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Entombed 40ft beneath the killing fields of the Western Front when the tunnel he was in caved in, Sapper William Hackett spurned the opportunity to crawl to safety in order to remain behind to comfort a wounded comrade, before a second collapse sealed the two men in forever. Now, the full story of this extraordinary act can be told for the first time after the chance discovery of a diary written by another soldier, which chronicles the event. The unit's war diary from the time has been lost and the diary has provided the only known account of Sapper Hackett's "almost divine act of self sacrifice". At 2.50am on June 22nd 1916 he and four other tunnellers were digging towards the German lines in the Givenchy sector, in northern France, when an enemy mine exploded, collapsing the tunnel they were in. Eventually, a rescue party dug its way towards them and made contact through a small hole, through which Sapper Hackett helped three comrades to safety. However, with sanctuary beckoning and although himself unhurt, he refused to leave without the last man, seriously injured 22-year-old Thomas Collins, who was too wounded to get through the hole. Repeated artillery barrages from the Germans forced the rescuers back to the surface, leaving the two men below. Eventually, the shaft collapsed, and rescue efforts had to be abandoned, leaving the two men to their fate below. The newly-discovered diary was written by Sapper John French, who was in the same unit as Sapper Hackett, 254 Tunnelling Company, Royal Engineers, and was involved in the rescue attempts. It was found among the possessions of his sister, following her recent death, and given to the Redruth Old Cornwall Society Museum, where it has been studied by historians. Its discovery follows another development, when battlefield archaeologists using ground-penetrating radar, pinpointed the location of the collapsed tunnel, ahead of the construction of a new memorial to commemorate Sapper Hackett and other British tunnellers, due to be unveiled next summer. In understated fashion, the diary chronicles the "heart breaking" attempts, over the space of five days, to reach the men and the "heroic" decision by Sapper Hackett, from Nottingham, once the rescuers had reached the group, to remain behind. On June 22, rescuers are able to make contact with the five men and speak to them through an air pipe. The diary reveals that among the threats the stranded men faced was drowning, as the rescuers had to pump air in and water out. The next day, Sapper French wrote: "Those five men are still entombed. We have been working night and day trying to get them out. It is 25 feet to go & we are in 15, but it is very slow work owing to so much broken timber and running muck (loose earth or quicksand). They are still alive and we can speak to them." On June 24th, Sapper French records that the team reached the men and were able to get three men out, as well as Sapper Hackett's fateful decision to remain behind. He wrote: "Got out three of the five men last night. One of the others [Thomas Collins] had some ribs broken & could not crawl through the very small hole that had been driven through. The other fellow [William Hackett] offered to stop in with him until they could make the hole bigger so they passed in some food to them. They had no sooner done that than there was another fall & they were entombed again." The next day, he wrote: "Those two fellows still entombed. Had to start a new gallery to try & get to them but with the water & running muck it is a heart breaking job. We cannot get any answer from them now. Men are working hard at it night and day. Fritz keeps on sending over rifle grenades & trench mortars all the time." The next day, he added: "Still trying to get through to those two men, but it is painfully slow, we can't get any answer from them." On June 27th, he wrote: "Abandoned all hope of getting those two chaps out this morning & stopped all rescue work for the condition of the shaft was so bad as to endanger the lives of the men working down there and they think that they are both dead. That chap Hackett died a hero for he could have come out with the others but would not leave his injured comrade." One extra detail provided by Sapper Hackett's VC citation were his words to the rescue team as he turned down the opportunity to save himself: "I am a tunneller and must look after the others first." Peter Barton, an historian who has been researching the tunnellers for 30 years, said: "None of this was known until now. This is the only account of Hackett's action. Until now, it was a hidden, almost private act. "I describe this as the most noble of all Victoria Crosses, because it involved no enemy action. It was not about the adrenalin rush of an attack, with shells bursting around, and so on. "This was an act of heroism that occurred in silence and in darkness, 40ft below ground. This was an entirely different type of valour that was supremely noble. It was an almost divine act of self sacrifice. It is absolutely unimaginable." Geoffrey Hackett, 64 and from Nottingham, who is a great great nephew of Sapper Hackett, said: "The diary really brings it home, what happened. It tells the grim story with a day by day account and shows how people were feeling at the time. You can't make the story any more dramatic than it actually was. "But I like to think that my relative's VC is to help remember that there were a lot of tunnellers who weren't remembered because their work had to be secret." Mr Barton and archaeologists from Glasgow University have located the collapsed mine and the historian is currently involved in raising money for a memorial in honour of those involved in the "underground war". Both sides made extensive use of tunnels in an effort to break the stalemate of the Western Front. So-called "fighting trenches" were dug to plant explosives beneath the enemy positions. Mr Barton said: "Tunnelling was the most barbaric form of warfare there was. It was secret and little known about at the time and that remains. We are only now hearing the stories."
Mennonite Church Canada Translate page into: Mennonite Church Canada's more that 200 congregations and over 32,000 baptized members represent a cross-section of Canadians. Mennonites first came to Canada in 1786, followed by four successive waves from Europe over the next 150 years. In the years that followed brothers and sisters from all parts of the globe and the indigenous people of Canada enriched our membership. The formation of Mennonite Church Canada in 1999/2000 was the culmination of a process that began in July, 1989 with the decision of two North American church bodies – the Mennonite Church (MC) and General Conference Mennonite Church (GC) – to explore integration. Discussions included the Conference of Mennonites in Canada (CMC), which had congregational and conference ties to both the MC and GC bodies.
Researchers have published the first analysis of the 60,000 people sequenced through the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC). The analysis of the deeply-sequenced exomes suggest the database will further understanding of human genetics, both in terms of identifying disease-causing variants and showing other, currently suspect mutations to be benign. The Broad Institute and its collaborators built the database by analyzing 60,706 human exomes, the part of the genome that codes for proteins. Notably, rather than cutting costs through shallow sequencing, like initiatives including the 1000 Genomes Project have done, ExAC took a deep dive into exomes. The upshot of this approach is the ExAC database allows researchers to say with confidence that a genetic variant seen in only one person is genuine. Such confidence is important. ExAC identified close to 7.5 million variants. More than half of these variants are only seen once in the 60,000-person database. “These extremely rare variants are the ones that are most likely to be involved in very severe diseases like cystic fibrosis or muscular dystrophy,” the Broad Institute’s Daniel MacArthur, senior author of the research, told The Guardian. The study also identified “3,230 genes with near-complete depletion of predicted protein-truncating variants.” More than 70% of these genes are yet to be linked to a disease, suggesting there is scope for ExAC to support the expansion of knowledge. ExAC could prove as useful in dismissing existing false assumptions about the links between variants and diseases. On average, the exomes analyzed by ExAC feature 54 variants previously linked to rare diseases. As the participants don’t each have tens of rare diseases, this finding suggests previous studies have incorrectly linked variants to conditions. “If [a particular genetic variant occurs in] one in every 6,000 people, it cannot be a fully causal variant for a disease that [affects] one in 100,000,” MacArthur said. Quest and Personalis dive into exome sequencing for rare pediatric neurological disorders Cigna rolls out new coverage policy for whole exome sequencing NIH lays out plan to work exome data into clinical research
TEXT ON SCREEN: Organising and embedding course Learning Materials into Canvas [Voice over Nicky Callinan] Learning materials can come in a variety of mediums, from your online Collaborate Ultra sessions/recordings, session notes and slides, to book and article readings, videos, podcasts, links to websites, micro-credentials, and downloadable documents. In this video we’ll show you how to embed some of these learning materials into your Canvas course and how to validate the links so you can seamlessly roll your course into news shells. VISUAL: Screencast of setting up a file structure in Canvas. TEXT ON SCREEN: Organising course content and file structure It’s important to have a good file structure within in Canvas to organise your learning materials. Especially if the course content is being duplicated to use in other shells and being shared with other teachers. This can turn into chaos very quickly causing content to disappear and links to break. To get started we’ll look at setting up some folders in the file section on Canvas. To create a new folder click ‘Files’ and click the folder button Then give the folder a name. It's really going to depend on your course as to what folders to include. But some folders you probably want to include are an images folder, a folder for student hand outs and a folder for video transcripts. If you have a particularly larger number of learning materials in your course, you might even want to organise these folders to match your module structure. Don’t include files like Teacher guides or assessment guides. Even when these are unpublished, they can be accessed by students. Now that the folders are set up you can start embedding content into your course. TEXT ON SCREEN: Adding documents To add a document, go to files. Select the folder for where you’d like to store the document in and select upload a new file. This will create a link where your cursor is on the Canvas pate. You can also highlight a word first, then upload the document. The word will then become a link to download the document. Don’t forget to provide instruction for the student around how they’re expected to interact with the document. TEXT ON SCREEN: Link outs If you need to create a link to an external website, first, copy the url for the page that you need to link to, then on your Canvas page highlight the text that will become the link, select this chain icon at the top and then paste the URL and select the insert link button. TEXT ON SCREEN: Adding images To embed an image into your Canvas page, select the image tab the far right and then select upload a new image. Locate your image from your computer. Give the image some alternative text. This is important for accessibility. Here you should provide a clear enough description so that the student understands what the image is showing if they’re unable to see it. If the image is just for decoration, then just check decorative image and leave this blank. But for all images that are informative, do make sure to give it alternative text. Then select the folder you wish to store it in. This will then place the image on the Canvas page. If you need to resize the image, the easiest way is to click the image, it will turn blue. You can then select and drag the corner and resize the image. If you want to centre the image, select the image and then select this icon to align centre. You may have noticed that there is also an icon here to embed an image. Don’t use as it can cause the links to break when you go to roll the course into a new shell. Just embed your images using this panel on the right-hand side. VISUAL: Screencast demonstrating how to use the different tools within Canvas Studio TEXT ON SCREEN: Video There are a few ways to embed a video into Canvas. But the best way to do this is the use the Studio app within Canvas. You can find this by clicking this V shaped icon and clicking studio. This will bring up the studio library. TEXT ON SCREEN: Uploading a video To upload a video select the add button. Then select the browse files button and locate the video file. This will be added to your library in Studio. Then select the thumbnail Uncheck allow comments And select embed. TEXT ON SCREEN: Embedding from Youtube The easiest way to embed a Youtube video is to also do it through studio. Go to You tube and copy the url for the video that you’d like to embed. Then go back to Canvas, go to studio, select this add and copy and paste the URL here and select add. Then select the thumbnail and embed. TEXT ON SCREEN: Creating a video from scratch You can also record a video from scratch by selecting the record button. If you want to do a screen capture, say you want to demonstrate how to use some software. Choose the screen capture option. If this is your first time using this, you might be prompted to download the application first. Once you’ve installed the software you will need close and reopen studio for it to work Here you can choose if you just wish to record your screen, or web cam or both. Here you can choose the recording size. And here you can choose your audio settings. To start recording, just select this record button in the bottom left hand corner. And to pause the recording, select this pause button. When you’ve finished recording your session select done. You will now be able to trim the clip. Give it a title and description and select upload. If you want to edit it further, you can select edit. You will now have options to add background music, and it opens up more editing features here. We won’t go into those details in this video but you will find plenty of detailed tutorials on how to use these features at Canvas help pages. Once you’re happy with the video, select upload and then wait a few moments for the video to publish. TEXT ON SCREEN: Embedding audio You can add audio the same as adding video by using Studio. In studio select add and then select browse files and locate your audio file. Once it’s uploaded into your library, select the thumbnail and then uncheck the allow comments option. Then select the embed button. It’s also possible to embed audio from third party apps like Soundcloud. However, a lot of these applications don’t meet the accessibility requirements as they often don’t provide transcripts or closed captions. TEXT ON SCREEN: Accessibility When choosing content such as audio and video, you need to make sure that it meets accessibility requirements. RMIT requires a minimum standard of WCAG 2.1 Level AA for digital content. You can find more information about these requirements in the Digital Accessiblity Framework. You can find a link to this below. It’s also worth looking at the definitions and standards at www.w3.org. Therefore, with any audio or video content you embed, you need to make sure there is either closed captions or a transcript available. If you’ve created your own video and uploaded it into studio, you can generate closed captions within studio. To do this go to studio on the far left hand side menu Select the video you wish to add captions to Select ‘English’ in this dropdown menu And select the request button Wait a moment for the captions to be generated The captions are about 80% accurate so you’ll need go through them, have a listen and fix up any errors. You can create captions for just audio as well. You need to be mindful about generating closed captions or transcripts for content that you haven’t created yourself as this can infringe on copyright. If you’re unsure about any media content, and if it meets copyright and accessibility requirements, Library resources have dedicated teams that can check this for you. In fact, they can help source the right content and resources to fit your course. We highly recommend that you reach out to them for this. You can find a link for this below. Once you’re done adding in all of your content, you’ll want to check that your links are working. To do this go to settings and select validate links in content. You might need to wait a few moments for this to work depending on how big your course is. Once it’s done, you’ll see a list of all of the links that need attention. I’ve just done this on a template so you can see that I’ve got a bit of work to do here! But got through each link to make sure it works and that everything is published. It’s also a good idea to run through your course in student view at the end. To do this go to settings and select student view. Run through the pages and check that everything is still working as expected. TEXT ON SCREEN: Contact us email@example.com So that concludes our video on how to orgnaise and embed learning materials into Canvas. If you have any questions or wish to give us some feedback you can contact us at VEDT@rmit.edu.au The following instructions will assist you to control the video player using the keyboard. Starting and stopping the video - Use the Tab or Shift + Tab keyboard combination to navigate the video player controls. - Navigate to the Play button using the Tab or Shift + Tab keyboard combination. - Press the Spacebar or Enter key to toggle between play and pause. - Navigate to the closed captions button using the Tab or Shift + Tab keyboard combination. - Press the Spacebar or Enter key to open the closed captions menu. - Navigate to the preferred close captions option using the Tab or Shift + Tab keyboard combination. - Press the Spacebar or Enter key to activate the close caption option. - Navigate to the volume slider using the Tab or Shift + Tab keyboard combination. - Press the left or right arrow to decrease and increase the volume. - Navigate to the full screen button using the Tab or Shift + Tab keyboard combination. - Press the Spacebar or Enter key to toggle between full screen video and normal size.
- Written by eOrthopod - Category: Foot Plantar fasciitis is a painful condition affecting the bottom of the foot. It is a common cause of heel pain and is sometimes called a heel spur. Plantar fasciitis can come from a number of underlying causes. Finding the precise reason for the heel pain is sometimes difficult. Even so, several options are available for treatment. This guide will help you understand - how plantar fasciitis develops - how the condition causes problems - what can be done for your pain Where is the plantar fascia, and what does it do? The plantar fascia is a structure that runs from the front of the heelbone (calcaneus) to the ball of the foot. This dense strip of tissue helps support the arch of the foot by acting something like the string on an archer's bow. As you can imagine, when the foot is on the ground a tremendous amount of force (the full weight of the body) is concentrated on the plantar fascia. This force stretches the plantar fascia as the arch of the foot tries to flatten from the weight of your body. This is just like the string on a bow is stretched by the force of the bow trying to straighten. This leads to stress on the plantar fascia where it attaches to the heelbone. Small tears of the fascia can result. These tears are normally repaired by the body. As this process of injury and repair repeats itself over and over again, a bone spur (a pointed outgrowth of the bone) sometimes forms as the body's response to try to firmly attach the fascia to the heelbone. This appears on an X-ray of the foot as a heel spur. Related Document: A Patient's Guide to Foot Anatomy How does plantar fasciitis develop? Heel pain probably comes from several causes. In some cases the heel spur can be so big it causes pain itself, but this is rare. The chronic inflammation of the fascia itself may be the source of pain in many cases. (This condition is probably most accurately called plantar fasciitis.) As we age, the very important fat pad that makes up the fleshy portion of the heel becomes thinner and degenerates. This can lead to inadequate padding on the heel and chronic pain in this area. Some physicians feel that the small nerves that travel under the plantar fascia on their way to the forefoot become irritated and may contribute to the pain. In many cases, the actual source of the painful heel will never be clearly defined without doubt. What does plantar fasciitis feel like? The symptoms of plantar fasciitis include pain in the center of the heel when weight is placed on the foot. This is usually most pronounced in the morning when the foot is first placed on the floor. How do doctors diagnose the condition? The diagnosis of plantar fasciitis is generally made during the history and physical examination. There are several conditions that can cause heel pain, and plantar fasciitis must be distinguished from these conditions. An X-ray may be ordered to rule out a stress fracture of the heel bone and to see if a bone spur is present that is large enough to cause problems. Laboratory investigation may be necessary in some cases to rule out a systemic illness causing the heel pain, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, or ankylosing spondylitis. These are diseases that affect the entire body but may show up at first as pain in the heel. What can be done for my pain? Most patients get better with the help of nonsurgical treatments. Stretches for the calf muscles on the back of the lower leg take tension off the plantar fascia. A night splint can be worn while you sleep. The night splint keeps your foot from bending downward, and it places a mild stretch on the calf muscles and the plantar fascia. People seem to get better more quickly when using a night splint, and they report having less heel pain when placing their sore foot on the ground in the morning. Supporting the arch with a well fitted arch support, or orthotic, may also help reduce pressure on the plantar fascia. Also, placing a special type of insert into the shoe, called a heel cup, can reduce the pressure on the sore area and add padding to a heel that has lost some of the fat pad through degeneration. Shock wave therapy is a newer form of nonsurgical treatment. It uses a machine to generate shock wave pulses to the sore area. Patients generally receive the treatment once each week for up to three weeks. It is not known exactly why it works for plantar fasciitis, but recent studies indicate that this form of treatment can help ease pain, while improving range of motion and function. Anti-inflammatory medications are sometimes used to decrease the inflammation in the fascia and reduce your pain. An injection of cortisone into the area of the fascia is effective. Cortisone should be used sparingly since it may contribute to the process of degeneration of the fat pad, actually making the problem worse. Surgery is a last resort in the treatment of heel pain. Physicians have developed many procedures in the last 100 years to try to cure heel pain. Most procedures that are commonly used today focus on several areas: - remove the bone spur (if one is present) - release the plantar fascia - release pressure on the small nerves in the area Usually the procedure is done through a small incision on the inside edge of the foot, although some surgeons now perform this type of surgery using an endoscope. An endoscope is a small TV camera that can be inserted into a joint or under the skin to allow the surgeon to see the structures involved in the surgery. By using the endoscope, a surgeon can complete the surgery with a smaller incision and presumably less damage to normal tissues. It is unclear whether an endoscopic procedure for this condition is better than the traditional small incision. Surgery usually involves identifying the area where the plantar fascia attaches to the heel and releasing the fascia partially from the bone. If a small spur is present this is removed. The small nerves that travel under the plantar fascia are identified and released from anything that seems to be causing pressure on the nerves. This surgery can usually be done on an outpatient basis, meaning you can leave the hospital the same day. What should I expect after treatment? Patients with plantar fasciitis are commonly prescribed physical therapy. Therapists design exercises to improve flexibility in the calf muscles and the plantar fascia. Treatments directed to the painful area help control pain and swelling. Examples include ultrasound, ice packs, and soft-tissue massage. Therapy sessions sometimes include iontophoresis, which uses a mild electrical current to push anti-inflammatory medicine to the sore area. A customized foot orthotic may be designed to support the arch of the foot and to help cushion the heel. Or your therapist may recommend you use a heel cup. Ideas are offered for you to use at home, such as doing your stretches for the calf muscles and the plantar fascia. You may also be fit with a night splint to wear while you sleep. As mentioned earlier, the night splint is designed to put a gentle stretch on the calf muscles and plantar fascia as you sleep. It will take several weeks before the tissues are well healed. The incision is protected with a bandage or dressing for about one week after surgery. You will probably use crutches briefly, and a physical therapist may be consulted to help you learn to use your crutches. The stitches are generally removed in 10 to 14 days. However, if your surgeon used sutures that dissolve, you won't need to have the stitches taken out. You should be released to full activity in about six weeks. \|All content provided by eORTHOPOD® is a registered trademark of Medical Multimedia Group, L.L.C.. Content is the sole property of Medical Multimedia Group, LLC and used herein by permission.\|
This project sought to discover the best ways to encourage broader use of the fi re planning and management tool-Fire Effects Planning Framework (FEPF). FEPF calculates and captures the ecological effects of fire, including the benefits. Along the way... Alaska Fire Portal The Alaska Fire Portal provides information about fire science and technology relevant to Alaska. Our goal is to provide "one-stop shopping" for resource managers, decision makers, scientists, students, and communities who want access to the results of efforts to understand and manage fire and fuels on lands in Alaska. Content may also be relevant to boreal forests of western Canada. A substantial amount of the Alaska-related content was originally compiled through the FIREHouse project (the Northwest and Alaska Fire Research Clearinghouse), funded by the Joint Fire Science Program, and its two related projects: the Alaska Reference Database, (which was merged the FRAMES Resource Catalog, accessible through the "Catalog Records" tab below) and the Alaska Fire and Fuels Research Map, hosted through the AICC ArcIMS mapping website. Check out the JFSP Fire Exchange(s) located in this region Alaska Fire and Fuels Research Map - Related FRAMES Sites - Catalog Records - Current Announcements and Jobs - Upcoming Events - Past Events This project used computer game technology to create highly interactive forest data visualization and interaction not possible with the traditional geographic information system approach. Known as GNNViz (Gradient Nearest Neighbor Vegetation Map... We present the development of a global burned area (BA) algorithm based on MERIS imagery along with the assessment of the global BA results for three years (2006-2008). This work was developed within the Fire Disturbance project under the European... The detection of land-cover change over large areas using short time series is a challenging and important task in global change studies. This paper introduces a novel method, called the Segment-based Detection of Trends and Change (SDTC), to determine... Machine-learning regression tree models were used to extrapolate airborne electromagnetic resistivity data collected along flight lines in the Yukon Flats Ecoregion, central Alaska, for regional mapping of permafrost. This method of extrapolation (r= 0... Just over 50 years ago, predicting soil erosion was a time-consuming manual process. These methods have evolved over time and now include models such as the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), which helps simulate the important physical processes... Accurate monitoring of vegetation dynamics is required to understand the inter-annual variability and long term trends in terrestrial carbon exchange in tundra and boreal ecoregions. In western North America, two Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI)... This document describes the processing algorithms used by the SMAP ground system to compute radar backscatter (sigma 0) products along with the relevant system characteristics. There are two L1 products: the L1BS0 product which contains time ordered... Radarsat-2 imagery from extreme dry versus wet conditions are compared in an effort to determine the value of using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for improving estimation of fuel moisture in a chronosequence of Alaskan boreal black... Alaska currently relies on the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System for the assessment of the potential for wildfire and although it provides invaluable information it is designed as a single system which does not account for the varied fuel types... This survey is intended for organizations that either do not currently have prescribed fire insurance or their current liability coverage is not sufficient. Text of the International Association of Wildland Fire (IAWF) statement: Climate change has already had significant consequences in the global wildfire reality, affecting citizens as well as the global wildland fire community. Many key issues of importance to the IAWF - including firefighter and civilian safety, fire management expenses, changing weather patterns, natural role of fire, fire regimes and ecosystem succession, as well as the wildland urban interface - all require recognition of the role of climate change. Globally, we regularly see new reports about the “worst”, “largest”, “most expensive”, and “deadliest” fires and fire seasons. In 2019 and 2018, striking headlines read “Arctic on Fire” (Sweden, Russia, Greenland, Canada and Alaska), and the most expensive and largest fire years were recorded in 2018 in California and British Columbia, respectively, breaking the previous records set in 2017. The Camp Fire (CA, 2018), Attica Greece (2018), Black Saturday Australia (2009), and Portugal (2017) fires were all ranked amongst the top 11 deadliest fires in the last 100 years. Under current climate change scenarios, fire regimes will change in terms of increases in burned area, severity, fire season length, frequency, and ignitions from lightning. Many parts of the world have already experienced an increase in record breaking temperatures and recurring droughts that have led to shifts in wildland fire. There is already evidence of climate-driven fire regime change in the Northern Hemisphere upper latitudes with fire risk increasing in non-traditional fire-prone countries. The consequences of human actions are here today, not in some distant future, and these are alarming and, most important, escalating. The IAWF encourages all countries to emphasize increased international fire training and to implement easier cross-border sharing of professional fire management resources for suppression and prescribed fire opportunities. These will lessen the irrationally heavy burden any single country will have to carry to manage extreme fire seasons. Homes and communities must be better planned and built, so they are increasingly fire resistant and more adapted to natural disasters of all types. Health impacts of fires have long-term consequences, not only those that are immediate from the flames but also those from smoke and toxins, and these must be considered when planning and managing for future wildland fires. Wildfires and smoke do not recognize borders. As the global community tries to manage the new wildfire challenges, it is incumbent on everyone to prepare to support international neighbours in protecting lives and communities from fires and their impacts. IAWF Vice-President Toddi Steelman recently said in Wildfire magazine (August 2019) that “Recent extreme weather events have catalysed public belief in, and concern about, climate change, and boosted public support for government actions to reduce its harmful impacts. This gives us a window of opportunity when conditions are right to make great strides on climate if we are strategic about it.” This window of opportunity requires people having the knowledge and political will to act now. Our global scientific community needs to publicly share knowledge learned about patterns of extreme wildland fire and weather, as well as how climate change is associated with these patterns. Our global fire management community needs to leverage its credibility to share its experiences about how climate change and its role in extreme weather is playing out in their day to day work environments. Connecting extreme weather events to real on-the-ground consequences can help more people understand how climate impacts are affecting us all. The Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy (ACCAP) seeks a post-doctoral research fellow to explore the social and economic impacts of climate change in Alaska from an interdisciplinary perspective. Possible sectors of analysis include but are not limited to: - fisheries (including ocean acidification), - transportation (and trans-Arctic shipping), - infrastructure, mineral, - oil & gas resource development, - mixed-subsistence economies, and - the provision of related climate services. - We are also interested in an analysis of the economic impacts of ACCAP’s work. This post-doctoral fellowship includes opportunities to directly engage ACCAP’s partners and stakeholders in use-inspired basic research and knowledge co-production. The person in this position will work closely in an interdisciplinary team environment that includes a spectrum of senior scientists, junior scientists, graduate students, and research professionals. Collaborating organizations include the Center for Arctic Policy Studies (CAPS) at UAF, the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER) at the University of Alaska, Anchorage, and other ACCAP partner organizations. - Desired state date: Negotiable. As soon as possible. - Duration: 2 year, term funded - Location: International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks - Open until filled. How to apply: please submit CV, contact information for three references, and a cover letter to Sarah Trainor, ACCAP Director with “Econ Post-Doc Application” in the subject line. The cover letter should include: - A description of the candidate’s PhD research, - A statement of interest outlining potential research project, including sectors of interest, and research approach, and - A description of past experience with research in Alaska and/or the Arctic. Climate change is occurring more rapidly in the Arctic than any region on Earth. Its impacts are being felt by Indigenous peoples as well as throughout a range of societal sectors, including wildfire management. Recent scholarship suggests that boundary spanning, translational ecology, and the process of knowledge co-production are effective in bridging the gap between science and decision-making and calls for building capacity by developing processes for effective evaluation and for training boundary spanning professionals. We seek a post-doctoral research fellow to explore one or more of these inter-related research areas of knowledge co-production and boundary spanning assessment related to climate change in Alaska. - Actions, processes, and mechanisms for use-inspired science. - Metrics of success in knowledge co-production. - Scientist and practitioner training in knowledge co-production and boundary spanning. Requirements: experience and/or demonstrated capacity to contribute in one or more of the following topical areas: - Indigenous evaluation, indigenous knowledge, cross-cultural communication - Climate change science, application, communication, and knowledge co-production - Wildfire science and boundary spanning - Mixed-subsistence economies and community development The post-doctoral research fellow will work closely in an interdisciplinary team environment that includes senior scientists, junior scientists, graduate students, and research professionals. Collaborating organizations include the Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy (a NOAA Regional Integrated Science and Assessment team), the Alaska Fire Science Consortium (a member of the Joint Fire Science Program Fire Science Exchange Network), and the USDA Pacific Northwest Climate Hub. - Desired start date: September 2019 - Duration: 2 year, term funded - Location: International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks - Open until filled. How to apply: please submit CV, contact information for three references, and a cover letter to Sarah Trainor, ACCAP Director with “Post-Doc Application” in the subject line. The cover letter should include: - A description of the candidate’s PhD research; - A discussion of the candidate’s research interests and experience relevant to one or more of the numbered research areas listed above; - A discussion of the candidate’s research interests and experience relevant to one or more of the bulleted topical areas listed above; - A brief proposed plan for investigating one or more of the research areas listed above. This should include the data collection and analysis methods with which you are experienced and familiar as well as possible additional methods you have an interest in learning. 10:00 am AK/ 1:00 pm CT/ 2:00 pm ET Matt Jolly, PhD Research Ecologist, USFS Fire, Fuel and Smoke Science Program Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory Live fuel moisture is measured... Presented by Paul Werth. Extreme fire behavior indicates a level of fire behavior characteristics that ordinarily precludes methods of direct control action. One or more of the following is usually involved: high rate of spread, prolific... Presented by Cassandra Moseley and Max Nielsen-Pincus, Ecosystem Workforce Program, University of Oregon. This webinar will discuss findings from a recent study from the Ecosystem Workforce Program, University of Oregon that examined how large... Presented by Kurt Riitters, Research Ecologist, Forest Service Southern Research Station. This webinar is part of the Landscape Science Webinar Series. The series is hosted via LiveMeeting. Join up to 30 minutes prior by clicking the... Presenter: Graham McDowell, Environmental Change Institute - University of Oxford Summary: There is increasing agreement that protecting esteemed and ecologically vital components of the biosphere will require collaborative environmental... The Association for Fire Ecology (AFE) 5th International Fire Ecology and Management Congress: Uniting Research, Education and Management will be held in Portland, Oregon at the Oregon Convention Center December 3-7, 2012. Last day for early... Resource Specialists which may include but are not limited to: Wildlife Biologists, Hydrologists, Range Managers, Forestry and Silviculture Specialists and Techs, Land Managers, Botanists, Archeologists, and any discipline that may benefit or be... Presented by Bob Keane, Research Ecologist, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station. Details and registration information will be available 10 days before the webinar. Please check back as the date approaches. The USFS Mobile Technology Integration for Fire & Aviation Management (MTIFAM) Program is a national led effort to help facilitate and coordinate mobile technology integration for fire and aviation management. The program focuses on pilot testing... Stephen Handler from the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science (Houghton, MI) will introduce a regional effort to incorporate climate change considerations into forest management and planning, the Climate Change Response Framework (...
(British hectometre , abbreviation hm) A metric unit of length equal to one hundred meters. - Spain's rivers receive approximately 106,000 cubic hectometres of water from rain and snow. - The template is removed and the original decimal point erased leaving a resultant number in hectometers. - Multiply a hectometre by 10 and get a kilometre. Definition of hectometer in: What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
Before its medicinal value has been recognized, Yerba Buena was first used as an ingredient in numerous cuisines. It became popular because of its distinctively strong spearmint flavor, thus making it ideal for salads. The leaves are the source of this flavor, and they may be added to viands and meals, either raw or cooked. It has also been effective to drive away rats and other rodents, because of its strong smell of mint that it emits. Thus, besides its medicinal value, it has long been recognized to have strong commercial demand due to the variety of uses that the plant have. Yerba Buena has been consumed for centuries as tea and herbal medicine as a pain reliever (analgesic). Native American Indians used it even before the "white men" colonized the Americas. Today, this folk medicine's efficacy has been validated by scientific research. In the Philippines, Yerba Buena is one of the 10 herbs endorsed by the Department of Health (DOH) as an effective alternative medicine for aches and pains. It has been recognized for its antiseptic, anti-cancer, diuretic, anti-spasm, anti-emetic activities. Properties of this herbal plant are also found to function as stimulant and to have restorative effects. As an herbal medicine, a decoction (boil leaves then strain) of Yerba Buena is effective for minor ailments such as headaches, toothaches, and joint pains. It can also relive stomachaches due to gas buildup and indigestion. The fresh and dried leaves can both be used for the decoction. And because Yerba Buena belongs to the mint family, soaking fresh leaves in a glass of water (30 to 45 minutes) makes a good and effective mouth wash for a clean, fresh smelling breath. Yerba Buena may be used to treat: • Head aches • Tooth aches • Mouth wash • Relief of intestinal gas • Stomach aches • Drink as tea for general good health. Preparation & Use: • Wash fresh Yerba Buena leaves in running water. Chop to size for dried leaves, crush) and boil 2 teaspoons of leaves in a glass of water. Boil in medium heat for 15 to 20 minutes. • As analgesic, take a cupful every 3 hours. • For tooth aches, pound the fresh leaves, squeeze juice out and apply on a cotton ball then bite on to the aching tooth. • Yerba buena leaves may be heated over fire and placed over the forehead for headaches. Stems of Yerba Buena may be crushed and applied directly to bruises. Folkloric use include poultice preparation and the oil extracts from its stems are suggested to be a remedy for cancerous tumors. Caution should be observed in taking this herbal medicine as it can be toxic in large doses.
Located west of Paris in the French Hauts-de-Seine department, the Domaine National de Saint-Cloud is a 460-hectare park that’s classified as a historical monument. It was established at the end of the 16th century when Catherine de Médicis offered the Florentine Gondi family a home in the rolling countryside tucked between Paris and Versailles. There they built a compound with a stunning view of the Seine. The first version of the château had a troubled, and sometimes bloody, history; it was indeed there that some years later King Henry III was assassinated. As monarchy detests a vacuum, it was also between its walls that his cousin, the future Henry IV, was named king. In 1658, Louis XIV purchased the property for his brother. A way for the Sun King to indulge his sibling, but also a way to keep this inveterate reveller at a distance. To spruce up his new home, it was extended and the gardens were remodelled by Le Nôtre, who was also working on those of the Palace of Versailles. The Domaine de Saint-Cloud became the setting for lavish parties. Just a few years before the revolution, Louis XVI gifted the château to his beloved Marie-Antoinette, who also decided to enlarge it. The King and Marie-Antoinette, eternal pleasure-seekers even when faced with God, made Saint-Cloud the venue for prodigious parties, characterised by music and light. Rock en Seine spectators might well find that this reminds them of something… The long history of the Saint-Cloud château did not stop there, not yet anyway. In fact, after witnessing the presence of kings, the château had a somewhat imperial promotion and became the location where Napoleon I was proclaimed emperor. A devotee of remakes, his nephew Napoleon III was also proclaimed emperor there. However, the château did not survive the siege of Paris bombing of 13 October 1870 and the building was left in ruins. It could have been rebuilt, but in 1892 it was definitively taken down. All that remains today are its surrounding (for example the waterfalls – cascades- that give their name to one of the Rock en Seine stages). Remnants of Saint-Cloud can still be found elsewhere: the pediment and the right wing are now located in Bulgaria, the left pendant is in Essone, the bas-reliefs are in Belgium and the entrance gates are in Ajaccio. The Domaine de Saint-Cloud and its 460 hectares of garden have seen it all. It’s been the backdrop for the film Grand Restaurant with Louis de Funès, the location of a summit meeting between Gérard Depardieu and Joey Starr in the [un]forgettable film Mark of the Angels, it appears in Young Thug’s “Power” video, it was the venue for the first edition of the Fête de l’Humanité in 1921, it’s even seen Uma Thurman, Richard Gere, and was in Sinead O’Connor’s video for Nothing Compares 2 U. It was in 2003 that the park welcomed a new festival: Rock en Seine. The first edition was just a one-day event, but already had big names: Massive Attack, PJ Harvey and Beck, and they were joined by 22,000 festival-goers. More than 20 years later the festival is still here, with multiple stages, guests and concerts, continuing the site’s festival tradition. You can see all the events that take place at the Domaine National de Saint-Cloud on monuments-nationaux.fr.
