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Herbal nutrition is simply about the use of plants in one’s everyday diet to help promote good health and well being. Herbs and plant-based foods are known not only for their therapeutic and medicinal value but also as a rich source of nutrients, antioxidants and fiber. They contain a lot less fat, cholesterol and fewer calories, making them the ideal staple for a healthy eating plan. Most of us want to be as healthy as we can. Our goal, and I imagine that it would be yours as well, is to live as long as possible, with the best quality of life. Discover how to have a healthy life through healthy eating, regular exercise and herbal nutrition. We certainly have! This guide can help you gain a better understanding of, - the importance of basic nutrition - having a plant-based diet - the benefits of herbs to good health - the benefits of supplementing your diet - how to maintain a healthy weight - regular exercise We put this guide together because of our passion for healthy living. We would like to share with you our personal experiences and the health benefits that we have enjoyed for more than 20 years. We are not doctors, and you don’t need to be, in order to learn the basics. In saying that, you should always check with your physician or healthcare provider before changing your diet, using dietary supplements or introducing an exercise program, especially if you have a particular health concern, or are on medication. We invite you to discover for yourself the importance of a healthy lifestyle. We will be constantly revising, updating and adding information to our website, so come back regularly. - Basic Nutrition - Understand what the body needs and why. A simple guide to basic nutrition. - Herbal Nutrition, Herb Guide - Some of the easiest ways to benefit from the properties of herbal nutrition is by having a plant-based diet, herbal teas, culinary herbs and herbal dietary supplements. - What Are Antioxidants? - Understand what antioxidants are, why they are so important for our health and the best food sources of antioxidants. - Dietary Supplements - There are many benefits to taking dietary supplements. Why we think it’s important to supplement your diet. - Herbal Dietary Supplements - Herbal dietary supplements are prepared from plants and often use the leaves, stem, roots, bark, buds, flowers and fruit of the plant. Our experience with herbal supplements. Originally posted 2016-10-20 07:59:05.
This article was published originally on 3/11/2009 Alert reader and generous photographer Gary Koehler shared the photos below of an exposed honey bee comb built on rocks along a river in Jackson County, Iowa. The colony was spotted late last November and checked again during the gorgeous warm weather of March 1 when the photos were taken. It is rare to find an exposed nest of honey bees in Iowa. Fewer than a half-dozen have been reported to Extension Entomology over the past 3 decades, compared to hundreds of reports of baldfaced hornet nests and yellowjacket wasps. Honey bees almost always build their wax comb in protected, defensible locations to raise offspring and store honey. However exposed nests do happen occasionally, possibly as a result of nest site limitation. Swarms that separate from an existing bee colony usually settle into sheltered locations such as a hollow tree within a day or two. Living in an exposed nest does not serve the honey bees well as it appears none ever survive the winter or the subsequent attacks by squirrels and birds. Photo number 3 below shows dead brood from starvation and winter kill. There is no indication that this colony is anything other than the common (though feral) honey bee. Africanized honey bees introduced into Brazil in 1956 have migrated to the southern U.S. but are not likely this far north. Exposed Bee Comb on Rock. Photo by Gary Koehler Closer Look at Exposed Bee Comb on Rock. Photo by Gary Koehler Close Up Look at Winter-killed Bee Brood. Photo by Gary Koehler IC-500( 3) -- March 11, 2009
Acharya Ram Hari sharma Chaitra month or Chaitra maasa is the first month of Hindu calendar or Hindu Panchangam. Chaitra usually falls during March-April as per Gregorian calendar. As per Hindu panchangam of north India, bright half (Shukla Paksha) of Chiatra month in 2010 starts on March 16 and ends on March 30, 2010. Similar dates are applicable to Marathi, Gujarati and Telugu Panchangam. According to Hinduism, on the first day of Chaitra month Lord Brahma began the creation. New Year begins on the first day of Chaitra maasa in north India. This festival is also celebrated as Telugu New Year and Marathi New year (Gudhi Padva). It marks the onset of spring season or Vasanta Rithu. New Year marks the beginning of Vikrutinama samvatsare 2067. The major festivals during Chaitra month in 2010 are - Ugadi, Sri Rama Navaratras or Chaitra Navaratri, Sobhagya Gauri Vrat, Sri Rama Navami and Hanumaan Jayanti. This year, the “Varsh Pravesh” i.e. entrance into the new Hindu year is in the night of 16 March at 02:30 hrs. Taking capital Delhi as place of Varsh Pravesh, ascendent is rising in Sagittarius sign. Rahu is placed in the Varsh Lagan. This year Varsh lord is Mars and minister is Mercury. Varsh lord Mars is placed in 8th house in its debilited sign. Saturn is placed in 10th house. By this combination, I do not feel this year auspicious for not only to India but also to entire world. In mundane astrology, it is mentioned that in the lordship of Mars, inauspicious results like fear from thieves, natural calamities, fire accidents, political revolts etc. occurs. Placement of Rahu in angle will give ups and downs in politics, citizens will not be happy by the policies of government; there is an indication of bad health of prime minister. The position of Saturn will adversely affect the development schedule of India. This year Saturn will transit through Virgo and Jupiter will transit through Pisces. The transit of Saturn through is not auspicious in mundane as it is said: “YADA BHASKER TANAYHKANYARASHI PRAVSHYANTI JALSHOSHAM BHAVEDYAYUMADHYADESHE NRAPKSHAYA.” Means when Saturn transits through Virgo, there is drought in central part of country and Prime Minster leaves the post (may be due to health/ death or due to opposition). There may be earthquakes, terrorist attacks, blasts and war, however the combination of Moon, Mercury and Venus in 4th house gives some relief from inauspicious results. Let us pray the God, New Year should be prosperous to all. To consult astrologer Acharya Ram Hari Sharma, Please click here
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is characterized by at least 2 of the following symptoms, for at least one month: - Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence) - Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior - A set of three negative symptoms (a “flattening” of one’s emotions, alogia, avolition; see below) Only one of the above symptoms is required to make the diagnosis of schizophrenia if the person’s delusions are bizarre or if the hallucinations consist of a voice keeping up a running commentary on the person’s behavior or thoughts, or two or more voices conversing with each other. \|Positive Symptoms\|\|Negative Symptoms\| Although the above symptoms must be present for at least one (1) month, there also needs to be continuous signs of the disturbance that persist for at least six (6) months. During this period, the signs of the disorder may be present in a milder form, for instance as just odd beliefs or unusual perceptual experiences. During this 6 month period, at least two of the above criteria must be met, or only the criteria of Negative Symptoms must be present — if even just in milder form. Onset of schizophrenia prior to adolescence is rare. The peak age at onset for the first psychotic episode is in the early- to mid-20s for males and in the late-20s for females. Though active symptoms typically do not emerge until an individual is in their 20’s, oftentimes prodromal symptoms will precede the first psychotic episode, characterized by milder forms of hallucinations or delusions. For example, individuals may express a variety of unusual or odd beliefs that are not of delusional proportions (e.g., ideas of reference or magical thinking); they may have unusual perceptual experiences (e.g., sensing the presence of an unseen person); their speech may be generally understandable but vague; and their behavior may be unusual but not grossly disorganized (e.g., mumbling in public). Individuals with schizophrenia evidence large distress and impairments in various life domains. Functioning in areas such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care must be markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset of the symptoms to receive the diagnosis (or when the onset is in childhood or adolescence, failure to achieve expected level of interpersonal, academic, or occupational achievement). Schizoaffective Disorder and Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features must be considered as alternative explanations for the symptoms and have been ruled out. The disturbance must also not be due to the direct physiological effects of use or abuse of a substance (e.g., alcohol, drugs, medications) or a general medical condition. If there is a history of Autistic Disorder or another Pervasive Developmental Disorder, the additional diagnosis of Schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations are also present for at least a month (or less if successfully treated). It is thought that 0.3%–0.7% of individuals appear to acquire schizophrenia. although there is reported variation by race/ethnicity, across countries, and by geographic origin for immigrants and children of immigrants. The sex ratio differs across samples and populationHostility and aggression can be associated with schizophrenia, although spontaneous or random assault is uncommon. Aggression is more frequent for younger males and for individuals with a past history of violence, non-adherence with treatment, substance abuse, and impulsivity. It should be noted that the vast majority of persons with schizophrenia are not aggressive and are more frequently victimized than are individuals in the general population. Entry has been updated for DSM-5; diagnostic code 295.90. Types of Schizophrenia The old criteria in the DSM-IV divided schizophrenia by different types. Though this specification is longer used in the updated DSM-5, they remain below for informational and historical purposes. A brief list of types of schizophrenia, according to DSM-IV: - Paranoid schizophrenia — a person feels extremely suspicious, persecuted, grandiose, or experiences a combination of these emotions. - Disorganized schizophrenia — a person is often incoherent but may not have delusions. - Catatonic schizophrenia — a person is withdrawn, mute, negative and often assumes very unusual postures. - Residual schizophrenia — a person is no longer delusion or hallucinating, but has no motivation or interest in life. These symptoms can be most devastating. Bressert, S. (2017). Schizophrenia Symptoms. Psych Central. Retrieved on August 16, 2017, from https://psychcentral.com/disorders/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-symptoms/
- Grades: 3–5, 6–8 Facts and Figures Republic of Korea is the official name of South Korea Location: East Asia Area: 38,025 sq mi (98,485 km2) Population: 48,000,000 (estimate) Capital and Largest City: Seoul Major Language(s): Korean Major Religious Group(s): Buddhist; Christian; Chondokyo Government: Republic. Head of state and government--president, who appoints a prime minister to head the State Council. Legislature--National Assembly. Chief Products: Agricultural--rice, barley, soybeans, sweet potatoes and other vegetables, fruits, livestock, honey, raw silk. Manufactured--electronic equipment, automobiles, chemicals, ships, steel, textiles, clothing, high-technology products (including computers and semiconductors). Mineral--coal, iron ore, tungsten. Monetary Unit: Won South Korea is inhabited by about 48 million people, most of whom trace their distant ancestry to China and Siberia. About 10 percent came from the north, having fled south during the Korean War (1950-53) or are descended from the original refugees. South Korean society is based on the teachings of Confucius (551-479 B.C.), a Chinese philosopher who taught respect for authority, reverence for family and parents, the duty to do one's best, and the importance of education. Korean is one of the Altaic languages, which also include Turkish and Mongolian. Korean was originally written in Chinese characters, but in the 1440's a Korean alphabet, called hangul, was invented. Today a script that combines hangul and Chinese characters is used. The main organized religions of Korea are Christianity (mainly Protestant), Buddhism, and a native religion called Chondokyo, or "religion of the heavenly way." Many South Koreans combine elements of various religions in different aspects of their lives. Some maintain the ancient folk religious beliefs known as shamanism. Most students in South Korea stay in school through the ninth grade, and increasing numbers are continuing on to high school. More than 1 million students are enrolled in colleges and universities, such as Seoul National, Yonsei, and Korea universities. South Korea's literacy rate is among the world's highest. Nearly 100 percent of the population can read and write. Rice is a staple of the diet. Typical dishes include kimchi (spiced pickled cabbage), mandu (meat-filled dumplings), kuksu (noodles), and dried fish and other seafood. Bean curd, made from soybeans, is a basic source of protein. Western-style restaurants and foods, including American fast foods, have become increasingly popular. But rice and kimchi remain the principal elements of a meal. Traditional Korean houses included an enclosed courtyard. The homes of the well-to-do had tile roofs and walls of stone or colored brick. The dwellings of poorer Koreans usually had thatched roofs and mud or stone walls. The floors were covered with a kind of oiled paper. People ate, sat, and slept on the floors of the main rooms. Heat was provided by the ondol system, in which flues conducted heat from the fireplace to stones beneath the floor. Today most city dwellers live in brick homes or modern apartment houses that are heated with gas or electricity. Nevertheless, some or all of the rooms are still kept warm in winter using the traditional floor-heating system. Sports and Recreation South Koreans enjoy a great many sports, including soccer, speed skating, baseball, basketball, volleyball, Ping-Pong, gymnastics, boxing, and wrestling. The martial arts, especially tae kwon do, are popular. Many Koreans have excelled in marathon (long-distance) running and have won prizes in this track event in international competitions, including the Olympic Games. The rugged Central Mountains cover much of central and eastern South Korea. They include the Sobaek Mountains and the southern half of the T'aebaek Mountains. Most cities and farms are situated on two fertile plains: the Southwestern Plain, which covers the western half of the peninsula, and the Southern Plain, along the south coast. The western and southern coasts of South Korea are dotted with some 3,000 islands, most of them unpopulated. Cheju, the largest island, contains Halla San, South Korea's highest peak, which rises 6,398 feet (1,950 meters). Cheju, with its thriving tourist industry, is known as the Asian Hawaii. Rivers and Coastal Waters The Korean Peninsula is surrounded by two major branches of the Pacific Ocean: the Yellow Sea to the west and the Sea of Japan to the east. South Korea's three principal rivers are the Han, Kum, and Naktong. The Han flows through Seoul and, with the Kum, waters the fertile plains in the southwest. The Naktong, the country's longest river, waters the southeast before emptying into the Korea Strait. In the northwest, winters are long and cold. The average temperature in Seoul in January is about 23°F (-5°C). Summers are short and hot, and the average July temperature in the capital is about 80°F (27°C). Winters are much milder in the southwest. South Korea is relatively poor in natural resources. Once heavily forested, it has been largely stripped of trees, especially near urban areas. However, a program of reforestation is being carried out. The country's sparse mineral resources include coal, tungsten, iron ore, molybdenum, limestone, and graphite. Before Korea was divided after World War II (1939-45), manufacturing industries were concentrated in the North. Nevertheless, after the Korean War, South Korea experienced rapid economic growth. By concentrating on producing goods for export, it became one of the world's fastest-growing economies. This rapid growth helped raise the average income from $67 a year in 1961 to $16,000 by the year 2000. The service sector employs more than two-thirds of South Korea's workforce and accounts for more than half its economy. The country also attracts more than 5 million foreign visitors every year, making tourism the fastest-growing service industry. South Korea's industry, which has grown remarkably since the 1960's, accounts for 41 percent of the nation's economy. The country exports a variety of manufactured goods, including steel, automobiles, ships, chemicals, clothing, television sets, household appliances, and computers and semiconductors. Agriculture and Fishing. The agricultural sector employs about 12 percent of the workforce and accounts for 6 percent of the nation's economy. Fishing is especially important, as Koreans generally eat more fish than meat. South Korea is one of the world's major harvesters of seafood. South Korea's rice production is among the highest in the world per unit of land. In addition to rice, staple food crops include soybeans, barley, corn, potatoes, and sweet potatoes. Cabbages, tomatoes, cucumbers, and a variety of fruits are also grown. Bees are raised for honey, and silkworms are cultivated for raw silk. Cattle, pigs, and chickens are also raised. South Korea's main exports include electronic products, machinery, motor vehicles (particularly automobiles), steel, ships, and textiles and clothing. With no petroleum reserves, South Korea must import substantial amounts of crude oil. Other imports include food, machinery, chemicals, and chemical products. The country's main trading partner is the United States, followed by Japan and China. South Korea's modern transportation system includes some 54,370 miles (87,540 kilometers) of highways and 1,940 miles (3,120 kilometers) of railway lines. More than 100 airports provide air service. Airports near Seoul and Pusan provide international service. Korean Air is the nation's largest airline. South Korea has more than 120 television broadcast stations and 200 radio stations. Several daily newspapers are published, including ones in English, Chinese, and Japanese. South Korea has one of the world's highest population densities. More than 80 percent of the people live in urban areas. Seoul is South Korea's capital, largest city, and economic and cultural center. Situated on the Han River, it lies only 35 miles (56 kilometers) from the demilitarized zone that divides North and South Korea. The city is home to nearly one-quarter of South Korea's total population. Pusan, South Korea's second largest city, is the country's chief seaport and a major industrial center. See the article on Pusan. Traditional Korea revered Chinese models and adapted many Chinese ways. An example is the use of Chinese characters in the Korean language. Korean art and literature also display Chinese influence, as well as Korea's own style. In painting, for example, Korean artists during the Chosun kingdom created exquisite Chinese-style landscapes and portraits, but they also produced works depicting Korean scenes and customs. The events of South Korea's modern history have inspired many writers to produce tragic and satirical works. The ordeals of colonialism, war, urbanization, economic modernization, and the separation of families by the North-South division are common themes. South Korea is a democratic republic. It is headed by a president and prime minister and a cabinet composed primarily of officials from the majority party in the one-house legislature, the National Assembly. Members of the National Assembly are elected to 4-year terms by popular vote from districts across the nation. A new constitution, which went into effect in 1988, reduced the presidential term from seven to five years. There has since been a gradual trend toward lessening the central government's power over local affairs. Primitive communities existed in Korea at least 4,000 years ago. But the ancestors of the people we know as Koreans first migrated southward into the peninsula from Siberia and from China about 2,000 years ago. During the first century A.D., Korean tribal states developed and eventually became the kingdoms of Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla before they were unified under the Silla in 668 A.D. The Silla Kingdom (668-935), headquartered in the southeastern city of Kyongju, was Korea's first authentic dynasty. Its successor state, Koryo (918-1392), expanded Korea's boundaries. But Koryo was also forced to become part of the Mongol Empire. Koryo fell in 1392, and the new kingdom of Chosun, based in Seoul, realigned Korea with China. Chosun embraced Confucianism as its state philosophy, creating the basis for much that remains in Korean life and thought today. In 1637, Korea became dominated by the Manchus (who soon after became rulers of China), although the Korean kings remained on the throne until 1910. Under the Manchus, Korea became a hermit nation, cut off from the outside world except for China. Japanese Occupation. During the 1800's, many nations took an interest in Korea, especially Japan. After defeating rivals for influence in Korea (notably China in 1895 and Russia in 1905), Japan established a protectorate over Korea and annexed it in 1910. Japanese rule over the Korean people was very harsh. The Koreans were forced to speak Japanese, worship Japanese Shinto deities (gods), and even adopt Japanese names. A Divided Korea Korea was liberated from Japan by the Allies in 1945, at the end of World II, and was split into Soviet and American occupation zones. This division soon hardened into two new Korean states--communist-socialist North Korea and democratic-capitalist South Korea. An attempt by North Korea to unify the peninsula by military force in 1950 led to the Korean War. In this war, United Nations forces defended the South and managed to rescue it from communist domination, but at terrible human and material cost. South Korea has since kept in close alliance with the United States, which maintains a military presence there. See the article on the Korean War. Syngman Rhee was elected South Korea's first president in 1948. He was popular at first, but the South Korean people became discontented with his increasingly dictatorial rule. Rhee's government was overthrown in 1960. But it was followed in 1961 by a South Korean army dictatorship that ruled until 1987. The military regimes of presidents Park Chung Hee (1961-79) and Chun Doo-hwan (1980-87) helped bring about South Korea's economic rebirth. But at the same time, the Korean people suffered through decades of repression and police control. Anti-government risings took place in 1980 and again in 1987, when a democracy movement succeeded in launching a new period of popular rule and human rights. In 1988, South Korea gained the world's attention when Seoul hosted the Summer Olympic Games. South Korea, along with North Korea, was admitted to the United Nations in 1991. Later that year, the two Koreas signed a treaty of reconciliation and nonaggression. In 1998, South Korean president Kim Dae Jung further tried to ease tensions with the North, for which he was awarded the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize. More recently, South Korea has broadened its diplomatic relationships, particularly with China, Japan, and Russia. Great efforts have also been made to restore relations with North Korea, but major differences still separate North and South. In 2002, the World Cup tournament, co-hosted by South Korea and Japan, afforded an opportunity for the South Koreans to show their country to the world. The success of South Korea's national soccer team in reaching the World Cup semifinals was more than a sports victory--it quickly became an occasion for national celebration. Later that year, the South's reconciliation efforts with the North were disrupted when North Korea admitted it had been maintaining a secret nuclear weapons program.
A new online learning resource to help educational staff in Scotland to support young people’s mental health has been launched by the Scottish government. The Mental Health Foundation, Children's Health Scotland and training provider Digital Bricks developed the tool which is available to all primary, secondary and special school staff. The resource includes information about factors influencing mental health and wellbeing, prevention approaches and tips on how to end discrimination and stigma. Education Secretary Shirley-Anne Somerville said: “Children and young people’s mental health and wellbeing is of vital importance and this resource is a significant addition to the suite of resources that school staff can access. It will provide essential learning and knowledge on mental health and wellbeing that schools can adopt and embed across all aspects of the school environment. “Although aimed primarily at school staff, it can also be accessed and used by anyone who wants to learn more about mental health and how to support children and young people,” she added. The resource aims to provide school staff with knowledge and understanding of mental health and wellbeing in schools and a range of opportunities to learn about experiences and advice from professionals and young people. There are four main topics in the resource: Councillor Stephen McCabe, COSLA spokesperson for Children and Young People, said: “The mental health and wellbeing of our children and young people must be a priority as we recover from the Covid-19 pandemic and beyond. “Ensuring those working with young people, in all capacities, have access to resources that develop their understanding of, and equip them to appropriately support mental health would be crucial; I welcome this comprehensive resource providing training and information for all school staff,” he concluded.
Added: Tahnee Trotta - Date: 08.03.2022 14:11 - Views: 47967 - Clicks: 9958 Information on commonly used drugs with the potential for misuse or addiction can be found here. For drug use trends, see our Trends and Statistics . Ayahuasca A tea made in the Amazon from a plant Psychotria viridis containing the hallucinogen DMT, along with another vine Banisteriopsis caapi that contains an MAO inhibitor preventing the natural breakdown of DMT in the digestive system, which enhances serotonergic activity. It was used historically in Amazonian religious and healing rituals. Central Nervous System Depressants. Medications that slow brain activity, which makes them useful for treating anxiety and sleep problems. Cocaine A powerfully addictive stimulant drug made from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America. For more information, see the Cocaine Research Report. DMT Dimethyltriptamine DMT is a synthetic drug that produces intense but relatively short-lived hallucinogenic experiences; it is also found naturally in some South American plants see Ayahuasca. GHB Gamma-hydroxybutyrate GHB is a depressant approved for use in the treatment of narcolepsy, a disorder that causes daytime "sleep attacks". Heroin An opioid drug made from morphine, a natural substance extracted from the seed pod of various opium poppy plants. For more information, see the Heroin Research Report. Inhalants Solvents, aerosols, and gases found in household products such as spray paints, markers, glues, and cleaning fluids; also prescription nitrites. For more information, see the Inhalants Research Report. Ketamine A dissociative drug used as an anesthetic in veterinary practice. Dissociative drugs are hallucinogens that cause the user to feel detached from reality. Long-term Ulcers and pain in the bladder; kidney problems; stomach pain; depression; poor memory. Other Health-related Issues Sometimes used as a date rape drug. Risk of HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases from shared needles. In Combination with Alcohol Increased risk of adverse effects. Withdrawal Symptoms Unknown. Treatment Options Medications There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to ketamine or other dissociative drugs. Behavioral Therapies More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to dissociative drugs. Khat Pronounced "cot," a shrub Catha edulis found in East Africa and southern Arabia; contains the psychoactive chemicals cathinone and cathine. People from African and Arabian regions up to an estimated 20 million worldwide have used khat for centuries as part of cultural tradition and for its stimulant-like effects. Kratom A tropical deciduous tree Mitragyna speciosa native to Southeast Asia, with leaves that contain many compounds, including mitragynine, a psychotropic mind-altering opioid. Kratom is consumed for mood-lifting effects and pain relief and as an aphrodisiac. For more information, see the Kratom DrugFacts. LSD A hallucinogen manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains. LSD is an abbreviation of the scientific name l ysergic acid diethylamide. Marijuana Cannabis Marijuana is made from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. The main psychoactive mind-altering chemical in marijuana is deltatetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. For more information, see the Marijuana Research Report. MDMA is an abbreviation of the scientific name 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine. For more information, see the Hallucinogens DrugFacts. Methamphetamine An extremely addictive stimulant amphetamine drug. For more information, see the Methamphetamine Research Report. Over-the-Counter Medicines--Loperamide An anti-diarrheal that can cause euphoria when taken in higher-than-recommended doses. PCP A dissociative drug developed as an intravenous anesthetic that has been discontinued due to serious adverse effects. PCP is an abbreviation of the scientific name, phencyclidine. Low doses: slight increase in breathing rate; increased blood pressure and heart rate; shallow breathing; face redness and sweating; numbness of the hands or feet; problems with movement. High doses: nausea; vomiting; flicking up and down of the eyes; drooling; loss of balance; dizziness; violence; seizures, coma, and death. Long-term Memory loss, problems with speech and thinking, loss of appetite, anxiety. In Combination with Alcohol Unknown. Withdrawal Symptoms Headaches, increased appetite, sleepiness, depression. Prescription Opioids Pain relievers with an origin similar to that of heroin. Opioids can cause euphoria and are often used nonmedically, leading to overdose deaths. Long-term Increased risk of overdose or addiction if misused. Other Health-related Issues Pregnancy: Miscarriage, low birth weight, neonatal abstinence syndrome. Older adults: higher risk of accidental misuse because many older adults have multiple prescriptions, increasing the risk of drug-drug interactions, and breakdown of drugs slows with age; also, many older adults are treated with prescription medications for pain. Prescription Stimulants Medications that increase alertness, attention, energy, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate. Psilocybin A hallucinogen in certain types of mushrooms that grow in parts of South America, Mexico, and the United States. Rohypnol has been used to commit sexual assaults because of its strong sedation effects. Salvia A dissociative drug Salvia divinorum that is an herb in the mint family native to southern Mexico. Steroids Anabolic Man-made substances used to treat conditions caused by low levels of steroid hormones in the body and misused to enhance athletic and sexual performance and physical appearance. Synthetic Cannabinoids A wide variety of herbal mixtures containing man-made cannabinoid chemicals related to THC in marijuana but often much stronger and more dangerous. For more information, see the Synthetic Cannabinoids DrugFacts. Synthetic Cathinones Bath Salts An emerging family of drugs containing one or more synthetic chemicals related to cathinone, a stimulant found naturally in the khat plant. Examples of such chemicals include mephedrone, methylone, and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone MDPV. For more information, see the Synthetic Cathinones DrugFacts. Tobacco and Nicotine Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before use. Tobacco contains nicotine, an addictive chemical. Nicotine is sometimes extracted from the plant and is used in vaping devices. National Institutes of Health. Drug Topics. More Drug Topics. About NIDA. Commonly Used Drugs Charts. Expand All. August 20, Strong hallucinations including altered visual and auditory perceptions; increased heart rate and blood pressure; nausea; burning sensation in the stomach; tingling sensations and increased skin sensitivity. Possible changes to the serotoninergic and immune systems, although more research is needed. It is not known whether ayahuasca is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to ayahuasca or other hallucinogens. More research is needed to find out if ayahuasca is addictive and, if so, whether behavioral therapies are effective. Drowsiness, slurred speech, poor concentration, confusion, dizziness, problems with movement and memory, lowered blood pressure, slowed breathing. Sleep medications are sometimes used as date rape drugs. Must be discussed with a health care provider; barbiturate withdrawal can cause a serious abstinence syndrome that may even include seizures. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to prescription sedatives; lowering the dose over time must be done with the help of a health care provider. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to prescription sedatives. Cocaine hydrochloride topical solution low dose anesthetic used in certain medical procedures. Narrowed blood vessels; enlarged pupils; increased body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure; headache; abdominal pain and nausea; euphoria; increased energy, alertness; insomnia, restlessness; anxiety; erratic and violent behavior, panic attacks, paranoia, psychosis; heart rhythm problems, heart attack; stroke, seizure, coma. Loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, nasal damage and trouble swallowing from snorting; infection and death of bowel tissue from decreased blood flow; poor nutrition and weight loss; lung damage from smoking. Pregnancy: premature delivery, low birth weight , deficits in self-regulation and attention in school-aged children prenatally exposed. Depression, tiredness, increased appetite, insomnia, vivid unpleasant dreams, slowed thinking and movement, restlessness. Intense visual hallucinations, depersonalization, auditory distortions, and an altered perception of time and body image, usually peaking in about 30 minutes when drank as tea. Physical effects include hypertension, increased heart rate, agitation, seizures, dilated pupils. It is not known whether DMT is addictive. More research is needed to find out if DMT is addictive and, if so, whether behavioral therapies are effective. Euphoria, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, unconsciousness, slowed heart rate and breathing, lower body temperature, seizures, coma, death. Insomnia, anxiety, tremors, sweating, increased heart rate and blood pressure, psychotic thoughts. Collapsed veins; abscesses swollen tissue with pus ; infection of the lining and valves in the heart; constipation and stomach cramps; liver or kidney disease; pneumonia. Pregnancy: miscarriage, low birth weight, neonatal abstinence syndrome. Restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps "cold turkey". Methadone Buprenorphine Naltrexone short- and long-acting forms. Various household products Amyl nitrite a prescription solution is used to relieve pain of angina attacks chest pain. Paint thinners or removers, degreasers, dry-cleaning fluids, gasoline, lighter fluids, correction fluids, permanent markers, electronics cleaners and freeze sprays, glue, spray paint, hair or deodorant sprays, fabric protector sprays, aerosol computer cleaning products, vegetable oil sprays, butane lighters, propane tanks, whipped cream aerosol containers, refrigerant gases, ether, chloroform, halothane, nitrous oxide, prescription nitrites. Nitrites: enlarged blood vessels, enhanced sexual pleasure, increased heart rate, brief sensation of heat and excitement, dizziness, headache. Liver and kidney damage; bone marrow damage; limb spasms due to nerve damage; brain damage from lack of oxygen that can cause problems with thinking, movement, vision, and hearing. Nitrites: increased risk of pneumonia. Pregnancy: low birth weight, bone problems, delayed behavioral development due to brain problems, altered metabolism and body composition. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat inhalant addiction. When misused: Injected, snorted, smoked powder added to tobacco or marijuana cigarettes , swallowed Prescription formulas are injections or nasal sprays. Problems with attention, learning, and memory; dreamlike states, hallucinations; sedation; confusion; loss of memory; raised blood pressure; unconsciousness; dangerously slowed breathing. Sometimes used as a date rape drug. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to ketamine or other dissociative drugs. More research is needed to find out if behavioral therapies can be used to treat addiction to dissociative drugs. Euphoria, increased alertness and arousal, increased blood pressure and heart rate, depression, paranoia, headaches, loss of appetite, insomnia, fine tremors, loss of short-term memory. Gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation, ulcers, and stomach inflammation; and increased risk of heart attack. In rare cases associated with heavy use: psychotic reactions such as fear, anxiety, grandiose delusions fantastical beliefs that one has superior qualities such as fame, power, and wealth , hallucinations, and paranoia. It is not known whether khat is addictive. There are no FDA-approved medications to treat addiction to khat. More research is needed to find out if khat is addictive and, if so, whether behavioral therapies are effective. Nausea, dizziness, itching, sweating, dry mouth, constipation, increased urination, loss of appetite. Low doses: increased energy, sociability, alertness. High doses: sedation, euphoria, decreased pain. Anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, skin darkening, dry mouth, frequent urination, constipation.Legal drugs to get high email: [email protected] - phone:(286) 953-2049 x 1852 Prescription Drug Abuse
Free “Lady Lazarus” And “Barbie Doll” Literature Review Examples Sylvia Plath and Marge Piercy can be considered as two outstanding feminist American writers. Plath is famous as a poet, novelist and short story writer who married the famous poet, Ted Hughes. She is the commencer of the conventional poetry and has composed many poems during her life time. Piercy is the novelist and the social campaigner who can be regarded as a significant female voice. “Lady Lazarus” and “Barbie Doll” are the two exceptional poems written by Sylvia Plath and Marge Piercy respectively. “Lady Lazarus”, taken from the collection of poems Ariel, is famously known as the Holocaust poem that describes the speaker’s repression with the World War II Nazi Germany insinuations and descriptions. The poet presents us with her paradoxical ambiguity as to how to define herself and also to how to defend herself. The poem’s disturbing self- dramatization is made apparent as the poet attempts to reorganize her past in retrospect and to articulate a persuasive and convincing prophesy about her future. There is female persona’s assumption of the anguish and troubles of the concentration camp inhabitants as an appropriate comparison for the domestic tragedy of a failed marriage. The speaker in the poem gets the unique opportunity to be born again after death and she is compared to the phoenix, the liberal spirit who is presented as a virtuous, simple and quick-witted woman. This poem can be taken as the best example of Plath’s irony. Plath excellently blends the wonder of Lazarus, the legend of the phoenix, the frenzy of the circus, and the disgust of the holocaust to oracle for herself a raging conquest over her spirits of gaudiness and oppression. Susan Van Dyne points out: In her revisions, Plath substitutes epithets that would seem to entitle him to enviable positions of power and dominance: “Herr Professor,” “Herr Doktor,” “Herr Enemy,” “Herr God,” “Herr Lucifer.” Yet naming these attributes or roles served to clarify for the poet what her developing heroine lacked, and what Lady Lazarus would need to claim as her own in order to survive. In the process of negative definition which organizes the poem, the association of the male figure with cruelty and authority yields a composite projection of what the speaker both fears and desires. In reworking the image of the male figure, the worksheets show a movement from a highly conflicted fusion with an intimate antagonist toward a defiant separation from stylized, archetypal representations of male authority. In working out these changes, Plath is able to eliminate the wordiness of threats such as “we are not done with each other” and “I am very dangerous when it comes to you” in favor of more overt intimidation and manipulation of her audience (404). In many respects, the poem can be perceived as a dark, complicated and brutal poem that has been substance to the surfeit of literary censure since its publication. It also presents Plath’s suicidal attempts and compulsions. The phrase “has done it again” refers to the repeated attempt made by the poet to commit suicide for the third time. Her escape from death is taken as a failure while she believes that she will attain completion through escaping her body. Death is exemplified as an art and the speaker likes to embrace death. The poet suffuses the personal misery, anguish and shared affliction in the poem and the poem seems to establish an upsetting stiffness between the soberness of the experience manifested and the treacherously guileless and simple form of the poem. “Dying/is an art, like everything else. /I do it exceptionally well” demonstrates the suicidal attempts made by the speaker and she tries to make confessions through her works which she reflects as the best choice to enter into and illustrate inclusive leitmotifs and topics. Susan Van Dyne asserts: In her last utterance, the speaker claims to have moved outside the orbit of male dominance altogether. But has she? Her efforts to heal the split, to articulate a radical integrity, are noticeably different from the closing visions of other October poems that predict the rebirth of a heroine. In “Ariel” the self-absorbed drive of the speaker is undeniably ecstatic even though it may spell the extinction of the individual self. In “Stings” the rising queen is autonomous; she is liberated from the “stingless dead men” who appear in the drafts but who are unmentioned in the final poem. The close of “Lady Lazarus” is more frightening in its explicit urge for revenge and more fearful in its need for it. In Plath’s incandescent image, the phoenix rises in rage. The men that she eats like air fuel that final fire (410). She brings in strange, yet credible resemblances between her dilemmas and torments with the tortured Jews when she says: “A sort of walking miracle, my skin/ Bright as a Nazi lampshade,/My right foot/A paperweight,/My face a featureless, fine/Jew linen.” It is definitely a poem of social condemnation with a strong didactic shade, and a work of art which discloses great meticulous and rational competence. “Barbie Doll” is the powerful poem by the famous feminist poet, Marge Piercy, who mainly composes her poems to portray the predicament of women in the contemporary society. The image of Barbie Doll brings into our mind the perfectly beautiful toy girl with the unrealistic blonde hair, shape, and other belongings. The girl in the poem is also born like a Barbie doll, but fails to get contentment in her life as she lives for others and leads her life according to the society’s decision and resolution. Piercy’s poetic language is rich, powerful and ironic that cast shadows in to the gender discrimination of the society. The girls are bestowed with the toys like dolls, kitchen sets like “miniature stoves and irons” that define the roles to be played by women and the girls are groomed in such a way as to be perfect in these tasks, right from the childhood days. The girl is even gifted with cherry colored lipsticks that hint at the society’s expectation about her to look good to be accepted by them. The cherry color intends to enhance the sexuality of the girl and manages to conceal the flaws on her face. The “magic of puberty” hints at the onset of the menstrual cycle that also marks the transition of her body. But she encounters severe criticisms from her classmates for her big nose and fat legs. And the girl starts looking at herself and begins to dislike her appearance. Robert Perrin comments: The second stanza provides contrast that students usually notice. The girl in her early teen- age years is described in robust terms: “She was healthy, tested intelligent, / possessed strong arms and back” (7-8). These positive descriptions especially” strong arms and back,” counter many of the limiting descriptions of girls, providing part of the countermovement of this poem. However, those aggressively positive characteristics are balanced by a grim yet simple line: “She went to and fro apologizing” (10). Students do not miss the sadly rhythmic emphasis that “to and fro” provides, nor do they miss or misunderstand the depressing cycle that is described in these words. And, once again, students can freely share their experiences and observations (83). The third stanza enlists many things that the girl needs to follow so as to maintain a perfect and apt life in the society. “She was advised to play coy/ exhorted to come on hearty/ exercise, diet, smile and wheedle.” The next lines show that the girl finds it terrible to live in a society that controls and dominates her that she finally decides to end her life, ‘so she cut off her nose and her legs.’ The act of killing suggests the failure of the girl. The final stanza presents the girl’s dead body and the poet sceptically describes her ‘perfect nose.’ The casket in which she is kept is a huge Barbie box which is her coffin. She looks appealing and attractive without life as she is flaunt with make-up and even has a new nose. She looks like a different person and that is what the society wants. The poet’s sarcastic last lines- ‘ to every woman a happy ending’ show how the society weakens a woman’s thinking by instilling in her the idea that in order to have a happy ending, women have to shape themselves into a perfect figure like a Barbie Doll both in looks and in behaviour. The poem is exactly like an allegory that clarifies and cautions us that we should not let timidities and hesitancies to develop into a fascination or a malady that ultimately leads to our own fatal end. – What is an organization? An organization is a term that covers three issues: structure, purpose and activity. The organization requires having a particular distinct structure classified in terms of […] Tone The tone of this sonnet is dark and melancholy. It is filled with imagery which puts an emphasis on the madness of the subject, as well as the sadness […] The empowering poem of "Labor Speaks" was composed in 1909 of unknown origin and author. According to the literary-focused website, "What So Proudly We Hail", the poem was popularized by […] One of the prominent stories written in the style of expressionism is a novel of Franz Kafka “The Metamorphosis”. The story embodies all the outstanding features of this modern trend […] “Barbie Doll” and “Lady Lazarus” are two powerful and exceptional poems written by two celebrated poets from America. Marge Piercy and Sylvia Plath excellently portray the position occupied by women […] The literature review of this study is a comprehensive review of Psychodynamic therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. The literature will involve empirical support, description of the available treatment, theoretical aspects […] Islam The root causes of Islam terror can be traced back to the factors that inform ideologies. Islam terror is based on an ideology. There are two root causes of […] Part 1 I have noticed that there are significant differences between what I submitted and the model answer provided. The model answer is very specific and straight to the point […] The first poem is titled Barbie Doll. It is composed by famous American female writer Marge Piercy. It has a free structure of the poetry of 70s when the sense […] Sylvia Plath and Marge Piercy can be considered as two outstanding feminist American writers. Plath is famous as a poet, novelist and short story writer who married the famous poet, […]
Greatest Triumph – Unravelling the Mystery of Amelia Earhart “The past is an unsolved mystery and the truth a moving target”(AZ Quotes). For years people have pondered what happened to Amelia Earhart. Did she live under a false identity as a Jersey housewife? Did she end up living on an island, stranded? Speculations along the lines of these have been recorded but not yet solved due to the fact that the facts have not always added up in every possible theory. We would all like to know what happened to her, and the most likely theory on how Amelia disappeared is her plane crashed into the ocean and she drowned. One of the most plausible theories about what happened to Earhart is the “Crash and Sink” theory. This theory revolves around Earhart’s plane running out of gas and going down in the ocean. People and researchers believed that Earhart and her co-pilot Noonan crashed in the Pacific Ocean near Howland Island. It suggests that Earhart and Noonan were looking for Howland Island when her plane ran out of fuel. It was thought that after this, Earhart and Noonan crashed into the ocean and died. Earhart and Noonan expected to be in radio contact with Itasca when they got closer to Howland Island. Although, the plane ended up not being able to make radio contact with Itasca. This was unfortunate because if they had been able to make radio contact they could have been able to make radio direction since Earhart was low on fuel. Therefore, Earhart and Noonan were left by themselves to try and find the island, but unfortunately, they ran out of fuel before that happened. An engineer and navigator named Elgen Long and his wife Mary K. Log devoted 35 years of their lives searching for Earhart’s plane in areas all around Howland Island. The next theory about what happened to Earhart is the Gardner Hypothesis. This suggested that Earhart and Noonan didn’t land or crash near Howland Island at all. This is saying that since they had little fuel, they did not want to waste their time looking for Howland so they went searching for islands more south. It suggests that they used their radio transmitter to help them look for other islands. They were heading towards Baker Island, but if they ended up missing Baker Island, they would try to go to the Phoenix Islands. Researchers had some reason to believe this hypothesis because of USS Colorado Navy planes flew over an island called Nikumaroro. They found signs of habitation which made them believe that they could have landed there. In spite of the fact that they saw signs of recent habitation, they did not see or find anything of Earhart’s plane. The thing was the Nikmaroo was uninhabited to the fact they found signs of recent habitation was incredible and people wanted something to believe. Everyone wanted to try to figure out what happened to Earhart and Noonan. Once this became public knowledge, immediately researchers and Americans jumped to conclusions. Another reason they believed they landed on Gardner Island (Nikumaroo) is because of a scientific study done is 1940. This study was done on bones found in Nikumaroo. These bones could have belonged to any human but Nikumaroo was uninhabited. The fact that they even found human bones on an uninhabited island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean is crazy. Even though they never could prove if it was Earhart or Noonan, everyone still wanted to believe it was them. This is why researchers believe they could have landed on the island of Nikumaroro. The next theory is very far fetched. This theory suggests that Earhart and Noonan. As after accidentally navigating her plane into the Japanese South Pacific Mandate. There is a book that was written by Fred Goerner, a former CBS correspondent. Goerner proposes that Earhart and Noonan were captured by the Japenese after Earhart’s plane crashed on the island of Saipan. Soon after, Goerner says that Earhart and Noonan were executed. This book also suggests that they crashed near the Marshall Islands instead, about 800 miles from the original location Earhart was supposed to land. Adding on to this theory, in the 1990s the TV show called Unsolved Mysteries had a woman on their show. This woman said that she witnessed Earhart and Noonan being captured and executed. Although she made this accusation, no evidence has been found to really support what she was saying. There has also been photographs that have been said to “show” Earhart and Noonan in captivity. Researchers quickly found that these images were either faked or taken before her final flight. Although an inhibitor from the Marshall Islands was found with a photo of what looked like Earhart and Noonan in her old photos and archives. There is also a slightly different version of the Japenese capture theory. This theory suggests that Earhart didn’t get captured, but that the Japanese shot down her plane. Earhart and Noonan accidentally flew into their territory so the Japenese decided to shoot them down. An author by the name of Henri Keyzer-Andre was a former pilot of Pan Am. Andres’s book was published in 1933 and was called Age of Heroes: Incredible Adventures of a Pan Am Pilot and his Greatest Triumph, Unravelling the Mystery of Amelia Earhart. Several researchers looked into this book to see if it could be the truth about what happened to Earhart. Another coincidence that keeps this theory going is Mike Campbell. He published a book in 2012 called Amelia Earhart: The Truth at Last. Campbell says that the Marshall Inhibitors claim to have seen a crash nearby. Campbell also said that a U.S. Army Sergeant found a strange-looking gravesite near an old Japenese prison in Saipan. Those two reasons just added into the suspicion about the Japenese. There have been several other theories on what happened to Earhart and Noonan. There are some that assumed she returned to the U.S. with a new identity. Some suspected that she was a spy for the U.S. and that she was looking into the Japenese. George Putnam looked into her as a radio broadcast woman that was compelling women in Tokyo. Some even believe she turned back when she was in the middle of her flight. All of these are accusations people and researchers believe that could have been the possible truth. Although there are several theories about what could have happened to Earhart and Noonan but if researchers are looking at the real facts and all the possible evidence. The best theory is the Crash and Sink theory. It makes the best sense out of all of the theories. Other than being the most likely theory, it makes the most sense realistically too. Every other theory is pushing it a little bit too far to be realistic. The theory that is most likely is that Earhart’s plane crashed into the ocean and she drowned. Even though there are several theories on what happened to her, not all of them add up and make sense. Everyone believes something different, you can’t overlook the facts. Only really through the understanding of the investigations that we will truly understand that it will continue to be a mystery. The following quote states that everything will always be a mystery but when you are solving it, there is a beauty in it. “It began in mystery, and it will end in mystery, but what a savage and beautiful country lies in between” (Ackerman). The story is about a girl called Mrs. Mallard and she had difficulties with her own heart. Her husband was in a collision and as a consequence of her illness […] According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, self- respect is defined as “the pride and confidence in oneself; a feeling that one is behaving with honor and dignity.” (Merriam- Webster). The Color […] From the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, African Americans faced hardship through inequality and racism. Around the 1980s, Alice Walker illustrated the history of racial and gender oppression that black […] The movie that I am writing about in this essay is ‘The Color Purple’. The Color Purple is a historical drama fiction film and was directed by Stephen Spielberg. The […] In regards to the global issue of children and youth, Ray Bradbury contacts an argument utilizing , “The Veldt” and “Sing The Body Electric”, that children must be provided with […] Theme in a story is its underlying message or big idea which can be expressed in many ways. The Happylife Home is a home with the greatest technology. In “The […] Ray Bradbury does a good job at depicting the negative effects of overuse of electronics and how it can change the bond between parents and children. In the short story […] Abandonment The theme of abandonment is relevant because without this theme there would be less context and understanding. In this story the children truly believe that their parents have abandoned […] Amelia Earhart had the courage and integrity to break gender stereotypes and continues to be a huge mystery to many. Amelia did not fit the mold that most all women […] “The past is an unsolved mystery and the truth a moving target”(AZ Quotes). For years people have pondered what happened to Amelia Earhart. Did she live under a false identity […]
Pride and Prejudice: Women and Social class in the Regency Era Free Essay Example Women were not considered to be equal to men. Women were regarded as being more fragile, mentally and physically, than men, and in need of care and protection. Wives were expected to defer to their husbands. Women laboured under certain legal disadvantages. When a woman married, for instance, any property she owned or any moeny she earned or ineherited automatically belonged to her husband. A husband could divorce his wife for adultery (though even for a man,divorce was difficult to come by, and carried a strong social stigma) but a woman could not divorce her husband even if he was cruel, deserted her etc. It ws possible to obtain a legal seperation, but that ws very difficult to come by. For upper or middle class women who needed to earn a living, teaching was one of the very few respectable options, and to be a teacher was not regarded as a particularly desirable occupation. A woman who became a teacher might be a governess (teaching the children of one family in their own home) or she might be a teacher in a school. Get quality help now Proficient in: Husband “ Thank you so much for accepting my assignment the night before it was due. I look forward to working with you moving forward ” +84 relevant experts are online Universities did not admit women at this time, and there were no female university professors, nor could women be doctors or lawyers or go into the church. The standard of education in girls’ schools was very variable, most concentrated mainly on fashionable accomplishments like dancing, music, French, and drawing, but some had more demanding curriculums. Mary Russell Mitford (who was a few years younger than Jane Austen) went to a school that taught Latin and Astronomy as well as the more usual subjects. Get to Know The Price Estimate For Your Paper Deadline: 10 days left Number of pages Write my paper You won’t be charged yet! And there were books aimed at girls which offered more challenging subjects. for instance, an immensely popular book in the Regency era was ‘Conversations in Chemistry’ by jane marcet, which taught chemistry in the form of conversations between a governes.s and her two pupils. This book was extremely popular and went through many editions. It was intended mainly for girls, but was read by men as well, the scientist Michael Faraday said that it was one of the two books that had influenced him most in his life (the other was the Encyclopedia Britannica). However, as you can see from reading the novels of Jane Austen, gentlemen were expected to treat ladies with respect. Most girls of the upper and middle class expected to stay at home until they married, but most were probably quite happy with this. It was not usual in those days for people to work unless they really needed to. This applied to men as well as women, a gentleman like Mr Darcy or Mr Bingley for instance would not expect to have to work for a living, any more than most women of their class would. Relations between men and women were often very good, for instance you can see from the letters of jane Austen that she had a lot of affection for her brothers, and they for her. It was different for working class women of course. They, like working class men, would be expected to work for a living from an early age. One of the commonest forms of employment for women in this period ws domestic service. Almost everyone who could afford it kept at least one servant, and a wealthy family might have dozens. One of the very few working class characters in Jane Austen is the housekeeper at Pemberley (mr Darcy’s home) who speaks about him so warmly when Elizabeth and her aunt and uncle visit the house. The housekeeper was the most important female servant in a large household, and she would be in charge of all the other servants, give the orders as to what they were to do, manage the household accounts etc. It was a responsible and important position. The fact that Elizabeth Bennet is impressed by the housekeeper’s good opinion of Mr Darcy shows that a servant’s opinion of her employer could be a valuable guide to his character. In Pride and Prejudice, Darcy and Elizabeth first encounter at the ball in Meryton. Not such of a good impression they had on each other. Darcy’s first opinion is well […] Discuss social class in ‘Madame Bovary.’ Is Emma a sophisticated aristocrat born by mistake in a bourgeois prison, or is she simply a middle-class girl obsessed with a richer life? […] The first part of the novel In the first part of the novel, Madame Bovary, written by Gustave Flaubert, there are two main characters introduced to us; Emma Rouault and […] What Aristotle, Lincoln, and Homer Simpson Can Teach United States About the Art of Persuasion is a title written by the not-so-famous, (but exceptionally fluent) Jay Heinrichs. Although the title […] It is unworthy the expense and risk to make a manned flight to Mars A human mission to visit and arrive on the world Mars has actually long been an […] How does Austen use contrasting characters in Pride and Prejudice? (Part B question) Jane Austen uses contrasting characters in ‘Pride and Prejudice’ to highlight her characters traits, both good and […] 1) In 1859, Charles Darwin described a model of how living things change over time. He described this model and the evidence that supported it in a book called On […] 1. Background Information: For modern people, cosmetic surgery nowadays has become more and more popular. Some people believe that it is a technique to raise the beauty of a person. […] In learning a particular language, we enhance the communicative language skills; the receptive skills and productive skills. Receptive skills include understanding through listening and reading. Productive skills are speaking and […] Women were not considered to be equal to men. Women were regarded as being more fragile, mentally and physically, than men, and in need of care and protection. Wives were […]
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources-Division of Water Resources and the Las Vegas Valley Water District, compiled 44 individual interferograms and 1 stacked interferogram comprising 29 satellite synthetic aperture radar acquisitions of Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, from 1992 to 1999. The interferograms, which depict short-term, seasonal, and long-term trends in land subsidence and uplift, are viewable with an interactive map. The interferograms show that land subsidence and uplift generally occur in localized areas, are responsive to ground-water pumpage and artificial recharge, and, in part, are fault controlled. Information from these interferograms can be used by water and land managers to mitigate land subsidence and associated damage. Land subsidence attributed to ground-water pumpage has been documented in Las Vegas Valley since the 1940s. Damage to roads, buildings, and other engineered structures has been associated with this land subsidence. Land uplift attributed to artificial recharge and reduced pumping has been documented since the 1990s. Measuring these land-surface changes with traditional benchmark and Global Positioning System surveys can be costly and time consuming, and results typically are spatially and temporally sparse. Interferograms are relatively inexpensive and provide temporal and spatial resolutions previously not achievable. The interferograms are viewable with an interactive map. Landsat images from 1993 and 2000 are viewable for frames of reference to locate areas of interest and help determine land use. A stacked interferogram for 1992-99 is viewable to visualize the cumulative vertical displacement for the period represented by the individual interferograms. The interactive map enables users to identify and estimate the magnitude of vertical displacement, visually analyze deformation trends, and view interferograms and Landsat images side by side. The interferograms and Landsat images are available for download, in formats for use with Geographic Information System software. Additional publication details USGS Numbered Series Interferograms showing land subsidence and uplift in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, 1992-99
Immune link to stress could help in treating depression Researchers at the University of Adelaide say a new focus on the links between the immune system and stress is needed to help pave the way for improved treatments of severe depression. In a paper published in Frontiers in Neuroscience, a team based in the University's School of Medical Sciences argues that current treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) lack effectiveness, pointing to other underlying causes of depression that have so far gone untreated. The researchers have conducted a review of previous studies in the field and concluded that the protein best known for its role in immunology, called toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), could be central to better understanding the disease. "Current medications are insufficient to provide long-term relief from depression in most patients, and only one in seven patients shows any real benefit from the treatment," says co-author and PhD student in Physiology at the University of Adelaide, JiaJun ("JJ") Liu. "Given the huge burden placed on individuals, families and society from depression, new insights into the condition – and new medications – are desperately needed." Ms Liu says scientists have known for years that stress can lead to ill health, and the immune system has been increasingly associated with various psychosomatic illnesses. "But stress has proven difficult to study because it's hard to pinpoint exactly what it does in the body," she says. "With major depression, patients also have changes in their immunology. We know that a decrease in depressive symptoms is associated with a normalisation of this immunology. So these changes taking place in the immune system are playing an important role in patients' disease." Ms Liu's review of the literature examining the brain as an immune organ demonstrates a clear role for TLR4 and its control of hormones in the body, all contributing to extended periods of stress and eventually depression. "The immune-brain-hormone systems are in constant communication. In the case of stress and MDD, all three systems may be dysfunctional in patients. The difficulty in finding targets for treatment lies in untangling these multi-layered relationships," she says. "The direct relationship between TLR4 and depression is still not fully understood, although timing and location of TLR4 activation appears to be important. More research is needed to better understand this connection."
