine and Massachusetts in the US, and the provincial bird of New Brunswick in Canada. It is almost universally considered ‘cute’ due to its oversized round head, tiny body and curiosity about everything, including humans. At one time, the black-capped chickadee was considered by some to e conspecific with the Willow Tit of Eurasia, due to their similar appearances. It has a black ‘cap’ and ‘bib’ with white sides to the face. Its under-parts are white with rusty brown on the flanks. Its back is grey and the tail is, normally, slate-grey. It has a short dark bill, short rounded wings and a long tail. Its total body length is 12-15cm, wing-span is 16-21cm and body mass is 9-14g. Both sexes look alike, but the males are slightly larger than the females. The most obvious difference between the black-capped chickadee and the Carolina chickadee is the wing feathers. In the black-capped chickadee, the wing feathers have white edges that are larger and more conspicuous than those of the Carolina chickadee. The black-capped chickadee, generally, has a more ‘ragged’ looking black bib, whereas the bib of the Carolina chickadee has a more smooth-edged look. The black-capped chickadee is found from coast to coast, from the Northern half of the US in the South, to James Bay, the Southern edge of the Northeast Territories and the Yukon, and the Southern half of Alaska in the North. In winter it may wander outside this range, both to the north and south. Its preferred habitat is deciduous woods or mixed (deciduous/coniferous) woods. Insects, especially caterpillars, form a large part of their diet. Chickadees will take food such as seeds from feeders and trays over to a tree branch to hammer them open. They commonly CACHE food, mostly seeds, in various sites ——- barks, clusters of conifer needles or knotholes. Memory for the location of CACHES can last up to 28days. Within the first 24hrs, the birds can even remember the relative quality of the stored items. On cold winter nights, they reduce their body temperature by as much as 10-12degrees C (from their normal temperature of about 42 degrees C to conserve energy. Their sleeping posture is with the bill tucked under the scapula (shoulder) feathers. It scratches its head with its foot over the wing. it can bathe in water, dew or snow, young chickadees have been observed dust-bathing. The vocalizations of the chickadee are highly complex (3 distinct types of vocalizations have been classified). The song of the chickadee is a simple, clear whistle of 2 notes, identical in rhythm, the first roughly a whole-step above the second. Carolina chickadees 4-note call is FEE-BEE FEE-BAY. The lower notes are identical to the black-capped chickadee’s but the higher FEE notes are omitted, making the black-capped chickadee’s song like BEE-BAY. The most familiar call is the CHICK-A-DEE-DEE which gave the bird its name. The song of the lack-capped chickadee acts as a CONTACT CALL, an ALARM CALL, to identify an individual or to indicate recognition of a particular flock ——- a very interesting fact indeed !!!!!
WASHINGTON — When Chinese police found them in the trunk of a smuggler’s car, 33 of the trafficked pangolins – endangered scaly mammals from southern China – were still alive, wrapped in plastic bags soaked with their own urine. But the fate of the creatures – whose scales are worth nearly their weight in silver on the black market – was not a happy one. Every last pangolin died in government captivity within a few months of the August 2017 seizure. A pioneering environmental nonprofit in Beijing has launched an investigation, called “counting pangolins,” to figure out what happens to such animals recovered from the illegal wildlife trade. Its findings so far highlight discrepancies between environmental laws and outcomes. China is hardly unique. The number of environmental laws on the books worldwide has increased 38-fold since 1972, according to an exhaustive U.N. Environment report released Thursday. But the political will and capacity to enforce those laws often lags – undermining global efforts to curb issues like wildlife trafficking, air pollution and climate change, the report found. “The law doesn’t self-execute,” said Carl Bruch, a study co-author and director of international programs at the Environmental Law Institute in Washington, D.C. Each of the 33 pangolins transferred to the care of a government-run wildlife rescue center in China’s Guangxi province died within three months – according to records obtained by the nonprofit China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation and shown to the Associated Press. What’s still unclear is what happened to their bodies. Pangolins are insect-eating, scaly mammals – playfully described by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as “resembling an artichoke with legs and a tail.” Their scales – made of keratin, the same material in human finger nails – are in high demand for Chinese traditional medicine, to purportedly cure arthritis, promote breast-feeding for mothers, and boost male virility, although there is no scientific backing for these beliefs. The price of pangolin scales in China has risen from $11 per kilogram (2.2 pounds) in the 1990s to $470 in 2014, according to researchers at Beijing Forestry University. Scientists have designated all eight species of pangolins as being at risk of extinction – four species in Asia, and four in Africa. More than 1 million pangolins were trafficked between 2004 and 2014 – for their scales, meat and blood – with China and Vietnam as the largest markets. In the last two decades, the number of pangolins worldwide has dropped by about 90 percent. In 2016, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) adopted a worldwide ban on commercial trade in pangolins, and China later approved that ban. Pangolins are also listed as a protected species in China. While Chinese state-run media have publicized a few high-profile poacher busts, watchdogs say a thriving black market for endangered-animal parts persists. In November 2017, customs officials in Shenzhen seized 13.1 tons (11.9 metric tonnes) of pangolin scales – reportedly the largest-ever seizure of scales from Africa – according to state media. The penalties offenders face are not always publicized, but in another case involving a smaller shipment of scales, two smugglers received prison sentences of five years, state media said. “It’s significant that China has adopted laws against trade in many endangered species, but the law itself isn’t enough to protect a species from extinction,” said Jinfeng Zhou, director of the China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation. Zhou wants the government to issue public records tracking all living and dead pangolins seized by authorities – and to offer evidence that contraband, including pangolin scales, is destroyed before it enters black markets. “We are determined to know what happens to the pangolins,” said Sophia Zhang, a researcher at the biodiversity group. After reading news reports about the August 2017 poaching bust, she filed information requests to government agencies and traveled to Guangxi to visit the wildlife rescue center. The Guangxi Forestry Department, which manages the wildlife rescue center, declined AP’s requests for an interview and comment. China’s state-run news service Xinhua reported in December 2018 that China remains committed to stopping pangolin trafficking, noting there were 209 pangolin smuggling busts from 2007 to 2016. Less official attention has been paid to what happens after these busts. In Guangxi, Zhang saw that pangolins were kept in small cages and fed cat food at the wildlife center, whereas wild pangolins eat termites. She said she had tried to coordinate with Save Vietnam’s Wildlife, a nonprofit, to bring shipments of termites to feed the pangolins, but the center declined the offer. After the animals died, the center wouldn’t reveal what happened to their scaly bodies. But in other instances, the same center has turned over live pangolins to industry groups – including a steel factory in Guangdong province and a farm associated with a Chinese traditional medicine center in Jiangxi province. The government released this information on its web site. In response to an information request from Zhang, the Guangxi Forestry Department sent copies of the licenses held by these organizations for handling pangolins. The reason for transferring pangolins remains unclear. “We want the wildlife center to provide a full explanation,” Zhang said. “We know the trade in pangolins is very lucrative. The public should be able to know what happens.” The biodiversity nonprofit has filed information requests about trafficked wildlife in nearly 30 Chinese provinces and has attempted to verify what happens to pangolin scales seized by customs officials. Zhang said wildlife rescue centers need better training to properly handle live animals. “China has a rather complete set of environmental laws,” said Barbara Finamore, the senior strategic director for Asia at the Natural Resources Defense Council in Washington, DC. “But environmental laws are not worth the paper they’re written on unless there’s also strong enforcement and oversight.” Countries large and small, rich and poor, have passed extensive green legislation since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. “The world has made incredible progress in adopting environmental laws and environmental impact assessments, in creating environmental ministries and agencies,” said Bruch, co-author of the U.N. report. Now comes the hard part. “The legal framework is there in an enormous number of countries,” said Deborah Seligsohn, a political scientist focusing on environmental policy at Villanova University. “But once you have all these laws, you need trained and willing personnel to actually enforce them. You need boots on the ground.” Green mandates often go unfunded, said Barney Long, director of species conservation at Global Wildlife Conservation, a nonprofit group in Austin, Texas. “Many countries have laws stating the minimum number of park rangers that should be patrolling per square mile in national parks and protected areas. But these aren’t implemented if sufficient money isn’t appropriated.” Non-governmental groups – like the biodiversity nonprofit in Beijing – try to help close the gap between environmental laws and enforcement action. But in many countries, this is dangerous work. In 2017, at least 207 environmental defenders – including forest rangers, advocates, journalists, and inspectors – were murdered for performing such work, according to Global Witness, a research and advocacy group based in Washington, D.C. and London. There are some bright spots, experts say. China is gradually releasing more environmental data to the public, especially on air pollution, even as the government clamps down on other forms of information. And more officials are being held accountable, said Jennifer Turner, director of the Woodrow Wilson Center’s China Environment Forum in Washington, D.C. “Before local officials were only evaluated on economic performance – but now it’s harder to hide from environmental sins.” Story: Christina Larson