DANGER – DRINKING TOOOO MUCH WATER Yes, that’s right, overindulging we know is a bad thing —– but drinking too much water? They call it water intoxification! Or perhaps you already know the other term for it, “Hyponatremia”. When someone drinks excessive amounts of plain old water it may cause a low concentration of sodium in the blood. Athletes and others who perspire profusely (AKA the “S” word, SWEAT) also lose sodium. The combination can result in an imbalance in the blood-sodium concentration levels and that can be serious. At worst, hyponatremia can cause seizures, coma and even death. Not good. So what to do? The experts have suggestions but they come with warnings, in some cases. —Drink sports drinks that contain sodium; —During heavy exertion, drink about a cupful every 20 minutes; —Increase your salt intake when you expect to be working hard in the heat and sweating (except if you have high blood pressure); —Add salt to your food unless your doctor says not to do so; —Avoid use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDS) medicines, sometimes they cause issues; —And consult a physician if you have a history of health problems. Drinking straight sports drinks is typically not a good thing either. When profusely sweating during work or exercise in very hot conditions, the combination of drinks is probably your best solution. two bottles of water to every one bottle of sports drinks is a good balance for your body. You get enough water to stay hydrated and still get some sodium and electrolytes to support the body. Well, in this litigious society, one can expect such ambiguities but remember, water intoxification is real so try to take it easy when it is hot.
plural noun[treated as singular or plural] A tendency for people of a particular religion, race, social background, etc., to form exclusive political alliances, moving away from traditional broad-based party politics. - The magazine also features an essay on New Zealand film Whale Rider, directed by Niki Caro, and its promotion of identity politics. - They have joined new social movements and have chosen identity politics rather than partisan politics. - In the process, women get caught up in nationalist politics in different ways, and identity politics come to impact on gender relations. Definition of identity politics in: What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
The number of children with rare and deadly inflammatory conditions likely to be associated with COVID-19 exceeds 100 in at least 14 states. An aggregate comes as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says it is actively preparing guidance to health authorities to track what it is currently called Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome, Or PMIS nationwide. The majority of cases occurred in New York, and Governor Andrew Cuomo announced on Tuesday that the state had treated approximately 100 patients in the age range from under 1 to 18 years. At least five children in New York have died of the disease. The disease acts like toxic shock syndrome or Kawasaki disease and causes severe inflammation of the coronary arteries. “I know parents across the country are very concerned about this,” Kuomo said at a media briefing on Tuesday. “If this happens in New York, it’s probably in another state.” In fact, doctors have reported a few other cases in California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Washington, as awareness of PMIS has increased in the last few weeks. Done, Washington DC On Tuesday, a CDC spokesperson told NBC News that authorities are working to come up with a standard definition of PMIS. This guidance is intended to assist public health personnel in tracking case studies in each state. Syndromes can be difficult to identify because many affected children do not have the typical respiratory symptoms associated with coronaviruses. The pediatrics have arrived at the hospital “with symptoms such as high fever, severe abdominal pain, and low blood pressure,” said Dr Roberta Deviasi, Head of Infectious Diseases at the National Children’s Hospital in Washington, D.C. De Beasi said the children’s hearts are not beating normally or the coronary arteries that supply the heart with blood are inflamed. Some, but not all, patients also develop red eyes, rashes, hand swelling, or enlarged lymph nodes. Also, many young PMIS patients have been tested positive for COVID-19 or at least have antibodies to the virus, but not all children have it. This may be because some children do not show symptoms until one month after COVID-19 infection. Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, warned the Senate on Tuesday, saying there were many unclear points about COVID-19 “especially with regard to children.” “We really need to be very careful,” Fauci said, “as we learn more and more, we’re seeing what this virus can do.” In the meantime, there is growing evidence that COVID-19 can and does affect children much more seriously. Thought earlier, Even if not finally diagnosed with PMIS. De Biasi and colleagues at the Children’s National Hospital analyzed the medical records of 177 children and young adults in their 20s who tested positive for COVID-19. One-quarter had to be hospitalized and only a small proportion (5%) were severe and spent on life support. The most likely need for emergency medical interventions such as artificial respiration was in very young children or children over the age of 15. One of these patients was diagnosed with PMIS. The study was published on Tuesday Pediatric Journal.. After the paper was submitted for publication, De Biasi said the hospital had treated another 70 children with coronavirus and two more with PMIS. Download NBC News App To completely cover the outbreak of coronavirus People with underlying neurological conditions such as cerebral palsy are much more likely to need hospitalization. DeBiasi warned that coronavirus complications are rare in children, and it is clear that the vast majority of pediatric COVID-19 patients have mild disease or appear to have no symptoms at all. .. But she said so far, the PMIS case seems to be more prevalent in the east coast of America and Europe than it was reported in China and the west coast of America. “There are more sick children than expected when it comes to the East Coast, especially the metropolitan area of Washington D.C.,” said De Beashi. What Are The Main Benefits Of Comparing Car Insurance Quotes Online LOS ANGELES, CA / ACCESSWIRE / June 24, 2020, / Compare-autoinsurance.Org has launched a new blog post that presents the main benefits of comparing multiple car insurance quotes. For more info and free online quotes, please visit https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/the-advantages-of-comparing-prices-with-car-insurance-quotes-online/ The modern society has numerous technological advantages. One important advantage is the speed at which information is sent and received. With the help of the internet, the shopping habits of many persons have drastically changed. The car insurance industry hasn't remained untouched by these changes. On the internet, drivers can compare insurance prices and find out which sellers have the best offers. View photos The advantages of comparing online car insurance quotes are the following: Online quotes can be obtained from anywhere and at any time. 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On this site, customers have access to quotes for insurance plans from various agencies, such as local or nationwide agencies, brand names insurance companies, etc. "Online quotes can easily help drivers obtain better car insurance deals. All they have to do is to complete an online form with accurate and real info, then compare prices", said Russell Rabichev, Marketing Director of Internet Marketing Company. CONTACT: Company Name: Internet Marketing CompanyPerson for contact Name: Gurgu CPhone Number: (818) 359-3898Email: [email protected]: https://compare-autoinsurance.Org/ SOURCE: Compare-autoinsurance.Org View source version on accesswire.Com:https://www.Accesswire.Com/595055/What-Are-The-Main-Benefits-Of-Comparing-Car-Insurance-Quotes-Online View photos to request, modification Contact us at Here or [email protected] - Turkey prices are down. A deadly bird flu could change that - Former Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, first woman on the Supreme Court, dies - Rosa Parks: The ‘no’ that sparked the civil rights movement \| BBC News - Buttigieg reacts to House speaker endorsing book attacking him - 5 Common Illnesses and How You Can Stop the Spread \| McLaren Health Care News - Debunking Trump’s Bacon Claim - Earthshot Prize winner aims to tackle food waste in India – BBC News - How a shifting climate is catalysing infectious disease - WaPo: McCarthy told Trump ‘F**k you’ - HDL Cholesterol Levels Linked to Dementia Risk - GOP lawmaker who voted for removal reacts to Mike Johnson defending Santos - Ozempic, Wegovy May Also Help You Drink Less Alcohol
Know More About Intellectual Property Rights. When you come up with a great idea, it is important to protect it from being copied by other people. You should come up with a way for the idea to make you money. There are three legal ways to protect your intellectual property. The first two are inexpensive while the last one is expensive. Make it your business to understand how intellectual property works. Copyrights, trademarks, service marks, and patents are part of the intellectual property rights. Intellectual property rights are extensive. The first on the list is copy righted. A copyright protects the originality of the work. This means it protects the artistic components either musical or dramatic works. A copyright gives exclusive right to perform and reproduce the work you have produced. It gives the right to display and perform your work exclusively. It protects the form of expression of the entity. It does not protect the subject matter. The an entity can be reproduced by another person in another form which is not the same as the original one. They can also market the product they have and also sell the product without infringing on any rights. Copyright is usually registered in copyright offices. On the other hand, we have a trademark. This protects word, name or symbol that sets your products and others apart. A service mark is the same as the trade mark but is used for service businesses and not a tangible product. Trademarks protect the slogan and symbols only but no the actual intellectual property. The Ultimate Guide to Patent Then there’s the patent. The patent rights makes other people not copy your invention, but you can also not make or sell the invention. A the patent is valid for twenty years. Patents re of three types. The first one covers how the machine works and what it’s made of. The the patent covers the materials used to make the invention and the processes used to make the device. The design patent comes second. The design patent cover the appearance of the patent. The third is the plant patent. This the patent covers the plants that reproduce asexually and are of new varieties. A utility patent is the best to cover your new inventions and ideas because it protects how your invention works. A utility patent is more expensive than the design patent. A design patent usually protects the appearance of an invention but not how it works and what it’s made of. Intellectual property information is a lot. When choosing a right, you should always seek professional help. The lawyer will explain in detail the importance of every right and choose the best that is suitable for your invention. The the lawyer will help you come up with the right terms and also help in the negotiation process. You should make sure that the idea generates some income for you.Learning The Secrets About Inventors
A game, typically played in an extensive outdoor area, in which participants have to collect a number of miscellaneous objects. - Instead of watching television, they can learn family history by playing a game similar to a scavenger hunt. - On that day, we've got a scavenger hunt going on with grab bags. - The games consisted of friendly science competitions including a scavenger hunt throughout downtown Montreal, and a construction/ingenuity game. Definition of scavenger hunt in: What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
- Calcium is a major constituent of bones and teeth and also plays an essential role as second messenger in cell-signaling pathways. Circulating calcium concentrations are tightly controlled by the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D at the expense of the skeleton when dietary calcium intakes are inadequate. (More information) - The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for calcium is 1,000-1,200 mg/day for adults. (More information) - The skeleton is a reserve of calcium drawn upon to maintain normal serum calcium in case of inadequate dietary calcium. Thus, calcium sufficiency is required to maximize the attainment of peak bone mass during growth and to prevent the progressive demineralization of bones later in life, which leads to osteoporosis, bone fragility, and an increased risk of fractures. (More information) - High concentrations of calcium and oxalate in the urine are major risk factors for the formation of calcium oxalate stones in the kidneys. Because dietary calcium intake has been inversely associated with stone occurrence, it is thought that adequate calcium consumption may reduce the absorption of dietary oxalate, thus reducing urinary oxalate and kidney stone formation. (More information) - Data from observational studies and randomized controlled trials support calcium supplementation in reducing the risk of high blood pressure and preeclampsia in pregnant women. The World Health Organization advises that all pregnant women in areas of low calcium intake (i.e., low-income countries with intakes around 300-600 mg/day) be given supplemental calcium starting in the 20th week of pregnancy. (More information) - Prospective cohort studies have reported an association between higher calcium intakes and lower risk of developing colorectal cancer; however, large clinical trials of calcium supplementation are needed. (More information) - Current available data suggest that adequate calcium intakes may play a role in body weight regulation and have therapeutic benefits in the management of moderate-to-severe premenstrual symptoms. (More information) - Adequate calcium intake is critical for maintaining a healthy skeleton. Calcium is found in a variety of foods, including dairy products, tofu, beans, and vegetables of the kale family. Yet, content and bioavailability vary among foods, and certain drugs are known to adversely affect calcium absorption. (More information) - Hypercalcemia, a condition of abnormally high concentrations of calcium in blood, is usually due to malignancy or primary hyperparathyroidism. However, the use of large doses of supplemental calcium, together with absorbable alkali, increases the risk of hypercalcemia, especially in postmenopausal women. Often associated with gastrointestinal disturbances, hypercalcemia can be fatal if left untreated. (More information) - High calcium intakes — either from dairy foods or from supplements — have been associated with increased risks of prostate cancer and cardiovascular events in some, but not all, observational and intervention studies. However, there is currently no evidence of such detrimental effects when people consume a total of 1,000 to 1,200 mg/day of calcium (diet and supplements combined), as recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. (More information) Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. About 99% of the calcium in the body is found in bones and teeth, while the other 1% is found in the blood and soft tissue. Calcium concentrations in the blood and fluid surrounding the cells (extracellular fluid) must be maintained within a narrow concentration range for normal physiological functioning. The physiological functions of calcium are so vital to survival that the body will stimulate bone resorption (demineralization) to maintain normal blood calcium concentrations when calcium intake is inadequate. Thus, adequate intake of calcium is a critical factor in maintaining a healthy skeleton (1). Calcium is a major structural element in bones and teeth. The mineral component of bone consists mainly of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] crystals, which contain large amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and oxygen. Bone is a dynamic tissue that is remodeled throughout life. Bone cells called osteoclasts begin the process of remodeling by dissolving or resorbing bone. Bone-forming cells called osteoblasts then synthesize new bone to replace the bone that was resorbed. During normal growth, bone formation exceeds bone resorption. Osteoporosis may result when bone resorption chronically exceeds formation (1). Calcium concentrations in the blood and fluid that surround cells are tightly controlled in order to preserve normal physiological function. A slight drop in blood calcium levels (e.g., in the case of inadequate calcium intake) is sensed by the parathyroid glands, resulting in their increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Elevations in PTH rapidly decrease urinary excretion of calcium but increase urinary excretion of phosphorus and stimulate bone resorption, resulting in the release of bone mineral (calcium and phosphate) — actions that restore serum calcium concentrations. Although the action is not immediate, PTH also stimulates conversion of vitamin D to its active form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; calcitriol) in the kidneys. Increased circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in turn stimulates increased intestinal absorption of both calcium and phosphorus. Like PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D stimulates the release of calcium from bone by activating osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells) and limits the urinary excretion of calcium by increasing its reabsorption in the kidneys. When blood calcium rises to normal levels, the parathyroid glands stop secreting PTH. Finally, acute changes in blood calcium concentrations do not seem to elicit the secretion of the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), which is produced by bone-forming cells (osteoblasts/osteocytes) in response to increases in phosphorus intake (see the article on Phosphorus) (2). While this complex system allows for rapid and tight control of blood calcium concentrations, it does so at the expense of the skeleton (1). Calcium plays a role in mediating the constriction and relaxation of blood vessels (vasoconstriction and vasodilation), nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and the secretion of hormones like insulin (1). Excitable cells, such as skeletal muscle and nerve cells, contain voltage-dependent calcium channels in their cell membranes that allow for rapid changes in calcium concentrations. For example, when a nerve impulse stimulates a muscle fiber to contract, calcium channels in the cell membrane open to allow calcium ions into the muscle cell. Within the cell, these calcium ions bind to activator proteins, which help release a flood of calcium ions from storage vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) inside the cell. The binding of calcium to the protein troponin-c initiates a series of steps that lead to muscle contraction. The binding of calcium to the protein calmodulin activates enzymes that break down muscle glycogen to provide energy for muscle contraction. Upon completion of the action, calcium is pumped outside the cell or into the ER until the next activation (reviewed in 3). Regulation of protein function Calcium is necessary to stabilize a number of proteins, including enzymes, optimizing their activities. The binding of calcium ions is required for the activation of the seven "vitamin K-dependent" clotting factors in the coagulation cascade. The term, "coagulation cascade," refers to a series of events, each dependent on the other that stops bleeding through clot formation (see the article on Vitamin K). Vitamin D is required for optimal calcium absorption (see Function or the article on Vitamin D). Several other nutrients (and non-nutrients) influence the retention of calcium by the body and may affect calcium nutritional status. Dietary sodium is a major determinant of urinary calcium loss (1). High-sodium intake results in increased loss of calcium in the urine, possibly due to competition between sodium and calcium for reabsorption in the kidneys or by an effect of sodium on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. Every 1-gram (g) increment in sodium (2.5 g of sodium chloride; NaCl salt) excreted by the kidneys has been found to draw about 26.3 milligrams (mg) of calcium into the urine (1). A study conducted in adolescent girls reported that a high-salt diet had a greater effect on urinary sodium and calcium excretion in White compared to Black girls, suggesting differences among ethnic groups (4). In adult women, each extra gram of sodium consumed per day is projected to produce an additional rate of bone loss of 1% per year if all of the calcium loss comes from the skeleton. A number of cross-sectional and intervention studies have suggested that high-sodium intakes are deleterious to bone health, especially in older women (5). In particular, high-sodium intake in conjunction with low-calcium intake may be especially detrimental to bone health (6-8). A two-year longitudinal study in postmenopausal women found increased urinary sodium excretion (an indicator of increased sodium intake) to be associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip (9). Linear regression analysis estimated that BMD could be maintained by reducing sodium intake to recommended levels (2,300 mg/day) and by increasing calcium intake to 1,200 mg/day. A second longitudinal study in postmenopausal women found that habitual high-sodium intake (approximately 3,000 mg/day) was not detrimental to bone mineral density over three years of follow-up (10). Notably, the average calcium intake in this study population was 1,300 to 1,500 mg/day. Another study in 40 postmenopausal women found that adherence to a low-sodium diet (2 g/day) for six months was associated with significant reductions in sodium excretion, calcium excretion, and aminoterminal propeptide of type I collagen, a biomarker of bone resorption. Yet, these associations were only observed in women with elevated baseline urinary sodium excretions (11). Finally, in a randomized, placebo-controlled study in 60 postmenopausal women, potassium citrate supplementation has been found to prevent an increase in calcium excretion induced by the consumption of a high-sodium diet (≥5,000 mg/day of elemental sodium) for four weeks (12). Increasing dietary protein intake enhances intestinal calcium absorption, as well as urinary calcium excretion (13). The RDA for protein is 46 grams (g)/day for adult women and 56 g/day for adult men; however, the average intake of protein in the US tends to be higher (about 70 g/day in adult women and over 100 g per day in adult men) (14). It was initially thought that high-protein diets may result in a negative calcium balance (when the sum of urinary and fecal calcium excretion becomes greater than calcium intake) and thus increase bone loss (15). However, most observational studies have reported either no association or positive associations between protein intake and bone mineral density in children, adults, and elderly subjects (reviewed in 16). The overall calcium balance appears to be unchanged by high dietary protein intake in healthy individuals (17), and current evidence suggests that increased protein intakes in those with adequate supplies of protein, calcium, and vitamin D do not adversely affect BMD or fracture risk (18). Phosphorus, which is typically found in protein-rich food, tends to increase the excretion of calcium in the urine. Diets with low calcium-to-phosphorus ratios (Ca:P ≤0.5) have been found to increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and urinary calcium excretion (19, 20). Also, the intestinal absorption and fecal excretion of calcium and phosphorus are influenced by calcium-to-phosphorus ratios of ingested food. Indeed, in the intestinal lumen, calcium salts can bind to phosphorus to form complexes that are excreted in the feces. This forms the basis for using calcium salts as phosphorus binders to lower phosphorus absorption in individuals with kidney insufficiency (21). Increasing phosphorus intakes from cola soft drinks (high in phosphoric acid) and food additives (high in phosphates) may have adverse effects on bone health (22). At present, there is no convincing evidence that the dietary phosphorus levels experienced in the US adversely affect bone health. Yet, the substitution of large quantities of phosphorus-containing soft drinks for milk or other sources of dietary calcium may represent a serious risk to bone health in adolescents and adults (see the article on Phosphorus). Caffeine in large amounts increases urinary calcium content for a short time. However, caffeine intakes of 400 mg/day did not significantly change urinary calcium excretion over 24 hours in premenopausal women when compared to a placebo (23). Although one observational study found accelerated bone loss in postmenopausal women with low calcium intake and two to three daily cups of coffee (24), another study reported no association between caffeine intake and bone loss in postmenopausal women (25). On average, one 8-ounce cup of coffee decreases calcium retention by only 2-3 mg (26). A low blood calcium level (hypocalcemia) usually implies abnormal parathyroid function since the skeleton provides a large reserve of calcium for maintaining normal blood levels, especially in the case of low dietary calcium intake. Other causes of abnormally low blood calcium concentrations include chronic kidney failure, vitamin D deficiency, and low blood magnesium levels often observed in cases of severe alcoholism. Magnesium deficiency can impair parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion by the parathyroid glands and lower the responsiveness of osteoclasts to PTH. Thus, magnesium supplementation is required to correct hypocalcemia in people with low serum magnesium concentrations (see the article on Magnesium). Chronically low calcium intakes in growing individuals may prevent the attainment of optimal peak bone mass. Once peak bone mass is achieved, inadequate calcium intake may contribute to accelerated bone loss and ultimately to the development of osteoporosis (see Disease Prevention) (1). The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Updated recommendations for calcium intake based on the optimization of bone health were released by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine in 2011 (13). The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for calcium is listed in Table 1 by life stage and gender. Table 1. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Calcium \|\|71 years and older Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder in which bone mass and strength are compromised, resulting in an increased risk of fracture. Sustaining a hip fracture is one of the most serious consequences of osteoporosis. Nearly one-third of those who sustain osteoporotic hip fractures enter nursing homes within a year following the fracture, and one person in four dies within one year of experiencing an osteoporotic hip fracture (27). Despite being a common diagnosis in postmenopausal women, osteoporosis also affects 4-6% of men over the age of 50 years (28). Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disorder, and nutrition is only one factor contributing to its development and progression (29). Other factors that increase the risk of developing osteoporosis include, but are not limited to, increased age, female gender, estrogen deficiency, smoking, high alcohol intake (three or more drinks/day), metabolic disease (e.g., hyperthyroidism), and the use of certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids and anticonvulsants) (30). A predisposition to osteoporotic fracture is related to one's peak bone mass and to the rate of bone loss after peak bone mass has been attained. After adult height has been reached, the skeleton continues to accumulate bone until the third decade of life. Genetic factors exert a strong influence on peak bone mass, but lifestyle factors can also play a significant role. Strategies for reducing the risk of osteoporotic fracture include the attainment of maximal peak bone mass and the reduction of bone loss later in life. A number of lifestyle factors, including diet (especially calcium and protein intake) and physical activity, are amenable to interventions aimed at maximizing peak bone mass and limiting osteoporotic fracture risk (31). Physical exercise is a lifestyle factor that has been associated with numerous health benefits and is likely to contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. There is evidence to suggest that physical activity early in life contributes to the attainment of higher peak bone mass (31). Moreover, lifelong participation in physical activities in the presence of adequate calcium and vitamin D supply (from dietary sources and/or sunlight exposure) may have a modest effect on slowing the rate of bone loss later in life (32). Current National Osteoporosis Foundation guidelines include recommendations of regular muscle-strengthening and weight-bearing exercise to all postmenopausal women and men ages 50 and older (33). Although benefits in reducing bone loss might be limited, muscle-strengthening exercise, including weight training and other resistive exercises (e.g., yoga and Pilates) and weight-bearing exercise (e.g., walking, jogging, and stair climbing), may improve strength, posture, balance, and coordination, thus contributing to reduced risk of falls (33). One compilation of published calcium trials indicated that the beneficial skeletal effect of increased physical activity was achievable only at calcium intakes above 1,000 mg/day in women in late menopause (reviewed in 32). The progressive loss of bone mineral density (BMD) leading to osteopenia (pre-osteoporosis) and osteoporosis is usually assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the hip and lumbar spine (34). Several randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials have evaluated the effect of supplemental calcium in the preservation of BMD and the prevention of fracture risk in men and women ages 50 years and older. A meta-analysis of 24 studies, including over 40,000 older men and women, indicated that the supplementation of calcium alone or in combination with vitamin D was associated with a 0.54% reduction in BMD loss at the hip and a 1.19% reduction in BMD loss at the spine (35). A meta-analysis of 17 trials that reported on fracture risk found a 12% risk reduction associated with supplemental calcium with or without vitamin D (35). Additionally, one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study has examined the effect of long-term calcium supplementation (>3 years) on fracture risk (36). Yet, the analysis of this five-year trial that included 1,460 postmenopausal women (mean age, 75 years) failed to find a reduction in fracture risk with the supplementation of 1,200 mg/day of calcium, possibly because 43% of participants did not adhere to their prescribed treatment (calcium or placebo) (36). Because estrogen withdrawal significantly impairs intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of calcium, the level of calcium requirement might depend on whether postmenopausal women receive hormone replacement therapy (32). The National Osteoporosis Foundation advises that adequate intake of calcium (1,000-1,200 mg/day) and vitamin D (800-1,000 IU/day) be included in the diet for all middle-aged men and women (33). The US Preventive Services Task Force recently conducted a meta-analysis of 11 randomized placebo-controlled trials that included 52,915 older people (of whom 69% were postmenopausal women) and reported that the supplementation of vitamin D (300-1,000 IU/day) and calcium (500-1,200 mg/day) for up to seven years resulted in a 12% reduction in the risk of any new fracture (37). However, there was no significant effect of vitamin D without calcium (37). The role and effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in strengthening bone and preventing fracture in older people remain controversial topics. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, stimulates calcium absorption by promoting the synthesis of calcium-binding proteins in the intestine. While no amount of vitamin D can compensate inadequate total calcium intake, vitamin D insufficiency (defined as circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D below 20 ng/mL [50 nmol/L]) can lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism and an increased risk of osteoporosis (13, 38). Conversely, in postmenopausal women (ages 57-90 years) with adequate total calcium intakes (1,400 IU/day), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations ranging from 20 ng/mL to 66 ng/mL had little effect on calcium absorption (only 6% increase over the range) (39). In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, the supplementation of 1,000 IU/day of vitamin D to postmenopausal women (mean age, 77.2 years) for one year was found to significantly increase circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations by 34% from baseline but failed to enhance calcium absorption in the presence of high total calcium intakes (dietary plus supplemental calcium corresponding to an average 2,100 mg/day) (40). This study also reported no significant difference in measures of BMD at the hip and total body between placebo- and vitamin D-treated women. In addition, the pooled analysis of seven randomized controlled trials, including 65,517 older individuals living in the community or in an institution, found that vitamin D (400-800 IU/day) could reduce the risk of any fracture only when combined with calcium (1,000 mg/day) (41). Interestingly, the results of a series of trials included in three recent meta-analyses (37, 42, 43) have suggested that supplemental vitamin D and calcium may have greater benefits in the prevention of fracture in institutionalized, older people who are also at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency and fractures compared to community dwellers (44, 45). For more information about bone health and osteoporosis, see the article, Micronutrients and Bone Health, and visit the National Osteoporosis Foundation website. Approximately 6% of women and 15% of men in industrialized countries will have a kidney stone during their lifetime. Most kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. Subjects with an abnormally high level of calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria) are at higher risk of developing kidney stones (a process called nephrolithiasis) (46). High urinary oxalate level is another risk factor for calcium oxalate stone formation. Most subjects with a history of kidney stones and/or idiopathic hypercalciuria have increased intestinal calcium absorption (47). Although it was initially recommended to limit dietary calcium intake in these patients, a number of prospective cohort studies have reported associations between lower total dietary calcium intake and increased risk of incident kidney stones (48-51). The prospective analyses of three large cohorts, including a total of 30,762 men and 195,865 women followed for a combined 56 years, have indicated that the risk of kidney stones was significantly lower in individuals in the highest versus lowest quintile of dietary calcium intake from dairy or nondairy sources (52). Additionally, a five-year randomized intervention study that enrolled 120 men with idiopathic hypercalciuria (mean age, 45 years) reported that those assigned to a low-calcium diet (approximately 400 mg/day) had a 51% higher risk of kidney stone recurrence compared to those on a normal-to-high calcium (1,200 mg/day), low animal-protein, low-salt diet (53). Mechanisms by which increased dietary calcium might reduce the risk of incident kidney stones are not fully understood. An inverse relationship was reported between total calcium intake and intestinal calcium absorption in the recent cross-sectional analysis of a cohort of 5,452 postmenopausal women (47). Moreover, women with higher supplemental calcium intake and lower calcium absorption were less likely to report a history of kidney stones (47). Adequate calcium consumption may somehow reduce the absorption of dietary oxalate and lower urinary oxalate (54, 55). A recent small intervention study in 10 non-stone-forming young adults observed that the ingestion of large amounts of oxalate did not increase the risk of calcium oxalate stone occurrence in the presence of recommended level of dietary calcium (56). However, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 36,282 postmenopausal women reported that a combination of supplemental calcium (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 IU/day) was associated with a significantly increased incidence of self-reported kidney stones during a seven-year treatment period. More controlled trials may be necessary to determine whether supplemental calcium affects kidney stone risk (57). However, a systematic review of observational studies and randomized controlled trials that primarily reported on bone-related outcomes failed to find an effect of calcium supplementation on stone incidence (58). Further research is needed to verify whether osteoporosis treatment drugs (e.g., biphosphonates) rather than calcium supplements might influence the risk of stone occurrence (59). Current data suggest that diets providing adequate dietary calcium and low levels of animal protein, oxalate, and sodium may benefit the prevention of stone recurrence in subjects with idiopathic hypercalciuria (60, 61). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia, complicate approximately 10% of pregnancies and are a major health risk for pregnant women and their offspring (62). Gestational hypertension is defined as an abnormally high blood pressure that usually develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is characterized by poor placental perfusion and a systemic inflammation that may involve several organ systems, including the cardiovascular system, kidneys, liver, and hematological system (63). In addition to gestational hypertension, preeclampsia is associated with the development of severe swelling (edema) and the presence of protein in the urine (proteinuria). Eclampsia is the occurrence of seizures in association with the syndrome of preeclampsia and is a significant cause of maternal and perinatal mortality. Although cases of preeclampsia are at high risk of developing eclampsia, one-quarter of women with eclampsia do not initially exhibit preeclamptic symptoms. Risk factors for preeclampsia include genetic predisposition, advanced maternal age, first pregnancies, multiple pregnancies (e.g., twins or triplets), obesity, diabetes, and some autoimmune diseases (63). While the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is not entirely understood, nutrition and especially calcium metabolism appear to play a role. Data from epidemiologic studies have suggested an inverse relationship between calcium intake during pregnancy and the incidence of preeclampsia (reviewed in 64). Impairment of calcium metabolism when circulating vitamin D concentration is low and/or when dietary calcium intake is inadequate may contribute to the risk of hypertension during pregnancy. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (high PTH level) due to vitamin D deficiency in young pregnant women has been associated with high maternal blood pressure and increased risk of preeclampsia (65). The risk for elevated PTH concentration was also found to be increased in vitamin D-sufficient women with low calcium intakes (<480 mg/day) during pregnancy when compared with adequate-to-high calcium intakes (≥1,000 mg/day) (66). In addition, vitamin D deficiency may trigger hypertension through the inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system (see the article on Vitamin D). Potential beneficial effects of calcium in the prevention of preeclampsia have been investigated in several randomized, placebo-controlled studies. The most recent meta-analysis of 13 trials in 15,730 pregnant women found that calcium supplementation with at least 1,000 mg/day (mostly 1,500-2,000 mg/day) from about 20 weeks of pregnancy (34 weeks of pregnancy at the latest) was associated with significant reductions in the risk of high blood pressure, preeclampsia, and preterm birth (64). Greater risk reductions were reported among pregnant women at high risk of preeclampsia (5 trials; 587 women) or with low dietary calcium intake (8 trials; 10,678 women). Another recent meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials in high-risk women indicated that lower doses of calcium supplementation (≤800 mg/day) with a co-treatment (i.e., vitamin D, linoleic acid, or aspirin) could also lower the risk of preeclampsia by 75% (67). Yet, based on the systematic review of high-quality randomized controlled trials, which used mostly high-dose calcium supplements, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently recommended that all pregnant women in areas of low-calcium intake (i.e., low-income countries with intakes around 300-600 mg/day) be given 1.5-2 g (1,500-2,000 mg)/day of elemental calcium from the 20th week of pregnancy (68). Because excessive calcium supplementation may be harmful (see Safety), further research is required to verify whether calcium supplementation above the current IOM recommendation (1,000 mg/day for pregnant women, ages 19-50 years) would provide greater benefits to women at high risk of preeclampsia. Finally, the lack of effect of supplemental calcium on proteinuria (reported in two trials only) suggested that calcium supplementation from mid-pregnancy might be too late to oppose the genesis of preeclampsia (69, 70). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study is ongoing to evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation with 500 mg/day, starting before pregnancy and until the 20th week of pregnancy, on the risk of preeclampsia in high-risk women (71). Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the US (72). CRC is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, but the degree to which these two types of factors influence CRC risk in individuals varies widely. In individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), the cause of CRC is almost entirely genetic, while modifiable lifestyle factors, including dietary habits, tobacco use, and physical activities, greatly influence the risk of sporadic (non hereditary) CRC. Prospective cohort studies have consistently reported an inverse association between dairy food consumption and CRC risk. Experimental studies in cell culture and animal models have suggested plausible mechanisms underlying a role for calcium, a major nutrient in dairy products, in preventing CRC (73). In the multicenter European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) prospective study of 477,122 individuals, followed for an average of 11 years, 4,513 CRC cases were documented (74). Intakes of milk, cheese, and yogurt, were inversely associated with CRC risk. The highest versus lowest quintile of total dairy intake (≥490 g/day vs. <134 g/day) was associated with a 23% lower risk of CRC. Similarly, CRC risk was 25% lower in those in the top versus bottom quintile of calcium intake from dairy food (≥839 mg/day vs. <308 mg/day). The 16-year follow-up of 41,403 women (ages 26-46 years at inclusion) from the prospective Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) documented 2,273 diagnoses of colorectal adenomas (precancerous polyps). The analysis of the prospective cohort found that women with total calcium intake of 1,001-1,250 mg/day had a 76% lower risk of developing advanced adenomas (i.e., adenomas more likely to become malignant) compared to those with intakes equal to and below 500 mg/day (75). In addition, a dose-response analysis using data from 15 prospective studies (12,305 CRC cases among nearly 1,500,000 participants) estimated that an increase of 300 mg/day in total calcium intake was associated with an 8% reduction in CRC risk (76). Total daily intake of calcium ranged from 250 to 1,900 mg in the examined studies. Similarly, in the dose-response analysis of six prospective studies (8,839 CRC cases among 920,837 participants), CRC risk was 9% lower with a 300 mg/day increase in supplemental calcium (76). However, the recent meta-analysis of seven randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies found no evidence of an effect of calcium supplementation (≥500 mg/day) for a median period of 45 months on total cancer risk and CRC risk (77). In addition, the recent re-analysis of the Women's Health Initiative placebo-controlled trial failed to show a reduction in CRC risk in postmenopausal women supplemented with both vitamin D (400 IU/day) and calcium (1,000 mg/day) for seven years (78). Finally, the results of the meta-analysis of three randomized, placebo-controlled trials have suggested that calcium supplementation may reduce the risk of adenoma recurrence in subjects with a history of adenomas (79). At present, it is not clear whether calcium supplementation is beneficial in CRC prevention. Larger trials designed to assess primarily the effect of long-term calcium supplementation on the incidence of adenomas and/or CRC are needed before conclusions can be drawn. Children who are chronically exposed to lead, even in small amounts, are more likely to develop learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and to have low IQs. Deficits in growth and neurological development may occur in the infants of women exposed to lead during pregnancy and lactation. In adults, lead toxicity may result in kidney damage and high blood pressure. Although the use of lead in paint products, gasoline, and food cans has been discontinued in the US, lead toxicity continues to be a significant health problem, especially in children living in urban areas (80). In 2012, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention set the reference value for blood lead concentration at 5 micrograms per deciliter (μg/dL) to identify children at risk (81). Yet, there is no known blood lead concentration below which children are 100% safe. An early study of over 300 children in an urban neighborhood found that 49% of children ages 1 to 8 years had blood lead levels above the threshold of 10 μg/dL, indicating excessive lead exposure. In this study, only 59% of children ages 1-3 years and 41% of children ages 4-8 years met the recommended levels for calcium intakes (82). Adequate calcium intake could be protective against lead toxicity in at least two ways. Increased dietary intake of calcium is known to decrease the gastrointestinal absorption of lead. Once lead enters the body it tends to accumulate in the skeleton, where it may remain for more than 20 years. Adequate calcium intake also prevents lead mobilization from the skeleton during bone demineralization. A study of circulating concentrations of lead during pregnancy found that women with inadequate calcium intake during the second half of pregnancy were more likely to have elevated blood lead levels, probably because of increased bone demineralization, leading to the release of accumulated lead into the blood (83). Lead in the blood of a pregnant woman is readily transported across the placenta resulting in fetal lead exposure at a time when the developing nervous system is highly vulnerable. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 670 pregnant women (≤14 weeks' gestation) with average dietary calcium intakes of 900 mg/day, daily supplementation of 1,200 mg of calcium throughout the pregnancy period resulted in 8-14% reductions in maternal blood lead concentrations (84). Similar reductions in maternal lead concentrations in the blood and breast milk of lactating mothers supplemented with calcium were reported in earlier trials (85, 86). In postmenopausal women, factors known to decrease bone demineralization, including estrogen replacement therapy and physical activity, have been inversely associated with blood lead levels (87). Overweight and obesity High dietary calcium intake, usually associated with dairy product consumption, has been inversely related to body weight and central obesity in a number of cross-sectional studies (reviewed in 88). Cross-sectional baseline data analyses of a number of prospective cohort studies that were not designed and powered to examine the effect of calcium intake or dairy consumption on obesity or body fat have given inconsistent results (88). Yet, a meta-analysis of 18 cross-sectional and prospective studies predicted a reduction in body mass index (a relative measure of body weight; BMI) of 1.1 kg/m2 with an increase in calcium intake from 400 mg/day to 1,200 mg/day (88). In a placebo-controlled intervention study, 32 obese subjects were randomized to energy restriction regimens (500 kCal/day deficit) for 24 weeks with (1) a standard diet providing 400-500 mg/day of dietary calcium and a placebo supplement ("low calcium" diet), (2) a standard diet and 800 mg/day of supplemental calcium ("high calcium" diet), or (3) a high-dairy diet providing 1,200 mg/day of dietary calcium and a placebo supplement (89). Energy-restricted diets resulted in significant body weight and fat loss in all three groups. Yet, body weight and fat loss were significantly more reduced with the high-calcium diet compared to the standard diet, and further reductions were measured with the high-dairy diet compared to both high-calcium and low-calcium diets. These results suggested that while calcium intake may play a role in body weight regulation, additional benefits might be attributable to other bioactive components of dairy products, such as proteins, fatty acids, and branched chain amino acids. Yet, several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the potential impact of calcium on body weight (reviewed in 88). The most cited mechanism is based on studies in the agouti mouse model showing that low-calcium intakes, through increasing circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D, could stimulate the accumulation of fat (lipogenesis) in adipocytes (fat cells) (90). Conversely, higher intakes of calcium may reduce fat storage, stimulate the breakdown of lipids (lipolysis), and drive fat oxidation. A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials estimated that high (1,300 mg/day) versus low (488 mg/day) calcium intake for a minimum of seven days increased fat oxidation by 11% (91). However, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over trial in 10 low-calcium consuming overweight or obese individuals reported that the supplementation with 800 mg/day of calcium for 5 weeks failed to modify the expression of key factors involved in fat metabolism (92). Moreover, while the model suggests a role for vitamin D in lipogenesis (fat storage), human studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency — rather than sufficiency — is often associated with obesity, and supplemental vitamin D might be effective in lowering body weight when caloric restriction is imposed (93, 94). Another mechanism suggests that high-calcium diets may limit dietary fat absorption in the intestine and increase fecal fat excretion. Indeed, in the gastrointestinal tract, calcium may trap dietary fat into insoluble calcium soaps of fatty acids that are then excreted (95). In addition, despite very limited evidence, it has also been proposed that calcium might be involved in regulating appetite and energy intake (96). Finally, a recent meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials in 2,441 participants (median age, 41.4 years) found that calcium supplementation was only associated with body weight and fat loss in short-term studies (<1 year) that used energy-restricted diets (97). At present, additional research is warranted to examine the effect of calcium intake on fat metabolism, as well as its potential benefits in the management of body weight with or without caloric restriction (98). Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) PMS refers to a cluster of symptoms, including but not limited to fatigue, irritability, moodiness/depression, fluid retention, and breast tenderness, that begins sometime after ovulation (mid-cycle) and subsides with the onset of menstruation (the monthly period) (99). A severe form of PMS called premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) has been described in 3-8% of women of childbearing age. PMDD interferes with normal functioning, affecting daily activities and relationships (100). Low dietary calcium intakes have been linked to PMS in early reports, and supplemental calcium has been shown to decrease symptom severity (101). In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 466 women with moderate-to-severe premenstrual symptoms, supplemental calcium (1,200 mg/day) for three menstrual cycles was associated with a 48% reduction in total symptom scores, compared to a 30% reduction observed in the placebo group (102). Similar positive effects were reported in earlier double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trials that administered 1,000 mg of calcium daily (103, 104). A nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) found that women in the highest quintile of dietary (but not supplemental) calcium intake (median of 1,283 mg/day) had a 30% lower risk of developing PMS compared to those in the lowest quintile (median of 529 mg/day). Similarly, women in the highest versus lowest quintile of skim or low-fat milk intake (≥4 servings/day vs. ≤1 serving/week) had a 46% lower risk of PMS (105). Current available data indicates that daily calcium intakes of 1,000-1,200 mg from food and/or supplements have therapeutic benefits in women diagnosed with PMS or PMDD (100, 106). The relationship between calcium intake and blood pressure has been investigated extensively over the past decades. A meta-analysis of 23 large observational studies conducted in different populations worldwide found a reduction in systolic blood pressure of 0.34 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) per 100 mg of calcium consumed daily and a reduction in diastolic blood pressure of 0.15 mm Hg per 100 mg calcium (107). In the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) study, 549 people were randomized to one of three diets for eight weeks: (1) a control diet that was low in fruit, vegetables, and dairy products; (2) a diet rich in fruit (~5 servings/day) and vegetables (~3 servings/day); and (3) a combination diet rich in fruit and vegetables, as well as low-fat dairy products (~3 servings/day) (108). The combination diet represented an increase of about 800 mg of calcium/day over the control and fruit/vegetable-rich diets for a total of about 1,200 mg of calcium/day. Overall, the reduction in systolic blood pressure was greater with the combination diet than with the fruit/vegetable diet or the control diet. Among participants diagnosed with hypertension, the combination diet reduced systolic blood pressure by 11.4 mm Hg and diastolic pressure by 5.5 mm Hg more than the control diet, while the reduction for the fruit/vegetable diet was 7.2 mm Hg for systolic and 2.8 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure compared to the control diet (109). This research suggested that calcium intake at the recommended level (1,000-1,200 mg/day) may be helpful in preventing and treating moderate hypertension (110). Yet, two large systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials have examined the effect of calcium supplementation on blood pressure compared to placebo in either normotensive or hypertensive individuals (111, 112). Neither of the analyses reported any significant effect of supplemental calcium on blood pressure in normotensive subjects. A small but significant reduction in systolic blood pressure, but not in diastolic blood pressure, was reported in participants with hypertension. Of note, calcium supplementation in these randomized controlled trials ranged from 400-2,200 mg/day, with 1,000-1,500 mg/day being the more common dosages. A more recent meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled studies in 485 individuals with elevated blood pressure found a significant reduction of 2.5 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure but no change in diastolic blood pressure with calcium supplementation (113). The modest effect of calcium on blood pressure needs to be confirmed in larger, high-quality, well-controlled trials before any recommendation is made regarding the management of hypertension. Finally, a recent review of the literature on the effect of high-calcium intake (dietary and supplemental) in postmenopausal women found either no reduction or mild and transient reductions in blood pressure (114). More information about the DASH diet is available from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Total dietary intakes of calcium in the US are well below the RDA for every age and gender group, especially in youth and women. Only 23% of boys and 15% of girls ages 9 to 13 years are estimated to meet the current recommendations. Also, about one-third of women and two-thirds of men ages 19-30 years meet the RDA (115). Dairy foods provide 75% of the calcium in the American diet. However, it is typically during the most critical period for peak bone mass development that adolescents tend to replace milk with soft drinks (116). Dairy products represent rich and absorbable sources of calcium, but certain vegetables and grains also provide calcium. However, the bioavailability of the calcium must be taken into consideration. The calcium content in calcium-rich plants in the kale family (broccoli, bok choy, cabbage, mustard, and turnip greens) is as bioavailable as that in milk; however, some food components have been found to inhibit the absorption of calcium. Oxalic acid, also known as oxalate, is the most potent inhibitor of calcium absorption and is found at high concentrations in spinach and rhubarb and somewhat lower concentrations in sweet potatoes and dried beans. Phytic acid (phytate) is a less potent inhibitor of calcium absorption than oxalate. Yeast possess an enzyme (phytase) that breaks down phytate in grains during fermentation, lowering the phytate content of breads and other fermented foods. Only concentrated sources of phytate, such as wheat bran or dried beans, substantially reduce calcium absorption (117). Additional dietary constituents may affect calcium absorption (see Nutrient interactions). Table 2 lists a number of calcium-rich foods, along with their calcium content. For more information on the nutrient content of foods, search the USDA food composition database. Table 2. Some Food Sources of Calcium \|Tofu prepared with calcium sulfate (raw) \|Yogurt, plain, low-fat \|White beans (cooked) \|Chinese cabbage (Bok choy/Pak choi, cooked) \|Pinto beans (cooked) \|Red beans (cooked) Most experts recommend obtaining as much calcium as possible from food because calcium in food is accompanied by other important nutrients that assist the body in utilizing calcium. However, calcium supplements may be necessary for those who have difficulty consuming enough calcium from food. No multivitamin/mineral tablet contains 100% of the recommended daily value (DV) for calcium because it is too bulky, and the resulting pill would be too large to swallow. The "Supplement Facts" label, required on all supplements marketed in the US, lists the calcium content of the supplement as elemental calcium. Calcium preparations used as supplements include calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium citrate malate, calcium lactate, and calcium gluconate. To determine which calcium preparation is in your supplement, you may have to look at the ingredient list. Calcium carbonate is generally the most economical calcium supplement. To maximize absorption, take no more than 500 mg of elemental calcium at one time. Most calcium supplements should be taken with meals, although calcium citrate and calcium citrate malate can be taken anytime. Calcium citrate is the preferred calcium formulation for individuals who lack stomach acids (achlorhydria) or those treated with drugs that limit stomach acid production (H2 blockers and proton-pump inhibitors) (reviewed in 118). Lead in calcium supplements Several decades ago, concern was raised regarding lead concentrations in calcium supplements obtained from natural sources (oyster shell, bone meal, dolomite) (119). In 1993, investigators found measurable quantities of lead in most of the 70 different preparations they tested (120). Since then, manufacturers have reduced the amount of lead in calcium supplements to less than 0.5 micrograms (μg)/1,000 mg of elemental calcium (121). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has developed provisional total tolerable intake levels (PTTI) for lead for specific age and sex groups (122). Because lead is so widespread and long lasting, no one can guarantee entirely lead-free food or supplements. A study found measurable lead in 8 out of 21 supplements, in amounts averaging 1 to 2 μg/1,000 mg of elemental calcium, which is below the tolerable limit of 7.5 μg/1,000 mg of elemental calcium (123). A more recent survey of 324 multivitamin/mineral supplements labeled for use in children or women found that most supplements would result in lead exposure ranging from 1-4% of the PTTI (124). Calcium inhibits intestinal absorption of lead, and adequate calcium intake is protective against lead toxicity, so trace amounts of lead in calcium supplementation may pose less of a risk of excessive lead exposure than inadequate calcium consumption. While most calcium sources today are relatively safe, look for supplements approved or certified by independent testing (e.g., US Pharmacopeia, ConsumerLab.com) (118), follow label instructions, and avoid large doses of supplemental calcium (≥1,500 mg/day). Malignancy and primary hyperparathyroidism are the most common causes of elevated calcium concentrations in the blood (hypercalcemia) (125). Hypercalcemia has not been associated with the over consumption of calcium occurring naturally in food. Hypercalcemia has been initially reported with the consumption of large quantities of calcium supplements in combination with antacids, particularly in the days when peptic ulcers were treated with large quantities of milk, calcium carbonate (antacid), and sodium bicarbonate (absorbable alkali). This condition is termed calcium-alkali syndrome (formerly known as milk-alkali syndrome) and has been associated with calcium supplement levels from 1.5 to 16.5 g/day for 2 days to 30 years. Since the treatment for peptic ulcers has evolved and because of the widespread use of over-the-counter calcium supplements, the demographic of this syndrome has changed in that those at greater risk are now postmenopausal women, pregnant women, transplant recipients, patients with bulimia, and patients on dialysis, rather than men with peptic ulcers (reviewed in 126). Mild hypercalcemia may be without symptoms or may result in loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, fatigue, frequent urination (polyuria), and hypertension (125). More severe hypercalcemia may result in confusion, delirium, coma, and if not treated, death (1). In 2011, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine updated the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for calcium (13). The UL is listed in Table 3 by age group. Table 3. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for Calcium \|Infants 0-6 months \|Infants 6-12 months \|Children 1-8 years \|Children 9-13 years \|Adolescents 14-18 years \|Adults 19-50 years \|Adults 51 years and older Although the risk of forming kidney stones is increased in individuals with abnormally elevated urinary calcium (hypercalciuria), this condition is not usually related to calcium intake, but rather to increased absorption of calcium in the intestine or increased excretion by the kidneys (13). Overall, increased dietary calcium intake has been associated with a decreased risk of kidney stones (see Kidney stones). Concerns have also been raised regarding the risks of prostate cancer and vascular disease with high intakes of calcium. Do high calcium intakes increase the risk for prostate cancer? Several epidemiological studies have raised concern that high dairy intakes are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer (127-129). Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide (130). A recent analysis of a prospective cohort study (2,268 men followed for nearly 25 years) conducted in Iceland, a country with a high incidence of prostate cancer, found a positive association between the consumption of milk (at least once daily) during the adolescence and developing prostate cancer later in life (131). Another large prospective cohort study in the US followed 21,660 male physicians for 28 years and found that men with daily skim or low-fat milk intake of at least 237 mL (8 oz) had a higher risk of developing prostate cancer compared to occasional consumers (132). The risk of low-grade, early-stage prostate cancer was associated with higher intake of skim milk, and the risk of developing fatal prostate cancer was linked to the regular consumption of whole milk (132). In a cohort of 3,918 male health professionals diagnosed with prostate cancer, 229 men died of prostate cancer and 69 developed metastasized prostate cancer during a median follow-up of 7.6 years (133). The risk of prostate cancer death was found to be increased in men with high (>4 servings/week) versus low (≤3 servings/month) intakes of whole milk. Yet, no increase in risk of prostate cancer-related mortality was associated with consumption of skim and low-fat milk, total milk, low-fat dairy products, full-fat dairy products, or total dairy products (133). There is some evidence to suggest that milk consumption may result in higher circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a protein known to regulate cell proliferation (134). Circulating IGF-I concentrations have been positively correlated to the risk of developing prostate cancer in a recent meta-analysis of observational studies (135). Milk-borne IGF-I, as well as dairy proteins and calcium, may contribute to increasing circulating IGF-I in milk consumers (134). In the large EPIC study, which examined the consumption of dairy products in relation to cancer in 142,520 men, the risk of prostate cancer was found to be significantly higher in those in the top versus bottom quintile of both protein and calcium intakes from dairy foods (136). Another mechanism underlying the potential relationship between calcium intake and prostate cancer proposed that high levels of dietary calcium may lower circulating concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the active form of vitamin D, thereby suppressing vitamin D-mediated cell differentiation (137). However, epidemiological studies have provided little support for an association between vitamin D status and prostate cancer risk (reviewed in 138). In a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 672 healthy men (mean age of 61.8 years) were randomized to daily calcium supplementation (1,200 mg) for four years. While no increase in the risk for prostate cancer has been reported during a 10.3-year follow-up, calcium supplementation resulted in a significant risk reduction in the period spanning from two years after treatment started to two years after treatment ended (139). In a review of the literature published in 2009, the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality indicated that not all epidemiological studies found an association between calcium intake and prostate cancer (140). The review reported that 6 out of 11 observational studies failed to find statistically significant positive associations between prostate cancer and calcium intake. Yet, in five studies, daily intakes of 921-2,000 mg of calcium were found to be associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer when compared to intakes ranging from 455 to 1,000 mg/day (140). Inconsistencies among studies suggest complex interactions between the risk factors for prostate cancer, as well as reflect the difficulties of assessing the effect of calcium intake in free-living individuals. For example, the fact that individuals with higher dairy and/or calcium intakes were found to be more likely to be engaged in healthy lifestyles or more keen to seek medical attention can mitigate the statistical significance of an association with prostate cancer risk (141). Until the relationship between calcium and prostate cancer is clarified, it is reasonable for men to consume a total of 1,000 to 1,200 mg/day of calcium (diet and supplements combined), which is recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (see RDA) (13). Do calcium supplements increase the risk for cardiovascular disease? Several observational studies and randomized controlled trials have raised concerns regarding the potential adverse effects of calcium supplements on cardiovascular risk. The analysis of data from the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention (OSTPRE) prospective study found that users of calcium supplements amongst 10,555 Finnish women (ages 52-62 years) had a 14% greater risk of developing coronary artery disease compared to non-supplement users during a mean follow-up of 6.75 years (142). The prospective study of 23,980 participants (35-64 years old) of the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg) observed that supplemental calcium intake was positively associated with the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) but not with the risk of stroke or cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality after a mean follow-up of 11 years (143). Yet, the use of calcium supplements (≥400 mg/day vs. 0 mg/day) was associated with an increased risk of CVD-related mortality in 219,059 men, but not in 169,170 women, included in the National Institute of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health study and followed for a mean period of 12 years. CVD mortality in men was also found to be significantly higher with total (dietary plus supplemental) calcium intakes of 1,500 mg/day and above (144). The secondary analyses of two randomized placebo-controlled trials initially designed to assess the effect of calcium on bone health outcomes also suggested an increased risk of CVD in participants daily supplemented with 1,000 mg of calcium for five to seven years (145, 146). In the Auckland Calcium Study of 1,471 healthy postmenopausal women (ages ≥55 years), calcium supplementation resulted in increased risks of myocardial infarction and of a composite cardiovascular endpoint, including myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death (145). The analysis of data from 36,282 healthy postmenopausal women randomized to receive a combination of calcium (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 IU/day) or a placebo in the Women's Health Initiative/Calcium-Vitamin D supplementation study (WHI/CaD study) initially reported no adverse effect on any cardiovascular endpoints with calcium (and vitamin D) compared to placebo (147). A re-analysis was performed with data from 16,718 women who did not take personal calcium supplements (outside protocol) during the five-year study (146). Although criticized on the approach taken (148, 149), the investigators estimated that women supplemented with calcium and vitamin D had a 16% increased risk of clinical myocardial infarction or stroke and a 21% increased risk of myocardial infarction compared to those who received a placebo (146). However, in another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial — the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome (CAIFOS) study — in elderly women (median age, 75.1 years), the supplementation of 1,200 mg/day of calcium for five years was not found to increase the risk of vascular disease or related mortality (150). The WHI/CaD data re-analysis also failed to show an increased risk of mortality due to myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease with calcium therapy (145). Also, after an additional follow-up of 4.5 years at the end of the treatment period in the CAIFOS trial, the investigators reported fewer cases of heart failure-related deaths with supplemental calcium compared to placebo (150). In another randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium and/or vitamin D3 (RECORD trial), the evaluation of the effect of 1,000 mg/day of calcium (alone or with 800 IU/day of vitamin D) reported no significant increase in the rate of mortality due to vascular disease in 5,292 participants ages 70 years and older (151). A recent cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) evaluated the association between calcium intakes and cardiovascular mortality in 18,714 adults with no history of heart disease. No evidence of an association was observed between dietary calcium intake, supplemental calcium intake, or total calcium intake and cardiovascular mortality in either men or women (152). A few prospective studies have reported positive correlations between high calcium concentrations in the blood and increased rates of cardiovascular events (153, 154). Because supplemental calcium may have a greater effect than dietary calcium on circulating calcium concentrations (see Toxicity), it has been speculated that the use of calcium supplements might promote vascular calcification — a major risk factor for cardiovascular events — by raising calcium serum concentrations. In 1,471 older women from the Auckland Calcium Study and 323 healthy older men from another randomized, placebo-controlled trial of daily calcium supplementation (600 mg or 1,200 mg) for two years, serum calcium concentrations were found to be positively correlated with abdominal aortic calcification or coronary artery calcification (155). However, there was no effect of calcium supplementation on measures of vascular calcification scores in men or women. Data from 1,201 participants of the Framingham Offspring study were also used to assess the relationship between calcium intake and vascular calcification. Again, no association was found between coronary calcium scores and total, dietary, or supplemental calcium intake in men or women (156). An assessment of atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid artery wall of 1,103 participants in the CAIFOS trial was also conducted after three years of supplementation (157). When compared with placebo, calcium supplementation showed no effect on carotid artery intimal medial thickness (CIMT) and carotid atherosclerosis. Yet, carotid atherosclerosis (but not CIMT) was significantly reduced in women in the highest versus lowest tertile of total (diet and supplements) calcium intakes (≥1,795 mg/day vs. <1,010 mg/day) (157). The most recent meta-analysis of 18 randomized clinical trials, including a total of 63,563 postmenopausal women, found no evidence of an increased risk for coronary artery disease and all-cause mortality with calcium (≥500 mg/day) supplementation for at least one year (158). Because these clinical trial data are limited to analyses of secondary endpoints, meta-analyses should be interpreted with caution. There is a need for studies designed to examine the effect of calcium supplements on CVD risk as a primary outcome before definite conclusions can be drawn. At present, experts support the use of supplemental calcium for generally healthy individuals who do not consume enough calcium-rich food to meet the current daily recommendations (159). Taking calcium supplements in combination with thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorthiazide) increases the risk of developing hypercalcemia due to increased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys. High doses of supplemental calcium could increase the likelihood of abnormal heart rhythms in people taking digitalis (digoxin) for heart failure (160). Calcium, when provided intravenously, may decrease the efficacy of calcium channel blockers (161). However, dietary and oral supplemental calcium do not appear to affect the action of calcium channel blockers (162). Calcium may decrease the absorption of tetracycline, quinolone class antibiotics, bisphosphonates, and levothyroxine; therefore, it is advisable to separate doses of these medications and calcium-rich food or supplements by two hours. Use of H2 blockers (e.g., cimetidine) and proton-pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) may decrease the absorption of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (reviewed in 163). Glucocorticoid therapy may affect intestinal calcium absorption and increase the risk for osteoporosis (164). Low and high doses of the glucocorticoid prednisone — prescribed to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs — have been associated with low blood calcium concentrations and bone loss, especially bone loss caused by a reduction in bone formation (165, 166). The presence of calcium decreases iron absorption from nonheme sources (i.e., most supplements and food sources other than meat). However, calcium supplementation up to 12 weeks has not been found to change iron nutritional status, probably due to a compensatory increase in iron absorption (1). Individuals taking iron supplements should take them two hours apart from calcium-rich food or supplements to maximize iron absorption. Although high calcium intakes have not been associated with reduced zinc absorption or zinc nutritional status, an early study in 10 men and women found that 600 mg of calcium consumed with a meal halved the absorption of zinc from that meal (see the article on Zinc) (167). Linus Pauling Institute Recommendation The Linus Pauling Institute supports the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) set by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. Following these recommendations should provide adequate calcium to promote skeletal health and may also decrease the risks of some chronic diseases. Children and adolescents (9-18 years) To promote the attainment of maximal peak bone mass, children and adolescents should consume a total (diet plus supplements) of 1,300 mg/day of calcium. Adults (women: 19-50 years; men: 19-70 years) After adult height has been reached, the skeleton continues to accumulate bone until the third decade of life when peak bone mass is attained. To promote the attainment of maximal peak bone mass and to minimize bone loss later in life, adult women (50 years of age and younger) and adult men (70 years of age and younger) should consume a total (diet plus supplements) of 1,000 mg/day of calcium. Older women (>50 years) To minimize bone loss, postmenopausal women should consume a total (diet plus supplements) of 1,200 mg/day of calcium. Taking a multivitamin/mineral supplement containing at least 10 μg (400 IU)/day of vitamin D will help to ensure adequate calcium absorption (see the article on Vitamin D). Older men (>70 years) To minimize bone loss, older men should consume a total (diet plus supplements) of 1,200 mg/day of calcium. Taking a multivitamin/mineral supplement containing at least 10 μg (400 IU)/day of vitamin D will help to ensure adequate calcium absorption (see the article on Vitamin D). Pregnant and breast-feeding women Pregnant and breast-feeding adolescents (<19 years) should consume a total of 1,300 mg/day of calcium, while pregnant and breast-feeding adults (≥19 years) should consume a total of 1,000 mg/day of calcium. Authors and Reviewers Originally written in 2001 by: Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University Updated in April 2003 by: Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University Updated in October 2007 by: Victoria J. 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Prostate cancer and the influence of dietary factors and supplements: a systematic review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2014;11:30. (PubMed) 139. Baron JA, Beach M, Wallace K, et al. Risk of prostate cancer in a randomized clinical trial of calcium supplementation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(3):586-589. (PubMed) 140. Chung M, Balk EM, Brendel M, et al. Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2009(183):1-420. (PubMed) 141. Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B. Dairy products, dietary calcium and vitamin D intake as risk factors for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 26,769 cases from 45 observational studies. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(4):421-441. (PubMed) 142. Pentti K, Tuppurainen MT, Honkanen R, et al. Use of calcium supplements and the risk of coronary heart disease in 52-62-year-old women: The Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Study. Maturitas. 2009;63(1):73-78. (PubMed) 143. Li K, Kaaks R, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S. Associations of dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation with myocardial infarction and stroke risk and overall cardiovascular mortality in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study (EPIC-Heidelberg). Heart. 2012;98(12):920-925. (PubMed) 144. Xiao Q, Murphy RA, Houston DK, Harris TB, Chow WH, Park Y. Dietary and supplemental calcium intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: the National Institutes of Health-AARP diet and health study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(8):639-646. (PubMed) 145. Bolland MJ, Barber PA, Doughty RN, et al. Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008;336(7638):262-266. (PubMed) 146. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. 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Avenell A, MacLennan GS, Jenkinson DJ, et al. Long-term follow-up for mortality and cancer in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D(3) and/or calcium (RECORD trial). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(2):614-622. (PubMed) 152. Van Hemelrijck M, Michaelsson K, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S. Calcium intake and serum concentration in relation to risk of cardiovascular death in NHANES III. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61037. (PubMed) 153. Foley RN, Collins AJ, Ishani A, Kalra PA. Calcium-phosphate levels and cardiovascular disease in community-dwelling adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am Heart J. 2008;156(3):556-563. (PubMed) 154. Lutsey PL, Alonso A, Michos ED, et al. Serum magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium are associated with risk of incident heart failure: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(3):756-764. (PubMed) 155. Wang TK, Bolland MJ, van Pelt NC, et al. Relationships between vascular calcification, calcium metabolism, bone density, and fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(12):2777-2785. (PubMed) 156. Samelson EJ, Booth SL, Fox CS, et al. Calcium intake is not associated with increased coronary artery calcification: the Framingham Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(6):1274-1280. (PubMed) 157. Lewis JR, Zhu K, Thompson PL, Prince RL. The effects of 3 years of calcium supplementation on common carotid artery intimal medial thickness and carotid atherosclerosis in older women: an ancillary study of the CAIFOS randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(3):534-541. (PubMed) 158. Lewis JR, Radavelli-Bagatini S, Rejnmark L, et al. The Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Verified Coronary Heart Disease Hospitalization and Death in Postmenopausal Women: A Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Bone Miner Res. 2014; doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2311 [Epub ahead of print]. (PubMed) 159. Spence LA, Weaver CM. 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With the push for renewable energy and better fuel efficiency, there is a slew of fuel and power options to drive your vehicle. From the classic gasoline internal combustion engine that we are all familiar with, to the less popular hydrogen fuel cell and everything in between, new technologies are pushing the envelope in terms of how we get from A to B. Each option comes with its own set of pros and cons that we will cover so you, the customer, are familiarized with each and can make the right fuel choice for you. Our first option is by far the most popular and has been used pretty well since the first car rolled onto the streets. I won’t spend too much time telling you what you already know since gasoline is by far the most common fuel in use on our roads today, and has been for the last century. The petrol is burned in the cylinder of the internal combustion engine (ICE), creating a continuous series of controlled explosion that drive the pistons. While the efficiency of ICEs has come along by leaps and bounds, they still emit greenhouse gasses when in use, making them a notable burden to the environment. On top of the ecological cost to driving a gas powered car, fuel prices have been on a steady incline since the 80s, meaning the savings from a more efficient engine may be soaked up by the rising gas prices before the vehicle is paid off.
During our outing, we will enhance our observation skills and enrich our knowledge about the natural world around us. We will learn to use binoculars and telescopes and identify birds with the help of a bird guide. Each outing has a duration of 1.5 hour and is suitable for children ages 7 – 13 years old and their parents/guardians. Participation is free of charge. We will provide binoculars and telescopes plus a free beginner’s bird guide to take home with you. The outings will be conducted in Greek. The outings will take place on: - Sunday, 12 November 2017, 10:30 – 12:00, Athalassa Park Bird Hide (Latsia entrance), Nicosia. A bird ringing demonstration will take place between 09:30 - 10:30! - Sunday, 26 November 2017, 10:30 – 12:00, Oroklini Lake, Larnaka There are over 10,000 bird species on our planet, each different and unique. Some have stunning plumages, while others are more dull-looking. Some are enormous, and others very tiny. Some fly at amazing speeds, while others are happy to stand still for hours. For some birds, a peak out the window may be enough to enjoy them, but for others, we would have to go a bit further, in areas where we are more likely to see them. Such areas are Oroklini Lake and Athalassa Park, wetlands close to home that provide shelter for many bird species and are ideal for birdwatching. Species we may see there include Coot, Moorhen, Mallard, Shoveler, Teal, Grey Heron, Little Egret, Spur-winged Lapwing, Kingfisher, Goldfinch, Blackcap, Kestrel and many more! All children are required to be accompanied by a parent or a guardian. Pre-registration is required due to limited availability. For more information and to register please contact us on 22455072 or at firstname.lastname@example.org
Crossing the Physical and Linguistic Divide (By Catherine Cabiness) PikiFriends is an interactive website where students can post blogs, pictures, and short messages on each other’s page. The purpose of creating PikiFriends was to help EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students practice elements of the English language. But the purpose of this website reaches far beyond just the basic elements of English language acquisition. Students begin by writing a brief introduction about themselves on their home page. The About Me section is a great way for students to identify commonalities amongst each other. From there, students are able to practice writing short notes to each other or venture into posting a blog. Jeff Dionne has done a wonderful job creating a site that is both kid-friendly and, perhaps more importantly, safe. Teachers are able to monitor student postings to ensure responsible digital citizenship. This is a teaching tool, not only academically, but also socially. In addition, participation in PikiFriends supports the elements of NETS (National Educational Technology Standards). It was because of all this that I chose to join the PikiFriends community. The current students are using PikiFriends for a variety of purposes. Jeff’s students are posting blogs asking questions for others to answer. They are comparing Japanese and American cultures, but it’s not all academic. Jeff’s students like to post pictures and blogs that give a snapshot into their personal lives. My students also post a wide variety of blogs which range from the academic all the way to the downright funny. The purpose of joining PikiFriends was to give my students the opportunity to learn about the Japanese culture from a Japanese student’s perspective. My students and I were able to ask pertinent questions about the Japanese culture while we were studying Feudal Japan. The connection between the past and present is a powerful experience and my students have really enjoyed learning about the Japanese culture from their peers. A secondary reason for joining PikiFriends was to introduce my students to a safe, interactive, online environment. I know that my “superstars” (as Jeff calls them) really enjoy PikiFriends. I think that they love the fact that they are communicating with fellow students from across the Pacific. They commiserate over finals and homework, while bonding over music and movies. I think that my students will continue with PikiFriends long after they leave my class. However, I also know that with each successive class, more and more of my students will be signing up for PikiFriends so I expect that we will develop a long-time relationship with the other schools who are members of this online community. Though Jeff and I have different purposes for our involvement in PikiFriends, the fact that we both love technology and interactive learning is what brought our schools together. I am hoping that my students are good models of the English language for Jeff’s EFL learners, but I am more concerned that they are engaged in learning, not only in academics, but in peripheral interests as well. Jeff and I know that there are many doubters out there, many who think Web 2.0 and education are two separate entities. It is those people who need to check out PikiFriends. This educational Web 2.0 tool helps to inspire as well as enliven academic and social pursuits at the secondary level. I feel that my involvement in PikiFriends has opened the doors for me to get to know my students on a different level. The posts, blogs, and comments are not only academic, but also personal. It’s a different way to interact with my students that is not normally possible within a 45-minute period with 36 other students. Some may doubt that distance education is interactive, but I assure you that everyone involved in the PikiFriends community interacts with each other. When asked about his take on PikiFriends, Jeff states, “I may sound foolishly optimistic, but I believe Piki will set new precedents in secondary educational technology, particularly if we can reach the full version of PikiFriends (we’re still in beta) and people start spreading the word. I’m a full-time teacher myself, not some out-of-touch techie guy or high-flying exec. I have a very good understanding of what teachers and administrators need and most importantly what our students deserve from us. So I think I can confidently say that PikiFriends will be a very effective learning tool for countless secondary schools around the world.” I think that PikiFriends is a valuable tool for teachers and students who want to branch out beyond the confines of a brick and mortar classroom. Collaborative learning is not a new endeavor; its existence, however, has been made easier with programs like PikiFriends. Note: This article by Catherine Cabiness originally appeared on Teaching Village, and is licensed under a Creative Commons, Attribution-Non Commercial, No Derivatives 3.0 License. If you wish to share it you must re-publish it “as is”, and retain any credits, acknowledgements, and hyperlinks within it.
Organized effort to promote the basic physical and material well-being of people in need. - The spokesman of the organisation said that welfare work would be done along with the people of other communities. - In the mid-1980s he did part-time child welfare work and health care research while studying for a Master's degree in Public Administration at Dalhousie University. - So it was a very interesting time, and I was right up to my neck in social welfare work. welfare worker noun - Example sentences - Each Army unit has a soldier assigned as a welfare worker. - My saving grace came in the form of a social welfare worker who recognised that I was a good father. - When the welfare worker finished, several people booed. Definition of welfare work in: What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
Here's a longer excerpt from Brutus: sed ea in nostris inscitia est, quod hi ipsi, qui in Graecis antiquitate delectantur eaque subtilitate, quam Atticam appellant, hanc in Catone ne noverunt quidem. Hyperidae volunt esse et Lysiae. Laudo. sed cur nolunt Catones? . . . Cur igitur Lysias et Hyperides amatur, cum penitus ignoretur Cato? As Calgacus notes, hanc refers back to antiquitate , and, in the original, despite being singular, to ea subtilitate quam Atticam appellant , "that plainness/simplicity/absence of ornament that they call "Attic." See Lewis and Short, subtilitas The puzzle here is what Cicero means by antiquitate . The omitted words are a clue to what Cicero is talking about. He uses the term antiquitas (as the omitted words demonstrate) to mean the older, "Attic" style of rhetoric, which was plain and unadorned, but could be very effective in the hands of Lysias or Hyperides. The quod clause is a substantive clause which is in apposition to ea inscitia . Allen & Greenough 572:http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=AG+572&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0001 Cicero is saying that Cato's speeches have the same qualities of unadorned brevity and concision as Greek orators such as Lysias and Hyperides, who exemplify the older "Attic" style of oratory, but there is ignorance among contemporary Roman orators in that even those who take pleasure in that style (which Cicero refers to as antiquitas ) in Greek literature haven't even recognized it [noverunt ] in Cato. He goes on: "They want to be a Hyperides or a Lysias [literally, Hyperideses and Lysiases]. I'm all for it. But why don't they want to be a Cato? . . . Why are Lysias and Hyperides so well-loved, when Cato is completely unknown?" Hope this helps.
The airborne confrontations in World War 2 were some of the largest and memorable in the history of aviation – far more so than the fairly minor impact that aircrafts had on World War 1. The Axis forces (Germany and Japan) launched with heavy air strike campaigns and early on during WW2 they overran Denmark and Holland. Combined strikes using bombers and fighters for the Axis forces (particularly Germany) used very capable and advanced aircraft that. Two of the more popular and commonly used Axis planes in WW2 were: - The Messerschmitt BF-109. The Messerschmitt was the most advanced and capable fighter plane in its time and rendered the biplane type aircraft obsolete. The BF-109 made many aces of the pilots who flew her and the plane is still regarded as one of the best designed aircrafts of all time – respected by both Allied and Axis alike. - The Focke-Wulf 190. This piston fighter was responsible for hundreds of Allied fighter and bomber plane losses and is still regarded by some as the best piston fighter in WW2. American test pilot Charles Yeager remarked at the end of the war that the 190 was the only competition for the P51 Mustang for its performance and firepower. The British Response The use of these planes and many others during WW2 meant that the Allies had to respond in kind. The British did respond with the now world famous Spitfire plane – guided by a new and advanced technology called radar. The Supermarine Spitfire is the iconic British fighter aircraft that claimed many German pilots. Tens of thousands were built and to this day it is known as one of the finest fighter planes ever built. The plane saw extended service after the war and a naval version called the Seafire was also developed. And so began the Battle of Britain. The entire conflict was fought in the air and when the German war planes were unable to dominate the British skies, the German war plans drastically changed. It was around this time that the Japanese used aircraft carriers that had been in service since the 1920’s to attack Pearl Harbour in Hawaii. This surprise attack all but wiped out the U.S. Pacific fleet using aircraft. It was a devastating assault which caused the deaths of 2,402 Americans and 1,247 injuries. The attack on Pearl Harbour led to the United State’s entry to WW2. The Evolution of WW2 Planes A number of technological advancements saw the planes evolve during WW2. During World War 1 the planes were made of wood and built in the bi-plane style. WW2 planes were much sleeker and more powerful with aluminium bodies and supercharged piston engines. The British, German and American’s also began to experiment with jet engine planes during the war. The jet engines were used on a number of combat outings and achieved far greater speeds than their propeller equivalents. The German’s also developed and tested pilotless guided missiles such as the V1 and V2 however the majority of the WW2 combat in the air was fought with piloted, propeller driven fighters and bombers. The large bombers which were developed towards the end of the war played a significant role by destroying the German’s ability to fuel and munitions. These bombers, such as the Boeing B-29, were huge aircrafts and could drop atomic bombs almost anywhere in the world. In the last air strike by the Americans they used a B-29 bomber called the “Enola Gay” to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. After World War 2 ended the fighters and bombers had evolved into a very effective weapon in the military arsenal and they are still integral to military forces all over the world today. More Information on the Planes of WW2 Over 160 different types of aircraft were using during World War 2 and include the already mentioned Messerschmitt BF-109, Focke-Wulf 190 and Supermarine Spitfire. A few more notable WW2 planes include: - The P51 Mustang. This plane was designed, built and flown in just a few months time and is often regarded as the design which helped the Allies to win the war. They were using primarily to accompany and assist the bombers on long range aerial missions but could also outperform German planes in the skies as well as conduct ground attacks with bombs and machine guns. - The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. Introduced in April 1938 and with a top speed of 287mph, the B-17 was the foremost bomber in World War 2. Of the 1.5 million metric tons of bombs dropped on Germany and its territories by the U.S, 640,000 tons were dropped by the B-17. - The Boeing B-29 Superfortress. Originally designed as a high-altitude strategic bomber with a pressurised cabin, electronic fire-control system and remote machine gun turrets, the successor to the B-29 proved disappointing. Instead, it was used extensively as a low-altitude night time incendiary bomber and was used in the atomic bombings of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. - The de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito. One of the most under-appreciated and often overlooked WW2 planes is the DH.98 Mosquito. Used as a fighter, fighter-bomber, night fighter, patrol, reconnaisance mount, intruder and interceptor, the Mosquito was a true multirole aircraft that Axis planes could barely keep up with. The DH.98 was known as the “Wooden Wonder” because unlike many of the other WW2 fighters, wood was used heavily throughout her design. Link/cite this page If you use any of the content on this page in your own work, please use the code below to cite this page as the source of the content. Link will appear as WW2 Planes: A History of World War 2 Aircraft: http://worldwar2.org.uk - Ian Nuttall, June 27, 2013
Evaluating a news article How does it work? The NewsBug activity allows pupils to evaluate a piece of text and decide if it "stands up". Using it in class? This looks like an ideal activity for beginning the process of assessing secondary evidence - as this is something that students struggle with and is clearly needed for the current generation of controlled assessments and for exams. I can see how this can be used to evaluate science articles taken from newspapers and support students with the concept of secondary evidence being fit for purpose. I can also see using it with the markscheme for extended writing or conclusions, using different questions directly linked to the generic markscheme for pupils to mark exemplar pieces of work, or I am thinking with older students this could be used as peer assessment. Printed out: 1 NewsBug and 1 set of cards per group. Time-frame (how long might the activity last)? 20 minutes plus time for pupils to feedback their findings The book that this has come from is "Newswise" from the ASE more can be found about this book here: Science newswise 2 Ruth Jarman and Billy McClune Hatfield, UK: Association for Science Education 2011 \| Pp180 \| ISBN9780863574306
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Although most people have a pretty clear idea of what intelligence is, it has been defined in many different ways over the course of history. Also, many experts such as Binet, Weschler, Spearman, Catell, and Sternberg have developed theories about intelligence. Today, we’re going to focus on the work of Robert Sternberg, a psychologist and professor at Cornell University. Sternberg defines intelligence from a cognitive psychology point of view. To him, intelligence is “a mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one’s life”. In other words, Sternberg believed intelligence is the relationship an individual has with their context on a cognitive level, with the objective of adapting and/or changing said context. Sternberg didn’t stop there. He also developed a theory called the triarchic theory of intelligence, in which he describes three types of intelligence: - Analytical intelligence. - Creative intelligence. - Contextual intelligence. “Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change.” The Fundamental Principles of the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence As we mentioned above, Sternberg laid out three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and contextual. Each type of intelligence is part of three partial sub-theories which complement each other: componential, experiential, and practical. “A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.” We’ll draw from Elizabeth, J.R. and Gregorio, P.’s description from 2008 to explain Sternberg’s theory. Let’s jump right in! The relationship between intelligence and the individual’s inner life: The components of intelligence The triarchic theory of intelligence describes the relationship between intelligence and an individual’s inner life through the components of the mental processes that are involved in thinking: - The executive process that you use to plan, control, and evaluate the solutions to problems or tasks. - Executive components. The lower-level processes of all those involved in executing the metacomponent’s orders. - Knowledge acquisition components. These are the processes that you use primarily for problem-solving. These components are highly interdependent and together form what the author calls analytical intelligence. The relationship between intelligence and individual experience The three types of information processing components apply to tasks and situations that vary in terms of individual experience levels. When you do something for the first time, it’s new. However, if you continue to do it, it becomes automatic. This type of intelligence is what Sternberg called creative intelligence. The context of intelligence: Functions of mental self-governance Sternberg’s theory defines day-to-day intelligence as the selection and modification of real-world environments that are relevant to our lives and skills, always with an adaptive end in mind. First, the brain chooses adaptation. If that doesn’t work, it moves on to selection or change. That leads us to Sternberg’s last type of intelligence, which is contextual intelligence. “Is there anyone so wise as to learn by the experience of others?” Intelligent People Seek the Experiences They Want to Have This quote from Aldous Huxley is perfect because it relates intelligence to each individual’s personal desires. This is especially relevant in educational environments. In fact, one of the main educational objectives should be to develop multiple intelligence, emotional intelligence, and triarchic intelligence. These three types of intelligence help each person develop emotional, cognitive, and other skills in their day-to-day life. Having access to multiple theories of intelligence can be very useful, as they allow you to see it in many different ways. Understanding these theories might be especially useful for educators, as they can apply this kind of knowledge in the classroom to improve the learning environment and motivate their students.It might interest you... All cited sources were thoroughly reviewed by our team to ensure their quality, reliability, currency, and validity. The bibliography of this article was considered reliable and of academic or scientific accuracy. - Jiménez Rey, E. M., & Perichinsky, G. (2008). La teoría triárquica de la inteligencia de sternberg aplicada a la creación de programas. In X Workshop de Investigadores en Ciencias de la Computación.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is good for business optimization, but could be bad for candy lovers. Twizzlers and eventually other Hershey’s candies, such as Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups, are going to get smaller now that Hershey is adding IoT sensors to its candy-making manufacturing facilities to make the process more efficient through machine learning. The process to start using machine learning and predictive analytics at Hershey, which makes Twizzlers and 79 other brands of candy, began on a single Twizzlers factory line. Hershey used Microsoft Azure to utilize algorithms to improve the manufacturing process. “We were able to utilize the precooked algorithms inside of Azure to wire up all of the machine learning. We literally were able to build this without a data scientist,” said George Lenhart, senior manager, advanced productivity and collaboration, at Industry of Things World USA in San Diego, Calif. And if you’re wondering what Lenhart’s favorite treat is, it’s Twizzlers lemon-filled licorice twists, which he said are “like unicorns” in that they’re so rare. SEE: How to Implement AI and Machine Learning (ZDNet special feature) The reason for the sizing change is because the addition of sensors to holding tanks with 14,000 pounds of Twizzlers allows for better regulation of temperature and other factors. So, Hershey can be more precise and no longer has to make its candies slightly bigger than the packaging professes in order to ensure they are within legal sizing guidelines. “As we get better at this, you’ll get less of Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups. I have to give you 2 ounces. I can’t give you 1.99 ounces, so I give you 2.19 ounces. We predict what the weight will be before we give you the candy,” Lenhart said. Twizzlers are poured in hot at the top of the vast holding tank, and the candy is extruded at the bottom of the tank. Through the addition of IoT sensors to monitor the temperature of the hot Twizzlers in each holding tank, the company learned some new things about its candy. “We found out that it was a lot more than just a holding tank. Licorice goes in at one temperature, it ages a bit, not like wine, but it cools a bit. It becomes this living thing, the 14,000 pounds of licorice. When the new licorice went on top, it was so hot, the variability started,” he said. And when the licorice is too hot, it thins, and the Twizzlers don’t weigh as much as they should. There are 22 sensors on a cooking vat, and they assess the temperature every second of every minute while the licorice is in the tank. “That’s 60 million data points I used to train the machine based on this array to know which ones would fail,” he said. Every 1% adjustment downward in size to bring the Twizzlers closer to the precise weight, in a 14,000-gallon batch, results in $500,000 in savings, Lenhart said. “And that’s in sugar and flour [for Twizzlers]. Imagine when we take that same philosophy and apply it to chocolate?” Since chocolate is more expensive than sugar and flour, the savings would be more substantial, he said. Lenhart said the company can better predict the net weight of the end product with the sensors. And, as they get better at predicting the net weight through machine learning, Hershey will be able to better predict the size of its products and stay closer to the exact required weight for each product. The sensors also showed how, when the amount of Twizzlers in the holding tank reached a certain point, there was more variability in the sizing. The fix was simple–the tank was reprogrammed to not allow the amount of Twizzlers to get to that problem level again. “But, we didn’t know this until we looked at the sensors. We only figured it out because we had that level of visibility and I noticed how this correlates to that,” he said. Getting the IoT project underway was an accomplishment as well. Lenhart said he heard four “nos” from executives before he finally got a “yes.” “I had to get higher than someone whose cost center I was going to affect. The first yes was the CIO,” he said, joking that he should have just started with the CIO. “You can’t stop with the first ‘no.'” Lenhart said he’s talked to 20 other companies about the digital transformation he did at Hershey, and the top question was always, “how do I use the data I have?” He said that anyone who wants to get started with machine learning at their company should follow these eight steps to leverage data: - Identify sensors – find as many sensors as possible - Extract data – pull data from repositories/historians - Cleanse data – clean data for analysis - Hunt for outliers – Use Box Plots to find outliers - Correlate data – use tools like PowerBI to display which sensors have effect - Time to train – start training your machine and run tests - Build web services – needed for analyzing data in real time - Close the loop – sending control data back to the plant via secure path Three takeaways for TechRepublic readers: - Hershey used IoT sensors and Microsoft Azure algorithms for machine learning to improve production efficiencies on a Twizzler candy line. - Each 1% change in sizing for Twizzlers in a 14,000-pound holding tank resulted in a savings of $500,000. - There are 22 sensors on each Twizzler holding tank, with 60 million data points collected. - Machine learning and microbes: How big data is redefining biotechnology (TechRepublic) - Why AI and machine learning are so hard, Facebook and Google weigh in (TechRepublic) - Infographic: 50 percent of companies plan to use AI soon, but haven’t worked out the details yet (ZDNet) - Big data’s biggest impact is not on Silicon Valley (TechRepublic) - Machine learning: The smart person’s guide (TechRepublic)
field of traumatic stress continues to expand vastly as new and expanding theories are formulated, tested, proven and applied. Sensitive discernment enables us to unfold ever more areas where trauma and its lingering related stressors lie camouflaged in wait of the moment when a stimulus intended to initiate any appropriate, active response instead As I had read material prepared in the early seventies, I found that helplessness was illustrated by describing hysterical women who used it to, ultimately, manipulate others for their own ulterior motives. Twenty years later, a series of psychology books, articles and my own notes address learning theories, reinforcements, rewards, and punishments, as well as the theory of "learned helplessness" in relation to helplessness. There were faint hints that maybe there was more to helplessness than those conceptualizations that met the eye of the researcher or writer, with little or no elaboration. and in time more vociferously, helplessness has begun to be seen in relation to traumatic stress. Current ideas about helplessness imply and often specifically include criteria such as having been "overwhelmed." For instance, an individual who has experienced an act of violence or horror that renders him/her numb or "paralyzed" (i.e., helpless, overwhelmed). It should be noted that this has nothing to do with weakness. Somewhere in the person's past, perhaps, there was an act that left the individual totally incapacitated. The unconscious remembers the futility, the impossibility, of counteracting that earlier force which totally engulfed it. Like a permanently implanted CD-ROM, it replays the stimulus response cycle it had integrated causing the person to "freeze." Though the proscribed brevity of this article prevents lengthy reporting of reviewed literature and data, it is interesting to simply look at the words that our Anglo-Saxon languages use: The English "overwhelmed" not only means to overpower with superior force, to destroy and crush, but it also means to cover or bury beneath a mass of something: its root word in old and Middle English, whelm, means to engulf, submerge. The precise and graphic German use of the term "uberwaltigen" from GEWALT (force, power, tyranny, etc.) is related to "vergewaltigen" (force, oppress, render helpless) and "Vergewaltigung" (rape). Similarly, "helpless(ness)" lends itself to linguistic interpretations and etymological analysis. Its definitions include: unable to help oneself, deprived of strength and power, powerless, incapacitated, bewildered and confused. Isn't that the way we feel when overwhelmed? When one experiences a traumatic event, especially a human-produced, non-natural traumatic incident, it is not at all surprising that the shock of the initial trauma ingrains itself so indelibly. Consequently, in later situations, including actions for self-preservation and survival, the same feelings emerge and leave the person once again feeling bewildered, confused, and paralyzed with fear and anger. The individual may also feel overpowered, engulfed and left submerged - drowned in helpless, overwhelming emotion. The effects of reacting as if one is, again, helpless and overwhelmed in situations that generally would not engender such strong or extreme responses, become evident in a multitude of life situations encountered by the traumatized person. For example, consider: The abused spouse. No matter how many support groups, theoretical ideas, comprehensive information and negative experiences present in their current relationship, the abused and neglected spouse (more often than not) stays in the relationship. If one scratches the surface deep enough, we often find a person traumatized in early life who must first deal with THAT trauma before successfully moving on within/from the current situation. Trauma clouds self esteem. obese person. No matter how many quick-fix diets are tried, "pay-as-you-go" diet programs are joined, exercise clubs and equipment purchased and health scares touted, much of the theoretical knowledge of the aforementioned measures remains blocked from practical applications. What is missing is that little voice inside that says, "I want to, I want to." This essential voice says YES to life. Once helplessly overwhelmed, that voice that may have been drowned in terror, now drowns itself in food because, behind the voice, is a person who sees herself or himself as "unworthy." One can be made whole again. Self-esteem needs healing. woman, divorced; widowed; single, even when married. Worried into panic that she lacks the means to survive for as long as she is expected to live and immobilized by her fear, she believes financial management is beyond her ability or comprehension regardless of her role as housewife or career woman. It is not that she is unable to learn how to understand financial matters, investments and strategies. Rather, she plays "hot-potato" with financial responsibility for self because she was taught that "she can't", "isn't smart or good enough." Healthy self-esteem means accepting responsibility for self. Oh, the insidiousness of traumatic stress. The negativity of posttraumatic stress insinuates itself into every venue of life destroying the little everyday joys that constitute the large part of living. While therapeutic groups and mental health professionals speak a lot about empowerment, taking charge, exercising control, and moving on and beyond, they are frequently oblivious to one key ingredient - denial. Helplessness is denied, misunderstood, and hidden because, culturally, it is seen as weakness, inability, and a cop-out. Unless we acknowledge helplessness, validate its existence, address its insidiousness and pervasiveness, call it by its name, point to it in various behaviors, actions, thoughts and patterns - we are not engendering self-determination, power or self-esteem. We are merely covering traumatic residue with present-day varnish that will last until the next crisis comes, the next stressor is encountered, or another trauma It is. It has a why, and in that why lies the how of overcoming it. First and foremost, comes identification, then recognition, awareness, acceptance, resolution and action. Transcending it is a key for living. one has a right to respond in a helpless manner based on prior trauma is taking ownership of self back. It is OK to be helpless. Not bad, not weak, it's simply all right to be. Calling it by its name mitigates its debilitating stigma. It is neither fault nor weakness. It is not coming from within, it was enforced by the outside and had been erroneously accepted and integrated by the self. Recognition. Labeling. We must legitimize this feeling by giving it a name. By this very act, empowerment is achieved. Lasting empowerment emanating from the very core of within, of self. must recognize that he/she is infinitely capable, and in a loving and gentle caring manner, forgive oneself for the mistake of buying into the helplessness ploy. Simultaneously, one must not feel ashamed of admitting this error - this is the road to genuine healing, empowerment, and self-esteem. This includes self-care and self-love. These latter two concepts demonstrate a mature responsibility In summary, it behooves experts in the field of trauma to further study helplessness as it relates to the underlying cause for traumatic stress-related symptoms which precipitate crises. Recognizing the "what" - overwhelming and helplessness - is a big step in developing the "how" - how to set goals and plan for their attainment. by The American Academy of Experts in Traumatic
An article published on Thursday in, The Guardian, discusses a debate taking place in the British Parliament around a new “digital economy bill.” One amendment in particular is stirring a lot of discussion about its impact on content online. The Guardian writes: The new proposal – which was passed in the House of Lords by 165 votes to 140 – gives a high court judge the right to issue an injunction against a Web site accused of hosting a “substantial” amount of copyright infringing material, potentially forcing the entire site offline. Critics say the major problem with this amendment is that a judge could shut down a Web site because of copyright infringement, even if the site’s manager didn’t put the content online. What is left unanswered is how a company can be held accountable for every piece of content placed on its site. Many critics of this bill and others in Europe say it is most likely to result in the stifling of creativity, innovation and free speech. In the United States, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act offers some protection against liability to Internet service providers and Web sites that host copyrighted material uploaded by third parties. There are similar tensions over Internet content and privacy elsewhere in Europe. Last week the Italian court held three of Google’s top executives accountable for a defamatory video placed on YouTube by teenagers. And the French parliament approved a recent bill that will crack down on Internet piracy by banning people from the Web if they are caught downloading copyrighted content more than three times. When it comes to the Italian ruling in the YouTube case, Google has argued that it can’t possibly police every piece of content entering its Web site. Every minute on YouTube there are over 20 hours of video uploaded to the site, which ads up to nearly 30,000 hours of video a day. Google, it can be argued, might have the resources to hire thousands of people needed to view every video. But every other video, image, music and storage Web site would also have to monitor its content. Monitoring that content is financially, and probably physically, impossible. Some also argue that strict legal cases, including the latest British laws, would deter some companies from operating within these countries for fear that the potential legal costs could outweigh the returns.