White Elephant Blog Pongola Game Reserve is making history (again) with the recent birth of elephant twins. This is amazing news owing to the fact that twins, although it has been recorded, seldom occur, and when they do, their survival rate is rare. Cynthia Moss in her classical account “Elephant Memories” recorded a case where twins - a male and female calf - were successfully raised by their mother who was the matriarch of her family, and therefore, experienced. Food was also in abundance. The male did ‘bully’ his sister when it came to feeding, but she worked out a strategy to get him tired with playing, and would then sneak in for a good drink while her brother rested. As the twins grew and their tusks emerged, it was also interesting to see the difference in growth rates. According to the reserve's Elephant field monitor and researcher they were first seen on 15 November 2014. Both seem to be feeding well and are keeping up with their mom. This is a wonderful opportunity for some more research and hopefully their monitoring will give some answers to some of the unanswered questions we have re the data on elephant twins. President Paul Kruger proclaimed the Pongola Game Reserve on 13 June 1894. This protected area was thus the first government proclaimed reserve in Africa and the second oldest in the world (after Yellowstone National Park in the United States of America.) We will keep you posted on developments and post photos on social media as soon as we have more. Dr Heinz Kohrs Photo credit: Pongola Game Reserve
Mustangs are a breed of horse that is known for their wild spirit and free-roaming lifestyle. These horses are descendants of the Spanish horses that were brought to North America by the Spaniards in the 16th century. The mustang has become a symbol of freedom, strength, and endurance, making them an incredibly popular breed. However, these beautiful animals come with a cost. How much is a Mustang horse? History of Mustang Horses Mustangs are a type of feral horse that originated in the United States and Mexico. They are thought to be descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish in the 16th century. Over the years, these horses adapted to their new environment, developing a wild spirit and an affinity for the open range. Mustangs were a common sight on the American frontier, but as the country became more developed, their numbers decreased, and they faced the threat of extinction. In 1971, the U.S. Congress passed the Wild and Free-Roaming Horse and Burro Act, which established the wild horse and burro population in the United States as an “integral part of the natural system of the public lands” and prohibited the “capture, branding, harassment, or death of wild free-roaming horses and burros.” This act helped preserve the mustang population and allowed them to thrive in their native habitats. Today, mustangs are a popular breed of horse and are used for many different purposes. They are often used for ranch work, as show horses, and for recreational riding. Cost of a Mustang Horse Mustangs are generally more expensive than other breeds of horses due to their unique history and their wild spirit. The cost of a mustang horse will vary depending on the age, sex, and condition of the animal. A young, healthy mustang typically costs between $500 and $1,500. An older, more experienced mustang may cost between $2,000 and $4,000. It’s important to note that the cost of a mustang horse does not include the cost of training and care. Training and care are essential for mustangs and can add significantly to the overall cost. A professional trainer can expect to pay anywhere from $2,000 to $10,000 for the training of a mustang. Adopting a Mustang If you’re interested in owning a mustang, you may want to consider adopting one. Adopting a mustang is a much more affordable option than buying one. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) manages over 40,000 wild horses and burros on public lands and offers adoption programs for these animals. Adoption fees for mustangs range from $125 to $250 for an animal that’s been halter-trained. Unhaltered mustangs may be available for free. Mustang horses are a beautiful and unique breed of horse that are known for their wild spirit and free-roaming lifestyle. While these animals come with a cost, the cost of a mustang horse varies depending on the age, sex, and condition of the animal. Adopting a mustang is a much more affordable option than buying one, and the Bureau of Land Management offers programs to help people find adoptable mustangs.
"We repeatedly observed soft-sediment dwelling octopuses carrying around coconut shell halves, assembling them as a shelter only when needed. Whilst being carried, the shells offer no protection and place a requirement on the carrier to use a novel and cumbersome form of locomotion — 'stilt-walking'. To date, invertebrates have generally been regarded as lacking the cognitive abilities to engage in such sophisticated behaviors. The discovery of this octopus tiptoeing across the sea ﬂoor with its prized coconut shells suggests that even marine invertebrates engage in behaviors that we once thought the preserve of humans." They didn't just crawl under the shells, they carried them around! That "stilt-walking" is fantastic. From an engineering point of view, it appears to be a lot of load per tentacle. Although it is underwater. Still, I can't imagine walking across the room on the tips of my fingers and toes. That coconut shell must be precious.
What does a Forensic Scientist do? A Forensic Scientist is a highly trained professional who work in a crime laboratory to examine evidence from criminal investigations. Depending upon the agency that they work for, they may also be required to travel to crime scenes and collect evidence. They must meticulously document their work and ensure their analysis are of the highest quality and reliability. The scientists work closely with the investigative agency to determine what pieces of evidence should be analyzed and the significance of each. They also work closely with the prosecuting and defense attorneys to explain their results and answer questions. In some cases, the scientist will go to court and be sworn in as an expert witness. There they will be required to give an impartial testimony explaining their analysis and the results. Are Forensic Scientist certified or licensed? Unlike doctors or lawyers, forensic scientist are not licensed individually. Rather, the crime laboratories that they work for are accredited by various associations. This accreditation is based in part on the qualifications of the scientist, including that each achieve a certain level of education, training and continual quality assurance testing. The most prominent accrediting entity for forensic labs is the American Society of Crime Lab Directors (ASCLD) . Individual scientist may choose to take a test offered by the American Board of Criminalistics to become certified in their field. This test is optional and not required by any governing agency. It is offered to demonstrate knowledge and skills on an individual basis in a general or specified discipline. What types of evidence does a forensic scientist examine? Evidence can come in all shapes, sizes and forms. Each discipline, however has their “usual” items that are collected in most routine cases. For example, forensic biologist work a lot of sexual assault cases. They therefore examine a lot of sexual assault evidence collection kits, which are collected from the victim at the hospital and contain blood, hair, saliva and swabs from various body orifices. Clothing from the victim is also frequently examined for the presence of body fluids or stains. Drug chemists analyze substances thought to be illegal drugs like marijuana, cocaine and heroin. Trace chemists analyze paint samples from hit and run crimes and air samples from suspected arson. Firearms examiners handle a lot of guns, bullets and cartridges. Documents examiners analyze checks, ransom notes, legal documents and even copied and printed documents. Most of the time forensic scientists do not be work directly with a deceased individual or with body parts. This is the job of the detective, crime scene investigator, coroner or forensic pathologists. Occasionally, however, the scientist may be in direct contact with the victim.
The Guyana Livestock Development Authority (GLDA) is reminding citizens that it is important to follow established procedures for the importation of livestock into Guyana. Dr. Colbert Bowman, Head of GLDA’s Animal Health Unit, says the procedure is straightforward and will reduce the risk of economic ruin for livestock farmers. “There is a legal pathway for importing animals into Guyana and it starts with them coming into us and making an application for the import of a particular animal into Guyana. Based on the situation in the particular country from which the animal is being sourced, we set preconditions so that it can be legally imported into Guyana. If that is done, then we minimise the risk of any transfer of diseases,” Dr. Bowman explained. Additionally, the veterinarian said the current situation in Venezuela, where large numbers of people are crossing the Guyana – Venezuela border into Region One, Barima-Waini to escape the current socio-economic crises in that country, dictates that citizens follow the established guidelines, especially since there have been confirmed cases of vesicular diseases there. “That’s one reason why we need to mount this exercise and we need to extend it for a prolonged period until we are certain that there is a reduction in the risk. Because people moving from one area to the next will want to move their total livelihood, and that may include animals and so forth,” he explained. Vesicular disease is a general term referring to diseases that cause blisters on various body parts of livestock and, in some cases, humans. Included in this category are Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD); Vesicular Stomatitis (VS); Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD); and Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (VES). Foot and mouth disease is considered the most devastating of them because of its rate of transmission and the capacity to wipe out large herds in a short period leaving economic despair in its aftermath. Guyana has been deemed free from foot and mouth disease without vaccination through the GLDA’s veterinary interventions that minimise the threat of disease from internal and external sources. Images: Anil Seelall DSC_0166: Head of GLDA’s Animal Health Unit, Dr. Colbert Bowman
NAMES AND TAXONOMY California Bay Laurel Umbellularia californica (Hooker and Arnott) Nuttall Also called the bay laurel, bay, California laurel, Oregon myrtle, myrtlewood (name used for wood used in furniture, carvings, and other products), pepperwood, and peppernut (the latter two from the aromatic wood and nuts), and headache tree (from its ability to cause and relieve headache with its aroma). It is the only member of its genus, which was widespread in the Pliocene. In the august family Lauraceae – the same family as the commercial avocado, the sweet bay from which comes the commercial cooking spice (commonly sold in whole-leaf form), and the laurel tree common in many mythologies, often featured as a symbol of peace and victory (ancient Olympic games champions were crowned with a laurel wreath, and the pigeon on Noah’s arc returned bearing laurel leaves, indicating the floodwaters had receded and land was nearby). The most gorgeous bird ever, the resplendent quetzal, also feeds exclusively on fruits of lauraceous trees in the neotropics. HABITAT AND IDENTIFICATION It is locally dominant in moist soils of mixed forests, redwood forests, and in coastal foothill canyons, slopes, and streambanks. It’s commonly cultivated around its endemic range (coastal mid to northern CA and southern OR). Its understory is often made open by allelopathic leaf litter, being sometimes totally barren of any plants under the main portion of the tree’s canopy. Its trunk and branches are thick and smooth when young, developing pale low ridges with age; somewhat oak-like. Often it’s single-trunked in cultivated or upland habitat, but more often it’s multi-trunked on steeper slopes or along creeksides where its root tangles form banks. Its heartwood rot and trunk/branch loss leaves hollows inhabited by small mammals. I’ve seen many trees toppled and killed with the base regrowing into a full, large, multi-trunked tree. Its epiphytes are often extensive, being laden with thick moss is wetter areas. It usually grows 40-70′ (max 150′). It has alternate branching, with simple, lanceolate, thick, shiny, dark, paler undersided, ~3.5″ long, and strongly aromatic leaves. It flowers Jan-Mar, in tiny yellowish clusters. Its fruit is avocado-like, green to purple, globular, and ~1″ wide. (Peattie 1950) A TREE OF MANY USES The tree is really common in the CA bay area and has tons of uses, with edible fruits and nuts, leaves good as a spice, disinfectant / cleaner, flea repellant, de-licing agent, headache reliever (or inducer), toothache reliever, and more… The wood is very hard, firm, heavy green, medium-light dry (40.5 lb/ft2), and fine-grained, with mottled heartwood, and thick sapwood. It is often used for bowls and furniture (Peattie 1950). It is subject to attack by bark beetles, so be sure to cure the wood, ideally with repeated coats of linseed oil and turpentine mixed, and once fully absorbed (waiting several weeks between coats and gradually decreasing the turpentine amount, beginning from 50%), a final coat of beeswax made workable with a little coconut oil. THE BAY LAUREL FOR MEDICINE Medicinal uses of the bay tree, especially its leaves, abounded for the CA Indians. The probable active ingredient for most or all of these medicines was umbelliferone, which is the essential oil that gives the tree its spicy, peppery, aromatic, or bitter taste in all its tissues. These medicinal uses include: – An infusion of leaves was used as an antimicrobial for washing sores or was drank for colds, sore throats, stomach aches, menstrual cramps, and clotting. – A poultice of the leaves was applied to the affected tooth for relieving toothaches. Heated leaves were applied as a poultice for rheumatism. Bathing in hot water with the leaves twice a day for two or three days was a cure for rheumatism, causing the skin to smart, which provoked thorough rubbing (Chesnut 1902). – The nuts were eaten during gorges of clover (Trifolium spp.) to prevent the bloating that would often otherwise occur. – Fresh leaves were crushed and smelled to relieve headache, which could also induce one. To relieve headache, a piece of the leaf was placed in the nostril, or several leaves were bound to the forehead, or the head was washed with a strong decoction of the leaves (Chesnut 1902). My fiance suffered severe migraines following a severe head injury, and smelling crushed fresh or dried leaves was one of the few things that would relieve her headaches. – For chronic stomach complaints, a large quantity of leaves was tied around the body for a couple of days (Chesnut 1902). To cure both stomachache and headache, a decoction was sometimes drank (Chesnut 1902). The vapor and smoke from burning boughs and leaves on a slow fire was a cure for many diseases (Chesnut 1902). – Washing the head with a strong decoction of the leaves also was used to kill lice (Chesnut 1902). BAY LAUREL LEAVES FOR FLEAS Fresh boughs and leaves were placed around dwellings repel fleas and insects (Chesnut 1902). I do this at my house to reduce the flea infestation, and when I rub crushed leaves on my cats, I can see the fleas fleeing. An essential oil extract placed on the nape of my cats’ and dogs’ necks repels their fleas. I boiled up a strong decoction from a large potful of leaves with which to wash my cats. The smell from the boiling pot was so powerful it gave me an instant headache, and I had to open all my windows and turn a fan on. Once the bay leaf decoction was cooled, I added some soap (to enhance penetration) and dipped my cats one by one into it, laving lots of the liquid over their whole bodies till they were totally soaked, while standing in a pot full. They hated it and the one we didn’t have in a mesh bag when we washed them bit the hell out of me and Emily. But I’m sure it was a terrifying headache for them. Afterwards, I inspected their coats and the fleas were all dead or stunned. Checking later, it was clear that many were just stunned, and were slowly recovering as the cat dried. It was really easy to pick them off at this time, since they were slow, and easy to see in the wet coat. Next time, it will be better to wash the cats in the full tub of soapy water after the bay treatment to wash off the stunned fleas and send them down the drain. I also used the soapy bay decoction in a spray bottle to totally coat the carpets, floors, and other areas the cats hang out to kill flea eggs. THE BAY LAUREL FOR EATING One interesting use I’ve only read about once was that the root bark was used to make a drink by the California Indians in Mendocino Co. (Chesnut 1902). A few fresh or dried leaves make a great spice for hearty or meaty stews. Substitutable for commercial bay, though using less since it has a stronger flavor. I use about 3 or four mid-sized leaves (usually young leaves since older ones tend to have sooty mold) for about a gallon pot of bean stew or pot roast. The fruit looks like a mini avocado, about 1-2 in long, with skin ranging from lime green to dark green and often with purple, some even being entirely rich purple. I have not found a relationship between the fruit skin color and the stage of ripeness beyond that when totally unripe they tend to be lighter green, not usually developing purple until ripe, but many ripe fruits are still totally light green. The fruit, which ripens in the fall, has flesh that is edible, but unripe it is rather bitter. Ripe, it is still somewhat bitter or aromatic, but can often be quite tasty if one finds the right tree. A good ripe fruit tastes oily and like an aromatic avocado. The flesh is about half essential oils and fats. But I’ve found that most sufficiently ripe fruits are partly rotted or eaten or otherwise damaged. Perhaps picking them slightly unripe and allowing them to ripen in a paper bag would be a solution. COLLECTING BAY LAUREL NUTS TO EAT The bay laurel has edible nuts that were a common food among the California Indian tribes living within the tree’s range. They parched or roasted the nuts in their thin seed coat shell, which then splits easily, revealing the large kernel. Some people these days eat bay laurel nuts: I collected some bay nuts today, though the surrounding fruit flesh was very rotten on all of them. But that made it easier to squeeze the nuts out. A lot were already out of the flesh, just sitting on the ground in their nekkid seed coat. Close inspection of tooth marks revealed the fox squirrel (and perhaps some birds) was eating the fruit flesh and dropping the nut. Pretty surprising; I would think they’d prefer the nut to the flesh. But it was making my collection easier, so thanks Sciurus niger! COOKING BAY LAUREL NUTS TO EAT Raw, the oil-rich kernel is edible but a bit acrid. Cooked, the flavor is pleasantly peppery. A single family of Indians would use 3 or 4 bushels in a year, and even more were kept on supply by many (Chesnut 1902). Indians would eat only one or two dozen per meal (Chesnut 1902). These nuts were carried on long trips or when going a long time without food, being used for their stimulant properties (Chesnut 1902). They were often eaten with clover or were pounded up into a small mass, which being so oily, easily forms a cake of “bread” called pōl’-cum höt’-mil by the Yuki (Chesnut 1902). Back home after collecting, I thoroughly washed the nuts, then let them them drip-dry a half hour (some were still damp when I put them in the oven). As per recommendation of a fellow flintknapper, Bill, a few weeks back as well as some of the above sites, I roasted my nuts in a convection (regular) oven at 450 degrees F, stirring every 3 or so minutes for a little over 20 mins total, until all the seed coats had cracked open, and the kernels changed from dull lime green to light greenish-brown or creamy brown. Some were more well-roasted than others, but all of them were pretty good. They didn’t taste too much less bitter than the raw kernels, but I liked those pretty well too. I had to limit myself to only a few tonight since I didn’t want to be up late. I can’t wait to gorge myself on these in the morning and feel the stimulant effects! I actually enjoy their peppery taste, and don’t expect wild plant foods to taste as bland as food you get in the grocery store. Aren’t things that are really good for you supposed to taste “bad” anyway, like brussel sprouts? A lot of people get turned off from wild foods when they find they taste surprisingly strongly of a flavor they’ve never tasted. But that’s actually one of my favorite things about foraging wild plants. Not to mention knowing those strong flavors are strong plant compounds that are bursting with vitality. Supermarket foods are as dull in taste as they are nutritionally void. I won’t go into the references but lots of studies show that wild plants have way more nutrition; macro and micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, active rna, etc. than what you find in grocery stores. In this respect, organic foods are not much better than conventional foods, and both are a chasm apart from wild foods! This holds for plant as well as animal foods. UPDATE: After eating more of these and comparing the more to less roasted ones as well as getting feedback from another blogger (see his post http://paleotechnics.wordpress.com/2013/11/10/roasting-baynuts-in-a-popcorn-popper/), it became clear that lots of mine were not well enough roasted. They left a tingling, slight burning sensation in the back of my throat, compared to the well-cooked ones, which still had the same flavor, but without that lingering throat taste. My pictures show the kernels peeking through the seed coat crack that are still greenish and/or beige color… those are the unfinished ones. My main problem was not letting them dry first, or cook long enough. After putting the less cooked ones back in the oven for a few minutes again at 450, I got them all well done, and looking brown (see the above blog again for good pics of well-done nuts). Much better aftertaste for these now! They’re great with a little salt. UPDATE 2: These are awesome if you grind them up (Emily, whose idea this was, used a blender) and make an infusion of (pour boiling water over) the powder! Smells and tastes like toasty cheerios, with a little bit of that zingy bay flavor. Since it has stimulant properties (though I haven’t felt much after several cups), this is a great coffee substitute! UPDATE 3: BAY NUT COOKIES For a recipe to make cookies out of bay nut flour and other CA native plants, acorns and manzanita berries, see my post “Winter Foraging”! Chesnut, V. K. 1902. Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Peattie, D. C. 1950. A natural history of western trees. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA.
Astronomy in the News Image courtesy of NASA / JHUAPL / Carnegie Institution MESSENGER's First Look at Mercury's Previously Unseen Side NASA / JHUAPL When Mariner 10 flew past Mercury three times in 1974 and 1975, the same hemisphere was in sunlight during each encounter. As a consequence, Mariner 10 was able to image less than half the planet. On January 14, 2008, the MESSENGER spacecraft observed about half of the hemisphere missed by Mariner 10. Other images obtained during the flyby will reveal surface features in color and in much more detail. Collectively, these images and measurements made by other MESSENGER instruments will soon provide a detailed global view of the surface of Mercury, yielding key information for understanding the formation and geologic history of the innermost planet. If you enjoyed this excerpt from a feature article and would like to receive our quarterly Mercury magazine, we invite you to join the ASP and receive 4 issues a year.
Social Conflict In The Great Gatsby And All Quiet On The Western Front It is said that “All is fair in love and war”, which is a prominent theme in driving the plots of endless films and novels. This theme arises in notable novels such as The Great Gatsby by Francis Scott Fitzgerald. The novel is about a group of people who live on Long Island in different towns known as West Egg, where all the self-made millionaires live, and the East Egg, where it’s where all the millionaires live who were born into money and eventually inherited it. In The Great Gatsby, there seems to be social conflict caused by the relationship between Jay Gatsby and Daisy who is married to Tom Buchanan. This relationship between Gatsby and Daisy is what develops the plot of the novel. The second novel chosen was All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque, this novel is about a young man named Paul Baumer who enlists into the military with a group of his friends only to realize the extreme physical and traumatic stress caused during World War One fighting on the front. Paul and his friends were only told of the fun times and the adventure the soldiers would have when fighting in the war, in which Paul changed his mind quickly but had to continue fighting. By doing this, Paul and their friends begin to realize that have to stick together to be this battle together, the group quickly started to feel like family with each other and began to feel like brothers. These are all plots that involve some form of social relationships. The conflicts that drive the plots in the following novels would not exist without the impact of social relationships and networks. Forces of nature are something uncontrollable and unpredictable by humans. For instance, a whirlpool takes in its victims slowly and begins to increasingly swallow its victims into the deep dark. Hence the idea of the symbolic archetype that is the whirlpool in which the whirlpool represents the destructive power of nature and fate. One instance of the symbolic whirlpool in All Quiet on the Western Front is a corruption of power which is when someone or a group of people are taking advantage of their authority to benefit themselves. This concept is demonstrated by the platoon leader, Himmelstoss, who is responsible for a pack of soldiers. He uses the power from his rank to inflict physical and verbal abuse onto his soldiers to build up his own feeble ego. Himmelstoss is described as having “… the reputation of being the strictest disciplinarian in the camp and was proud of it. He was a small undersized fellow with a foxy, waxed mustache” (Remarque 23). It is apparent that his physical size reflects his ego and therefore, he must abuse his power to feel a sense of self-confidence. The symbolic archetype of a whirlpool can be compared to Himmelstoss since the more power he achieves, the more malicious he becomes. Therefore, the fate of Himmelstoss includes a self-conscious man who slowly gains power increasingly destructive. In the other novel, The Great Gatsby, Tom Buchanan is a character who has fallen into the whirlpool by his power and ego as he is someone who seems to only care about himself and is seen as a selfish person. Tom doesn’t show any care for anyone else’s feelings as long as their feelings don’t interfere with his own feelings or plans. This could also be a popular trait from his town, East Egg, being born into money and not having to work for money, he feels he is better than everyone because he has money and was given it all. Tom can also be seen as a bully in the novel, as well as a jock considering he was a football star back when he was in school. Tom is at war with Jay Gatsby over Daisy and says: “You two start on home, Daisy,” said Tom. “In Mr. Gatsby’s car.” She looked at Tom, alarmed now, but he insisted with magnanimous scorn. “Go on. He won’t annoy you. I think he realizes that his presumptuous little flirtation is over.” (Fitzgerald 90) Here, Tom is showing his power over Gatsby and Daisy, and shows that he isn’t scared that Daisy will leave him for Gatsby because he thinks that will never happen, he also tries to show Gatsby this. Tom believes that no matter what Gatsby says to Daisy to try and persuade her to leave Tom, that it won’t change Daisy’s mind to leave Tom. This is a show of power, that turns into a fatal choice Tom makes, however, he demonstrates that he has power over both Gatsby and Daisy showing that he is no longer scared that Daisy will leave him for Gatsby, and not as if that was good enough because Tom tries to rub it in Gatsby’s face thinking he will never get Daisy back. Through Tom’s quote that was mentioned, he isn’t even afraid to leave those two alone together. Although it is a subtle move, however, it is a crucial show of power. Which ends up being a fatal choice. Between Himmelstoss from All Quiet on the Western Front and Tom Buchanan from The Great Gatsby, they are characters who seem to enjoy the power they have in their novels. For Himmelstoss, it’s a rank and although he has the authority to have power over Baumer and his friends, Himmelstoss still decides to abuse his authority and do more than what he is supposed to do with his rank. For Buchanan, he does not have an assigned rank from the military, but being part of the East Egg, he believes that he has power maybe because his ancestors had power at one point, and after inheriting everything, he assumes that includes the power and tries to use it. This shows how social power builds someone’s ego. Ego is an attribute of a human that is created by a social relation as sais by Richard Emerson from the University of Cincinnati “… power is the property of the social relation; it is not an attribute of the actor.” (Emerson 32). So although Tom has less power in terms of social status than Himmelstoss, if he gains more power, he may fall further into the whirlpool and become as oppressive as Himmelstoss. In the end, the type of power that Buchanan and Himmelstoss have could lead to fate. The more power someone gains, the more terrorizing they could become. Motivation is what drives the social relationships in these novels. Social Relationships play a key role in developing the plots of these novels and that their motivation is very important. For instance, Baumer from All Quiet on the Western Front made a statement and said: “We are brothers and press on one another the choicest pieces” (Remarque 96). Baumer is showing the relationship between himself and his friends that he is battling with. These are Baumer’s school friends and have known each other for a very long time. Now that they are on the battlefield away from home, each person doesn’t have their families with them anymore, no mothers, fathers, siblings. So living in these horrific circumstances and going through so much trauma, each soldier is helping each other to ensure they are safe, therefore making them feel more like a family among each other, and they begin to feel like brothers. Although no related, they are so close by this point and are always watching out for each other, they do was normal brothers would do, which is why Baumer refers to his friends as his brothers. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby begins to fall in love with Daisy all over again saying, as Nick described “He hadn’t once ceased looking at Daisy, and I think he revalued everything in his house according to the measure of response it drew from her well-loved eyes” (Fitzgerald 60). Gatsby clearly can’t stop staring at Daisy and how beautiful she is. As well it is seen very easily that Gatsby has the social relationship motivation of getting Daisy back and wanting to talk to her again, in hopes it will grow their social relationship and that they will get back together again. As explained by Joseph Forgas from the University of Cambridge: “The motivation or need to belong, for example, is certainly fundamental to human’s sociability and gregariousness. It is both intuitively obvious and empirically evidenced that humans need meaningful social contact…..”(Forgas 5) As it was explained, humans need meaningful social contact. For The Great Gatsby, Gatsby’s meaningful contact is Daisy, whom he has feelings for and plays an important role in Gatsby’s life as Gatsby loves her and wants to be with her. Whereas in All Quiet on the Western Front, Baumer’s meaningful contacts are his brothers on the field. Having these meaningful contacts are very important towards the individual’s motivation towards their life and how they behave. When they are motivated for something, they seem to be in a good mood and be happy, however, when they are not motivated they seem to always be down, they feel like there’s no meaning to their lives and there is nothing to be motivated about which affects them socially. Therefore, the plots of these novels could rely on the social relationships of the characters being a necessity for humans towards their sociability and gregariousness. This leads to motivation which turns into the social relationships that these novels are driven by. In the novels The Great Gatsby and All Quiet on the Western Front, there is a strong theme of self-deception which turns into realization, using the archetype of fire vs ice. Self-deception is represented by fire, deception is when the truth of something or someone is hidden and that the character would only see the good which is not always the good thing as even though something is bad, deception is there to hide it and only pull out what would attract the character into the dirty deed even if it involves making up a false statement just to make it seem enticing towards the character. However, with fire comes ice. Ice represents realization, which would be basically the opposite of self-deception, and realization is waking up and finally realizing what is actually occurring within your surroundings whether it’s for the better or the worse. It’s when realizing that what was enticing is not what it seems to be in real life. For instance, an example of fire would be in All Quiet on the Western Front where Baumer says “…whereas those who are better off and should have been able to see more clearly what the consequences would be, were beside themselves with joy.” (Remarque 11). Here Baumer is happy to be enlisting himself with his friends into the military. He hears about all the fun stuff that everyone gets to do, their teacher back at home would try to convince them into signing up by telling them where they get to go, where they will be visiting, as well as all the fun things they get to go. Here, Baumer’s thoughts are all on that going to the battlefield will be positive for him and that he will have a good time, not knowing the truth about the war. As time went on, and Baumer starts to get a better understanding of the war, Baumer gets a sense of realization and realizes the mistake they had made when he said: “no one had the vaguest idea of what we were in for. The wisest were just poor and simple people. They knew the war to be a misfortune.”(11). Baumer figured out shortly after participating in a few battles and experiencing what living in the trenches was like, he knows right away that enlisting in the military was a big mistake. He is seeing people die every day, even his own friends, dying in Baumer’s own arms wishing that he had never gotten himself into this mess. Most importantly, he doesn’t want to lose his friends. Another example of fire vs ice would be in The Great Gatsby when Nick describes the love between Gatsby and Daisy and says “I think the voice held him most, with its fluctuating, feverish warmth, because it couldn’t be over-dreamed – that voice was a deathless song” (Fitzgerald 64). The fact that the author uses the actual word warmth really goes well considering this would be the fire in the novel representing the love between Gatsby and Daisy. It seems that Daisy’s voice somewhat captivates Gatsby and be when they begin to fall back in love. However, with fire always comes ice, when Daisy leaves Gatsby as the realization hit her and found out the truth about Gatsby and leaves him shown when Nick says that “She vanished inter her rich house, into her rich, full life, leaving Gatsby – nothing.” (Fitzgerald 99). At this point, Daisy realized that she would rather be with Tom Buchanan and that she left Gatsby with nothing after she realized that Gatsby was not the man she thought he was. Daisy only saw the good in Gatsby and didn’t quite know him fully, therefore wanting to be with him. As Christopher Ross of Southwest Texas State University said, “According to Freud, knowledge begins with preception and ends with responses. As information flows, it can be diverted, transformed, or erased.” (Frost). When there is self-deception, it will always eventually lead to realization. As people will only see the good in certain things and may not quite see the whole picture of the situation for what is happening, and may only see what they want to see as opposed to what they should see. As shown, the various conflicts and plots that occur in the notable novels The Great Gatsby and All Quiet on the Western front would not exist if it weren’t for the social relationships between the characters in the novels. As well as how corruption and power can lead to one’s ego and through the symbolic archetype of the whirlpool, that if one’s ego grows negatively, it can cause the character to get sucked into the whirlpool and give them power. As well as when deception is involved in the play, to make the protagonist have a different view of something where the truth is hidden, there will always be a realization viewed as the symbolic archetype of fire and ice which is where the character finds out the truth and is usually the blame of another character for hiding it. Lastly, where the social relationships always come from the motivation of the characters, without motivation, there won’t be very many or any social relationships and motivation is what drives it all. Social conflict not only drives the plots in films and novels but also drives everyday human lives. Alienation is the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved (Google dictionary n.p.). […] The book Night is a memoir that was written to capture the details of Elie Wiesel’s life during the holocaust. The book mentions the inhumane treatment of Jewish people and […] In the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass depicts the numerous revulsions he experienced as a slave while fashioning a way to opportunity. Douglass’ refined composing expertise targets […] Poe’s original focus for this poem was meant for a smaller, more educated audience as his use in language, rhythm, and structure were very complex, but as time went on […] Introduction There are about 7.53 billion people in this world, and each one undergoes its own hardships. Many fictional characters carry the same burdens as legitimate people because many times […] There is a ton of conflict at work in ‘Sonny’s Blues.’ The general clash in this story is between black presence and white society, and this has unequivocally affected how […] Elie Wiesel, the author of Night and a Noble Peace Prize winner, was also a person who suffered trauma in his life. “That I survived the Holocaust and went on […] «The Outsiders» is a novel written by Susan Eloise Hinton in 1967. Hinton wrote the novel when she was only 17 years old. In an interview with the “New Yorker” […] In the futuristic short story “Harrison Bergeron” by Kurt Vonnegut, he details the brutal measures by the government to achieve total equality by administering handicaps to individuals with above-average strength […] It is said that “All is fair in love and war”, which is a prominent theme in driving the plots of endless films and novels. This theme arises in notable […]
Yoko Ono Awarded Germany’s Highest Human Rights Medal Yoko Ono has accepted the German human rights prize for peace activism, the Rainer Hildebrandt Medal at Berlin’s Checkpoint Charlie Museum. The museum is situated next to the Cold War border crossing which was an iconic symbol of political suppression. The lifetime achievement award was given for her recent work highlighting equality for women and LGBT issues, as well as for the work she created with her late husband, John Lennon. Ono, who is 80 in February, flashed a peace sign as she thanked the jury. “I’m very honoured to get this award and I will consider this award as an encouragement to do more work in humanitarian causes,” she stated. The Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Medal is an international human rights award set up by Alexandra Hildebrandt in 2004 to commemorate the 90th birthday of her late husband, Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt, the founder of the Mauermuseum – Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie. The award is given annually in recognition of extraordinary, non-violent commitment to human rights and is conferred on the birthday of Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt (* 14.12.1914 – † 09.01.2004) to mark International Human Rights Day. The Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Medal was designed by Prof. Matthias Koeppel. Hildebrandt was born in 1914 to the art historian Professor Hans Hildebrandt and his artist wife Lily. Initially studying Physics, Hildebrandt later moved to Berlin and obtained a doctorate in Psychology. During the Second World War he was involved with those criticising and resisting the Nazi regime, and as such was imprisoned twice by the Gestapo for a total period of seventeen months. It was the execution of his best friends by the Gestapo that really strengthened Hildebrandt’s resolve to dedicate the rest of his life to the fight for human rights and freedom. After the war in 1948 he set up the Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichheit, a non-political organisation that sought to expose human rights abuses where and when they occurred. One of the organisation’s main focuses was the campaign to expose the truth about post-war Soviet NKVD camps on East German territory. The organisation also helped to search for and locate persons missing or displaced from Eastern Europe in the turbulent early post-war years, passing on about 900,000 names to the German Red Cross at the end of the 1950s. One such victim was the Swedish humanitarian and diplomat, Raoul Wallenberg, who saved around 100,000 Jews from almost certain death in Nazi-occupied Hungary. Af-ter the Soviet’s took over Hungary, Wallenberg was arrested and deported to Moscow in early 1945. After this all traces of him disappeared and it is unknown whether he died in captivity or was executed. Hildebrandt and the Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit were one of the main organisations involved in the quest to find his whereabouts, along with other internationally renowned figures such as Albert Einstein and Andrei Sakharov. Wallenberg and his work are remembered in the Museum’s ground floor exhibition. It was the building of the Berlin Wall on August 13th 1961 that stirred Hildebrandt to set up the Mauermuseum, which still stands today, a symbol of his commitment to human rights and freedom. For an activist like Hildebrandt, the construction of this barrier was an intolerable action that went beyond injustice and cruelty. He simply could not sit by and watch this terrible manifestation of inhumanity take hold without some form of response, so a year later on October 19th 1962 he opened his museum. It was on the corner be-tween Wolliner Straße and Bernauer Straße, facing outwards into East Berlin territory, and its exhibition sought to shed light on the Berlin Wall as well as the regime hiding behind it. The Museum’s two and a half rooms soon however proved too small for the number of visitors they were daily welcoming, so half a year later on June 14th 1963 Hildebrandt opened a bigger exhibition on Friedrichstraße, right next door to Checkpoint Charlie. As the years went by, and the Wall remained, the Museum became a centre for all those fighting against it. Escape organisers set up base in the museum’s cafe, often lending a hand with new placards and information displays. Later these people donated artefacts that had been used in some of the successful escapes, such as chairlifts, ladders, petrol tanks, welding machines, and canoes. When the Wall finally came tumbling down on November 9th 1989, the museum decided to continue with its exhibition, so that the world would never forget what happens when we allow those who govern us to divide us.The museum has been there ever since and this year celebrates its 50th anniversary. AWARD RECIPIENTS, 2005—2011 Antonia Rados, Austria – For her outstanding personal commitment to human rights and their observance. Yitzhak Rabin, Israel (posthumous award): 5th Prime Minister of Israel, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Zheng Yichun, China: Dissident and journalist arrested and imprisoned in 2004. Dr. Oscar Elias Biscet González, Cuba: Civil Rights activist Normando Hernández Gonzalez, Cuba: Civil Rights activist Dr. Harald Poelchau, Germany (posthumous award): Priest and member of the ”Kreisau Circle” Dr. Muhamad Mugraby, Lebanon: Attorney and civil rights activist Dr. Rudolf Seiters, Germany: President of the German Red Cross Yurij Samodurov, Russia: Director of the Sakharov-Museum in Moscow Bogdan Borusewicz, Poland: Co-founder of “Solidarnosc” Prof. Dr. Imre Pozsgay, Hungary: Minister and Deputy President of Hungary Yuri Schmidt, Russia: Lawyer and Chairman of the Russian Lawyers Committee Michail Khodorkovsky, Russia: Oligarch and philanthropist , imprisoned in 2004 Yoko Ono picks up German human rights prize at Berlin’s Checkpoint Charlie Museum Yoko Ono on Friday accepted a German human rights prize for peace activism with her late husband, Beatle John Lennon, as well as her more recent work championing equality for women and gays. Ono, who will turn 80 in February, picked up the Rainer Hildebrandt Medal at Berlin’s Checkpoint Charlie Museum next to the former Cold War border crossing. Wearing a black top hat and trouser suit, she gave a two-fingered peace sign as she thanked the jury. “I’m very honoured to get this award and I will consider this award as an encouragement to do more work in humanitarian causes,” she said. Hildebrandt, who died in 2004, founded the museum to document daring attempts by East Germans living under communism to escape over the Berlin Wall and in protest against the regime’s shoot-to-kill policies. His widow Alexandra handed Ono the prize, which was selected by a jury she said included German President Joachim Gauck, former US secretary of state Henry Kissinger and former German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher. “Since the early days of her career, and in addition to her music and conceptual art, Yoko Ono has always drawn attention for her political statements and her fight for peace and human rights,” the jury said. “She is a great proponent of gender equality, and is committed to world peace and the recognition of same-sex partnerships.” Previous winners include jailed Kremlin critic Mikhail Khodorkovsky and assassinated Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin. The Tokyo-born artist — raised in both Japan and the United States in a well-off family of bankers — became a global icon when she married the rocker from Liverpool. Since her Montreal honeymoon with Lennon, during which the couple called for peace from their marital bed, Ono has used her celebrity to raise awareness for causes. In 2002, she launched the “LennonOno” grant for peace in Iceland, given every two years. In honour of Ono’s 80th birthday, the Schirn Kunsthalle in the western German city of Frankfurt will present a retrospective of her work from February.