Bacteria and unicellular marine plants called diatoms depend on each other for some essential nutrients, but they also compete for other nutrients. So life gets complicated in the chemical soup of the ocean. Diatoms convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon via photosynthesis. Bacteria need organic carbon, but many cannot make it. So they rely on diatoms, which release organic carbon into the ocean when they grow, are lysed (broken apart), or are eaten by zooplankton. Diatoms require vitamin B12, but they cannot make it. Bacteria do make it, so diatoms rely on bacteria, which release B12 into the ocean when they grow, are lysed, or are eaten. Diatoms and bacteria both need iron, which is a scarce commodity in the ocean. So they compete for it. If bacteria use up the iron, diatoms won’t have enough to make organic carbon; if diatoms use up the iron, bacteria won’t have it to make vitamin B12. (Illustration by Amy Caracappa-Qubeck, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)
In 1967 Muhammad Ali was stripped of his heavy weight boxing world titles and did not fight professionally for another 4 years. The reason for this was because he refused to be drafted into the USA army to fight in the Vietnam war. Not only is this an interesting event in history but this event can be used by students when answering questions on the Vietnam war. Questions on the Vietnam war are common in both the IGCSE and A Level courses and a typical question could be: “The USA lost the Vietnam war due to what happened within the USA”. Do you agree? Discuss. Firstly, the question is asking the student to evaluate the reasons why the USA lost the Vietnam war and not just give one reason. Importantly, the student should explain and evaluate all the reasons in their answer. A typical plan could be: The USA lost the war due to what was happening within the USA: - The peace movement - The civil rights movement, where the student can bring in the case study of not only Muhammad Ali and why he refused to fight and how he became an icon for many other Americans, but also of Martin Luther King. - The USA media and the portrayal of the conflict - The cost of the war both in terms of lives and money and therefore the failure of the Great Society reform programme. However, the USA also lost the war due to other factors, which were: - The tactics of the Vietcong and Vietminhg. guerrilla war tactics - The failed tactics of the USAg. search and destroy - Nationalism within Vietnam and the appeal of communism to many people at that time Obviously, a book could be written on this, but what the student needs to do is write an essay under timed conditions. This means the student needs to cover all the main reasons in the time given, which would be 20 minutes in the IGCSE and 45 minutes in the A Level. However, students can stand-out from the other students by focusing upon certain points and figures in history, which brings us back to Muhammad Ali, as he said in 1967, “I’m expected to go overseas to help free people in south Vietnam, and at the same time my people here are being brutalized and mistreated, and this is really the same thing that’s happening over in Vietnam.”
The past is never past. When I was choosing songs for my Italian class this Fall, I had no idea that one of them, “Bella Ciao” had become a global phenomenon. A colleague told me that “Bella Ciao” was the theme song for Money Heist, Netflix’s most viewed non-English program. As I looked into the way Money Heist (Casa de Papel in Spanish) had used “Bella Ciao,” I discovered another appropriation: since 2009 the Kurds have adopted “Bella Ciao” as a partisan song. As the Kurds in Northern Syria face President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s military assault, “Bella Ciao” is a fitting soundtrack of their resistance and fight for self-governance. Both the Kurds and the creators of Money Heist draw on the history of “Bella Ciao” as a song of resistance, one for a revolutionary cause, the other for entertainment. In one episode, the Professor, the mastermind behind the scheme to rob Spain’s Royal Mint of two billion euros, sings the song with his half-brother Berlin. “Bella Ciao” also accompanies the climactic ending to the heist in which Berlin sacrifices himself to save the other robbers. The use of the “Bella Ciao” song in Money Heist is effective but superficial. The original Italian song’s social roots run deep. In its first version, which emerged in the late nineteenth century, the singer is a poor female laborer working in rice fields under brutal conditions in Northern Italy. Swarmed by mosquitoes, hunched over for long hours, and guarded by cane-wielding overseers, she laments her lost youth and longs for freedom from her miserable life. In this version, the phrase “bella ciao” refers to the laborer’s dream of liberation. I was stunned to learn that “Bella Ciao” has permeated Kurdish culture for ten years. In 2009, the Kurdish filmmaker Ehsan Fattahian made a YouTube video which he dedicated to Kurdish people and all others seeking freedom before he was killed. Fattahian describes “Bella Ciao” as an “emotional” song with a historical background. He refers to the second and more famous version of “Bella Ciao,” in which the singer is a partisan who awakes one morning to find himself before a German invader. Having died a partisan, he imagines the invader burying his corpse in the mountains where a flower will bloom. Passersby will see the blossom as “the flower of the partisan who died for liberty.” “Bella Ciao” here refers to a beautiful death. Fattahian notes that the Italian partisans were normal people who risked their lives to free their country from a fascist regime and the Nazis. The cultural leap to another class of oppressors—Turks, Syrians, or Iranians—is easy. The song’s elemental quality lends itself to adaptation and transmission: an invader kills a partisan who hopes for remembrance and a beautiful death. Kurdish children learn “Bella Ciao” at a young age, along with traditional Kurdish songs. The line “O partigiano portami via” are words which resonate especially. “Bella Ciao” recalls a youth who participated in a sit-in at the Glençler Meydana; it “gives you a positive energy, it gives you courage.” In 2014 the singer Chia Madani cemented the idea of resistance further when he released a melodic version of “Bella Ciao” in Kurdish with a video backdrop of Kurdish men and women fighting together. Perhaps the most poignant versions are the ones sung by Kurdish women against images of other young women performing military exercises. The Kurds have assimilated this Italian import and given the song’s partisan message a new force. All these videos feature young Kurdish fighters, seemingly ordinary men and women—in steep rugged terrain. The mountainous backdrop furnishes another link to “Bella Ciao,” whose partisan died in the mountains. The mountains of Northern Syria are the only refuge for Kurdish partisans. This spring the song’s Kurdish and Italian histories merged uncannily. After becoming interested in the Rojava Revolution, Lorenzo Orsetti, a Florentine cook, waiter and sommelier, became a revolutionary. He joined the Syrian Defense Forces (SDF). Orsetti was killed by ISIS during the battle of Baghuz in March 2019 when his group was ambushed. Attendees at the funeral services for Orsetti sang “Bella Ciao” in Italian and Kurdish. Music lingers and links. Platforms like YouTube facilitate the mobility of influence across cultures. “Bella Ciao’s” prominence in Money Heist inspired new iterations. The song became a summer hit across Europe in 2018. Remixes by Florent Hugel, a Marseille DJ, a multi-ethnic group in France which includes emerging artists, Naestro, Vitaa, Dadju e Slimane, and a Spanish version added electronic, techno, rap and cumbia elements. YouTube videos from Money Heist, the Italian version, and Hugel’s remix have been viewed more than 190 million times. The difference between hearing “Bella Ciao” on Money Heist and on Kurdish videos is dramatic and startling. In the Netflix series, the song marshals political ideas ironically, or even cynically, in a hip, late capitalist entertainment spectacle. There is no entertainment in seeing the young Kurdish men and women loading ammunition and engaged in other military operations. What prevails is the somber reality of their fight for self-governance. The Kurds’ adaptation of “Bella Ciao” brings it back to its resistance roots in chilling ways. We do not know the Kurds. Only the American soldiers who fought alongside them know them. The Kurdish version of “Bella Ciao” humanizes the men and women in haunting ways. This richly historic song ennobles their fight for freedom, universalizing a desire for liberty from oppression. Since Trump acceded to Erdogan’s request that he withdraw American troops from Syria, a decision which has cleared the way for the removal of the Kurds, if not their extermination, “Bella Ciao” becomes the sound track of infamy. It is the song of betrayal by an unreliable ally, the last turn on a sad history of re-purposing. The deaths of Kurds fighting for self-governance will be anything but a bella ciao. Should they be looking for a song of betrayal, they might turn to “Mi tradì quell’alma ingrata” (loosely translated as: “the ungrateful wretch betrayed me”) from Don Giovanni.