Forms are used in webpages for the user to enter their required details that are further send it to the server for processing. A form is also known as web form or HTML form. Examples of form use are prevalent in e-commerce websites, online banking, online surveys to name a few Syntax for form in HTML Validating a form : The data entered into a form needs to be in the right format and certain fields need to be filled in order to effectively use the submitted form. Username, password, contact information are some details that are mandatory in forms and thus need to be provided by the user. HTML is used to create the form. CSS to design the layout of the form. Form validation : Styling the form : COMBINED CODE [ALL OF THE ABOVE SECTIONS CLUBBED) Resulting Form : - AngularJS \| Form Validation - Form required attribute with a custom validation message in HTML5 - HTML \| form Tag - HTML \| DOM Form name Property - HTML full form - HTML \| <form> name Attribute - HTML \| form Attribute - HTML \| Design Form - HTML \| DOM Form Object - HTML \| DOM Object form Property If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to firstname.lastname@example.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks. Please Improve this article if you find anything incorrect by clicking on the "Improve Article" button below. Improved By : xXShreyXx
The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. - To discover the patterns of biodiversity, information on biodiversity has to be collected. - Will the water and soils and biodiversity cope with this level of forestry? - A description of one of the prime threats to wild plant biodiversity in the UK. Words that rhyme with biodiversityadversity, diversity, perversity, university Definition of biodiversity in: What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
Testing of the Stomach Tests used to evaluate patients with delayed or altered gastric emptying usually include upper endoscopy (EGD) to look inside the stomach through an endoscope passed through the mouth into the esophagus and stomach, and gastric emptying scintigraphy (a nuclear medicine study) to measure how quickly food leaves the stomach. The test of gastric emptying involves eating food that has a radioactive substance added to it, so that the rate of emptying of the stomach can be measured with a special camera. Another, less frequently used test is the electrogastrogram , which measures small electrical currents that come from the stomach muscle and that indicate whether the 3 per minute contractions of the lower stomach are occurring normally. The contractions of the stomach can also be measured directly by passing a tube with pressure sensors on it down the nose and into the stomach. A newer device that uses a wireless capsule, which the patient swallows has recently been introduced to measure gastric emptying. The device monitors and records data on a small portable receiver as the capsule passes through the GI tract. The data collected is later evaluated by the doctor. In the absence of an ulcer or obstruction, a diagnosis of gastroparesis is confirmed by testing to see how quickly food leaves the stomach. The current standard international protocol is the method called scintigraphy that measures the rate of emptying, periodically, over a period of 4 hours. In 2006 a monitoring system using a wireless capsule was approved in the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and in Canada by the Medical Devices Bureau. This involves a wireless, ingestible capsule for the assessment of gastric acidity, gastric emptying, and total GI transit time. Information thus provided may assist doctors in diagnosing gastroparesis and other gastrointestinal motility disorders. A gastric emptying study (see above) can show whether there is poor emptying of the stomach. The other gastric motility disorders are more difficult to detect, but scientists have developed a computer-controlled pump called the barostat which can show (1) whether the upper stomach relaxes adequately during eating, and (2) how much filling of the stomach it takes to cause pain or discomfort.
As humans, there is a lot we take for granted both on and off our bodies. However, there are two things we take for granted more than anything: our thumbs. We use our thumbs for so much. As children, we suck our thumbs. As we get older, we use our thumbs on our phones, remotes, and when playing video games. We express affirmation with thumbs up and hit the thumb-shaped Like icon on social media. All of this, and yet there’s one question that still springs to mind. Is the thumb a finger? Scientists believe that human beings evolved thumbs as a way of defending and providing for themselves. If we didn't have thumbs, our ancestors would have had trouble hunting, fishing, making fires, and inventing the wheel. There is also a theory that our thumbs evolved as either another means of communication or to communicate. Imagine the scene in Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet without the line, "Do you bite your thumb at me, Sir?" It's hard, isn't it? Humans stand out from our distantly-related mammal cousins because of our thumbs. Our thumbs and our primate and ape relatives thumbs are opposable. However, our thumbs have the capabilities to do so much more than our animal counterparts. Human thumbs have the dexterity to fold and touch other fingers as well as stretch in different directions. Try it now: move your thumb and fingers simultaneously, and you'll see how different they are. Pretty neat, huh? There is a high chance you remember being a kid and having someone ask you, “How many fingers do you have?” Maybe you were that kid, ready to say, “Ha! No, we have eight” to any of our peers that responded with ten. Well, school kids are right. We do have eight fingers because the thumb technically isn’t a finger. It looks similar to our fingers on the outside in some ways, but in all of the ways it doesn’t, that’s because it is not. It is, however, also a digit. So next time you ask someone how many fingers they have, ask them how many digits they have. (And then “Ha!” them when they don’t include toes! As well as being stubbier than our fingers, the thumb is also different on the inside. Thumbs consist of only one joint and two phalanges (these are the bones that make up our digits) whereas the fingers have two joints and three phalanges. On top of this, the thumb is set lower on the hand. This could be to do with anything from grip to balance. Perhaps even both. Whether due to evolutionary measures or the complete randomness of existence, infants have a natural urge to suck their thumb. This is as natural as eating to them, and there are theories that this could have something to do with why they perhaps feel more secure when sucking their thumb. For example, if mothers breastfeed their children, the children might feel safe when they are against their mother's chest. In turn, it could be that the feeding feeling is mixed with that sense of security. Linguistically, the thumb could be considered a finger. In the English language, it's written that "finger" can be considered to be "any of the five digits." However, in the same vein, the rule also claims "any of the four terminal members of the hand, specifically those other than the thumb." In other words, the English language may consider the thumb to be a finger, but science certainly does not! The word comes from the Old English word, thūma. It is related to the Dutch duim and the German Daumen. All three of these words can be traced back to a root shared by the Latin verb tumere, which means to swell. What this means is that, in Latin, the thumb is "the swollen one." As we said, according to the English language, they can be. However, science says otherwise and, therefore, Bill Nye would say the same. And who doesn't love Bill Nye? However, whether you're on Team Thumb as a Finger or Team Opposable Thumbs, this isn't enough of an issue to wage war over. The thumb is special for a lot of reasons beyond its opposability. For one, thumbs have their own pulse. If you've learned CPR and how to check for a pulse or have just seen it on television, medical professionals use the index and middle finger to check for a pulse. This is the reason. In fact, the thumb has its own artery called the princeps pollicis artery. And, well, arteries pulse. So, if you're using your thumb to feel for a pulse, you'll be feeling your own pulse. Therefore, it will be difficult to feel the other person's pulse in their neck. Scientifically no, technically, yes. Linguistically, the Latin roots of both the thumb and the big toe trace back to "pollux." In medical Latin, however, the big toe is known as the "pollux maximus" - this more or less means 'big thumb.' Language aside, big toes are not opposable, nor do they have different anatomy or extra skills in comparison with the rest of the toes. The thumb is a wholly unique aspect of the human body, unlike any other part. This site offers information designed for educational purposes only. The information on this Website is not intended to be comprehensive, nor does it constitute advice or our recommendation in any way. We attempt to ensure that the content is current and accurate but we do not guarantee its currency and accuracy. You should carry out your own research and/or seek your own advice before acting or relying on any of the information on this Website.
For a generation of young women, the outbreak of the First World War brought new experiences and leadership opportunities. When Russia entered the conflict with Britain and France against Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1914, Tsar Nicholas II’s four daughters joined the war effort. Olga and Tatiana, aged eighteen and seventeen, became nurses and headed philanthropic committees. Maria and Anastasia, aged fifteen and thirteen, volunteered in a hospital named in their honour. Of the four Grand Duchesses, Tatiana achieved the most success in her war work and became a well known public figure in her own right. In Tatiana Romanov, Daughter of the Last Tsar: Diaries and Letters, 1913-1918, Helen Azar, editor and translator of The Diary of Olga Romanov: Royal Witness to the Russian Revolution and Maria and Anastasia: The Youngest Romanov Grand Duchesses in Their Own Words: Letters, Diaries, Postcards. allows Tatiana to speak for herself through her own writings as a witness to war and revolution in Russia. The publication of Tatiana’s writings challenges numerous longstanding myths about Nicholas II’s children that have developed since the murder of the Imperial family in 1918. A number of popular biographers, including Robert Massie in Nicholas and Alexandra and Peter Kurth in Tsar: The Lost World of Nicholas and Alexandra have described the Grand Duchesses as leading cloistered or socially isolated lives. Tatiana’s diaries and letters discuss a broad range of friends, relatives, officers and fellow nurses with whom she socialized on a regular basis and continued to correspond with after the Russian Revolution. Tatiana’s detailed accounts of her participation in committee meetings and operations in military hospitals refute any idea that her war work was primarily ceremonial in nature. Azar’s translations of the letters and diaries are richly annotated by Nicholas B. Nicholson, an expert in Russian decorative arts and author of Object of Virtue: A Novel. Tatiana and her sisters often referred to their relatives and friends by nicknames and initials in their writings and Nicholson’s notes provide detailed mini biographies of many of these figures. Nicholson also describes the fate of the places where Tatiana visited during the tricentennial of the Romanov dynasty in 1913 and First World War. Stalin’s rule saw the demolition of historic palaces and churches in Moscow’s Kremlin. The Siege of Leningrad during the Second World War caused the destruction and damage of imperial sites surrounding St. Petersburg. The letters and diaries in the book are complemented with excerpts from the memoirs of those who knew Tatiana during the First World War and Russian Revolution, providing valuable context and background to the events and personalities in the Grand Duchess’s writings. Some of these accounts, such as Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, by the Imperial children’s French tutor, Pierre Gilliard, will be familiar to readers of biographies of Russia’s last Imperial family. Tatiana Romanov, Daughter of the Last Tsar: Diaries and Letters, 1913-1918 is unique because it includes memories of Tatiana’s fellow nurses and wounded soldiers, published in English for the first time. Tatiana’s letters from 1917 and 1918 reveal how the twenty year old Grand Duchess responded to the Russian Revolutions and her family’s imprisonment. Although, Tatiana wrote to one of her tutors in October 1917, “As you know, we don’t dejected easily,” her correspondence makes clear that she felt betrayed by members of her extended family who had not remained loyal to her father and was concerned about a variety of circumstances from her family’s isolation from the outside world to Bolshevik treatment of military veterans. The book ends on a haunting note, with Tatiana’s final letter to fellow nurse Valentina Cherbotaryeva in May 1918, “Send regards to all who remember me.” Tatiana was murdered alongside her family just two months later, at the age of twenty-one. The remains of the Imperial family were excavated in the 1990s and are now buried in the Peter and Paul fortress in St. Petersburg. Tatiana Romanov, Daughter of the Last Tsar: Diaries and Letters, 1913-1918 captures the experiences and achievements of the young Grand Duchess during one of the most tumultuous periods of Russia’s history. Next week: Agincourt: Great Battles Series by Anne Curry
What is Undermarketing? undermarketed (comparative more undermarketed, superlative most undermarketed) Insufficiently marketed. What do u mean by marketed? /ˈmɑːr.kɪt/ to make goods available to buyers in a planned way that encourages people to buy more of them, for example by advertising: Their products are very cleverly marketed. What does it mean when something is under? 1 : in or into a position below or beneath something. 2 : below or short of some quantity, level, or limit $10 or under —often used in combination understaffed. 3 : in or into a condition of subjection, subordination, or unconsciousness put the patient under for surgery. What is the difference between demarcated and Undemarcated? Answer. Demarcrated means where their is people rule and undemarcated means where their is no people’s rule…. What is the opposite of demarcation? ▲ Opposite of the process of distinguishing between two or more things. indistinguishability. parity. What is a marketed product? Marketed Products means (i) any current or future product licensed to or owned by the Company and all enhancements and improvements thereof and which is marketed by the Buyer or any Affiliate of the Buyer, including the Company; (ii) any current or future product licensed to or owned by the Company that is FDA approved … How do you use under? Under is almost always a preposition. You use under to say that one thing is at a lower level than another, and that the other thing is directly above it. For example, you might say that an object on the floor is under a table or chair. There’s a cupboard under the stairs. How do you use the word under? We use under to talk about something that is below or lower than something else: - The cat is under the table. - His shoes were under his bed. - The wreck of the Titanic still remains under the sea. - He had hidden the money under the floorboards.
While advancements in prosthetics are exciting from a technological perspective, they are also invaluable to the injured worker or veteran who wants to return to work. Amputations are the costliest injuries in workers’ compensation, as amputees require extensive care and rehab to return to work. Just as cell phones and computers have become more powerful and more accessible over the years, there is hope for the same to occur with prosthetics, for the sake of workers and the workers’ compensation system. Historically, when individuals wearing prosthetic hands wanted to pick up a cup of water to take a drink, they had to watch their hands to ensure they grasped the cup with the correct pressure and lifted it to their lips. Now, a team at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab has developed the Modular Prosthetic Limb (MPL) that allows the wearer to feel what they are doing without relying on seeing what they are doing. More than 100 sensors in the MPL send signals directly to the wearer’s brain. The feelings are not necessarily the same wearers would experience with their original limbs, and they may not be as precise, but this remains a gigantic leap forward for prostheses. The MPL is not yet ready for the public. However a model may be available in a few years. It will need to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and produced at a much lower cost, the New York Times reported. Mike McLoughlin, Chief Engineer of Research And Exploratory Development at the Johns Hopkins lab, stated the arms need to be manufactured at about one-tenth of the current $500,000 cost. Looking to 3-D Printing for Prostheses The cost of making prosthetic limbs is one of the major obstacles to bringing these adaptations to people who need them. However, with the rise of 3-D printing, there is now a more affordable way to build prostheses. The ability to 3-D print prosthetic limbs could enable individuals to purchase their own devices with their needs and preferences in mind. They would simply need the code to give to a 3-D printing company, something Open Bionics is working on, according to 3D Printing Industry. This process could give an individual a prosthetic limb for a few hundred dollars in a couple of days instead of thousands of dollars and weeks of waiting. Additionally, 3-D printing could be utilized by prostheses manufacturers building sophisticated devices like the MPL. This may be an option for bringing down the cost of more intensive and complicated prosthetic devices. Prostheses and Insurance Coverage Prosthetic devices and insurance have a tumultuous relationship at times. As technology advances and prostheses offer greater mobility for patients, insurers have had to quickly learn the facts surrounding when prostheses are appropriate and exactly which type of prosthetic limbs are necessary for patients. The variations between patient needs, prosthetic options and insurance plans can lead to denials and lengthy insurance processes for patients. At AMR, we offer medical case reviews that can evaluate whether a denied prosthesis is medically necessary and appropriate. One of our Board Certified physicians or licensed healthcare professionals uses evidence-based research to review a patient’s request for a prosthesis and offers a swift determination. In many situations, our reviewers connect with patients’ physicians through peer-to-peer calls to ensure they have the most updated and accurate information before making a final decision. Friendly Competition Seeks to Expand Knowledge and Research into Prosthetic Devices Prostheses have improved so significantly in strength, accuracy and overall ability, that this year a unique competition, the Cybathlon, was organized for wearers to show off what they could do. According to Scientific American, in October 2016, ETH Zurich, in partnership with the Swiss National Center for Competence in Robotics Research, hosted the first-ever Cybathlon in Kloten, Switzerland. Individuals who use high-tech prosthetic devices competed in six different events: - Powered arm prosthesis race - Powered exoskeleton race - Powered leg prosthesis race - Powered wheelchair race - Functional electrical stimulation bicycle race - Brain-computer interface race Both the individuals with prostheses, known as pilots, who won the events and the companies who designed the winning devices were awarded medals. “There’s never been a competition like this in history,” said Bob Radocy, a competitor at Cybathlon and founder of TRS Prosthetics. “This is the first time these technologies have ever been put on display, one against the other, in the same kind of rigorously defined course,” Scientific American reported. It is clear a remarkable future for those suffering from limb loss lies ahead. With advancements in robotic technology and 3D printing leading the way toward more cost-effective manufacturing, one can foresee a world where limb loss is remedied with bionics.
Article body copy Off the coast of Southern California, climate change is disrupting the ocean and the sea life within. As the ocean warms, oxygen levels decrease, and acidity rises, scientists are studying how these changes are affecting species—including the ones people eat. Some scientists are even trying to gauge which species will be the seafood of the future. Sea urchin gonads, called uni, appear in sushi and other dishes, but many urchin species are very susceptible to climate change—including the ones fished most regularly off California. In a recent experiment, scientists led by Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology marine biologist Kirk Sato* explored the possibility of opening up a commercial fishery for fragile pink sea urchin in California. Despite the “fragile” in its name, this species is actually quite hardy, and the scientists think it can be a viable uni alternative should the most commonly used red, green, and purple species succumb to climate change. “Pink urchins live in a deep-sea environment where the oxygen and pH levels are already much lower than in shallower waters where currently fished urchins live,” Sato says by email. “As the oceans are predicted to become more acidified and deoxygenated due to climate change, we think that these pink urchins may be better adapted to deal with the changing environment.” Pink urchins can be found 250 to 300 meters below the sea surface. Prawn fishers work these areas and often pull up pink urchins as by-catch, but are forced to toss them back since there isn’t a commercial market for them. However, the species is quite palatable. “Pink urchin uni has a mild smell and flavor,” says Sato. “It tastes creamy with a slight sweetness.” Yet pink sea urchin uni is 80 percent smaller than that from red sea urchins, making it less appealing for sushi. “It’s on the small side for the traditional uni topping,” says study coauthor Lisa Levin, an oceanographer at the University of California San Diego. Levin notes the smaller uni may be well suited for flavoring dishes such as soup. Whether or not a commercial fishery opens for pink sea urchins, scientists will continue to look for alternative foods to meet the needs of a changing world. “Thinking about new fisheries or new ways to use species that are caught incidentally is going to be part of our adaptation to climate change,” Levin says. *Correction: Kirk Sato is a postdoctoral researcher at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, not a doctoral candidate.
The plants of Italian gardens, also known as Renaissance gardens, can be classified by species associated with the geographic location of Italy and Tuscany as well as by plant types and specific uses. From lining and shaping the garden with evergreens to the ornamental use of fruit trees, vegetables, and herbs, there is a huge selection of landscaping plants to choose from that only a few are named here. Structural, Flowering, and Herbaceous Plantings No yard or garden is complete without the basics of color, texture, and repetitious plantings to add visual impact and interest to the landscaping. While the Italian landscape design can incorporate almost any plant acclimated to its geographic location, there is often a common pattern that mixes a framework of soft silvers and neutral tones with bright vibrant plantings. These are just a few examples of many. - Fatsia Japonica Evergreen Hedges, Topiary, And Other Plants Because the Italian garden is meant to be enjoyed year round, it is generally framed, outlined or structured with evergreen hedges or other plants. And while many of these plants are left to take on their own natural shape, many are often shaped into what is known as Topiary. Topiary shapes can be limitless ranging from the shapes that form and make up formal gardens and landscapes to figures of animals, cars, or almost any shape imaginable. - Italian Cypress - Boxwood Hedge - Rosemary Herb - Crepe Myrtle - Ball Topiary - Shaped Topiary - Figure Topiary - Hedge Topiary Other Plants To Consider - Trees - Trees are important in most landscaping to help provide structure, proportionate scale, and desireable shade. Some good candidates will include Olive trees, citrus trees, and European Fan Palms. - Evergreen Hedges - Evergreens are good for creating all season structure, formal applications, topiary, and Winter interest. Some great candidates include Yews, Junipers, Cedars, and Laurel. - Colorful Annuals And Perennials - The selection above are just a few of the many plants that will work well in Italian yards, gardens, and landscapes. Still, here are a few more worth considering to help capture the right atmosphere. Aloe, Violets, Lilies, Agave, and other herbs like Thyme and Oregano are just to name a few.
Download our FREE smartphone app today! Geography is the study of relationships between physical and human phenomena that give rise to spatial patterns on the surface of the earth. Whilst other disciplines may study landscape, flora and fauna, the atmosphere, people and culture, the built environment and political territories, geography is the only discipline that concerns itself with the relationships between these resulting in spatial differentiation. Geography provides students with the means to think about the world in new ways. We call this thinking geographically. Thinking geographically helps in the pursuit of truth. It is the pursuit of truth which distinguishes disciplinary knowledge from everyday social and cultural knowledge and is a priority for our curriculum. In order to achieve academic success in Geography students must acquire geographical knowledge that takes them beyond their experience. Full details of the Geography curriculum intent, along with the long term curriculum plans are available to download from the bottom of the page.
Video – Past, Present and Future The Supreme Court's approval of video conferencing has become a necessity with COVID-19. Will it persist and be institutionalized? Since the lockdown began, courts across India have been using video conferencing as a means of ensuring social distancing. In order to regularize the practice, on April 6th, the Supreme Court dictated official guidelines for implementing video conferencing in courts across India. It stressed that access to court rooms should be restricted. It encouraged the use of video to hear both trial and appellate cases, whenever possible. The use of video conferencing of course pre-dates the corona virus outbreak. The Supreme Court has approved of its use for nearly two decades. In State of Maharashtra v. Praful Desai (2003) it even held evidence could be recorded via video conferencing. In its judgment, it observed that advances in technology had opened up the possibility for virtual courts. By 2006, the Union Government began to push for the introduction of various technologies in courts across India with is National e-Governance Plan. It posited that the digitization of courts would ensure greater efficiency, transparency and reliability. Among the many technologies the policy envisions introducing is video conferencing. By 2015, the Department of Justice was reporting that video conferencing facilities had been made available in as many as 500 court complexes and corresponding jails. Perhaps then, one positive side-effect of this epidemic is that is has re-catalyzed the digitization of the Courts. Earlier this month, Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, who heads the Court’s E-Committee, observed that many video-conferencing measures adopted now should be institutionalized after the pandemic resides. The Court has been rapid to embrace technology to continue hearing cases in this ongoing crisis. By contrast, apex courts in other jurisdictions such as the United States, have been resistant to using video conferencing. The question that remains is how this will this affect the on-going project to digitize the courts after the outbreak subsides.
A cavity that runs successively through each of the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord. - He subsequently developed plasmacytomas of his thoracic spinal canal, right orbit, and frontal sinuses. - As the lumbar spinal canal shrinks, the nerves that go through it are squeezed. - Doctors surgically tuck exposed nerves and spinal cord back inside the spinal canal and cover them with muscle and skin. Definition of spinal canal in: What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
The Importance of Knowing CPR Knowing how to perform CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) correctly can make a life-or-death difference in an emergency situation. CPR is a vital emergency procedure that can help maintain blood flow and oxygenation to the brain and other vital organs when someone’s heart has stopped beating. By understanding and practicing the correct techniques, you can be prepared to take immediate action and potentially save someone’s life. Step-by-Step Guide to Performing CPR Performing CPR may seem intimidating, but by following these step-by-step instructions, you can confidently provide this life-saving assistance: 1. Assess the scene: Before diving into administering CPR, it is crucial to ensure your safety and the safety of the victim. Check for any potential hazards, provide appropriate care, and call for professional medical help. 2. Check responsiveness: Gently tap the victim’s shoulder and shout, “Are you okay?” If the person does not respond, you need to take immediate action. 3. Call for help: Dial the emergency services number in your country and explain the situation. Provide the dispatcher with all necessary information, including the victim’s current condition and your location. 4. Open the airway: Place the victim on their back on a firm surface. Gently tilt their head backward while lifting their chin to open the airway. This allows for the passage of air. 5. Check for breathing: Look, listen, and feel for any signs of normal breathing. If the person is not breathing or only gasping, it is crucial to begin CPR immediately. 6. Perform chest compressions: Position the heel of one hand on the center of the victim’s chest, between their nipples. Interlock your fingers and keep your arms straight. Depress the chest at least 2 inches using your upper body weight, and aim for a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. Allow the chest to fully recoil before each compression. 7. Give rescue breaths: After performing 30 chest compressions, establish a clear airway by performing a head tilt-chin lift. Pinch the victim’s nose shut, take a normal breath, and cover the victim’s mouth with yours, ensuring a tight seal. Give two rescue breaths, each lasting about one second. Observe the chest rise and fall with each breath. 8. Continue cycles of compressions and breaths: Repeat the process of 30 chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths. Continue until professional medical help arrives or if the victim shows signs of responsiveness or normal breathing. Tips for Effective CPR To ensure the effectiveness of your CPR efforts, keep the following tips in mind: We’re always working to provide an enriching experience. That’s why we suggest this external resource with extra and relevant information about the subject. https://hjart-lungraddning.se/hlr/, immerse yourself in the subject and discover more! Knowing how to perform CPR correctly can equip you with the skills needed to step in during an emergency situation and potentially save a life. By assessing the scene, calling for help, and following the steps outlined above, you can confidently provide CPR until professional medical help arrives. Remember, attending a CPR training course will further enhance your understanding and ability to perform this life-saving technique. Complete your reading by visiting the related posts we’ve selected to broaden your understanding of the subject:
The Bi-Continental Legend: Tagore's Impact on the World MUMBAI, June 20, 2013 — Renowned South Asian scholar Dr. Sugata Bose celebrated the life and legacy of Rabindranath Tagore in a discussion highlighting The Last Harvest: Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore, a mammoth exhibition of works celebrating the legend's 150th birth anniversary which was on view at the National Gallery of Modern Art in Mumbai. Dr. Bose, Gardiner Professor of History at Harvard University, chronologically unraveled the complexities of Tagore's work and his significant role in the world of art, literature, politics and philosophy. The discussion brought together an audience of more than 150 Tagore fans and followers who were eager to gain insight into the life of the prolific leader. Dr. Bose's engaging presentation on Tagore included anecdotal references, images of his paintings and excerpts from his prose. Dr. Bose eloquently read and sang Tagore's poetry, encouraging an enchanted audience to participate. His literary discussion on Tagore, the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, highlighted the variety of themes Tagore explored. Dr. Bose also spoke about Tagore's great love for the city of Bombay, which he visited many times and wrote about extensively. Tagore had ambivalent feelings toward the Western world. As Dr. Bose quoted: "He had described America as an unripe fruit with an acidic taste." Tagore was both astounded and inspired by the liberal ideologies of the great visionaries of his generation whom he mingled and collaborated with, including Paul Klee and W.B. Yeats. Tagore's experiential learning led to his pursuit of universalism, in which he hoped to bridge relationships between his "Eastern" home of West Bengal and the newly admired West. Dr. Bose described Tagore's art and devotional writings as a mode of communication to convey his yearning for family and country as he attempted to connect cross-sections of his life. He shed light on Tagore's artistic inspiration as it related to his surroundings and historical setting. The audience followed the evolution of Tagore's art as Dr. Bose explained the broad range of thematic categories of work, one of them being the "Indian theme of selfless womanhood," in which Bose highlighted the warmly-tinted works as being inspired by Japanese wash technique and which also overlapped with Tagore's subject matter of choice — his recently deceased sister-in-law Kadambari Devi. The showcase of Tagore's art included images and symbols of Indian heritage as well as some of Tagore's improvised sketches. Dr. Bose offered an analytic perspective on Tagore's artistic style, referring to the spontaneity of Tagore's paintings which were largely introspective. The programme concluded with an Q&A session in which the audience discussed and debated questions ranging from art to poetry. Dr. Bose was successful in contextualising Tagore's life and work within a sociopolitical framework, touching upon the Swadesi movement in India and post-World-War era of the West, saying that after his stint in America and Europe, Tagore departed from Indian ideals and leaned more towards universalism. Dr. Sugata Bose was able to illuminate a fresh, inspiring perspective on the profound influence of Rabindranath Tagore on modern society, as well as successfully introduce the audience to a man who was known to all but understood by very few. Watch: Highlights from Dr. Bose's talk (9 min., 55 sec.) A collaborative report by Aliya Bhatia, Intern, Asia Society India Centre and Freya Birdie, Programme Officer, Asia Society India Centre Presented in partnership with: Rabindranath Tagore: The Last Harvest (Asia Society Museum exhibition)
(also tsetse fly) An African bloodsucking fly which bites humans and other mammals, transmitting sleeping sickness and nagana. - Genus Glossina, family Tabanidae - It is caused by a protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of a tsetse fly. - The tsetse fly transmits sleeping sickness, midges transmits lumpy skin disease and three-day stiff sickness. - Due to the altitude, much of the region is free of malarial mosquitoes and the tsetse and other flies that spread human and animal diseases. Mid 19th century: from Setswana. Words that rhyme with tsetseBetsy Definition of tsetse in: What do you find interesting about this word or phrase? Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
Across all the sites, respondents recognized that sleeping under an ITN was a way of preventing malaria. Even though respondents at all sites offered additional explanations (such as poor hygiene) for a bout of malaria (or the local illness that overlapped with biomedically defined malaria (see for further details), mosquitoes were reported to be the main cause. The connections that respondents made between ITNs use and malaria prevention were therefore unsurprising. Malaria was also viewed as a common disease for pregnant women, and considered to be a cause (along with other contributing factors) of miscarriage . In addition, negative attitudes towards ITNs were rare and there were no specific objections to their use during pregnancy. This finding, in varied social and cultural contexts with different mechanisms of ITN distribution, contrasts with several previous studies that have highlighted health concerns linked to ITN use during pregnancy, particularly with regard to the impact of the insecticide treatments on the unborn child [22–25]. These studies were carried out prior to the distribution of long-lasting ITNs and it was often the insecticide, and process of re-treatment, that provoked such concerns. One multi-site study in Kenya highlighted additional negative attitudes towards ITNs including complaints about distribution campaigns targeting pregnant women and infants . Such comments were attributed to a lack of information linking increased malaria vulnerability with ITN distribution . By contrast, respondents in this study often highlighted pregnant women’s increased risk malaria and no such negative comments about the targeting of pregnant women were encountered. The broader meanings associated with ITNs had varying implications for their use. In central Ghana, women viewed ITNs as a consumer good and therefore left them unused during pregnancy, hanging them up for the first time to mark the birth of the child. Kenyan respondents also valued ITNs as a household item with multiple uses, such as protecting crops from birds. However, in this context, the multiple uses of ITNs did not necessarily prevent pregnant women from sleeping under them. These findings are a reminder of how health technologies (in this case, intended by its designers for malaria prevention) can take on quite different meanings and usages. This is particularly the case in resource-poor contexts where material goods are scarce and this scarcity can foster innovation. More practical issues also had implications for ITN use during pregnancy. In Kenya, occasionally, sleeping arrangements together with the prioritization of children sleeping under ITNs prevented pregnant women from using the ITN that they received at ANC. In northern Ghana, ITN use was seasonal, depending on the presence of mosquitoes and temperatures low enough to sleep indoors. In Malawi, shortages of ITNs at health facilities limited the number of women who received free ITNs and their use. However, when available, Malawian women reported sleeping under ITNs. As previous research has also highlighted [9, 15, 27], knowledge of IPTp varies across different contexts. In central Ghana and Kenya, pregnant women did not usually associate IPTp with malaria, whereas, in Malawi (as has also been identified in previous research ) and northern Ghana, it was more often linked to malaria, but not always prevention. Reports of side effects linked specifically to IPTp were therefore more prominent at these sites and, in northern Ghana, vomiting was particularly associated with IPTp, and, therefore, seen as one negative aspect of ANC. However, vomiting did not lead directly to future non-compliance with IPTp or discourage ANC attendance: often, regardless of side effects and without supervision women took their malaria prevention, “Fansidar” or “white tablets” because it was a component of the ANC package, and in an effort to follow the instructions of healthcare staff – see for more detail of ANC at the same sites. Similar confidence in healthcare staff’s instructions about IPTp has also been identified in The Gambia and Uganda . Even so, the women who did not adhere to IPTp – and there were suggestions that this occurred even if administered under DOT – did so largely because of previous negative experiences. The instances of IPTp non-compliance underscore a need for further in-depth (observational) research on compliance in real-world settings to ensure that uptake of IPTp is not overestimated. Optimal treatment of MiP was hindered by a lack of available malaria diagnostic tests and by negative test results being ignored. Pregnant women, along with other community members, generally viewed healthcare staff as the authoritative source of malaria diagnosis, particularly severe malaria. Moreover, malaria tests were generally valued as a way of confirming the diagnosis. However, even if available, the tests did not entirely dispel uncertainty around the presence or absence of MiP. The non-specific nature of its symptoms has prompted recent policy recommendations to test for malaria prior to administering treatment . Pregnancy however further complicates the clinical diagnosis of malaria because there is overlap between the symptoms of non-severe malaria and what women often consider to be normal pregnancy experiences or related illness . Although a positive test result resolved any uncertainty for healthcare staff and pregnant clients, a negative result was not so conclusive: in Ghana and Malawi, observations and women’s reports suggested that there instances of treatment in spite of a negative result. Ghanaian healthcare staff asserted that pregnant women were exceptions to the policy of testing prior to treatment and provided treatment based on symptoms even when a malaria test result was negative. This is however a misinterpretation of the relevant policy document, which states that, in the absence of laboratory diagnosis, pregnant women with clinical symptoms of malaria should not be denied anti-malarials because the risk of not treating far outweighs the risks associated with overtreatment . A lack of confidence in malaria tests and reliance on symptoms is however well-documented in other African contexts [30, 31]: for example, in northern Tanzania, overtreatment of malaria in general was linked to a range of factors, including healthcare staff members’ assumptions about malaria being the most important disease and patients’ expectations . Overtreatment of MiP in Ghana was linked to a (mis)interpretation of national policy, yet the findings offer little insight into how this came about. However, the emphasis placed on MiP and its deleterious impact on the health of mother and child could have contributed to the better-safe-than-sorry approach. The reports of treatment in Malawi were however, more indirect. Healthcare staff only referred to treatment after a positive result, even if such tests were not readily available. Pregnant women who suspected malaria but received a negative test result were disappointed when they did not receive anti-malarials, but the data offer no insight into whether this led healthcare staff to provide treatment. With regard to malaria treatment, pregnant women generally reported following the advice of healthcare staff. However, although scattered, there were instances of women ignoring such instructions or self-treating for malaria without seeking diagnosis at a health facility. In Ghana, where there were four cases of women who did not complete their treatment course, side effects played a role, as did confusion about the advice from healthcare staff, particularly if it contradicted ideas about malaria causation. In spite of such cases, health messages tended to focus on the use of non-prescribed and non-biomedical treatment during pregnancy and little emphasis was placed on adherence to prescribed anti-malarial regimens. The instances encountered in Kenya of women self-treating with drugs from other sources stood out from the other sites. Yet, although similar findings have been made at another Kenyan site , it is unclear to what extent they were indicative of a more systematic trend of self-medication. At all the sites, women made use of paracetamol and other cold remedies to combat the mild symptoms associated with pregnancy and/or malaria. Such vague ideas of “malaria” medication (presumably linked to the breadth of the local illness that overlaps with malaria ), can contribute to inappropriate use of anti-malarials and other “malaria drugs” through self-treatment or non-adherence to prescribed treatment regimens. A preference for anti-malarials that “suit” an individual was more prominent in Malawi than at the other sites. Such ideas about compatibility were perhaps the most extreme examples regarding the role that personal experience plays in attitudes and behaviours towards MiP interventions. Because pregnancy is generally considered to be a particularly vulnerable bodily state and one in which women experience a range of health complaints , it is unsurprising that women display a preference for health interventions that are viewed as not contributing further to the negative symptoms of pregnancy. Indeed, these experiences can – albeit rarely – override women’s typical adherence to the instructions that healthcare staff provide. Strengths and limitations The strengths of this study are intertwined with the anthropological approach: fieldwork over a one to two year period enabled observations to be carried out to triangulate the data that respondents shared with the research team and enabled women to be interviewed multiple times over the course of their pregnancy to develop rapport, cross-check previous responses and to monitor their experiences of care over the course of a pregnancy with a follow-up post-delivery. However, the findings, with regard to malaria interventions, are limited by several factors. Regarding ITN use, reported use could not be confirmed with observational data at all the sites: as a result of the organization of dwellings and the restrictions on researchers’ access to sleeping spaces, only in Kenya was it regularly possible to observe the presence of ITNs in women’s sleeping quarters. Also, by relying on women’s reported malaria treatment practices – because it was not feasible to carry out direct observations of women’s drug intake outside of the health facility – malaria self-treatment and non-compliance with anti-malarial treatment courses may have been underestimated across all the sites. The lack of systematic observations of drug intake makes the cases of self-treatment and non-adherence all the more striking and highlights a need for further systematic analysis.