With agriculture being one of Britain’s most dangerous industries, the NFU will be using next week’s Vale of Glamorgan Show to remind farmers and their families to remain safe. Figures published by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) reveal that over the past decade almost 80 men, women and children have died on Scottish farms and significantly more have been badly injured as a result of farming activities. That brings a catalogue of heartbreak and misery to numerous Scottish families and rural communities each year. The statistics for the last decade show that 13 people have been killed on Scottish farms by falls when working at heights; nine people have been killed in incidents involving livestock; 26 people have been killed when their vehicles have overturned or they have been struck by a moving vehicle and six people have been killed when they came into contact with working machinery or equipment. NFU Cymru will have farm safety advice available on its stand for visitors during the Show and there will be an opportunity for members to sign up to a farm safety day and a first aid course, organised to help raise safety awareness among farmers and to help reduce the number of accidents in agriculture. Due to take place later this autumn, the Emergency First Aid at Work course will take place on the 16 & 30 September, and the Safe Working in Agriculture will be on 21 October. Event organiser and local NFU Cymru Group Secretary Julien Kelly said, “To help in tackling the problem, we’ve organised a very practical session for farmers, their partners and farm workers who live and work around the types of machinery and activities that are most involved in farm accidents. This will include practical sessions on farm machinery safety, presentations on common causes of accidents, advice on safe working practices and how to stay on the right side of health and safety legislation." NFU Scotland Vice President Allan Bowie said: “Tragic incidents in the past few days across the UK and Ireland remind everyone that farms can be dangerous places so it is important that everyone on a farm takes the necessary steps so that they can stay safe while farming. The Farm Safety Partnership intends to change behaviours and attitudes by promoting the steps that can be done to reduce the risks of common farm jobs. Most people will be able to recall a close call situation that could so easily have resulted in serious injury or even fatality. By adopting some simple steps as part of everyday working practices we can reduce the number of accidents and deaths on Scotland’s farms.” Martin Malone, NFU Mutual Scotland Manager added: “As the insurer of the majority of Scottish farms, we are all too aware of the dreadful impact that deaths and serious injuries have on farming families and are determined to do everything we can to help prevent accidents in the future. The establishment of the Scotland Farm Safety Partnership provides a focus for organisations involved in agriculture to work together and use their combined skills and experience to produce a less dangerous working environment. Whilst other industries – including construction – have seen accidents fall sharply in recent years, the number of people killed and injured on our farms has remained high and farming is now the most dangerous occupation in GB. Rick Brunt, Head of Agriculture, Health and Safety Executive said: “The high rate of deaths in the farming sector underlines the industry’s poor record of managing risks. Every year too many people are needlessly killed and injured on farms in Scotland. This Partnership is a massive step forward in the industry working to tackle the issues and creating a safer future.”
How to Manage Pests UC Pest Management Guidelines Pathogen: Sclerotium rolfsii (Reviewed 12/13, updated 12/13) In this Guideline: Tomato plants with southern blight have lesions on the stem at or near the soil line. These lesions develop rapidly, girdling the stem and resulting in a sudden and permanent wilting of the plant. White mats of mycelia are produced on the stem and in the adjacent soil. In a few days, tan to brown spherical sclerotia about 0.06 inch (0.5 mm) in diameter appear on the mycelial mat. The abundant sclerotia are a good diagnostic feature. Comments on the Disease Southern blight is not a common disease of tomatoes. High temperatures (above 85°F, 29°C) favor the disease, which occasionally causes damage to tomato crops grown in the Central Valley. The fungus attacks a wide range of plants and survives for long periods in soil as sclerotia. Disease incidence and severity are dependent on the number of sclerotia in the soil. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: R. M. Davis, Plant Pathology, UC Davis
Campus Living Laboratory Examples Results 1 - 12 of 12 matches Campus Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory part of Examples Students conduct a greenhouse gas emission inventory for their college or university. Students analyze findings and present information to the college or university community. Learn more about this review process. Campus Nitrogen Budget part of Examples Link the college or university operations with local ecology. In this study, students use a tool from urban ecology, the nitrogen budget, to research the inputs, outputs and subsytem transfers of nitrogen on the college or university campus. Investigating the Modernity of the University Library part of Examples Students will investigate the modernity of the university library by designing and implementing a complex survey design. Measuring the Campus Green part of Integrate:Workshops and Webinars:Teaching the Methods of Geoscience:Activities Students use basic tools to measure the size of one-quarter acre. Sustainability project part of Integrate:Workshops and Webinars:Systems, Society, Sustainability and the Geosciences:Activities The students develop, implement and assess a project that will make our campus more sustainable. Biodiversity Count part of Examples In this class exercise, students count the number of species they can find in a five minute block of time in both an urban lawn and natural, remnant forest area. The students are introduced to the concept of low and high biodiversity areas and engage in a discussion about biodiversity loss. Environmental Assessment Course part of Examples The classic campus-based project is an environmental or sustainability assessment, often referred to as an environmental audit. This course, taught at Carleton in 2001, describes how this type of project can be undertaken. In this scenario, a student, campus environmental group or class researches aspects the envinormental impact of the school. Sarita Wetland Restoration part of Examples The Sarita Wetland restoration on the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus is used as teaching tools by numerous classes. Students, staff and faculty have collaborated on the planning and implementation of the project. This example highlights the restoration process, and specifically references one of the classes, the Water Quality class. Design and Construction of an Eco-House part of Examples Students in this course explore designs of a future Carleton College student house. This is a multi-year project where students from the social sciences, humanities / arts, and natural sciences explore parts of the design of an actual house. Determining School Population Using Multiple Student Driven Methods part of MnSTEP Teaching Activity Collection:MnSTEP Activity Mini-collection This activity is an introduction to population sampling techniques. Students' will identify weaknesses and strengths of a variety of techniques and determine the best applications of the various methods identified. Glaciers in Our Own Backyard part of MnSTEP Teaching Activity Collection:MnSTEP Activity Mini-collection This activity is a 3-day leasson that involves classroom discussion and field exploration of glacial activity in a school forest. Rock Residents: What Lives Under a Rock? part of MnSTEP Teaching Activity Collection:MnSTEP Activity Mini-collection The students will participate in listening and discussing the story, Under One Rock: Bugs, Slugs, and Other Ughs, by Anthony D. Fredericks and illustrated by Jennifer DiRubbio. On the following day, we will explore our nearby forest searching for some of the animals mentioned in the story. For the third day of this lesson, the students will share what they have written and drawn in their nature journals from the previous day's walk.
I began writing a eulogy for Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores years ago, though she died only this month. Berta was assassinated by Honduran government-backed death squads on March 3. Like many who knew and worked with her, I was aware that this fighter for indigenous people wasn’t destined to die of old age. She spoke too much truth to power — for indigenous rights, for women’s and LGBTQ rights, for authentic democracy, for the well-being of the earth, and for an end to tyranny by transnational capital and U.S. empire. Berta cut her teeth on revolution. She was strongly impacted by the broadcasts from Cuba and Sandinista-led Nicaragua that her family listened to clandestinely, gathered around a radio — with the volume turned very low, since those stations were outlawed in Honduras. Always a committed leftist, Berta’s mother raised her many children to believe in justice. Doña Bertha — the mother made her youngest child her namesake — was mayor of her town and governor of her state back when women were neither, in addition to being a midwife. She was Berta’s life-long inspiration. As a young adult, like so many others from the region who shared her convictions, Berta went on to support the Salvadoran revolution. In 1993, Berta — a Lenca Native — cofounded the Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras, or COPINH. At that time in Honduras, there was little pride and even less power in being indigenous. Berta created COPINH to build the political strength of Lencas, campesinos, and other grassroots sectors to transform one of the most corrupt, anti-democratic, and unequal societies in the hemisphere. A Political Force Berta loved to say, “They fear us because we’re fearless.” The fearlessness paid off over the years. COPINH has successfully reclaimed ancestral lands, winning unheard-of communal land titles. They’ve stalled or stopped dams, logging operations, and mining exploration — and not to mention free-trade agreements. They’ve prevented many precious and sacred places from being plundered and destroyed. In addition to Berta’s remarkable leadership, COPINH’s victories have come through their size, strength, unity, and fierce commitment. Communities have participated in hundreds of protests, from their local mayors’ office to the steps of the national congress. They’ve occupied public spaces, including several of the six U.S. military bases in their country, and refused to leave. They’ve shut down the road to Tegucigalpa, strategically blocking goods from moving to the city. They’ve declared a boycott of all international financial institutions on their lands. They’ve helped coordinate 150 local referendums to raise the stakes on democracy. Here’s one of many tales that Berta told of strategies and actions. The backstory is that Honduran farmers — which most COPINH members are — wear thick work boots made of unventilated rubber. Over their course of containing sweaty feet, they come to smell horrendously, so bad that their owners often refer to them as bombas, or bombs. Early in COPINH’s history, a team went from La Esperanza to Tegucigalpa to negotiate with the government on a land titling law. The discussions went on for days. Berta recalled that, during lunchtime, the government received lavish, catered meals; the COPINH members had no money, and so their side of the table stayed empty. Far less connected in those days, the group had nowhere to sleep or shower, and spent the nights in the streets. At one point, the negotiations were tense and the members of COPINH’s team were shaky on their strategy. They asked for a recess, but the government refused. So someone on the COPINH side gave a discrete signal, and altogether the farmer-activists pulled off their bombas. The smell was so toxic that the government officials fled the room. COPINH was able to regroup and develop a stunning strategy. The indigenous radicals won the law. The most recent campaign — which yielded a partial victory — was likely the proximate cause of Berta’s death: stopping the Agua Zarca dam project on a sacred Lenca river. The COPINH community of Rio Blanco — everyone: men, women, elders, toddlers, nursing mothers — formed a human barricade and blocked construction of the dam. Meanwhile, Berta, other members of COPINH, and national and international friends pressured the World Bank and the largest dam company in the world, Chinese state-owned Sinohydro, to pull out. Rio Blanco didn’t just blockade the construction for an hour or for a day, or even for a week. They did it for more than a year. They did it until they won. They got the most powerful financial interests in the world to abandon the project. Tragically, because other financial interests are always waiting in the wings to plunder for profit, the dam is still under construction. Forty-eight more are either planned or underway on their lands. Berta’s belief in participatory democracy extended profoundly to her everyday practice. As the unparalleled leader of COPINH, and with a large gap between her own level of education and political experience and that of all but a few in the group, it would be have been easy for her to act on her own. Yet she always made herself accountable to the communities she worked for. I saw the degree of this commitment in action one night when Berta called in to Utopia, COPINH’s rural community meeting center, and asked to speak to everyone. Fifteen or so people quickly gathered around the cell phone on the shaky wooden table next to the only light, that of a candle. Berta explained a fairly pro forma request that had come to her from a government office, and proposed a response. When she was finished, she asked the almost exclusively illiterate group, “¿Cheque sí, o cheque no?” All raised their thumbs toward the little cell phone and called out, “Sí!” No joint decision had been required, and yet she’d sought consensus. The Woman Behind the Myth Berta was unflappable. She was calm in the face of chaos and strategic in the face of disaster. She got right in the face of soldiers and goons when they showed aggression toward her or others, and told them what was what. Berta was indefatigable, working around the clock with no complaint. When not traveling around Honduras or the world to raise support for the struggle, she would wake early and go straight to her desk to receive updates, often on the most recent attacks on COPINH members, and in those cases to write condemnations — all even before a cup of coffee. She would then jump into her yellow beater truck to pick up other members of COPINH and head off to wherever action or investigation was needed. I was amazed that Berta drove that noteworthy truck everywhere without protection, and that she lived in a house secured by only a small bolt and a couple of friendly dogs. Then I realized that it made no difference how much security she had. Though Berta also spent periods in deep hiding, the government and the companies she opposed almost always knew where she was — and how to get her when they were ready to kill her. Berta took two small breaks in her life. The first was a two-week vacation with a friend in a neighboring country, the second a three-month semi-repose at my house in Albuquerque — though even then, she spent most of her days building a continent-wide boycott of the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank. Even as she served her community, Berta rose in the past decade to become an international people’s diplomat. She was a heroine to many global movements, a critical player in many struggles, a keynote speaker at many venues. She was someone consulted by government officials, by international networks, and even, a few months ago, by Pope Francis. As we watched Berta’s rise as a global leader, our close friend and colleague Gustavo Castro commented to me, “I hope she never loses her humility.” She never did. I once asked Berta how to say “integrity” in Spanish. She translated it coherencia — coherence between one’s stated principles and actions, coherence amongst all parts of one’s life. Berta had coherence. She was highly critical of U.S. Americans for our lack of that coherence. She once led an anti-oppression training for an organization I was running, in which she asked us to examine whether we were Caesars or artisans. She meant whether our practice — and not just our statements — aligned us with the oppressors or with the oppressed, and whether we were promoting the grassroots or ourselves as leaders. For a long time after, the refrigerator that Berta and I shared held her line drawing of a thonged Roman sandal. She commented to me once that the problem with U.S. Americans is our attachment to comfort. Berta herself eschewed comfort. She lived in the modest house in which she was raised, where she cared for her elderly mother. She slept in a bare cement room, more than half of which had been converted to her office, housing her desk with its mountain range of documents and small computer table. Her trademark style — regardless of with whom she was meeting — was jeans, sneakers, and a cotton shirt. She didn’t shop, go to fancy restaurants, or take a plane when a bus was available. Besides COPINH and the struggle for justice, Berta had another profound commitment: to her mother and her four children. I recall watching the deep pride on Berta’s face when one of her daughters, then only 7 or so, recited a poem, “Las Margaritas” (The Daisies), for a group of foreign visitors; it was a very different expression from any other I’d ever seen from her. She grew prouder as her three daughters and son grew older, all of them holding the flame for justice. Following Berta’s murder, her children and mother issued a statement in which they said, “We know with complete certainty that the motivation for her vile assassination was her struggle against the exploitation of nature’s commonwealth and the defense of the Lenca people. Her murder is an attempt to put an end to the struggle of the Lenca people against all forms of exploitation and expulsion. It is an attempt to halt the construction of a new world. “Berta’s struggle was not only for the environment, it was for system change, in opposition to capitalism, racism, and patriarchy.” Back in 2013, after the Honduran government dropped sedition charges against Berta — one of its countless attempts to silence her — someone asked her mother if she was scared for her daughter. Laughing, Berta quoted her mother’s response: “Absolutely not. She’s doing exactly what she should be doing.” Berta’s humor was legend. A joke from her, and her soft up-and-down-the-scales laugh, punctuated the most tense of moments and kept many of us going, even as she never strayed from the gravity of the situation. One of her jokes was recirculated recently by radical Honduran Jesuit priest Ismael “Melo” Moreno. He once accompanied her to Rio Blanco, where someone snapped a photo of them together. As she peered at the picture, Berta laughed and said to Melo, “Let’s see which of the two of us goes first.” When Berta saw a performance of the Raging Grannies, a group of elder women who dress up in outrageous skirts and joyously sing protest songs at rallies and events in Albuquerque, she told me, “I never wanted to live to be an old woman. Now I do.” That chance was just taken from her. Repression in the Wake of Berta’s Death One person witnessed Berta’s assassination: Gustavo Castro Soto, coordinator of Otros Mundos Chiapas/Friends of the Earth Mexico, coordinator of the Mesoamerican Movement against the Extractive Mining Model (M4), and co-founder and board member of Other Worlds. A close friend and ally of Berta, Gustavo slept in her house on the last night of her life to provide accompaniment in the hope of deterring violence — something dozens of us have had to do for her over the years. Gustavo was shot twice and feigned death. Berta died in his arms. Gustavo was immediately detained in physically and psychologically inhumane conditions by the Honduran government, and held for several days for “questioning.” The subsequent days have resembled a bad spy movie, with Gustavo finally given permission to leave the country, only to be seized at the migration checkpoint at the airport by Honduran authorities, then placed into protective custody in the Mexican Embassy — only to be handed back to the Hondurans once more, who took him back to the town of La Esperanza for more “questioning.” The Honduran government has declared that Gustavo must stay in Honduras for 30 days. He is being “protected” by the Tigers, vicious U.S.-funded and trained “special forces.” Chillingly, according to the State Department, the United States is cooperating with the Honduran investigators. A note from a close colleague, from outside Gustavo’s place of detention, said that a team of U.S. “FBI types” were actually in the interrogation room. The role of the U.S. government in the attempted destruction of social movements in Honduras is vast. One can draw also draw a straight line from Washington to Berta’s death. But that’s the topic of another article. Gustavo continues to be in terrible danger in Honduran custody, as what he witnessed is an impediment to the government’s deceptive attempts to pin Berta’s murder on COPINH itself. In a note to some friends on March 6, Gustavo wrote, “The death squads know that they did not kill me, and I am certain that they want to accomplish their task.” The Honduran government also imprisoned COPINH leader Aureliano “Lito” Molina Villanueva for two days just after Berta’s murder, on “suspicion in a crime of passion.” Authorities are interrogating COPINH leaders Tomas Gomez and Sotero Chaverria as well, while denying them lawyers. This is part of an effort to criminalize COPINH members. Now, COPINH needs more than ever to be protected, to be supported, and to carry on the legacy that Berta helped to build. Berta touched everyone she met, and even countless ones she didn’t. My young daughter is one of those. The morning of Berta’s death, she wrote this: “I was shocked, because how can somebody kill someone who was only trying to do what’s right? Then I remembered they killed Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. If I die for doing the right thing, that would let me know that I did my part in this world. Just like Berta.” When Berta received the 2015 Goldman Prize, the most prestigious environmental award in the world, she dedicated the prize to rebellion, to her mother, to the Lenca people, to Rio Blanco, to COPINH — and “to the martyrs who gave their lives in defense of the riches of nature.” Now Berta is one of these martyrs. Berta, Gustavo, and I co-founded the grassroots network Convergence of Movements of the Peoples of the Americas (COMPA) in 1999. Early on the horrific morning of March 3, a COMPA listserv note blasted the news of Berta’s assassination. Reading that message, I spotted the posting just prior, dated February 24. It was from Berta. It read simply, “Aqui!” I am here! She is here. Long may Berta live, in the hearts, minds, passions, and actions of all of us. May all women and men commit themselves to realizing the vision of transformation, dignity, and justice for which Berta lived, and for which she died. ¡Berta Cáceres, presente!
Stretching is one of the easiest, yet most often neglected components to a balanced workout routine. It’s effortless in that it can be done virtually anywhere, anytime and requires zero equipment. Many people choose not to stretch, however, because they fear doing it incorrectly and injuring themselves as a result. People want to know: • What type of stretching should I do? • Is it important to stretch only when muscles are warm? • Should I stretch a muscle until you feel pain? • Is there an order in which muscles should be stretched? All these questions are enough to overwhelm even the most die-hard exercisers among us. You don’t want to miss out on this important aspect of achieving peak fitness and health. Invest a few minutes now to learn the basics of stretching and you’ll reap a lifetime of reward. Why You Should Stretch When performed properly, stretching does more for your body than increase flexibility. If done consistently, stretching helps to: • preserve joint range of motion – something that's typically lost with age • increase feelings of relaxation – both muscular relaxation and overall relaxation • prevent injury • improve overall body awareness Weight loss, you may have noticed, is not on this list. This is another reason many people don’t make time to stretch – they don’t view it as essential to their weight loss goals. While you aren’t burning many calories in the stretching phase of a workout, you are laying the foundation for your entire exercise routine. R2 April 2009 When to Stretch As with many concepts in the fitness community, precisely when to stretch is still a hotly debated topic. One group insists that stretching “cold,” or pre-warm-up, is the way to go, while the other camp maintains muscles must be stretched when “warm,” or following brief cardiovascular activity. The current prevailing thought is to stretch your muscles when they are already warm. This may surprise you, as many of us have been trained to view the stretching process as our warm-up. It is not. It’s a crucial element of the warm-up routine, but not the place at which you should start. Tip: Before you stretch, take three to five minutes to elevate your core body temperature. This can be done via any aerobic activity, from jumping jacks to briskly climbing a flight of stairs. Elevating your core body temperature means that your muscles are more pliable and your risk of accidental overstretching is significantly lowered. Choose a Stretching Style The various forms of stretching can also serve as a point of confusion for the novice stretcher. Let’s define each type so you can select the method that best serves your goals. Ballistic stretching is a method of stretching that utilizes momentum or bouncing to force a muscle to stretch beyond its current limitations. Unless you work with a personal trainer, this most likely isn’t the method to choose, as risk of injury is high. Dynamic stretching is another technique that, while useful for activities such as dance or martial arts, isn’t advocated for the traditional exerciser. Dynamic stretching is stretching while in motion. It consists of controlled arm and leg swings that bring you right up to the edge of your muscle’s stretching capacity. Active stretching and static stretching are the two most common forms of stretching. In active stretching, you assume a position and maintain it with no assistance other than the strength of your muscles. An example would be extending your leg in front of you and holding it in position. In this stretch, the quadriceps muscles (front of the leg) tighten in order to allow the hamstrings (back of the leg) to stretch. The most common form of stretching, and the form discussed in detail later in this article, is static stretching. During static stretching you gently elongate a muscle to its farthest point; hold the position for a moment and slowly release the stretch. The movement is fluid and there should be no pain involved. Developing a Stretching Routine Your body is warm, you’ve chosen your style, and you’re ready to get started. Where to begin? Not surprisingly, the order in which you stretch muscle groups is important. The reason we should all follow a stretching routine is that when we work to elongate a specific muscle, the surrounding muscles are also worked. While these supporting muscles don’t receive the bulk of the stretch, it’s important to make sure they are prepared before you target the major muscle group. Sound confusing? It isn’t. Bottom line: If you don’t pre-stretch the helper muscles, they will limit the amount you are able to stretch the major muscle group – and that’s definitely not our goal. This stretching order is a good way to work all the major muscle groups: • back (upper and lower) • quadriceps (front of legs) • hamstrings (back of legs) Tip: It’s helpful to print this list and post where you plan to stretch. The order will quickly become second nature and until then, you’ll have a reminder. Keeping just a few other ideas in mind will serve to make your stretching experience more physically beneficial and enjoyable. • Controlled breathing helps relax the body and increase blood flow. Inhale through your nose as you stretch, hold the position for 15-20 seconds and exhale through your mouth as you slowly release the muscle. • Stretch slowly. Not only will this protect your muscles it will also allow you to fully benefit from the stress-reducing element of stretching. Lastly, perform each stretch three times. This repetition will allow you to stretch more deeply each time. • For floor stretches, try using a mat or folded towel as a cushion for comfort. Craving specifics with regards to stretches? A good starting point is as simple as If it feels good, do it! We’ve all seen the cat stretch done for back muscles. Get on all fours and give that one a try. Inhale as you arch your back upward and exhale as you lower your back to concave. Another stretch we’ve all seen is for the quadriceps or front of the leg. Hold on to a chair for balance, stand on one foot, grab the opposite foot and pull it behind you: heel to buttocks. Can you feel a gentle pull down the front of your leg? Hold the stretch briefly and slowly return your foot to the floor. The best way to create a comprehensive stretching routine is to see illustrated examples – either in a book, online or by viewing an exercise video. If you find good examples in a book or online, print or photocopy the exercises and post them in an exercise area. These sites offer illustrations of all the muscle groups listed above. • The American Heart Association illustrates some stretching and flexibility exercises in all the muscle groups listed above. • The Women's Heart Foundation site offers some illustrated stretching exercises for women in all the muscle groups listed above. • The Expert Village site offers some helpful free stretching videos • The National Institutes of Health Senior Health site offers some stretching exercises for older people. Stick With It It can take up to two weeks to feel bodily changes from stretching, so stick with it! No matter what your workout of choice, resolve to find at least five minutes for your new stretching routine. Even this short amount of time can give remarkable results. Tip: Whatever method you select, be sure to refuel immediately post-workout with a high-protein snack. An Atkins shake or bar is an easy, portable option.
Passive solar design is a very premise on how to use the sun to heat your home in the winter. This fantastic video by Community Rebuilds intern Rebecca Barrett sums up the fundamentals. It’s so simple, right? All the houses I build with my company Hartwyn use these design principles. Largest windows are on the South side and are sheltered from the hot midday summer sun. Thermal mass in the form of earthen floors, clay plasters or rammed earth walls store the heat from the sun. Highly insulating natural fibres keeps the warmth inside to keep you cosy. Sculpted by hand from a mixture of clay, sand and straw, building houses out of cob is a full mind and body experience; one that requires patience. But these homes are worth the wait! Building on ancient traditions, today’s timber framers and selective loggers are forging a sustainable future. Visit the people behind some of the most intriguing wooden structures in British Columbia It seems counterintuitive that a framework packed with straw bales could create such a sturdy home. In fact, the straw acts as a natural vapour permeable insulation that allows these buildings to breathe. A rammed earth wall is durable, energy efficient, and made from the most abundant material on the planet. Learn how these builders and homeowners applied this ancient technique to create timeless contemporary homes. **I don’t agree with adding cement to a rammed earth wall. It doesn’t need it, and it actually changes the way the walls handle moisture for the worse while making the walls too rigid. Cement has been added over the years because people don’t understand. It’s such a shame!
Summary: The Truth in Savings Act mandates that financial institutions disclose certain information about the terms of consumer deposit accounts in specific forms and at specific times. Although many depository institutions provided disclosures of account terms before the act was passed in 1991, most did not satisfy completely all the requirements of the regulation (Regulation DD) adopted by the Federal Reserve Board to implement the law. Thus, the Truth in Savings law likely caused every depository institution to change its practices for consumer deposit accounts, and thereby to incur costs. To improve understanding of the process and costs of implementing regulatory changes, the Federal Reserve Board conducted the Survey of Compliance Costs for Truth in Savings in 1992-93, during the implementation period for the regulation. Presented in this study are survey findings on the changes in consumer deposit account practices and the costs of compliance at U.S. commercial banks. One of the key questions addressed in the study is how sensitive start-up costs for a regulation are to the extent of required changes in banks' policies and practices: Do banks that must make extensive changes incur greater costs in proportion to the amount of change? Evidence on this question, which was not previously available, has implications for regulatory agency policies on the frequency and magnitude of changes in regulations. Responses to the survey indicate that most banks provided extensive written disclosures to consumers before Truth in Savings but that most banks, if not all, had to change some policies and practices for consumer deposit accounts to comply with the law. The cost to banks of implementing the changes was $337 million in total, or $29,390 per bank. Statistical analysis using a cost function reveals that there were economies of scale in complying with Truth in Savings, a result that gives further credence to the findings of earlier studies involving other regulations. The implication of the finding is that small firms have a cost disadvantage in complying with new regulations. This study breaks new ground in examining the relationship between amount of change and compliance costs. Statistical analysis indicates that start-up costs for complying with Truth in Savings were Full paper (74 KB PDF) Home \| Economic research and data \| Staff Studies To comment on this site, please fill out our feedback form. Last update: May 29, 2002
Akallabêth (The Downfallen in Adûnaic; Quenya is Atalantë; Mar-nu-Falmar as another Quenya name.) is the story of the destruction of the Kingdom of Númenor, as written by Elendil. At the end of the First Age (described in detail in the Quenta Silmarillion), those Men who had been helping the Elves in their fight against Morgoth were given a new home, free from the evil and sadness of Middle-earth. This was called Elenna or Númenor, an island located in the middle of the Great Ocean, between the western shores of Middle-earth, and the eastern shores of Aman, where the Valar dwelt. As they entered Númenor, the Númenóreans were forbidden to set sail towards Aman, they gladly agreed to this because they regarded mortality as a gift and did not envy the Valar and Elves who could not die. For one and a half thousand years Númenor grew in might; Númenórean ships sailed the seas and established a number of colonies in Middle-earth. During that time the Elves of Middle-earth were engaged in a bitter fight with Morgoth's former servant Sauron, who had turned into a Dark Lord himself. The Elves asked for the help of the Númenóreans and they agreed, triumphing over the Dark Lord in the War of the Elves and Sauron. But in the following centuries, the Númenóreans began to desire immortality and rebelled against the Valar and the Elves. Their penultimate king, Tar-Palantir, tried to amend the evil but it was too late. During this time, Númenor grew even more wealthy and powerful, but the bliss of the people steadily diminished. The last king, Ar-Pharazôn, wanted control of Middle-earth, and so he attacked Sauron. Sauron's armies became afraid of the might of Númenor, and deserted him, so he was captured and brought imprisoned to the Númenórean king. However, Sauron exploited his power to corrupt the king to his will. Soon he became his adviser, and much of Númenor obeyed his will and worshipped Morgoth. Sauron convinced Ar-Pharazôn to try to assail Aman for immortality, desiring to destroy Númenor with the wrath of the Valar. However when the Great Armament arrived, the Valar appealed to Eru Ilúvatar. Eru destroyed the Númenórean host, by crushing it under stones, imprisoning Ar-Pharazôn and his men in the Caves of the Forgotten. He also caused the whole of Númenor to sink into the ocean, overwhelmed by a great wave. Just a few families of Númenóreans, descendants of a party called "The Faithful" because they were uncorrupted by Sauron, had fled Númenor by ship earlier with their most treasured possessions and heirlooms. They were led by Elendil the Tall (4 ships), and his two sons: Isildur (3 ships) and Anárion (2 ships). They were blown to Middle-earth, where the followers of Elendil established two kingdoms, which were founded as Realms in Exile: Gondor in the south and Arnor in the North. Some of the King's Men, enemies of Elendil, established other realms in exile to the south; of these Umbar was the chief. The culture of Númenor became the dominant culture in the west of Middle-earth (thus, Westron, a descendant of the Adûnaic language of Númenor became the lingua franca). The sadness and the shock from the loss of their homeland lived ever after in the hearts of those of Númenórean descent, exemplified by the tradition of the Standing Silence. Arda was made spherical, and Aman was put further beyond Middle-earth, out of the reach of mortal men. Sauron, although greatly diminished and bereft of shape, escaped Númenor and returned to Middle-earth once more, to be defeated a century later in the War of the Last Alliance. As the Quenya name makes obvious, this is a retelling of the story of the lost city of Atlantis, in the Middle-earth cadre. "Atalantë" is Quenya for "Downfallen". Christopher Tolkien notes in The Peoples of Middle-earth that in the final version of Akallabêth, written by his father, the work is written in the voice of Pengolodh, and that the story was originally addressed to Ælfwine by him. - The authentic text began: "Of Men, Ælfwine, it is said by the Eldar that they came into the world in the time of the Shadow of Morgoth..." Christopher then admits that this removal made the whole source lose its anchorage in Eldarin lore, and he believed he used poor judgment and excessive vigilance, which also led him to alterations of the end of the paragraph (perhaps editorial work that was not his to properly make, as he went against his father's original intent). Christopher also points out that the last paragraph of Akallabêth, as published in The Silmarillion, still contains indirect references to Ælfwine, the 'Straight Road' and other 'future mariners', which he never altered or removed. \|Foreign Language\|\|Translated name\| \|Serbian\|\|Акалабет (Cyrillic) Akalabet (Latin)\| \|Uzbek\|\|Акаллабет (Cyrillic) Akallabet (Latin)\|
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease that progressively damages numerous organs in the body. Treatments are available, but none is specific to the disease, and they can have severe adverse effects. A CNRS team at the Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire in Strasbourg has discovered a protein fragment, the P140 peptide, that is capable of treating lupus-affected mice. A series of clinical studies was implemented by the Alsace-based company ImmuPharma France. The initial results of phase II studies in patients with the disease were published on November 26 on the website of the journal Arthritis & Rheumatism. The results are highly encouraging, and confirm that the P140 peptide may be a very good candidate for the specific treatment of this disease. Lupus has a multifactorial, environmental and immunologic origin, and affects several million people throughout the world; in France, the number of patients is estimated to be between 80,000 and 100,000 (90% of them young women between the ages of 18 and 30 years). One of its specificities is that it takes different forms in different patients. The most common clinical signs include intense joint pain, facial skin lesions and more or less severe renal impairment. In many cases, patients experience blood disorders, pulmonary or cardiac inflammation (pleurisy, pericarditis, myocarditis), increased susceptibility to solar radiation (photosensitivity) or ulcerations affecting certain mucous membranes. They may also suffer from cerebral impairment, which is always severe. For many years, this disease was poorly diagnosed and treated, but today it is better controlled. It nonetheless remains very incapacitating and requires life-long follow-up, with unpredictable and extremely painful flare-ups. Palliative therapies are available, but none is specific to this condition. They mainly consist in corticosteroid therapy and, in severe forms, the administration of immunosuppressant drugs that may have serious adverse effects, particularly when taken for long periods (cardiovascular disorders, obesity, diabetes, impaired fertility, some cancers and increased susceptibility to infections). In autoimmune diseases such as lupus, the body has lost its ability to recognize its own constituents and attacks them as if they were external pathogens. In 2001, scientists in the CNRS Laboratoire d'Immunologie et chimie thérapeutiques, led by Sylviane Muller at the Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (CNRS), discovered and patented a compound that is capable of restoring the immune system to a normal status. When treated with a fragment of a nuclear protein, the P140 peptide, lupus-affected mice exhibited a lifespan similar to that of unaffected animals. Their renal disease was significantly diminished and they presented with much less severe inflammatory and joint symptoms. The drug discovery and development company ImmuPharma, founded in 2004 by Dr Robert Zimmer with the support of Muller and two other researchers from the Laboratory, has funded all steps in the regulatory development process that led, firstly, to a phase IIa study(1) and secondly to a larger-scale phase IIb study. The phase IIa clinical study was carried out in two centers in Bulgaria on 20 lupus patients who received three subcutaneous injections of the P140 peptide at 15-day intervals. It was shown that this peptide did not generate any adverse effects (side effects) in the patients, apart from minor redness at the injection site that rapidly regressed. The efficacy of P140 was demonstrated by a reduction in the anti-DNA auto-antibodies that are typically found in lupus patients. Immune globulin levels, which are also elevated in lupus patients, were also regulated. Another very important observation was that the international disease activity score (SLEDAI)(2) was significantly reduced in the group of patients who received the lowest dose of P140 peptide. These results, which might have been unhoped-for after such a short period of treatment, wholly confirmed the preclinical observations obtained in the laboratory in model mice with lupus. The scientists also pointed out that this new compound has the major advantage of not affecting the overall immune system, unlike current therapies. It was shown in animals that repeated doses of P140 peptide did not affect their ability to resist viral infection, unlike immunosuppressants in general. Thus P140 peptide constitutes the first potential candidate for the specific treatment of lupus. A phase IIb clinical study involving some 200 patients is currently under way in South America and Europe. 1) Phase I clinical studies are performed in healthy individuals to test the safety of the compounds administered. Phase II studies are then initiated in patients. During phase IIa studies, patients are told which therapeutic compound they are receiving. Then, in phase IIb studies, patients are not informed whether they are receiving the compound or a placebo. 2) The international SLEDAI score is calculated from a series of disease-specific criteria (number of joints affected, severity of pain, renal impairment, etc.). Each criterion is scored, so that a global score can then be calculated as being representative of disease severity. Cite This Page:
More Wynne & Udell (2013): Michael D’Amato and Paul van Sant (1988) trained Cebus apella monkeys to discriminate slides containing people from those that did not. The monkeys readily learned to do this. Then the monkeys were presented with novel slides they had never seen before which contained either scenes with people or similar scenes with no people in them. Here also the monkeys spontaneously classified the majority of slides correctly. So far, so good – clear evidence that the monkeys had not just learned the particular slides they had been trained on but had abstracted a person concept from those slides that they then successfully applied to pictures they had never seen before. Or had they? D’Amato and van Sant did not stop their analysis simply with the observation that the monkeys had successfully transferred their learning to novel slides – rather they went on to look carefully at the kinds of errors the monkeys had made. Although largely successful with the novel slides, the monkeys made some very puzzling mistakes. For example, one of the person slides that the monkeys had failed to recognize as a picture of a human being had been a head and shoulders portrait – which, to another human, is a classic image of a person. One of the slides that the monkeys had incorrectly classified as containing a human had actually been a shot of a jackal carrying a dead flamingo in its mouth; both the jackal and its prey were also reflected in the water beneath them. What person in her right mind could possible confuse a jackal with a flamingo in its mouth with another human being? The explanation for both these mistakes is the same: the monkeys had generalized on the basis of the particular features contained in the slides they had been trained with rather than learning the more abstract concept that the experimenters had intended. The head and shoulders portrait of a person lacked the head-torso-arms-legs body shape that had been most common among the images that the monkeys had been trained with, and consequently, they had rejected it as not similar enough to the positive image they were looking for. Similarly, during training, the only slides that had contained flashes of red happened to be those of people. Three of the training slides had contained people wearing a piece of red clothing, whereas none of the nonperson slides had contained the color red. Consequently, when the jackal with prey slide came along during testing, it contained the color red, and so the monkeys classified it as a person slide.
- Purchase/rental options available: Eighteenth-Century Studies 35.2 (2002) 326-332 [Access article in PDF] Ordinary People in the Age of the American Revolution Antonio T. Bly, College of William and Mary Woody Holton. Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999). Pp.vii + 231. $15.95 paper. Ray Raphael. A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight For Independence (New York: New Press, 2001). Pp. xi + 386. $25.95 paper. Robert A. Gross.The Minutemen and Their World. Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Edition (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001). Maps. Pp. vii + 242. $13.00 paper. In the nineteen seventies, American Broadcasting Company, Incorporated (ABC) aired the four volume animated series: "School House Rock." In three-minute segments shown between ABC's normal lineup of Saturday morning cartoons, the series provided lessons on the rules of grammar, American history and government, science, and the multiplication tables. As it challenged the popularity of the Public Broadcasting Station's (PBS) "Sesame Street," ABC's "School House Rock" taught American children the valuable lesson that "KNOWLEDGE IS POWER!" In the volume "American Rock," the history of the early American Republic, from the Pilgrims of Plymouth Rock to the signing of the Declaration of Independence to the American Revolution to the development of the Constitution, was retold. From that animated series, I--like most children during the seventies--grew up believing that America was once a vast wilderness, inhabited by two bewildered natives perched behind a rock with 1620 engraved on its surface. Initially, the Pilgrims of the Mayflower pledged themselves faithful subjects to the king, who in the video is depicted as a pompous, overweight, rosy-cheeked man who often laughed at them and their efforts to establish a colony. In time, though, thirteen colonies were established. Mindful of their growing prosperity, the king began to tax the colonists and even "had the nerve to tax their cup of tea." As taxes mounted, the colonists decided to defy the king by declaring themselves free. So began the American Revolution which started with the famous shot at Lexington that was "heard around the world." Interestingly enough, for a number of Americans, history by ABC's "School House Rock" represents a fair account of the past. In 1620, the Pilgrims of the Mayflower did land in Plymouth, Massachusetts. (Although it is still debatable whether or not that rock, now enclosed in a pavilion, is the one that the original Pilgrims stepped on; the inscription "1620" was made over two hundred years later.) Thomas Jefferson and others did pen the Declaration of Independence. Mary Hays McCauly (perhaps best known as Molly Pitcher)--the unidentified woman who in the cartoon is shown loading a cannon--did serve in the Continental Army. Contemporary history, however, suggests that the Revolution was more complex. Woody Holton's Forced Founders, Ray Raphael's A People's History, and Robert A. Gross's Minutemen revisit the War. The sterile, simplistic images of ABC's School House are shattered as the role that everyday people played in the [End Page 326] fight for Independence is examined. "Americans tend to think of the Virginia gentry, the colonial elite that gave us Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, as a proud and optimistic ruling class," according to Woody Holton. They do not imagine gentlemen resorting to desperate measures such as crashing down the gates of prisons or placing weapons in the hands of slaves. But Jacob Hite, one of the wealthiest men in Berkeley County, Virginia, did both of those things, and more (xiii). In Forced Founders, the War is depicted as being something other than a Revolution, as despondent elites like Hite--and likewise Jefferson, Washington, and others--attempted to counter the efforts of Indians, debtors, and African slaves. Missing from this narrative are those FOUNDING FATHERS who inspired others with impassioned words and deeds. Instead, in this history of the Revolution in Virginia, they are characterized as a covetous band of land speculators and...