Flocking a Newtonian Telescope A Newtonian reflector's open tube (or any other OTA for this matter) is an attractive target for unwanted stray light, which can come from anywhere: Moon, street lights or even bright stars. This light bounces off telescope's inner surfaces and eventually enters the focuser and the eyepiece. As a result - the background lightens up and the image contrast is harmed. There are several solutions to this problem: Attaching an extension the the tube (which is also useful for dealing with dew), baffling the telescope, or flocking it from inside with light absorbing material. Baffling is probably the most effective method (if calculated and done properly), while flocking is the easiest. The idea behind flocking is to increase light absorbing properties of the inner surfaces of OTA by covering it with a special material. It allows absorbtion of the unwanted light, rather than reflecting it. In practice, in unbaffled tube, some stray light will always get to the eyepiece, but flocking can minimize the harm. Usually a telescope is painted with black, matte paint inside. However this paint is usually far from being an ideal light absorber, especially at oblique angles. See the following photo for a comparison of a special flocking paper (left) and my Orion reflector's native paint (right). "Protostar" flocking paper compared to the native black paint For this purpose I used flocking paper from Protostar. It's VERY black, relatively easy to install, and resistant to moisture (according to manufacturer). "ScopeStuff" offers similar material either. It comes in many forms, while mine was a boxed roll of black self adhesive "mesh" paper, with waxed protective sheet over the sticky layer. In order to apply the material - it's recommended to disassemble all parts from the telescope: Main mirror cell assembly, secondary mirror assembly with the spider, focuser assembly and finder holder. The following instructions are for Orion (or Skywatcher) reflectors. To disassemble the main mirror - place the telescope upright, with the bottom on the floor. Then unscrew all small phillips screws located on tube's perimeter, right above the mirror cell (marked with "C" on the following diagram). After all screws have been removed - carefully rise the tube/ The mirror cell assembly should remain on the floor, and it's a good idea that a helping person will hold the mirror assembly during this operation. The main mirror then should be put somewere safe for a while (or get washed, since you have alreadey disassembled the telescope). Next step is to unscrew by hand 4 bolts which hold the spider (marked with "B"). You should hold the secondary mirror holder with one of your hands while doing it, to prevent the whole assembly falling down. The focuser should be removed by unscrewing 4 phillips screws (marked with "A). Don't confuse screws which hold the focuser in its place with the collimation screws (usually small allen ones). Last - the finder holder should also be removed from the OTA. Disassembly procedure of an Orion (or a Skywatcher) Newtonian OTA After the disassembly - some measurements should be made, in order to cut the appropriate rolls or sheets of the material. Try keeping the overlaps to a minimum, or better avoid them, since the flocking paper doesn't stick well to itself. If your tube is big enough (6-8" or larger) - the flocking paper can be simply rolled and inserted into the OTA. Then you can start removing the protective layer (white in the following image) from one of roll's edges, which is parallel to the tube, and stick the flocking paper (black) to the tube's surface. Unrolling and attaching the flocking paper to the OTA Unroll the paper inch by inch, gradually removing the protective layer, and attach the exposed flocking material. After each few inches - use your fingers to smoothen out the material, while applying some pressure. There is an alternative method of applying the material using long slices 2-4 inches thick. It can be useful is the tube is small. After the flocking is done - protostar recommends making longitudinal cuts every 3-4 inches with a sharp knife, to compensate for OTA's temperature expansion. The holes for screws and focuser can be easily cut out using a sharp knife, from inside. A fully flocked newtonian tube Apart from the tube - you may flock the secondary mirror edges, focuser inner parts, mirror clips, and basically any surfaces inside the telescope which you believe may play a role in reflecting unwanted stray light into the focuser. See a flocked secondary mirror edges in the following example. Flocking the edges of secondary mirror Most important is to flock the inner OTA surface which is directly visible from focuser, and the focuser's inner surface. Therefore if you do not wish to disassemble and flock the entire telescope - at least flock these critical areas (shown in red). Everything visible from the focal plane should be blackened with a flocking material
As parents, we always want to keep our kids healthy and happy. Choosing the best family health insurance options is a crucial step in the right direction, but it’s not enough. Where to Start Pediatric experts agree that kids need exercise to stay healthy. In a study conducted in 2005, it was found that school age kids should engage in at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous exercise each day. This can be achieved by playing sports, such as soccer or basketball, brisk walking and jumping rope. Researchers note that, although modern day kids take in pretty much the same amount of calories, the amount of physical activity kids do today is considerably lower than that of kids 20 years ago. Sadly, the rise in popularity of gadgets and consoles have encouraged kids to stay at home playing video games or watching TV, reducing the amount of physical exercise they get. An Hour of Physical Activity Daily In theory, an hour of physical activity could be achieved in school by participating in physical-education activities and sports programs done after class. But, some schools nowadays no longer take physical education seriously- and that’s a problem. If you want your child to be healthier, encourage them to be physically active. Encourage your child to participate in school sports programs or other activities that would get them off the couch. You can also plan family activities like cycling or jogging in the park, or simply walking around the neighborhood after dinner. Protect Your Child from Disease Encouraging physical activity in your children is great, but it’s not enough to safeguard their health. You also need to ensure that your child eats healthy food regularly. Eating right will give your child the nutrients they need to grow, develop stronger bones and muscles, have energy, and fight diseases. Moreover, you should also pay attention to what your child snacks on and how much food they consume. They may be eating too much or too little, so balance is the key to health. It can be difficult running a home, having a job and taking care of your kids all at the same time, but it’s something you need to do if you want to keep them from getting sick. Teach Them Healthy Habits Help your child develop habits that will enable them to make healthy choices. These include choosing healthy food over junk food, brushing their teeth, drinking at least 8 glasses of water a day, going to bed early, keeping a positive outlook, and so on. And don’t forget to walk the talk. You are, after all, a role model in the eyes of your child, so exemplifying healthy habits in your own personal routine is essential for teaching them to your kids. Finally, always take the time to talk to your child and explain the importance of living a healthy lifestyle. Follow these tips to protect your child from illnesses and to ensure their (and your health) now and well into the future.
If you encounter a litterateur with a fondness for sesquipedalian verbosity, what chance do you have of keeping up with his pedantic, polysyllabic rhetoric? Fear not, the odds are well in your favor if you're a Mac user who is acquainted with the various way to grab a quick definition. Today I'll show you not one but five different methods for utilizing the OS X dictionary on the fly. 1. Open the Dictionary App I admit, I'm cheating on this one as it couldn't really be any more obvious. If you're new to the Mac though, it's important to know that there is indeed a built-in Dictionary right in your Applications folder. Use of the Dictionary app is completely straightforward: type in a word, get a definition. How do they think of these things? The thing to keep in mind is that there's a lot more here than a simple dictionary. In fact, it's four reference guides in one. The OS X Dictionary App In addition to the Dictionary, there other three sections are Thesaurus, Apple and Wikipedia. The Apple section is a great place to look up something that is specifically app related. If someone references some random piece of Apple tech like Rosetta, you can use this tool to find out just what the heck they're talking about. The Apple section gives you bite-sized definitions for terms in the Apple universe. The Dictionary application is all well and fine, but do you really want to go through the trouble of opening the app every time you want to see a quick definition? That'll take a whole three to five seconds of your day! Who has time for such an extended activity? The good news is that there's an even faster way. Simply hover over a word, such as "polysyllabic," and hit Command-Control-D to see a little pop up window with the definition. The OS X Dictionary App If you need to look up a phrase, try selecting multiple words with your text cursor and hitting the same shortcut (try it on this: Mountain Lion). Notice that this little popup automatically gives you results from all of the relevant data sources. Try highlighting multiple words. 3. Three Finger Tap The pop up menu from the previous step is pretty dang handy, but the keyboard shortcut isn't exactly the easiest thing in the world to remember. If you prefer to take the gesture route, you can get the same little window by hovering over a word and tapping your trackpad once with three fingers simultaneously. Tap the trackpad with three fingers to look up a word. To be sure that your system has this feature and that it's enabled, hit up the "Trackpad" Preference Pane in System Preferences. It should be the third list item under the "Point & Click" tab. Another lightning fast way to grab a quick definition is to use Spotlight. Simply hit Command-Space to open the Spotlight menu and type in the word you're looking to define. Somewhere near the bottom of the results should be a "Look Up" item with the Dictionary app icon next to it. Spotlight is another place to grab a quick definition. You can click on this item to bring up the actual Dictionary app, or simply hover over it to see the definition without launching any extra apps. This ability to hover over Spotlight options is fairly new and might not work if your system isn't current. This is the only one on the list that isn't built directly into your core operating system, but enough people have Alfred installed that I thought it was worth a mention. Grabbing a definition from Alfred is pretty fast and easy. Simply hit your Alfred shortcut to bring up the main window and type "define." In reality, you don't really have to type the full word, usually "de" plus the tab key is enough to do it for me. From here, begin to type in the word that you want defined. Alfred will give you a list of possible words that updates in real time as you type. You can select any of these to launch the Dictionary app, but you often don't need to go that far as partial definitions appear below each result. Alfred's Define Feature Go Forth and Define There you have it, five super fast ways to grab a definition in OS X. Now that you've read my suggestions, leave a comment and let me know how you go about looking up a word in OS X. Do you use the methods listed here or something else? Let us know!