On the occasion of World Health Day, write an article in about 150 words for the school news-letter on the topic, ‘Importance of Physical Health in Our Lives’. Importance of Physical Health in Our Lives Healthy mind lives in a healthy body. This is a proverb which everyone must have heard or read. But very few pay attention to it. A study was conducted on obesity and many related diseases were found among teenagers. Obesity specifically refers to an excess amount of body fat. This is due to the sedentary lifestyle found between the age of 8-24. These adolescents are generally found sitting and watching TV programmes. They do not go outside for any physical game. They are found using public transport to school instead of going by bicycle or on foot. Today, children are fond of eating junk food and drinking aerated drinks which contain too much calories and are harmful for growing children. Such children later become prone to many diseases like diabetes, heart diseases, high blood pressure and stroke. It is a health hazard. It is also linked to higher rates of certain types of cancer. Not only this, obesity makes us unattractive. The demands of modern times have increased so much that people do not have time for physical activity. They ignore health and face the risk of many diseases. But it is well said that discipline is the key to resolve these concerns. There are many methods of treatment but the benefits of exercise are much more than any other way of losing weight. Not only does exercise help you to lose weight but it improves your fitness and flexibility and improves skin textures. Exercises are also free from the harmful side effect of crash dieting, Slimming capsule and the heat treatment used by slimming centres.
Youth and Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing A Fact Sheet for National HIV Testing Day Organizers Factors to Consider When Promoting and Providing HIV Prevention and Treatment Low Perception of RiskMany youth feel they are at no or low risk of contracting HIV. However, the facts show that they are at risk, and parents and adults must also accept these facts. As mentioned above, at least one half of all new HIV infections are estimated to be among youth ages 25 and under. And most of them are infected through unprotected sex.4 This age group is characterized by experimentation, self-esteem conflicts and identity formation, which can result in risk-taking sexual and drug use behaviors. Support and appropriate prevention education can help youth maintain a low level of risk. Inadequate Prevention EducationYouth receive conflicting messages about sex through the media, friends and sometimes parents. A variety of legal and social factors determine the level of sexual education teenagers get in schools, so the level of knowledge and ability to prevent HIV and other STDs varies from community to community. According to the CDC, "research has clearly shown that the most effective programs are comprehensive ones that include a focus on delaying sexual behavior and provide information on how sexually active young people can protect themselves."3 In addition, prevention must be provided to adolescents who are drop-outs, homeless or runaways, and those in the juvenile justice system. Young people may be more receptive to information they receive from peers because the social and cultural issues they face differ from adult experiences.5 Confidentiality ConcernsMinors are legally allowed to test for STDs without adult consent; however, some states require minors to have the consent of a guardian to receive HIV testing. Also, some states require that clinics report treatments for STDs and HIV. It's not required by law to report an HIV-positive status to the student's school, that's a personal decision. If a student or family chooses to disclose to school authorities, the student's right to privacy must be assured.5 Suggestions for Effective Services and Campaign Messages This article was provided by U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Visit the CDC's website to find out more about their activities, publications and services.
Touchstone preschoolers bug out on Earth Day Students charged with planting, spreading ladybugs to plants around playground Gabriel Torgerson has encountered a ladybug or two while climbing on the play structure at Touchstone Preschool, but Tuesday morning marked the first time he got up close and personal with the insects. The ladybugs were climbing all over me, the 5-year-old says. It was my first time. Gabriel, a pre-kindergarten student, joined 80 or so of his fellow students at Touchstone to celebrate the 44th annual Earth Day by scattering thousands of ladybugs on plants, flowers and trees on the schools grounds at 16180 S.W. Regatta Lane. Some students planted flowers to beautify the schools playground and campus, while students as well as parents brought in recyclable materials to donate. One of natures more helpful creatures, ladybugs feed on aphids, otherwise known as plant lice, that are harmful to gardens, trees and shrubs. As Gabriel says, They get rid of insects that are bad for killing the plants. The private schools annual Earth Day celebration provides a chance for students, who have been studying the biological defense system ladybugs create for the environment, to have fun while learning. There was not a sad face to be seen, says Principal Alicia Lazz. Everybody was smiling. The weather couldnt have cooperated better for us. Tuesday marked the 44th annual Earth Day. Celebrated around the world, the holiday is often commemorated with the planting of trees, recycling and park cleanups. Touchstone students have engaged in ladybug placement on Earth Day for at least the past three years, but the schools involvement with the national ecology-awareness day goes back even further. Id definitely say its a Touchstone philosophy, Lazz notes. Its not just the classroom environment, but also the community that surrounds the school. Lazz ordered the ladybugs from an online supplier. When they arrive, they have to be kept in a climate-controlled environment until the children are ready to receive them. Each teacher and assistant has a bag of ladybugs they open for the bugs to crawl, or sometimes fly, onto the childrens hands for their short journey to the natural environment around the school. They each end up with about three to 10 ladybugs, depending on how they come out on the childs hand, she says. Now the ladybugs are living on our large playground, on bushes and plants and areas for them to find food. We apply a natural bug repellent so (the ladybugs) can survive. Of course, some students are more eager than others to cozy up with the tiny, spotted orange-winged insects. Some children are very eager to get their hands covered, and some want to watch for a little bit, Lazz notes. There are those who dont want to have them on their hands and others who are extremely excited and cant wait to get them. Even the couple children who want nothing to do with them want to watch. Theyre very curious about the process of it all. Touchstone operates three campuses on the Westside, including an elementary school in Lake Oswego and preschools and kindergartens in Beaverton and Tigard. Gabriel, whose younger brother Isaac, stayed busy planting blueberries, cherry tomatoes and petunias on the Touchstone grounds, said he likes coming across ladybugs among other creatures when hes exploring outside. I sometimes do it. I like looking, he says. I find a lot of roly-polys. I dont find very many bees in the bushes. Beyond the ecological benefits of planting and insect placement, Lazz finds the awareness that student participation creates is good for stimulating thought and ideas about humans role on the planet. The overall idea is just recognizing Earth Day itself, she says, sharing awareness that we live on a planet and have a responsibility to help that planet. For Gabriel, Earth Day is an important time to say thanks to the planet that provides life for his family, friends and classmates. I think Earth Day means keeping the Earth clean and keeping the air clean, he says.
In the Netherlands, borderline persoanlity disorder is sometimes also called emotion regulation disorder. There were in fact psychiatrists advocating for this name change in DSM-5, but it didn’t happen. Indeed, I myself notice that emotioon regulation problems are, besides having little sense of self, the most prominent symptom of my BPD. Tonight, I noticed how being told that I had to ask a fellow patient to help me with something minor rather than a staff member, set into motion a train of emotions and behaviors that I now realize, at least to some extent, was uncalled for. Learning to regulate emotions does not mean stuffing them. Rather, it means observing and describing your emotions, decreasing your vulnerability to negative emotions and increasing positive emotions. Identifying what emotion you are feeling is usually the first step, and it can be especially hard. Many people, even those without mental illness, learn that certain emotions are not allowed, so they convert them into others. I for one often act angry when I’m sad or overwhelmed. However, all emotions have value. Changing emotions requires first observing them without judgment, then letting go of them through for example mindfulness. Mindfulness allows you to experience the coming and going of emotions like a wave. In mindfulness, you shouldn’t try to block or suppress an emotion or try to keep it around. Rather, let emotion run its natural course. This does not mean acting on emotions the moment they come up. We are not our emotions. Therefore, another step in emotion regulation is choosing whether to act upon your emotion. This seems impossible at first – at least, it does for me -, which is why mindfulness is important. When you have chosen to challenge an emotion, some therapies, like dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), explicitly teach acting opposite from the emotion. The most useful example of this I’ve heard is from a woman who suffered from bipolar disorder. When she was sliding into depression, she was encouraged to become active, while she was encouraged to take it slow when she was climbing towards mania. Other therapies, like rational emotive therapy, emphasize the fact that an emotion doesn’t come out of the blue, and encourage sufferers to challenge the thoughts that lead to their emotions. I believe that challenging cognitions may be best done when emotions are not overflowing you.
Source: Magazine "Rosicrucian" Rosicrucian Fellowship of Portugal Translated text on above links: The Rosicrucians and Baroque Music Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach and the Rosicrucians The sound has a physical influence as important as the intellectual, emotional or spiritual. The body reacts demonstrably certain resonances, tones and rhythms. The Church in the High Middle Ages, knew that power. He used it to provoke reactions defined in believers. With the secularization of music, also the culture, before confined to monasteries, spread into the popular domain. The music is heading, then, increasingly, to connoisseurs, in contrast to the sacred music for the crowd eager for satisfaction religious rather than aesthetic and The secularization of music, begins with the troubadours and reaches its peak with the oratorios of Johann Sebastian Bach and the music of Heindel. Vitality and Rigor The spiritual mission of Bach was to promote unity of the intellect with the soul. The remarkable mathematical rigor of his music appeals to the intellect while the feat Music awakens the powers of the soul opposing the materialistic West. Bach lived in the historical period we call "Rosicrucian period" between the Renaissance and pseudo-scientific revolution of the eighteenth century. It was not alien to the Rosicrucian influence and became apparent on one of its members. Bach announced that membership in the baroque way, in code, according to tradition. In fact, the first vote is the start of the silence. No real brother calls himself publicly, "Fellowship" and therefore one who publicly proclaims one of them, already by that fact is not. The initiates, and they alone know who in the past were Rosicrucians, because in his works shine unmistakable signs, words and phrases that link the fraternity, although they are hidden from the profane. Let us follow the thread of Ariadne through the labyrinth and outline some of his works to find the communication that we seek. The "Fame Fraternitatis" The Fraternity was publicly revealed in 16l4, as editing a document titled "Fame Fraternitatis (Echoes of the Fraternity) of the Most Laudable Order of the Rosicrucians. Its authorship is attributed to J. V. Andreia. This work describes the life of Christian Fellowship (Christian Rosenkreutz), who founded the Rosicrucian Fellowship. Explains how Father Fellowship was buried, after leaving the physical body and how the society of the Rosicrucians was kept secret for 120 years. When it began the transformation of the temple, the Fraters ripped from the wall a brass plate, revealing a secret door, bearing the inscription Post CXX annos Patero (after 120 years will be open). This door gave access to a temple with seven sides, vault, with inscriptions of familiar symbols. In the middle of the room was a round altar with various inscriptions. In one of them read: "ACRC Hoc Universi Compendium Vivus Mihi Sepulchrum Feci" (In life I gave to me as a tomb, this summary of the universe). Bach used the coded language of numbers in all his work. According to tradition, the origin, order, harmony and the influence of the heavens can be explained by means of certain operations based on the numerical value of letters. Each letter in addition to the numeric value, also contains an idea because the word and number combined, according to the Kabbalists are the instruments through which God called the cosmos into existence. I mean, the numbers can not be understood only as a useful means to logically order the universe, but also as symbols of the Absolute. Thus, according to the Talmudic rule, each letter has a certain numerical value. Based on this equivalence Bach wrote his work in a logical schema that can be neither intellectual game or simple coincidence. Author of a vast work, including songs, dances, church services, etc.., Bach uses the ambiguity of the veil, which is both transparent and opaque to reveal their membership of the Rosicrucian Fellowship. The first veil was woven by determining the numerical value of his own name: Bach (A = 1, B = 2, etc.). As was customary at the time, "J" had the same value as the "I" and "U" the same as the "V". The result is 14. Will use this number frequently. The Christmas Oratorio is 14 crowns and 14 arias. In the Passion According to St. Matthew, Christ "sings" in 14 recitatives, etc.. In the second veil is the link between his name and Christian Rosenkreutz (Christian Fellowship), using also the numerical equivalent. 97 is the value of the word Christian (Christian) and 155 corresponds to Rosencreutz (Fellowship), totaling 252. He used this symbolic figure in a number of works for keyboard instruments. The author called "Inventions" to a group of these works. There are 15 pieces in 2 parts or "voices". In a second group called them "Symphonies." There are over 15 pieces, the "3 parts". The symphonies are written in various shades. The most important starting with C (do) more (the 1st Symphony), C (do) less (the 2nd symphony) and D (re) higher (third), etc.. In this group there are scores written with the same tones and the order in which the author would write his name BACH, ie B A C H Si la si (flat) As long as the number of bars all of these four scores observed that: the Symphony No. 14 in B-sharp is 24 bars, the No. 13 in A-flat is 64, the No. 2 in C-flat is 32 and No. 15 H has 38 flat. The sum of the scores of these four bars is 158, which is the numerical value of his name: Johan Sebastian Bach. In the group of "Inventions" there are also parts with the same tones. The number of its bars is as follows: 20, 25, 27, 22, adding 94. The addition of 158 + 94 gives the result 252, which is the numerical value of the name of Christian Fellowship, in German! The antiquity recognized the existence of a higher reality, inhabited by invisible energies. From the man, she naturally placed in the center, the universe was divided into a triad of manifestation. Bach follows a similar trend. Part of self-knowledge, their profundity, of interiority, for transcendence. Weaves, finally, the third veil, basing the structure of some works in the numerical value of the key phrase found in the temple where was the tomb of Christian Fellowship. The numerical value of words of this sentence is: ACRC, 24; Hoc, 25; Universi, 111, Compendium, 107; Vivus, 87; Mihi, 38; Sepulchrum, 129; Feci, 23. Sum: 544, which is the sum of all bars of the 15 symphonies. In the Christmas Oratorio and Magnificat, among other works, Bach joins the other 544 number that we see, relate to a date. Based on years of the birth of Christian Fellowship in 1378, according to Fraternitatis Fame, which led to the "calendar Rosicrucian", Bach shows, many years before, the day, month and year of his own death. Found the days and months in the work Magnificat, surrounded by the numerical value of In this piece for chorus, soloists and orchestra, the chorus (Fecit Potenciano) is of particular importance. It occupies 28 bars in quick time (the text begins by Fecit Potenciano ...) and another 7 in slow tempo (the text begins by Mentecordis sui ...). The sum of all the measures of the piece is 579, as it follows: 28 + 7 544 + 28 + 7 = 579 Thus, we have the day (28) and the month: July (7). If we analyze now the last 3-trio sonatas for organ, we see that: The Sonata No. 4, has 207 bars; The Sonata No. 5, is 372 bars, and The sonata No 6 has 337 bars. The sum of the bars of the fourth and the sixth is 544! The sonata number 5 is 372. The sonata is the key for determining the year, because he had initially 155 bars, with numerical value equal to the word Rosicrucian (Rosenkreutz). Bach was to die, so in the year 372 of the Rosicrucian calendar, which begins in the year of the birth of Christian Rosenkreutz: 1750 of the Gregorian calendar, or 1378 are +372. In view of this interesting revelation, we can only thank, as Plussihem the first known composer Felix Mendelssohn, for having "rediscovered" Bach in 1829, 79 years after the death of the architect of music, by then almost forgotten, and "find the grave of Brother JS Bach which might as well be engraved the words "Post Anno patebo LXXIX. Christmas Oratorio (BWV 249, the St. Matthew Passion (BWV 244), Inventions, the two parties (BWV 772-86), Inventions (Sinfonias) to three parts (BWV 787-801), Magnificat (BWV 243rd). Source: Magazine "Rosicrucian" Rosicrucian Fellowship of Portugal [edit on 4-3-2010 by hawk123]
Aluminium ToleranceBioinformaticsBoron ToleranceChickpea GenomicsDrought ToleranceDrought Forward GeneticsDrought Reverse GeneticsFrost ToleranceGenome AnalysisHybrid wheatIron BiofortificationMetabolomics and ProteomicsNitrogen Use EfficiencyP and Zn Use EfficiencyPlant TransformationSalinity ToleranceStructural BiologyScientific PublicationsACPFG Front Covers Exhibition Farmers have long used selective plant breeding to improve crop yields and nutritional content. Now, perhaps more than ever, new cultivars of agriculturally relevant crops are needed for coping with widely varying climates, increases in world population, and diminishing natural resources. Selective breeding programs can require decades of trial and error to arrive at desirable characteristics in a cultivar. However, such programs can be accelerated significantly through computational and experimental genomics. ACPFG scientists apply information about genome composition, gene expression, and metabolic processes to arrive at descriptions of complex processes in plants. These fundamental insights can accelerate production of new cultivars that can cope with adverse environmental conditions with improved yields and nutritional content for a growing world population. ACPFG focuses these efforts on crops such as wheat and barley. Traditional selective breeding and genetic engineering approaches are based on trial and error. The lack of rationale can extend the time to develop a cultivar to ten years and more. This situation is improved in programs that utilize insights into gene expression and function, which are obtained from molecular level investigations of biochemical processes. Insight into plant processes at a molecular level facilitates sharpened approaches toward producing viable cultivars. ACPFG investigates the areas within the plant that respond to stressful conditions like drought, salinity, heat, frost and nutrient deficiencies. Areas of keen interest to ACPFG involve processes associated with stress-related damage, adaptation to growing conditions, and nutritional content. Improvements in these plant responses deliver tangible industry outcomes like cereal varieties tailored to withstand hostile environments. For a summary of Masters / PhD research projects on offer for students, please click here.
Children born with microcephaly who test positive for Zika virus infection face challenges beyond infancy that range from motor impairment to eating and sleeping difficulties, according to researchers. An assessment of almost 20 young children is the first to show early childhood difficulties in those with congenital Zika virus infection, researchers wrote in MMWR. “Children severely affected by Zika virus are falling far behind age-appropriate developmental milestones,” CDC Director Brenda Fitzgerald, MD, said in a press release. “Continued monitoring of all children with congenital Zika exposure is critical to understanding the full impact of the infection during pregnancy and to support these families for the long term.” The researchers assessed 19 children, aged 19 to 24 months, who had previously been evaluated in the Zika Outcomes and Development in Infants and Children (ZODIAC) study. That investigation evaluated children in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, who had congenital Zika virus infection. All 19 children in the new assessment had at least one adverse outcome. Eleven tested positive for nonfebrile seizures, “indicating possible seizure disorder,” the researchers said. According to caregivers, eight of the children had been hospitalized, including six for bronchitis or pneumonia. Ten children reportedly had frequent sleep problems, and nine had eating or swallowing difficulties. Thirteen children had hearing impairment, 11 had visual impairment and four had retinal abnormalities. Fifteen of the children did not pass the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, which screens for potential developmental delays. Fifteen scored below 40 on the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, “indicating severe motor impairment, including 14 who had findings consistent with cerebral palsy,” the researchers said. “Outcomes including feeding challenges, sleeping difficulties, severe motor impairment, vision and hearing abnormalities and seizures tended to co-occur.” Twelve children had three to five of the outcomes assessed in the study, and two had all six outcomes, the researchers added. They concluded that the report can help guide clinicians on what interventions to pursue for children affected by Zika virus. “These findings allow for anticipation of medical and social service needs of affected children and their families, including early intervention services and planning for resources to support these families in health care and community settings in Brazil, the United States and other countries,” researcher Ashley Satterfield-Nash, DrPH, of the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and colleagues wrote. “Long- term follow-up and measurement of developmental progression of children affected by Zika virus can inform intervention services and subspecialties needed to provide optimal care for these children.” – by Joe Green Disclosures: Fitzgerald reports no relevant financial disclosures. Please see the study for all authors’ relevant financial disclosures.
Whether in the prehistoric caves of Europe or the Drakensberg Mountains of South Africa, artists saw visions and recreated them on rock walls. But the act of making these images seemed to be the exclusive preserve of a select few. So how did we get from there, to today's modern world where just about everyone can make a picture? The rock art was part of a site reserved for an initiation ceremony for girls. David Whitely, an expert on California rock art sites, became fascinated with ancient rock images painted in the heart of the Cahuilla Indian community in Riverside County. Images not hidden away, but seemingly painted for everyone to see. The rock art was part of a site reserved for an initiation ceremony for girls. The ceremony began with the girls being placed in pits and given hallucinogenic tobacco. "The idea being that…would ultimately cause them to have visionary images, one of which would be their spirit helper, they would obtain supernatural power that would help them not only through childbirth but throughout their lives. " "At the termination of their puberty initiation, they would run up to these sites, these sites located centrally in their villages…and then they would paint the spirit helper that they saw during their visionary experience on the wall." At other sites, boys went through a similar ritual at the onset of their puberty. It meant everyone had this experience. In other words, pictures had gone from being the exclusive property of a shaman/artist, to being owned by the entire tribe.
No fossils for ship propulsion. Going zero emission requires that the energy used for propulsion is delivered by nature, where it is consumed. Wind, solar and wave energy as available power sources. “Liberty” is powered by wind and solar Sufficient wind if harvested effectively Wind energy has dominated the maritime transport for centuries before the introduction of the combustion engine. We have developed a stayed wing, which can rotate 360° and is scaled to generate sufficient power to manage the primary propulsion in gentle to strong wind conditions . In the spectrum up to strong gale and storm, we will have a surplus of power, which can be harvested and stored, only to be released when sailing in calm or light air conditions. The average wind speed on the oceans of the Northern Hemisphere is around 7 m/s, which is sufficient for the Liberty Concept. This wing sail has the potential to harvest 2,5 times the power of traditional soft sails, with less drag and heeling force and we can go closer to the wind. All together, there are some great advantages that allow the wing sail to become our main propulsion. Mast and wingelements are to be produced in materials such as carbon T700 an Mj40 with Epoxy resin. 15.400 m2 photovoltaic panels Solar energy is the strongest sustainable energy source available. The photovoltaic technology is in a phase of great progress, but not yet powerful enough to become the main propulsion energy source. Still it is an energy that is free and delivered to where it is consumed, which is why we need to harvest as much solar energy as possible. Our design has a surface area close to 15.400 m2 suitable for photovoltaic panels which will generate energy for our batteries. Stable sleek and To fully utilize the potential from the tall rig, we need a hull that provides sufficient stability, and this is part of the decision to go for a multihull. This furthermore eliminates the need for ballast water which accounts for around 30% of the total tonnage moved today. Besides the energy used to transport water, and tank space saved, we also eliminate other challenges related to the use of ballast water. We have designed a wide body trimaran with sleek wave piercing hulls. The hull body is a composite structure made from glass and carbon fibers providing the necessary strength and low self-weight allowing for a shallow draft. The hull body will most probably be a aluminium structure, but we are also considering a version with a composite structure made from multiraxial e-glass and carbon T300 with a CoreCell core material. Liberty has a retractable propeller in each side hull driven by an electric drive. They are deployed when the wind speed is too low to provide sufficient propulsion power. The retractable propellers are also submerged and generate energy to charge the battery electrical storage system when wind speeds are sufficient. We can store close to 20% of the propeller maximum output, only slowing the vessel 1-2 knots depending on the wind speed. The propellers also manage the rudder function. Batteries and fuel cells The energy harvested from the solar cells and the retractable propellers are stored in batteries. This solution is chosen for service areas with stable wind conditions, while we consider the opportunity of hydrogen/fuel cells for routes where long periods of engine power are needed. The ambition of Blue Technology is to develop solutions which eliminate many of today’s challenges and help the maritime industry on to a truly sustainable path. © 2018 Copyright, Blue Technology.
A Ferengi gas canister was a device discovered by the Enterprise NX-01 in 2151 on the surface of an unexplored moon. Unknown at the time, the device was planted by the Ferengi to be taken aboard unsuspecting starships. Once aboard and triggered, the device, believed to be an ancient artifact, released an anesthesia gas throughout the ship when T'Pol opened it, putting the entire crew to sleep. This device, used by Ferengi merchant, Ulis, was utilized to incapacitate the Enterprise crew, allowing the Ferengi to board the ship and raid it for valuables. Such a device had been previously used by Ulis and his crew to incapacitate and raid a Gavarian ship. (ENT: "Acquisition")
The Active Learner: Successful Study Strategies - Publish Date: 2000-09-01 - Binding: Paperback - Author: Sallie A. Brown;Douglas E. Miller Attention: For textbook, access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. This text offers a metacognitive approach that develops students' awareness of their thought processes and guides them through changes in their study strategies, attitudes, and habits. Students learn more in less time and with greater ease and confidence. Importantly, the book's modular format accommodates the emerging needs of any learning environment. Practice exercises are keyed to two new text excerpts. Together with an array of study-reading techniques, the authors introduce proven strategies for vocabulary building, memory improvement, test-taking skills, and library research strategies. The book incorporates the latest research in learning theory and features an array of optional strategies, resulting in great flexibility of presentation and application for instructors. The authors consider student goals, lifestyles, and learning styles as factors that affect student understanding. Students take brief diagnostic surveys followed by guided practice in strategies to improve performance on certain tasks. The Third Edition offers the following additional improvements: * A new chapter that easily guides students through the stages of researching and writing a term paper. * A new glossary section. * A new chapter for creating a personal study profile. * A revised section for finding sources in the library, including suggestions for efficient online searches. * A journal entry at the end of each chapter. We Also Recommend Teaching New Literacies In Grades 4-6: Resources For 21St-Century Classrooms (Solving Problems In The Teaching Of Literacy)
\|parents are falsely accused of\| shaking their baby Over the years, parents have more and more commonly been blamed of child abuse if their child is diagnosed with the “triad” of injuries associated with Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) after receiving a vaccine. The “triad” includes bleeding inside the brain, bleeding behind the eyes and swelling or inflammation of the brain. When a medical professional suspects that a baby has been violently shaken, they will examine the baby for the “triad” of injuries associated with SBS. These are subdural haematoma (bleeds inside the brain), retinal haemorrhages (bleeds behind the eyes) and cerebral edema (swelling or inflammation inside the brain). The Triad of Injuries... Bleeding Inside the Brain Norman Guthkelch, a retired neurosurgeon, wrote the first description of Shaken Baby Syndrome in 1971 in his paper "Infantile Subdural Haematoma and its Relationship to Whiplash Injuries," in which he discussed 23 cases of strongly suspected parental assault on children under the age of three. He concluded that: It has been shown that there is a discrepancy between the frequency of subdural hematoma occurring in battered children and of the same condition complicating head injuries of other origin, the incidence in the former being unexpectedly high, though in most of those in whom there was no actual skull fracture there was not even clear evidence of the application of direct violence to the head. This suggests that when the head is not the main target of attack the likely mechanism of production of the hematoma is one in which repeated sheering strains of one sort or another are applied to the cranial contents. It follows that since all cases of infantile subdural hematoma are best assumed to be traumatic unless proved otherwise it would be unwise to disregard the possibility that one of these has been caused by serious violence, repetition of which may prove fatal, simply on the basis that there are no gross fractures or other radiological bone changes in the limbs, nor any fractures of the skull. However, the violent shaking of a young child is not the only cause of the triad of injuries. These injuries can also occur after short falls, illnesses such as encephalitis and meningitis, birth trauma, vitamin deficiencies and genetic illnesses such as brittle bone syndrome. These causes are identified on the British Medical Journal’s online guide "Best Practice: Abusive Head Trauma in Infants." Bleeding Behind the Eyes The paper written by attorney Dermot Garrett entitled "Overcoming Defense Expert Testimony in Abusive Head Trauma Cases" indicates this fact very strongly when the author discusses retinal bleeding on page 35. Garrett writes that a presentation at the 2010 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Annual Meeting analyzed the results of 62 studies of pediatric retinal hemorrhages published since 1965. Garrett says that all of the children studied were younger than 11 years of age, had undergone a detailed examination by an ophthalmologist and had been diagnosed with retinal hemorrhages due to confirmed accidental head trauma or non-accidental head trauma. The results of the analysis showed that seventy-eight percent of patients with confirmed accidental head trauma had retinal hemorrhages, in comparison to just 5.3 percent of the non-accidental head trauma patients, proving that not all cases of retinal bleeds are necessarily caused by child abuse. Swelling Inside the Brain Another cause of the triad of injuries associated with SBS is vaccine-induced meningitis/encephalitis, a severe reaction to vaccinations. Early in 2013, Marahendra K. Patel et al. published a paper in the Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, which discusses the case of a five month-old baby boy diagnosed with suspected post-vaccination encephalopathy following the DPT vaccination. Tests concluded that a reaction to the DPT vaccination was probable and in their discussion, the authors discussed several other worrying cases of similar reactions from India. In 2010, Dr. Lucija Tomljenovic wrote an extensive paper exposing evidence that she uncovered surrounding many cases in which children developed encephalitis or meningitis after they received vaccinations from as early as 1983, which she says were deliberately covered up by the UK government’s JCVI (Joint Committee for Vaccination and Immunization). Dr. Viera Scheibner mentions vaccine-induced encephalomyelitis, characterized by brain swelling and hemorrhaging, in 1998 when she wrote a paper published in Nexus titled "Shaken Baby Syndrome: The Vaccination Link." She had become so worried that parents were being falsely accused after their children had suffered a vaccine injury that she opened her paper by stating: Some time ago I started getting requests from lawyers or the accused parents themselves for expert reports. A close study of the history of these cases revealed something distinctly sinister: in every single case, the symptoms appeared shortly after the baby’s vaccinations. While investigating the personal medical history of these babies based on the care-givers’ diaries and medical records, I quickly established that these babies were given one or more of the series of so-called routine shots-hepatitis B, DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), polio and HiB (Haemophilus influenza type B) – shortly before they developed symptoms of illness resulting in serious brain damage or death. Finally, Dr. Harold Buttram and F. Edward Yazbak wrote on the subject of false accusations of SBS and vaccine-induced encephalitis in their paper titled Shaken Baby Syndrome or Vaccine Induced Encephalitis: The Story of Baby Alan. Dr. Buttram opens his paper by stating: In the following report Dr. Yazbak and myself have reviewed the case of an infant death which we believe to have been mistakenly diagnosed as shaken baby syndrome, the true cause of death in our opinions having been a vaccine-induced encephalitis. Having carefully followed the case and its developments for nearly a year, the report represents untold numbers of hours of study and investigation into the many technical parameters of the case. From this study we have come to realize that this case is representative of an emerging pattern of increasingly frequent vaccine reactions on the modern scene, which are being overlooked or misdiagnosed by our present health-care system. The Story of Baby Alan is a poignant one, all the more so because it is something that could happen to any young couple or parent. Although the story is necessarily technical, nevertheless we urge that you read it. If you are a young person contemplating having a family, it is something that could happen to you.Despite all of this evidence, however, parents continue to be blamed of shaking their babies before all other possible diagnoses have been fully explored. The Reid Technique When SBS or non-accidental head injury is suspected, the police will interview the parents or caregiver who was caring for the child at the time the child became ill. According to parents who have undergone this interview, the interview process is extremely intimidating, and many succumb to the bullying tactics used, either by admitting that they injured their child or by accepting a plea bargain. This may be due to the use of the ‘Reid Technique,’ a technique which is often used when interviewing a person suspected of shaking their child. [8, 9] The Reid Technique is used in police departments around the world. It is basically made up of nine steps, and in my opinion, it is put in place to intimidate and force a confession out of innocent people. The nine steps are: 1. The police officer will present the suspect with evidence that they committed the crime. (This evidence can be real or fake.) 2. The officer comes up with a story as to why they believe the suspect committed the crime. 3. If the suspect tries to deny that they committed the crime, the detective will immediately interrupt the suspect. 4. If the suspect tries to give a logical explanation as to why it is not possible for them to have committed the crime, this explanation will be refuted. 5. At this stage, the detective will pretend to be the suspect’s ally. 6. The suspect, at this point, is studied for body language to see if they are about to surrender. 7. The interrogator provides the suspect with contrasting possible motives for the crime. 8. The detective will urge the suspect to talk about the crime. 9. The confession: At this stage the suspect usually feels intimidated and anxious and a confession is taken.The evidence that Sergeant Christopher Savage, a former police officer, gave to me in an interview last year discussing SBS demonstrates that this procedure is commonly used. Researchers Uncover The Truth Early this year, Dr. Michael Innis published his latest peer-reviewed study in Clinical Medicine Research. His paper titled "Autoimmunity and Non-Accidental Injury in Children" discusses the cases of five children suffering from brain injuries and fractures after vaccinations. After studying each case in depth, he concluded that vaccination could be responsible for the triad of injuries commonly associated with SBS. In his paper, Dr. Innis outlines that the response to antigenic stimulation damaged the beta cells in the pancreas causing hypoinsulinaemia (unusually low levels of insulin in the blood), which inhibited the cellular uptake of vitamin C, resulting in liver dysfunction, failure of carboxylation of the vitamin K dependent proteins, resulting in hemorrhages and fractures associated with the triad. He concluded that fractures, retinal and subdural hemorrhages and encephalopathy in children are autoimmune responses to antigenic stimulation in a genetically susceptible individual. He explains that common antigens are mandated vaccines, viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. To understand exactly how cases of vaccine damage are frequently misdiagnosed as SBS, please read Dr. Innis’s paper in full. I found his paper easy to read, interesting and revealing and I was particularly enlightened to see him open his paper by quoting the work of psychologist Lisa Blakemore-Brown, who in 1995-1996 became the first professional to identify that parents were being falsely accused of child abuse after their child had suffered a vaccine injury. Do You Need More Proof? Many other professionals support the fact that parents are being falsely accused of SBS. In 2008, Kent R. Holcomb published the paper "Shaken Baby Syndrome: Actual Innocence Petition," in which he demonstrated that the Shaken Baby Syndrome theory was unstable by using a “hypothetical case.” In his paper, Holcomb states that the biomechanical branch of science is the one and only discipline with the expertise, experimental data, and responsibility to determine if a biomechanical event such as human shaking (SBS) or lethal minor falls (LMF) can or cannot cause potentially fatal injuries such as subdural hematoma (SDH). For years, the triad of injuries has been the only evidence used in criminal procedures to convict parents of shaking their babies. According to a growing number of professionals, this misguided trust has resulted in many innocent parents being charged and convicted of murder. However, times are changing, and as Holcomb explains, the history of medicine is full of examples of practices that, during their times, were generally accepted by a consensus of medical opinion, only to be later rejected as useless, potentially harmful, or sometimes even lethal. Professionals are recognizing that Shaken Baby Syndrome is an unsafe diagnosis, due to the evidence being presented with the use of biomechanics. According to Holcomb, the study of biomechanics has proven that humans lack the physical strength needed to cause fatal brain injuries from manual shaking alone. He says that if a child were to be shaken as described in SBS cases, then this violence would result in a high incidence of spinal paralysis from neck injuries in infants, which has never been reported in association with SBS. In 2009, Holcomb published a paper titled "Justification for a Federal Injunction to Suspend All Vaccine Licenses Based on Unreasonable Health Risks and Causal Links to Chronic Disease Pandemics." Holcomb states very clearly that vaccines are unsafe at all levels. He says that a hypothesis is not proven until all the data has been read. He says: When evaluating vaccine-safety-hypotheses, like all other hypotheses, the SHHS (Secretary of Health and Human Services) cannot accept the hypothesis as proven nor upgrade it to scientific theory, until said hypothesis is submitted to vigorous scientific testing and until all attempts at falsification have failed. Assessing all the clinical trial and epidemiological studies that are available to support the “vaccines-are-safe” hypothesis, the SHHS would recognize that each one of these studies have flaws that would prevent them from earning QER I or QER II ratings. 21-day clinical trials that lack proper controls cannot support long-term safety claims. Every SHHS population study failed to either apply proper methodology/design or represent the proper population group. Other population studies, such as the secret VSD studies, though published, could not be classified as valid science since their methodologies and data sets were not disclosed. A hypothesis that cannot be examined or tested is not science but rather a faith-based belief system.Holcomb makes very clear throughout his paper that vaccinations have not been adequately tested or evaluated and states that when assessing the quality of data, the SHHS would know that “repeated opinions based on poor quality data cannot improve the quality of evidence.” Holcomb states on page three of his paper, “a hypothesis that cannot be examined or tested is not science but rather a faith-based belief system.” This statement is absolutely correct and I believe that the same could be said for the SBS hypothesis. The hypothesis that the “triad” of injuries can be caused by manually shaking a child has never been proven; therefore, it is a “faith-based belief system.” In fact, biomechanics have proven that it is not physically possible to manually shake a child with enough veracity to cause the “triad,” which is supported by the work of Dr. John D. Llyod and many others. There are many papers that state that children have died within weeks, if not days, of receiving multiple vaccinations. Many of these children have been misdiagnosed as suffering from Shaken Baby Syndrome. Shaken Baby Syndrome is a hypothesis — a theory — as it has never been conclusively proven that a baby has been shaken to death. I have yet to find concrete evidence of someone physically shaking a baby so hard that the baby has later died solely from the “triad” of injuries. There are, however, a number of biomechanical studies stating that it is not physically possible to manually shake a baby to such a degree that it causes the triad of injuries associated with SBS. Therefore, this leaves us with the question, Can vaccinations cause the “triad” of injuries associated with SBS? There are no studies conclusively proving that vaccinations can cause the SBS triad, but since vaccinations have been never been proven to be conclusively safe, as it is classed as unethical to study equal numbers of vaccinated and unvaccinated children, this hypothesis cannot be examined or tested, therefore rendering it not as science, but simply a faith-based belief system, as Holcomb suggested. Unfortunately, this belief syndrome has caused the incarceration of many innocent parents. Not all parents who are accused of Shaken Baby Syndrome are child murderers, and as we have seen, there are many causes as to why children die from these horrendous brain injuries. The medical profession needs to examine the real causes of Shaken Baby Syndrome, especially vaccination, and stop using parents as their ‘get out of jail free card.’ This article originally appeared at VacTruth.com Christina was born and educated in London, U.K. She left school to work in a children's library, specializing in story telling and book buying. In 1978 Christina changed her career path to dedicate her time to caring for the elderly and was awarded the title of Care Giver of the Year for her work with the elderly in 1980. In1990 she adopted the first of two disabled boys, both with challenging behavior, complex disabilities and medical needs. In 1999 she was accused of Munchausen by Proxy after many failed attempts to get the boys’ complex needs met. Finally, she was cleared of all accusations after the independent psychologist Lisa Blakemore-Brown gave both boys the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD as part of what she described to be a complex tapestry of disorders. During the assessments Ms Blakemore-Brown discovered through the foster care diaries that the eldest boy had reacted adversely to the MMR vaccine. After taking an A Level in Psychology and a BTEC in Learning Disabilities Ms. England spent many years researching vaccines and adverse reactions. She went on to gain a Higher National Diploma in journalism and media and currently writes for the American Chronicle, the Weekly Blitz, VacTruth and Namaste Publishing UK on immunization safety and efficacy whilst continuing to study for a BA Honors degree in English Literature and Humanities. England’s main areas of expertise are researching false allegations of child abuse and adverse reactions to vaccines. Her work is read internationally and has been translated into many languages. Ms England has been a guest on many radio shows and has spoken at seminars worldwide. She is the co author to the book ‘Shaken Baby Syndrome or Vaccine Induced Encephalitis – Are Parents Being Falsely Accused?’ with Dr Harold Buttram. BE THE CHANGE! PLEASE SHARE THIS USING THE TOOLS BELOW BE THE CHANGE! PLEASE SHARE THIS USING THE TOOLS BELOW If you enjoy our work, please donate to keep our website going.