U.S. 6 - The Grand Army of the Republic Highway by Richard F. Weingroff In October 1925, the Joint Board on Interstate Highways recommended a 75,884-mile U.S. numbered system. One of the routes in the proposal was U.S. 6: From Provincetown, Massachusetts, to New Bedford, Fall River, Providence, Rhode Island, Hartford, Connecticut, Danbury, Brewster, New York. This routing was consistent with the Joint Board's concept of the numbering system. The Joint Board assigned even numbers to routes of prevailing east-west traffic and odd numbers to routes that were predominantly north-south. The principal east-west routes were numbered with a multiple of 10 and ended in zero, up to U.S. 90 in the south. Other routes were numbered within the grid created by the principal routes. Because the highways in the system were owned by the States, the Secretary of Agriculture submitted the Joint Board's proposal to the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) for approval. During late 1925 and throughout 1926, AASHO considered requests for changes in the Joint Board's proposal. By the time AASHO approved the proposal on November 11, 1926, U.S. 6 was one of the routes that had changed. The first official AASHO log of the U.S. routes, published in 1927, defined the new route: United States Highway No. 6Massachusetts Beginning at Provincetown via Sandwich, New Bedford, Fall River to the Massachusetts-Rhode Island State line at East Providence. Total Mileage, 707 Rhode Island Beginning at the Massachusetts-Rhode Island State line on Waterman Avenue, East Providence, via Providence, North Scituate to the Rhode Island-Connecticut State line at South Killingly. Connecticut Beginning at the Rhode Island-Connecticut State line at South Killingly via Danielson, Brooklyn, Clarks Corners, Willimantic, South Coventry, Coventry, Bolton Notch, Manchester, Burnside, Hartford, Farmington, Plainville, Bristol, Terryville, Thomaston, Watertown, Minortown, Woodbury, Southbury, Sandy Hook, Danbury, Mill Plain to the New York-Connecticut State line west of Mill Plain. New York Beginning again at Kingston via Kerhonkson, Wurtsboro to Port Jervis. Pennsylvania Beginning at the New York-Pennsylvania State line at Port Jervis via Matamoras, Milford, Honesdale, Carbondale, Scranton, Clarks Summit, Tunkhannock, Wyalusing, Towanda, Mansfield, Canoe Camp, Wellsboro, Coudersport, Farmers Valley, Kane, Warren, Corry, Waterford to Erie. As this description suggests, U.S. 6 came to a halt at the Connecticut-New York border west of Danbury, then resumed a considerable distance to the north on the west side of the Hudson River at Kingston. AASHO filled the gap in 1928: New York - A change in U.S. No. 6 was granted, and the route is described as follows; beginning at the Connecticut-New York State line at Mill Plain via Brewster, Mahopac, Peekskill, Highland Falls, Central Valley, Monroe, Goshen, State Hill to Port Jervis, and the route formerly designated U.S. 6; from Port Jervis via Wurtsboro, Ellenville to Kingston, was given the No. U.S. 6 North. The route was changed again on June 8, 1931, when AASHO's Executive Committee approved State highway agency requests to modify the route in Pennsylvania and extend U.S. 6 to Greeley, Colorado. The approval read: U.S. 6, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado. U.S. 6, which now begins at Provincetown, Massachusetts, and ends at Erie, Pennsylvania, is extended so that the original description of U.S. 6 stands as heretofore, except that from Waterford, Pennsylvania, to Erie, Pennsylvania, it shall be known as U.S. 6 N. Then beginning at Waterford, Pennsylvania, the following additional routing is established temporarily: Cambridge Springs, Meadville, Conneaut Lake, Pennline to the Ohio-Pennsylvania line west of Pennline. OHIO, beginning at the Pennsylvania-Ohio line, west of Pennline, via Andover, Chardon to Cleveland (it being clearly understood that the final designation of this route between Waterford, Pennsylvania, and Cleveland, Ohio, is subject to a more definite location, dependent upon certain road improvements contemplated by the State Highway Departments of Pennsylvania and Ohio). Further permanent location of this route continues as follows: Cleveland, Lorain, Fremont, Bowling Green, Napoleon, Bryan, Edgerton to the Ohio-Indiana State line, west of Edgerton. INDIANA, beginning at the Ohio-Indiana State line, west of Edgerton, via Waterloo, Kendallville, Ligonier, Nappanee, Bremen, Lapaz, Walkerton, Westville, Hobart, Hyland, Munster to the Indiana-Illinois State line, west of Munster. ILLINOIS, beginning at the Indiana-Illinois State line, west of Munster, via Joliet, Mendota, LaMoille, Rock Island to the Mississippi River, opposite Davenport, Iowa. IOWA, the description of U.S. 6 across Iowa is made by the absorption of the present U.S. 32 in Iowa. NEBRASKA, the description of U.S. 6 in Nebraska is the same as present U.S. 38 and absorbs that number. COLORADO, the description of U.S. 6 in Colorado is the same as present U.S. 38 and absorbs U.S. 38, terminating at Greeley. U.S. 32 was a 505-mile highway from Chicago to Council Bluffs. The portion in Iowa added to U.S. 6 was described in the 1929 log of U.S. numbered highways: Iowa Davenport 27, Wilton 31, Iowa City 31, Marengo 68, Colfax 23, Des Moines 39, Dexter 28, Adair 23, Atlantic 27, Oakland 27, Council Bluffs. (The number following the name of a city indicates the mileage between that city and the next one given.) U.S. 38 was a 598-mile route from Omaha to Greeley. The routing in Nebraska and Colorado was: Nebraska Beginning at Omaha 38, Ashland 28, Lincoln 20, Milford 37, Fairmont 46, Hastings 36, Minden 70, Arapahoe 43, McCook 73, Imperial 22, Lamar 18. Colorado Holyoke 21, Haxtun 40, Sterling 42, Brush 10, Fort Morgan 54, Greeley. After U.S. 6 absorbed these segments, the number "38" disappeared from the next log, published in 1932. U.S. 32 remained in the log, shortened to 181 miles between Chicago and Davenport. These changes left two spur routes with the designation U.S. 6 N. The U.S. 6N in New York, from Port Jervis and Kingston, was discontinued in 1933. On June 21, 1937, U.S. 6 became a transcontinental highway. Officials of AASHO extended U.S. 6 to Long Beach, California, 3,652 miles from Provincetown on Cape Cod in Massachusetts. The eastern terminus was at New Beach Circle; the western terminus at the intersection of the Long Beach Freeway and Pacific Coast Highway (U.S. 101). The extended route was described as follows: Colorado Holyoke 18, Haxtum 25, Sterling 36, Brush 10, Fort Morgan 15, Wiggins 66, Denver 47, Empire 31, Dillon 12, Wheeler 23, Leadville 25, Redcliffe 27, Eagle 43, Glenwood Springs 66, Grand Junction 26 (when Colorado improves the highway between Wheeler and Redcliffe, U.S. 6 will go from Wheeler via Redcliffe to Eagle instead of via Leadville), Mack 147. Utah Price 11, Helper 45, Thistle 13, Spanish Fork 14, Santaquin 21, Eureka 55, Delta 7, Henckley 153. Nevada Ely 171, Tonopah 42, Coaldale 16, Basalt 17. California Benton 37, Bishop 44, Independence 16, Lone Pine 62, Brown 12, Freeman 43, Mojave 24, Lancaster 8, Palmdale 37, to junction with State Route 4 south of Newhall 31, Los Angeles 24, Long Beach. At the same time, AASHO revised U.S. 6N: Pennsylvania Beginning at junction with U.S. 19 west of Mill Village 7, Edinboro 13, Albion 8, to a junction with U.S. 20 at West Springfield. The routing remains essentially the same today. When U.S. 6 achieved transcontinental status in 1937, it was the longest U.S. route at 3,652 miles. It was not, however, paved the entire distance. When paving was completed in 1952, the news received national attention. On September 21, 1952, The New York Times noted that paving had been completed a week earlier in 100-degree heat in Utah. A planned 2-day celebration would "mark completion of thirty-three and one-half miles of arrow-straight asphalt pavement running from a point just beyond Hinckley, about six miles west of here, to Skull Rock Pass in the Little Drum Mountains." As Business Week pointed out in its issue of October 11, 1952, the paving was much needed: It was designated a transcontinental highway in 1937. Technically, it was. You could get from Provincetown to Long Beach on it if you chose to try. But from Delta, about 80 mi. east of the Utah-Nevada border, to Ely, some 80 mi. west of the border, you ran into trouble. Much of this stretch of road was nothing but a wagon trail-rutted, filled with dust. It was one of the worst chunks of federal road in the country. The celebration in Delta was a sign of hope for the communities along this stretch of U.S. 6: What this means, citizens hope, is that their restaurants, gas stations, and hotels are in for some comparatively roaring business. The ceremony was appropriately joyous: They staged parades, ate barbecued beef, listened to speeches on how the area was scheduled for vast economic growth. In a final burst of enthusiasm, they closed off four blocks of U.S. 6 and ran a 1,500-man square dance. Culmination of the two-day shindig came when Sen. Arthur V. Watkins (R., Utah) and Sen. Pat McCarran (D., Nev.) rode down U.S. 6 in, respectively, an 1898 Columbus-Firestone and a 1902 Oldsmobile. Driving for Watkins was Gov. J. Bracken Lee of Utah; driving for McCarran was Gov. Charles Russell of Nevada. The dignitaries chugged into Delta, disembarked, and cut a foot-wide ribbon stretched across the road. This symbolized the opening of U.S. 6. One more change in terminus remained to be made. Under State Senate Bill 64, California renumbered its State highway system, effective July 1, 1964. The State law provided that each route should have a single number, with precedence given to retention of present sign route numbers in the following order: Interstate routes, U.S. numbered routes, and State sign routes. To comply with this requirement, the State asked AASHO's U.S. Route Numbering Committee to approve a shift in the western terminus of U.S. 6 to Bishop, thus eliminating the combined section of U.S. 6/395 between Bishop and Brown. On June 18, 1963, the committee approved the request. While the route retained the U.S. 395 designation between Bishop and Brown, the former segment of U.S. 6 beyond Brown became State Route 14. After the 1963 change in California, U.S. 6 became the second longest highway in the country (3,227 miles). The longest was and remains U.S. 20 (3,345 miles). Grand Army of the Republic Highway Major William L. Anderson, Jr., of the U.S. Army conceived the idea of designating U.S. 6 the Grand Army of the Republic Highway to honor the Union forces during the Civil War. Based on his recommendation, the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War began promoting the idea in April 1934. Because the highway was owned by the States, the organization asked each State to act on the proposal. The first to do so was Massachusetts when Governor Charles F. Hurley signed a bill on February 12, 1937, naming the route. Over the years, the States gradually adopted the name. For example, California did so in 1943 and Indiana in 1946, while Governor James Duff of Pennsylvania named the State's segment of U.S. 6 in 1948. A formal dedication of the Grand Army of the Republic Highway took place on May 3, 1953, in Long Beach. The occasion was a gathering of the five related service organizations, including the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War. The five organizations held their own meetings, but came together for the dedication on that Sunday afternoon to place a monument in front of the Municipal Auditorium: GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC HIGHWAY This monument marks the western end of a coast to coast highway extending a distance of three thousand six hundred fifty-two miles through fourteen states. It was erected by the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War in memory of the heroic services and unselfish devotion of the Union soldiers, sailors and marines who laid down their lives on the altar of sacrifice during the Civil War. National Highway first proposed by Major William L. Anderson, Jr., U.S.A. of Massachusetts. For what they did and dared, let us remember them today. The Devoted Eccentric In the late 1940's, when George R. Stewart was considering a text-and-picture book about a transcontinental highway, he thought about but rejected U.S. 6. He selected U.S. 40, instead, and wrote U.S. 40: Cross Section of the United States (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953). Stewart, in explaining why he chose U.S. 40, commented, "By comparison, Route 6 runs uncertainly from nowhere to nowhere, scarcely to be followed from one end to the other, except by some devoted eccentric." One "devoted eccentric," unknown to Stewart, found U.S. 6: Sal Paradise, protagonist of Jack Kerouac's novel On The Road. Paradise was headed to Chicago and points west: I'd been poring over maps of the United States in Paterson for months, even reading books about the pioneers and savoring names like Platte and Cimarron and so on, and on the roadmap was one long red line called Route 6 that led from the tip of Cape Cod clear to Ely, Nevada, and there dipped down to Los Angeles. I'll just stay on 6 all the way to Ely, I said to myself and confidently started. He hitched rides to Bear Mountain where he planned to connect with U.S. 6. Five scattered rides took me to the desired Bear Mountain Bridge, where Route 6 arched in from New England. It began to rain in torrents when I was let off there. It was mountainous. Route 6 came over the river, wound around a traffic circle, and disappeared into the wilderness. Not only was there no traffic but the rain came down in buckets and I had no shelter. He was desperate to get going: Finally a car stopped at the empty filling station; the man and two women in it wanted to study a map. I stepped right up and gestured in the rain; they consulted; I looked like a maniac, of course, with my hair all wet, my shoes sopping . . . . But the people let me in and rode me north to Newburgh, which I accepted as a better alternative than being trapped in the Bear Mountain wilderness all night. "Besides," said the man, "there's no traffic passes through 6. If you want to go to Chicago you'd do better going across the Holland Tunnel in New York and head for Pittsburgh," and I knew he was right. It was my dream that screwed up, the stupid hearthside idea that it would be wonderful to follow one great red line across America instead of trying various roads and routes. In the end, therefore, even one of the most devoted eccentrics in literature didn't take U.S. 6.
The Wapsipinicon: A Love Story or a Swan's Potato? No one is sure where certain Iowa rivers got their names. Some people believe the following legend about the Wapsipinicon River. (But not all legends are true stories!). Other people think the name came from a plant. Here are both explanations. Years ago the Sauk and the Mesquakie tribes lived between the Mississippi River and what we now call the Wapsipinicon River. Another tribe, the Dakotah Sioux, had long been their enemy. One day the Sauk were out hunting. They found the body of one of their young men, Swift Deer. Had the Sioux killed him? The leader Black Wing sent his son Pinnekon and six others to look for clues. When they returned, the Sauk decided the Sioux were to blame. But the Sauk needed help attacking the Sioux. They asked their friend Good Heart if his tribe, the Mesquakies, would fight with them. Good Heart agreed. Together, the Sauk and Mesquakie warriors won the battle against the Sioux. When it was over, Good Heart invited the Sauk warriors to his village. Black Wing sent his son, Pinnekon. In Good Heart's village, Pinnekon met the chief's daughter, Wapsie. Pinnekon and Wapsie fell in love. Good Heart agreed that the two could be married. Everyone seemed glad about the coming wedding except a Mesquakie warrior named Fleet Foot. He had wanted to marry Wapsie himself. One day Wapsie and Pinnekon were canoeing on the river. Suddenly an arrow shot through Pinnekon's chest. Wapsie screamed and jumped up to help him. The canoe overturned. Wapsie and Pinnekon sank below the water. Was it the jealous Fleet Foot who shot the arrow? No one knows. But ever since the day when the two lovers died, the river has carried their names joined together—Wapsipinicon. The Wapsipinicon was named after the arrowhead plant that grows along streams. The Indians ate the white root of the plant. Waubessa was a native word for white or swan-like. Pinne-ac meant a root like a potato. Over the years the spelling changed from waubessa pinne-ac to Wapsipinicon. It's Your Choice Which story do you think is true? What do the stories tell us about how Indians lived?
Darenth Schools and Training Colony In 1876-8, the Metropolitan Asylums Board erected a residential institution for imbecile children at Darenth in Kent. The buildings were designed by A & C Harston and their construction cost £88,750. The Darenth Schools opened on 18th November 1878 and accommodated 560 children between the ages of 5 and 16. Children were given a special course of education and manual instruction. The buildings comprised a central administrative block, with kitchens and laundry to the rear. Girls were accommodated at the west side and boys at the east. The chapel and school rooms were located at the girls' side while a dining an recreation room lay in the corresponding position on the boys' side. The accommodation blocks included a day room on the ground floor with dormitories on the upper floors. Two years later, in 1880, the Board erected a separate institution on an adjacent site to the west of the schools for 1000 patients. It was intended to receive children from the schools site, with "improvable" patients being given further workshop training, and the more severely being placed in a separate part of the building. In the 1880s, pressure on the Board's adult asylums at Caterham and Leavesden was such that Darenth was forced to start admitting adult patients directly. In order to cope with this, a further ten single-storey pavilions, five for males and five for females, were erected in 1888 at the north of the site. Each block consisted of a large octagonal day room with two radiating dormitory wings. The blocks were all connected by covered walkways. The layout of the Darenth site is shown on the 1909 map below. Continuing growth in demand for places was then met by the erection of another asylum for adults at Tooting Bec in 1903. The following year, a training colony was established at Darenth where "higher-grade mental defectives" were taught industrial skills and crafts. During its first year of operation, about 400 males and 300 females were employed for up to 41 hours a week in a variety of occupations which included engineering, farming, plumbing, and the production of every type of requirement for the Board's other institutions, from clothing and bedding to domestic equipment. Darenth had its own farm located to the south of the asylum buildings. Darenth began to be run down in the late 1960s and finally closed in 1988. All the buildings have now been demolished and the new Darent Valley Hospital now occupies the site. - London Metropolitan Archives, 40 Northampton Road, London EC1R OHB. Has virtually all the surviving records for the Metropolitan Asylums Board and its instititutions. Search their catalogue at https://search.lma.gov.uk/. - Ayers, Gwendoline, M. (1971) England's First State Hospitals and the Metropolitan Asylums Board (Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine, London). - Payne, Francine (2000) Darenth Hospitals (a history) - Powell, Sir Allan (1930) The Metropolitan Asylums Board and its Work, 1867-1930. (MAB, London) Unless otherwise indicated, this page () is copyright Peter Higginbotham. Contents may not be reproduced without permission.
The story of Saba’ is mentioned in the Sura Saba’ (34:15-19) This story illustrates how people can lose all the blessings given to them by Allah when they turn away from Him and take others (the Creator’s creations), for worship. According to scholars of genealogy, among them being Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, the name of Saba’ is `Abd Shams Ibn Yashjub Ibn Ya`rub Ibn Qahtan. He was the first to take captives and he was very generous to the people. As-Suhaili said: It is said that he was the first person to be crowned, and some scholars said he was Muslim and that he composed poetry in which he brought good news of the advent of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.S.). This last saying was attributed to Ibn Didya in his book titled [At-Tanwir fi Maulid Al-Bashir An- Nadhir] Imam Ahmed said: I have been told by Abu `Abdur Rahman, after `Abdullah Ibn Luhai` ah, after `Abdullah Ibn Da`lah: I heard `Abdullah Ibn Al-`Abbas saying: A man asked Allah’s Messenger (S.A.W.S.) about Saba’, whether it was a man, a woman, or a name of a land? He (S.A.W.S.) said: “Verily, he was a man to whom ten sons were born. Six of them inhabited the Yemen and four Sham (Syria). Those in Yemen were: Madhhaj, Kindah, Al-Azd, Al-Ash `ariyun, Anmar and Himyar. And those who inhabited Syria were: Laghm, Judham, `Amilah and Ghassan." The Questioner was Farwah Ibn Musaik Al-Ghatifi. This means that the term Saba’ covers all these tribes; among them also were At- Tababi `ah (Sing. Tubba) in the Yemen. Bilqis was from among the Himyar kings who ruled the Yemen. They lived in happiness and ease, with abundance of sustenance: fruits, plants, etc., and they were righteous people who followed the straight path, but when they denied the Grace of Allah they inevitably incurred upon themselves and their peoples destruction and devastation. Muhammad Ibn Ishaq narrating from Wahb Ibn Munabah said: Allah the Almighty sent them thirteen Prophets. And, As-Sadi claimed that Allah the Almighty sent them twelve thousand Prophets. Allah knows best! The main point is, they replaced guidance with misguidance and prostrated before the sun instead of Allah the Almighty. This practice was seen during the era of Bilqis and her ancestors and continued till Allah sent over them a flood released from the dam. Allah the Almighty says: “But they turned away (from the obedience of Allah), so We sent against them Sail Al-`Arim (flood released from the dam), and We converted their two gardens into gardens producing bitter bad fruit, and tamarisks, and some few lote trees. Like this We requited them because they were ungrateful disbelievers. And never do We requite in such a way except those who are ungrateful (disbelievers)” (Saba’, 34:16,17). Many scholars mentioned that the Dam of Ma’rab was built to keep water behind two great mountains, and when the water rose, the people began to plant orchards and fruit trees and many kinds of vegetables. It is said that the building of the dam was started by Saba’ Ibn Ya` rub but he died before completing it. So, the tribe of Himyar perfected it and it was of the space of one square league. People were living in happiness and abundance. Qatada and others said: “The woman (from among them) would go putting a basket on her head, and it would be filled with fresh, ripe fruits, and they said that the air they breathed was so clean and pure that neither flies, nor harmful germs were found in their land.” Allah the Almighty says: “Indeed there was for Saba’ (Sheba) a sign in their dwelling place – two gardens on the right hand and on the left; and it was said to them: Eat of the provision of your Lord, and be grateful to Him. A fair land and an Oft-Forgiving Lord!” (Saba’,34:15). “And (remember) when your Lord proclaimed: If you give thanks (by accepting Faith and worshipping none but Allah), I will give you more (of My Blessings); but if you are thankless (i.e. disbelievers), verily My punishment is indeed severe” (Ibrahim, 14:7). They worshipped other than Allah the Almighty and dealt with His Grace arrogantly. Allah had made the stages of their journey easy and they used to travel safely by night and day, but they asked Allah to make the stages between their journeys longer and severer. Thus, they asked for the good to be turned into what is bad like the Children of Israel who asked Allah the Almighty to turn Manna and quails into herbs, cucumbers, Fum (wheat or garlic), lentils and onions. They were deprived of that great blessing and comprehensive grace; their land was destroyed and they themselves were scattered all over the globe. Allah the Almighty says: “But they turned away (from the obedience of Allah), so We sent against them Sail Al-`Arim (flood released from the dam)” (Saba’, 34:16). Many scholars said that Allah the Almighty sent mice or rats on the bases of the dam, and though they tried to get rid of the rats by bringing cats to eat them up, it was in vain. The bases became very weak and finally the dam collapsed and the water drowned everything. Their good fruit trees turned into – as explained by Allah the Almighty – bad ones: “And We converted their two gardens into gardens producing bitter bad fruit, and tamarisks and some few lote-trees.” Allah the All Mighty sends His severe punishment to only those who disbelieve in Him and belie His Messengers, disobey His Orders, and violate His Boundaries. Allah says: “So We made them as tales (in the land), and We dispersed them all totally” (Saba, 34:19). After the destruction of their gardens, properties and land, they needed to move away. Thus, they got scattered in different parts of the land as some of them moved to the Hejaz, and Khuza’ah moved to Mecca. Some of them also moved to Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, and they were the first to inhabit it. Then, they were followed by three tribes from the Jews: the Banu Qainuqa’, Banu Quraizah, and Banu An-Nadir. The Jews made coalitions with the Aus and Khazraj and lived there (till the time of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.S)). Some of them moved to Sham (Syria) and afterwards they converted to Christianity. These were Ghassan, Amilah, Bahra’, Lukham, Judham, Tanukh, Taghlub, and others. Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, in his The Prophet’s Biography [Kitab As-Sirah], said that the first to quit Yemen before the Sail Al-‘Arim (the flood released from the dam) was Amr Ibn ‘Amir Al-Lukhami. Lukhami was the son of ‘Adyi Ibn Al-Harith Ibn Murrah Ibn Azd Ibn Zaid Ibn Muha’ Ibn ‘Amr Ibn ‘Uraib Ibn Yashjub Ibn Zaid Ibn Kahlan Ibn Saba’. Ibn Ishaq said that he was told by Abu Zaid Al-Ansari that Amr Ibn ‘Amir Al-Lukhami saw a rat digging beneath the dam of Ma’rab and realized that the dam would not stand long. However, he tricked his people by ordering his youngest son to slap him on the face before the people. The son did as he was ordered and ‘Amr said: “I will never live in a place where my youngest son slapped me on the face.” And he offered to sell his property. The noblemen of Yemen seized the opportunity of ‘Amr’s rage and bought all his property. Hence, he moved along with his children and their offspring. The Azd said: “We will not leave ‘Amr Ibn ‘Amir,” so they sold their properties and accompanied him in his fleeing (without knowing his real intentions). They arrived at the land of `Ak who fought against them. Finally, they departed from the land of ‘Ak and dispersed in the lands. Ibn Jafnah Ibn ‘Amr Ibn ‘Amir went to Sham (Syria), Al-Aus and Al-Khazraj went to Yathrib (Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah), Khuza’ah went to Marran, Azd As-Sarah went to As-Sarah, and Azd ‘Amman went to ‘Amman. Then Allah the Almighty sent the flood against the dam and it collapsed. The Glorious Qur’an bears witness to this incident. As narrated by As-Sadi and later stated by Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, ‘Amr Ibn `Amir was a priest. Others said that his wife was Tarifah Bint Al-Khair Al-Himyariyah and that she was a priestess. It was she who foretold the destruction of their country as they saw an indication in the rat, and hence they moved away. Allah knows best! His whole story was mentioned in the Exegesis on the authority of `Ikriamh after Ibn Abu Hatim. However, not all the people of Saba’ moved from Yemen after the collapsing of the dam, but the majority stayed there. Only the people of the Dam (Ma’rab) went away and dispersed in the land. It is stated in the Hadith, that was narrated by `Abdullah Ibn `Abbas, that the majority of the Yemenites did not move from Yemen. Only four tribes quitted but six tribes stayed. They continued to live there and kept their rule – for about seventy years – till they were deprived of their own self-rule by the army sent by the Negus under the command of Abraha and Aryat. Then, it was regained by Saif Ibn Dhi Yazan AI-Himyari shortly before Prophet Muhammad’s birth. Then, Allah’s Prophet (Peace be upon him) sent to Yemen `Ali Ibn Abu Talib and Khalid Ibn Al-Walid, then Abu Musa Al- Ash`ari and Mu`adh Ibn Jabal to invite the people to embrace Islam. Al- Aswad Al-`Ansi seized the Yemen and drove out the deputies of Allah’s Messenger (S.A.W.S). During the era of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, Al-Aswad Al-`Ansi was killed and the Muslims had the upper hand in Yemen. Quranic Verses related to the STORY OF SABA’ [Quran: Surah Saba’ (34:15-19)] · Indeed there was for Saba’ (Sheba) a sign in their dwelling-place – two gardens on the right hand and on the left; (and it was said to them:) "Eat of the provision of your Lord, and be grateful to Him." A fair land and an Oft-Forgiving Lord! · But they turned away (from the obedience of Allah), so We sent against them Sail Al-‘Arim (flood released from the dam), and We converted their two gardens into gardens producing bitter bad fruit, and tamarisks, and some few lote-trees. · Like this We requited them because they were ungrateful disbelievers. And never do We requite in such a way except those who are ungrateful (disbelievers). · And We placed, between them and the towns which We had blessed, towns easy to be seen, and We made the stages (of journey) between them easy (saying): "Travel in them safely both by night and day." · But they said: "Our Lord! Make the stages between our journey longer," and they wronged themselves; so We made them as tales (in the land), and We dispersed them all totally. Verily, in this are indeed signs for every steadfast, grateful (person). Taken from the e-book “Summarized Stories of the Quran
Political leaders are vital to a country as they ... Political leaders are vital to a country as they have the greatest responsibility. They ensure that the welfare of people they lead are taken care of by being responsible and accountable at all times. They assess the distribution of resources and power, make decisions that impact positively on the people and building relations with other countries and the stakeholders of the country to propel the nation towards development. There are very few leaders with these qualities. One of these impactful leaders is Franklin D. Roosevelt. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States and was in office since 1933 to 1945. President Roosevelt saw America through its most difficult time which was the great economic depression that took place between October 29th, 1929 and At the start of his administration, thousands of citizens were jobless due to the collapse of the stock market. Most people in both farms and city had lost their homes due to foreclosure as they were unable to pay their mortgage anymore. However, amidst all this, Roosevelt was able to tell the citizens during his inauguration that the only thing they had to fear was fear itself due to its ability to cripple them and steal their capacity to advance moving past their shortcomings at the moment (Leuchtenburg). The fact that he could afford to inspire people at the time when they had lost hope only shows how much of a terrific leader he was. At the date of assuming office, the banks were in a crisis as most people were rushing to withdraw their money causing some of them to crash. His first action in office was to announce the closure of banks for a while until the department of treasury could inspect the ledgers of every bank (Leuchtenburg). Those in good condition would be given grants by the treasury to continue operating, the ones on worst conditions would remain closed until they could restore. The ones that were in poor condition remained closed forever ("Franklin Roosevelt As A Leader"). The decision not only restored people’s faith in the banks but also gave the banks an opportunity to recess and evaluated where they went wrong, see what they could do to prevent it from ever happening again. The ability to make decisions that impact positively on citizens and the stakeholders of a country is an exceptional trait that not many leaders Roosevelt’s administration was characterized by critical and timely decisions that played a significant part in reviving the American economy at the time. They are the kinds of decisions that the country needed to get back on its feet. Roosevelt’s administration also saw the inclusion of the first ever lady in the Cabinet (Leuchtenburg). The administration also saw the introduction of the Social Security Act 1935 which provided pension to the retired. Roosevelt’s administration also saw the introduction The New Deal. The program saw the launch of Civil Works Administration (CWA) which provided funds to authorities like mayors and governors for construction projects like schools, park restoration bridge and several others. Other projects within the CWC like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) lasted longer than CWC providing jobs to thousands of citizens Roosevelt As A Leader"). Within a year, the program had employed over two million people. Roosevelt was able to introduce and apply protective measures to prevent a depression like the one they were experiencing from ever happening again. The measures include introduction and enactment of the Social Security Act of 1935, which is there up to date, and the National Labor Relations Act of His administration saw the country through the depression and help the country emerge stronger than ever before. The victory can only be said to have been achieved by the relentless dedication of a leader like Roosevelt. With no doubt, Franklin D. Roosevelt was an effective leader as he was able to revive the American economy amidst the worse economic depression the world has ever experienced. Other than great leaders like Roosevelt in the world, we are unfortunate to have leaders who fail the country. One of the leaders is 43rd president of the United States, George Walker Bush son of the 41st president, George Herbert Bush. Other than the war in Iraq, Bush’s administration brought the country to its feet with the recession that came as he was exiting the presidency (Gregg II). A recession is the worst thing that can happen to the economy as it affects both citizens and the case for the United States has an impact on the rest of the world. Several of the decisions made during his administration proved to be detrimental to citizens hence making him the worse president. It is in his administration that the US experienced the worse terrorist attack in history, the 9/11 attack (Yglesias). The greatest achievement that could be attributed to Bush’s administration was The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). The Act passed into law on 8th of January 2002, was due to the concerns that the American education system was increasingly declining on its competitive ability internationally (Klein). The law increased the federal role in holding schools responsible for the success or failure academically. The law put particular focus on making sure that states and schools invigorate performance in areas such as English language learner, poor and minority children and special education. Education is an important aspect of the society hence making this the most important thing George W. Bush did to the American
Middle-aged couples are able to tune out each other’s voices selectively so that they can pay more attention to other people, a study suggests. Husbands and wives become so familiar with one another’s pitch and sound that they become more simple to separate from background noise. While this makes it easier to focus on each other’s voices, for example when having a conversation on a noisy train, it also makes it easier to “tune out.” However, the ability to ignore your partner declines with age as older people find it harder to listen to one voice at the expense of another However, the ability to ignore your partner declines with age as older people find it harder to listen to one voice at the expense of another, the study found. Researchers from Queen’s University in Canada said that familiar voices, such as those of a spouse, affect the way an “auditory scene” is organized in the mind of a listener. The team asked married couples aged 44 to 79 to record themselves reading out scripted conversations; each participant then listened to the tape of their spouse’s voice while hearing a recording of a stranger at the same time. The volunteers were asked to report what either their spouse or the other person had said, to determine whether familiar voices would be easier to distinguish. Middle-aged adults were able to use what they knew about the familiar voice to perceptually separate and ignore it, so as to hear the unfamiliar voice better The results, published in the journal Psychological Science, showed that participants of all ages were able to distinguish their spouse’s voice much more clearly than an unfamiliar voice. It also showed that middle-aged people were very effective at blocking out their husband or wife’s voice in order to hear a stranger more clearly. They were more able to tune in to an unfamiliar voice when it was played alongside their spouse’s voice than when it was played alongside that of a stranger. Dr Ingrid Johnsrude, who led the study, said: “The middle-aged adults were able to use what they knew about the familiar voice to perceptually separate and ignore it, so as to hear the unfamiliar voice better.” “The benefit of familiarity is very large. It’s in the order of the benefit you see when trying to perceptually distinguish two sounds that come from different locations compared to sounds that come from the same location.” Participants lost this ability as they aged, with older participants less able to hear unfamiliar voices, she said. “Middle-age people can ignore their spouse — older people aren’t able to as much.” This could be because as people grow older, they become less adept at separating different sounds into an “auditory scene”, she added. It means people are less able to tune into an unfamiliar voice, but are relatively more likely to hear familiar voices as they age. “These findings speak to a problem that is very common amongst older individuals — difficulty hearing speech when there is background sound,” said Dr Johnsrude. “Our study identifies a cognitive factor — voice familiarity — that could help older listeners to hear better in these situations.”
A good Informative speech topic would be something along the lines of the history of classical music or a profile on a group of musicians, such as composers from the Baroque period or a speech on country singers of the sass. Whatever the topic, you should be able to speak authoritatively on it. Conversely, the topic should be entertaining as well as educational to ensure that your audience is captivated by your speech. Do thorough written research.Written research is key to ensuring tattoo have facts correct throughout your speech and that you are providing a good depth of educational information to your audience. For example, if you are giving a speech about composers of the Baroque period, written research would tell you exactly what the Baroque period was, which composers are considered to be part of it and why It Is such an Important part of music history. You can find solid written research online by searching through some of the major search engines under the keywords “music history” or a keyword relating to your topic. Only $13.90 / page You might also pay a visit to your local public library for additional information. Sponsored Links How To Sing – Really Sing Breakthrough Method Releases Your unique Voice! Watch Free Video Here www. Distinguishing. Com Interview living musical experts about your topic. Interviews with renowned musical experts will enhance your Informative speech. This approach works If you are doing a profile on a musician or set of musicians or If you are doing your speech on a period or style of music. Interviews will give your speech an anecdotal flair and provide the audience with a real-life connection to the topic you are discussing.Draft your speech. Make a draft of your speech ahead of time so you are sure you have covered all of your major points. Write It out In outline form first before drafting it in a more structured format. Many speeches sound too much like a term paper being read out loud, which is a pitfall you’ll want to avoid. Instead, try to write it like a conversation you are having with a person who can’t speak. You don’t want to bore that person, so you would write it accordingly. Don’t linger too long on one point. Be clear and concise about what you are trying to say.Don’t be afraid to Incorporate usual aids and props, particularly on a subject Like music. You might Illustrate some Conduct a practice run of your speech on an audience that is familiar with the topic of music. This is a better way to gauge how interesting your speech is, because anyone familiar with music will either be completely put off by your speech or completely enraptured. Their response to your practice run will let you know if you Nail need to make adjustments to the speech before delivering it. Moreover, practicing ahead of time gives you an opportunity to perfect your speech and fix any problem areas.
A growing architectural focus on housing bees in urban areas is demonstrating just how real bee colony collapse disorder is. Architects around the world are designing structures to attract bees to cities and encourage pollination. Earlier this year, Fairmont Hotels & Resorts opened the world's first Pollinator Bee Hotel in Toronto, offering "five star accommodation" for their buzzing guests. There is also a bee skyscraper in Buffalo, New York constructed by students from the local university. Bees are a vital resource for agriculture; they are the world's most efficient pollinators and are responsible for approximately $15 billion of crops each year (or a third of the food found on supermarket shelves) according the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) was first highlighted in 2006, when the USDA found that beekeepers were reporting losses of 30 to 90 per cent of their hives. While colony losses are expected in winter, this magnitude of loss was deemed unusually high. Since then, and following an array of bee habitat initiatives, a 2014 USDA survey reported a drop in bee mortality of the 2013-2014 year of 29.6 per cent compared to 30.5 per cent the year before. "Yearly fluctuations in the rate of losses like these only demonstrate how complicate the whole issue of honey bee health has become, with factors such as viruses and other pathogens, parasites like varroa mites, problems of nutrition from lack of diversity in pollen sources, and even the sub-lethal effects of pesticides combining to weaken and kill bee colonies," said Jeff Pettis, co-author of the survey and USDA's chief intramural scientific research agency. The decline has been attributed to increased habitat loss, pesticides (specifically neonicotinoids) and the rise of varroa mites - a parasite that is present in the US and EU but has not been found in Canada or New Zealand. The problem has become so serious that the EU imposed a temporary ban on pesticides in 2013. In contrast, Australian bee colonies are among the healthiest in the world despite Australia being the heaviest users of pesticides in the world per acre according to the University of Melbourne. Although the drop in mortality is a positive, as is the fact that CCD does not seem to have afflicted Australia, two-thirds of beekeepers surveyed by the USDA still see any losses greater than the 18.9 per cent level as unacceptable and non economically sustainable. All of these statistics highlight a threat to bee colonies which will in turn affect global food security, agriculture jobs and pollination across the green environment. These statistics have prompted architects to create sustainable structures to house bees particuarly in urban areas. Many of these projects are designed to replicate the "hive" environment. "We want to give visitors information on how they can contribute to the environment and create involvement around bees," said Carsten Løddesøl, head of the workshop department of Snøhetta. Beekeeper Alexander Du Reitz approached Snøhetta, asking them to take on the project. "He wanted to make an awareness project about bees and wanted to work with us...we were thrilled to be given this fun project," said Løddesøl. Løddesøl also recognised that while CCD is not as prominent in Norway as it is in the US, it remains a serious problem worthy of an architectural solution. The Vulkan Beehive sits on a rooftop with its two lightly coloured hexagonal volumes adjusted in height and width to fit with the needs of the beekeeper. "The honeycomb inspired pattern is laser cut and the laminated onto the rest of the veneer," Løddesøl said. "The hexagon shape is obviously inspired by the bees and the form echoes hives in nature. The shape is generated from two hexes that are pulled apart and then rotated in relation to each other and the surfaces you get between them," he added. Its location atop a Oslo food court was suitable for both its visibility and connectivity to the problem. "(There is) lots of people, it's a low building so it's easily visible, a close relation to food and quality and a gastronomical institute (along with) a sympathetic landlord," said Løddesøl. "It is a good space to show the relation between nature, bees, food and us." While the firm does not currently have any more bee projects in the pipeline, Løddesøl is keen to have them installed on all Snøhetta's projects. "The hive is ready, we just need someone to cultivate and run them," he said. Since the project's installation, the bees have produced more than 80 kilograms of honey. "That is good for two Norwegian hives," he says. "They have now given up for the summer and gone into winter state. It has been a lot of press and buzz about the hives, therefore an added interest for the state of bees." Snøhetta's project sets a benchmark for urban hive installation opportunities to battle the drastic decline of bees. While Australia has a relatively healthy bee environment and is currently free of varroa mites, a series local organisations are dedicated to beehive initiatives and educating humans of the importance of bees in the environment. Aussie Bee run a series of workshops (one the largest in Australia) and seminars on stingless beekeeping, pollination purposes and updates on CCD. The Urban Beehive in Sydney aims to install beehives all over Sydney before the bee population dwindles too greatly, while Rooftop Honey in Melbourne is placing hives on unused roofs, balconies and gardens across the city. As with green design, Snøhetta's Vulkan Beehive demonstrates that architecture can contribute more than aesthetics and structural soundness.
In Euclid's Elements Book XI proposition 20 (http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/bookIX/propIX20.html), Euclid proves that: Prime numbers are more than any assigned multitude of prime numbers. I know that this is supposed to say something similar as there are infinitely many primes, but I don't really see this from this wording. In my mind, this sentence means something like: There are more prime numbers than any amount of prime numbers.
Consumer debt in America is at chart-busting levels. In some cases we are even surpassing the debt statistics from the 2008 recession. And yet economic indicators say this is a healthy economy with a 10-year growth record and full employment. So how did this happen? One simple answer is things cost more. And the things that cost the most are necessities: housing, healthcare, education. As the same time that these costs have been skyrocketing public support has been waning. According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. healthcare costs were at $3.5 trillion in 2017. That amounts to an annual health care cost of $10,739 per person. In 1960 it was $146 per person. Is it any wonder that 1 million or so Americans experience medical bankruptcy every year? What is surprising is that of this total, more than 70% have insurance. But as healthcare costs have skyrocketed the private insurance companies that most Americans depend on for coverage have been increasing co-pays, raising deductibles and shrinking coverage. The biggest segment of consumer debt is student loans. That has been fueled by the fact that college tuition has increased more than 200% over the past 30 years. And at the same time public support for higher education has been declining. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities estimates that state support for higher education is down some $9 billion over the last ten years. Some observers have pointed to behavioral issues to explain why so many Americans are willing to take on so much debt. Many derive their sense of self worth from their possessions. Take a look at a TV ad for Cadillac or Lincoln. The marketing of luxury products clearly fuels conspicuous consumption, consumption that the consumer may only be able to keep pace with by going further and further into debt. And then there is the behavior of the lenders. It is generally acknowledged that the 2008 recession was the result of wide-scale mortgage lending by banks to buyers who did not have to ability to repay those loans. Subprime lending left the buyer in debt while the bank either made money from the high interest loan or the foreclosed property. While mortgages are no longer as easy to come by for the non-qualified applicant, there is no shortage of other loans made without reasonable assurance of the consumer’s ability to repay. One of the more grievous examples are payday loans, loans made in advance of a paycheck. Most of these loans become churn loans, meaning you end up borrowing to pay back the previous loan. The average annual percentage interest rate for a payday loan is 400%. There have also been court rulings and legislation that have paved the way for banks, credit card companies, retailers and other lenders to engage more borrowers at higher interest rates while at the same time offering the consumers fewer protections. In 1978 there was a Supreme Court case, Marquette National Bank of MInneapolis vs. First of Omaha Service Corp., that is widely cited as a boon to credit card issuers, and a boom in credit card debt. In that case the court ruled that national chartered banks issuing credit cards were subject to the regulation of the state in which they were based, but if they issued cards to individuals who lived in other states, they were not subject to the regulations of the cardholder’s state. This sent credit card issuers in search of the states with the loosest regulation so they could charge the highest interest rates. Many of the states, competing to attract the banks to headquarter in their state, did so by loosening regulations. For credit card holders, this means higher interest rates and fewer protections. In 2005, Congress passed legislation that would further fuel credit card debt. The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act, did anything but protect consumers. Instead it made it more difficult for debtors to file for bankruptcy. Thus many who found themselves with insurmountable debt, unable to get relief from bankruptcy laws, instead maxed out their credit cards. This legislation was heavily promoted by the banking and credit card company lobbyists. So what happens to the levels of consumer debt at a time when the current administration has promised deregulation. All signs point to a government that wants to help lenders ride the gravy train with little empathy for the borrowers who suffer the consequences. I look at some examples in my next post.