They can look benign from a distance — solar panels glistening in the sun or turbines gently churning with the breeze to produce electricity for hundreds of thousands of homes. But building and maintaining them can be hazardous. Accidents involving wind turbines alone have tripled in the last decade, and watchdog groups fear incidents could skyrocket further — placing more workers and even bystanders in harm’s way — because a surge in projects requires hiring hordes of new and often inexperienced workers. Last year, the solar industry grew 67% and doubled its employment in the U.S. to 100,000 workers, according to the Solar Energy Industries Assn. The wind industry supports more than 75,000 jobs. The concerns have a particular resonance in California, home to many of the nation’s largest solar and wind projects. “We’re hearing about more and more incidents,” said Lisa Linowes, executive director of watchdog organization Industrial Wind Action Group. “One of these days, a turbine’s going to fall on someone.” Many wind turbine technicians work in a bathroom-size space 20 stories above ground surrounded by high-voltage electrical equipment. Some inspect turbine blades while suspended alongside them, on sites whipped by strong winds. Components can weigh more than 90 tons. Technicians have fallen hundreds of feet; others have been crushed by wayward parts or trapped in twisting machinery. Pilots in small planes have crashed into the towers. Electrical explosions last year left a worker in Illinois with third-degree burns and two others in San Diego County with similar injuries. Workers could asphyxiate inside turbine enclosures or inhale harmful gases and vapors when buffing and resurfacing blades, the Department of Labor cautions. Wind turbine accidents involving injuries and equipment damage have surged over the last decade, peaking in 2008 with 128 incidents worldwide, according to the Caithness Windfarm Information Forum. Since the 1970s, there have been 78 fatalities, with about half in the U.S. The number of solar incidents is harder to gauge, but most industry workers say it’s rising. Solar workers perform tasks similar to those in the most dangerous professions: roofing, electrical work and carpentry. In April 2010, Hans Petersen was taking a break from graduate theology studies and had been installing solar panels for six months when he stumbled off the sloped roof at a Northern California public housing complex and plunged 45 feet to his death. Petersen, 30, wasn’t wearing a safety harness. The gear, which could have prevented the fall, wasn’t an industrywide requirement at the time. “They just took some things for granted — that this roof was not a particularly dangerous roof, that the pitch was modest,” said Petersen’s father, the Rev. Glenn Petersen. “I’m sure Hans didn’t expect anything. He felt comfortable” at those heights. Even the public can be at risk, watchdog groups say. Fires atop wind towers have scattered burning debris, according to neighbors, who also describe hastily built wind installations collapsing within months and harsh weather conditions exacerbating wear and tear. The complicated wiring under solar panels has left some firefighters so bewildered that they have allowed residential rooftops to burn. Some panels contain materials such as cadmium and selenium, which could be explosive or even carcinogenic, according to the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. Panel parts can also be flammable or prone to melting, or torn off in storms or cracked by hail, testing experts said. With production costs shrinking, companies are under “tremendous pressure” to stay competitive, “sometimes using less durable components,” said Jeffrey Smidt, general manager of the Global Energy Business at product certification company Underwriters Laboratories Inc., commonly known as UL. “People just assume they’re fine,” he said. Watchdog groups say a hodgepodge of state and federal renewable energy safety standards haven’t kept up with the growth of the industry. Some were adapted from other industries and don’t specifically cover wind and solar projects, while others are guidelines rather than mandatory regulations. Many are old and are just now being updated. But clean-energy companies say they are backing more uniform safety standards and offering intensive training for workers. This year, the American Wind Energy Assn. launched a program to collect safety data for the industry. It also has online advisories that include warnings about working in high winds, requirements for fall protection above six feet and recommendations for frequent crane inspections and lightning safety plans. The solar industry trade group said it is working on its own set of best practices. The organization has offered safety recommendations for an international construction standard being drafted for renewable energy projects. Companies are also looking at ways to improve the safety features of their products and are testing them at facilities like the one run by UL in San Jose. Technicians there operate a torture chamber for solar panels, testing the technology’s endurance by trying to destroy it. Panels are submerged in tanks, slammed by 100-pound weights and battered with ice balls traveling 50 miles per hour. Five years ago, half of all products that went through the Bay Area lab would fail at least one test, technicians said. Now, only 30% do. The wind industry is also curtailing “shoddy” practices such as leaving fences open around high-voltage equipment and driving trucks at high speeds through installation sites, said Fraser McLachlan, chief executive of renewable energy underwriter GCube Insurance Services Inc. State and federal agencies say they are also taking steps to reduce accidents and boost enforcement of regulations. The California state fire marshal recently updated guidelines recommending that roofs with solar installations have a 3-foot walkway for firefighters to maneuver. Meanwhile, Hans Petersen’s employer, SolarCity, said it has beefed up its safety rules and spent millions of dollars enhancing its training program and developing equipment to prevent falls. “Hans’ accident was by far the worst, most emotionally trying event the company has ever experienced,” the company said in a statement. “We hope that no other solar company or its employees ever have to go through anything like that.”
1 Answer \| Add Yours I think that Allende represents much in a postmodern literary period in her attempt to articulate voice to a condition that might be silenced without her presence. Her background enables her to speak to a political tradition that seeks to silence voice. This is one way she wishes to bring more people into the narrative, particularly speaking to individuals that are the victims to brutal political regimes. Another way in which she seeks to increase individual voice is through her ability to write as a woman in a genre that is largely dominated by the male voice. Allende is conscious of the fact that she is a woman writing in a domain that is mostly populated by the male writer. In being a woman, being conscious of being a woman in a realm where there are mostly men, she is able to increase the amount of voices, of narratives, that are included in the voices of record. Writing in the postmodern period, Allende understands that part of any construction has to be the inclusion of more voices. She is able to do this with her work, and with her own voice, one that is both reflective of her own subjective experience, but strives to broaden out what is individual into something that can be seen as applicable to more people. In this process, one sees a desire to define her own sensibilities about her literary period and place by including more people's voice into an overall narrative. We’ve answered 319,139 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
Digital IDs are the electronic equivalents to peoples' identity cards. You can present a Digital ID electronically to prove your identity or your right to access information or services online. Digital IDs, also known as digital certificates, bind an identity to a pair of cryptographic keys. This pair (the private and public key) can be used to sign and encrypt digital information. A Digital ID makes it possible to verify someone's claim that they have the right to use a given key. Used in conjunction with encryption, Digital IDs provide a more complete security solution, assuring the identity of all parties involved in an electronic transaction. A Digital IDis issued by a Certification Authority (CA) and signed with the CA's private key. A Digital ID typically contains the: - Owner's public key - Owner's name - Expiration date of the public key - Name of the issuer (the CA that issued the Digital ID) - Serial number of the Digital ID - Digital signature of the issuer Digital IDs ensure the authenticity of the author of the electronic document. The authenticity of the paper document is defined by the signature, moreover, the signature itself can be authorized using a stamp or even by a notary. When it comes to the electronic documents, they are signed using a digital signature, which not only defines the author, but it strictly linked to the contents of this document. Any changes applied to the document without author's consent can be easily detected. Signing a document, verifying its authenticity, decrypting or encrypting it can be easily done using modern cryptographic methods based on the pair of cryptographic keys.