The Series and its Learning Goals Fizzy and his crew are on a mission to halt the children’s obesity epidemic by serving up a fun mix of nutrition info, healthy eating tips, and simple recipes. Aimed at kids 6-8, Fizzy hopes to empower children and parents to take control of their food choices by spending more time in the kitchen and less time in the drive-through. Fizzy focuses on a few educational goals that are designed to positively change the eating and exercise habits of children. Fizzy’s Educational Goals: - To create a positive change in the current state of childhood nutrition. - To encourage daily physical activity and exercise. - To promote basic nutrition and proper portion-size, the importance of eating three meals a day (especially a good breakfast), and the value of family meal-time interactions. The Lunch Lab provides practical and positive examples of healthy eating and regular exercise within the framework of an entertaining format. The program’s advisory board, which includes a specialist in diabetes and metabolic diseases, a university educator in the field of health education, and a team of seasoned food writers, ensures that the information provided meets scientific and educational goals. Relying on its advisory team as well as the national standards set by the USDA, the program ensures that, in addition to being fun, both it and the Lunch Lab web site are educational for children and their parents. Season 1 Goals Nutrition concepts are not as complicated as people think! Often, families lack proper information about the basic rules for a healthy lifestyle. Fizzy’s goal is to provide an informative overview of food and nutrition topics with an emphasis on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Most researchers agree that a diet rich in fruits and veggies are the key to healthy nutrition, avoidance of obesity, and disease prevention. Dr. Craig Sussman \| Health and Nutrition Advisor Craig Sussman, MD is a graduate of the Temple University School of Medicine and is a board certified specialist in internal medicine and metabolism. He is currently an Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine at Vanderbilt University in the divisions of general internal medicine and endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism. His research has been in the area of reversible causes for high blood pressure. He is an expert in all aspects of nutrition as it affects health. Dr. Sharon Shields \| Education Advisor Sharon Shields, Ph.D. is a graduate of Peabody College (Vanderbilt University) and studied in the area of exercise physiology and community health. She is currently a Professor of the Practice of Human and Organizational Development at Vanderbilt University and teaches health and human services courses. In addition, she is the Director of the Community Development and Action Master’s Degree Program. Her area of research is in community health access and delivery. Sally Sampson \| Food Advisor Ms. Sampson is the author of over 15 cookbooks including: Souped Up! (Simon and Schuster, 2003), The James Beard Award Nominated Fifty Dollar Dinner Party (Simon and Schuster, 1998), and co-author of The Diet Workshop’s Recipes for Healthy Living (Doubleday, 1995). Ms. Sampson has contributed to Self, Bon Appetit, Food and Wine, The Boston Globe, Boston Magazine, Slammed, Mode, and Fine Cooking. She was the Editor-in-Chief of Balducci.com and a Senior Writer for Cooks Illustrated Magazine. Bryan Roof, RD, LDN \| Food Writer, Dietitian Bryan Roof RD, LDN, is a chef, registered dietitian, writer, and proprietor of Fancy-Sauce Culinary Consultants. As a graduate of Johnson and Wales University and Framingham State College, he has refined his kitchen skills at many award-winning restaurants, and completed dietetic internships at Tufts University and Share Our Strength, among others. For the past three years, Bryan has worked as a Test Cook and Associate Editor at America’s Test Kitchen, where he has authored recipes and feature articles for Cook’s Illustrated magazine, several cookbooks (including a soon-to-be-published cookbook about healthier eating), and the company’s top-rated PBS cooking show. Kris Widican, MS, RD \| Food Writer, Dietitian Kris Widican is a registered dietitian (RD), chef, and writer who specializes in culinary nutrition, a discipline within the field of dietetics that focuses on integrating great flavor with healthful food choices. As proprietor of KW Cuisine, she consults with independent food and beverage operators, industry groups, and non-profits on a variety of recipe development, menu planning, and nutrition communications projects. Kris teaches healthy cooking and nutrition classes tailored to the specific dietary needs of individuals and families, such as food allergy, diabetes, or weight loss. She also develops recipes and writes for Cook’s Country magazine at America’s Test Kitchen.
Search for crossword answers and clues "The Jolly Toper" artist Answer for the clue ""The Jolly Toper" artist ", 4 letters: Alternative clues for the word hals Word definitions for hals in dictionaries Word definitions in Wikipedia Hals is a crater on Mercury . It has a diameter of 100 kilometers. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1985. Hals is named for the Dutch painter Frans Hals , who lived from 1581 to 1666. Usage examples of hals. Men den yngres näv var snabbre, slog i kaken som en hammar, brytte halsen, Iäggde kjämpen låg i dyen, död som fiske.
Mount Rushmore offers insights into American history topics including the Great Depression, government and the arts, Native American rights, presidential history, the creation and management of public lands, government appropriations, and memorializing the past. You can use part or all of the film, or delve into the rich resources available on this website to learn more, either in a classroom or on your own. The following activities are grouped into four categories: history, economics, geography, and civics. You can also read a few helpful hints for completing the activities. 1a. Read excerpts from the documents in the Hall of Records, learn about the contest for the Entablature inscription and share your stories with AMERICAN EXPERIENCE. One of the documents in Mount Rushmore's Hall of Records states that the four Presidents on Mount Rushmore "commemorate the founding, growth, preservation and development of the United States." Explain the specific accomplishments of each of the four Presidents to which this statement refers. 1b. Imagine that you have been selected to oversee the addition of a fifth figure to Mount Rushmore; this person need not have been President but must symbolize what you think has been the most important change in the United States since the era of Theodore Roosevelt. Whom would you choose, and why? 1c. In 2002, AMERICAN EXPERIENCE held an essay contest. The topic question: if the Park Service ever were to add an inscription to Mount Rushmore, what do you think it should say? Divide the students into small groups and conduct the exercise in your own classroom. Ask each group to think of the most important thing that could be inscribed on Rushmore for future generations. Each group should write an essay and present it to the rest of the class. Have the class judge the essays and select the best. Then have students read the prize-winning essays on the AMERICAN EXPERIENCE website, and discuss the main points of difference between their essays and the winning essays. Do they think their own essays are better than the winning essays? Why or why not? 2. Divide the class into groups of three students each. Each group should prepare a recommendation for a national memorial to the victims of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and present its recommendation to the class, along with a sketch of the proposed memorial and information on where it would be located and how it would be financed. In their conversations about what kind of memorial to recommend, students should consider existing monuments and memorials and discuss what elements of those monuments are (or are not) effective; the website of the National Park Service contains links to places such as the U.S.S. Arizona Memorial and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial that students might want to consult. 1. Gutzon Borglum wrote that "tomorrow is strangely the enemy of today, as today has already begun to forget buried yesterday." What objects in your home serve as reminders of the past? Bring one such object to class and tell your classmates about its history and significance. 2. Create two posters: one for a monument that is located in or near your community, and a second one for a nationally known monument in another state. Each poster should be illustrated with a photograph or drawing of the monument and should include the monument's name, location, size, cost, the years in which it was built, and purpose. For ideas on nationally known monuments, you might want to consult the website of the National Park Service. 1a. Take the interactive tour of Mount Rushmore, Carving a Mountain. Among the facts you find there are that the total cost of the Mount Rushmore memorial was $989,992.32 and that federal appropriations accounted for $836,000 of that amount. What percentage of the memorial's total cost was covered by government funds? 1b. Create a pie chart that shows graphically the share of the memorial's total cost that was covered by government and non-government funds. 2. Draw a political cartoon that expresses your view on whether the government, at a time of terrible national difficulty -- the Great Depression -- should have spent public funds to build Mount Rushmore. When each student has prepared a cartoon, post them around the classroom and hold a class discussion on which cartoons are most effective. 1a. Read about Native Americans and Mount Rushmore. Define "desecration" in your own words. Why might some Native Americans consider the Mount Rushmore memorial a desecration? 1b. In your opinion, is the carving of the Crazy Horse memorial an appropriate response to Mount Rushmore? Explain your viewpoint. 1c. Describe a place that is sacred to you; it may be a public place (such as a house of worship) or a private place that has special meaning for you. Why did you choose this place? 2. Assign each student a different state (omitting South Dakota) and have students find one national monument in that state. Then, using a wall map of the United States, have each student place a small sticker on the location of the monument they researched; the sticker should name the monument and its location. After all students have marked the map, the class should identify the location of Mount Rushmore. - 2 of 2 My American Experience From the Empire State Buiding to the carvings on Mount Rushmore, the Golden Gate Bridge, and the Space Needle, the U.S. has dozens of impressive, important, and iconic structures. Which ones have you been to? Which has had the biggest impact?
Adlough History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms - Origins Available: The history of the Adlough family goes back to the ancient Anglo-Saxon culture of Britain. It is derived from the family living near Hadlow, a place-name found in Kent and the West Riding of Yorkshire. The place-name Hadlow is derived from the Old English elements hæth, which meant heather, and hlaw, which meant small hill. The place-name as a whole means "small hill where the heather grows." The original bearers of the name probably lived on or near such a hill. Early Origins of the Adlough family The surname Adlough was first found in Kent at Hadlow, a village in the Medway valley, near Tonbridge which dates back to the Domesday Book where it was listed as Haslow and was held by Richard de Tonebridge. By 1235, the village was known as Hadlou. Hadlow Castle was built in the late 1780s and is now listed as a Grade I listed country house and tower. Hadlow Tower, known locally as May's Folly, is a Victorian Gothic tower, and one of the largest in Britain. Important Dates for the Adlough family This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Adlough research. Another 101 words (7 lines of text) covering the years 108 and 1086 are included under the topic Early Adlough History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Adlough Spelling Variations Until quite recently, the English language has lacked a definite system of spelling rules. Consequently, Anglo-Saxon surnames are characterized by a multitude of spelling variations. Changes in Anglo-Saxon names were influenced by the evolution of the English language, as it incorporated elements of French, Latin, and other languages. Although Medieval scribes and church officials recorded names as they sounded, so it is common to find one person referred to by several different spellings of his surname, even the most literate people varied the spelling of their own names. Variations of the name Adlough include Hadlow, Hadlo, Hadelow, Hadloe, Hadllow, Hadlowe, Hadlough and many more. Early Notables of the Adlough family (pre 1700) More information is included under the topic Early Adlough Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Migration of the Adlough family Searching for a better life, many English families migrated to British colonies. Unfortunately, the majority of them traveled under extremely harsh conditions: overcrowding on the ships caused the majority of the immigrants to arrive diseased, famished, and destitute from the long journey across the ocean. For those families that arrived safely, modest prosperity was attainable, and many went on to make invaluable contributions to the development of the cultures of the new colonies. Research into the origins of individual families in North America revealed records of the immigration of a number of people bearing the name Adlough or a variant listed above: Edea Hadelow, who came to Maryland in 1666 and Thomas Hadloe, also to Maryland, in 1667. - ^ Williams, Dr Ann. And G.H. Martin, Eds., Domesday Book A Complete Translation. London: Penguin, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0-141-00523-8) - ^ Mills, A.D., Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-19-869156-4)
Klodzinski History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms - Origins Available: Early Origins of the Klodzinski family The surname Klodzinski was first found in Polesie, the largest province of Poland. It is inhabited by Ruthenians, called Polesians, of Ukrainian descent. The main towns are those of Brest Litovsk, Pinsk, Kobryn, Kamenets, Litovsk, and Luninets. It was in this province that the renowned Radziwills and Sapiehas held their vast estates. Wolczyn was the seat of the Czartoryski family. The surname became noted for its many branches in the region, each house acquiring a status and influence which was envied by the princes of the region. In their later history the name became a power unto themselves and were elevated to the ranks of nobility as they grew into this most influential family. The Klodzinski family were anciently from the Mazowsze area and were first recorded in 1387. Important Dates for the Klodzinski family This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Klodzinski research. Another 98 words (7 lines of text) covering the years 1470 and 1782 are included under the topic Early Klodzinski History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Klodzinski Spelling Variations Spelling variations of this family name include: Klawinski, Kluszczynski, Klosinski, Klodzinski, Klodzieinski and many more. Early Notables of the Klodzinski family (pre 1700) More information is included under the topic Early Klodzinski Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Klodzinski migration to the United States Some of the first settlers of this family name were: Klodzinski Settlers in United States in the 20th Century - Anton Klodzinski, aged 24, who immigrated to the United States from Wolwark, Germany, in 1905 - Kasimir Klodzinski, aged 30, who landed in America from Wolwark, Germany, in 1905 - Emma Klodzinski, aged 1, who landed in America from Vollwark, Germany, in 1907 - Stanislawa Klodzinski, aged 24, who landed in America from Vollwark, Germany, in 1907 - Josef Klodzinski, aged 23, who immigrated to America from Opaki, Austria, in 1911 - ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)
It has been proven time and time again that exercise at school is a key ingredient to happy, healthy, smart students. Including exercise and playtime in our curriculum models a healthy, active lifestyle that will be an incredible asset for kids their whole lives. Also, there is volumes of research that link the movement of our bodies to the optimal functioning of our brains. Education neuroscience (that's a link to Brain Rules by the way, which is an awesome resource) suggests that spending time on the gym or field is often the best way to boost student academic performance during the day. In Montessori classrooms our students move constantly from shelf to rug to exploring their environment. We take it even a step further as our students grow and begin to slowly favor a more sedentary academic environment. We begin every day at school working out in our gym. We play games, challenge ourselves to see how long and fast we can run, train in circuits and mostly ask our students to design a physical morning that they'll enjoy. The only requirement is keeping the heart rate up and everyone happily participating! Highlighting the importance of this in our schools all over the country, Spark has developed a program that focuses on getting PE back into our Public Schools. Furthermore, as Spark points out, not all PE classes are created equal. Far too many have students waiting around for a turn, memorizing googleable facts (our kids don't need to regurgitate how tall a basketball hoop is) or otherwise wasting their time. The key, according to Spark is a high healthy heart rate and committed happy kids. We couldn't agree more!
According to a study by researchers at Henry Ford Hospital, hypoallergenic dogs produce just as much allergen as other dogs, suggesting that they're just as bad for people with dog allergies as other breeds are. The origin and meaning of the term hypoallergenic dog is unclear. For several years, the American Kennel Club has suggested that 11 breeds of dog "generally do well with people with allergies." The AKC says that these breeds produce less dander but also mentions that there is no such thing as a truly hypoallergenic dog. Many people and organizations have come to call these 11 breeds hypoallergenic. Exposure to a dog in early life does seem to prevent dog allergies from developing. The breeds are: Bedlington Terrier, Bichon Frise, Chinese Crested, Irish Water Spaniel, Kerry Blue Terrier, Maltese, Poodle, Portuguese Water Dog, Schnauzer, Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier and Xoloitzcuintli. The study looked at dust samples from 173 single-dog homes, one month after a newborn was brought home. The dust samples came from the carpet or floor in the baby's bedroom and were analyzed for the dog allergen can f 1. This allergen is thought to be responsible for over half of all dog allergies. There were sixty different breeds of dogs in the study, including the 11 that are sometimes called hypoallergenic. There was no significant difference in the amount of can f 1 produced by the hypoallergenic dogs and the non-hypoallergenic dogs. Even using different criteria for classing the dogs as hypoallergenic (purebred only, mixed breed only, one hypoallergenic parent, etc.), these dogs did not produce less can f 1. The researchers acknowledge some limitations to their study. No record was kept of how much time the dog spent in the baby's bedroom. And the sample size was too small to compare individual breeds, just the so-called hypoallergenic breeds to non-hypoallergenic ones. But it's more thorough than previous studies, which looked at hair samples from only a handful of dogs. The researchers do mention that other studies have shown that exposure to a dog in early life does seem to prevent dog allergies from developing. But they say their study offers no evidence that certain breeds of dogs will lessen allergy problems for anyone who is already allergic to dogs.
What is in this article?: - Design Tips on Dielectric Waveguide - Plating and preparing the raw substrate - Attenuation of plated-dielectric waveguide & joining waveguide and fitting flanges - Rf heating effect and the effect of solar heat - Heat transfer and temperature stability - Lightweight waveguide components, antennas, and feed systems Attenuation of plated-dielectric waveguide & joining waveguide and fitting flanges \| Download this article in .PDF format \| This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics when applicapable. Attenuation in plated-dielectric waveguides results from copper losses (αmcu), and dielectric losses (αd). Copper losses are also a function of the presence of the dielectric. The equations for attenuation losses are: a = wide dimension of guide; b = narrow dimension of guide; tanδ = loss tangent; and λ = propagation wavelength in the dielectric. If a material other than copper is used for plating, αtotal is found by multiplying the value for copper plating by the square root of the ratio of resistivities. Insertion loss measurements on two test pieces of copper-plated waveguide using Eccofoam PS (4 lb), are as follows: Length of test piece (ft) Theoretical attenuation (dB) Joining waveguide and fitting flanges Plating baths and grinding tables are limited in size. Therefore, when long lengths of waveguide were required, joining methods had to be found to eliminate unnecessary flange joints. Joining methods that were developed are shown in Fig. 2. “Mortise” and “Dowell-pin” joints, similar to those used in carpentry, are shown. With these joining methods, several problems are: - Waveguide alignment. If a misalignment of 0.03 in. exists in the narrow dimension of the waveguide, a VSWR of 1.25 results. - Small gaps may occur between the two matting pieces. This is not considered critical because of the low dielectric constants of the substrates (ϵ = 1.08 to 1.15). - Resistivity difference between “gluing agent” (silver epoxy) when mating pieces are jointed. If the joints are well made, and the two pieces of waveguide are well mated, this difference of resistivity is of little consequence. - Rigid joint and excellent electrical characteristics. The assembled joints are shown in Fig. 3. VSWR over the frequency range from 7.2 to 8.2 MHz for the assembled joints is given in Fig. 4.
Not all carbs are created equal. That’s the idea behind the glycemic index, which assigns numbers to foods in order to measure how they will affect a person’s blood sugar levels. Spikes and drops in blood sugar levels can lead to fatigue and cravings. This can occur as a result of consuming carbohydrates high on the glycemic index, such as white bread and pretzels. However, other carbohydrates, including oatmeal, are low on the glycemic index and will not lead to these side effects. At Houston Weight Loss & Lipo Centers, our expert weight loss team can teach patients all about the glycemic index diet and how it can help patients lose weight and keep the weight off. Feel free to contact one of our centers in Houston or Katy, Texas today! About the Glycemic Index The glycemic index is a number assigned to food items that reflects the effect of consumption on a person’s glucose or blood sugar level. It represents the rise of a person’s blood sugar level two hours after consuming the food item and is measured on a scale of 0-100, with 100 representing pure glucose. The closer a food is to 0, then the less it will affect a person’s blood sugar level. Food with a glycemic index level below 55 are considered to be low on the scale; food with a glycemic index level between 56 and 69 are considered moderate and food with a level above 70 are considered high on the scale. It is useful for determining how the body breaks down carbohydrates. The glycemic index was originally developed in order to help people with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels. However, further research has shown that the glycemic index can be useful for a number of other health benefits, including weight loss. In general, eating food with a low glycemic index level will reduce blood sugar fluctuations and the release of insulin, a fat storing hormone. When insulin isn’t released, the body can more easily access the energy in fat stores, basically burning more fat. It also stops the body from storing more fat. Benefits of a Low Glycemic Index Diet By minimizing drops and spikes in blood sugar, eating a diet consisting of food with low glycemic index levels will help lessen cravings and keep patients feeling full longer. Of course, this helps contribute to weight loss. But there are even more benefits to eating a diet full of foods with low glycemic levels. - Decreased chance of diabetes - Decreased chance of metabolic syndrome - Decreased chance of heart disease Good candidates for low glycemic dieting may be patients who are interested in losing weight and keeping it off with the adoption of a dieting plan. It may also be a good diet for those with diabetes. Luckily, most people can be considered good candidates for a low glycemic index diet plan. Pillars of Low Glycemic Dieting - Avoid overly processed grains and instead focus on eating grains such as rice, millet, natural granola, steel cut oats, and whole barley. Do not eat refined grain products, including white pasta and white bread. - Avoid high glycemic foods with lots of calories, including ice cream, pies and cakes. Also avoid sweetened drinks or juices from concentrate. - Eat healthy, low fat proteins, including fish, skinless chicken, and beans. - Eat a moderate amount of healthy fats, including olive oil, nuts, and avocado, while avoiding hydrogenated, trans, or saturated fats. These are found in most packaged and fast food. They can also be found in some animal or dairy products. - Eat lots of non-starchy vegetables, including lettuce, asparagus, broccoli, spinach, mushrooms, and peppers. - Avoid fruits with high glycemic levels, including mangos, papayas, and bananas. Berries, peaches, pears, and apples are okay. Results from a low glycemic index diet will vary from patient to patient. In general, within a couple weeks, patients will start to have more energy. They will experience less and less “highs” from increasing blood sugar levels, followed by crashes and exhaustion. Plus, since the food that they consume will be generally lower in calories, sugar, and fat, cravings will begin to go away. Ultimately, all of these effects will help the patient lose weight. Depending on the patient’s current weight and weight loss goals, we may recommend additional supplements to help the patient achieve optimal results. We may suggest that the patient incorporate medications, supplements, or appetite suppressants into their diet.
Automated External Defibrillator (AED) According to the American Heart Association, sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death in the United States. Per OSHA, each year over 10,000 sudden cardiac arrests emergencies occur while victims are at work. 95% of sudden cardiac arrest victims die before they reach the hospital. However if CPR and an AED are provided within the first critical moments it increases the survival rate by 60%. The average ambulance takes 8-12 minutes to arrive on scene. Placing AEDs in the workplace, along with providing a proper training for employees on how to use the devices, can mean the difference between life and death. What is an AED? It is a medical device that analyzes the heart’s rhythm. If necessary, it delivers an electrical shock, known as defibrillation, which helps the heart re-establish an effective rhythm. Sudden cardiac arrest can happen to anyone, anytime, anywhere and at any age. An AED is the only effective treatment for restoring a regular heart rhythm during sudden cardiac arrest and is an easy to operate tool for someone with no medical background. HTH now proudly sells AED's. Contact HTH today for pricing information and to have our experts help determine what piece of equipment best fits your companies needs! At HTH, we understand that owning an AED is not enough. To effectively use an AED during a cardiac arrest event, you need training. With the purchase of an AED HTH offers our customers deeply discounted AED Awareness Level training by our American Red Cross/American Heart Association CPR/AED Certified Instructors. Removing hesitation and giving you confidence to use the AED if needed is our goal.
The Corbett administration is on the mark in enrolling in a 24-state consortium that seeks to prevent people from being registered to vote in more than one state. Under the Interstate Voter Registration Crosscheck Program, states submit their voter registration databases to a central office, which cross-checks them for duplicate registrations. Then, states can investigate, through their county voter registration offices, to determine each person's current address. Pennsylvania has a similar system to prevent people from being registered in more than one county. Nationally, the system has found about 5 million dual registrations, but that is not vote fraud. People relocate and register to vote. They then are registered in two states for a period before their names are removed, through routine purges, from their previous state's registration roll. The national system will help to ensure the accuracy of registration rolls, a worthy goal. Unfortunately, the system also is characteristic of the Corbett administration's approach to voter registration in that it seeks only to reduce the rolls, which also is the real reason behind the drive for the state's draconian voter ID law. The same technology being used to detect dual registrations also could be used for overall registration reform that increases registration and actual participation in elections. The Brennan Center for Justice at New York University's law school has proposed technology-driven, comprehensive registration reform. Any person included in any government database would be registered to vote at 21, and that registration automatically would transfer with that person regardless of address changes. And the registration would purge at death. Other democratic countries have similar systems, and they work. About 72 percent of eligible Americans are registered to vote, for example, whereas 90 percent of British citizens are registered. The United Kingdom employes automatic registration. And in countries that use such systems, actual voter participation also is higher. Democracy isn't about purging rolls. It's about inclusion. Pennsylvania and the federal government should use technology to increase it.
Tigers: Tracking a Legend Air Zoo Science Innovation Hall of Fame Awards Subscribe to AirMail E-News Get News & Events RSS Register Group Tours Book Air Zoo Facilities Support the Air Zoo High on Kalamazoo Balloon Festival Become a Volunteer Felix Pawlawski was born in Warsaw, Poland on July 23, 1876. Tutoring from his mother laid the foundation for his life and education, which started with prep school in Poland, and then the Technical College of Mittiveide, Saxony, where he received a degree in mechanical and electrical engineering in 1897. He worked as a designer and engineer in Poland until 1908 when he enrolled in the University of Paris to study aeronautics under Professor Louis Marchis. In 1910, Felix received the Certificate d'Etude from the University of Paris, France. During the period of 1910 to 1912, Felix moved to the United States, built his first monoplane powered by a 3 cylinder, 27hp Angamii engine, and was employed as an automotive designer. Although he wanted to teach aeronautical engineering full time, Felix accepted a position as an instructor in mechanical engineering at the University of Michigan in 1912. In 1914, he received his Master's of Science in Engineering degree. The courses taught by Professor Pawlawski proved to be extremely popular. By the 1916-1917 school year, the first complete four year program leading to a Bachelor Degree in Aeronautical Engineering was offered at the University of Michigan. During World War I, Professor Pawlawski was drafted to assist the military in aircraft design. Returning to the University of Michigan in 1917, he established a program for students drafted for military service to be qualified for preference into the Air Service. He was promoted to Associate Professor Aeronautics. In 1929, with the completion of the wind tunnel in the East Engineering Building, Felix was appointed to the Guggenheim Professorship. Professor Pawlawski began emphasizing research such as the use of magnesium in aircraft structures and the use of the wind tunnel to test models for many aircraft manufacturers. Felix became Professor Emeritus and a consultant at Douglas Aircraft Company in 1946. He died in 1951 in Pau, France. Professor Felix Pawlawski was enshrined into the Michigan Aviation hall of Fame on October 18, 1997 for his long and dedicated career as an aviation education pioneer and a founder for the first U.S. aerospace education school-the Aerospace Engineering Department at the University of Michigan.
John Quincy Adams was the sixth president of the United States and the first son of a former president who himself became president. (George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush are the only other father-son presidents.) John Quincy Adams was well known for his diplomatic success and most of all for his role as secretary of state under James Monroe. Adams had previously served as an ambassador to several European countries and as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts. He is the only president in history to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives after leaving the presidency. Adams's fierce sense of independent judgment meant that he never completely fit the mold of any political party, and he was surely the only president to have a pet alligator in the White House!
By Sherri Berger, Product Manager, California Digital Library (UCOP). The ten libraries of the University of California system hold a dazzling array of unique materials, including photographs, newspapers, maps, oral histories, films, ephemera, and more. Documents of world events and expressions of human culture, these materials are essential items of study for scholars, students, and the general public. In many cases, the UC campus libraries hold the only existing copies in the world. Unfortunately, until recently, many of these vast and valuable resources were effectively invisible to researchers because they were not available online. Why? For years, all of the UC libraries had been digitizing their remarkable research materials. But several of them lacked the technology needed to support — robustly, routinely, and at scale — the next steps of storage, management, description, and public access. This lack of a post-digitization “pipeline” had slowed or even stalled the digital collections building program on almost every campus. The technical pipeline The Sautter Award winning UC Libraries Digital Collection (UCLDC) project was a two-year initiative to establish a technical pipeline for all UC libraries to create, manage, and provide access to their digital assets. In July 2013, following four years of systemwide planning, a team based at the California Digital Library (CDL) and IST Research Technologies at UC Berkeley, in close partnership with staff members at all ten campus libraries, embarked on the project. In September 2015, the project team released three production services: - A shared digital asset management system (DAMS), based on the open-source Nuxeo platform - A metadata harvester that aggregates and indexes digital content - A user-focused public interface (Calisphere) that provides seamless access across the entire aggregation, plus an API that allows for customization and “remix” These services are now heavily in use, resulting in broad, aggregated access to an unprecedented number of the university’s most unique and remarkable research collections. The growth of digital collections The UCLDC project has helped several campus libraries significantly ramp up their digital collections programs. Since the project’s conclusion in September 2015, four university libraries have become highly active users of the shared DAMS, and two affiliated libraries are currently in testing. In the first six months alone, the libraries used the DAMS to manage 68 collections, and to subsequently publish a total of 27 of them to Calisphere – 18 of which had never before been available online. They include, for example, UC Merced’s Dunya Ramicova collection, one of the few complete collections of costume designs by a single designer held by an academic institution; and UC Riverside’s Sabino Osuna collection, which contains rare glass plate negatives of the Mexican Revolution. The project has also incentivized campus libraries with their own digital collections platforms to participate in the systemwide aggregation, since the harvester provides an easy way for them to extend access to their materials through Calisphere and the Digital Public Library of America. UC San Diego, for instance, has added over 80,000 items to the aggregation through the harvest in the past year. A treasure trove for research Meanwhile, the UCLDC project has also had an impact on its ultimate audience: researchers. When the new Calisphere site was released in September, it immediately contained 400,000 objects, which was 70% more content than in its previous iteration (due entirely to the scalable harvest infrastructure developed). The aggregation has continued to grow quickly in the months since, notably with the participation of new and previously inactive institutions at UC and throughout the state. It now contains over 600,000 objects, and the rapid pace of growth is on track to continue. California State Librarian Greg Lucas sums up the excitement around Calisphere from the end-user perspective: “Calisphere is one of those resources that librarians, researchers and the global public have been waiting their whole lives for without even knowing it. Not only has it brought together an unparalleled array of primary source material, it has done so in a clean, easily-searchable interface that everyone can use. Calisphere’s redesigned site is, in one word, awesome.”
Tamblingson - what does Tamblingson surname mean? Recorded in various spellings including Tam, Tamm, diminutives Tamlin, Tamblyn, Tambling, Tamplin and the rare patronymics Tamblingson and Tamlinson, this is an English medieval surname. It is a nickname form of the ancient Biblical and Hebrew name Thomas meaning `The twin`. Thomas was with John, the most popular given name with the Crusader knights and pilgrims returning from their various unsuccessful expeditions to try to free the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 12th century. At this time it became religious and politically correct to name ones children after biblical figures, and such was the enthusiasm for the new `Christian` names, that almost all the Old English and even Norman names which had survived a thousand years were swept away in a deluge of religious fervour. In the case of Thomas, it is estimated that over hundred variant spellings developed including examples such as Tom to Tomkin and Tomkinson, with -kin meaning Little Tom, and thence by dialect to Tam, Tamin, Tamlin, Tambling and many more. Early examples of recordings include Riccardus Tambelsone in the Poll Tax rolls of Yorkshire in 1379, and John Tamblin at All Hallows church, London Wall on September 13th 1625. The first recorded spelling of the family name in any form may be that of Robert Thomelyne. This was dated 1327, in the Pipe Rolls of Cambridge, during the reign of King Edward 111rd known as the Father of the English Navy 1327 - 1377 Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was sometimes known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to `develop` often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling. Get the Tamblingson surname meaning widget for your website! Select and copy the text below in your website's code.
Mount Rainier is perhaps the single most impressive mountain in the 48 contiguous United States. It ranks fifth in height, a tiny bit lower than California's Mt. Whitney (14,494'/4418m) and three Sawatch Range peaks in Colorado. And it ranks second to Mount Shasta in total volume for a single peak. But no other peak has the combination of high elevation, massive bulk, and extensive glaciation--and Mt. Rainier stands alone in splendid isolation, with only 40 miles separating sea level at Puget Sound from its glacier-clad summit. No other peak nearby even remotely challenges its supremacy. In most of the United States, a hike of 3000 vertical feet to the summit of a peak is considered about average; 4000 to 5000 vertical feet is considered a very long and extremely tiring trip, and anything above 6000 vertical feet is rare and devastatingly difficult. However, Mt. Rainier, by its easiet route, requires ascending 9000 vertical feet (that's 2740m for you non-Americans). This distance is the same as for the climb from advance basecamp in the Western Cwm to the summit of Mt. Everest. Even though Rainier's elevation is low by the standards of the Himalaya and the Andes, there are only 20 mountains on earth have more topographic prominence--it just beats out K2 for spot #21 on the list of most prominence peaks on earth. Mount Whitney, at #81, is the next peak in the contiguous USA on that list. Mt. Rainier can be seen from 150 miles away, and makes an appropriate design for Washington's license plate, since it's visible from such a large chunk of the state. Looming over Seattle and Tacoma, sometimes above the layer of clouds, Rainier has an overwhelming presence like that of few other peaks in the world. The upper mountain is covered with large glaciers and snowfields covering over 30 square miles, much of this terrain covered with yawning crevasses. To the casual tourist or climber, the only current evidence of volcanic activity on the mountain is some ice caves in the small, shallow summit crater, created by steam melting the snow. However, geologists consider Rainier an active volcano, and small eruptions were seen in in 1894-1895. As recently as the year 1400 a devastating lahar from the slopes of the mountain inundated large areas of lowland with thick mud deposits. As of 2007, the National Park Service allows three professional guide services to conduct clients to the summit of the peak and to offer mountaineering programs on its slopes. A three-day trip generally costs about $800 to $1100 and includes a day of training, a day to hike halfway up the peak, and a long third day when you summit and return to base. See the "Other Web Sites" section above for information from these three companies. Any well-coordinated and experienced hiker in excellent physical shape can make the climb with the guide services. The biggest variable is the weather--if the date of your scheduled climb is stormy, you might not even make it past the halfway camps of Camp Muir or Camp Schurman (but they still take all your money). Also, be aware that many guided climbs end at the crater rim, a short trip from the true summit at Columbia Crest. It is certainly possible for very fit and experienced mountaineers to climb the mountain without a guide. You do have to register with the National Park rangers and pay a small fee, but beyond the sheer scale of the peak the easier routes don't present much of a challenge to those used to crossing glaciers. The Camp Muir-Disappointment Cleaver route is usually a wide, trenched-out path made by hundreds of climbers every day, including the 30-strong RMI guided group. Other routes offer more solitude and/or challenge. The Interglacier-Emmons Glacier route is the second most-used, and avoids the crumbly rock of the Disappointment Cleaver for an endless glacier trudge. The Liberty Ridge on the northwest is perhaps the most famous of the more difficult routes, which vary all the way to the nearly-impossible Willis Wall, a 4000-foot north face of crumbling rock and ice. A few tips for those considering doing the Camp Muir-Disappointment Cleaver route without a guide: 1. Be in excellent physical condition. I've heard that climbing Rainier is like running a marathon, so a training regimen beforehand is a good idea. Recent (within the past week) high-altitude expeience, such as time spent scrambling in Colorado, is a help, too. 2. Wait for good weather. Storms on this mountain can be horrible, but summer usually sees several good, long stretches of sunny, cloudless, and settled weather. Not having strict time constraints and waiting for one of these periods is a good idea. 3. Water, water, and water. Drink lots of it. Plan to spend several hours at Camp Muir melting snow, and leaving for the summit with a gallon per person is not unreasonable at all. 4. Leave early--both from Paradise on the first day, so you can get your camp set up, melt snow, and acclimatize in the afternoon--and from Camp Muir. RMI starts out at about 1 AM, and leaving at midnight is pretty common. Fresh lithium batteries in the headlamp help keep a good beam for the hours of hiking up in the predawn chill. 5. Early season (through mid-July) is usually better than later, since by August the crevasses have opened up into yawning chasms that often take lots of time to circumvent. 6. Know how to do pulley systems for crevasse rescue. Crevasse falls along the heavily used routes are rare, and there are usually lots of people around to help pull someone out, but you shouldn't count on that. Buy a good book on the subject and practice it as much as possible. 7. A party size of three or four is best. Two-person crevasse rescue can be dicey, and solo climbing is reckless and heavily frowned upon by the park service.
Hamilton County school cafeterias serves about 26,000 school lunches each day. Nationally, USDA's school lunch program serves nearly 32 million students daily - about 5.2 billion lunches each year. Sources: USDA and Hamilton County school nutrition department The loss of the chicken sandwich was perhaps the toughest to swallow. The breaded sandwich was something of a legend in high school cafeterias across Hamilton County. But the former menu mainstay was one of the first -- and possibly most noticeable -- victim of federal legislation that mandated sweeping new regulations on school lunches. The chicken made one of its rare appearances in local cafeterias last week. And at East Hamilton Middle-High, the county's largest school, the beef teriyaki didn't stand a chance. Cafeteria manager Cathie Vandemark had several hundred chicken patties and buns ready, anticipating the crowd of high schoolers. "Once they find out, they'll start flocking," she said. Flock they did. Many students made a beeline for the sandwich lines -- pointing to the change that's happened in lunchrooms across the country this fall. What used to be a staple of the local high school diet has now become a rare treat. Across the nation, students and parents are protesting the new nutritional standards since the school lunch program was changed this year. In an attempt to curb childhood obesity, the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act limits how much and what kind of grains can be served, ups the daily servings of fruits and vegetables and puts strict limits on calories, salt, fats and sugars. The USDA regulates all school lunch programs that participate in federal free- and reduced-lunch programs. Complaints have varied, with some students saying the new meals are too bland and others saying there just isn't enough food anymore. Wisconsin students have staged a brown bag lunch boycott and high school students and teachers in Kansas produced the YouTube music video, "We are Hungry." It took little time for the politicizing of the new standards, which were championed by first lady Michelle Obama and signed into law by the president. Reps. Steve King, R-Iowa, and Tim Huelskamp, R-Kan., are co-sponsoring the "No Hungry Kids Act," which would roll back the new regulations. In a statement last month, King described the current USDA regulations as a "misguided nanny state." "Parents know that their kids deserve all of the healthy and nutritious food they want," King said. Locally, reaction is mixed. Many high school students miss their near-daily dose of chicken sandwiches, which schools can only serve a few times a month now because of new bread limitations and other regulations. But some students appreciate the extra fruit offerings while others don't even notice that anything has changed. East Hamilton eighth-grader Pamela Slack has noticed a change. "It almost makes you feel like you can't eat it," she said. "Everybody feels like the food is bland." Tyler Blum noticed changes in portions. "They just got a little bit smaller," he said. "It's mostly the same stuff." Junior Hunter Parker is unstirred by the changes. "No different," he said. His biggest problem is time. With an 11 a.m. lunch and football practice from 2:45 to about 6 p.m. each day, he gets hungry well before dinner time. "I'm starving right away after practice," he said. At East Hamilton, cafeteria workers serve more than 1,000 lunches and 1,500 a la carte items each day between 9:50 a.m. and 1 p.m. in multiple shifts of students. Though some students at the school have complained, officials say the cumbersome changes are beneficial. Students are getting more whole grains and more servings of fruits and vegetables. "I think the benefits outweigh the negatives greatly," said Vandemark, the cafeteria manager. Carolyn Childs, director of the county's school nutrition department, said she has received some student and parent complaints, most from high schools. The youngest students don't seem to notice or mind as much, she said. But portion size is a common point of criticism. The guidelines set caloric and other limits based on age groups and don't take a student's size or weight into consideration. So the football linemen get the same amount of food as the cheerleaders. Childs said she's heard anecdotally that the new standards have led to more wasted food now that schools are required to give more fruit and veggie helpings. The complex rules require certain amounts of green leafy vegetables, red and orange vegetables and legumes while limiting the servings of starchy vegetables. That's caused some unusual meal pairings, Childs said, such as serving pinto beans with corn dogs. The additional fruit and vegetable helpings are a welcomed addition, she said, but the array of other rules makes record keeping and menu planning a logistical challenge. Mostly, it's a case of too many changes too soon, she said.
Percy Bysshe Shelley has been universally accepted as one of the supreme lyrical geniuses in English poetry. His poems are marked by an intensity of feeling and spontaneity due to swift, momentary, and passionate impulses. It is true that melancholy is the most dominant note in his poetry, but the poet is extremely optimistic about the future of mankind. Here’s a list of the best Percy Bysshe Shelley poems: 1. To a Skylark To a Skylark is perhaps the most famous of Shelly’s poems. In it shelly records the thoughts evoked in him by singing Skylark. He finds a contrast between the Skylark’s easy movements and fluent song, and man’s clumsiness in these spheres. The poet is led to feel that Skylark’s superiority over man lies in its superhuman talents. Ozymandias is one of the best sonnets that Shelly wrote. It is different in subject and treatment from all other works of Shelly. A traveller relates how, in a vast, boundless desert there stands the statue of King Ozymandias. As an imaginative poem, it is, as felt by every reader, very impressive. 3. Ode to the West Wind Ode to the West Wind is accepted as one of the best poems in English literature. The poem is remarkable for its theme, range of thought, spontaneity, poetic beauty, lyrical quality, and quick movement similar to that of the wind itself. 4. Adonais, An Elegy on the Death of John Keats Adonais was composed three to four months after the death of John Keats. Ignorant, at the time of writing this poem, of the real cause of Keats’s death, namely, tuberculosis, Shelly got the impression that his death was due to brutal criticism of his poetry by an anonymous reviewer. Shelly, who had a high opinion of Keats as a poet, wrote this poem which was aimed to mourn the poet’s death as well as strike a blow at this murderer. 5. Stanzas Written in Dejection, Near Naples Stanzas Written in Dejection is one of the most subjective lyrics written by Shelly. At the time of writing this poem, Shalley was in the mood of despair and frustration. He had faced a series of personal misfortunes and was left sad and lonely. It is, therefore, natural that the poem has become an expression of the deepest kind of pessimism and a record of the poet’s intense suffering. 6. The Cloud The Cloud is perhaps the most purely objective and elemental of all of Shelley’s nature lyrics. The poem has been put through the mouth of the cloud itself to become its autobiography. As such, the poet’s own personality is debarred from obtruding by a deliberate sense of detachment. 7. Mutability, or The Flower That Smiles Today Mutability, or The Flower That Smiles Today is supposed to have been written for the opening of Hellas to be sung by a favorite slave to the sleeping Mahmud, whose empire was collapsing as he slept. It is a fine lyric, remarkable for its sincerity, simplicity, imaginative beauty, and haunting rhythm and melody. 8. Music, When Soft Voices Die Music, When Soft Voices Die is inspired by an intense and genuine feeling. The subject of the poem is the immortality of love. The simplicity of thought and diction, the sweetness and melody of its lines have, however, given this poem a truly lyric quality. 9. To the Moon To the Moon is another superb illustration of Shelley’s mythmaking power. The moon, in particular, always fascinated him. Shelley’s myth of the moon, though in variance with modern scientific explanations, has lent this poem a unique refreshing appeal. The poem is clear, sober, and to some extent, cynical. 10. To Night To Night is one of the best-known lyrics written by Shelley. It is marked by intense passion and yearning, and amply illustrates Shelley’s ability to make his own myths. Shelley’s love for the dark, mystic, and weird aspects of Nature also finds expression in this poem. The tone of the poem is not as grim as that of some of his other poems.