The tourism industry has been growing worldwide since the first decades of the 20th century (Sezgin & Yolal, 2012), but particularly over the past six decades (UNWTO, 2017a). Since then, although variable in time and according to geographical location, the main reasons for its development are the improved transportation technology, growing wealth, and the advent of tour operators with package tours (Sezgin & Yolal, 2012). In most recent decades, the popularization of previously elitist means of transport like aeroplanes with the emergence of low-cost airlines (Theng, Qiong & Tatar, 2015) along with online information, online experience sharing, and social media (Zeng, 2013) have strongly contributed to the increasing number of tourists worldwide. Nowadays, social media networks like Facebook, Twitter or Instagram are essential promotion tools used both by private tourism related companies and by many countries as part of their tourism strategy (Zeng, 2013). Such developments contribute to the continuously increasing numbers of travellers, leading to “an extreme concentration of tourists in one place” in many countries (Theng, Qiong & Tatar, 2015), in other words, to mass tourism (Sezgin & Yolal, 2012; Theng, Qiong & Tatar, 2015). Mass tourism and its inordinate number of tourists are associated with great profits, which in turn can be linked to large investments and development (Theng, Qiong & Tatar, 2015; UNWTO, 2017b). However, it can also be a synonym for great damage as it can lead to inflation, property speculation, and the weakening of local businesses and activities by the insertion of global and mass businesses on a large scale, leading to substantial levels of exclusion (Theng, Qiong & Tatar, 2015:2). Palma de Mallorca, Venice, Dubrovnik and Barcelona are some examples of cities that, over time, have been affected by mass tourism (Hunt, 2017; Kettle, 2017). For several decades now, many European and highly touristic cities such as London, Barcelona, Paris, and Berlin, among others, have been subjected to gentrification practices most of which are covered by urban renovation processes. In Barcelona, this article’s case study, the 1992 Olympic Games were the kick-start of a renovation, branding and gentrification procedure that lasted for decades (Bye Bye Barcelona, 2014). Following primarly the same formula, the gentrification process boils down to: “first come the artists, then the cranes. As the kamikaze pilots of urban renewal, wherever the creatives go, developers will follow, rents will rise, the artists will move on, and the pre-existing community will be kicked out with them.” (Wainwright, 2016). After gradually ousting most of its residents and local commerce, the renovated and attractively located places are now accessible and appeal to tourists and to stronger economical classes. Municipalities realize the great economic impact tourism has in city development therefore; they foster measures that show a lively and attractive city. Cities end up being ‘programmed’ and developed according to tourists’ needs, in other words, they end up being the result of a touristic monoculture. Of course citizens also enjoy the benefits of such a striking and dynamic city achieved through tourism development. Increasing job opportunities, better and cleaner public spaces, as well as an increased presence of cultural activities and events, usually follow the tourism boost (Fainstein & Galdstone, 1999). However, locals’ salaries do not necessarily pursue the consequently increased prices. Overstretched public transport infrastructures are followed neither by a re-structuring of the system nor by measures stimulating sustainable mobility such as bicycle infrastructures. The ongoing disappearance of local commerce and its replacement with mass commerce interferes with residents’, merchants’ and travellers’1 experience as well as with site identity. Mass tourism: The hectic Barcelona To shape an attractive touristic city, politicians endorse measures that facilitate the gentrification process, which in some cases, like in the former residential sailor’s neighbourhood of La Barceloneta in Barcelona, led to the ousting of most of the area’s dwellers (Bye Bye Barcelona, 2014). Those who still live in the district feel threatened by the possibility of having to leave the neighbourhood that saw them grow up because of the high demand for tourist accommodation. Some [either people or entities], in the pursuit of more attractive economic results, use ‘less conventional’ approaches, that is, inappropriate methods, such as putting waste by their doors and in their corridors, that encourage residents to leave their homes (Bye Bye Barcelona, 2014). Then, the owner uses the property for tourist facilities obtaining greater profit. In most cases, authorities do not take action against such situations, although it is known that a lot of touristic accommodation is illegal (Bye Bye Barcelona, 2014). Others see their rents increasing gradually, thus being forced to move to a more affordable housing situation, leaving their district, neighbours and the story they built together throughout the years. These acts deeply affect people’s lives, making them change their living situation against their will. Consequently, such facts have led and still lead inhabitants to protest and demonstrate displeasure towards tourists, generating a hostile environment between them. Thus, Barcelona is not only a knot of numerous historical monuments, renowned architecture, attractive beaches, a unique vibe and atmosphere, and a pleasant climate, it is also a congested city and a territory of conflict between residents’ and tourists’ individual behaviour and interests. This too ends up being reflected in Barcelona’s public space and living environment [Image 1.]. La Barceloneta is now one of the most popular and touristic barrios (Spanish term for districts) of the city. Throughout the years, the implementation of several tourist accommodation facilities in the neighbourhood along with some of the urban interventions that followed, have contributed to its popularization. The urban renovation of Plaza del Mar and the urban intervention and extension of the Maritime promenade up to the popular W Hotel, which included adjustments to the barrio’s transit spaces and functioning, have transformed La Barceloneta coastline (Angulo & Muñoz, 2009). Some of the many questions one may ask about the district are: ‘What is the current urban character and identity of this neighbourhood?’, ‘Is it an exclusive enclave for tourists?’, ‘Did the barrio’s dwellers gain anything from the urban interventions?’ On a broader scale, a lively and appealing urban area integrated in the city’s urban fabric is positive for both the city and its residents. Yet, the neighbourhood’s inhabitants are not the ones using the space the most, since many of them do not live there anymore, and the ones who do, do not see themselves reflected nor represented in the barrio’s new identity. La Barceloneta’s urban renovation did not bring users and the built environment any closer; on the contrary, it created a gap between them. Participatory processes aim for sustainable proposals in which both users and stakeholders are given a voice and their interests are taken into account in order to bond users and the built environment, however, they do not assure such sustainable solutions (Jones, Petrescu & Till, 2005). Through participatory practises, the gap between the built environment as it is and the users’ desired built environment becomes smaller. “Participation effectively addresses this gap through involving the user in the early stages of architectural production, leading to an environment that not only has a sense of ownership but is also more responsive to change” (Jones, Petrescu & Till, 2005:xiv). Thus, a collaborative urban process aiming a democratic urban solution gathering both housing for residents and a lower and controlled amount of tourist accommodation could have been a solution for La Barceloneta urban renovation process. Consequently, a higher quality of life for the barrio’s inhabitants along with a higher sense of ownership through empowering its residents would have been presented while a more authentic experience and stay for tourists would have been assured. Such a solution would have helped preserving or re-creating an identity based on meaningful experiences among dwellers and visitors. Moreover, according to Klingmann (2007), respecting the heterogeneity of the place while promoting cultural values to build a sustainable identity, are necessary to build successful branding strategies. Public space as the social open space that serves the countless and diverse citizens’ daily needs is no longer serving its full purpose. Mass tourism is distressing people’s daily mobility, diminishing [some] people’s equal right to use the public space and disturbing the platform that Cattell (2008) defines as the result of humans meaningful experiences and actions over time (Chitrakar, 2016). Much of Barcelona’s public space, either a narrow sidewalk, a promenade, a park or a square, is usually overcrowded with tourists hampering its use. Large groups of tourists, standing in queues that last the entire day, occupy the public space surrounding La Sagrada Família (Bye Bye Barcelona, 2014). A place once used by locals on lunch breaks for instance or by daily commuters on their way home is now an avoided path due to how rugged it became. Mass tourism undermines inhabitants’ mobility. Furthermore, dwellers of the surrounding districts no longer see themselves as part of that urban space and simply avoid using it. Is the city’s infrastructure prepared for these intense and drastic changes of use? Are there any urban solutions that can adapt to such changes and maintain the quality of the urban space for both tourists and residents? The current situation of Park Güell, the world-known public city park designed, like La Sagrada Família, by the architect Antoni Gaudí, is another example of the damage caused by mass tourism. With paid and controlled entrances, the place is more of an amusement park serving tourism necessities. Even with free entrance for the neighbouring residents, few appreciate going for a walk in an overbooked park that before the controlled entrances had an average of 25.000 visitors per day (Bye Bye Barcelona, 2014). The vast groups of tourists stopping and gathering at every corner, or taking pictures every second, the large number of buses and taxis accessing the park daily destabilizes inhabitants’ mobility both inside and outside the park perimeter. The number of visitors also raises questions regarding the preservation and protection of what is considered a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. In this particular case, one may advocate that mass tourism is damaging what is declared as having universal cultural value. Mercat de Sant Josep, commonly known as La Boqueria, an extremely important public market situated in the popular La Rambla, is also suffering from mass tourism (NPR, 2017). A commercial public space intrinsic and so representative of the lifestyle, culture and atmosphere of the city that has been serving Barcelona’s citizens and visitors for over a century, is today more of a ‘theme park’. With daily and mostly overcrowded passages, visitors who aim to use the space according to its real function are unable to circulate and buy groceries within such a congested space. As a consequence, in 2015 the market restricted access on Fridays and Saturdays for groups of 15 people or more until a certain hour so that it could respond to city’s residents’ needs and operate with less mishaps (Barcelona Metropolitan, 2015). Are schedule restrictions the permanent solution or simply a temporary one? Should urban spaces be treated like entertainment parks? Are physical barriers the answer to manage overcrowded spaces? If so, then the public space will end up being a fragmented framework of urban life, restricted by several obstacles where people move from A to B unaware of their surroundings searching for the so fantasised experience that branded places like the above-mentioned ones promise. Meanwhile, the ‘life in-between’, both material and the less-material occurrences that arise in the remaining public urban spaces end up being damaged or ignored [Image 2.]. Mass tourism, by producing congested spaces like the surroundings of La Sagrada Família, Park Guëll and its adjacent transit infrastructure, and La Boqueria, is responsible for residents’ tendency to avoid them whenever possible. Moreover, Barcelona achieved considerable homogeneity due to a substantial replacement of local businesses with mass commerce businesses and to a standardization of touristic offers where local or unique experiences are rarely lived. As already mused by Barcelona’s municipality, the standardization of the city’s touristic experience, and the drawbacks related with it, could be the basis of Barcelona’s degradation (Goodwin, 2016). Consequently, travellers end up experiencing a scenario that lacks authenticity, and city inhabitants do not see themselves reflected in their city’s public space, and feel a reduction of rights regarding the use of public space, whilst their urban mobility has become quite damaged. An alternative to mass tourism: Building a resilient Barcelona. In order to uphold Barcelona as an open and great tourist destination, to empower its citizens, and to increase the city’s quality of life for both dwellers and visitors (Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2017b), a different approach towards tourism development must be considered and executed. The concept of sustainable tourism is an alternative to mass tourism as it aims to be an element integrated in regional developments (ETE, 2018) and not simply be seen as a profitable industry by itself. According to the ETE – Ecological Tourism in Europe (2018), sustainable tourism development bases itself in ecological sustainability, social equity and adaptation to local cultures, and economic sustainability. In other words, sustainable tourism development intends to protect the local natural environment by respecting its fragilities, wishes for a stable development considering locals’ and stakeholders’ interests by allowing both to participate in the development strategy, and desires a strong economic cycle in which the community is the one benefiting the most from tourism profits. Barcelona’s municipality has already taken some measures in relation to tourism management. According to Goodwin (2016), Barcelona has drawn up sustainable development plans for the city and its tourism in order to improve its management and mediate the damages caused by mass-tourism. The ‘Barcelona Strategic Tourism Plan for 2020’ made by the municipality, very succinctly aims to enrich the city’s tourism by 2020 using sustainable measures. The last two years were spent detecting problems, gathering data, conducting studies, working with and meeting different stakeholders, and analysing possible strategies. It was in 2017 that the project began to put some of its plans into action. A multidisciplinary team aims, based on a participatory diagnosis, to manage tourism through categories established by them, such as ‘Governance’, ‘Knowledge’, ‘Destination Barcelona’, ‘Mobility’, ‘Accommodation’, ‘Managing Spaces’, ‘Economic Development’, ‘Communication and welcome’, ‘Taxes and Funding’, and finally ‘ Regulation and Planning’ (Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2017a). Another initiative created by the municipality that encourages city development through participatory processes is the project ‘decidim.barcelona’, a digital and online platform that creates and organizes projects in action [as well as future ones] in order to ‘build a more open, transparent and collaborative city’ (decidim.barcelona, 2018). ‘Decidim.barcelona’ is a participation instrument that gives a voice to all citizens interested in cooperating with the municipality towards the improvement of their city through various collaborative projects. It also offers the possibility to follow their development. Thus, it becomes a collective platform for both city makers, who aim to maintain Barcelona as a touristic city, and citizens, who want to reclaim their city, contributing to the sustainable development of Barcelona. The platform comprises both less elaborated projects and long-term and more striking ones like ‘Les Rambles’ initiated in November 2017. The initiative relies on a collaborative process between the municipality, citizens, local entities and the specialist team km-ZERO to jointly analyse the existing issues of the tourist zone La Rambla and rethink its public space for a better adaption to current and future needs (decidim.barcelona, 2018). How to manage spaces of great affluence, how to improve the public transport and accessibility and how to enhance the citizens’ use of space while mediating tourist activities are some of the project’s points of discussion (COAC, 2017). The project is structured in three main phases: phase 0 is the presentation of the project and establishment of groups of work, phase 1 is the collaborative analysis and diagnosis stage, phase 2 is the co-production of proposals for the redevelopment of La Rambla based on remarks from the previous stage. For the final phase, a project shall be selected to be initiated on June 19, 2018. Throughout the process, there will be four open workshops, two participatory diagnoses, and two more meetings for the co-production of proposals that citizens are invited to take part in. Having the co-operative meetings as starting points, the ‘Citizen Cooperative Groups’ composed of citizenship specialists, representatives of the different stakeholders, and km-ZERO, are in charge of developing the process (decidim.barcelona, 2018). There are also independent and smaller scale projects, like the JAM Hostel Barcelona (JAM Hostel Barcelona, 2017), which aim at and contribute to producing a more sustainable city. It is more than tourist accommodation; it is a sustainable project in itself promoting responsible tourism, among many other sustainable conducts, located in a less congested district of Barcelona, Gràcia. They encourage sustainable mobility like walking and biking by providing free and safe bicycle parking, consequently generating a minor impact on the city. Through inviting visitors to discover less touristic spots of the city by not offering the traditional touristic maps and through inspiring guests to consume local and authentic products and food by promoting the neighbouring commerce stores and by serving local organic products themselves, they believe their visitors create a lower impact in the city (JAM Hostel Barcelona, 2017). JAM Hostel Barcelona, can also be seen as a balancing negotiator between citizens and tourists. By rejecting all kinds of activities related with mass-tourism like group tours or pub-crawls, and instead offering an alternative experience to its visitors (JAM Hostel Barcelona, 2017), it warns them about the damage of mass-tourism, encouraging responsible tourism behaviour. Consequently, by contributing to lower impact tourism, it at the same time enhances and improves citizens’ urban daily life. Balancing both interests also meets the objectives promoted by Barcelona’s municipality. In this way, projects like JAM Hostel Barcelona should be strongly endorsed and economically supported by the authorities for their contribution and ecological footprint. A strong and collaborative relationship between the different stakeholders as well as a well-deserved support to initiatives that contribute to the municipality’s campaigns can be decisive in creating a healthier tourist city [Image 3.]. An instrument that could also contribute to sustainable tourism would be the development of less traditional physical and digital tourist maps. Maps are tools commonly used by tourists that end-up influencing one’s destinations, tours, visits and focus. At the same time, maps are ordinary representation tools amongst architects, urban designers and planners, which in turn are among the people that know a city the best, from its cultural secrets, its architectural veiled treasures, to its various and less-material prevailing atmospheres. Accordingly, less conventional tourist maps could emerge illustrating for instance some hidden gems of the city [Image 4.], or route maps suggesting many alternative walking and biking routes including several stops in local stores to taste different and authentic gastronomic delicacies, or perhaps make the map a game, a kind of a treasure hunt for those who travel with children. Such less typical mappings could be the invitation for many tourists to get to know the city while avoiding the packed places. Inviting visitors to explore less touristic locations of the city and its surroundings, suggesting them to choose sustainable tourist accommodation, inspiring them to try local and authentic products according to their own interests, as well as discouraging them from a ‘tapas tour’ and globalized restaurant chains, can avoid the congestion of certain spaces. The municipality of Barcelona, as the main stakeholder interested in managing the city’s public space for tourists and citizens, could launch mapping challenges with various themes serving different tourist interests. Supporting and nurturing such projects, and discouraging projects devoted to mass tourism, would not only disseminate the presence of tourists in the city, relieving overfilled areas, but also would attract investors, creatives, and entrepreneurs to develop projects with a similar mind-set. Since the Olympic Games in 1992, Barcelona has successfully promoted its vibrant, creative, cultural, and tourist welcoming character, however, never was the city prepared for such an outcome. In the process of making Barcelona attractive in touristic terms, some citizens lost their homes and neighbourhood relationships, others their local businesses, and others felt they have lost the right to use the public space in their own city (Bye Bye Barcelona, 2014) as the city became overcrowded with tourists. The consequence of such events led and still leads to frequent protests, some angry action like writing on city’s walls ‘tourists are not welcome’ or ‘tourist you are the terrorist’ [Image 1.], creating a unfriendly environment between dwellers and tourists. It can be stated that in Barcelona, the tourism monoculture development led to poor and unsatisfactory solutions such as implementing gates or time restrictions, illustrating the lack of social consideration and holistic urban thinking in the process. Currently, steps are being taken to manage the high number of tourists, to bring the city back to its citizens, to heal from mass-tourism injuries, and remain one of the top touristic destinations. Barcelona is in a transformation process trying to move away from a disturbing tourism to a healthy and sustainable one by introducing measures based in sustainable tourism development that better respond to different users and future needs. Barcelona aims to create a more resilient and flexible urban environment that reflects the occurrences that take place between citizens and tourists while meeting their daily needs. Additionally, citizens, city makers, entrepreneurs and others must be actively invited to bring forth sustainable projects, and primarily, must be greatly supported in economic terms when implementing them. Nonetheless, these efforts come at a high price, take a considerable amount of time, and involve a high level of dedication. Even with the prominent cases of cities injured by mass tourism such as Barcelona, Venice or Dubrovnik (Hunt, 2017; Kettle, 2017), dangerous gentrification practices and monoculture branding processes still terrorize some cities and ignore the collateral damage caused by mass tourism. Branding and tourism strategies should not only respond to the immediate needs of promoting cities and their cultural, historical, bohemian and architectural [among others] values; they should also anticipate adverse outcomes and possible solutions for them. Thus, it is urgent to adopt participatory processes in the development of cities to balance the interests of locals and tourists in order to reach a set of sustainable and resilient solutions to address upcoming needs [Image 3.]. As stated by Jaume Collboni, the Second Deputy Mayor of Barcelona, “Tourism has to serve the city and not the other way around” (Goodwin, 2016). By examining Barcelona as a case study, some dangerous consequences may be avoided in other cities; in particular the ones presently undergoing a gentrification process, like Lisbon or Oporto (Sampaio, 2017). Moreover, it may also help to review and plan possible solutions based on sustainable tourism development. In the early stages, measures based in sustainable tourism should be implemented, responsible tourism initiatives should be strongly supported, and a good dialogue and level of participation among the different investors and actors should be maintained. It is crucial to enforce sustainable solutions and to face the dangerous outcomes of using the city to serve tourism instead of being merely consumed by the profit mass tourism represents. 1.Referring to those who, while travelling, are aiming to have authentic local experiences and engage more with the inhabitants, and are more respectful towards the surroundings. These travellers can be defined by their curiosity to discover new places, to get a real sense of the place, people and the city’s beauty, instead of simply consuming it (Bye Bye Barcelona, 2014). — Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2017a. Strategic Plan. Tourism [online] Available at: — Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2017b. Responsible and Sustainable Tourism [online] Available at: — Angulo, S., & Muñoz, O., 2009. La prolongación del paseo Marítim, otro paso en la apertura de Barcelona al mar. [online] La Vanguardia, 25 June. Available at: — Barcelona Metropolitan, 2015. Limit on tourist access to la Boqueria. [online] Available at: — Bye Bye Barcelona, 2014. [documentary film] Barcelona: Eduardo Chibás. [online] Available at: — Chitrakar, R.M., 2016. Meaning of public space and sense of community: The case of new neighbourhoods in the Kathmandu Valley. International Journal of Architectural Research, 10(1), pp.213-227. — COAC, 2017. El Ayuntamiento de Barcelona adjudica al equipo km-ZERO el concurso para la mejora de la Rambla, Barcelona. [online] Col·legi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya. Available at: — Decidim.barcelona, 2018. Decidamos la Barcelona que queremos. [online] Available at: — ETE, 2018. Definition of sustainable tourism. [online] Available at: — Fainstein, S. & Gladstone, D., 1999. Evaluating urban tourism, In: D. Judd & S. Fainstein, ed. 1999. The Touristic City. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. pp.21-34. — Goodwin, H., 2016. Managing Tourism in Barcelona. [online] Harold Goodwin – Taking Responsibility for Tourism. Available at: — Hunt, E., 2017. ‘Tourism kills neighbourhoods’: how do we save cities from the city break? [online] The Guardian, 4 August. Available at: — JAM Hostel Barcelona, 2017. [online] JAM Hostel Barcelona. Available at: — Jones, P., Petrescu, B., & Till, D., 2005. Introduction. In: P. Jones, D. Petrescu & J. Till eds. 2005. Architecture and Participation. London and New York: Spon Press. pp.xiii-xvii. — Klingmann, A., 2007. Brandscapes. Cambridge: The MIT Press. — Kettle, M., 2017. Mass tourism is at a tipping point – but we’re all part of the problem. [online] The Guardian, 11 August. Available at: — NPR, 2017. For Barcelona, Tourism Boom Comes At High Cost. [online] Available at: — Sampaio, G., 2018. O processo de gentrificação em curso nas cidades (e periferias) de Lisboa e Porto. [online] O Jornal Económico, 2 February. Avalable at: — Sezgin, E. & Yolal, M., 2012. Golden age of mass tourism: Its history and development. In: Dr. M. Kasimoglu, ed., Visions for Global Tourism Industry – Creating and Sustaining Competitive Strategies, 1st Ed. London: InTech. — Theng, S., Qiong, X.; Tatar, C., 2015. Mass Tourism vs Alternative Tourism? Challenges and New Postitionings. [online] Études caribéennes, 31-32 \| August-December 2015. Avalable at: https://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7521 [Accessed 19 May 2018]. — UNWTO, 2017a. 2016 Annual Report, Madrid: World Tourism Organization. Available at: — UNWTO, 2017b. Tourism Highlights, 2017 Edition, Madrid: World Tourism Organization. Available at: — Wainwright, O., 2016. Gentrification is a global problem. It’s time we found a better solution. [online] The Guardian, 29 September. Available at: — Zeng, B., 2013. Social Media in Tourism. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 2(125). DOI: 10.4172/2167-0269.1000e125. Elisa Diogo Silva is a young architect (MA) and a recent graduate in urban design (MSc) from Aalborg University in Denmark. She has a flair for mobilities design, creating spaces with and for people, sustainable urban developments, and for instigating future urban scenarios. Furthermore, she is passionate about strategic urban development, democratic design, and the relationship between people, physical settings and less-material occurrences taking place in the urban milieu. Cristina Roxana Lazăr is a freshly graduate of urban design (MSc) from Aalborg University in Denmark and urban planner (BA) from Bucharest University. Her work emphasizes how positive impacts can be planned and generated through the use of tactical urbanism, people-oriented strategies, urban catalysis, placemaking and relation user-space theories. Moreover, she is passionate about art and collage rendering and in her work tries to bring a creative perspective to urban spaces and contemporary ways to design them.
As we approach the end of the year all students really want to do is have a break! I get it, they are tired and most likely have limped, or are still limping, to the end of the school year. Before they do however it is important students undertake some end of year reflection and planning. A couple of important activities they should undertake are: - reflecting on the year they have had and their results (when known); - reviewing and pack up their school books and belongings; - purchasing books and stationery for the new school year; and - planning out and starting holiday homework. All students should take time to undertake self reflection which is an important and necessary part of the learning process. Students need to take the time to reflect on their overall results, exam results and school reports. It can be useful for students to reflect on what they did well, didn’t do well and what changes they could put into practice next year at school. Key questions they might like to ask themselves are: - what worked; - what didn’t work; and - what they could change next time round. All students should take the time to self reflect, whether they did or didn’t do well. For those who achieved good results they need to know why so they can continue to replicate them going forward. For those that didn’t, to learn from it, work out what they can they do differently next time to avoid the same issues or mistakes going forward. Reviewing and packing up books and belongings At this time of year most students can’t wait to get away from their books so having a general clean out shouldn’t be too hard. Students should: - work out what materials they need to keep – I usually recommended to students that they keep books/notes from the past year as a reference tool if they are continuing with those subjects again the following year. Sometimes students might also like to keep an assignment or assessment they are really proud of or even take a photo of it if they don’t have it saved electronically. - what they no longer need – most students are very quick to say they don’t need anything which is quite possibly true (other than as noted above). Grab the recycling bin and throw out anything they are unlikely to need. - work out what stationery can be re used – most schools often suggest purchasing new items every year, however, that is usually unnecessary as many bits and pieces can be reused. Students should work out what is still in good working order and then purchase only those bits and pieces they really need. - empty and clean out their school bag – as this is likely to get packed away for a long period of time it is important to ensure this is empty and clean. Students want to avoid any nasty surprises being found at the end of summer in their bags (believe me it happens regularly and I found rotten fruit only the other day in a students bag)! - clear their desk space/s – ensure these too are cleared and clean so they will be ready to use over the summer or for when a student goes back to school. Remove any items that don’t belong there including loose papers, books and other bits and pieces. It’s a good idea for students to spend a bit of time now going through and organising their school work now rather than putting it off and finding it all still piled up as the summer or holidays are coming to an end! Purchasing books and stationery for the new year Most schools issue book and stationery lists before the school year is over and it is suggested that students, or their parents, purchase what is needed as soon as possible. This is particularly important for school novels that many students are asked to read over the school break as well as for senior students to get a head start on the year ahead. Planning out and starting holiday homework Many students, particularly senior students (Year 11-12) will usually be assigned holiday homework and they should plan this out rather than leave it all until just before they start back. The ideal is for students to complete some of this work now, have a break over the christmas/new year period and then pick it up again in early/mid January. By doing this, students will avoid the nasty shock of doing very little and then being expected to be on top of their game from Day 1 when school goes back. It can also be useful for Year 11 and 12 students to check out and read the subject details that they will be studying on their relevant state’s curriculum website. By planning ahead and completing work, all students can be confident with their start back at school and it is likely to set them up for greater success. For more information on the work I do to assist students with their organisation, time management and study skills, please get in touch: - email – firstname.lastname@example.org or - mobile – 0409 967 166.
- How To Change CPU Fan Speed Without Bios? [Easy Guide] - May 12, 2022 - M.2 Drive Not Showing Up In BIOS: 3 Super-Easy Fixes - May 11, 2022 - Best AM1 CPU In 2022 [4 Top Picks Reviewed] - May 9, 2022 Does CPU fan push or pull air across computer heatsinks in 2022? The answer is it can do either, depending on your configuration. CPU fans can have a push or pull configuration. If you have a single fan, then some say a push configuration is generally more effective. Others say that a pull configuration works the best regardless. In our view, a balance between the two with a slight bias toward a pull configuration is best. In this article, we’ll share more details about this through a list of questions. These questions are popular when people search for CPU fans. So we’ve gathered all the information you need to know. This way, you’ll be able to know all the relevant facts about push and pull configurations for CPU fans. We’ve also added some FAQs at the end to address more minor concerns that people have. - How Do Processors Stay Cool? - What Is A CPU Fan? - Fan Configuration: Does It Matter? - What Is Push And Pull In Computer Cooling? - Does CPU Fan Push Or Pull? - Should CPU Fans Push Or Pull? - What Is The Proper CPU Cooler Fan Direction? - Which Is Better For A Single Fan CPU Cooler – Push Or Pull? - How Do I Know If My Fan Is Intake Or Exhaust? - Is A Push Or Pull CPU Fan Worth It? How Do Processors Stay Cool? CPUs remain cool through a combination of heatsinks and fans. A CPU will have a heatsink attached. This absorbs heat and spreads it across the total surface area of the heatsink. It’s a similar process to radiation. A fan placed over the top of the heatsink will then push or pull the hot air away and blow it out of the computer case. This ensures that the CPU doesn’t overheat and the build-up of heat vents away. What Is A CPU Fan? A CPU fan is a particular fan attached to a computer’s CPU. It’s separate from the fans attached to the computer case. These expel heated air circulating inside the case. A CPU fan vents heat that builds up from the heatsink. Without this fan, the heatsink itself would overheat and would no longer help cool the CPU. Fan Configuration: Does It Matter? It does matter, but not to an extreme degree. The cooling results will differ if your system has a push, pull, or hybrid configuration. But they will only differ by a few degrees. This means it depends on how important it is to keep your CPU cool. What Is Push And Pull In Computer Cooling? A push configuration means air gets pushed out of the case than pulled in. This creates a negative pressure environment, which can suck in tiny dust particles. A pull configuration is the opposite. More air gets sucked in than pushed out. This creates a barrier to dust, except for intake fans. Intake fans can have filters applied to mitigate this issue. In relation to CPUs, the principle is the same. This leads us to our next question. Does CPU Fan Push Or Pull? Yes, CPU fans can push or pull. When they’re in a pushing configuration, the air gets pushed across the heatsink’s fins and out of the case. When they’re in a pulling configuration, cooler air gets sucked in to circulate the hot air away. CPU fans can also operate in a hybrid mode using both configurations. This is a ‘radiator sandwich.’ One fan pushes away hot air, and another will pull cooler air in. You can see the relevance of push and pull configurations in this informative discussion. Should CPU Fans Push Or Pull? As we mentioned, whether a CPU fan pushes or pulls doesn’t make a significant difference. Plus, the CPU fans don’t determine the pressure inside the case. Case fans do that. So it depends on your preferences. A radiator sandwich is a good choice if you want the optimal configuration. If you only have one fan, we’ll address that shortly. In the meantime, you can also check out this video. What Is The Proper CPU Cooler Fan Direction? I believe the best way to orient your CPU fan depends on the case and configuration. But a basic guideline is to ensure your fan points toward the vents in the case or an exhaust fan. Which Is Better For A Single Fan CPU Cooler – Push Or Pull? A push arrangement is preferable if you only have one fan and cannot create a radiator sandwich. We’ve found it’s a more common arrangement for single CPU coolers, so we recommend you stick with it. It’s also more likely to reduce the temperature by a few degrees. But this difference is insignificant, so the final choice is up to you. How Do I Know If My Fan Is Intake Or Exhaust? If the fan blades curve away from you, it’s an intake fan. If they curve toward you, it’s an exhaust fan. An intake fan pulls air in, and an exhaust fan pushes air out. This is why the blades curve in the way they do. Once you spot this, we’ve found it becomes easy to spot them on sight. Also, exhaust fans have crossbars and wires on the back. If the blades are totally visible, it’s an intake fan. Is A Push Or Pull CPU Fan Worth It? It’s worth having either a push, pull, or hybrid CPU fan. We recommend the radiator sandwich as our top choice. Then the push configuration, and finally the pull configuration. Depending on your computer’s age and CPU, you may need to spend more or less money than you expected. But most of the time, the fans you have preinstalled will be fine. Is There A Push/Pull Temperature Difference? Yes, there is. I’ve briefly covered it in the article, but here are more specifics. The variation in temperature between the two configurations is around 1-4 degrees Celsius. This is why I’ve referred to the difference as insignificant. It’s not enough to seriously affect your CPU or the rest of your computer. What Are The Push/Pull Optimal Fan Speeds? This depends on your priorities. If you want to strike a good balance between silence and performance, you’ll want to pick a middle ground. This should create decent airflow, ensuring air entering and leaving the case equalizes. You can achieve this by adjusting the fan curves in the BIOS. There are often preconfigured modes you can choose from. They’ll reveal the optimal fan speeds for your needs. Does Push/Pull Increase Airflow? Airflow gets optimized when more air gets pulled into the case or expelled from the case. If the two sides equalized, there wouldn’t be much airflow. The pushing and pulling would cancel each other out. The same is true for the CPU heatsink. This is why a bias toward pulling is best. It prevents the build-up of dust while also ensuring airflow is optimal. How Do You Install A CPU Fan On A Computer? To add a CPU fan to a heatsink, we recommend the following process. Apply thermal paste to the CPU, then ensure the grooves on the fan’s push pins face the center of the fan. After this, align the pins with the holes on the CPU’s motherboard. Place your fingers on two diagonally opposite push pins and click the fan into place. Check the pins have come through the holes. Then plug the power cable into the CPU fan socket on the motherboard.
There are some basic day trading rules that help to outline the processes, regulations, and best practices. A day trader is a stock trader who makes one or more trades per day and holds their positions or acquisitions for only a short time. There are limited markets that are open and accessible to day trading, and include currencies, options, stocks, and futures markets. One of the most essential day trading rules is that these positions are rarely held after market close. Day traders use risk funds, or excess funds, that can afford to be lost. By utilizing risk funds, traders are protected both financially and emotionally. There are several types of trades used in day trading. One such option is a short term trade, or scalping, that can last only a few minutes or even seconds. Another type of day trading is position trading or swing trading. If executing position trading, a position is held slightly longer, even throughout the day. Still, a position is not normally held overnight. Depending on the trading system, one or both of these types may be allowed. Normally, day traders select one of the above types and only practice that type of trading. Alternatively, some day traders will select the type of trade by the conditions of the market during that time period. There are several strategies that day traders implement in finding and making trades and include trend trades, counter-trend trades, and ranging trades. A trend trade is a trade that follows the current movement of the position, so if the price is moving up, a day trader might buy the position with the hope that the price will continue to go up. Conversely, a counter-trend trade is a trade that is purchased against or opposite the current price. In a counter-trend trade, a position would be sold if the price were increasing. Alternatively, a ranging trade is a trade that is used when the market is moving back and forth or has sideways movement. Day traders use direct access brokers. Direct access brokers often have better access to exchanges and markets, and are usually able to access markets at a lower premium as well. Most day traders work for larger institutions. By working for larger financial institutions, they have access to larger funds and instantaneous buying and selling. Restrictions can be placed on day trading by individual countries or economies. One such example is the regulation imposed by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has regulated day trading by imposing a minimum amount on a trader's account. Since most day traders do not maintain an amount as high as the SEC requires, this imposition has been effective in preventing day trading within markets in the United States. The penalty for not following these day trading rules and regulations is normally a freeze on your account for up to 90 days. Regulations and penalties implemented by other countries vary according to the country and market. Before starting to work as a day trader, it is essential to know the basic day trading rules for the markets you are interested in. Investigating the potential markets and regulations can help you become a smarter and more profitable day trader.
The green turtle is a large, weighty sea turtle with a wide, smooth shell. It typically inhabits tropical and subtropical coastal waters. Green Sea Turtle have often been observed clambering onto land to sunbathe. It is not named for the color of its shell, which is normally brown, but for the greenish color pigmentation of its skin. There are two types of green turtles: the Atlantic green turtle, normally seen off the shores of Europe and North America, and the Eastern Pacific green turtle, which has been found as far as from the coastal waters from Alaska to Chile. Green Sea Turtles can weigh up to 700 pounds (317.5 kilograms). Green turtles are one of the largest sea turtles in the world. Their heads or small relative to their large shell and body. Unlike other turtles, their necks are non retractable, and extend from a heart-shaped carapace that measures up to 5 feet (1.5 meters). Typically, males are slightly larger than females and often have longer tails. Both have flippers that resemble paddles with webbed toes, which make them well suited and graceful swimmers. Unlike most sea turtles, adult green turtles are herbivorous, feeding on sea grasses and algae. Nonetheless, juvenile green turtles, will also eat invertebrates such as crabs, jellyfish, etc. While many sea turtles warm themselves by swimming close to the surface of shallow waters, the Eastern Pacific green turtle will take to land to bask in the sun. They can occasionally seen sunbathing alongside seals and albatrosses, it is one of the few marine turtles known to leave the water other than at nesting times. Green turtles, like other sea turtles, undertake lengthy migrations from feeding waters to nesting grounds, normally sandy beaches. The mating cycle occurs every two to four years and normally performed in shallow waters close to the shore. To nest, females leave the sea and choose an area, often with other their mothers, to lay their eggs. They will dig a pit in the sand with their flippers, fill it with a clutch of 100 to 200 eggs, then covering the nest, and returning to the sea, leaving the eggs to hatch on their own after about two months. The most dangerous time of a green turtle’s life is making the journey from nest to sea. Multiple predators, including crabs and flocks of gulls, frequently prey on hatchlings during this short dart for life. Green turtles are listed as an endangered species. Despite this, they are still killed for their meat and eggs. Their numbers are also reduced by boat propeller accidents, fishnet-caused drowning, and the destruction of their nesting grounds by human development.