The WIENER MARATON (MAgnetism and RAdiation TOlerant New) is a highest density, low noise, floating low voltage power supply system for use in hostile magnetic /radiation environments. The MARATON-Series has been designed for the CERN LHC experiments to power lowest noise electronics with medium to high currents (10A to 600A current range) over long distances in sensed ore impedance controlled mode. Dynamic behavior is foreseen to set internally for short or long sensed distances. Radiation hardness was tested up to 14krad / 5,6 x 1012n/cm2 / 3 x 1012p/cm2 and magnetic field tolerance up to 1300G. Available input options are 385 VDC or 230/400VAC (47-440Hz). Depending on the magnetic field air or water cooling can be choosen. Different versions for moderate or hazardous hostile environment are available. The following MARATON Systems are available: WIENER MPOD System Universal multi-channel low and high voltage power supply system, see here. Introduction into high and low voltage power supplies Download introduction into use of power supplies for physics.
Educator’s Kit Lesson 3: Cyberbullying, Be Kind Online The Educator’s Kit is the Ultimate Toolkit for learning and retaining cyber safety in a fun and engaging group setting. That’s right! We said “The Ultimate”. After countless reviews and feedback from educators they agree and say: “The ease of use was impressive as well as the quality of the products and the students' engagement with the video & comics was exciting.” – 2019 Learning Magazine's Teachers Choice Award for the Classroom This comprehensive lesson, CYBERBULLYING: Be Kind Online, will teach a group of 30 children netiquette and how to handle cyberbullying situations, even if you started it. After Nermal jokingly posts an embarrassing picture of his friend, he realizes he was taking part in cyberbullying. Garfield and Friends step in to help. The award-winning Garfield’s Cyber Safety Adventures program is designed to engage elementary children and foster retention of core cyber safety lessons. The Educator Kit contains: - USB with Garfield Cartoon; Teacher Lesson Plan; Printable Handout Puzzles - 30 Garfield Activity Comic Books - 2 Posters (1 Large and 1 Pledge Poster) - 30 Cyber Safe Student Stickers - 30 Bookmarks - 30 Garfield and Friends Trading Cards - 1 Garfield and Friends Special Edition Trading Card - for you! - 30 Letters for Parents *** I wish to commend you on the Cybersafety Program. The students were engaged and asked many questions. They all had stories of situations they've encountered and how this program has provided them with answers on how to handle themselves in the future. They also really liked the camera stickers. What an excellent program for children to learn how to be careful and watchful on the internet. – Elementary School Principal * First, let me start by saying thank you for such a well-planned curriculum. I delivered the lessons to students of the 4th and 5th grade. They absolutely loved the videos, the comics, the discussion, the trading cards, and well... everything about the program. They learned so much and we have had many post lesson discussions as a group and on an individual basis. The information was presented in a way that both adults and students could enjoy and learn. – Computer Teacher *** This past week I purchased Garfield for my 7 year old to do... it was amazing.. She loved it.. And then she was so proud of what she had learned! She keeps telling everyone she meets how important it is to keep your private information safe and how to go about doing it. She loves Garfield! – Concerned Parent
Many people limit their meat consumption because of the fear of the antibiotics and hormones it contains. This is unnecessary - meat of Polish origin is not stuffed with bactericidal substances that affect people’s health. If so, why does such a myth persist in society and how to refute it? It is obvious that farm animals receive antibiotics. This happens in the same situations as we, people, need to take them. When an animal falls ill, an appropriate veterinarian examines it, diagnoses and prescribes treatment. If the doctor suspects a bacterial infection, he starts antibiotic therapy. The amount of medicine that can be given to the animal is selected individually and recorded in the appropriate medical documentation available from the veterinarian. In addition, meat samples are examined by specialized diagnosticians, and the presence of undesirable substances in meat is supervised by the Veterinary Inspection. Some consumers are concerned that hormones contained in food are responsible for the large size of farm animals, especially poultry. However, the truth is completely different. The possibilities of modern biology and biotechnology have enabled the crossing of species from which only some are selected for breeding. Selected animals are larger, have high muscle mass and achieve it without the need for pharmaceutical substances. These species grow quickly thanks to optimal access to light and food that ensures that all their nutritional needs are met. If anyone still has doubts, we remind you that hormones in poultry production must not be used in the European Union for over 20 years! More and more research shows that using the right breeds allows achieving much better results than using hormone therapy, very popular several decades ago. The fear of drugs being present in meat is therefore unjustified. Therefore, consumers can consciously choose food of Polish origin, knowing that it meets strict quality standards.
A disaster can be large or small and can occur with or without warning. No one who lives through a disaster is untouched by the experience. Disasters can threaten our sense of control and safety and can affect many aspects of our lives. The emotional effects from potential losses associated with disasters can cause unusual stress as people begin to rebuild their lives. Just as it can take months to rebuild damaged buildings, it takes time to grieve loss and rebuild lives. This distress is often a normal reaction to an abnormal or unusual situation. Not everyone will have an emotional reaction to an event, and those who do will react in their own unique way. Some common emotional reactions may include recurring dreams, nightmares, digestive problems, anxiety, guilt, anger, isolation, headaches, fatigue, distrust in others, and muscle tension. Children are especially vulnerable both during and after a disaster. Younger children may become clingy with parents, scared to sleep alone or show aggressive behaviors at home or school. Older youth may have delinquent behaviors, defiance, social withdrawal or decline in school performances. Children as well as adults need to express themselves. It is important to encourage all survivors to talk about their experience. Provide time for closeness, monitor media exposure to disaster trauma, maintain routines as much as possible, spend time with family and friends, involve children in preparation of family emergency kits and home drills, encourage exercise and physical activities and set gentle but firm limits for acting out behaviors. The Department of Health and Human Resources, Bureau for Behavioral Health and Health Facilities, Office of Consumer Affairs and Community Outreach houses the behavioral health disaster program. A diverse pool of behavioral health professionals and community responders provide emotional and/or social needs support to the individuals and communities impacted by disasters or emergencies. For further information on disaster behavioral health, please contact: Joann Fleming, Disaster Coordinator Telephone: (304) 356-4788 The following numbers are provided for additional support: WV Disaster Hotline: (866) 867-8290 Distress Helpline: (800) 985-5990 Suicide Hotline: (800) 273-8255 Domestic Hotline: (800) 352-6513 Problem Gamblers Hotline: (800) 426-2537
From sore throats and earaches to sinusitis or hearing loss, Main Line Ear, Nose, and Throat is equipped to handle all your otolaryngology needs. To help you understand your options, we've included descriptions of some of our leading services on this page. - Ear Infection - Hearing Loss - Mouth Sores - Neck Pain - Breathing Problems - Snoring/Sleep Apnea - Sore Throat - Head and Neck Cancers - Oral Cancers - Audiology Testing - Cosmetic Facial Treatments - Injectable wrinkle treatments The inner ear serves two purposes: hearing and balance. There are mechanisms in the ear that inform the brain about your position, orientation in space and movement at all times to keep you in balance. A false sensation of spinning or whirling, known as vertigo, can occur when the signal to the brain is blocked or misfires. The ear is made up of three sections: the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. Each of these areas is susceptible to infections, which can be painful. Young children have a greater tendency to get earaches. While most ear pain resolves itself in a matter of days, you should get a physical examination to understand the type of infection, prevent it from spreading and obtain treatment to help alleviate the pain. Hearing loss has a lot of different causes and manifestations. It can be sudden or gradual. It can occur in one ear or both ears. It can be temporary or permanent. It happens to people of all ages and is associated with the aging process. Before discussing causes and treatments