Genetic testing for cancer risk can significantly improve the prevention or treatment of hereditary cancers, but studies have shown that people who might have a genetic risk often don’t get tested. A collaborative Stand Up To Cancer ‘Dream Team’ of researchers co-funded by Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance and the National Ovarian Cancer Coalition have tested a possible solution through a clinical trial aimed at making genetic testing more accessible. The trial, called MAGENTA (Making GENetic Testing Accessible), engaged nearly 4,000 women from all 50 US states. It is the first large, randomized study to assess different combinations of remote pre- and post-test genetic counseling for cancer risk. The results, which were presented recently at the American Society of Clinical Oncology’s annual meeting, showed that genetic testing can be provided remotely and that genetic counseling before and after testing can be skipped without causing increased distress to patients undergoing genetic testing from their home. “The MAGENTA trial results are especially relevant now given the fact that the coronavirus pandemic is necessitating the timely and effective delivery of virtual healthcare,” said Elizabeth Swisher, MD, co-leader of the Dream Team and director of the Division of Gynecologic Oncology at UW School of Medicine. “There are many benefits to this new design, so I do see genetic testing for medical purposes headed in this direction, regardless of the pandemic.” The trial began in 2016 and ended in 2020. All of the women who participated in the trial had a family history of breast or ovarian cancer or had a family member with a known genetic mutation. Each participant underwent genetic testing for 19 genes associated with inherited cancer risk. Testing was done using a saliva kit provided by Color Genomics, which was mailed to each trial participant’s home and then returned by standard mail. “Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance is so pleased to have played a pivotal role in this important and timely project,” said Audra Moran, President and CEO of Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance. “Better understanding your risk of ovarian cancer is one of the most important things a woman can do to empower herself against the disease. We hope the results of this study will lead to easier access to potentially life-saving genetic testing for more people.” Trial participants were split into four groups. In every group, women watched an educational video on genetic testing for cancer risk before completing their test. In the standard group women had mandatory genetic counseling by phone before and after testing. In the other three groups women skipped the pre-test counseling, the post-test counseling or both. In all four groups, anyone with a positive test result had genetic counseling delivered by a telephone appointment. The study recently completed analysis of the first three-month follow-up survey to determine if the remote counseling methods caused negative feelings such as distress or anxiety for trial participants. Analysis of 12 and 24-month checkup surveys will follow. Results from the three-month follow-up survey showed that the electronic genetic education methods were effective and skipping personalized counseling did not increase patients’ distress. If applied broadly, this can allow medical practitioners to more efficiently provide genetic testing. Furthermore, skipping pre-test counseling resulted in more follow-through in completing the testing than traditional genetic counseling. Lastly, the approach increased access by eliminating common barriers associated with scheduling and attending several in-person counseling and testing appointments at a medical center or clinic. “These trial results are not only tangible but empowering for women with inherited risk for ovarian cancer,” said Melissa Aucoin, CEO of the National Ovarian Cancer Coalition. “With the vast majority of women diagnosed in late stages, improving preventative measures can have a significant impact on the future of ovarian cancer. We applaud the Dream Team for delivering progress.” “The majority of individuals meeting the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force guidelines for genetic testing have not received genetic testing or counseling,” said Karen Lu, MD, principal investigator of the study and professor and chair of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. “The results of this study demonstrate that using online and remote methods for preventative testing and genetic counseling can be an option to help break down barriers and expand the availability of preventative cancer care.” One family’s story Before Roni Scheller passed away from ovarian cancer at age 59, she encouraged the women in her family to participate in genetic testing. Her two sisters, Pamela and Kyle, as well as her cousin Dalin, all enrolled in the MAGENTA clinical trial. Dalin and Kyle tested negative. Pamela tested positive for a genetic mutation that significantly increases her risk of breast and colorectal cancer. After discussing the risks and benefits of treatment options with her physician, she decided to have her breasts and ovaries removed as a preventative measure. She is also very diligent about getting regular screening tests for colorectal cancer. “The whole process felt very empowering to me,” said Pamela. “Knowing what my risks were and being able to direct my concerns into action removed the constant ‘maybes’ and ‘what ifs’ that I was feeling before the test.” The MAGENTA trial provided all the tools to make the process convenient and smooth, Pamela explained. She doesn’t have any regrets and feels like knowing her genetic information gives her peace of mind. “I feel lucky to live in these times when modern medicine can provide answers. And of course Dalin, Kyle and I will be forever grateful to my sister Roni for encouraging us to participate in the MAGENTA trial,” said Pamela. Source: Read Full Article
Wooden grip from a firearm. The grip of a firearm is where the dominant hand holds and controls the orientation of the weapon. The grip houses the trigger and are often complimented with a "forward grip" to provide additional stability, especially in the case of longer firearms, such as assault rifles. Grips are often used to house additional functions for the weapon due to its ergonomic sensibility, such as the switch for the safety, bolts, and the magazine release. Can be removed from most firearms. - Likely scavenging locations:
The vicuņa (Vicugna vicugna) or vicugna is one of two wild South American camelids, along with the guanaco, which live in the high alpine areas of the Andes. It is a relative of the llama, and is now believed to be the wild ancestor of domesticated alpacas, which are raised for their coat. Vicuņas produce small amounts of extremely fine wool, which is very expensive because the animal can only be shorn every 3 years and has to be caught from the wild. When knitted together, the product of the vicuņa's fur is very soft and warm. It is understood that the Inca valued vicuņas highly for their wool, and that it was against the law for any but royalty to wear vicuņa garments. Both under the rule of the Inca and today, vicuņas have been protected by law. Before being declared endangered in 1974, only about 6,000 animals were left. Today, the vicuņa population has recovered to about 350,000, and while conservation organizations have reduced its level of threat, they still call for active conservation programs to protect population levels from poaching, habitat loss, and other threats. The vicuņa is the national animal of Peru; its emblem is used on the Peruvian coat of arms representing the animal kingdom. Picture was taken in La Reserva Nacional Salinas y Aguada Blanca. Nobody has marked this note useful Critiques \| Translate vjmite (4216) 2013-05-11 21:09 Good composition with the vicunas in the foreground and the volcano in the background. Good exposure and sharpness. jadesgran (5423) 2013-05-11 21:55 A very informative note - Thankyou. A charming picture of these beautiful creatures.Your P.O.V.is excellent showing their habitat and the mountainous terrain where they live. olive224 (2719) 2013-05-12 6:59 Nice shot but to my mind it would be better to have heads with a free sky background zone and to shift the volcano to the left (or right but not centered)
Two years after her climbing accident, Lisa Randall shakes her head, still not quite able to accept the reality of the laws of physics. "It just shouldn't have happened," she says. "I was climbing safely, the conditions were good, the route wasn't that difficult and I was properly roped up. But somehow, I managed to fall and smash my heel." It sounds like a straightforward, Newtonian case of "what goes up, must come down", but whenever Randall gets stuck into the laws of physics - and gravity in particular - things rarely turn out to be as simple as you imagined they would. Randall is professor of theoretical physics at Harvard University and one of the most influential living scientists. In partnership with Raman Sundrum, she has published two papers that have transformed the way physicists think about the underlying structure of space, by showing that the hidden dimensions required by string theory could be not just large but infinite, provided space was warped in the right way. This effectively solved the geometry of a high dimensional model of space and Randall's papers are now among the most cited in particle physics but, as she freely admits, this was not the problem she set out to answer. "I started out working on supersymmetry," she says. "The theory predicts that for every particle we know about, there will be an additional particle." It has implications for the standard model of particle physics, which embodies everything scientists know about the fundamental particles of the universe. Randall then began to consider the upshot of her geometry. "The standard model of particle physics describes forces and particles very well," she says, "but when you throw gravity into the equation, it all falls apart. You have to fudge the figures to make it work. We know how gravity works, but no one had properly answered the question of what determines its strength. Why is it so much weaker than standard theory would predict?" Once embarked on this track, things snowballed as she started to find other phenomena she hadn't anticipated. Randall "stumbled" on the fact that space is warped; accidentally realised, along with Sundrum, the radical implications of Einstein's equation of gravitational background, and proved gravity could be strong in some places and weak elsewhere. Gravity was strong enough for Randall to fracture her heel in several places and she reluctantly concedes that it is possible that "we could just be a pocket of three-dimensional space". The enforced lay-off - Randall was stuck in her bed for two months with her leg raised to prevent infection - had one benefit: it enabled her to get stuck into her first major book, Warped Passages, which aims to simplify her ideas for a wider readership. "I balanced my laptop on my chest and just got on with it," she shrugs. "There wasn't anything else to do." Randall's notions of simplification may not be the same as her readers'. String theory, multidimensional multiverses, Higgs bosons and Kaluza-Klein particles do not readily submit to a simple reductive narrative, and though she works hard to make her work accessible - there's an interesting bit on how the crystals that make up the coating of a non-stick frying pan do not have the conformity of three-dimensional crystals, and so might be a projection of a crystalline structure from a higher dimension - even a PhD in theoretical physics is unlikely to guarantee total understanding. But accessibility was not Randall's only motivation. "If you look through the shelves of science books, you'll find row after row of books written by men," she says. "This can be terribly off-putting for women." Randall knows all about the difficulties of being a lone female voice. She was brought up in the New York borough of Queens, where her father was a sales rep and her mother stayed at home to look after her three daughters. "I'm not sure where my interest in science comes from," she says. "I guess I was just always good at math and things took off from there." Even when Randall went to Harvard to study physics, she had her reservations about the academic life. "I never felt completely at home, even though I was clearly good at what I was doing and enjoyed the work," she says. "I missed out on the companionship of having women on my course. There were so few of them, it made life lonely at times. I considered going into business or becoming a lawyer - not for the money, but for the thrill of problem-solving." But physics proved an irresistible attraction and, from the late 80s onwards, Randall has held prestigious posts at the University of California at Berkeley, the Massachussetts Institute of Technology and Princeton, before coming back to Harvard in 2001. She was the first woman to win tenure in the physics departments of all three east coast universities. It's no more than her talent merited, but Randall leaves you in no doubt it's been an uphill struggle along the way. She refuses to get involved in personalities, but dismisses both MIT and Princeton as "unhelpful working environments" and was less than impressed when Larry Summers, Harvard's president, suggested at the beginning of the year that there were fewer women scientists because of innate differences between the sexes. "Though he's always been extremely complimentary about my work," she adds. One upshot of the Summers episode was that Randall was invited to become a member of the Women in Science panel, a task force set up by Harvard to address the under-representation of women in science and engineering. She is hopeful that something positive will emerge from its report. "We need to give undergraduate women better opportunities for research," she says. "And we also need to make sure that students are properly supervised and have all the tools they need." Randall believes things become more difficult for women the further they get up the career ladder. "I'm one of the big players in a very competitive arena," she says matter-of-factly. "So people have learned to take me seriously. But it's been a hard struggle at times." Not least because she has insisted on doing things her way. Unlike her alpha male colleagues, she's never oversold her ideas for easy headlines, and in some ways this has made her work harder to pin down. Randall sees it slightly differently. "I think it makes me a better scientist," she argues. "I don't have to believe in an idea to investigate it thoroughly. I can do good science while still remaining sceptical. We owe it to the public not to exaggerate our claims." But, on a personal level, crunch time for Randall is rapidly approaching. No matter how much she bends time, there's no escaping the fact that she's just turned 43 and that if she wants to have kids she's going to have to get on with it soon. "Children are the biggest issue for most women in science," she says, "because, like it or not, society still sees women as the primary carers. Part of me really wants to have children, but another part of me wants to put it off as long as possible, because there is so much more work I want to do and I'm very intolerant of distractions. Like many scientists, I'm something of an obsessive." So what are her plans? Randall is disarmingly hard to pin down. She hopes that when the particle accelerator at Cern in Switzerland comes on line in the next couple of years, physicists will get to see the Higgs particle, but concedes it's possible, "if we're very unlucky", they'll find nothing. And if the Higgs particle does make an appearance? "We won't know until we see it," she smiles, "but I can guarantee it will present just as many problems as it solves." Randall is happy to take a pop at string theorists who talk of 10 or 11 dimensions when "nobody really knows how string theory actually works", and she has no time for ideas that incorporate small dimensions. "Who cares about a dimension that is too small to be relevant to anything?" But she is reluctant to talk up her own theories as the last word in the interplay between particle physics and cosmology. "They may or may not be right," she says. "All I will say is that, if we do ever understand the structure of the universe, then it's likely my ideas will play some part in it." So to the biggest question of all. "You know, all the work I've done makes me think the existence of God less likely," she says. "I want solutions and God just seems like such a cop-out." But if she ever does come across God? "You'll be the first to know." You could call that an exclusive. Name: Lisa Randall Age : 43 Job : Professor of theoretical physics, Harvard University Before that: President's fellow, University of California, Berkeley; junior fellow, Harvard; professor of physics, MIT; professor of physics, Princeton Awards : Member of the American Academy of Arts and Science, 2004 Publications: Warped Passages, 2005; numerous journals Likes : endorphins Dislikes : making decisions and having them made for her Single : with no children
A heart-healthy lifestyle can cut your genetic risk for heart disease in half. Both genetic and lifestyle factors contribute to the individual-risk of coronary artery disease. However, the extent to which increased genetic risk can be offset by a healthy lifestyle is unknown but sure to offer some benefits. According to the best cardiologist in New York City, participants who followed three of the following four pillars were considered to have an overall healthy lifestyle. Furthermore, these people were able to decrease the risk of heart conditions by almost 50%. In order to classify heart health Garden State Medical Group created a lifestyle score based on the four pillars of a heart-healthy lifestyle: - No smoking. - Regular exercise, at least once per week. - No obesity, as defined by body mass index. - A healthy diet of increased fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts and fish, and limited intake of saturated fats, salt and sugar. The classification system is the result of a study in which data was examined from 55,000 participants who were at high risk for heart disease due to genetic factors. The cardiologist warns that a genetic tendency to heart disease can double the risk of a heart incident but a heart-healthy lifestyle can cut that risk in half. They also found that an unhealthy lifestyle can cancel out the benefits of good genes. The cardiology specialists in Secaucus point out that there is much evidence that people who adhere to a healthy lifestyle have reduced rates of incident cardiovascular events. The promotion of healthy lifestyle behaviours described above underlies the current strategy to improve cardiovascular health in the general population. The above study reveals that genetic factors and lifestyle choices contribute to and play a major role in the development of heart disease. Moreover, it demonstrates that the risk of heart disease can be lowered via lifestyle changes which only you have the power to change. Have more questions? Contact Dr. James Clifford, a cardiology specialist in Paramus New Jersey, now!
Surveys of the public also show a consistently high degree of support for a lower limit. The UK legal limit was set in 1967 at a level where impairment was undeniable - 80 milligrams of alcohol for 100 millilitres of blood (0.8). Recent research suggests that impairment begins at 0.5 and lowering the limit could save at least 40 lives a year on Britain’s roads. We are now out of step with the rest of Europe where most countries have adopted the lower limit of 0.5. 220 people were killed in drink drive accidents in 2015 and the total number of collisions and accidents where at least one driver was over the alcohol limit rose by 2% to 5,740. Long term alcohol related incidents have been flat lining for the last five years - 13%, or around one in seven, of all fatal crashes involved alcohol in 2015. Research shows that drink driving is most common amongst young drivers and the middle aged and police still catch thousands of drivers over the limit across the UK every year. Most were stopped by routine patrols rather than as the result of a crash.IAM RoadSmart acknowledges that a lower limit could risk diverting police resources from catching the most dangerous offenders who pay little regard to any limit, but it would also send a very powerful signal on drinking and driving. For the moment, the government is committed to keeping the current legal limit of 0.8 but this approach can only work if there is vigorous and focused enforcement on drink driving. Given the recent cuts in police budgets and the lack of improvement in drink related deaths it is clear the battle has been not yet been won and the ‘status quo’ is not good enough.
The Cults of the Greek States - Lewis Richard Farnell, Farnell Lewis Richard. City of Poseidon. A muddy dig in the Corinthian coastal plain yields the remains of an ancient Greek city swallowed by the sea. It's 8:30 in the morning at Dora Katsonopoulou's house in Nikolaiika, Greece. On a normal day, she would already be at the excavation site where the crew of her Helike Project is hard at work. But this morning she is on the phone, dealing with trouble. A mile away, in a 15-foot-deep pit, project archaeologists have been uncovering a large Early Bronze Age house more than 4,000 years old. The pit is below the water table, and every night it floods with a foot and a half of water. Katsonopoulou is a stylish woman with wavy red hair and the indomitable will of a general laying siege. Katsonopoulou has been eager to find Helike since she was a child growing up nearby, and while others have looked in vain, she and her partner, Steven Soter, codirector of the small Helike Project, have been closing in on its remains. Further Reading Tom Gidwitz is a contributing editor to ARCHAEOLOGY. CULT OF POSEIDON 1 : Ancient Greek religion. POSEIDON was the god of the sea, the sources of fresh water, horses and earthquakes. He was widely worshipped in ancient Greece, with numerous temples and shrines. The foremost of these were his sanctuary near Korinthos, where the famed Isthmian Games were celebrated in his honour every four years, and the shrines at Helike in Akhaia, and Onkhestos in Boiotia. Poseidon was represented as a mature, muscular bearded god in Greek sculpture. He was virtually identical to Zeus in appearance apart from his attributes: Poseidon was often depicted standing beside a dolphin, and holding a trident, whereas Zeus had thunderbolt and eagle. In statues like the bronze god of Artemisium (S2.1) below, where the attribute is lost, identification is difficult. Pausanias, Description of Greece 10. 9. 4 (trans. Aelian, On Animals 15. 6 (trans. I) ATHENS Chief City of Attika Strabo, Geography 9. 1. 16 (trans. Poseidon. There is a Homeric hymn to Poseidon, who was the protector of many Hellenic cities, although he lost the contest for Athens to Athena. According to the references from Plato in his dialogue Timaeus and Critias, the island of Atlantis was the chosen domain of Poseidon. Etymology The earliest attested occurrence of the name, written in Linear B, is 𐀡𐀮𐀆𐀃 Po-se-da-o or 𐀡𐀮𐀆𐀺𐀚 Po-se-da-wo-ne, which correspond to Poseidaōn and Poseidawonos in Mycenean Greek; in Homeric Greek it appears as Ποσειδάων (Poseidaōn); in Aeolic as Ποτειδάων (Poteidaōn); and in Doric as Ποτειδάν (Poteidan), Ποτειδάων (Poteidaōn), and Ποτειδᾶς (Poteidas). A common epithet of Poseidon is Γαιήοχος Gaiēochos, "Earth-shaker," an epithet which is also identified in Linear B tablets. Another attested word 𐀁𐀚𐀯𐀅𐀃𐀚, E-ne-si-da-o-ne, recalls his later epithets Ennosidas and Ennosigaios indicating the chthonic nature of Poseidon. Neptunalia. Neptune (mythology) The etymology of Neptunus is unclear and disputed. The ancient grammarian Varro derived the name from nuptus i.e. covering (opertio), with a more or less explicit allusion to the nuptiae, marriage of Heaven and Earth. Among modern scholars P. Kretschmer proposed a derivation from IE neptu-, moist substance. Similarly R. Bloch supposed it might be an adjectival form in -no from nuptu-, meaning "he who is moist". Dumézil though remarked words deriving from root *nep- are not attested in IE languages other than Vedic and Avestan. He proposed an etymology that brings together Neptunus with Vedic and Avestan theonyms Apam Napat, Apam Napá and Old Irish theonym Nechtan, all meaning descendant of the waters. More recently, in his lectures delivered on various occasions in the late years of the last century, German scholar H. Mosaic of Neptune (Museo archeologico nazionale, Palermo)
- About NCAR - Community Resources - Visitor Programs - Labs / Programs - Events / Calendar - Education & Outreach - For Staff What will the weather be like this afternoon? Tomorrow? Next week? Next year? In the next century? How do weather processes work, and how do they affect larger climate processes? Research in the Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorology Division of the NCAR Earth System Laboratory points the way toward answers to each of these questions. Although NCAR doesn’t issue official forecasts, our research and technology is used by operational forecasters—those who issue regular outlooks for the National Weather Service, Federal Aviation Administration, military weather services, or private industry. Making those predictions more accurate, and longer range, benefits humanity both physically and economically. In addition to routine weather prediction, another important focus of NCAR research is prediction of severe storms, which can damage lives and property. For example, more than 1,000 thunderstorms rage across Earth's surface at any moment. They bring beneficial rains, but thunderstorms can also spawn lightning, tornadoes, hail, and flash floods. Many complex physical factors must be understood to predict which storms will turn violent. NCAR scientists and their collaborators pry into the heart of severe storms using aircraft, balloons, mobile radars, and computer models, with the goal of better understanding these events and increasing the warning times for affected locations. Some of the most threatening weather events—gusty thunderstorm winds, ice on highways and aircraft, turbulence aloft—are the toughest to predict. They may affect only a small area, and they can develop and dissipate within minutes. Investigating the dynamics of weather systems with the aim of improving their prediction, estimating their limits of predictability, identifying the key physical processes that limit forecast skill, and developing improved methods of determining forecast skill at the mesoscale, is a major research effort at NCAR. For instance, a long-running line of research has clarified the factors that result in different types of thunderstorms. These types include weak, short-lived cells; narrow, fast-moving squall lines; isolated supercells that pack large hail or tornadoes; and mammoth storm clusters that dump swaths of heavy rain. Training tools are derived from this research, and now help forecasters decide how and when to warn the public as storms evolve. A severe thunderstorm, cumulonimbus cloud, moves across the plains east of Denver on June 10, 2004. Heavy rain and large hail is falling in the background, dark blue or blue-green area. A downdraft of cool, moist air produced by the rain and hail is pushing toward the camera. The strong winds produce fragmented cumulus clouds known as fractocumulus or scud, lighter, lower clouds in foreground. Most weather forecasts offered by the news media cover some part of the 1- to 10-day period. To produce these outlooks, forecasters examine the results from sophisticated models that simulate the weather up to 16 days out. How many days into the future can we accurately predict weather?Despite their invaluable role in forecasting, computer models are still unable to depict many aspects of day-to-day weather. NCAR scientists explore the limits of predictability and how those limits can be extended, as well as how and when forecasters should go beyond model guidance. One example of NCAR's push to better predict weather on this scale, is its participation in THORPEX, a long-term research program organized under the World Meteorological Organization's World Weather Research Program. THORPEX research seeks to accelerate improvements in the accuracy of high-impact, 1-14 day weather forecasts for the benefit of society, economy and environmental stewardship. THORPEX seeks to reduce and mitigate the effects of natural disasters on society by transforming timely and accurate weather forecasts into specific and definite information in support of decisions that produce the desired benefits. Precipitation is a key element in weather forecasts. As part of the U.S. Weather Research Program, NCAR is working to improve forecasts of rain and snow, particularly in the situations where they matter most, such as a hurricane landfall. Among other findings, the team has gained new insight into repetitive summertime rainfall that can inundate parts of the United States over several days. Some of these multiday episodes appear to be sustained by processes yet to be depicted in models. This work is now being extended to other parts of the globe at risk from similar summertime episodes of heavy rain. An improved forecasting model is under development by NCAR and collaborators. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) bolsters understanding and prediction and promotes closer ties between researchers and forecasters. The WRF model is a community model, and as such, its code can be downloaded from the WRF website, and developed by researchers all over the world. This has lead to many exciting developments by researchers across the world, and even to 2 major physics cores for the model, the WRF-ARW (a version aimed at advanced research & development needs) and WRF-NMM (a version aimed predominanatly at the needs of operational forecasters). How many days into the future can we accurately predict weather? Useful weather forecasts were once limited to a period of two or three days. Now, thanks to improved computer models, there is measurable skill more than a week ahead. However, if a forecast period is extended much further, the outlook becomes no better than chance, because of the chaos effect—small errors that grow over time. Even when seasonal forecasts are skillful (see seasons to years), it's impossible to say what weather will materialize on a given day several months out. Scientists at NCAR are working to pin down the edge of predictability. It once appeared the limit was 10 days. Computer models can now project large-scale weather features up to 15 days out, although the skill dwindles to negligible levels at the far end of that range. Ensemble techniques are a valuable way to extend forecast range and quality, especially for longer-range periods. At NCAR and elsewhere, ensembles are created using several simultaneous runs of the same model. Researchers randomly tweak the initial conditions for each run, spanning the range of error known to be present at the starting line. There is no way to tell in advance which of the 10 forecasts in an ensemble will wind up being closest to correct. Still, the actual weather usually ends up within the ensemble range. Forecast centers in several countries now produce ensembles as part of their standard lineup of products. Through retrospective studies of ensembles, scientists can gain insight on how model errors grow. Longer-term forecasts of one to three weeks may gain skill as they focus on regime shifts, the transitions into and out of weather patterns that persist for a week or more. NCAR scientists are examining whether there might be preferred modes of the atmosphere, such as configurations of the jet stream that tend to be locked into place—a long-sought guide for extended forecasting. However, early results hint that such modes may not serve as a useful forecast tool. Scientists are also exploring how nonlinear events (those that grow more quickly than the features usually tracked by large-scale models) affect regime shifts and dictate the limits of predictability. Some factors and complexities in predicting drought. The influence of ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) was discussed at a July 2007 NCAR colloquium. Some of the most dramatic progress in forecasting has taken place on the scale known as seasonal to interannual. It's impossible to foresee how day-to-day weather will take shape in that time frame. But forecasters can now make useful conclusions up to a year or more in advance about the likelihood of warmer, colder, wetter, or drier conditions than average. Adjusting research radar on a buoy. Much of the success in seasonal-to-interannual forecasting stems from research at NCAR and elsewhere, especially on the roles that El Niño and La Niña play in global climate. As recently as 1982, there was no observing or forecasting system designed specifically to capture these warmings and coolings in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Improved data from sensors mounted on buoys has enabled meteorologists to monitor the Pacific on a daily basis for signs of a developing El Niño or La Niña. Computer models are becoming increasingly skilled at projecting the evolution of these events. NCAR scientists have also turned their attention to other ocean-atmosphere interactions that affect global climate for months at a time. One recent study explored a potential connection between sea-surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Atlantic and the development of El Niño in the Pacific. The tropical Atlantic may also play a role in the North Atlantic Oscillation, a highly variable pattern that affects wintertime temperatures and rainfall across the northeast United States, eastern Canada, and Europe. Yet another oscillation, this one affecting the spread of Arctic cold, may explain why many winters since 1980 have been unusually mild across much of the Northern Hemisphere. To study these and other climate cycles, NCAR uses long-range computer models and sophisticated statistical analyses. Adjusting research radar on a buoy. It is well known that the structure and evolution of precipitating weather systems depend strongly on the microphysics and, in particular, on the conversion of water to ice and vice versa. Such microphysical processes affect the dynamics of systems through their influence on the strength of updrafts, downdrafts, and cold outflows; they also directly affect important forecast parameters such as precipitation type and amount. Quantitative precipitation forecasts, which are a critical societal requirement, are highly sensitive to these microphysical properties and processes. Despite this, precipitation formation processes are currently not adequately represented in both weather and climate models. Especially uncertain is the treatment of water and ice phases and precipitation development. Physically based improvements to the model physics must be developed, particularly for the ice formation that accounts for much of the deficiency. Illustration of research on the affects of continental versus maritime atmospheric conditions, and clear versus polluted air, on the formation of various forms of precipitation in different cloud types. Understanding the very small (microphysical) precipitation processes such as droplet formation, furthers our understanding of weather and climate systems, and improves weather forecasting. Bad weather, or badly forecast weather, means far more than cancelled plans and personal inconvenience. The impact of the weather on our economy, safety, and environment can be severe both through extreme events (hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, drought, etc.) and just day-to-day fluctuations. In the U.S., estimates of average annual damage ($16 billion) and loss of life (1,500) are significant and impact every state. According to the Department of Commerce, 42 percent of our gross domestic product is in sectors that are affected by severe weather and climate. Conversely, good information about weather and climate can be used effectively to enhance economic activities and improve quality of life. Researchers in NCAR's Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division of the Earth and Sun Systems Laboratory, and in the Research Applications Laboratory, strive to understand the physical processes and genesis of such extreme weather, in order to protect human lives and property. According to the Department of Commerce, 42 percent of our gross domestic product is in sectors that are affected by severe weather and climate.
A golden era of antibiotics shifted the leading causes of death away from infection to cancer and cardiovascular disease. At the moment, we can still treat most infections as only a few are resistant to what is currently the last line of antibiotics – the colistins. But history shows us this will change and colistin resistance is already growing in China and the United States. While prizes are being awarded for new research to combat resistance, farmers are slammed for overuse of antibiotics in livestock, doctors chided for unnecessary prescriptions and pharmaceutical companies criticised for a lack of investment. Meanwhile, new antibiotic discoveries are rare if not non-existent and exciting new methods aren’t seen by many as enough to avert doomsday. Some believe technology – and even a revivial of older treatments – might save us. Others have already laid out what we need to do now to save ourselves. We aren’t in the post-antibiotic era yet, but what would the world be like if no antibiotics were available? We only have to go back 70 years, before the “golden era” of antibiotic discoveries of the 1940s to 1960s, to experience infectious disease as the predominant cause of human death. These diseases are still around and some are more virulent – complicated by multiple antibiotic resistances, which evolved through many factors, but mostly driven by our overuse. City life: up close and personal. Shutterstock However, society has also changed since the days before antibiotics. There are more of us and we live closer together as cities grow and people migrate from rural areas. More people live in a cleaner society which, ironically, some say makes them more vulnerable to disease. New diseases (and some that have re-emerged) have also had significant impact in the past couple of decades. Legionnaires disease, Lyme disease and Weil’s disease, highly pathogenic E. coli (usually a friend that lives in our colon, but can become our worst enemy). These will inevitably become more antibiotic resistant with time. Without antibiotics some old, established diseases that don’t hit our current top worst ten will start return as silent assassins. Our dogged foe, tuberculosis, will rise immeasurably. Pneumonia will once again become a mass-killer, particularly among the old and frail – and maybe everyone else too. Bigger risk. Shutterstock Transplant surgery would become virtually impossible as the immuno-suppressing drugs that are essential to our bodies accepting the transplants leave us unable to fight off life-threatening infections without antibiotics. Even removing a burst appendix would be a dangerous operation once again, as all operations become life threatening if septicaemia takes its toll unimpeded. Ironically, we wouldn’t worry about antibiotic resistance anymore – no antibiotics would be prescribed because they wouldn’t work. It is a mainstay of the argument against resistance that the use of fewer antibiotics will reduce resistance. But if we imagined that completely taking away antibiotics would do away with resistance altogether and create a world where we could start using them again, we’d be wrong. Let’s put aside the argument that millions, maybe billions, of people who would die if antibiotics weren’t used anymore because the same prediction holds if we continue to apply ineffective antibiotics. Resistance still wouldn’t disappear completely as a small reservoir of genes would be maintained in natural bacterial populations. Just when it was safe to use antibiotics again, resistance would return, but probably at a quicker rate as it has already been established. The soil, water, in fact the environment as a whole will always remain a reservoir for resistance, ready to be spread and make our antibiotics ineffective again. So how would society change in a post-antibiotic era? Will we still greet people with a hug or handshake, or keep each other at arm’s length and view them with suspicion? Will we travel by aircraft, that tube of recirculating air and a known route for global spread of infections? Will we even want to use the train, the bus or the car? Will we always wear masks or develop biological containment suits (one for every occasion)? Will protective segregation occur between the fit and the less fit that alters societal structures? Will we think twice about pastimes that may harm us? Or will we be inventive and unite with global policies against a common enemy, invest and find new antimicrobials, develop new therapies or apply a combination of all these strategies? The sentiments of physiologist Kevin Fong ring out: If we are to avoid a return to the pre-antibiotic landscape with all its excess mortality we must be bold. To squander the advantage we have so recently gained against microorganisms in the fight for life would be unthinkable. Slowly but surely a worldwide realisation is emerging that this is not a rehearsal and we are past the opening night. National governments are starting to look for solutions but are having to balance their energies against other threats like the Zika virus. Regardless, from government to citizen, we have to take notice. Perhaps we (and all governments) should read the ten solutions offered up by Jim O'Neill in a UK report and do something about it before it is too late.
Honoring Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, Darwin Awards commemorate those who improve our gene pool--by removing themselves from it in the most spectacular way possible. 1999 Darwin Award Winner Confirmed True by Darwin (25 May 1999, Ukraine) A fisherman in Kiev electrocuted himself while fishing in the river Tereblya. The 43-year-old man connected cables to the main power supply of his home, and trailed the end into the river. The electric shock killed the fish, which floated belly-up to the top of the water. The man waded in to collect his catch, neglecting to remove the live wire, and tragically suffered the same fate as the fish. In an ironic twist, the man was fishing for a mourning meal to commemorate the first anniversary of his mother-in-law's death. In a related story, on January 9 the China Post reported that a 23-year-old Pingtung man died after eating fish he poisoned in a nearby ditch. Three days of diarrhea and vomiting led to his demise after he ate fish he caught by pouring toxic chemicals in the water at the suggestion of friends. China Post - Taiwan January 8, 2001 Michael J. Weed says, "This is not possible. Unless he were touching the wire it seems unlikely he would have shocked himself, because fresh water does not conduct electricity. You can test this yourself! Fill a plastic pop bottle with fresh water and poke a nail in each end. Attach a battery to one end and a flashlight bulb to the other. You will see that it does NOT light up. Open the bottle and add a lot of salt, and try again -- now it DOES light up. No salt, no ions, no conduit." Darwin responds, "How much salt would the river need? You can often taste salinity even miles upstream from a river's mouth on the ocean. Does anyone live near the River Tereblya, who can perform Michael's lightbulb test?" Colin contributes "Completely pure water has a resistivity of 182kOhm-m2/m but river water can have a resistivity 100-3000 times lower than this value. Given a domestic supply voltage of 230V, a best case resistivity of 1.82kOhm-m2/m and the wires a metre apart in a river with a cross sectional area of 1 metre squared, the current produced would be 126 milliamps which is more than enough to kill. Ukranian rivers are not renowned for their cleanliness, so the resistivity is likely to be much lower than this example and therefore the potential currents much higher."
Iron is immobile in plants. This means that plants cannot divert iron from older leaves to new ones. Therefore, deficiency symptoms appear first on new or young leaves. Because plants use iron to produce chlorophyll, a lack of iron results in chlorosis, or yellowing, of the younger leaves. Stems may also appear short and slender. If the deficiency is severe and prolonged, each new leaf emerges lighter in color than the preceding leaf. When choosing an iron supplement, it is important to know the distinction between the two forms of iron. The iron will be in one of two oxidation states: ferrous having a +2 charge, or ferric having a +3 charge. Ferrous iron, the preferred iron form and is soluble in water at any pH. Ferric iron, however, is only soluble below a pH of around 5.5; but if the pH is higher than 5.5, which more than likely it will be in a planted aquarium, the ferric iron will become insoluble and precipitate, settling in the root zone. Once this occurs, foliar absorbtion becomes impossible. To overcome this precipitation, competing products employ a chelate of ferric iron: iron-EDTA. While this does keep it soluble, it has a couple of drawbacks with respect to foliar uptake of iron. (1) Iron-EDTA bonding is very strong, thus very little of the iron will be available to the plants over a given time frame and (2) Physiological energy must be expended by the plant in order to extract the ferric iron from EDTA-iron and then convert (reduce) it to the ferrous form. Our approach is different in that we use a complex (not chelate) of ferrous iron in Flourish Iron™. Flourish Iron™ is a highly concentrated (10,000 mg/L) ferrous iron gluconate supplement. Plants are able to much more easily derive a beneﬁt from Flourish Iron™ because ferrous iron gluconate is already in the ferrous form so they do not expend energy reducing it. Despite what other manufacturers may intimate, gluconate is not harmful to plants or fish. In fact, ferrous gluconate is better suited to foliar feeding than is iron-EDTA owing to the relatively weaker iron-gluconate bonding vs. iron-EDTA bonding. In addition, ferrous gluconate has the added bonus of being a source of carbon. Sizes: 50 mL, 100 mL, 250 mL, 500 mL, 2 L, 4 L A: Iron is an important nutrient in the planted aquarium. In order to maintain an adequate iron concentration it should be dosed on a fairly regular basis (daily). Flourish® should be dosed less often (semi-weekly or weekly) since its components are not rapidly depleted. Daily dosing with Flourish® can lead to unwanted algae growth. By having these supplements as separate products, the hobbyist can add Flourish Iron™ every day and not risk unwanted algae growth while still adding the necessary level of Flourish® on a less regular basis. A: I am confident that the iron is being consumed. If it was precipitating out of solution, you would notice a white chalky haze to your water and a white colored coating to your aquarium walls, heater, filter, etc. Our Flourish Iron™ is a very different type of iron. Our's is bound to a carbohydrate that is very easily metabolized by your plants. Most of the others on the market are chelated iron supplements and your plants has to expend large amounts of energy to get the iron from the chelate to be able to use it. A: This is a peculiar response. Flourish Iron™ does not normally cause cloudiness unless used excessively, and even then the cloudiness is very mild. Since the cloudiness was caused by a white precipitate, as you confirmed by testing, it is not an iron precipitate. It is also unlikely to be a direct carbonate precipitate. I suspect that your water is exceptionally hard (contains a lot of calcium/magnesium) and that you may also have a high alkalinity (carbonate content), and that the addition of Flourish Iron™ (by an ion competing mechanism) pushes the calcium/magnesium carbonate in the water beyond saturation, resulting in the precipitation of calcium/magnesium carbonates. Even without the addition of Flourish Iron™, do you sometimes see a white (chalky) film on the surface of the water? If so, that would support the presence of high calcium/magnesium. You may want to test your water for calcium/magnesium and alkalinity. If you experience problems growing certain plants, that may also suggest excessive hardness, since many plants prefer soft to only mildly hard water. Do you see any cloudiness when adding bicarbonate? If you have to frequently add bicarbonate, you may be using to much CO2. Regardless, however, I expect your calcium/magnesium hardness is the culprit. While this is nothing to panic about, if it should prove to be the case, I think you would do better to dilute out your water with some kind of soft water, such as DI, RO, or rain water. Can't find what you're looking for? Ask us a new question. One of the experts from our technical support staff will be happy to promptly respond. You can also call 888‑732‑0003 (Monday- Friday 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM EST) if you would like to speak directly with a technical support representative. \|Amounts per 1 g\| Derived from: Ferrous Gluconate
John Rogers is a scientist leading the 'Born to Die' project at the University of Illinois. This project aims to create circuitry that can be dissolved in water. 'Born to Die' addresses the problem of the overabundance of tech available on the market and the waste it leaves behind. As Rogers notes, "you don’t need your cellphone to last for 25 or 50 years." The magnesium and silicone circuits are printed on fine layers of silk, which causes them to dissolve slowly when wet. This project aims to make circuitry more organic, and enable it to "wither away like a dead plant." The biggest challenge Rogers' team faces is timing the precise dates of expiry. This is an incredible initiative to reduce the amount of waste that can't be recycled and ends up in landfills. More Stats +/- Disaster-Proof Phone Covers Extremely Ergonomic Earbuds Earth-Saving Foam Dispensers Mosquito Malady-Fighting Patches
In April of this year, FDA released a safety alert reminding patients, caregivers, and clinicians about the potential for serious adverse events, including death, resulting from accidental exposure to fentanyl transdermal systems (patches). The alert was prompted by more than two dozen cases of accidental exposures to the patches in pediatric patients resulting in hospitalization or death (see related story on page 80). Adults, however, are at risk to accidental exposures as well. Numerous studies have shown that even after 3 days of use, the fentanyl patch may still contain 30% to 50% or more of the labeled amount of fentanyl. Marquardt and colleagues published a study in the Annals of Pharmacotherapy evaluating the amount of fentanyl remaining in 2.5-mg and 10-mg patches after they had been worn by hospice patients for 3 consecutive days. An analysis of five 2.5-mg patches revealed that 0.7–1.22 mg remained in these used patches, and an analysis of four 10-mg patches revealed that 4.46–8.44 mg remained in these patches. These values represented 28% to 84.4% of the original contents and highlight the concern that used fentanyl patches can contain large amounts of active drug, which can result in serious harm in children and opioid-intolerant patients who come into contact with them. FDA noted in the alert that pediatric patients may be exposed to fentanyl by finding lost patches, taking improperly discarded patches from the trash, or finding improperly stored patches, all of which may result in patches being placed in children’s mouths or sticking to their skin. In addition, young children are at risk of fentanyl exposure when being held by someone wearing a partially detached patch, which can then transfer to the child. Adults may also be at risk for fentanyl intoxication from patches that are not disposed of properly. A case presented in the literature focuses on a 31-year-old man who collapsed at a pond while fishing and later died at the hospital. Postmortem toxicology studies noted that the man’s serum fentanyl concentration was 15 µg/L, which far exceeds normal therapeutic concentrations, which range from 1–3 µg/L. A detailed history revealed that the patient was not prescribed fentanyl. However, on the day before his death, he was involved in the transport of a recently deceased woman who was wearing two fentanyl patches (75 µg/h and 100 µg/h patches) from a local nursing home to a funeral home. Both patches were only worn by the woman for 1 day and therefore still contained a substantial amount of active drug. It was determined that the man, who had a history of drug abuse, had taken the patches off the deceased woman and used them. An investigation of the nursing home revealed that there was no policy in place regarding proper removal and disposal of fentanyl patches from deceased patients. This case highlights the need for adequate disposal of used fentanyl patches from patients to prevent the illicit use of these patches by others. Based on reported cases and fatal events observed with exposure to fentanyl patches in both pediatric and adult patients, health professionals are urged to educate patients, caregivers, and clinicians about the appropriate use and disposal of medication patches to prevent serious errors from occurring in the future. Patients should be advised to keep the patch and other medications in a secure location out of a child’s sight and reach. When using the patch, FDA recommended that consideration should be given to covering the patch with an adhesive film to ensure that it does not fall off the body inadvertently. In addition, the agency recommended that patients should check the patch throughout the day by touching it or looking at it to make sure it is still in place. If a patch is discovered on a child or anyone else, it should be removed immediately. The individual should be monitored for signs of a possible overdose such as trouble breathing; extreme sleepiness; inability to think, talk, or walk normally; and confusion. Emergency services should be contacted immediately.