SPECIES: Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata \|Basin big sagebrush/Indian ricegrass community in Harney County, Oregon. Photo courtesy of the PRBO Conservation Science Shrubsteppe Monitoring Program.\| Tirmenstein, D. 1999. Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/arttrit/all.html . basin big sagebrush The scientific name of basin big sagebrush is Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. tridentata (Asteraceae) [6,49,62]. Genotypic and phenotypic variation is common in basin big sagebrush. Both diploid and tetraploid plants occur, but diploids are most common . At least 4 or 5 subspecies of big sagebrush (A. tridentata) have been identified [49,62]. Kartesz recognizes the A. tridentata subsp. tridentata - basin big sagebrush A. tridentata subsp. spiciformis (Osterhout) Kartesz & Gandhi - snowfield big sagebrush A. tridentata subsp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle - mountain big sagebrush A. tridentata subsp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young - Wyoming big sagebrush A. tridentata subsp. xericensis Winward ex Rosentreter & R. Kelsey - big sagebrush Hybrids between basin big sagebrush and mountain big sagebrush have been confirmed [44,67]. "Hybrid zones" exist between these 2 subspecies in parts of Utah [39,40,106]. In southeastern Idaho, introgression between the 2 subspecies is common . The "hybrid zone" which occurs across a narrow elevational band between the 2 parent taxa is believed to be stable. In Utah, it is generally less than 0.6 miles (1 km) wide and in some locations, less than 330 feet (100 m) wide . Hybrids between basin big sagebrush and mountain big sagebrush are intermediate for all characters and exhibit considerable genetic variation [40,107]. No special status Big sagebrush is one of the most widespread and economically important shrubs in western North America . Basin big sagebrush is the most extensive in distribution and range of variation in the Great Basin and Columbia Plateau . It is distributed from Washington east to the Dakotas and south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico . Basin big sagebrush is found from the floor of the Great Basin to upper timberline, although it is not abundant in all zones . It occurs in relatively small stands east of the Cascades in Oregon . FRES21 Ponderosa pine FRES30 Desert shrub FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub FRES36 Mountain grasslands FRES38 Plains grasslands FRES40 Desert grasslands 5 Columbia Plateau 6 Upper Basin and Range 7 Lower Basin and Range 8 Northern Rocky Mountains 9 Middle Rocky Mountains 10 Wyoming Basin 11 Southern Rocky Mountains 12 Colorado Plateau 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands K022 Great Basin pine forest K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland K024 Juniper steppe woodland K037 Mountain mahogany-oak scrub K038 Great Basin sagebrush K055 Sagebrush steppe K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe K057 Galleta-three-awn shrubsteppe 220 Rocky Mountain juniper 237 Interior ponderosa pine 104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass 107 Western juniper-big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass 302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass 303 Bunchgrass wheatgrass-western wheatgrass 304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass 314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass 316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue 320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass 321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue 322 Curlleaf mountain mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass 324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue 401 Basin sagebrush 412 Juniper-pinyon woodland 415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany 416 True mountain-mahogany 504 Juniper-pinyon woodlands 611 Blue grama-buffalograss Basin big sagebrush commonly grows in association with cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), Thurber needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum), needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa comata), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), and Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) [51,117]. Common shrub associates include broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus) . Basin big sagebrush is a climax dominant on semiarid sites in the Pacific Northwest, Great Basin, and the Southwest. Publications describing community types dominated by basin big sagebrush are listed below. A preliminary classification of the natural vegetation of Colorado Steppe vegetation of Washington Sagebrush-grass habitat types of southern Idaho Plant associations of the Crooked River National Grassland A sagebrush community type classification for mountainous northeastern Nevada rangeland Correlation between soils and sagebrush-dominated plant communities of northeastern Nevada Soil characteristics of mountainous northeastern Nevada sagebrush community types Grassland and shrubland habitat types of western Montana Shrub-steppe habitat types of Middle Park, Colorado Grassland and shrubland habitat types of the Shoshone National Forest A management-oriented classification of pinyon-juniper woodlands of the Great Basin Considerable quantities of big sagebrush are eaten by sage grouse, mule deer, and pronghorn . In southwestern Montana, basin big sagebrush is browsed by elk and mule deer from autumn through early spring . In parts of Montana, mule deer use, but do not prefer basin big sagebrush [82,105]. In Oregon, mule deer showed an intermediate preference for basin big sagebrush in winter feeding trials. In fall trials, mule deer used, but did not prefer basin big sagebrush. Mule deer use of basin big sagebrush in Oregon is, in general, described as "intermediate" . For mule deer in Utah, basin big sagebrush is the least preferred of all subspecies of big sagebrush . In some instances, mule deer preference of basin big sagebrush varies greatly by local population . Basin big sagebrush generally is not preferred by sage grouse; however, the birds do exhibit preferences for certain individual plants. Sage grouse readily feed on basin big sagebrush where mountain and Wyoming big sagebrush are absent . In fall, domestic sheep in Oregon fed on basin big sagebrush to a limited degree. During the winter months, the sheep exhibited a "moderate preference for basin big sagebrush." In general, domestic sheep preference for basin big sagebrush in Oregon is described as "low" . In Utah, some accessions (mostly tetraploid) of basin big sagebrush were preferred by domestic sheep . Basin big sagebrush may serve as emergency food during severe winter weather, but it is not usually sought out by livestock or wildlife . However, researchers emphasize that although basin big sagebrush is not preferred by wildlife, it is nevertheless, heavily used particularly during winter when preferred taxa are not available. In southwestern Montana, winter leader use by mule deer ranged from 4% to 71% . Palatability varies great among the subspecies of big sagebrush . Basin big sagebrush is the least palatable of the three major subspecies of big sagebrush . Both mountain big sagebrush and Wyoming big sagebrush are preferred . Palatability of basin big sagebrush is in general "low" . The palatability and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for basin big sagebrush is rated as follows : MT ND WY Cattle poor poor poor Domestic sheep fair good fair Horses poor poor poor Pronghorn ---- good poor Elk ---- fair poor Mule deer ---- good poor Small mammals ---- fair fair Small nongame birds ---- fair fair Upland game birds ---- good fair Waterfowl ---- poor poor In general, big sagebrush is highly digestible and nutritious . It has high levels of protein, carotene, and phosphorus . Digestibility of big sagebrush is influenced by the total terpenoid content . Basin big sagebrush has relatively high levels of crude terpenoids that can reduce palatability . Basin big sagebrush has a higher winter crude protein content than mountain big sagebrush . In-vitro digestibility (%, oven-dried) of basin big sagebrush in Montana has been rated as follows : whole sagebrush terpenoid-extracted sagebrush* 1/1 2/15 4/1 1/1 2/15 4/1 mule deer 47.2 63.4 62.4 59.5 65.6 75.7 domestic sheep 54.0 55.3 59.6 71.8 72.3 75.2 steer 55.8 56.6 58.4 68.7 69.1 72.3 *Leaf samples from which terpenoid compounds were removed prior to drying Big sagebrush provides some shade for domestic livestock and important cover for several upland game bird species . In presettlement times, the range of the sage grouse paralleled the range of big sagebrush. Basin big sagebrush provides important cover for sage grouse . Basin big sagebrush also provides cover for small mammals such as the pygmy rabbit . The degree to which basin big sagebrush provides cover for wildlife species is as follows : CO UT WY Pronghorn ---- fair good Elk ---- fair good Mule deer ---- fair good White-tailed deer good ---- ---- Small mammals ---- good fair Small nongame birds ---- good good Upland game birds ---- good good Waterfowl ---- poor good Basin big sagebrush shows high potential for range restoration and soil stabilization . Big sagebrush grows rapidly and spreads readily from seed. Seed can be broadcast or drilled . It is important to select basin big sagebrush seed adapted to the specific site . Studies indicate that seedling survival is much higher for seed collections planted in a habitat similar to that of the parent population . Transplant stock can also be used in rehabilitation projects . Seedlings are easily transplanted and may be used to stabilize gullies and eroded hillsides. Transplants reproduce and begin to spread from seed in 3 to 7 years . Sagebrush species are associated with mycorrhizal fungus in the genus Glomus. The presence of these fungi may be required for the successful establishment of seedlings. Areas that lose their sagebrush cover due to frequent fire and are dominated subsequently by nonmycorrhizal cheatgrass may no longer have the fungi in the soil. Sagebrush reestablishment may be inhibited on these sites . Basin big sagebrush shows promise as a snow hedge . Some Native American peoples used the bark of big sagebrush to make ropes and baskets . The shelter basin big sagebrush provides livestock and wildlife can be evaluated when management options are considered. Its usefulness as wind and sun protection may exceed any benefits gained by its removal. When basin big sagebrush is removed from drainages, soil erosion can become a problem . Big sagebrush can be controlled by burning or with herbicides. Big sagebrush can be controlled with herbicides although variable results have been reported [1,26,27]. Tebuthiuron, 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T have been effective in killing big sagebrush [53,54,56,69,80]. Success depends on such factors as rates of application, dates of spraying, and types of carriers used [27,53,56,69]. In eastern Oregon, mid-season applications (late May-early June) were most injurious to big sagebrush . Similarly in California, best control was obtained when plants were treated from late May through mid-June . In Wyoming, Hull and others reported that diesel oil carriers were more effective than applications with water. Both aerial and ground applications are effective in controlling big sagebrush [27,53,54]. Length of big sagebrush control is highly variable. In Wyoming, Thilenius and Brown observed some big sagebrush reinvasion within 10 years after herbicide applications. Deferment from cattle grazing for as long as 3 years after big sagebrush control had no effect on herbage production. However, Johnson reported that it is important to manage grazing after sagebrush spraying. Caution should be used where big sagebrush provides habitat for sage grouse. Klebenow found that herbicide application was detrimental to sage grouse populations. GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Basin big sagebrush is an erect, rounded or somewhat spreading evergreen shrub which normally grows 3 to 10 feet (1-2 m) in height . It occasionally occurs as a dwarf shrub or can be treelike in appearance, reaching a height of 16 feet (5 m). Maximum stature is reached on deep, well-drained soils in sheltered areas. Variability in plant height occurs along a moisture gradient, with larger plants occurring on more mesic sites . Basin big sagebrush has a multistemmed form with a relatively thick trunk and an irregular crown. It is often characterized by a discernible main trunk . It commonly reaches 40 to 50 years of age, and some plants may exceed 100 years. Slow-growing individuals on unfavorable sites attain the greatest age. The root systems of all subspecies of big sagebrush are well adapted to extract moisture from both shallow and deep portions of the soil profile. This makes them highly competitive with associated grasses and forbs [19,101]. Basin big sagebrush exhibits greater plant height, crown cover, production, and annual leader growth than Wyoming big sagebrush Basin big sagebrush reproduces from seed. None of the subspecies of big sagebrush resprout after fire or other disturbance . Flowers are self- or wind-pollinated [42,94,121]. Plants 2 to 3 years of age are capable of producing viable seed. Approximately 90% of big sagebrush seed is dispersed within 30 feet (9 m) of the parent shrub . Few seeds are carried more than 100 feet (30 m) . Density falls off rapidly away from the parent shrub, with maximum seed dispersal at approximately 108 feet (33 m) [42,94]. The rate of seed dispersal depends on wind and storm activity after seeds reach maturity . Wind is the primary dispersal agent, although animal and water dispersal can also occur. Animals can serve as a minor dispersal agent when seeds are dislodged as the animals brush against branches. Seeds of big sagebrush contain a small air space which permits floatation in water. Rates of seed dispersal are slower in basin big sagebrush than in other subspecies. Seed dispersal takes approximately 8 weeks . Seed of basin big sagebrush is short-lived and lasts less than 5 years when stored in a warehouse . Some seedbanking occurs in other subspecies of big sagebrush , so seedbanking in basin big sagebrush is probable. Some basin big sagebrush seeds remained viable after prescribed burning in Utah. Emergence of basin big sagebrush seedlings on burned soil was reduced, however, compared to emergence of Wyoming and mountain big sagebrush. It was also reduced compared to emergence of basin big sagebrush on unburned control soil . Big sagebrush seeds germinate within a wide range of temperature. Rates of germination of unstratified seed vary according to temperature, with basin big sagebrush requiring 2 to 3 days at all temperatures . According to Meyer and others , big basin sagebrush seed from cold winter populations germinate much more slowly at near-freezing temperatures than do seeds from warm winter populations and also exhibit dormancy under autumn temperature regimes. Basin big sagebrush also shows annual variation in germination . Basin big sagebrush is a more prolific seed producer than is Wyoming big sagebrush . Studies suggest that sufficient basin big sagebrush seed was present for adequate germination each year even at the lowest germination rates observed . Specific details on germination rates are available [75,77]. Seedlings emerge in early spring soon after snowmelt . Seedling survival often depends on precipitation. Seedlings under mature sagebrush plants are more likely to survive . Seedling survival tends to be lower in grazed, unsheltered areas . Basin big sagebrush grows in relatively more mesic habitats than other subspecies of big sagebrush [6,72]. It commonly grows on well-drained soils in valley bottoms, lower foothill areas or in areas adjacent to drainages. Basin big sagebrush is associated with deep, seasonally dry, well-drained soils on plains, valleys, and foothills . It frequently coincides with high water tables or deep moisture accumulations . Basin big sagebrush occurs on stratified sandy loam soils on floodplains or on low stream terraces . In southeastern Idaho, basin big sagebrush is most abundant on sandy soils or at the sandy end of a soil texture gradient . Because it tends to grow in deep, fertile soils, basin big sagebrush is an indicator of productive sites. Many sites once dominated by basin big sagebrush are now farmland [84,118]. In farmlands, it is now restricted primarily to field edges, swales, and along drainage ways . Precipitation on basin big sagebrush sites ranges from 10 to 18 inches (250-460 mm) per year . Basin big sagebrush is considered intolerant of alkaline conditions, but some ecotypes do grow in association with salt-tolerant plants such as shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), and saltgrass (Distichlis spp.) [9,52]. In Utah sites occupied by basin big sagebrush tend to be slightly alkaline whereas those occupied by mountain big sagebrush tend to be slightly acidic . Big sagebrush is the climax species on most of its present day range . Research suggests that invasion into other vegetation types was uncommon [23,31,50,52,78,101,124]. Humphrey describes big sagebrush as a "late successional" species in southeastern Idaho. Basin big sagebrush may increase in disturbed pastures which have been seeded to grasses such as crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) . In many instances, basin big sagebrush shows only a moderate increase in density on disturbed sites, but may exhibit large increases in crown density . Seedling establishment may begin immediately following a disturbance, but it usually takes a decade or more before big sagebrush dominates the site. Many basin big sagebrush sites are now depleted of "normal" perennial grasses and are now dominated by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) . Primary new leaves develop along the main stem in spring. As vegetative growth continues, new short lateral branches form from the existing stem and support smaller leaves which persist throughout the next winter, long after the initial leaves are shed. In Utah, accentuated stem growth begins in early June, with maximum longitudinal stem growth occurring in early June. By the end of June, vegetative stem growth begins to decline as reproductive buds and shoots begin expansion . The reproductive shoots form, mature, and bear seed within the span of a single growing season . Basin big sagebrush flowers from late August to October . In Utah, reproductive shoots reach maximum size and flowerbuds first appear in late July . Basin big sagebrush tends to flower later than Wyoming big sagebrush . High-elevation ecotypes flower and set seed earlier than do valley ecotypes . The inflorescence may persist until the following season . Seed production occurs from October to December . Most seed is shed in the fall, although some may remain on the plant through the winter. Seeds germinate in the spring as early as April. Seasonal development in the valley of Alpowa Creek near Clarkston, Washington, was as follows : Approx. Date Phenological Event ------------ ------------------ Mar. 4 No evidence of new shoot growth Apr. 1 1.5-2 in (4-5 cm) of new shoot growth Apr. 30 4-5 in (10-13 cm) of new shoot growth Jun. 2 4-10 in (10-25 cm) of new shoot growth Jul. 1 18 in (45 cm) of new shoot growth Aug. 1 Remaining leaves mainly in panicle or at branch tips Sep. 1 Flower buds formed Oct. 3 Pollination starting Oct. 31 Fruits immature Feb. 27 Dissemination ended, inflorescence brittle Mar. 15 Buds swelling Big sagebrush plants are killed by most fires. Prolific seed production from nearby unburned plants coupled with high germination rates enables seedlings to establish rapidly following fire. Wind-, water-, and animal-carried seed contribute to regeneration on a site [43,60,99]. Few if any fire history studies have been conducted on basin big sagebrush. Sapsis suggests that fire return intervals in basin big sagebrush are intermediate between mountain big sagebrush (5 to 15 years) and Wyoming big sagebrush (10 to 70 years) [90,118]. It is important to note that "given the wide range of fuel situations and our understanding of yearly climatic variation in the sagebrush ecosystem, a naturally wide variation in fire frequency in this system should be expected" . In many basin big sagebrush communities, changes in fire occurrence have occurred along with fire suppression and livestock grazing. Prior to the introduction of annuals, insufficient fuels may have limited fire spread in big sagebrush communities. Introduction of annuals has increased fuel loads so that fire can easily carry. Burning in some big sagebrush communities can set the stage for repeated fires. Fire frequency can be as little as 5 years, not sufficient time for the establishment and reproduction of big sagebrush. Repeated fires have removed big sagebrush from extensive areas in the Great Basin and Columbia River drainages . Fire severity in big sagebrush communities is described as "variable" depending on weather, fuels, and topography. However, fire in basin big sagebrush communities are typically stand replacing . For information on fire regimes in forest and woodland communities, see the FEIS species summaries on dominant tree species including: Species Fire-return interval interior ponderosa pine 2-45 years (P. ponderosa var. scopulorum) western juniper 7-100 years (J. occidentalis) Rocky Mountain juniper ---- (J. scopulorum) Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this taxon may occur by entering the plant name in the FEIS home page under "Find Fire Regimes" Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community) Initial-onsite colonizer (on-site, initial community) Big sagebrush is readily killed when aboveground plant parts are charred by fire . If sagebrush foliage is exposed to temperatures above 195 degrees Fahrenheit (90oC) for longer than 30 seconds, the plant dies . In some areas, scattered unburned basin big sagebrush may survive, particularly where the soil is thin and rocky and where sparse herbaceous biomass limits the fire's spread . Site productivity affects the ease with which big sagebrush communities will burn. Highly productive sites have greater plant density and more biomass which, in turn, are likely to provide more fuel to carry a fire. Among the three major subspecies of big sagebrush, basin big sagebrush is considered intermediate in flammability. Mountain big sagebrush is most flammable, and Wyoming big sagebrush is least flammable . Basin big sagebrush does not sprout after fire. Because of the time needed to produce seed, it is eliminated by frequent fires . Basin big sagebrush reinvades a site primarily by off-site seed or seed from plants that survive in unburned patches. The rate of stand recovery depends on the season of burn, as season affects the availability of seed, postfire precipitation patterns, and the amount of interference offered by other regenerating plant species [18,30,124]. Establishment may be delayed until favorable moisture conditions occur . Sagebrush seed is not disseminated for great distances so off-site sources are probably less important than on-site seed . Shrubs surviving within the perimeter of a disturbed area provide a more important seed source than those on the perimeter . The vast majority of big sagebrush seed produced during fall is gone by spring and very few seeds persist. Seed of some subspecies of big sagebrush may persist in a seed bank . However, unlike many of the other subspecies, emergence of basin big sagebrush seed appears to be reduced by exposure to heat . Prescribed fire may favor big sagebrush on some sites by reducing the relative densities of other woody species. Fall and spring prescribed burning in a basin big sagebrush community in east-central Oregon reduced overall densities of woody species, including basin big sagebrush, in postfire year 1 or 2 compared to prefire densities. However, frequency of basin big sagebrush increased after spring burning due to postfire seedling establishment, with basin big sagebrush showing best postfire seedling establishment of 5 woody species . See the Research Project Summary of this study for more information on fire effects on basin big sagebrush and 60 additional woody plant, grass, and forb species. In Wyoming, where big sagebrush has been removed by chemical means, it regained its pretreatment cover in 17 years on stands where grazing was not controlled . Sapsis reports "investigations of prescribed burning as an ecological agent in basin big sagebrush dominated systems are lacking." However, a number of studies have focused on big sagebrush in general. Fire as a management tool has primarily been used to reduce big sagebrush. Where sagebrush reduction is a desired goal, prescribed burns in basin big sagebrush communities tend to be more successful than those in Wyoming big sagebrush, but less successful than those in mountain big sagebrush . In Nevada where "range improvements" were desired, best results have been obtained after spring or late fall burns . Summer burns in big sagebrush communities can leave the soil bare and subject to erosion. Favorable results are often obtained after fire in basin big sagebrush is an adequate understory is present prior to the burn . Britton and others report that as a general rule for a successful prescribed burn in big sagebrush at least 20% canopy cover of big sagebrush should be present, with at least 200 to 300 lb. per acre of herbaceous fuel. Beardall and Sylvester suggest that for prescribed burns to succeed in big sagebrush communities in Nevada, the following conditions should be met: 600 to 700 lb./acre fine fuels; ignition should occur when relative humidity is 60% or less; soil must be wet, winds must be 8 miles per hour or greater; and burning should stop when spring growth of grasses reaches 2 inches. Big sagebrush should be at least 1/3rd of total plant cover . The presence of weedy annuals may prevent establishment of desirable perennial grasses and can increase future fire hazards . Success of winter broadcast burning (n=5) in big sagebrush communities in southern Idaho was as follows : Conditions Fire carried Fire did not carry Canopy cover (%) 72.1 60.0 Density (plants/ha) 114,296 121,020 Biomass (g/plant) 1,634 1,496 Shrub height (cm) 103.8 108.3 Basal diameter (cm) 3.8 3.2 Distance between plants (cm) 15.4 37.5 Temperature (C) 9.0 9.0 Relative humidity (%) 49.3 46.6 Windspeed (km/h) 8.3 6.6 Fuel moisture (%) 37.0 38.0In Idaho, wildfires in basin big sagebrush-needle and thread grass communities may create unstable soil conditions leading to wind erosion and "difficulty in seedling establishment" . Removing sagebrush by fire or chemical treatment may release desirable undergrowth if the site is in good condition. However, many basin big sagebrush sites today are limited in extent and do not have a high density of undergrowth to respond if the overstory is reduced. Animals are attracted to burned areas and may damage low-vigor plants if the animals concentrate in a small area. In some cases, prescribed fire in big sagebrush communities can create mosaics that are beneficial to wildlife . Several studies have examined big sagebrush as a fuel. Average fuel load for basin big sagebrush is reported as follows : fuel load (kg/m2) leaves 1 hr 10 hr 100 hr basin big sagebrush 0.084 0.12 0.14 0.16In general, burning in cheatgrass-infested big sagebrush types is not recommended if cheatgrass cover exceeds 50% or if cover of fire-resistant native grasses is less than 20%. Cheatgrass is more likely to invade after fire if the dominant native grass is not a fire-resistant species (for example, Thurber needlegrass or Idaho fescue) or if native grasses were in poor condition prior to fire [84,115]. 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Rehabilitation and prison Ethics and mass incarceration Evidence and the adversarial system Evidence based rehabilitation for offenders Evolving punishment Execution and justice Feminism and criminal justice From serve and protect to comply or die: A history of American policing Gender responsive versus gender neutral: Rehabilitation and recidivism Group pride and systemic bias: How ruling classes protect their own Guilt society and mind control: Cults and the implications for criminal justice Hate crimes and implications in criminal justice Health care in prisons: Cruel and unusual History of corporal punishment: Mutilation, branding, and flogging then: Punishing the body today How deterrence fell out of favor: Mass incarceration and citizens as bait How plea bargains coerce the innocent Human trafficking: From sexual slavery and exploitation to prison Implications of pre-modern Europe and criminal justice in America today Informal means of control: The internalization of norms and criminal justice Is John Waters right? Would American parents rather raise drug dealers than drug addicts? Jails and prisons throughout American history Judicial corruption in juvenile courts Justice and corruption Justice and systemic bias and discrimination Legal pluralism, criminal justice, and vulnerable communities Legislation, adjudication, and corrections: Achieving the best balance Maintenance of order Marxist criminology: Citizens and the state Mass communications and mass incarceration Mass incarceration and social control Maximum sentences and juvenile offenders Misdemeanors becoming felonies: Late twentieth century legislative processes Monetary fines and coercion in poor communities Moral panic: Bubble and bust in the era of mass incarceration Mothers, infants, and correctional control: An absence of justice Motivated offenders or motivating systems Norms in post industrial cities: Implications of criminal justice Offenders, punishment, and rehabilitation: Justice and safety at the macro level Organized crime and criminal justice Perils and limits of the adversarial systems Plea bargaining, nolo contendere, and capitalism in the justice system Police corruption: The Victorian era to today Police ethics and criminal justice ethics Police recruitment and the military Policing and social order Political crime: The absence of censure Prisoners as primary caregivers: Systemic causes of stress disorders among law enforcement officers and the communities they surveil Public defenders and defense attorneys Racial profiling and criminal justice Raise the age: Trying children as adults Reentry and reunification: Mothers exiting prison Rehabilitation and moralities: Is making society safer too soft Rights for offenders and the rights of the accused Rights of victims and the limits of criminal justice Robert Merton and strain theory: Contemporary implications Ruling class criminals: White collar and corporate crime Social anthropology and criminal justice Social cohesion and criminal justice Social disorder and criminal justice: The collapse of infrastructure and the impact on communities Social ecology and abandoned peoples Social engineering and criminal justice Social institutions and criminal justice Society is safer, so why are we still jailing more and more people Subcultures and criminal justice Sunshine is the best disinfectant: Street lighting and crime Surveillance and criminal justice The adversarial system: These research papers were written by several well-known discipline figures and emerging younger scholars who provide authoritative overviews coupled with insightful discussion that will quickly familiarize researchers and students alike with fundamental and detailed information for each criminal justice topic. This collection begins by defining the discipline of criminology and observing its historical development Part I: The various social e. The sociological origins of theoretical criminology are observed across several research papers that stress classical, environmental, and cultural influences on crime and highlight peer group, social support, and learning processes. Examination of these criminological theory research papers quickly confirms the aforementioned interdisciplinary nature of the field, with research papers presenting biological, psychological, and biosocial explanations and solutions for crime Part III: Criminology Research provides example research papers on various quantitative and qualitative designs and techniques employed in criminology research. Comparison of the purposes and application of these research methods across various criminal justice topics illustrates the role of criminologists as social scientists engaged in research enterprises wherein single studies fluctuate in focus along a pure—applied research continuum. This section also addresses the measurement of crimes with attention to major crime reporting and recording systems. Each research paper in this section thoroughly defines its focal offense and considers the related theories that frame practices and policies used to address various leading violent, property, and morality crimes. These research papers also present and critically evaluate the varying level of empirical evidence, that is, research confirmation, for competing theoretical explanations and criminal justice system response alternatives that are conventionally identified as best practices. The list of nearly key criminal justice research topics for essays and research papers comprising traditional criminology and modern interdisciplinary outgrowths. Mar 05, · Adequately selecting your criminal justice research proposal topics is the first step to reaching a positive start and coming up with the best research paper/5(96). This collection provides overviews of nearly key criminal justice research paper topics. Examples of research papers on the selected topics are to serve as model papers. In case if you have to write a research paper concerning criminal justice, this post is just what you need! Choose the appropriate thesis and complete an upscale paper! Whatever is driving your studies and has you wondering about criminal justice paper topics, we can help.; Tags: criminal justice,Criminal Justice Paper Topics,research paper topics. Criminal Justice Research Paper Topics The study of criminal justice and criminology has experienced tremendous growth over the last years.
Overview of Views When studying data analysis, we saw that a query was a technique of isolating a series of columns and/or records of a table. Although this is usually done for the purpose of data analysis, it can also be done to create a new list of items for any particular reason. Most of the time, a query is created temporarily, such as during data analysis while using a table, a form, or a web page. After using such a temporary list, it is then dismissed. Many database applications, including Microsoft SQL Server, allow you to create a query and be able to save it for later use, or even to use it as if it were its own table. This is the idea behind a view. A view is a list of columns or a series of records retrieved from one or more existing tables, or as a combination of one or more views and one or more tables. Based on this, before creating a view, you must first decide where its columns and records would come from. Obviously the easiest view is one whose columns and records come from one table. To create a view, you can use the Object Explorer (Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio), a query window (Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio), or the Server Explorer (Microsoft Visual Studio). Before starting the view, you would have to specify the table(s) that will be involved. To create a view from the Object Explorer or the Server Explorer, you can expand the database, right-click Views and click New View or Add New View. This would open the Add Table dialog box: The basic functionality of this dialog box is exactly the same as we reviewed for data analysis: The structure of a view can be considered complete when the SELECT statement is as complete as possible. At any time, to test the results of a view, you can run it. To do this, in the Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio you can click the Execute SQL button or in Microsoft Visual Studio, you can right-click the view and click Execute SQL. This would cause the bottom section of the view to display the results of the query. Here is an example: As reviewed during data analysis and when creating joins in the previous lesson, you can add conditions in a view to make it isolate only some records. Here is an example: As stated already, one of the reasons for creating a view is to be able to use it over and over again. To achieve this, the view must be saved. Like most objects in Microsoft SQL Server, a view must have a name and it is saved as its own object. To save a view from the view window, you can click the Save button on the toolbar. You can also attempt to close the window. You would then be prompted to save it. When saving a view, you should give it a name that follows the rules and suggestions of SQL. In our lessons, here are the rules we will use to name our views: After saving a view, it becomes part of the Views node of its database: a node would be created for it and its name would appear in the Views node of its database. As stated already, a view is a technique of selecting records to view or use over an over again. After a view has been created, you can open it. You have two main options. Executing a view consists of seeing its results. To do this, you have various options. To view the results of a view: To programmatically create a view, you use the following SQL syntax: CREATE VIEW ViewName AS SELECT Statement If you are using Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio, it can generate skeleton code of a view for you. To use it, first open an empty query window. Display the Template Explorer. In the Template Explorer, expand the View node. From the View node, drag Create View and drop it in the query window. The creation of a view starts with the CREATE VIEW expression followed by a name. The name of a view follows the rules and suggestions we reviewed for view names. After the name of the view, use the AS keyword to indicate that you are ready to define the view. Because a view is primarily a SQL statement, it is defined using a SELECT statement, using the same rules we studied for data analysis. Here is an example of a view: CREATE VIEW dbo.ListOfMen AS SELECT dbo.Sexes.Sex, dbo.Persons.FirstName, dbo.Persons.LastName FROM dbo.Genders INNER JOIN dbo.Persons ON dbo.Sexes.SexID = dbo.Persons.SexID WHERE (dbo.Sexes.Sex = 'Male'); GO After creating the SQL statement that defines the view, you must execute the statement. If using a query window in Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio, you can do this by pressing F5. Once the statement is executed, its name is automatically added to the Views node of its database even if you do not save its code. After creating a view, it shares many of the characteristics of a table. For example, a view has its own columns although the columns are actually tied to the table(s) that hold(s) the original data. Treated as a table, you can access the columns of a view using a SELECT statement. This means that you can access one, a few, or all of the columns. Here is an example that accesses all columns of a view: SELECT PayrollPreparation.* FROM PayrollPreparation; In Transact-SQL, a view is considered an object. As such, it can be viewed, changed, or deleted. Like any regular object, a view has its own characteristics. To see them in Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio, you can right-click the view and click Properties. A View Properties dialog box would come up. It can give you information such as the name of the database the view belongs to, the date the view was created, etc. After a view has been created, either by you or someone else, you may find out that it has an unnecessary column, it needs a missing column, it includes unnecessary records, or some records are missing. Fortunately, you can change the structure or the code of a view. This is referred to as altering a view. You have various options: The basic formula to programmatically modify a view is: ALTER VIEW ViewName AS SELECT Statement You start the alteration with the ALTER VIEW expression followed by the name of the view. After the name of the view, use the AS keyword to specify that you are ready to perform the change. After the AS keyword, you can then define the view as you see fit. For example, you can create a SELECT statement that includes a modification of the existing code or a completely new statement. In the view we created to show a list of men of a table, we included a column for the sex. This column is useless or redundant because we already know that the list includes only men. Here is an example of altering the view to remove (or rather omit) the Sex column of the Persons table: ALTER VIEW dbo.ListOfMen AS SELECT dbo.Persons.FirstName, dbo.Persons.LastName FROM dbo.Sexes INNER JOIN dbo.Persons ON dbo.Sexes.SexID = dbo.Persons.SexID WHERE (dbo.Sexes.Sex = 'Male'); Instead of modifying a view, if you find it altogether useless, you can remove it from its database. You have various options. To delete a view: The formula to programmatically delete a view is: DROP VIEW ViewName On the right side of the DROP VIEW expression, enter the name of the undesired view and execute the statement. You will not be warned before the interpreter deletes the view. If you are programmatically creating a Windows Forms application, of course you can use a conditional statement to assist the user with deciding whether to continue deleting the view or not. As seen so far, a view is a selected list of records from a table. As you may suspect, the easiest view is probably one created from one table. Imagine you have a table of employees and you want to create a view that lists only their names. You may create a view as follows: CREATE VIEW dbo.EmployeesNames AS SELECT FirstName, LastName, LastName + ', ' + FirstName AS FullName FROM Persons; GO On such a view that is based on one table, you can perform data entry, using the view, rather than the table. To do this, you follow the same rules we reviewed for table data entry. Here is an example: INSERT INTO dbo.EmployeesNames(FirstName, LastName) VALUES('Peter', 'Justice'); If you perform data entry using a view, the data you provide would be entered in the table from which the view is based. This means that the table would be updated automatically. Based on this feature, you can create a view purposely intended to update a table so that, in the view, you would include only the columns that need to be updated. To create more complex or advanced views, you can involve functions. As always, probably the easiest functions to use are those built-in. If there is no built-in function that performs the operation you want, you can create your own. Here is an example: USE People; GO CREATE FUNCTION dbo.GetFullName ( @FName varchar(20), @LName varchar(20) ) RETURNS varchar(41) AS BEGIN RETURN @LName + ', ' + @FName; } GO Once you have a function you want to use, you can call it in the body of your view as you judge it necessary. Here is an example: CREATE VIEW dbo.MyPeople AS SELECT dbo.GetFullName(FirstName, LastName) AS [Full Name], dbo.Genders.Gender FROM Genders INNER JOIN dbo.Persons ON dbo.Genders.GenderID = dbo.Persons.GenderID; This would produce: It is important to know that a view is more of a table type than any other object. This means that a view is not a function but it can use a function. The word argument here only means that some values can be passed to a view but these values can be specified only when creating the view. They are not real arguments. When structuring a view, you can create placeholders for columns and pass them in the parentheses of the view. This would be done as follows: CREATE VIEW CarIdentifier([Tag #], Manufacturer, [Type of Car], Available) . . . If you use this technique, the names passed in the parentheses of the view are the captions that would be displayed in place of the columns of the view. This technique allows you to specify the strings of your choice for the columns. If you want a column header to display the actual name of the column, write it the same. Otherwise, you can use any string you want for the column. If the name is in one word, you can just type it. If the name includes various words, include them between an opening square bracket "[" and a closing square bracket "]". After listing the necessary strings as the captions of columns, in your SELECT statement of the view, you must use the exact same number of columns as the number of arguments of the view. In fact, each column of your SELECT statement should correspond to an argument of the same order. Here is an example: CREATE VIEW dbo.MenAndWomen([First Name], [Last Name], Gender) AS SELECT dbo.Persons.FirstName, dbo.Persons.LastName, dbo.Genders.Gender FROM dbo.Genders INNER JOIN dbo.Persons ON dbo.Genders.GenderID = dbo.Persons.GenderID; GO Because, as we stated already, a view is not a function and the values passed to the view are not real arguments, when executing the view, do not specify the names of arguments. Simply create a SELECT statement and specify the name of the view as the source. Besides its querying characteristics that allow it to perform data analysis, probably the most important feature of a query is its ability to be as complex as possible by handling conditional statements. This makes it possible to use a view instead of a table in operations and expressions that would complicate the code or the structure of a table. When creating a view, in its SELECT statement, you can perform column selections, order them, and set criteria to exclude some records. Here is an example: \|Home\|\|Copyright © 2008-2015, FunctionX, Inc.\|
Opinion: Lessons from the Fires: Our Role in Protecting the Environment The current wave of wildfires in Canada serves as a wake-up call for global environmental action. The current wave of wildfires in Canada has had a profound impact not only on the affected regions but also on neighboring countries. As smoke from the fires drifted south, cities along the U.S. East Coast, including New York City, found themselves enveloped in a thick, yellow haze. The air quality deteriorated rapidly, prompting health warnings and forcing millions of Americans to stay indoors. Schools canceled outdoor activities, flights were delayed, and even sporting events were postponed. The smoke had traveled a great distance, serving as a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of our environment and the urgent need for global environmental protection. The fires in Canada, which have already scorched millions of acres and displaced thousands of people, are a wake-up call for all of us. They serve as a stark reminder of the consequences of climate change and the importance of taking decisive action to protect our environment. These fires are not isolated incidents but rather part of a larger pattern of increasingly frequent and intense wildfires worldwide. As global temperatures rise, so does the risk of wildfires, threatening not only the natural landscape but also the health and well-being of people across the globe. It is crucial that we recognize our role in protecting the environment and take meaningful steps to address the root causes of climate change. The fires in Canada should serve as a catalyst for change, inspiring us to reevaluate our environmental policies and practices. We must move away from reliance on fossil fuels and embrace sustainable, renewable energy sources. This requires bold action from individuals, communities, businesses, and governments alike. At the individual level, we can make conscious choices to reduce our carbon footprint. We can conserve energy, use public transportation or carpool, recycle, and support sustainable and environmentally friendly products and services. Small changes in our daily lives can have a significant collective impact. Communities can implement climate resilience measures and develop plans to mitigate the risks of wildfires and other climate-related disasters. This includes investing in fire prevention and firefighting resources, improving land management practices, and promoting sustainable land use. Businesses play a critical role in driving the transition to a low-carbon economy. They should prioritize sustainability and incorporate environmental considerations into their operations and supply chains. By embracing renewable energy, adopting sustainable practices, and investing in green technologies, businesses can lead the way in reducing carbon emissions and preserving the environment. Governments must take decisive action to address climate change on a global scale. They should enact and enforce robust environmental regulations, promote international cooperation, and provide incentives for clean energy initiatives. Governments also have a responsibility to support affected communities, invest in climate adaptation strategies, and ensure equitable access to resources and opportunities. The fires in Canada remind us of the urgent need for global solidarity and cooperation in addressing climate change. Environmental issues transcend borders, and the consequences of our actions, or inaction, are felt worldwide. We must come together as a global community to tackle the challenges posed by climate change and protect our planet for future generations. As we witness the devastating effects of the Canadian wildfires, we must reflect on the lessons they teach us. They remind us of the interconnectedness of our environment, the fragility of our ecosystems, and the urgency of taking action. We cannot afford to be complacent or passive bystanders. Each and every one of us has a role to play in protecting our environment and securing a sustainable future. It is time to act decisively, collectively, and responsibly. Let us learn from the fires and work together to build a more resilient and sustainable world.
Our Savior’s Lutheran Church is fortunate to have many beautiful stained glass windows. Nineteen unique windows representing the Gospels and the Parables of Jesus Christ grace the sanctuary. Although each window tells its own story, there are some unifying characteristics throughout. A crimson ribbon flows through each of the windows, representing the voice of Jesus as He is teaching. Also, since much of the Master’s teaching was done outdoors, underneath the blue sky and often beside the blue waters of the Sea of Galilee, the predominance of blue is evident. Several of the parable windows display the star as a symbol. In one of them, five different forms of the star can be seen. The four-pointed star is a symbol of the cross. The large five-pointed star is symbolic of Epiphany. This star is also regarded as the nativity star and represents Jesus Christ. The six-pointed star is made up of two triangles, representing the Trinity, one super-imposed on the other. The six points refer to the attributes of God–power, wisdom, majesty, love, mercy and justice. Sometimes it is called the Star of Creation with the six points representing the six days of active creation. The seven-pointed star is known as the Mystic Star and is an emblem of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. The eight-pointed star is called the Star of Baptism or the Star of Regeneration. The origin of the symbolic usage of the number eight for rebirth is lost in antiquity. It is supposed by some that it goes back to the story of the flood at which time eight souls were saved in Noah’s Ark. On the north wall of the sanctuary are the majestic windows of the four Evangelists. On the south wall of the sanctuary, the artistry of Rudolph Sandon depicts the matchless parables of Christ. \|Laborers in the Market Place\|\|The Good Samaritan\|\|The Lost Sheep, the Lost Coin, and the Lost Son\|\|The Rich Man and Lazarus\|\|The Pharisee and the Publican\| Built on a
Pancreatitis is a swelling of the pancreas, a small organ behind the stomach that produces the chemicals the body needs to digest food. Not only that, the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which controls blood sugar levels. When the pancreas swells, it can lead to scarring and inability to function. There are two kinds of pancreatitis: chronic and acute. Chronic pancreatitis is most often caused by alcoholism. However, sometimes the cause can’t be determined, and genetic causes are becoming more common. Other causes include chronic blockage of the pancreatic duct, injury and high blood cholesterol. Acute pancreatitis occurs more often in men and is caused by alcohol abuse, certain surgeries and gallstones. The main symptom of pancreatitis is abdominal pain. It may come and go, or it may be persistent. It may be more painful when you are laying flat on your back or after a meal or alcoholic drink. Other symptoms are indigestion, vomiting, jaundice, fever, sweating, gas and hiccups. Acute cases usually go away in a week or so, but, in some cases, hospitalization is required, and the condition can be fatal. Chronic cases can develop into a serious, life-threatening illnesses, so consult a doctor immediately.
Mars-orbiting probes have spied hundreds of mounds, some up to 500 meters across and dozens of meters tall, inside an ancient crater near the planet's equator. In the 15 April issue of Earth and Planetary Science Letters, researchers make the case that these enigmatic features (depicted in blue in the main image) are mud volcanoes. For one thing, the near-circular mounds weren't formed by molten-rock volcanoes because there are no deposits of volcanic ash or lava nearby. Instead, the mounds contain boulders and other chunks of material apparently stripped from underlying layers of sediments (depicted in yellow-green), which range from 200 to 500 meters thick. Also, most of the mounds inside the 90-kilometer-wide Firsoff crater (inset) are found on slopes inside the crater rim and were likely created when mud under high pressure—which likely formed during a warmer, wetter phase on the Red Planet—oozed to the surface through a network of cracks there. Other teams have claimed finding mud volcanoes elsewhere on Mars, but the researchers contend that the new finds are the first that definitively link material in the mounds to underlying sediments. See more ScienceShots.
The Log (Logarithm) Calculator is used to calculate the logarithm logbx for a base b and a number x. The logarithm of a number x with respect to base b is the exponent to which b has to be raised to yield x. In other words, the logarithm of y to base b is the solution y of the following equation: by = x And for any x and b, there is: x = logbbx The logarithm to base b = 10 is called the common logarithm and has many applications in science and engineering. The natural logarithm has the constant e (approximately equal to 2.718281828) as its base. The binary logarithm uses base b = 2 and is prominent in computer science.
TEHRAN, Young Journalists Club (YJC) -The beaches of Kenya’s idyllic Lamu island are dotted with traditional Swahili stone and coral houses, mansions built by European royalty, the odd donkey and, increasingly, tidal lines of plastic trash. When a resident organized a beach clean-up that collected 33 tons of rubbish in a single summer, British-Ethiopian safari organizer Ben Morrison decided he couldn’t stand by while his beloved island was ruined. So the tall, bearded 42-year-old decided to try to design a traditional dhow, or sailing boat, from recycled plastic, offering a market to recyclers and persuading locals to conserve shrinking woodland. “It is getting harder and harder for boat builders to find wood. I hope that this project will allow the ancient skills of boat building to live on, by shifting from ever-scarce wood to plastic,” Morrison told Reuters. Plastic pollution is a growing global problem, with patches of sea larger than some countries covered in plastic soup that strangles or poisons wildlife. The U.N. says by 2050, there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish unless drastic action is taken. In August, Kenya introduced one of the world’s toughest bans on plastic bags mandating four years in prison or a fine of $40,000 for even using one. “We want to see plastic bottles out of circulation,” he told Reuters. “We want to borrow some technology from the region like PETCO in South Africa, where major manufacturers came together with a body that recycles plastic bottles.” Morrison, working with eight expert Kenyan boat builders, is using plastic planks from the fledgling local recycling industry to build his boat, which he hopes to sail to Cape Town in South Africa. Ali Skanda, a 44-year-old master boat builder, said in his childhood there was no litter on Lamu’s sandy golden beaches - just fishermen, dhows and donkeys. Now many donkeys are dying from eating plastic, he said - and so are turtles, cows and other animals. “At the beginning I thought it was a crazy idea. How could I build a boat out of plastic?” he asked. “Some people have been asking what we can do about this problem. There is so much plastic scattered. This is something we can do.”
Spring flowers include bulbs and perennials that lay in wait all winter long for the soil to start to warm before appearing. The seemingly sudden emergence of spring blossoms is a sure sign that winter is over and warm weather is a step closer. Plant your spring bulbs and perennials in areas that need a bright color spot to chase away the winter blues. Spring flowers are commonly mixed in with summer and fall bloomers to create a season long show of color. Lenten rose (Helleborus orientalis) produces 12- to 18-inch tall flower stalks over a low mat of green leaves. The white and rose blossoms are nodding, cup-shaped blooms. Lenten rose grows in USDA hardiness zones 4 to 9. This perennial prefers fertile, moist, good-draining soil located in the shade. Moss phlox (Phlox subulata) is a low-growing evergreen perennial in USDA hardiness zones 3 to 9. The dark green, needle-like leaves form low mats. Pink, red, lavender, violet and white blossoms appear in April and early May. Moss phlox likes moist, good-draining soil in full sunlight or partial shade. Shear the terminal ends of the branches after flowering to promote growth. Pasque flower (Pulsatilla vulgaris) is a perennial with fern-like, green leaves that grow low to the ground in USDA hardiness zone 5. Cup-shaped flowers loom over the foliage 8 to 15 inches in height. Red, purple, lavender, pink and white blossoms provide color in flower beds and borders. Pasque flowers prefer moist, well-draining soil in sites with full sun exposure. Siberian squill (Scilla siberica) is an upright growing bulb reaching 6 inches in height. Clumps of grass-like leaves are bright green. Dark blue, bell-shaped blossoms form clusters of three to five blooms in the early spring. This bulb prefers growing in full sun to partial shade. Siberian squill looks best when planted in masses. This flowering bulb prefers sandy, rich soil and thrives in USDA winter hardiness zones 2 to 8. Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) is an early spring blooming bulb. The leaves form grass-like clumps with 6-inch flower stalks topped with clusters of white bell-shaped blossoms. The nodding flowers have a waxy appearance. Snowdrop bulbs prefer cool moist soil areas in full sun or light shade. They look best when planted in groups in USDA hardiness zones 3 to 7. Virginia bluebells (Mertensia virginica) have oval, green leaves growing up 12- to 24-inch flower stalks. Blue trumpet-shaped blossoms form drooping clusters at the top of the stalks. Virginia bluebells begin to flower in spring in moist, fertile woodland clearings in USDA hardiness zones 3 to 9.
Asthma is a respiratory or lung disorder that arises because of allergies. Wheezing, breathing problem, breathlessness, coughing, and chest tightness are some of the most common symptoms of Asthma. What are the causes of Asthma? However, there are no defined causes of Asthma are there. The symptoms of Asthma varies as well as there is no defined reason why one suffers from Asthma and why not others. Some allergens such as grass, food, pollen, animals such as dogs and cats and many others can create Asthma problem. Asthma Treatment in Ayurveda - According to Ayurveda, poor digestion and poor elimination of the food from the body is the main cause of the Asthma. It helps in improving the digestion by adopting a great lifestyle. Adopting the right lifestyle will help in pacifying Kapha, it detoxifies the body as well as improves one’s immunity. - First of all, one needs to identify the allergens to cure the disease. Once you are able to identify the allergens, the next you have to avoid those allergens. Other than these, therapies are also used in Ayurvedic treatment. Dietary treatment in Ayurveda - Consume warm or boiled water plenty of times in a day. - Avoid processed and fried foods. - Avoid overeating - Take light dinner at night, take it before 1 to 2 hours before going to bed - Avoid foods that have a natural tendency of producing phlegm and mucus such as buttermilk, lentils, sugar, curds, rice and heavy milk. - Avoid some fruits including banana, papaya. Guava, watermelon and much more. Have a look at some herbal remedies for Asthma!!! Ginger and garlic cloves herbal remedy When it comes to inflammation properties, ginger is the most trustable herb present there. Prepare a half cup of ginger tea, add 2 to 3 cloves of crushed garlic into it. Drink the solution to get effective results. Honey and cinnamon solution Boil a cup of water, add 1 teaspoon of cinnamon and a ¼ spoon of trikatu into it. Keep it on rest for 10 minutes and then add 1 teaspoon of honey into it. In order to get maximum benefits, consume the solution twice in a day. Bay leaf, honey, and pippali Mix ¼ teaspoon of Pippali and half teaspoon of the bay leaf into 1 teaspoon of the honey. Consume the solution two to three times a day. The solution is great for curing the disease. It will prevent the symptoms of the disease soon. Licorice and ginger Licorice is commonly known as Mulethi that contains great anti-inflammatory properties. Prepare a tea using half a teaspoon of ginger and half teaspoon of licorice to cure Asthma and its symptoms. It is an effective solution for managing asthma. Turmeric powder and ginger It is really very quick to prepare ginger and turmeric powder. Boil a glass of milk, add 1 teaspoon of grated ginger and a ½ tablespoon of turmeric powder into it. Consume it twice a day. This is an effective remedy that can reduce the frequency of asthma attack. Juices such as carrot juice, lemon, and spinach juices are the most common natural remedies used to treat Asthma. Taking fresh grass juice is also great because it is a rich source of Vitamin A, B and E. It is such an effective remedy in controlling Asthma treatment. Wrapping it all up!!! Other than these herbal remedies, Yoga and Pranayama are also beneficial in curing Asthma. If you are suffering from this dangerous disease then these herbal remedies are perfect for you to cure the disease at a faster rate. Author Bio: Satnam Singh is a health practitioner in Arogyam Allergy Centre. He is an herbalist and naturopath who is the founder and CEO of 6 Ayurvedic hospitals in Northern India. He leads a team of highly qualified and Ayurvedic doctors.