for hearing loss, it is important to understand how hearing works. There are a variety of sores that can occur in or around the mouth. Most are benign, but some may be indicative of cancer. Neck pain is often a result of overuse of the muscles and ligaments in the neck from sports, recreational activities, work or household chores. It is generally characterized by stiffness, a kink or severe pain in the neck, shoulders, upper back and/or arms. Neck pain can also be caused by stress, trauma or injury or maybe a symptom of the flu or meningitis. The nose serves three primary functions: to warm, humidify and filter air as it passes into the body. Breathing problems may impact one or multiple of these functions. Breathing problems can be temporary or chronic, mild or severe, but they usually increase with age. Everyone experiences sore throats when they have a cold or flu. But there are other reasons for sore throats that may be symptomatic of more serious problems. Most head and neck cancers are relatively preventable since they are highly correlated with tobacco use and alcohol consumption. They are also generally curable if caught early. Symptoms to watch out for include pain swallowing, trouble breathing, ear pain, a lump in the neck that lasts longer than two weeks, a growth in the mouth and bleeding from the mouth, nose or throat. Oral cancers appear as red or white patches of mouth tissue or small ulcers that look like a canker sores, but are painless. Oral cancers usually form on the tongue or floor of the mouth, but can occur on any tissue in and around the mouth. We offer injectable wrinkle treatments; Dysport, Restylane, Restylane Lyft, Restylane Refyne and Restylane Defyne Earlobe repairs for stretch earring holes or trauma, skin biopsies and mole/skin tag removal. Read More »
Error, attempting to assign to `...` which is protected. Try declaring `local ...`; see ?protect for details. This error occurs when you assign a value to a protected name. Protection is used to prevent names from being modified by the user. One way to solve this error is to use a name that is not protected. However, if you prefer to use the protected name, you can do one of the following to avoid this error. use local to declare a local version of the name (see Example 1) use unprotect to remove protection from the protected name (see Example 2) Note: It is not recommended that you remove protection from Maple protected names. If you must use a Maple protected name, you should declare a local version of the name. Example 1: Declaring a protected name as local An error is generated when you assign a value to a Maple protected name. start := 1.3982; finish := 12.2315; diff := finish - start; Error, attempting to assign to `diff` which is protected. Try declaring `local diff`; see ?protect for details. The error is generated because diff is the Maple protected name for the differentiation command. To use a Maple protected name in your worksheet, declare the name using local. local diff := finish - start; Warning, A new binding for the name `diff` has been created. The global instance of this name is still accessible using the :- prefix, :-`diff`. See ?protect for details. To access the Maple diff command, call :-diff. The following command differentiates ln(x) with respect to x. You can even declare a local version of a name you already declared. The global (that is, original) name is again accessed by adding :- before the name. myname := "global version of myname"; myname≔global version of myname local myname := "local version of myname"; Warning, A new binding for the name `myname` has been created. The global instance of this name is still accessible using the :- prefix, :-`myname`. See ?protect for details. myname≔local version of myname local version of myname global version of myname Example 2: Using unprotect on a protected name You can protect a name with the protect command. After protecting a name, an error is generated if you try to change the value stored in the protected name. myProtectedName := 19; myProtectedName := 23; Error, attempting to assign to `myProtectedName` which is protected. Try declaring `local myProtectedName`; see ?protect for details. Use the unprotect command to remove protection from your name and change its value. Although you can use the unprotect command on a Maple protected name, this is not recommended because it alters the value of results. For example, consider the correct value of arctan(1). Changing the value of Pi affects this and any other result containing Pi. Pi := 4; Download Help Document
We all remember Linus from the Peanuts – confident, caring, smart, and still carrying a blanket around everywhere. While Linus is endearing, we all wonder if letting children indefinitely carry blankies aka security blankets or loveys will harm their development. Will they face judgment from peers? Will they struggle to make friends? Will they lack the independence of other children? These are daunting questions. The great news is that these fears and questions are unfounded, and science shows that these objects are tools that children naturally gravitate toward. Security Blankets and Loveys According to Science Research shows that a child’s security blanket or beloved teddy is actually a good thing. Turns out, blankies and loveys are a tool to boost a child’s confidence level, self-value, and they are even empowering. Why? Blankets and loveys are a sense of security for children — a way to help them leave their parent or caregiver for the day, to work through the tears of an emotional moment, and to handle those tough transitions that they need extra support with. With that blanket or lovey in tow, they are “less shy and more focused than children who don’t use these things.” While added focus and being less shy are great benefits in and of themselves, there is even more good news about the advantage of letting children have blankies and loveys. Research also tells us that “their lovey objects are like the first training wheels for telling themselves ‘you’re all right’. With a built-in sense of security, children feel safe enough to take small risks, explore and grow.” Training wheels provided a safety net which increases confidence and then are shed when no longer needed. By taking small risks, children will feel free and unafraid to transition to taking larger risks as they grow and change. Security Blankets as Transitional Objects The debate about the value of security blankets and other lovey objects has been taking place since 1951, the same year in which the term transitional object was first used by D.W. Winnicott. Winnicott defines the term transitional object as “a designation for any material to which an infant attributes a special value and by means of which the child is able to make the necessary shift from the earliest oral relationship with mother to genuine object-relationships.” In simpler terms, this means that security objects: - Empower children - Help children make connections outside of their parents - Help navigate separation for a child - Indicate how children will create human friendships According to Psychology Today, security objects are “rooted in sensorial elements that lessen the stress of separation, while they soothe and comfort the child.” Each aspect of the item — from how it smells, to feeling the worn spots, to the faded color — is part of the unique relationship between the security object and the child. Not only does the security blanket or lovey act as a comfort, but it has become a physical keepsake of memories and nostalgia. With all these positives coming from security blankets and loveys, it is difficult to know when to take your child’s lovey away or even if you should take this away. As adults, we can feel apologetic or worried about how our child’s lovey will be received by others. Our own insecurities may lead us to take away our child’s beloved object. However, research has shown that if the transitional object is removed or denied access to, it can actually create more anxiety and trauma. It is better to support the child by using the security blanket or lovey at key times. Use reassuring statements to let the child know that it will be waiting for them. Put your blanket in your cubby, and it will be waiting for you at nap time. At home you can pick up the special object when it is not being used and place it somewhere the child can easily have access to it when they are needing extra emotional support. Your blanket is waiting for you on your bed. While it can be uncomfortable for us as adults, children need the freedom to discard their object when they are ready. Bottom line, blankies, loveys, or any other transitional object are a positive tool for children. Security blankets, loveys, and similar items: - Foster independence and security - Ease anxiety in new situations - Help children as they transition to different life stages - Create self-worth and awareness - Invite emotional wellbeing The truth is that even adults find benefits from security objects. I still have my own lovey tucked away at the bottom of my dresser. He smells like my childhood. He reminds me of innocence, safety, and security. Even our friend Linus always had great friends and was a respected leader among his peer group. So, no need to worry. Children benefit greatly from their blankies and loveys and will let them go when they are ready.