Coming in a large variety of colors of pink, yellow, orange, and so on, Daylilies are a wonderful addition to a summer garden. This perennial plant is a trumpet shaped flower. It grows on long skinny green stems, and is surrounded by long pointed leaves. The trumpet shaped flower usually only blooms for a day, hence the name. However, if you plant a wide variety of them, you can have blooming flowers through the majority of the summer months. You should begin to plant this flower in the fall or in the spring. Plant them in a sunny spot. If you do not have a place with a lot of sun, they can tolerate some shade. You will see however that they grow towards the sun. Dig a hole in well drained, fertilized soil. Place them in a flowerbed that you regularly weed, as they do not grow well with weeds. You can plant this flower however you want all throughout the garden. They do not need to be spaced out evenly. They will grow very fast and spread out through the garden. Once you have planted the flower you do not need to do anything else. They are maintenance free. They are very easy flowers for summer that anyone can grow. After a few years, if the plant is growing out too much, you can cut it back. Divide this plant as you see fit.
The Tiki masks are classified as respiratory protection equipment (RPE), a type of PPE that protects the user from breathing in air contaminated by hazardous particles such as virus and pollution. These hazards may cause cancer, lung impairment, diseases, or death. Target users of RPE are people working in hazardous environments with polluted air. This is typically workers within the care and healthcare sectors, or in the industrial sectors (including defense and public safety, oil and gas and manufacturing workers). The Tiki medical mask provides unique protection and is designed for medical use The Tiki was initially developed for virological protection for field and hospital work. All the aspects of this sector were carefully considered when developing the Tiki, including user-friendliness, comfort, security, and all gear sterilization. Also, our aim was to achieve an excellent Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) not comparable to anything else on the market. With the introduction of Tiki medical, which filters the air both in and out, the mask has yet another unique feature. Use the Tiki medical as respiratory protection against viruses like Corona and Ebola
PHILADELPHIA - Since 2007, clinical trials using gene therapy have resulted in often-dramatic sight restoration for dozens of children and adults who were otherwise doomed to blindness. Now, researchers from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), have found evidence that this sight restoration leads to strengthening of visual pathways in the brain, published this week in Science Translational Medicine. “The patients had received the gene therapy in just one eye (their worse seeing eye), and though we imaged their brains only about two years later, on average, we saw big differences between the side of the brain connected to the treated region of the injected eye and the side connected to the untreated eye,” said lead author Manzar Ashtari, PhD, director of CNS Imaging at the Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics in the Department of Ophthalmology at Penn. Ashtari is the former director of Diffusion Tensor Image Analyses and Brain Morphometry at CHOP. “It’s an elegant demonstration that these visual processing pathways can be restored even long after the period when it was thought there would be a loss of plasticity,” said senior author Jean Bennett, MD, PhD, the F.M. Kirby Professor of Ophthalmology at Penn and director of the Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics. The team examined ten patients who have Leber’s congenital amaurosis Type 2 (LCA2), a rare disease that afflicts those who inherit a bad copy of an LCA2 gene from each parent, LCA2 causes their retinas to degenerate slowly and they typically have limited visual function at birth and then experience progressive loss of their remaining vision, rendering them completely blind by mid-life. In one of the first great success stories for gene therapy, Bennett’s team and others demonstrated the effectiveness of LCA2 gene augmentation in animal tests stretching back to the early 2000s. The basic strategy is to inject a harmless virus that inserts good copies of the normal LCA2 gene into retinal cells. Patients who have received the gene therapy have commonly gone from being blind or near blind to being partially sighted and able to navigate almost normally. One question hanging over the field has been: even if retinal function improves, how well can the brain’s visual processing pathways recover, after years of near-total blindness in which those unused pathways inevitably will have weakened? Ashtari, a neuroimaging specialist, addressed this question with several experiments. First she compared the LCA2 group, which had initially received the gene therapy in one eye for safety reasons, to an age-matched control group with normal vision. Using an advanced method of MRI technique to uncover deep brain connections, she found that while the connectivity of the visual pathway from the treated eye in LCA2 patients was similar to that of sighted controls, the untreated eye showed weaker connectivity to the brain as compared to the connections for the treated side. The data showed that the retina-brain pathways in the treated eyes in the LCA2 group seemed nearly as robust as the corresponding pathways in the sighted control group, implying that these pathways had largely rebuilt themselves in the LCA2 patients, following their retinal intervention. “That was what we expected to see— the more the treated eye sees the world and interacts with the environment the more it stimulates the pathway and the stronger the connecting pathway becomes between the retina and the brain,” said Ashtari. The result came despite the fact that many of the LCA2 patients were in their 20s, and one was even 45—an age when the ability of the nervous system to rewire itself is thought to be greatly reduced. Ashtari also found a strong hint in the data that the treated-eye pathways tended to be in better shape when more time had elapsed since the treatment, implying that these pathways continue to improve with use. By contrast, the untreated-eye pathways showed a clear decline with time. In further tests Ashtari used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to confirm the stronger connectivity of the brain’s visual fibers for the treated-eye. There was a symmetrical brain response in normal sighted individuals stimulated in a given eye, whereas, LCA2 patients showed much greater brain responses when the treated eye was stimulated. “All this mirrors the results of other testing in these gene therapy recipients, which shows that they’re functioning better too,” said Bennett. The patients in this study have since gone on to receive the gene therapy in the eyes that were initially untreated. Bennett’s team is now completing a larger Phase 3 clinical trial, results from which are expected to be reviewed by the FDA next year, potentially leading to wider clinical use of the LCA2-restoring therapy. In connection with that larger trial, Ashtari is now doing a comprehensive imaging study, among other comparisons of the brains of patients before and after treatment. “I’m confident that as that study progresses, Ashtari will be able to reveal the fine temporal-spatial details of neural plasticity in humans,” said Bennett. The other co-authors of the study were Philip A. Cook, Kenneth S. Shindler, Kathleen A. Marshall, Puya Aravand, James C. Gee and Albert M. Maguire, all from Penn; Laura L. Cyckowski and Arastoo Vossough, from CHOP; Hui Zhang of University College, London; and Chris I. Baker of the National Institutes of Health. Funding was provided by the National Eye Institute (R21EY020662, 8DP1EY023177, 1R24EY019861, P30 EY001583); the Foundation Fighting Blindness, Research to Prevent Blindness; and the F.M. Kirby Foundation. Penn Medicine is one of the world's leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation's first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $4.3 billion enterprise. The Perelman School of Medicine has been ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States for the past 17 years, according to U.S. News & World Report's survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation's top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with $392 million awarded in the 2013 fiscal year. The University of Pennsylvania Health System's patient care facilities include: The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania -- recognized as one of the nation's top "Honor Roll" hospitals by U.S. News & World Report; Penn Presbyterian Medical Center; Chester County Hospital; Lancaster General Health; Penn Wissahickon Hospice; and Pennsylvania Hospital -- the nation's first hospital, founded in 1751. Additional affiliated inpatient care facilities and services throughout the Philadelphia region include Chestnut Hill Hospital and Good Shepherd Penn Partners, a partnership between Good Shepherd Rehabilitation Network and Penn Medicine. Penn Medicine is committed to improving lives and health through a variety of community-based programs and activities. In fiscal year 2013, Penn Medicine provided $814 million to benefit our community. Department of Communications For Patients and the General Public:
The TNSEA exists to facilitate the educational and collaborative needs of the Enrolled Agents throughout Tennessee. What is an Enrolled Agent? An Enrolled Agent (EA) is an individual who has demonstrated technical competence in the field of taxation. Enrolled Agents, or EAs, can represent taxpayers before all administrative levels of the Internal Revenue Service. An enrolled agent is a person who has earned the privilege of practicing, that is, representing taxpayers, before the Internal Revenue Service. Enrolled agents, like attorneys and certified public accountants (CPAs), are unrestricted as to which taxpayers they can represent, what types of tax matters they can handle. However, Attorneys and CPAs are restricted to represent taxpayers in the states where they are licensed. Enrolled Agents hold a federal license which allows them to practive before any IRS office, regardless of location. What does the term “Enrolled Agent” mean? “Enrolled” means EAs are licensed by the federal government. “Agent” means EAs are authorized to appear in place of the taxpayer at the Internal Revenue Service. Only EAs, attorneys and CPAs may represent taxpayers before the IRS. The Enrolled Agent profession dates back to 1884 when, after questionable claims had been presented for Civil War losses, Congress acted to regulate persons who represented citizens in their dealings with the Treasury Department. How can an Enrolled Agent help me? EAs perform two major responsibilities. Most EAs perform Tax Preparation services for their clients. Their license requires them to maintain their knowledge of the tax law through Continual Professional Education requirements that exceed the requirements of other tax preparers. The second essential role of EAs is to provide Tax Resolution services for their clients. Unlike other tax preparers, EAs have the right and responsibility to represent taxpayers in all jurisdictions and through all appeals processes up to the Tax Court level.
This translation is incomplete. Please help translate this article from English. At its heart, HTML is a fairly simple language made up of elements, which can be applied to pieces of text to give them different meaning in a document (Is it a paragraph? Is it a bulleted list? Is it part of a table?), structure a document into logical sections (Does it have a header? Three columns of content? A navigation menu?), and embed content such as images and videos into a page. This module will introduce the first two of these, and introduce fundamental concepts and syntax you need to know to understand HTML. Before starting this module, you don't need any previous HTML knowledge, but you should have at least basic familiarity with using computers and using the web passively (i.e., just looking at it and consuming content). You should have a basic work environment set up (as detailed in Installing basic software), and understand how to create and manage files (as detailed in Dealing with files). Both are parts of our Getting started with the web complete beginner's module. Note: If you are working on a computer/tablet/other device that doesn't let you create your own files, you can try out (most of) the code examples in an online coding program such as JSBin or Thimble. This module contains the following articles, which will take you through all the basic theory of HTML and provide ample opportunity for you to test out some skills. - Getting started with HTML - Covers the absolute basics of HTML, to get you started — we define elements, attributes, and other important terms, and show where they fit in the language. We also show how a typical HTML page is structured and how an HTML element is structured, and explain other important basic language features. Along the way, we'll play with some HTML to get you interested! - What’s in the head? Metadata in HTML - The head of an HTML document is the part that is not displayed in the web browser when the page is loaded. It contains information such as the page <title>, links to CSS (if you want to style your HTML content with CSS), links to custom favicons, and metadata (data about the HTML, such as who wrote it, and important keywords that describe the document). - HTML text fundamentals - One of HTML's main jobs is to give text meaning (also known as semantics), so that the browser knows how to display it correctly. This article looks at how to use HTML to break up a block of text into a structure of headings and paragraphs, add emphasis/importance to words, create lists, and more. - Creating hyperlinks - Hyperlinks are really important — they are what makes the web a web. This article shows the syntax required to make a link, and discusses best practices for links. - Advanced text formatting - There are many other elements in HTML for formatting text that we didn't get to in the HTML text fundamentals article. The elements in here are less well-known, but still useful to know about. In this article you'll learn about marking up quotations, description lists, computer code and other related text, subscript and superscript, contact information, and more. - Document and website structure - As well as defining individual parts of your page (such as "a paragraph" or "an image"), HTML is also used to define areas of your website (such as "the header," "the navigation menu," or "the main content column.") This article looks into how to plan a basic website structure and how to write the HTML to represent this structure. - Debugging HTML - Writing HTML is fine, but what if something goes wrong, and you can't work out where the error in the code is? This article will introduce you to some tools that can help. The following assessments will test your understanding of the HTML basics covered in the guides above. - Marking up a letter - We all learn to write a letter sooner or later; it is also a useful example to test out text formatting skills. In this assessment you'll be given a letter to mark up. - Structuring a page of content - This assessment tests your ability to use HTML to structure a simple page of content, containing a header, a footer, a navigation menu, main content, and a sidebar. - Web literacy basics 1 - An excellent Mozilla foundation course that explores and tests a lot of the skills talked about in the Introduction to HTML module. Learners get familiar with reading, writing, and participating on the web in this six-part module. Discover the foundations of the web through production and collaboration.
Understanding the Process and Importance of Clinical Research By: Mardi Gomberg-Maitland, MD, MScAssociate Professor of Medicine Director of Pulmonary Hypertension Center The goal of a clinical trial is to develop safe and effective therapies efficiently. Early in development, investigators need to learn about the pros and cons of the drug in order to prepare for upcoming phases and determine if the drug is a worth pursuing. With an orphan disease such as PAH, participation in early clinical trials and during the later pivotal studies is important as without patient participation new therapies can not be approved. Prior to initiation of clinical trials in humans, it is essential to assess both the safety, pharmacology and biologic properties of the drug in preclinical models of the disease. Scientists use animal models: rats, mice, dogs, etc. to learn about the mechanisms of disease to help target potential new therapies. Although many times these trials do not always guarantee that the mechanism will be similar in people, they are an essential step in the drug development process. After an understanding of the pharmacology and safety are well assessed in these models one precedes to a phase I trial. Phase I Trials Phase I trials are small trials done to test the safety in people, usually in normal healthy volunteers. It is also important to determine safety and dosing in PAH subjects as this may differ considerably. Often PAH patients respond differently and it is important to assess safety of the new drug in addition to medications that patients are all ready receiving. This is essential for phase II. Phase II Trials Evidence that the drug helps patients and a better understanding of final large scale clinical trial is the goal of a phase II trial. The design is dependent on quality and adequacy of the preceding phase I trial and typically a range of doses is tested. For PAH studies, previous trials have used improvement on the six minute walk but current trials are utilizing heart catheterization pressures and function of the heart (blood flow), time to clinical worsening (hospitalizations, worsening exercise capacity, survival). Phase II trials if tremendously successfully can lead to approval but usually will result in a Phase III trial to confirm results. Phase III Trials Phase III trials establish both if the drug helps patients. This trial is usually a trial compares the study medication to a placebo (a pill that does not work). The trial may be larger, longer, and include a more diverse group of patients compared with a phase II design. If a new therapy that appears safe and important in PAH in animal models, the timeline for the next 3 phases is not trivial. Unless the medication is a true blockbuster, curing the disease, or demonstrating remarkable improvements, each phase has the potential to fail based on safety or lack of efficacy. Each phase will be limited by patient study enrollment and organizational trial design. Single center phase I trials of 10 patients can take over a year to enroll. Phase II which is typically multicenter averages 1-2 years dependent on the enrollment criteria and sites chosen for participation. Most Phase III trials enroll over several years before the data is tabulated. This is added to the time needed to submit the findings to the FDA for approval. The overall process can take anywhere from 4-10 years. Participation in clinical trials is most important in an orphan disease. Without this the field can only advance on the scientific level but patients won’t ever get to use new therapeutics.
Pixar is known for its colorful and fun movies. Now, families can get the story behind how it’s all done. The Science Behind Pixar is a 12,000 square foot exhibit that shows the science, technology, engineering and math used to get the movies on screen. The exhibit is fun, interactive and educational. It takes you through all sorts of interesting things to try and see. You’ll see your favorite characters, learn how they are created and how artists make them come to life. Modeling, Rigging, surfaces, sets and cameras, animation and simulation and lighting are all a part of the exhibit. It’s hands on and fun for kids and adults. Pixar Animation Studios is behind some of the most beloved movies including “Toy Story”, “Monsters, Inc.”, “Cars”, “The Incredibles”, and more. The studio is in Northern California. The Science Behind Pixar is open through Labor Day, September 4th. To learn more about the exhibit, click here.
Feather destructive behaviour in birds may be a symptom of many different diseases and has no one single cause. Unfortunately, it is also a very common condition encountered in a huge range of bird species at The Unusual Pet Vets. What is feather destructive behaviour? Feather destructive behaviour is a term used to describe a range of behaviours where birds damage their own feathers. Common forms of this include ‘barbering’ (removing or damaging individual barbs on their feathers) or feather plucking, where a feather is completely pulled out by the bird. What causes it? There are a huge variety of causes for this syndrome, which are commonly divided into medical and behavioural. Commonly Diagnosed Medical Causes Include: - Liver Disease This can be primary liver disease or secondary to a poor diet or diseases such as avian chlamydia. As the liver is responsible for producing proteins (and the feathers are largely protein-based), any deficiency of the liver can lead to poor feather quality. - Viral Feather Diseases - Polyomavirus – This disease is most commonly seen in very young birds in large breeding environments. The birds that survive the initial stages of the viral disease often develop life-long feather disease. - Beak and Feather Disease – As the name suggests, this disease is associated with abnormal feather and beak growth. This virus produces a disease similar to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in birds and requires life-long management. - Skin Disease As birds do not have hands, they will often use their beak to pick at areas of pain or infection. In cases of dermatitis (usually secondary to trauma or environmental toxins such as nicotine), birds can make the underlying issue worse by picking at the area of irritation. Behavioural Causes Include: - Underlying Inflammation or Infection – It is a common behaviour of birds to use their beak to pick at areas of pain or inflammation. In some cases, internal parasites or injuries to bone such as arthritis or old fractures can cause chronic plucking of the overlying skin and feathers. - Hypersexuality – This is a common syndrome in pet birds. Predisposing factors of this are high-fat diets, abnormally long day length (we recommend aiming for consistent day length throughout the year) or developing sexual pair bonds with their owners. In the case where all medical causes have been ruled out, The Unusual Pet Vets will work closely with you and a number of external behavioural companies to investigate and manage behavioural-based feather picking. My bird has been plucking her feathers. What do I do now? As feather plucking has a large spectrum of causes, it is important to get your bird investigated for some of the more sinister causes of this issue. Our expert bird vets will take a detailed history of your bird and its environment, and then depending on the case, we will often take a blood sample to rule out underlying conditions and viral diseases. If these tests come back as normal, the next step is often to rule out other potential underlying causes with x-rays or a CT scan. If your bird is demonstrating destructive feather behaviour make an appointment with your Unusual Pet Vets team. You can download our pre-consultation feather plucking questionnaire prior to your visit which will assist us in helping to identify the cause of this behaviour.
This guide supports the class project to research a place, object, or building that was historically significant in early Africa. Begin by reading topical entries in reference sources, in order to obtain basic background information and identify potential keywords to use in your searching. Next, search WorldCat for books and other materials (including videos) about your topic. Finally, search the history and full-text journal databases for scholarly articles that are relevant to your topic. For further research assistance, please contact the History liaison librarian. Before delving into books and journal articles, you may wish to consult reference sources in order to learn the basic facts about the place, object, or building that you are examining. Reference materials can provide background information on your topic and help you identify keywords for further searching (such as the country or tribal group to whom the place or object was important). Some reference resources include bibliographies at the ends of each entry or volume, which will point you to additional books and journal articles worth exploring. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Find overviews on a wide variety of topics by searching this online encyclopedia. Encyclopedia of African History Ref DT20 .E53 (print version) Encyclopedia of Sacred Places Ref BC580 .B76 New Encyclopedia of Africa In Gale Virtual Reference Center Oxford Art Online This database provides access to the full contents of The Grove Dictionary of Art, which has extensive coverage of African art and architecture. Oxford Companion to Archaeology In Oxford Reference Online To find relevant books, try both Keyword and Subject searching in WorldCat, an online catalog encompassing the holdings of thousands of libraries worldwide. Start by doing a Keyword search on the place, object, or building that you are researching, or on any related keywords that you discovered in Reference sources. When you find a useful book, click on its subject headings to identify other works that may cover your topic. Be sure to try alternate spellings; for example, Djenne/Jenne, Aksum/Axum, and Asante/Ashanti. Because these research topics are fairly specific, you may not find many books or book chapters about them. Instead, you will need to identify the broad category of books that may cover your topic, and run an appropriate search. For example, search on the country or region in which your place or object now resides, along with words like art or history. Examples may include: - Africa* AND "slave trade" - (Art OR sculpture) AND Benin - Ethiopia AND Christian* AND architect* - Ghana AND history If a book is available in Geisel Library, you will see a Saint Anselm College logo below its title, and you can look up its call number in the library's online catalog. If you find books not at Geisel Library that seem relevant to your topic, you can request them through Interlibrary Loan by clicking on the "Request via Interlibrary Loan" link in their WorldCat records. Books requested through WorldCat are usually delivered to the library for your use in 1-2 weeks. The instructor has encouraged you to incorporate multimedia resources such as music and videos into your final presentation. Use the resources below to locate relevant videos on your topics. Use the same keyword and subject searches that proved successful when looking for books, but limit the type to "Visual Materials". This will find photographs but also DVDs and videotapes. As with books, you can obtain videos through Interlibrary Loan by clicking on the "Request via Interlibrary Loan" link in the video's catalog record. Allow 1-2 weeks for delivery. Be aware that videos often have shorter check-out periods than books. This means that if you plan to show a video during your presentation, don't request it too early in the semester, or it might be overdue by the time you need it. You can find a variety of streaming videos about African historical sites and objects on YouTube, ranging from professional documentaries to amateur vacation videos. As with the book catalogs, search the journal databases using keywords related to your topic, combining concepts together using the Boolean AND and OR operators. Once you find relevant articles, examine the subject headings that have been assigned to them and conduct Subject searches on the ones that seem most potentially fruitful. Be sure to read the bibliographies of articles to identify additional sources worth tracking down. If there is no link to the full text of the article, click on the WebBridge icon to determine whether the journal is available in Geisel Library or in full-text via another electronic database. If the article isn't available, consider clicking on the Interlibrary Loan link to request a PDF copy of the article from another library. Within a week, you should receive an email indicating that the article is available to access. The best place to start for journal articles about world history. Use the Historical Period From/To limiter (down below the full text limiter checkboxes) to specify your time period of interest. Search here for full-text articles from a number of important journals in the areas of African history and art. For tips on how to use JSTOR effectively, see our User Guide. Academic Search Premier This multi-disciplinary database is an excellent starting point for finding journal articles on a wide range of topics, including history. For example, lengthy articles are available in National Geographic on several topics for this assignment; get the citation information from this database, and you can locate the article in the Periodicals Area on the Lower Level. Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHSearch) This index provides citations and abstracts to more than 1,300 of the most significant journals in the arts and humanities. You may wish to find images of African art, artifacts, or structures to add a visual element to your presentation. The resources below will help you locate such images. ARTstor is a searchable database of over 500,000 images, encompassing architecture, painting, sculpture, photography, and the decorative arts. Type keywords in the Search box (or use the Advanced Search to apply limiters such as country or date range), and follow the onscreen instructions to view and download images. Oxford Art Online Use the "Search for images only" box to search over 5,000 thumbnail art images, which can be enlarged and saved to your computer. You can also use the Image Search on the Advanced Search page to search among 40,000 art images available on the websites of museums worldwide. Google Image Search Search for photographs, illustrations, and artworks from across the Internet, using Google's well-known keyword search engine. For assistance with formatting your citations in Chicago style, consult the University of Wisconsin's online guide or ask for the Chicago Manual of Style (Ready Ref Z253 .U69) at the library's reference desk.
While you might still be hard-pressed to pass someone on the street who truly understands Bitcoin and what it means for the financial world, you’re certainly likely to pass more than one who’s heard of it. In recent months, Bitcoin and its underlying technology is known as the blockchain have stormed the news with talk of incredible highs and risk of a crashing low. However, while most of us will know Bitcoin as a new form of digital payments that we wish we’d invested in back with it was worth less than a dollar, the technology that fuels the currency is arguably where the true potential lies. Here, we’re exploring blockchain in more depth from its background to the challenges and regulations associated with it – read on to find out more! What Is Blockchain? At its essence, Blockchain is a digital ledger designed to provide a safe platform for the making and recording of transactions. Whether those transactions are monetary or in the form of contracts and agreements depends on the cryptocurrency you’re working with, but as far as Bitcoin is concerned, this works as a history of monetary transactions. What makes Blockchain so secure when compared to other methods of transactional recording is that it isn’t a centralized platform. In other words, this decentralized technology is hosted across a network of computers, making it pretty much impossible to hack without hacking every single computer or device individually; In blockchain’s case, this network consists of thousands of computers, mobile devices and more. A Little Background Information Blockchain’s creation and popularity can be put down to the introduction of Bitcoin into the digital world in January 2009. Founded by a person called Satoshi Nakamoto, which remains a fake identity for an anonymous person or persons to this day, Bitcoin was designed to offer users a method of payment that didn’t require any control from a central bank or authority, therefore making it possible to make anonymous, secure and extremely fast payments. Through the use of blockchain, transactions can only be validated when every node – or member of the network – confirms that it is, in fact, a valid transaction. However, this technology has spread far from just monetary transactions. The blockchain is used across a number of different cryptocurrencies and software, including the likes of Ethereum and Ripple that offer a valuable alternative to Bitcoin. These ‘cryptocurrencies’ differ in that they work with smart contracts and have their own coins within their platforms. These coins are often used to pay for and finance these smart contracts securely to prevent any chance or fraud. What Challenges Do Bitcoin And Blockchain Face? When we come to spend money and complete transactions online, the one thing most of us have in mind at all times is security. With the complexity of the digital world comes a much higher need for better cybersecurity and blockchain has been designed with that security in mind. However, even with the intricate security measures put into place that make blockchain practically unhackable, there have been plenty of examples of this security failing, not least the theft of around 440 bitcoins from a leading exchange firm in April 2018. Whether there will ever be a perfect solution to cybersecurity in the future has yet to be seen, but blockchain certainly isn’t it just yet. It has vulnerable points from the size of any network, to the speed or efficiency of transactions. The use of third-party systems can also play a risk to the overall security of the blockchain, and with the industry is still in its infancy, most are still learning who to trust. The overall performance of blockchain currently depends on how big any one network is at any time. In short, the bigger the blockchain network, the more performance issues it could have as far as security and speed are concerned but the more secure it’s likely to be. The balancing act of having optimal security on any network while also having near-instantaneous and efficient payments seems to be one that’s practically impossible to get right, but this could improve in the future with further development and understanding of the technology. Most blockchain-based technologies are still in their development stages and yes, that does include cryptocurrencies! The truth of the matter is that we just don’t understand it enough to use it at a particularly large scale with any confidence and so as a result, the adoption of cryptocurrencies and technologies is currently much lower than most blockchain-using companies would ideally like. On a similar strain, even when consumers are investing in cryptocurrencies, there are still a limited number of places to spend them and even fewer uses on a B2C level. Is There Any Regulation? Because cryptocurrencies and the blockchain have been designed with decentralization in mind, regulation has been a tough subject to crack. While most governments still have no regulation, some of the world’s most powerful countries are starting to adopt a regulatory stance on cryptocurrencies in regards to service and data privacy in particular. Here, we’re looking a little deeper. Blockchain technology is starting to be adopted across a range of different vendors, but these vendors are likely to have their own performance regulations to cater to their own risk and reward levels. As a result, consumers and businesses alike could be battling with countless different regulations that clash, or are difficult to keep up with. With an already limited service level whether you’re looking to pay with Bitcoin or another cryptocurrency, this complication could put people off of investing in cryptocurrencies or paying via this method completely. The biggest problem that governments and financial institutions are trying to tackle is the issue of data privacy and security. With blockchain, any data stored cannot be altered and this could have a potentially devastating effect on our data privacy when used wrongly. While blockchain also allows for a level of anonymity, it’s also entirely transparent to anyone who looks for it and so while you may not be able to see anything more than a wallet code and transaction number (also known as a hash), this information is available for anyone to see. With GDPR coming into play this year and other data privacy and protection matters still in place, this is understandably providing a headache to regulators. However, there are still limitations for the jurisdiction that governing bodies can really have over cryptocurrencies and blockchain networks. Due to their decentralized nature, there’s very little that a government can do when it comes to trading or spending, especially through an off-shore based vendor or trading platform. What’s more, a lot of blockchain networks are set up across a multitude of countries and so with more and more governments picking up their own regulations, these networks could find themselves having to follow and adhere to conflicting rules in some cases. While a central regulation could eliminate this problem, the likelihood of this is very low and as a result, finding the right laws and rules remains an ongoing problem for financial and governing bodies alike. The future of Bitcoin and blockchain technology is one that very few feel confident in predicting. With price volatility to consider and government regulations often remaining uncertain until they’re fully put into play, what we could face in the future is truly open to interpretation. With a better understanding of the blockchain, however, you could better navigate this future, so why not give it a try?
Developing an Arts Assessment: Some Selected Strategies How to Use This Web Report This web report provides some tasks used in the 1997 NAEP arts assessment to exemplify the strategies described in the report. The following tasks are included: The tasks were chosen on the basis of how well they demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategies. Depending on which strategy a task refers to, users can find some or all of the following for any given task: The strategies and tasks can be accessed on the navigation bar to the left and are also presented in the body of the text. Strategies follow one another in their numerical order, and tasks can be accessed throughout the report. Links to the next strategy are available at the end of each strategy description. * Some of these tasks contain audio or QuickTime video. See the Help section for assistance. Last updated 7 March 2003 (HM)
Stress is a normal biological response to a perceived challenge or demand. In short bursts, it is completely healthy and forces the body to adapt and overcome. However, when stress isprolonged, it is detrimental to our health and associated withnumerous chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes,dementia and mental health conditions such as anxiety syndrome.The American Psychological Association (APA) defines anxiety as “an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure.” It is estimated that ~14% ofadults and~7% of childrenexperience generalised anxiety disorder, making itone of the most common of all mental health conditions. [2, 3] We’ve all felt stressand anxietyat some point in our lives. A racing heart, a flushed face, queasiness in our stomach; it’s nota feeling that is enjoyed. Frustratingly, stress and anxiety are not always produced bygenuine threats, whichmeans that everyday activities can cause us anxiety. This includes things likeimportant events,starting a new job, waiting foran important call,speaking in front of people (in fact a survey once found that people were more afraid of public speaking than death) and sometimes anxiety is caused by no obvious reasonat all. What actually happens when we feel stressed or anxious? Well, first the brain receives a stressful input at the hypothalamus, then it communicates with a gland at the base of the brain called the pituitary gland. This gland produces important stress hormones, which then stimulate other important glands on top of the kidneys called the adrenal glands. This pathway is called the HPA axis and is our major stress pathway. At this point, more hormones are produced which then cause a stress-responses such as increased blood pressure, increased fat and glucose production, protein break-down, constriction of blood vessels, increased respiration and pupil dilation. This is called the fight or flight response. Men and women experience and deal with stress differently Men tend to experience stress more strongly, partly because women produce more oxycontin, which offsets the effects of cortisol and epinephrine (powerful stress hormones produced by the adrenal glands). Women also have stronger innate immune systems, making them more resilient to stress but placing them at increased risk for autoimmune diseases. Women also tend to deal with stress differently, seeking support and relationships during periods of stress and anxiety, whereas men tend to deal with stress in a true fight or flight manner (bottle it up, try and escape or fight back). Figure 1: Stress response in men and women The three-phase process for stress - Alarm -The alarm stage is when the central nervous system is aroused and the body's defences are mobilised (namely, the ‘fight or flight’ response). - Resistance - Hormones extend and enhance the ‘fight or flight’ response. - Exhaustion. - Continuous stress causes the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms andthebody’s overall balance (homeostasis). This stage of exhaustion marks the onset of certain diseases and would be considered burn-out. Ultimately, we need to employ strategies that make our bodies more resilient to early stress to prevent progression into stages 2 and 3. How do we make ourselves more resilient to stress? There are many effective strategies(pharmaceuticals,exercise, meditation, sleep etc.) but oftennutrition isnot given the credit it deserves.Our diet has a powerful effect on our mood and there are a few key things we can do to helpreduce ourstress andanxiety. Two such simple things include reducing ourcaffeine and sugarconsumption, which have both been shown to be able negatively affect mood and anxiety symptoms (in certain populations) and can also negatively affect sleep (which can promote anxiety).There are also a number of individual nutrientsthat can help combat periods of stress and anxiety, which include antioxidantssuch as glutathione, vitamin C and E, selenium and carotenoids; the minerals zinc andmagnesium [11, 12], the b vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids.[9, 14] There is some emerging evidence that vitamin D may improve feelings of anxiety[15-17], however more research is needed. Finally, there is also another class of nutrients called adaptogens, which may also assist in reducing overall feelings of stress and anxiety. These include herbs such asrhodiola rosea and ashwagandha. Food that helps with stress High protein diets are important for overall health, but foods that are high in protein are often nutritional giants. Tryptophan, which is an important precursor for our happy hormone, serotonin, is found abundantly in high protein foods such as: 1. Meat, poultry and eggs. Diets high in protein provide significant volumes of many of our B-vitamins, especially B12, which is only found in animal products. Not to mention, eggs are also high in Vit D which has been linked to improving moods. 2. Whey Protein High quality Whey protein is a valuable source of protein. It provides significant amounts of cysteine, which is needed to make glutathione, our major antioxidant. Seafood is another brilliant source of protein and the fattier sources also provide omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to be able to reduce anxiety symptoms. Many forms of seafood also provide significant sources of vitamins D, selenium and zinc, making seafood a stress-busting powerhouse. A perfect example of a seafood that's a good source of protein, and omega-3 fatty acids' Salmon. It is also considered as one of the best sources of Vit B12, potassium, iron, and Vitamin D. 4. Citrus fruits Citrus fruits such us oranges, lemons, pomelos, and grapefruit are good source of Vit C. They're an instant immunity booster, and a good antioxidant. There has been studies that Vit C helps reduce stress levels. Plus, the aroma it exudes when you peel it is quite relaxing, and calming too. Have you been adding strawberries, raspberries of blackberries to your shake or topped in your breakky pancakes? Then you're doing it right! These berries aren't only delicious but are good source of Vit C. 6. Kiwi fruit Kiwi fruit might be small, but it is one mighty fruit! It is full of nutrients- Vit C, Vit K, Vit E, folate, and potassium. It also have heaps of antioxidants and high in fiber. Bananas are rich in B-vitamins such as vitamin B6, and folate. These are fundamental in the production of serotonin, or in simple explanation, pumping happy brain chemicals. This dark, and leafy vegetable is rich in Vit C, and beta-carotene which helps boost antioxidant levels, and brain functuoning To get enough vitamin C, it’s tough to go past fruits and veggies like strawberries, kiwi fruit, kale and broccoli.Broccoli is also part of the cruciferous family which has high levels of an important sleep-promoting substance called GABA.Vitamin E and magnesiumare found in nuts, seeds and leafy greens, which means that if you’re wanting to follow a stress busting diet, it should be high in protein, fruits and veggies (sound familiar)? There are times of course when our diet is not able to meet our nutritional needs. This might be when we’re unwell, if we have an increase in our training volume, if we’re pregnant or if we’re experiencing a particularly stressful situation. In these times, there are some fabulousproducts we can use to help get us through these challenging periods. The below list includes a few of my favourite VPA stress-busting supplements: 1. WPI- to help fight stress and provide the building blocks for our happy hormones 2. ZMA6 Recovery-help with recovery whilst also reducing stress and anxiety 3. GABA-promotes sleep and reduces nerve activity 4. Harmony tea- promotes relaxation And don’t forget that whilst diet plays a very important role in beating stress, so too are things like exercising, getting enough sleep, meditating and notspending time people who make us feel like rubbish.
As we age, our body composition can change dramatically. Sometimes these changes seem to creep up on us, and we haven’t made shifts in our diet and exercise to assist us in adapting to this change. In 1999, the results of a longitudinal study (called the Fels Longitudinal Study) were published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. One of the primary goals of the study was to examine changes in body composition as we change. What Happens to Our Bodies as We Age? The changes in body composition as we age are as follows: - Total body fat - Percentage of body fat - Body-Mass Index (BMI) - Fat-free mass (including muscle) In other words, as we age, our body’s tend to have more fat and less muscle. Why? According to another study, with age comes a slower resting metabolic rate (how much energy we use at rest), meaning that we need fewer calories to maintain our weight. Additionally, with the aches and pains that come with aging, we also tend to move around less and to exert less strength. All of these elements combine to result in higher fat percentage, greater weight, and less muscle. High fat and limited muscle in body composition are linked to a range of health issues including heart disease and stroke. As a result, maintaining a healthy weight and body composition is key to improving quality of life. But, just as our body changes over the years, so do our physical activity needs. What is the Best Way to Lose Weight for Older Adults? Since mobility is often limited, walking tends to be the exercise of choice for older adults. While walking is essential for supporting the aerobic functioning of the heart, a recent study demonstrates that the best way for older adults to lose weight may be to lift weights, rather than to walk, jog, or bike. This study, published in the journal Obesity, looked at the physical activity of over 240 adults in their 60s for over a year and a half. Those who used resistance-weight machines resulted in less muscle loss, but more fat loss, than walking and dieting alone. If you or a loved one is creeping into their 60s, and you want to promote health and well-being as we age, make sure that weight training is your go-to exercise to prevent muscle loss and weight gain.
Available in English. Cultural Competency in the Workplace examines the concept of culture, emphasizes the importance of cultural self-awareness and cultural awareness, and provides participants with practical strategies to improve communication when speaking with someone from another culture. Who Should Take the Course? It is important that everyone within the workplace has an awareness of and better understanding of one’s own culture and other cultures. When we are culturally aware, we are less likely to judge the values and actions of someone from another culture by comparing them to the standards of our own culture. Upon completion of the course, participants will be able to: - Understand the concept of culture and identify the four basic components of culture: symbols, values, norms, and material culture. - Recognize how cultural differences can complicate communication - Define ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination - Know the 11 prohibited grounds for harassment, as specified in the Canada Human Rights Act - Identify types of workplace behaviours that could be considered discriminatory - Understand the concept of systemic discrimination - Define cultural awareness and identify the four steps to follow to develop cultural awareness - Define cultural competency and recognize the four basic components of cultural competency - Describe basic rules to follow to improve communication when speaking with someone from another culture - Define rapport and know why it is important - British Columbia - New Brunswick - Newfoundland and Labrador - Northwest Territories - Nova Scotia - Prince Edward Island At the end of the module, there is a test. Participants that do not achieve 100% can review the module content and try as many times as necessary to complete the course. Test questions are randomly selected from a test bank, making each test unique. Upon successfully completing the module, there is a printable certificate for your records.
Photographs by Michael P. Berman. Text volume edited with a Foreword by Mary Anne Redding. Museum Of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe, 2012. One volume of text and one volume of 100 duotone illustrations, 8x11". The forests comprising the Gila National Forest and Wilderness in southwest New Mexico is the largest in the contiguous U.S., the least visited or photographed, the one most wild in nature. It is nestled at the nexus of four great ecosystems. It lies at the end of the Rocky Mountains after they slide down the North American continent like a glacier before breaking up into an archipelago of small ranges floating in a sea of grasslands. A couple hundred miles to the south, the Sierra Madre Mountains rise up, serrating Mexico for another two thousand miles. To the west lies the Sonoran Desert with its giant saguaros, and to the east spreads the Chihuahuan Desert, a minimalist dream of small ranges and desert grasslands. In its present state, the Gila is a functioning, high-quality ecosystem of remote forests and canyons. The Gila River courses through this land, the last undammed river in New Mexico. The heart of the Gila is its unspoiled wilderness. Noted environmentalist Aldo Leopold conceived the modern concept of “wilderness” here. It was designated the world’s first wilderness area in 1924, and became the cornerstone of the National Wilderness Preservation System when the Wilderness Act was signed into law in 1961. For more than thirty years, celebrated photographer Michael P. Berman has explored the vast Gila, fascinated by the land and how people use and value it. He has wandered deep into the forest with his large-format camera, searching for the untram- meled, scraggly, and complex ecosystems, allowing the Gila to reveal itself. In this two-volume slip-cased edition, the untouched specialness of the Gila is captured in Berman’s photographs and explored in fifteen essays by noted writers, natural historians, and environmentalists. Read David Ondrik's review of Gila on photo-eye Blog.