This Navy Corsair was built by Brewster and Co., Aircraft Division, in Long Island City, NY. The company produced military aircraft from the 1930s until the end of WWII. In 1940, the Vought aircraft company designed one of the best all-around Navy fighters of the war: the F4U Corsair. Unable to meet demand, Vought licensed production to Brewster in November 1941 and to Goodyear Aircraft Corporation one month later. Brewster built 735 Corsairs, with 430 going to the Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm. Brewster as a company never reached its potential. Its reputation for poor quality carried over to the license-built Corsairs. Reports from pilots differed as to how well Brewster Corsairs compared to the Vought aircraft. None of the Brewster Corsairs went to front line combat units during the War. The US Navy closed Brewster’s production line at the end of June 1944 because the company was continually behind schedule building the much-needed Corsair, much of it due to labor unrest and strikes. This Brewster Corsair was assigned to VMF-914 at the Cherry Point Marine Corps Air Station. On December 19, 1944, it crashed in a swamp 10 miles southwest of Cherry Point while on a Ground Controlled Interception training mission. The pilot parachuted but was killed. This Corsair spent many years in the swamp until found again. The remains were salvaged in 1990. It underwent a seven-year restoration and is now resident at the museum.
A group of geologists is contesting the idea that the landing location of the Mars rover Opportunity is the site of an evaporated lake, a debate that will not dry up anytime soon. Geologists say that the Burns cliff feature on Mars (left), near the rover Opportunity's landing site, looks remarkably similar to volcanic eruption deposits like those at Kilbourne Hole in southern New Mexico (right). New research is suggesting that what was once considered a watery landing site may instead be remnants of an impact. Image (left) courtesy NASA/JPL and (right) Paul Knauth. NASA's Mars Exploration Rover team has suggested that water was once present at Opportunity's landing site, Meridiani Planum, and that it can account for the geologic features and chemistry found there. But Paul Knauth, a geologist at Arizona State University in Tempe, and colleagues put forth a different interpretation of Mars rover data in their Dec. 22 paper in Nature. They say that a more simple explanation for features observed at Meridiani is that the region was struck by an enormous meteorite impact. When Knauth and colleagues saw the images from the rover landing site, they immediately recognized the features' similarity to impact craters observed on Earth. After a large explosion or impact, a cloud of debris spreads out and deposits layers in what is called a "base surge." Images taken by Opportunity as it further explored the landing site showed what "looked exactly like a base surge," Knauth says. But the real kicker for the team was when the rover sent back its chemistry analyses. If the site was a lakebed, then when the water evaporated, salts would have precipitated out into distinct layers. "But that doesn't happen there," Knauth says. Instead, the salts are "all mixed up," with the most soluble and least soluble together. A base surge from an impact, however, would account for the mixing, Knauth says. Also, the presence of what the Mars rover team calls blueberries, or small round nodules found in place at the site, support the impact hypothesis, Knauth says. Features similar to the blueberries have been found on Earth around volcanoes and impact craters such as Meteor Crater in Arizona. The iron content found in the blueberries could also be explained by an impact from an iron meteorite. Features found at a volcanic crater, Kilbourne Hole in New Mexico, appear similar in size and shape to the martian "blueberries." Geologists say that Earths blueberries can form from both volcanic and meteorite impacts. Image courtesy of Paul Knauth. But Steve Squyres of the Mars Exploration Rover team stands by the hypothesis that water accounts for the features at Meridiani. Researchers have previously published evidence for similar sedimentary processes that formed blueberries on Earth. The fundamental problem with this paper, Squyres says, is that the researchers "are behind the times." He says that Knauth and colleagues did not have all of the data available from the rovers when they published their paper. Knauth says, however, that the Mars exploration team was "wrong when they say we were unaware of their latest results," citing the fact that they follow the images daily and that the latest results actually bolster the impact When looking at 3.5-billion-year-old strata, however, Knauth says that it's difficult to know exactly what happened. "It's very interpretive, so what you try to do is come up with multiple hypotheses and then rank them according to simplicity," Knauth says. "We've done that, and we put our money on the impact surge as the easiest hypothesis." In the same issue of Nature, another team of researchers suggests that volcanic activity could also account for the evidence of a lake on Mars and so the debate continues. NASA JPL Mars Exploration Rovers "Mars once drenched in water," Geotimes, April 2004 "Evidence for water on Mars flows," Geotimes online, Web Extra, Dec. 15, 2004 Geotimes Mars coverage Back to top
The story of the SS Newfoundland sealing disaster of 1914, in which 78 of 132 men died on the ice, is told in arresting fashion by Newfoundland author Gary Collins in Left to Die (2014, Flanker Press). Known as “The Story Man” in his native Newfoundland, Mr. Collins has written a book that will appeal to those who enjoy reading actual survival accounts from history. Having personally known two of the last remaining survivors of that tragedy, Mr. Collins uses those accounts, plus other information he has painstaking gleaned from public archives and relatives of other survivors. However, before getting right into the account, he provides plenty of background information on the migration of Harp seals, how the ice, the “Great White Plain” descends from the north, past Newfoundland and on into the Atlantic. On this Great White Plain, thousands upon thousands of Harp seals gather to mate, give birth, then return to the sea. Mr. Collins also goes on to explain how the sealing industry provided vital jobs to Newfoundlanders at a time of the year when they needed it most. From all over Newfoundland, men would travel to the port of St. John’s by any means they could to get a precious berth on a sealing ship. At this point in history, sealing ships were of various types; some newer and built of steel, strong enough to plough through the ice pans; others, made of wood and only able to get through the ‘slob’ ice easily. The SS Newfoundland was of the latter variety. To make matters worse, the wireless set was removed from it before it set sail, so the only way it could communicate with other ships was by getting close enough to hail them, or use flags or the ship’s whistle. To add to this perfect storm of circumstances, the winter of 1914 was considered to be one of the worst (so the ice was thick and not breaking up as easily) and a beast of a storm was rising from the south. Caught out on the ice by circumstances beyond their control, the 132 men of the SS Newfoundland did what they could to survive without a compass, little food and with only the clothes on their back. Some gave up, laid down to rest and died almost instantly, others tried to survive by staying in motion and keeping warm as best they could. Personal feelings about the sealing trade aside, and recognizing this was over a hundred years ago and attitudes were different, one cannot help but feel for the men left out on the ice, stranded between ships and unable to find the SS Newfoundland because of the blinding storm and wandering directionless due to having no compass. The fact that any survived under the circumstances is remarkable. A compelling account, and as I mentioned earlier, this book will appeal to those who like to read about Maritime survival accounts, especially those dealing with the frozen north. Left to Die is also notable for the depiction of the sealing industry and life in Newfoundland at the beginning of the 20th century. I especially appreciated the maps of Newfoundland and the tracing of the SS Newfoundland’s route on that fateful voyage to the sealing grounds in March of 1914. With B & W photos, maps, a bibliography and lists of those who perished and those who survived. Left to Die: The Story of the SS Newfoundland Sealing Disaster by Gary Collins *Please note if you choose to purchase this book (or Kindle Edition) through Amazon using the link below I will receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. If you cannot see the Amazon ad below (if you are using an ad blocker, for instance) here is the link: https://amzn.to/2IWlAmz Thanks! James M. Fisher is the owner and editor-in-chief of The Miramichi Reader. The Miramichi Reader (TMR) —Canada’s best-regarded source for the finest in new literary releases— highlights noteworthy books and authors across Canada from coast to coast to coast (est. 2015). James works and resides in Miramichi, New Brunswick with his wife Diane and their tabby cat Eddie.
The Origins of Espionage Although ninja were almost always Japanese, the roots of the ninja philosophy lie in China, where Sun Tzu wrote "The Art of War" in the 4th or 5th century, B.C. "The Art of War" is a guide for military commanders that is still considered essential reading for modern military officers, as well as businesspeople. One part of the text in particular caused changes in the philosophy of Japanese warriors that would eventually lead to the ideology of the ninja. Chapter 13 (translated text) describes the advantages that can be gained by spreading disinformation amongst your enemies, and sowing confusion in their ranks through deception and sabotage. It also recommends that generals find out as much as possible about their enemy by using spies and other practical methods. Much of this was antithetical to the Japanese way of waging war. For centuries, armies of foot soldiers and samurai would line up and call each other out to do honorable, one-on-one battle. The underhanded tactics espoused by Sun Tzu went against the grain. But the wisdom of using deception and espionage to win wars could not be denied, and many Japanese warriors came to grudgingly accept it. The mixed feelings that the Japanese had toward the deceptive ways of the ninja, combined with the ninja's inherent secretiveness, makes studying the history of these shadowy warriors difficult. In many cases, Japanese historians simply left all mention of ninja out of historical documents. If they were mentioned, ninja were either elevated to the status of terrifying, supernatural beings, or were spoken of with contempt and disgust.
“So What Are You Trying To Say Here?” Rationale: In order for children to read a complex passage and remember what it was about, it is necessary for them to learn to summarize. Summarization aids in the understanding and recalling of important information in a text. Summarization is not a natural process for most children, so it is a skill that must be taught and explained to them as soon as they learn to read such complex information. Materials: photocopies of the passage “Ways the Ocean Helps Us” (pgs. 39-45) from Oceans by Katharine Jones Carter (Regensteiner Publishing Enterprises, Inc., 1982), notebook paper, a pencil, poster board with summarization rules on it (see summarization rules below - #3 in procedure). Procedure: 1.) Have you ever read an article or book, and others ask you what it was about, you forget or have a hard time it? Well, the ability to put a whole article or book into a few words sentences is called summarization. Today we are going to learn how to a passage about oceans. 2.) First, I want you to read silently the passage “Ways the Ocean Helps Us”. Silent reading allows you read at your own pace, enabling you to speed up or slow down when needed. 3.) There is a lot of information in this passage, and there is no way that we will be able to remember everything presented in it. This is why we must learn how to summarize. Summarization will help us to remember the information that is the most important. There are 6 easy rules to finding the best summary for a complex passage! (Hang up poster with rules and examples on it.) Let’s go through them: (1) take out any parts of the passage that would not change the idea if they were left out. For example, if I said, “The old lady went to the store,” her age does not really matter. It’s just important that we know that it was about a lady and she went to the store. (2) Take out any information that has been repeated. So if I said, “The flowers grew and grew. They grew so tall that they were as tall as me when I stood up straight,” it is only necessary to remember that they grew very tall. The second sentence is not needed. (3) Find a keyword that can represent a list of items. This means that when “Pam went to the store and bought carrots, apples, tomatoes, lettuce, and grapes,” we can just say that she bought fruits and vegetables instead of trying to remember every single thing from that list. This is very similar to the next rule to summarization. (4) Find a keyword that can represent a series of events. If “Johnny returned some nails at the hardware store, mailed a package at the post office, and then bought a birthday present for his brother,” we can just say that he ran some errands. Rule 5 and 6 almost go together: (5) Select a topic sentence, or (6) if there is not a sentence that explains what happened, make one up. After reading a passage, you may be able to find a sentence that tells readers exactly what the passage was telling you as you read. If not, use the information that you have gotten from the other rules, and write one yourself. For example, a summary of my earlier examples could be “A lady went to the store, the flowers grew tall, Pam bought fruits and vegetables, and Johnny ran some errands.” 4.) Now that you have seen how to apply these rules to a passage, I want you to read “Ways the Ocean Helps Us” again and follow the rules to come up with a good summary of what you read. This passage is not very long, so your summary should only be one or two sentences. Because this is a photocopy of the actual passage, you may write on it, cross out any information you do not need, or whatever. After you are finished, I will ask for a few volunteers to share your summary with the class. Let’s see how similar our summaries can be! 5.) Okay, who would like to share their summary of “Ways the Ocean Helps Us?” (Call on two or three volunteers to share, and discuss their similarities and differences. After the discussion, collect all students’ summaries.) As your assessment, you can read all of the student summaries and see if they followed the rules correctly and came up with an accurate summary of the passage. You can do this by making a checklist of the summarization rules and checking off the steps they have accomplished. 1. Pressley, M., Johnson, C. J., Symons, S., McGoldrick, J. A., and Kurita, J. A. (1989). “Strategies That Improve Children’s Memory and Comprehension of Text.” The Elementary School Journal, v. 90, pp. 3-32. 2. http://www.auburn.edu/rdggenie/insights/rouserl.html (“Whooz-z-z Can Summarize”) 3. http://www.auburn.edu/rdggenie/insights/gullrl.html (“A Short Story!”) 4. http://www.auburn.edu/rdggenie/insights/troharl.html (“Let’s Get to the Point”) Click here to return to Breakthroughs Questions? E-mail me for answers.
Online data storage area is a program that allows users to access and promote files which might be stored slightly over the internet. The files may be accessed about any system that has a internet browser and is coupled to the internet, which include smartphones, tablets, computers and laptops. Internet data storage can also be used to backup and restore files regarding a computer or hard drive crash. Many of the current most popular online data storage companies are labeled as cloud storage. The term cloud computing can often be used alternately with online info storage, nevertheless there are some significant differences amongst the two. Impair storage typically identifies a general population service provided by a impair provider that gives a web web destination and iphone app interface pertaining to uploading, saving and retrieving data. Many online info storage expertise offer a simple, intuitive software that makes it easy for users to store and retrieve data files from everywhere. Some on line storage products also provide data syncing feature that enables users to easily gain access to and change their find here files throughout multiple devices, even when they are really not coupled to the internet. Online data storage is especially useful for small businesses or perhaps organizations that lack the time to maintain their particular backup facilities. This sort of online storage area can help ensure that important data are never misplaced due to healthy disasters, thievery or program crashes. Additionally, it may enable better collaboration and team-work by allowing for multiple users to easily gain access to and work on the same files simultaneously.
Discussion 2: Individuals, Class, and Critical Consciousness Respond to this week’s readings using these questions as a guide. You do not need to answer all of the questions; rather develop your own thesis and focus. They are designed to help you generate your own ideas. How does the educational system and schools reinforce the current class hierarchy in the United States? What does that reification suggest for the development of individual students? What possibilities exist for challenging that reifying process? How can teachers and students work together for those changes? Will challenging those systems lead to a larger critical consciousness? What suggestions and solutions might you have?
Use your English skills to apply your knowledge of an interdisciplinary topic in a fun and creative way. This resource is part of the interdisciplinary topic: "Should 16-year-olds be given the vote?", but could also be used in connection with other topics or debates. Forget yourself, become somebody else Now that you have learned about this topic in other subjects, we want you to apply your knowledge in an English-speaking context. Instead of expressing your own views, we want you to a) create a character, b) give him/her a voice in this debate about the voting age and then c) become this character for a brief "Strangers on the Street" interview. To help you get started, we have made some examples of possible characters in the boxes below. You can use these as inspiration, but try to make your own. It might also be easier to get into character by using creative costumes, props or digital filters and other special effects. "Strangers on the Street" interviews Here is the scenario: The character you have created is taking a walk down the local High Street and has been approached by a small camera team wanting to find out what people think about the current debate: Should 16-year-olds be given the vote? Your challenge is to become the character you have created and prepare a response to this question. First briefly present your(new)self (name, age, what you do, where you live etc.) and then express your views and opinions. These interviews can be presented as a) live presentations in class, b) recorded on a device or c) turned into a class "Flipgrid" (see the section called "Getting started with Flipgrid below"). However, no matter what the shape of your final product is like, the most important aims are that you are able to apply your knowledge of an interdisciplinary topic, express yourself in English and have some fun in the process! Getting started with Flipgrid Flipgrid is an engaging way to record and share short videos in class. Here is a quick one minute video to explain what it is all about. (Youtube.com). Below you will find a two minute "Getting started" video tutorial and here is a link to a written, more detailed version of how to create your first grid. (flipgrid.com).
Puppy Feeding: A Guide For New Pet Parents Learn and understand puppy feeding basics, choosing puppy food and feeding schedule of all ages. Read our blog to know more. Why Do We Need To Concentrate On Puppy Feeding? Proper and balanced nutrition is absolutely necessary for proper growth and development of the puppy. The first six to eight weeks after a puppy is born, it is vital that it stays with its mother and drinks mother’s milk. Mother’s milk is loaded with all the nutrients and antibodies to develop the puppy’s immune system and provide optimal growth. Around the fifth week you can slowly start to wean the puppy off the mother’s milk and introduce them to puppy food. How To Choose Puppy Food? Understand that a puppy has more caloric and nutritional needs. The puppy food should be a good brand and it should provide sufficient calcium, protein, fats, and carbohydrates necessary for the puppy’s growth. Avoid foods that are high in grains, white flour, corn syrup and added dyes. You could also discuss with your veterinarian to choose a brand that will suit your puppy. Puppy food should always be moistened with water before feeding and choose small kibbles. Puppy Feeding Schedule: 1. Puppies age 6 and 12 weeks: Slowly wean from mother’s milk and introduce to solid food. Puppies can be fed with moistened dry food and introduce in smaller portions. They can be fed 4 times throughout. 2. Puppies between 4 and 6 months: During this age puppies are growing very fast. You need to carefully monitor their food intake. Feeding can be reduced to 3 times a day. 3. Puppies between 6 and 12 months: At this age, it is enough to feed the puppy only twice a day. Watch on the amount of calorie intake so that your puppy does not gain unnecessary weight and become obese. 4. Puppies of twelve months and over: Usually at this age, puppies would be fully grown. Twice a day feeding is sufficient enough with a well balanced diet. A healthy dog is a happy dog. Always only feed puppy food to puppies and not adult dog food. Talk to your vet for the right quantity as per your pup’s body weight.
In 1963 Mr. John Dickenson, then living in Grafton, N.S.W, Australia, invented the aircraft type that revolutionized the sport of hang gliding. The invention inspired ‘Ultralight Aviation’ globally leading to the development of a global industry worth many millions of dollars, even hundreds of millions of dollars annually. A carefully study of the evidence also shows that it plays a major role in the commencement of the sport of Paragliding. John Dickenson’s invention is a milestone on the road of human evolution. John Dickenson did not invent hang gliding, nor did he build the first hang glider and when he set out on the project he did not even intend to build a hang glider. The thing is that John Dickenson built the best hang glider ever witnessed until that time. John had the complete package. The Dickenson Wing did not boast the highest performance but it had the following characteristics. The wing flew well with exquisite handling characteristics, it was safe, and it was easy to fly. The Dickenson Pendulum Weight-Shift System provides exquisite feedback so that flying quickly becomes instinctual. This gives the pilot the opportunity to relax and enjoy the experience. It was easy to pack up and even easier to set up. It was light; easy to move when set up, and even easier to move when packed up. It was easily car top-able and it could be stored in a hallway or bedroom. Many lived under houses and in car sheds. Strong and durable: It was robust, how many aircraft could handle stalled take-offs and nose-ins, plus botched landings, and then still be flyable with at most a control bar upright needing replacement. Easy to fly: It was that simple to fly that people were able to teach themselves to fly. Not all were successful, but many thousands were. Eventually people who figured it out started schools and the rest is history. Easy to build: This was something of a problem because although the design was simple to build, there were the rules of physics to be obeyed at all times. Many efforts to home build, and even at times some commercially built designs were dangerous. By the time Aerostructures stop manufacturing the Skiwings, the glider was a complete aircraft. Aerostructures is another part of this story. Both Bill Bennett and Bill Moyes purchased off the shelf Skiwings from Aerostructures. Many early builders copied these two wings, thinking that the idea came from Bennett and/or Moyes.
From changes in stream flows to acidifying oceans and widespread forest die-offs, the Pacific Northwest is already experiencing signs of a changing climate, according to the most comprehensive analysis yet of impacts in the United States. The third National Climate Assessment, released Tuesday, warns that no part of the country is immune, and that the effects of climate change will become increasingly disruptive in the coming decades. “Climate change, once considered an issue for the distant future, has moved firmly into the present,” the report says. “Corn producers in Iowa, oyster growers in Washington state and maple syrup producers in Vermont are all observing climate-related changes that are outside of our recent experience.” The national assessment is mandated by Congress and published roughly every four years. But this marks the first time it has zeroed in on local impacts, with sections on nine geographic regions, including the Northwest. - With Marshawn Lynch retired, what will Seahawks do with money they save? - Police: Ohio newborn appears to have died from dog bite - Sale of Weyerhaeuser’s Federal Way campus means more intensive development - Panthers' Cam Newton and Seahawks' Russell Wilson handled Super Bowl losses very differently - Seahawks' Russell Wilson writes a thank-you letter to Peyton Manning Most Read Stories Nationwide, average temperatures have increased by 1.3 to 1.9 degrees Fahrenheit since 1970, with another 2- to 4-degree increase expected before the end of the century. The past decade was the hottest on record in the U.S., and 2012 was the hottest year. Across much of the country, the warming has led to more intense rainstorms, fewer cold snaps, prolonged allergy seasons, and shifts in bird migrations and the types of plants that grow in gardens, says the report, which was written by more than 250 experts and reviewed by the National Academy of Science. Winter storms have grown in frequency and intensity and have shifted northward since the 1950s, it says. “Taken together, the evidence tells an unambiguous story: the planet is warming, and over the last half century, this warming has been driven primarily by human activity,” the report says. Release of the report gives President Obama an opportunity to ground his campaign against climate change in science and numbers, endeavoring to blunt the arguments of those who question the idea and human contributions to such changes. This summer, the administration plans to propose regulations restricting emissions from existing coal-fired power plants. Some fossil-energy groups, conservative think tanks and Republican senators immediately assailed the report as “alarmist.” Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky said Obama was likely to “use the platform to renew his call for a national energy tax. And I’m sure he’ll get loud cheers from liberal elites — from the kind of people who leave a giant carbon footprint and then lecture everybody else about low-flow toilets.” The state-by-state, region-by-region impacts could help move the climate-change debate forward, White House officials said in a conference call. Calling it “actionable science,” White House adviser John Podesta said the report would give people information on observed climate changes in their parts of the nation. A March Gallup Poll found most Americans are convinced the climate is changing, but only about one in three considers those changes a serious threat to their way of life. Unlike many parts of the country, the effects of climate change in the Pacific Northwest have been well studied for nearly two decades. But the new report reflects additional data and analysis, said Amy Snover, director of the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington and a lead author of the regional section. “In this case, we really tried to look at … the major changes that will have the most widespread consequences for people, the economy, the environment and our infrastructure,” she said. The three issues that rose to the top were shifting precipitation, effects on the region’s forests, and coastal impacts — from sea-level rise to the increasing corrosivity of ocean water caused by dissolved carbon dioxide. Since 1950, average spring snowpack in the Cascades has declined about 20 percent, said co-author Philip Mote, director of the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute. By 2050, the annual snowmelt is expected to occur three to four weeks earlier, while summer stream flows in much of the region are forecast to drop significantly. That’s going to cause problems for salmon, power supplies and farmers, Mote pointed out. “All of the demands come to a head in late summer, when the water supply is lowest.” While average, global sea levels have risen about 8 inches over the past century, the Northwest has been buffered, thanks to its geologic setting. The offshore collision of tectonic plates has been pushing the coastline up for the past 314 years — since the last Cascadia megaquake and tsunami. When the next quake strikes, the coast will drop as much as 6 feet in an instant. But even if the quake doesn’t occur before the end of this century, computer models predict sea levels along the coast will still rise about 2 feet, due to melting glaciers and ice fields, and the expansion of seawater as it gets warmer. Portions of Seattle’s waterfront will be underwater at high tide if sea levels rise by 13 inches — and some models project increases of as much as 50 inches. The forests for which the Northwest is famed are also in for big changes. Warmer and drier conditions are already blamed for insect infestations and an increase in the number and ferocity of wildfires across the West since the 1970s. By 2080, the amount of forestland that burns every year in the Northwest is expected to quadruple, to 2 million acres. “We already have seen tremendous die-offs from insect damage and fire, and over time it’s just going to increase and lead to really dramatic changes in our forest landscape,” Snover said. But she and her colleagues found less to worry about when it comes to Northwest agriculture. In some cases, climate change will lead to longer growing seasons, Mote said. And even though water might be in shorter supply, farmers should be able to adapt and plan for the changes. Since the first national assessment, governments, businesses and tribes in the Northwest have taken the threat seriously, Snover said. Seattle is factoring climate change into its estimates of electrical supply. Bellingham has taken sea-level rise into account in plans for port redevelopment. Mote, a veteran of many climate studies, was at the White House on Tuesday. “In some ways, this is stuff that we’ve known for 20 years,” he said. “We still have a lot of opportunities to both reduce emissions and reduce impacts, but the clock is ticking.” Material from The Associated Press and McClatchy news services is included in this report. Sandi Doughton at: 206-464-2491 or firstname.lastname@example.org
Principles of work of the clinic "Phil Dent" Ortodontiya - is a specialized branch of dentistry that aims to study methods of correcting the bite and teeth alignment. Formation of dental system often occurs with disorders that may subsequently cause of dental and periodontal, or in some cases, affect the overall condition of the body. In particular, incorrect position of teeth and malocclusion have a negative impact on the chewing function of dentition (which subsequently affects the digestive system) lead to abrasion of the teeth, dental caries, gum disease, and can even cause pain in the muscles of the neck and face. The alignment of the teeth and bite correction is recommended in childhood and adolescence. In this case, reduction processes occur much faster and more efficiently. However, modern methods of teeth straightening allow orthodontic activities at any age. A wide range of tools, such as braces, splints, Records and trainers, can solve even the most complex problems of occlusion and irregularities dentition. Modern orthodontics copes with its key objective - to restore the normal functioning of the chewing-speech system and return the aesthetically pleasing appearance of the teeth! Timely treatment to the doctor allows the orthodontist to make the correction of bite and teeth alignment with the least expenditure of time, effort and money. Developmental disorders of the maxillofacial system has already become apparent in childhood or early adolescence. Malocclusion of teeth and location are usually bright enough symptoms, expressed in the features of the facial skeleton. For example, the upper jaw can be moved forward over the top, or vice versa, is not positioned lower jaw, crooked teeth are arranged in such a way that it can not be hidden, even if the mouth serried. That is why parents should not put off going to the orthodontist. Erupting permanent teeth of children should be properly simulate the position of teeth, if necessary, to make room for growth. On the basis of control - diagnostic models and X-ray images (orthopantomography, teleroentgenography) Orthodontist decide on treatment options. If the patient is already in middle age turned to the orthodontist, depending on the complexity of the problems he is offered the most optimal method of teeth straightening or occlusion. A qualified doctor will choose the most suitable and convenient system that is subsequently provided to ensure proper symmetry of the jaw. As a result, your smile will be aesthetically pleasing and harmonious! Burr teeth alignment much easier, more efficient and easier to pass in childhood and adolescence, but it is possible at any age. Modern Orthodontics offers a variety of teeth alignment: braces, splints, records, elastopozitsionery. Each method has its pros and cons, as well as its indications and contraindications, so before you get to know the alignment of the teeth prices, necessary to consult with your dentist about the most appropriate in your case, the alignment process. The alignment of the teeth depends on the value of the selected clinics and specialists, as well as the alignment method. Perhaps, and alignment of the teeth without braces. This is the new American technology, which for the alignment of the teeth and bite correction using caps to align the teeth. This technology combines orthodontics and 3D-art computer technology. Capa - is transparent pad that fits over the entire dentition. Manufactured caps so that their internal cavity is flush with the position of teeth, but is less than a few hundred millimeters. Burr teeth alignment is as follows - they exert some pressure on the teeth and forcing them to move in a certain direction. Mouth guards for teeth straightening cost could be different, as it depends on certain characteristics: clinical, specialist care. Modern medicine, in particular, dentistry, offering reasonable caps for teeth straightening, the price of which will be available for each patient. We carry out the alignment of the teeth with the following tools: - Braces - system All staff members of Dental Clinic are licensed professionals. Our staff consists of licensed general dentists. MAKE AN APPOINTMENT
Switching to a waterless toilet eliminates the need for septic tanks and fields. No black water = no septic treatment. Now, instead of human waste being a burdensome material requiring millions of gallons of precious fresh water and intensive sanitation processes, it becomes a productive resource that provides a high nutrient medium to trees and ornamental gardens. If your toilet was installed before 1994 it probably uses 13 or more litres (3 gallons) of pristine water per flush. In one year a family of 4 (at 5 flushes each per day) will flush 95,000 litres of water that's almost 25,000 US gallons (over 20,000 Imperial gallons). A shabby way to treat a precious resource that is essential for the continuation of life on the planet. A low flow toilet uses on average 1.5 gallons of water per flush. For a family of 4 that translates into well over 10,000 gallons of fresh water per year... flushed down the toilet. To put things into perspective that same family will drink about 2,700 litres (730 gallons) in a year.Even with a low flow toilet, that's 14 times more water being flushed down the toilet than the human population drinks. Yikes! For the most part there is no difference in how the toilet is used until you come to the "flushing" part. With a compost toilet, after you "go" a small amount (2 handfuls) of dry organic material is sprinkled over the contents. This material absorbs excess moisture and therefore reduces odour. The material can consist of sawdust, peat, coco coir, shredded paper, chopped dried leaves, chopped straw or hay. Whatever cover material you choose remember that the finer it is the less loft it has. Loft (or fluffiness) allows air to circulate through the material which isn't what you want in a cover material. The finer the product the better coverage and odour control it will have. A bucketful of the cover product must always be available beside the toilet. Cover materials are the dry, organic materials that are used to cover the excrement. Covering is a necessary part of using a compost toilet for moisture control, odour management and to give the product the proper balance and bulk for the composting process. Cover product should have a fine, consistency for the best results. When considering the environmental impact of one material over another think about accessibility, availability in your area (local products have less negative impact than products that are transported over distances) and renewability. Factor in issues like transportation and packaging and processing methods when choosing your cover product. It's possible that seasonal changes will make different products available in your location at different times of the year. Following are some choices of cover material: Follow the directions or guidelines of your toilet manufacturer if yours is a ready made model. If you're making your own composting toilet there is a wider variety of cover materials you can try. The amount you use is determined by the nose. Generally, 2 handfulls should cover the deposit leaving no discernible odour. If you need much more than that to get rid of the smell, try another product. The container will fill up too fast if you're using a lot of cover and you'll be forever emptying the composting toilet. Toilet paper goes in to the composter as do paper towels and the rolls on which they're packaged. Sanitary napkins are not great but they will compost, although they'll leave bits of plastic in your finished product that must be removed. The difference is in the overall management of the excrement and, of course, the fact that a composting toilet can be installed inside the house. Outhouses and pit latrines are just a hole in the ground where the human waste accumulates without moisture or heat management. This can allow pathogens to thrive and leech into nearby groundwater and sensitive eco systems. And I probably don't have to tell you about the smell. Composting toilets are structures that support managed aerobic decomposition and provide the essential balance of moisture, oxygen, heat and organic material to encourage the natural and rapid breakdown of the materials into beneficial elements. The aerobic (aerobic refers to "the presence of oxygen") composting process kills potential pathogens with heat while "good" bacteria and microorganisms that tolerate high temperatures work to break the contents down. And all of this with no odour. The material recovered when the composting process is complete is a pathogen free growing medium with a high nutrient value. It looks, smells and functions like any other compost. As with any aerobic compost there are certain elements that are required for success. Oxygen, organic material, heat and moisture must be kept at certain levels. Electric models may be better at maintaining the ideal heat level for composting. If you're experiencing bad odour, the contents of your toilet are probably too wet. Add a little more absorbent, organic material. When properly managed there will be no unpleasant odour from your toilet and the finished product should smell earthy...just like dirt. View the following videos for ideas and information regarding composting toilets. We are not necessarily promoting any of these products, the videos are here for information purposes only and to show you 2 very different composting toilets. Although a little more work and thought go into the functioning of a composting toilet they are one of our most efficient ways to save water. We hope that one day everyone will be sitting upon a composting throne while contemplating their next green footstep.
Montserrat is a small island territory located in the Caribbean Sea. Montserrat is controlled by the British government, although it has a considerable measure of autonomy. Montserrat covers about forty square miles, but has a population of less than six thousand residents. The island has about twenty five miles of coastline, and takes its name from a mountain in Spanish Catalonia. Montserrat, which is nicknamed the “Emerald Isle of the Caribbean,” has a strong Irish cultural heritage. The island has lost a considerable number of inhabitants as well as a substantial portion of its economy since a volcanic eruption in the 1990s. Montserrat has begun to recover, operating its government from Brades while the community of Little Bay is being constructed. Montserrat was originally discovered by European settlers in the year 1493 by Christopher Columbus, although it was first inhabited by the Arawak and Carib Indians. Although Montserrat was briefly controlled by the French in the late eighteenth century, the island has spent the rest of its recent history as a part of the British Commonwealth. Montserrat is subdivided into Saint Peter Parish, Saint Anthony Parish, and Saint Georges Parish, and has a number of small settlements and villages. Montserrat includes two offshore islets, Virgin and Little Redonda, as well as a geographic landmark called Statue Rock. Montserrat has impressive biodiversity, featuring rare endemic species such as the Montserrat orchid and the pribby. Although Montserrat was formerly a popular destination for musicians and some tourists, the island and its economy are currently undergoing a rebuilding period largely funded by the British government. Montserrat has a strong cricket community, as well as a soccer team that competed in the World Cup qualifying tournament.
Any time a person experiences trauma, it impacts their life. For some, the effects may be temporary. For others, the aftermath may become ongoing and cause them to develop a trauma-based mental illness or even a substance use disorder. If you are concerned that your child may be dealing with a traumatic event, either in the past or ongoing, we can help you get answers. Take our childhood trauma quiz that helps you determine if it’s time to get professional treatment to help your loved one. What is Childhood Trauma? Trauma can affect a person at any time during their lives. When it happens to a child, the suffering can happen not only during their childhood but extend into adulthood if not treated. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration reports that by the age of 16, more than two-thirds of children report having experienced at least one traumatic event. Examples of childhood trauma include: - Physical abuse - Sexual abuse - Emotional abuse - Witnessing violence within the home or among other family members - Death of a loved one - Divorce in the family - Serious injury or illness - Being placed in foster care - Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquake, and floods - School shootings - Violence within their community - Experiences during wartime or other military acts Taking a childhood trauma quiz can provide answers to help a parent understand if their child needs treatment for a trauma-based illness. Childhood Trauma Quiz While not everyone experiences the same signs that they have experienced trauma, many of them are quite common. Take our childhood trauma quiz to help you understand if a trauma-based illness may be present in your child’s life. Answer yes or no to the following questions: - Does your child experience flashbacks? - Does your child have insomnia or nightmares? - Does your child avoid people, places, or activities that remind them of something traumatic that happened? - Does being around certain people, places, or activities cause your child to feel triggered? - Does your child feel uncomfortable in crowds? - Is your child easily startled? - Does your child worry about having a safe exit strategy when they are in a public or unfamiliar place? - Has your child developed difficulty in school after a traumatic event? - Has your child reverted to behaviors associated with a younger age, such as bedwetting or being clingy? - Does your child exhibit signs of anxiety or depression? - Does your child feel unexplainable guilt or shame? - Does your child often feel helpless or unsafe? - Has your child begun using or abusing drugs or alcohol? - Has your child had a near-death experience, such as an accident or illness? - Has your child lost a loved one or been through a divorce in the family? - Does your child suffer from panic attacks with symptoms such as rapid heart rate, sweating, numbness, nausea, or a feeling they may pass out or die? Assessment of My Childhood Trauma Quiz After taking the childhood trauma quiz, count your answers. If your child answered yes to three or more questions, they may suffer from childhood trauma. If this is the case, it’s important to get help immediately. Parents can discuss the quiz results with their child’s doctor or a therapist. This can help them plan to get the right care for their child. How to Treat Childhood Trauma If taking a childhood trauma quiz shows that trauma has impacted your child’s life, taking steps to get them treatment becomes of paramount importance. Trauma-based illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) need professional treatment from clinicians trained in the field. When the person in need is an adolescent, it’s valuable to seek care from someone who works with this age group. Multiple types of therapy prove useful in treating childhood trauma. Individual therapy allows the child a safe space to talk to a caring, neutral party about what happened to them and how they feel. Group therapy allows the child to understand they are not alone. In both cases, they learn healthy coping skills that allow them to overcome the symptoms of trauma. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy both work well for those dealing with trauma. Another type of therapy that can help young people tremendously is family therapy. This allows the family to come together, gain an understanding of the traumatic event and its impact on everyone, and focus on helping the loved one heal. About half of those who deal with a mental illness, such as PTSD, also end up developing an addiction to drugs or alcohol. When this happens, getting treatment for this at the same time will help the child make progress. Getting treatment for dual diagnosis, which is the presence of both a mental health disorder and a substance use disorder, allows a person to receive care for both conditions simultaneously. This saves time and money and allows them to make progress in both areas at the same time. Begin Treatment for Childhood Trauma in Phoenix, AZ Childhood trauma can overshadow a young person’s entire life, even moving into negatively affecting their lives as adults. Zenith Behavioral Health in Phoenix has developed a program that treats boys aged 13 to 17 for trauma-based illness, including PTSD. If you need help understanding if this would be a good fit for your son who is struggling, take our childhood trauma quiz. It can give you the answers both you and your child need. For more information on getting help for childhood trauma, visit our admissions page now. Our friendly staff is waiting to answer any questions you have about helping your child heal.
There are different perspectives on what clean eating means and the truth is, that the term is not regulated. As a result companies have misused it and labeled foods as such, that are not clean. So what does clean actually stand for in this context? Generally the term 'clean eating' or 'clean diet' refers to a diet of 'foods that are as close to their natural state as possible, maybe organic, and most likely with minimal use of any chemical additives and preservatives’. As a consequence (highly) processed food stuffs including additives, such as sugar or salt are not clean. Why should you care? During processing - especially industrial processing - foods change. Some nutrients, such as vitamin C, A, B12 or B9 (folic acid) are not heat-stable and can denature. If heated strongly, the vitamins contained in food can be even destroyed. As a result, the nutrient content of foods that have been heavily heated during processing is significantly lower. Aside from a lower nutrient intake there are also health-related risks for ingesting highly processed food. A study associated an 'ultra-processed foods diet' with a significant increase of greater than 10% in risks of cancer. Industrial fat hydrogenation, the intense heating of fats and oils, produces trans fat, which is harmful to health. Why? Trans fats increase blood levels of bad cholesterol, which deposits on blood vessel walls and leads to atherosclerosis over time. The risk of a heart attack or stroke increases significantly. Diabetics and overweight people in particular should be very careful when consuming trans fatty acids.They are found in higher quantities in convenience foods, fast food and fatty baked goods. The food industry uses them because trans fats are inexpensive to produce and last a long time. In order to guarantee the perfect taste, appearance or consistency and to increase shelf life, industrially processed products are often mixed with various additives. Some of them can cause health disadvantages. For example, sweeteners can damage the microbiome of our intestines and trigger health problems. The role of additives in the development of cancer is also discussed again and again. And now what? Easy ways to eat clean Here are some useful tips: - Buy fresh produce: organic veggies, fruits, whole grains and food with healthy fats (e.g. avocados, flax seeds, hemp seeds, nuts, coconut oil). A study demonstrated that Antioxidantien ingested through a natural diet are more effective than taking supplements including antioxidants. - DIY: Instead of buying pre-made meals it is better to prepare the food yourself. If you don’t have time you can resort to frozen veggies. Frozen veggies are the best alternative, since they retained most of their nutrients. We also love the bowls from Every Foods (their products are free of additives and preservatives). - Pick your poison: If you need to indulge your sweet tooth try to stay away from refined sugar and artificial sweeteners. They can seriously harm your health. - Enjoy: It is way easier to change what you eat if you actually enjoy it. Otherwise it will be challenging to maintain a new diet. The occasional indulgence that brings tons of joy is also allowed. If you feel you are overthinking your food choices re-evaluate your expectations. It also shouldn’t feel too restrictive. Your mental health is equally important.
Axon Sports addresses the current movement in Athlete concussion testing by providing an online and affordable Computerized Cognitive Assessment Tool. Schools, leagues and clubs conduct Baseline testing to help protect their Athletes' health and safety. A preseason Baseline test (also called cognitive, neurocognitive, or neuropsychological test) establishes an Athlete's brain speed and accuracy. If a concussion is suspected, under the care of a qualified Medical Provider, the Athlete takes an After Injury test. The results are compared to help identify change in cognition. This is important because cognitive recovery often lags behind other symptoms of concussion. The Axon Sports CCAT makes testing easy, convenient and affordable. It is one of many tools that qualified Medical Providers use to determine the appropriate return to play/return to classroom timeframe for Athletes after they’ve experienced head injuries. About the Test A Baseline test measures current cognitive performance. It's a snapshot of processing speed, working memory, attention, and accuracy. An After Injury test detects changes from that Baseline performance. The tasks feature playing cards which are universally understood regardless of language or age. Your commitment is limited to your best effort and eight to 10 minutes of your time. The test is easily administered, conveniently available online, and doesn’t require any special equipment or software. Results are available immediately and the test is repeatable without concern for practice effects. The tasks are: - Has the Card Turned Over? - This simple reaction time task asks you to identify when a card has turned from face-down to face-up. The task is a measure of processing speed and simple attention. - Is the Card Red? – This task asks you to indicate if a card is red or black. The task is a measure of decision-making speed (or choice reaction time), vigilance, attention and concentration. - Have You Seen this Card Before In this Task? – This task requires you to choose whether or not a playing card has been shown previously during the task. The task is a measure of new learning and memory, and is considered a higher level task. - Is the Previous Card the Same? – This task asks you to identify if the current face-up card matches the previous card. The task is a measurement of working memory.