The Finnish National Core Curriculum for Basic Education was renewed in 2014; increasingly, teachers are encouraged to use a variety of schools’ outdoor facilities, such as local nature settings, for the teaching of various subjects (FNBE, 2016). In the study of “Hiking in the Wilderness: Interplay between teachers’ and students’ agencies in outdoor learning” we were interested in students’ and teachers’ agency in the context of outdoor learning. We aimed to find out the ways in which teachers’ and students’ agency emerge during the hiking trip and in which ways students’ agentic engagement could be promoted in out-of-school context. The study was conducted during a three-day hiking course taking place in the wilderness of Finnish Lapland. The participants were 21 upper elementary students and their two teachers. The central concepts of the study are ‘outdoor learning’ and ‘agentic engagement’. In the research literature, outdoor learning usually describes learning that occurs outside classrooms, often in settings involving nature. Outdoor learning can encompass a range of activities and such concepts as outdoor play and recreation, environmental education, adventure activities and outdoor adventure (Mackenzie, Son & Eitel, 2018; Tan & Atencio, 2016). In the research setting presented in the article, we refer by the term ‘outdoor learning’ to educational processes and learning experiences that a) uses and are built in natural and cultural environments, b) highlights the interplay of cognitive, emotional and bodily activities, c) is built in socio-cultural interaction between students, the teacher(s) and the environment, d) is based on context-specific affordances and pedagogical principles (Kangas, Vuojärvi & Siklander, 2018). Agency is considered to be a dimension of engagement (Sinatra et al., 2015). Agentic engagement suggests that participants – in this case students and teachers – are proactive during the hiking course. Edwards and D’Arcy (2004) recognises the reciprocal relationship between learners and their environment, and considers the learning environment to encompass physical, social and pedagogical aspects. The findings indicate four aspects of students’ agentic engagement, which are promoted through teachers’ agency emerging through evoking past experiences, future orientations and being closely engaged with the present. The students’ emerging agentic engagement was evident through four aspects of agency: responsibility, resilience, co-exploration and empowerment. The results provide evidence to support developing outdoor learning pedagogies particularly in terms of promoting generic skill development, students’ sense of agency and self-directed learning in authentic settings. You can read more about the research from here: Kangas, M., Vuojärvi, H. & Siklander, P. (2018). Hiking in the wilderness: Interplay between teachers’ and students’ agencies in outdoor learning. Education in the North, 25(3), 7-31. EDWARDS, A., & D’ARCY, C., (2004). Relational agency and disposition in sociocultural accounts of learning to teach. Educational Review, 56(2), 147–155. FINNISH NATIONAL BOARD OF EDUCATION. (2016). National core curriculum for basic education 2014. Finnish National Agency for Education 2016 Publications 2016:5. KANGAS, M., VUOJÄRVI, H. & SIKLANDER, P., (2018). Hiking in the wilderness: Interplay between teachers’ and students’ agencies in outdoor learning. Education in the North, 25(3), pp. 7-31. MACKENZIE, H. S., SON, J. S. & EITEL, K. (2018). Using outdoor adventure to enhance intrinsic motivation and engagement in science and physical activity: an exploratory study. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 21, 76–86. SINATRA, G. M., HEDDY, B. C., & LOMBARDI, D. (2015). The challenges of defining and measuring student engagement in science. Educational Psychologist, 50(1), 1–13. TAN, Y. S. M. & ATENCIO, M. (2016). Unpacking a place-based approach – “What lies beyond?” Insights drawn from teachers’ perceptions of Outdoor Education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 56, 25–34.
Pretty Brainy reprised a version of Margaret Mead’s 1957 landmark activity, “Draw a Scientist,” with hundreds of K-12 students. The drawings represent a scope of how girls see themselves in STEM and their perceptions of science in general. Most students, including Destiny (left) draw a mad scientist. But MaryJane, who is 7, drew herself as a scientist diving into the ocean to save a dolphin. Each year in August, the OtterCares Foundation provides new backpacks and school supplies, at no cost, for students in need in Colorado’s Poudre School district. While waiting in line for supplies, students learn and create with Pretty Brainy and other organizations.
THEYYAM or THEYYATTAM is a ritual form of worship of North Malabar in Kerala, predominant in the KOLATHUNADA area (consisting of present-day Kasargod, Kannur Districts , Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad & Vadakara & Koyilandy Taluks of Kozhikode of Kerala) and also in Kodagu and Tulu Nadu of Karnataka as a living cult with several 1000 year-old traditions, rituals and customs. The performers of Theyyam belong to the lower caste community and have an important position in Theyyam. They are also known as MALAYANMAR. People of these districts consider THEYYAM, itself, as a God and they seek blessings from this THEYYAM. A similar custom is followed in the Tulu Nadu region of neighbouring Karnataka known as BHUTA KOLA. Bridget & Raymond Alchin say, ” There can be no doubt that a very large part of this folk religion is extremely ancient and contains traits which originated during the earliest periods of Neolithic, Chalcolithic settlement and expression.” It can be said that all the prominent characteristics of primitive, tribal worship had widened the stream of Theyyam cult, and made it a deep-rooted folk religion of millions. For instance, the cult of BHAGAWATHI, the Mother Goddess had and still has an important place in Theyyam. Besides this, the practice, like spirit-worship, ancestor-worship, hero-worship, tree-worship, animal-worship, serpent-worship, the worship of the Goddesses of disease and the worship of GRAAMADEVATAA (Village-Deity) are included in the mainstream of the Theyyam cult. Along with these Gods and Goddesses, there exist innumerable folk Gods and Goddesses. Most of these Goddesses are known as BHAGAWATHI (the Mother-Goddess that is the Divine & United form of the 3 principal Goddesses namely BRAHMANI (Saraswati), VAISHNAVI ( Lakshmi) and SHIVANI (Durga). Different branches of mainstream Hindu religion such as Shaktism, Vaishnavism and Shaivism now dominate the cult of Theyyam. However, the forms of propitiation and other rituals are continuations of a very ancient tradition. On account of the supposedly late revival of the Vaishnavism movement in Kerala, it does not have a deep impact on the Theyyam cult. Two major Theyyam deities of Vaishnavism are VISHNUMOORTHI & DAIVATHAR. Vaishnavism was very popular in the Tuluva region in the 13th century, when it came under the rule of Vishnuvardhana of the Hoysala Dynast. He was a great champion of Vaishnavism. Most probably he was initially deified as Vishnumoorthi and incorporated into the Bhuta Cult of the Tuluvas and then further incorporated as a prominent folk deity into the Theyyam Cult as well. To some, the legend of Vishnumoorthi symbolizes the God’s migration from Tulu Nadu to Kolathunadu. Those communities who did not accept the Brahmanical supremacy in temple worship e.g., THIYYAS, were patrons of Theyyam, and it was not uncommon for every Tharavadu to have its own Theyyam. Howeever, the Brahmins did not have the right to directly take part in the performance of Theyyam, as this privilege belonged only to the tribal communities. The dance or invocation is generally performed in front of the village shrine. It is also performed in the houses as ancestor-worship with elaborate rites and rituals. There is no stage or curtain for the performance. The devotees stand or some of them sit in front of the shrine . In short, it is an “open theatre”. A performance of a particular deity according to its significance and hierarchy in the shrine continues for 12 to 24 hours with intervals. The chief dancer who propitiates the central deity of the shrine has to reside in the rituals. This may be due to the influence of Jainism and Buddhism. Further after the sun sets, this particular dancer does not eat anything for the rest of that day. His makeup is done by specialists and other dancers. The first part of the performance is usually known as VELLATTAM or THOTTAM. It is performed without proper makeup or any decorative costume. Only a small red head-dress is worn on this occasion. The dancer, along with the drummers, recites the particular ritual song which describes the myths and legends of the deity of the shrine or the folk deity to be propitiated. This is accompanied by the playing of folk musical instruments. After finishing this primary ritualistic part of the invocation, the dancer returns to the ‘green room’, and after a short interval he appears with proper makeup and costumes. Mostly primary and secondary colours are applied with contrast for face-painting. Then the dancer comes in front of the shrine and, gradually, “metamorphoses” into the particular deity of the shrine. Then the dancer goes round the shrine, runs to the courtyard and continues dancing there. The Theyyam dance has different steps known as KALAASAMS and each is repeated systematically from the 1st to the 8th step of foot-work. In some KAVUS, the Theyyam festival is conducted in intervals of 12 or more years.
CA full form In the domain of finance, business, and commerce, the acronym “CA” holds a significant place. While many individuals might recognize the term, its full form and the pivotal role it plays in financial management might not be fully understood. In this comprehensive blog, we will delve into the world of Chartered Accountancy (CA), unveil its full form, explore its significance, and highlight how CAs contribute to financial expertise, compliance, and business success. CA stands for Chartered Accountant. It refers to a professional designation conferred to individuals who have completed the necessary education, training, and examinations in accounting, finance, and related areas. Understanding Chartered Accountancy Chartered Accountancy is a prestigious profession that involves providing financial advice, auditing, taxation, and other related services to individuals, businesses, and organizations. Significance of Chartered Accountancy The role of Chartered Accountancy holds several significant aspects: - Financial Expertise: Chartered Accountants possess in-depth knowledge of financial management, accounting principles, taxation, and business strategy. - Auditing and Assurance: CAs are responsible for examining financial records, ensuring accuracy, and providing assurance on financial reporting. - Taxation Services: CAs assist individuals and businesses in optimizing their tax strategies, ensuring compliance with tax laws, and minimizing tax liabilities. - Financial Advisory: CAs offer financial guidance, investment advice, and strategic planning to help businesses make informed decisions. - Business Consultation: CAs provide insights on business performance, cost analysis, risk assessment, and growth strategies. - Legal Compliance: CAs ensure that financial practices and transactions adhere to legal regulations and standards. Becoming a Chartered Accountant The path to becoming a Chartered Accountant involves several steps: - Educational Qualification: Candidates typically need to complete a bachelor’s degree in commerce or a related field to be eligible for CA studies. - CA Foundation: Aspiring CAs need to clear the CA Foundation examination, which tests their understanding of accounting, economics, and business law. - Articleship Training: Candidates then undergo practical training as articled assistants in firms under the guidance of experienced CAs. - Intermediate and Final Examinations: After completing the prescribed period of training, candidates must pass the Intermediate and Final examinations conducted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). - Membership: Upon successfully completing all requirements, candidates become eligible for ICAI membership and are recognized as Chartered Accountants. Diverse Roles of CAs - Public Practice: CAs offer services to clients, including auditing, tax planning, and financial advisory. - Corporate Sector: CAs hold various roles in corporations, including finance managers, CFOs, and internal auditors. - Consultancy: CAs provide specialized expertise in areas such as mergers and acquisitions, business valuation, and risk management. - Academia: Some CAs choose to become educators, sharing their knowledge with the next generation of professionals. Ethical Standards and Code of Conduct Chartered Accountants adhere to a strict code of ethics and professional conduct, ensuring integrity, confidentiality, and professionalism in their practice. Chartered Accountancy (CA) is not just a profession; it’s a symbol of financial expertise, ethical standards, and commitment to excellence. As Chartered Accountants navigate the complex financial landscape, they serve as guardians of financial integrity, providing invaluable insights, compliance assurance, and strategic guidance to individuals and businesses alike. Through their dedication to accuracy, ethics, and informed decision-making, CAs contribute to the financial health and success of individuals, organizations, and economies at large.
The Compact Oxford English Dictionary for Students is specifically designed to meet the needs of today's students. With over 144,000 words, phrases, and definitions, it offers comprehensive coverage of current English and is perfect for student reference and everyday study needs. A simple defining style, and a clear colour layout, ensure the dictionary text is accessible and easy to use. Throughout the dictionary text there are notes giving advice on the use of good English, and highlighting the differences between commonly confused words such as empathy and sympathy, and affect and effect, as well as thousands of example phrases showing words in context. The dictionary has been market-tested with both teachers and students. Of particular relevance is the centre supplement, which gives lots of practical information - how to research and take notes, how to write essays, dissertations, reports, and summaries, advice on note-taking and referencing, and preparing CVs and job applications - to help students do better in their studies. It also provides help with English grammar, spelling, and punctuation, to help students get it right every time. As well as the printed book, there is an Online Resource Centre, accessed via weblinks given in the book, which gives additional information and study skills support. This portable and affordable dictionary is an essential reference tool for all college and university students who need practical advice and tips to tackle their studies, and those who want to write effectively and with confidence. Find out more about our living language using Oxford Dictionaries.com . Hear how words are spoken with thousands of audio pronunciations, and access over 1.9 million real English example sentences to see how words are used in context. Improve your confidence in writing with helpful grammar and punctuation guides, full thesaurus information, style and usage help, and much more. Explore our language resources on oxforddictionaries.com, Oxford's home for dictionaries and language reference. Updated regularly with the latest changes to words and meanings, the site provides hundreds of thousands of definitions, synonyms, and pronunciations in a range of languages. Access the highest quality language content, built from our extensive research, for free on your desktop or device.
(See also Overview of Prion Diseases Overview of Prion Diseases Prion diseases are progressive, fatal, and untreatable degenerative brain disorders. Prominent types of prion diseases include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the prototypic example (usually... read more .) Although ritual cannibalism ended in the 1950s, 11 new cases of kuru have been reported between 1996 and 2004, suggesting an incubation period that may exceed 50 years. Symptoms of kuru begin with tremors (resembling shivering) and ataxia. Movement disorders such as choreoathetosis, fasciculations, and myoclonus develop later, followed by dementia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing does not appear to be useful. Few other test results have been reported. No diagnostic abnormalities have been identified in the PRNP gene of people with kuru. However, a PRNP gene variation that protects against prion disease has been identified in people in the Papua population who have not contracted kuru (1 General reference Kuru is a rare prion brain disease endemic to Papua, New Guinea, and thought to be spread by ritual cannibalism. (See also Overview of Prion Diseases.) Although ritual cannibalism ended in the... read more ). Autopsy can show typical PrPSc-containing plaques, with the greatest density in the cerebellum. Death usually occurs within 2 years after symptoms begin; cause of death is usually pneumonia or infection due to pressure sores. There is only supportive treatment for kuru.
Between 2012 and 2050, America’s 65-and-older population will almost double in size to 83.7 million, according to new Census Bureau projections. The bureau recently released two reports -- one on the aging population and another focusing on the Baby Boom -- that make clear why fundamental fiscal reforms are needed. The demographic changes the reports examine, along with the related issue of rising health care costs, are key drivers of projected federal deficits in the coming decades. Among the bureau’s projections: - There were 22 people who were 65 or older for every 100 working-age people in 2012. That figure will rise to 35 older people by 2030, and to 36 by 2050. - The 65-and-older population will be about 39 percent minority in 2050, up from less than 21 percent in 2012. - The number of baby boomers will drop from just under 77 million in 2011 to 60 million by 2030 and to 2.4 million by 2060. Partly because of increases in life expectancy, the report indicates, people over 65 are likely to remain about a fifth of the general population between 2030 and 2050. So even the passing of millions of baby boomers will not return the country to its pre-boom demographic profile or solve its long-term fiscal challenges involving programs like Social Security and Medicare.
Sweetest Day Poems More important in some regions than in others, Sweetest Day is a popular North American holiday that celebrates friendship. Set on the third Saturday of October, it gives people the opportunity to share love with their friends, be more charitable and offer help to the sick, elderly, impoverished, and orphaned. In more recent times, Sweetest Day has turned into something more like a romantic holiday, which means that flowers and poems are at great demand around the Great Lakes where Sweetest Day is celebrated most lavishly. Sweetest Day for Friends and Lovers There is nothing more romantic than writing a poem for your loved one (if you have the talent to do it) or at least doing some research in order to find something to express how you feel. Poems are easier to write when you have in mind a list of things that connects you to your loved one. To start creating your Sweetest Day poem, remember the special moments you had together and think about what you were feeling back then. Write down words to express those feelings. You may not want to exaggerate with syrupy cliches but with strong, meaningful words like "cherished, secure, appreciated, comfortable, confident, loved, strong, protective/protected, safe, and happy." This word on this list are your keywords. Write each one of them on a post-it paper and then rearrange them until the poem starts to catch a shape in your mind. The result doesn't have to rhyme. Free or blank verse can express how you feel about the person just as well as structured, rhyming stanzas. Poems are meant to open up your heart towards the one who is reading them. Shape your accumulated words into verses and take a look at your draft. Don't be too hard on yourself if the first attempt is a total disaster. You'll learn to make a good poem only after some practice. Sweetest Day Celebrations Giving gifts is easy, but what to do for the rest of the day? Figure out where to go and what to do to get a little bit of the routine. Sweetest Day is about spending quality time with people that are very dear to you whether they are your friends, your relatives, or your significant other, and letting them know how you feel about them. Age and gender are non-important: anybody can celebrate Friendship! The key to spending a great time on this day is to think about the personality of the person you want to spend most of your time with and plan your actions according to what they would love to do. Look for an interesting show or concert and buy the tickets as a surprise for them. Maybe you could plan an adventurous getaway by choosing a "secret" location they will find according to the clues you leave. Perhaps cooking a fancy dinner for two sounds more like your loved one's preference. Whatever the case, use Sweetest Day as an opportunity to indulge your loved one and show him that you really know who he is and what he likes to do. If you aren't in a relationship or want to celebrate an old fashioned Sweetest Day, consider taking some time to volunteer at a hospital, nursing home, homeless shelter, or orphanage. Traditionally, Sweetest Day was about not only celebrating loved ones but also showing compassion to those less fortunate. Bring back some of that sentiment by finding a way to reach out to those in your community that could use a little more love.