A Safer Way to Dispense Prescription Drugs ZICOH addresses several significant challenges associated with prescription medication adherence. It prevents abuse, deters diversion, and improves safety and compliance. Prevents Prescription Medication Abuse and Misuse Prescription drug abuse and misuse refer to taking a medication without a prescription or using it in any way other than how the physician intended. Millions of people misuse prescriptions every year. According to data from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: - About 16.1 million people reported misusing any prescription psychotherapeutic drug in the past 12 months - 1 million people reported misusing prescription stimulants - 2 million people reported misusing prescription tranquilizers or sedatives - 8 million people reported misusing benzodiazepines - 3 million reported misusing prescription pain relievers Reasons for Misuse People abuse prescription medications for various reasons. Sometimes, it’s to achieve a euphoric effect or to get “high.” Other times, it’s to help sleep, relax, or alleviate tension or pain. Other reasons for abuse include: - To help cope with feelings or emotions - To increase or decrease the effects of other drugs - To prevent withdrawal symptoms due to physical dependence - To help with concentration or to stay awake Consequences of Prescription Drug Abuse Prescription drug abuse is a serious concern because it can have serious repercussions, potentially even death. Taking prescription drugs in a way your doctor does not intend can be especially dangerous when combined with other prescriptions, over-the-counter, or recreational drugs. The dangers increase when people take more of the drug than prescribed. The consequences of prescription medication abuse differ depending on the drug of abuse. Opioids can lead to low pressure, slowed or stopped breathing, or a coma. In the worst-case scenario, it can lead to death. In 2020, approximately 16,416 people died from prescription opioid misuse. Anti-anxiety medications and sedatives can cause memory problems, low blood pressure, slowed breathing, and withdrawal symptoms upon stopping use. In most extreme cases, abusing these drugs can lead to coma or death. Stimulant abuse side effects include heart problems, high blood pressure, and a dangerously high body temperature. Dependence and Addiction Prescription medications that carry a higher propensity for abuse than other medications also bear the risk of physical dependence, occurring after chronic exposure to a drug. Dependent people develop withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking the medication. In more severe consequences, a person can develop an addiction, which is the compulsive urge to take a drug, despite any adverse consequences. Dose-controlled prescription drug delivery allows pharmacists to program ZICOH to dispense the medication dosage type, amount, and frequency according to the health care provider’s orders. This feature ensures medication adherence, reducing the risk of overdose and addiction. Prescription drug diversion refers to the process of transferring legitimate prescription drugs to others for whom they were not intended. Drugs may be diverted to friends or family, or they may end up for sale on the streets. Drug Authentication Features ZICOH can be programmed with authentication features, like fingerprint authorization, to help prevent prescription drugs from being diverted. Improves Safety and Compliance Prescription drugs are the safest and most effective when they are taken as prescribed by the patient for whom they are intended. Patients should take the correct dose, at the proper time and frequency. Taking more than prescribed can increase the risk of side effects while taking less than prescribed can lead to poor condition management. Failing to adhere to the prescribed timing of medications can also lead to poor health outcomes. ZICOH Improves Prescription Drug Safety With a tamper-resistant design and programmable features like medication reminders, ZICOH makes medication adherence easier than ever. ZICOH won’t allow patients to take off-schedule doses without their physician’s consent. Medication reminders help patients stick to their recommended dosing schedule.
When black holes tango, one massive partner spins head over heels (or in this case heels over head) until the merger is complete, said researchers at Rochester Institute of Technology in a paper published in Physical Review Letters. This spin dynamic may affect the growth of black holes surrounded by accretion disks and alter galactic and supermassive binary black holes, leading to observational effects, according to RIT scientists Carlos Lousto and James Healy. The authors of the study will present their findings at the American Physical Society meeting in Baltimore on April 14 and celebration of the Centennial of General Relativity. Lousto and Healy, postdoctoral researcher at RIT, use sophisticated numerical techniques to solve Einstein’s equations of gravity and simulate black hole interactions on supercomputers. The specialized field known as numerical relativity grew from the general theory of relativity, first published in November 1915. “We study binary spinning black holes to display the long-term individual spin dynamics,” said Lousto, professor in RIT’s School of Mathematical Sciences and a member of the Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation. In their paper, “Flip-flopping binary black holes,” Lousto and Healy numerically simulated equal-mass black holes and studied the individual alignment and direction of spin as the black holes approached merger. The binary black holes flirted for nearly 48 orbits, three precession cycles, and half of a flip-flop cycle. “Lousto and Healy’s simulation is one of the longest ever attempted for spinning black hole binaries,” said Pedro Marronetti, National Science Foundation physics division program director. “Their results and potential observational effects will impact research in a wide range of areas, from gravitational physics to galactic evolution and cosmology.” Key to their findings is that one black hole in the simulation totally changes the orientation of its spin. Its initial alignment with the orbital angular momentum changes to a complete anti-alignment after half of a flip-flop cycle, Lousto said. The researchers compared this evolution with post-Newtonian equations of motion and spin evolution and deciphered maximum flip-flop angles and frequencies. “We show that this process continuously flip-flops the spin during the lifetime of the binary until merger,” Lousto said. Lousto and Healy visualized the black holes’ flip-flopping tango in a short animation. The mini-movie, produced at the Black Hole Lab in RIT’s Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation, is set to Invierno Porteño by Argentine tango composer Ástor Piazzolla. To watch a brief video about the Center for Computational Relativity at RIT, go to http://bit.ly/RITCCRG. by Susan Gawlowicz – http://www.rit.edu/news/story.php?id=51746
The Ford Motor Company was founded by Henry Ford in 1903. Ford vehicles have been nicknamed with the backronym (back acronym) “Found On Road Dead” since at least 1980. Other Ford backronymic nicknames include “Fix Or Repair Daily” and “First On Race Day.” Wikipedia: Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company (also known as simply Ford; NYSE: F) is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. In the past it has also produced heavy trucks, tractors and automotive components. Ford owns small stakes in Mazda of Japan and Aston Martin of the United Kingdom. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, although they have minority ownership. ... but I want to get in my two cents for Ford; they’re great, and I’m fed up with those jokes such as “Fix Or Repair Daily” and “Found On Road, Dead.” Google News Archive 3 May 1981, Nevada (MO) Herald, “At Random: Fit it again, Tony” by Charles C. Nash, pg. 4, col. 3: FORD is found On Road Dead.” 2 March 1983, Chicago (IL) Tribune, “Tempo, Ford’s new auto, show ‘models’ are better suited to serious business” by Clarence Petersen, pg. D1: Says Guenther: “And they come up and say, ‘FORD: Found On Road Dead’ or ‘Fix Or Repair Daily.’ I just say, ‘No, First On Race Day.’” Webster’s Word Histories By Merriam-Webster, Inc. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Thus when the Ford cars first came out, everyone knew they were named for Henry Ford, but it was still more fun to etymologize the word as being from “found on road dead” or “fix or repair daily.” The New Ford Motor Company By Robert L. Shook New York, NY: Prentice Hall Press The quality of all Ford automobiles was in question. It wasn’t long before FORD was being used for such sayings as “Found On Road Dead” and “Fix Or Repair Daily.” The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market By Micheline Maynard New York, NY: Currency/Doubleday The old jokes about what the letters in the name Ford stand for — “Found On Road, Dead” — aren’t funny to owners of the small Ford Focus, a European-rooted car that has been recalled more than a dozen times in the past four years, or to buyers of the first Ford Escape sport utilities, which suffered five recalls in its first month on the market. Smile When You’re Lying: Confessions of a Rogue Travel Writer By Chuck Thompson New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, LLC “Found On Road Dead,” Gary smirked when the Torino came into view. “That’s what Ford stands for. Also, Fix Or Repair Daily.” Short Sci-fi Stories By Chuck Keyes Published by author “My grandfather use to say Ford means, ‘Fix Or Repair Daily’.” Jake chuckled. “Well my grandfather said Ford means, ‘Found On Road Dead’.”
Oscar Wilde is an Irish writer born during the Victorian era and the most known aestheticized English writers. He was born in 1854 in Dublin as the son of an Irish doctor and a poet and journalist mother. During school he exceled at studying classics, Greek and drawing. He studied at Trinity College in Dublin, after which he participated in the aesthetic lectures of John Ruskin at Oxford University. Soon he gets remarked by his refined gestures, fancy clothes and dandy lifestyle. In 1878 he moves to London and in the same year he receives the “Newdigate” Prize for poetry. His first writings started in 1882 when he published his first poetry book. There were various critics over the book, so there was no unanimous opinion among critics. After that, he starts offering aesthetics lectures in America and Canada and then lives for a short period of time in Paris and Ireland. In the next few years he writes more and more operas, among which “The picture of Dorian Grey” published in 1890. His controversial writing brought him many scandals and court quotations, as at that time, the subjects he discussed were like taboo. He married Constance Lloyd in 1884 with whom he had two sons, the last one born in 1886. Shortly, he started his first gay relationship with Robbie Ross. At the end of the 1890 he writes many operas that bring him great success and fame, but his personal life starts to decline. After ostentatiously shows off his relationship with Lord Alfred Douglas, he gets arrested for two years for immoral behavior. His wife and children leave him and change their names so that no one can recognize them. He gets released in 1897, but he finds himself ruined after the luxurious relationship with Lord Douglas and fallen into disgrace in the eyes of the public because of his scandalous lifestyle. He moved to France in the same year where he died at the end of 1900 from a meningitis, alone and forgotten. The last works, after the trial and after being in jail, clearly show the distance from its aesthetic principles. In the “De profundis” confession (1897), he does not waste any brilliant paradoxes, but tells a great deal of pain in his soul about his struggle. The idea that life is a whirlwind of suffering that people cause to each other is the basis of Oscar Wilde’s latest poem, “The Ballad of Reading Gaol”, written in 1898. It was written under the impression of the execution of one of the detainees who was with him in prison and who has been convicted of having murdered his girlfriend. Oscar Wilde was a remarkable stylist who used to paint through words, painting before the eyes of the reader’s fantasy pictures of amazing beauty. Viewed in its entirety, his creation mirrored the decline of humanism and the cult of art in what he has elevated. Although he was vastly criticized at the time, his works are of an amazing value and style and made him one of the greatest writes of the 19th century. After all, all geniuses are seen as crazy in their own world, aren’t they? © picnicontheshelf, April 26, 2018
This gallery contains 9 photos. Originally posted on Barcode Ecology: We approach the end of the almighty year that was 2014. Whilst 2013 could be called “The Year of South African Wildlife” (albeit there were only four months there, but you know what I mean),… It’s far from comprehensive, but here’s a link to some New Year’s tips for lightening our footprint on our precious planet: Tips for a Green New Year \| Easy Ideas for Organizing and Cleaning Your Home \| HGTV. Once hunted to near extinction, the humpback whales of Canada’s Pacific are back in larger numbers and their status has been downgraded from “threatened” to one “of special concern”. However, this BBC report shows how there are now concerns that the whales face new risks from increased oil and natural gas exploration. BBC News – New threat to Canadas Pacific humpback whales?. PLANET EARTH NEWSLETTER blog PLANET EARTH WILDLIFE AND NATURE (INVITE ONLY) PLANET EARTH WEATHER PLANET EARTH ANIMALS/BIRDS PLANET EARTH OUR HOME PLANET EARTH FLOWERS PLANET EARTH SUNRISE SUNSETS PLANET EARTH REFLECTIONS PLANET EARTH LANDSCAPES PLANET EARTH ARCHITECTURE PLANET EARTH MACRO WORLD PLANET EARTH BUTTERFLIES, BEES, BUGS, AND INSECTS PLANET EARTH URBAN LANDSCAPES PLANET EARTH IN BLACK AND WHITE PLANET EARTH TRANSPORTATION PLANET EARTH MOUNTAINS PLANET EARTH VINTAGE ARCHITECTURE PLANET EARTH CAUTION, DANGER, AND WARNING SIGNS PLANET EARTH TRAINS AND RAILROADS PLANET EARTH UNDERWATER PLANET EARTH BACK IN THE DAY PLANET EARTH IN PANORAMA PLANET EARTH FIELD GUIDE TO AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE PLANET EARTH IN SILHOUETTES PLANET EARTH BIRD WORLD View original post 38 more words World of Birds Cognitive biologists now revealed that ravens use a “divide and rule” strategy in dealing with the bonds of conspecifics. Credit: Jorg Massen Mythology has attributed many supernatural features to ravens. Studies on the cognitive abilities of ravens have indeed revealed that they are exceptionally intelligent. Ravens live in complex social groups and they can gain power by building social bonds that function as alliances. Cognitive biologists of the University of Vienna now revealed that ravens use a ‘divide and rule’ strategy in dealing with the bonds of conspecifics: Socially well integrated ravens prevent others from building new alliances by breaking up their bonding attempts. Thomas Bugnyar and his team have been studying the behavior of approximately 300 wild ravens in the Northern Austrian Alps for years. They observed that ravens slowly build alliances through affiliative interactions such as grooming and playing. However, they also observed that these affiliative interactions were… View original post 226 more words Dear Kitty. Some blog This video is about bird migration. Eurobirdwatch 2014 sees 2.5 million migrants in the air By Elodie Cantaloube, Mon, 20/10/2014 – 08:18 On the weekend 4–5 October, over 23,000 people took part in the most exciting nature event of the autumn: the annual Eurobirdwatch. From Portugal to Kazakhstan, from Malta to Norway, BirdLife Partners invited people of all ages to discover and observe the fascinating migration of birds. The result of these two days of fun, exchange and learning was the observation of over 2.5 million birds as they migrated to southern countries in search of suitable wintering grounds. In autumn, some species of birds, the so-called migratory birds, leave the north, where they breed in spring and summer and head to their wintering grounds in the south. The migration of several thousands of birds of different species is a unique spectacle; the BirdLife… View original post 226 more words
European citizens have long rejected genetically engineered (GE) food in their supermarkets but under the current EU labelling laws, animal products such as milk, meat and eggs coming from animals fed with GE feed can be sold without any labels warning of their GE content. One million people across the Europe Union (EU) want that to change. One million signatures wind their way to the European Commission in Brussels. The petition, signed by more than one million citizens, was delivered to Markos Kyprianou, European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety in Brussels today. The petition has travelled across Europe from Ireland to Poland and Finland to Greece with people young and old calling for the labelling of animal products where the animals have been fed with GE feed. A loophole in EU law exempts animal products from labelling requirements: foods like cooking oil, ketchup and cake mix have to be labelled if the ingredients include 0.9 percent or more of ingredients with GE. But food products derived from animals fed with GE feed, like meat, milk and eggs do not need to be labelled "This petition is a call for the EU to stop letting GE in through the back door of Europe and onto our plates through a loophole in the law," said Marco Contiero of Greenpeace European Unit. "We will be asking Commissioner Kyprianou today, when we deliver the million signatures, to grant citizens the right to choose for themselves whether to eat food from animals fed with GE Over 90 percent of GE crops imported into the EU are soya and maize destined for animal feed. The diet of farm animals in Europe is typically composed of up to 30 percent GE crops. This amounts to 20 million tonnes of GE crops entering the EU food chain each year without consumers being told. EU citizens want this legal loophole to be closed and all food products derived from GE to be correctly labelled. One million people are waiting for the EU to give them the right to choose what food they want to eat. Sign up for a free e-zine. With your help, we can keep GE off the shelves.
For Japan: Wish on paper cranes Watching the horrifying aftermath of the earthquake in Japan, all most of us can do is send our wishes. It’s overwhelming, perplexing. It’s easier to just hide away and shut it out. But if you’re feeling too defeated by it all to even send hope out into the universe, this lovely drawing by Kelly Smith might give you a bit of inspiration. Delicate and pretty, with Kelly’s trademark gentle linework and soft, pale shadings, this beautiful illustration takes inspiration from the story of Sadako Sasaki and her paper cranes- a true story that has now become a proverb of peace. Coincidentally, Kelly uploaded this image to her blog just minutes before she heard the news of the earthquake. And now, it resonates even more strongly. Sadako was just two years old when the atomic bomb hit Hiroshima. She grew up into a bright, lively girl who loved to run races at school- which is why she didn’t tell anyone when she started having dizzy spells at the age of 12. One day though, she collapsed in front of teachers, and she was taken to hospital. It was then that her family discovered she had developed leukemia as a result of the bomb. She was given around a year to live. While Sadako was in hospital, her best friend came to visit her and folded a paper crane from a piece of golden paper. She told Sadako about the ancient Japanese belief that if you could fold 1,000 cranes, you could have a wish granted. So Sadako set about trying to make 1,000 cranes in her wish to get well. She got to 644 before she died. Her family and friends finished the rest and buried them with her. There is now a statue of Sadako with a golden paper crane in her hands in the Hiroshima Peace Memorial, otherwise known as Genbaku Dome. The plaque reads, “This is our cry. This is our prayer. Peace in the world.” And every year, thousands of schoolchildren and visitors leave paper cranes at Sadako Sasaki’s memorial site to wish for a better future, where the innocent do not suffer. Sadako’s story has come to represent all the children who died as a result of the atomic bomb, but its message extends far beyond even that. It’s a reminder of the innocent lives that are hurt, affected and lost in an act of brutality, whether it comes from war, or from nature itself. But there is a childlike message of hope. Even as she was dying, Sadako was wishing on her paper cranes. And maybe sometimes wishing is all we can do. Do what you can for Japan. And if you can’t do anything else, make a wish, with or without 1000 paper cranes.
Seventy years ago on this date in 1945, the United States dropped the first of the two atomic bombs that it deployed against Japan; the second fell on Nagasaki three days later, on Aug.9. Immediate deaths from the bombings exceeded 100,000. Over the months that followed this number approximately doubled due to the after effects of radiation sickness, burns, other injuries and illnesses, and malnutrition. The very large majority of these injuries and deaths were suffered by civilians. It is not a date we take much note of in the United States, but it is and will long be a very important ceremonial date in Japan. I am always touched on this date by a sense of sorrow, horror, and guilt. The suffering endured in that war (as in all wars) takes us to the limits of our understanding. Current estimates (that is, higher than previous) suggest that as many as 80 million people died as a direct result of the war’s conduct. It was the ugly culmination of a complex, brutal and deluded narrative of nationalism, colonialism and industrialism — a narrative that was purposefully suffused with the toxic chemicals of moral necessity and historical inevitability by the relentless propaganda of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Opium Wars, the Crimean War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War, World War I — all led to this global bloodletting. Such a convulsion it seems was required to end what might be called Phases I and II of Western colonialism. Phase III began with war’s end and masked itself in bogus terms of national liberation, an idea with significant power for the many human beings who had sacrificed so much to liberate Italy, France, Western Europe, China, the Pacific nations, Southeast Asia, et cetera, from the control of two brutal and deranged tyrannies. The Soviets of course peddled the same story to their own satellites. Rather than concoct a highflown and ludicrous narrative of moral necessity to provide cover for rapacious commercial interests (see Conrad, “Exterminate the brutes!” etc), the West in 1945 and after created a narrative of political necessity to do the same. Nations were granted seeming independence but had to throw in their lot either with the Soviets or the West, who then essentially controlled them politically and economically. (Vietnam is an example of a nation that, able to achieve its independence due to the temporary disempowerment of its traditional overseers, was plucked back into a prolonged anti-colonial war of independence that masqueraded as a Cold War showdown. The Vietnamese had no interest in the West, China, or the Soviets — but in a tri-lateral world, such a position was not permissible. This was true of a number of war-ravaged nations in Africa as well: Angola, Somalia, and others.) The endurance of this bullshit orthodoxy sees us now in the ludicrous position we occupy in Pakistan, continuing to prop up (and, for our own protection, semi-occupy) a land filled with our obvious enemies, supplying them with weapons and staggering quantities of cash and some kind of meagre and incredible story of alliance, all because once upon a time, when such mattered to us, they happened to oppose, for nakedly ugly reasons, the world’s largest democracy that sits beside them — India — which apparently, given our continuing inability to gain close relations with it, we still fear is going to “go Communist”. The historical rationale for this alliance with Pakistan is on its face insane. yet no reformer in Washington — regardless of his or her seeming mandate or power or righteousness — will ever succeed in rationally changing the policy. It is a genetic fact, a vestigial tail, and it will be removed either by catastrophic injury or the invisible forces of evolution. My money’s on the former. Just so with the growing hostilities between the US and China and between Western Europe (read: Germany) and Russia. If you fill the world with lies and have to behave as if they were never lies at all, these are the positions you find yourself forced to take. This is what lies do: they have a demonic power subtly to disguise the landscape and make outrageous sins seemingly necessary and inevitable. Given all that, let’s try this as an exercise: at least on this date, but one hopes for all the days that follow, when you hear this bullshit on the news — our “allies” in Pakistan, the necessity of “countering the influence” of China, big bad Putin and Russia — envision a mushroom cloud, see in your mind ten thousand children burned to hideous deformation, and say these words to yourself: 80 million dead.
Virtual field trips are a simple tool for organising photographs, field data and perhaps some diagrams from specific natural examples of geology. In many ways this name is a misnomer - there is no way that working through these web sites substitutes for observing rocks in the field. The intellectual processes are quite different. Nevertheless these sites do provide greater levels of interaction than conventional books or poster displays. Here in Leeds we use them to support various modules and provide context for measured data, field relationships or rock samples in laboratory classes. You can visit the sites by clicking on the icons below. Some are self-contained with teaching materials available as pdf files. \|Virtual "field trip" to key sites in the Moine thrust belt\|\|Virtual "fieldtrip" to the Dead Sea Fault system, particularly the Lebanese sector of the plate boundary\| \|Virtual "field trip" that looks at deformation kinematics at Nanga Parbat, Pakistan Himalayas\|\|Exhumation of eclogites in the Western Gneiss Region, Norway\| \|Internal Alps\|\|Subalpine field excursion\| Last update: 10th October 2007
How crop overdependence and poverty created the perfect conditions for disaster. Although Conservative Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel continued to allow the export of grain from Ireland to Great Britainhe did what he could to provide relief in and early He authorized the import of corn maize from the United Stateswhich helped avert some starvation. But in the 18th century the tuber was a startling novelty, frightening to some, bewildering to others—part of a global ecological convulsion set off by Christopher Columbus. About million years ago, the world consisted of a single giant landmass now known as Pangaea. Geological forces broke Pangaea apart, creating the continents and hemispheres familiar today. Over the eons, the separate corners of the earth developed wildly different suites of plants and animals. Crosby, the historian who first described this process. Compared with grains, tubers are inherently more productive. If the head of a wheat or rice plant grows too big, the plant will fall over, with fatal results. Growing underground, tubers are not limited by the rest of the plant. In a Lebanese farmer dug up a potato that weighed nearly 25 pounds. It was bigger than his head. Corn, another American crop, played a similar but smaller role in southern Europe. More than that, as the historian William H. McNeill has argued, the potato led to empire: Equally important, the European and North American adoption of the potato set the template for modern agriculture—the so-called agro-industrial complex. And when potatoes fell to the attack of another import, the Colorado potato beetle, panicked farmers turned to the first artificial pesticide: Competition to produce ever-more-potent arsenic blends launched the modern pesticide industry. In the s and s, improved crops, high-intensity fertilizers and chemical pesticides created the Green Revolution, the explosion of agricultural productivity that transformed farms from Illinois to Indonesia—and set off a political argument about the food supply that grows more intense by the day. It portrayed the English explorer staring into the horizon in familiar visionary fashion. His right hand rested on the hilt of his sword. His left gripped a potato plant. Millions of people who cultivate the earth bless his immortal memory. The statue was pulled down by Nazis in earlyin the wave of anti-Semitic and anti-foreign measures that followed the violent frenzy known as Kristallnacht. Destroying the statue was a crime against art, not history: Drake almost certainly did not introduce the potato to Europe. And even if he had, most of the credit for the potato surely belongs to the Andean peoples who domesticated it. Geographically, the Andes are an unlikely birthplace for a major staple crop. The longest mountain range on the planet, it forms an icy barrier on the Pacific Coast of South America 5, miles long and in many places more than 22, feet high. Active volcanoes scattered along its length are linked by geologic faults, which push against one another and trigger earthquakes, floods and landslides. Even when the land is seismically quiet, the Andean climate is active. Temperatures in the highlands can fluctuate from 75 degrees Fahrenheit to below freezing in a few hours—the air is too thin to hold the heat. Even as Egyptians built the pyramids, Andeans were erecting their own monumental temples and ceremonial plazas. For millennia, contentious peoples jostled for power from Ecuador to northern Chile. Most famous today are the Inca, who seized much of the Andes in a violent flash, built great highways and cities splendid with gold, then fell to Spanish disease and Spanish soldiers.The Origin of the Potato The potato was first cultivated in South America between three and seven thousand years ago, though scientists believe they may have grown wild . Nov 25, · an update on the historical importance of the potato. Posted on November 25, by Philip I have posted before on the important role of the potato in economic growth. Fun Facts About the Potato Potato Facts: Origins of the Potato. The potato, from the perennial Solanum tuberosum, is the world’s fourth largest food crop, following rice, wheat, and maize. The Inca Indians in Peru were the first to cultivate potatoes around 8, BC to 5, B.C. Aug 21, · Watch video · However, the significance of the Potato Famine (or, in the Irish language, An Gorta Mor) in Irish history, and its contribution to the . The potato flower in Louis XVI’s buttonhole, a species that had crossed the Atlantic from Peru, was both an emblem of the Columbian Exchange and one of its most important aspects. Destroying the statue was a crime against art, not history: Drake almost certainly did not introduce the potato to Europe. And even if he had, most of the credit for the potato surely belongs to the Andean peoples who domesticated it.
The surname Shepherdson simply means "Son of a Shepherd" and is the patronymic (son of) form of an occupational name for Shepherdson, someone employed to tend and watch over sheep. In the early days, being a shepherd was a common occupation. In fact, Shepherding is one of the oldest professions, beginning some 6000 years ago. In early England, shepherds were an important part of the economy as wool was England's most important product after food for its people and almost every manor had its flock of sheep. It is not surprising therefore that there were many shepherds with "Shepherd" in their surname. The suffix "son" was probably added to depict the later generation of Shepherds and to distinguish from it being a common surname. Who were the Shepherdsons in Early England According to Researchers at the HouseOfCommons.com, the Shepherdson surname was first found in Durham in the north east of England and that they were a family name of great antiquity. They were described as notable Englishmen in Durham where they were seated as Lords of the Manor of Bishopwearmouth and Murton. Based on historical documents available, we know that the Shepherdsons in Durham held lands by copy of court roll in Bishop Wearmouth and of Murton since the commencement at least of the records of the Halmot Court, temp. Edward III who was king of England from 1327 to 1377. The Shepherdson family name rose to prominence during the mid 17th century. It is well documented that a William Shepherdson, esq. Of Bishop Wearmouth and of Murton, in County was living there in 1635. He was married to Joan (Daughter of John Goodchild, esq. of Ryhope, and sister of Robert Goodchild, esq. Of Pallyon). The abbreviation “esq” is short for “Esquire” which was used as a term to denote social status. During those days, the social rank began with royalty continuing down through to officers of state, church dignitaries, the nobility and knights, they invariably concluded with Esquires and finally, Gentlemen, in that order. Hence, Esquire is often defined as a rank next below that of Knight. It is documented that two of William’s three sons served in the military. Adam was a captain under Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) who was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. William’s third son, Edward, esq. Of Murton which he acquired by gift from his father on 24th November, 1645, was captain of a troop of horse under General George Monk, captain general and commander-in-chief of all the forces in England. One of Edward’s descendants, also named Edward, became an acting magistrate and deputy lieutenant of the county of Durham, for which he served as high sheriff in 1843. The Shepherdson Crest / Coat of Arms & The Royal Connection The Coat of Arms of the Shipperdsons (as it was spelt in the 17th/18th century) of Bishopwearmouth, Monkwearmouth, Morton] can be traced to the reign of Edward III in the 14th century. Coat of Arms: It has three lozenges (on a bend) each charged with a planetary sun in its glory . Motto: Shippersdon Nubem eripiam meaning "I will dispel the cloud" [v] The royal connection of the Shepherdsons is depicted in the Shepherdson Family Crest. Two Shepherdson members married descendants from the royal line of King Edward III. Captain Edward Shipperdson of Murton married Margaret Sympson, sister and sole heir of William Sympson, Pidingtonhall Garth. His son, Ralph, married Margaret Mugrave, the only child and heir to Thomas Musgrave, the sixth son of Sir William Musgrave, Edenball, Bart. Both Margaret Sympson and Margaret Musgrave have their royal lineage to King Edward III documented in the book "Royal Descents and Pedigrees of Founders' Kin", Bernard Burke, Published by Harrison, 1858, Oxford University. So who was King Edward III. Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. His achievements included transformation of the Kingdom of England into the most efficient military power in Europe, including introducing changes in vital legislature and government—in particular the evolution of the English parliament—as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He remained on the throne for 50 years. Source: Heraldic illustrations, by J. and J. B. Burke, By John Burke, John Bernard Burke, 1844 (plate XXIV), Shepherdson Families and their distribution in England Besides the United Kingdom, today, there are Shepherdsons around the world, residing in the US, Australia, Canada and even in Singapore and Malaysia. These families are thought to have migrated from early England. If we use the International Genealogy Index (IGI) to study possible migration patterns within England (where records are available only from 1500), majority of the Shepherdson families (60%) in the 16th century were living in either Durham or Hertford, although there were a small number recorded in Nottingham, Bedford Leicester, Kent, London, Lincoln and Yorkshire. In the 17th century, there was a strong presence of Shepherdsons in Durham (37%) with pockets of families recorded in more than 10 other counties. While majority of the Shepherdson families were in Durham in the 1600s, this was not the case in the 1700s. In fact, the 18th century saw Yorkshire as the country that recorded the most presence of Shepherdson (32%) and this increased to more than half (53%) in the 19th century. Source: International Genealogical Index One of the first few names recorded in early England was: John Schephirdson in the year 1332[i] within the Subsidy Rolls. Subsidy Rolls are records of taxation in England made between the 12th and 17th century. The 1332 subsidy was the first and was primary confined to wealthy householders. John Schephirdson’s name was recorded in the subsidy rolls of Cumberland, one of the 39 historic counties of England. A search of the The Patent Rolls (Calendarium Rotulorum Patentium, Rotuli litterarum patentium) which are primary records of the King of England's correspondence starting in 1202 also revealed a few early Shepherdsons: Another name was Ralph Schiperdson (“Son of a Shepherd”) whose name was found in the Register of the Guild of Corpus Christie dated 1509[ii]. This was a religious guild established at York in the year 1409 by "chaplains and other worthy parsons, both secular and regular," and dedicated to promote the decorous observance of the religious festival of Corpus Christi". The register contained more than 16,850 members made up of individuals of the highest rank, both ecclesiastical and civil. Among these were the archbishop of York, the bishops of Carlisle, Durham, Exeter and Hereford,etc. [i] A Dictionary of English Surnames, By Percy Hide Reaney, Richard Middlewood, Wilson, Contributor Richard Middlewood Wilson, Published by Routledge, 1991. P405 [ii] Robert H. Skaife, ed. (1872) The Register of the Guild of Corpus Christi in the City of York, Publications of the Surtees Society, pg 169 Throughout the course of history, there have been many variants of the surname Shepherdson. An analysis[i] of close to 3,000 birth, christening and marriage records (1500 to 1900) in the British Isles available from the International Genealogical Index (IGI) reveals that there are 135 variants in spelling. Among the more popular ones are: For example, in the early days, Shepherdson surname was spelled as “Shipperdson” or “Schephirdson” .Although there were various spellings, it should be noted that today, the two most common spellings are Shepherdson (predominantly in UK) and Shepardson (US).
is a vector. Therefore the exercise gives you the vectors described graphically in a figure, as well as the concrete values of the coefficients . And you are asked to click on the point in the figure which you think is the end of the vector (a shot). At the end of a session composed of several shots, you will be given a score computed according to the average precision of your shots during the session. Choose a level of difficulty : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 .Detailed menu Other exercises on: Shoot Vectors linear algebraThe most recent version Please take note that WIMS pages are interactively generated; they are not ordinary HTML files. They must be used interactively ONLINE. It is useless for you to gather them through a robot program. Description: click on a linear combination of 2D vectors. exercises interactifs, calcul et tracÚ de graphes en ligne Keywords: interactive mathematics, interactive math, server side interactivity, algebra, linear_algebra, vectors
On this page you can find free printable math worksheets for preschool and kindergarten kids, these sheets are intended to help them with learning number two. Your kid can count, trace and color these sheets and can learn this number in an easy and fun way. Kids learn faster if they are taught with different and fun activities. Number two is always not that easy to learn so all they need to do is practice and practice more. These tracing sheets will help them learning the basic shape and coloring this number will also add more to the learning fun. Trace and Color Number two Count, Trace and Color 2
- Animals: poultry - Animal Production: free-range, grazing management, housing, pasture fertility, range improvement - Crop Production: food product quality/safety - Education and Training: demonstration - Farm Business Management: budgets/cost and returns, new enterprise development, whole farm planning - Soil Management: organic matter, soil analysis, soil chemistry This project investigated the effects of commercial-style photoperiod in a sustainable-style management practice on laying hen deposition rate. Twenty-seven hens were raised in identical conditions. Three breeds were represented by nine hens each. Within each breed, three hens were randomly assigned to one of three groups, resulting in three groups of nine hens. Each group was randomly assigned to a coop, and each coop was assigned a management system treatment. Treatments included: commercial (COM), pasture-raised (PAST) and pasture-raised with an extended, commercial-style photoperiod (PEP). The COM hens were raised indoors with ad libitum feed and a photoperiod of twelve to fourteen hours. This photoperiod became progressively longer as the study progressed. Housing for the PAST hens was identical to that of the COM hens; however, PAST hens had no extended photoperiod and were provided additional access to ten square meters of pasture per hen. Housing for the PEP hens was identical to that of the PAST hens with an additional photoperiod of twelve to fourteen hours. Hen deposition rate was measured once per week over a 56-day period. Egg quality was measured periodically throughout the experiment. The purpose of this project is to investigate a novel method of increasing the productivity of pasture-raised laying hens. With increasing feed costs, high animal welfare standards preferred by the public, and a movement toward sustainable and natural production practices, poultry scientists and producers are exploring the viability and effectiveness of new production practices. In the late 1990’s, a directive was introduced to the European Community to ban the use of battery cages for layers by 2012 (Mugnai et al., 2009). Similar legislation has also been passed in the United States such as California’s Prop 2 in 2008, which dramatically increases the minimal amount of square inches per hen in a hen house and also mandates that eggs imported into California from other states meet these same requirements (California Proposition 2, 2008). This law was implemented in 2014. As a result, researchers should investigate alternative and cost-effective egg production practices outside of the usual commercial practices. Raising hens on pasture is a popular alternative for many small poultry producers; however, egg production is generally lower in this management system. Researchers have demonstrated that hens raised on pasture can maintain similar deposition rates as commercial hens in the spring when pastures are generally high in nutrients and daylight hours are long. However, they struggle to maintain the same deposition rate in late summer, autumn and winter (Van Elswyk, 1997; Bubier, 1998; Mugnai et al., 2009; Castellini et al., 2012; Mugnai et al., 2012). Researchers have also demonstrated that egg quality and nutrient levels are improved when hens are raised on pasture (Mugnai et al., 2009; Mugnai et al., 2012). Sustainable egg producers will find benefit in maintaining high deposition rates throughout the year while also maintaining high egg quality standards. In addition, the alternative production systems, including pasture production systems, are widely considered to be more humane than caged and free range production systems (Appleby and Hughes, 1991). Photoperiod is the length of time within a day that a hen is exposed to sunlight or a broad-spectrum light source. Hens perform at peak production during times of a lengthening or long photoperiod (Sharp, 1993). Commercially-raised hens are commonly kept indoors under artificial lighting for fourteen to sixteen hours per day. As pasture-raised hens do not have a controlled photoperiod, egg deposition declines during times of the year when day length or photoperiod is short. It is hypothesized that egg deposition rate will increase in pasture-raised hens if artificial light is added to coops to mimic long days during periods of decreasing day light. Costs of egg production can be reduced in a pasture management system because hens may obtain nutrients from natural sources such as forage and arthropods that crawl or fly into hens’ designated pasture area. These hens require fewer nutrient inputs in the form of commercially available feed (Buchanan et al., 2007). Additionally, the hens will return nutrients to the pasture via waste products (Moore et al., 1995). Therefore, a pasture-raised hen can contribute to the overall sustainability of poultry production by recycling nutrients between the animal itself and its surrounding ecosystem. It is hypothesized that the nutrient profile of the pastures where hens are housed will be more desirable for producers. Furthermore, the hens’ outputs, in the form of eggs, will be more desirable for consumers. Raising hens on pasture enhances sustainability of agriculture by directly linking the hens to the environment in which they live. This link is achieved through nutrient exchange from the hen to the soil and then back to the hen again. However, there are environmental aspects in this management system which cannot be controlled. These include diet, light, temperature, and other weather factors. This is in great contrast to the housing conditions of commercially-raised laying hens. The environment for commercially-raised hens is completely controlled, from the room temperature to the lighting and the feed. It is well-recognized among agriculturalists that providing a consistent, safe environment results in profitable production. However, commercial systems are not considered to be sustainable as every nutrient input must be obtained and delivered, and every nutrient output must be handled and removed appropriately. There is no direct link between the animal and its surrounding environment. Eggs from pasture-raised hens are a popular sustainable alternative to commercially-produced eggs. However, certain environmental aspects, such as short day length in the fall and winter, may depress overall productivity and profitability. One way to control the hens’ environment without removing the hens from their ecosystem is to provide additional lighting (Lewis et al., 1997). It is hypothesized that this will essentially “trick” the hens’ systems into believing they are in a perpetual spring, when egg production is at its peak. Timed lights are a simple addition to any coop. Therefore, producers may find much benefit in including this artificial environmental stimulus. Any practice that increases the efficiency of pasture-raised hens at minimal cost will encourage agriculturalists to produce a sustainable, humane product without limiting output. This will increase the quantity not only of sustainable egg products available for consumers but also of sustainable agricultural practices for producers. The increased quantity should have a favorable effect on the price for consumers and producers, thereby making the sustainable option a more popular choice. The experiment has been completed. This is the Final Report.
6th June, 2023 TABLE OF CONTENTS Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a buzzword in today's world, and Chatbots are one of the most popular forms of AI. Chatbots are intelligent computer programs that can hold conversations with humans. They are widely used by companies for customer service, virtual assistants, and other applications. ChatGPT is one such popular chatbot that uses an AI algorithm to converse with humans. However, with the increasing use of ChatGPT, there has been a growing concern about privacy and security. Companies want to track ChatGPT users to ensure that their data is secure and that they are not misusing company resources. With any type of data breach that came before, companies would be able to localize the impact so it limits the data breaches’ reach. There was centralized context about vulnerable entry points where damage control actions could be taken to prevent future issues. But since ChatGPT is on a public domain and isn't controlled centrally, companies struggle with identifying the perpetrator of the leaks, the entry points & end up having very limited context on the attack or how to limit control without a way to monitor who has access & how ChatGPT could use this information in its models. Confidential leaks: With ChatGPT, the first problem companies face is the possibility of employees using company data to train ChatGPT models. This is a serious concern since company data is confidential and should not be used for any other purpose. If employees use company data to train ChatGPT models, it could lead to a breach of data privacy. We came across a few real-world customer problems where QA & engineering teams were using internal code to generate unit and integration test cases for automation from ChatGPT. This creates two major issues: a. Patented information becomes public which can lead to serious repercussions since competitors will be able to get a hold of this intel and also use it against you by removing any product based competitive advantage you might have had. b. It also means the feature or product is actually launched to the public when it should only be for customers and your intended target audience Security breach: Unauthorized access is another issue that companies face with ChatGPT. Based on compliance and auditory policies, ChatGPT users might not fall into that category and it could become a gray area for IT a. For example: If an IT or CS executive was trying to automate their ticket resolution process through ChatGPT, it requires sharing historical resolution information of your customer or internal issues with ChatGPT. The model now has access to information like customer intent, RCAs, tech infrastructure models etc. This is an access violation that teams might never find out about until it's too late. Zluri is a cloud-based platform that helps companies manage their SaaS applications. Zluri can discover and detect if a user is logged into ChatGPT with their official work or company email ID. Zluri does this in two ways. Firstly, it integrates directly with the Single Sign-On (SSO) of your company or the Identity Provider of your company. It pulls information from the SSO about the list of users and applications your organization currently uses. If a user has signed up or logged into ChatGPT, it will show up on Zluri’s dashboard. Secondly, Zluri provides a browser extension that captures the URL of the site, the title of the website, and the log-in/log-out times. Zluri authenticates if the user is a valid user and matches URL information with their database. If these steps are successful, Zluri populates the information on the dashboard. Once companies have discovered ChatGPT users on Zluri's dashboard, they can gather valuable information. Companies can see the number of users using ChatGPT, their log-in/log-out times, How often they use it (usage%), What is the CVE score of these user accesses, Their most recent activity on ChatGPT. This information can help companies track the usage of ChatGPT and ensure that it is being used for the intended purpose. Zluri provides several actions that companies can take once they have discovered ChatGPT users on their dashboards. Firstly, companies can notify the user and mark ChatGPT as restricted for the organization. This will prevent the user from using ChatGPT in the future. 2. Secondly, companies can mark the user as suspended or inactive on Zluri and take subsequent action. 3. Lastly, companies can revoke the user's work ID access automatically from Zluri ChatGPT poses a significant threat to data privacy and security, and it is essential for companies to track and manage its usage. Zluri offers a comprehensive solution that helps companies discover ChatGPT users, analyze their usage, and take action to ensure data privacy and security. With its SSO integration and browser agent methods, Zluri provides companies with a quick and efficient way to track ChatGPT usage. By restricting access, marking users as inactive or suspended, and revoking access automatically, companies can prevent unauthorized access to company data. Moreover, the analytics provided by Zluri help companies monitor ChatGPT usage and identify potential security risks. If you're looking for a solution to track and manage ChatGPT usage in your company, Zluri is the perfect tool for you. An obese SaaS stack leads to SaaS wastage. It's a disease! It not only causes financial issues but also gives you security and compliance problems. That's why you must keep tight control on your SaaS stack. And it begins with managing your SaaS vendors. In this post, you'll learn about shadow IT due to SaaS apps. You'll also learn the most common types of shadow apps categories, shadow IT risks, and shadow IT benefits. Zluri's Modern IGA solution helps companies mitigate security and compliance risks. Govern access to your SaaS for the entire user lifecycle through user provisioning, automated access reviews, and self-service access requests. When an organization has a large number of SaaS applications in its SaaS stack, it gives rise to SaaS Sprawl. SaaS operations consist of procuring the right set of SaaS apps, managing access to these apps by users/departments, monitoring their usage, and offboarding them properly when they are no longer needed. Discover expert-recommended 6 ways of attaining immediate return on investment (ROI) with Zluri. Every month, we will highlight the newest updates to our features so you can get a sneak preview of what's new. We've been working hard to improve your experience by adding new features, and we're ecstatic to show you what we have in store. Fresh funding round to enable growth across North America and expand into Europe. Zluri to double-down on AI as Identity Governance functionality makes an impact with users.
The Lean Manufacturing Principle Efficiency is a term that plays a major role in industrial production. Lean Production means "lean production" and is an approach that aims to achieve the highest possible efficiency. But what exactly is behind it? What makes production lean and what exactly does Toyota have to do with it? This article answers these questions and also shows the advantages that lean production brings with it. Lean Production - the concept and functionality of lean production Lean Production, also known as Lean Manufacturing, is based on the cost- and time-efficient use of production factors, including personnel, material resources and the organization of the production processes. Typical instruments of lean production, which was first discussed in an economic exchange in 1992, are teamwork, just-in-time approaches, PDCA cycles (“Plan-Do-Check-Act”) and quality management on a grand scale . The concept is based on three pillars: The first module tries to reduce as many production factors as possible to a minimum. For example, throughput times are shortened, excess capacities are restricted and stocks are reduced. The second pillar deals with increasing product quality. For this purpose, regular quality controls, an ongoing review of product development and very intensive cooperation with suppliers are recommended. Find out more about the increase in quality using Kaizen or artificial intelligence via the links. 3. Increasing flexibility In addition, great importance is attached to high flexibility. All production systems are being revised and made more flexible, and temporary capacities are being integrated into production. One of the main goals of Lean Production is to reduce waste, for example in connection with rejects, inefficient transport routes, the waiting time for certain stocks and the need for rework. The idea behind this is that such waste ultimately results in a product with an unnecessarily expensive purchase price for the customer. In short: Lean production stands for the lowest possible cost and time expenditure with the highest possible quality. What does Lean Production have to do with Toyota? The production system of the automobile company Toyota, TPS for short, which was changed in 1973 to more efficiency, flexibility and quality, is considered the original form of lean production. The TPS still serves as a prime example of the extremely innovative lean production at the time. What are the advantages of the lean production strategy? Specifically, companies that have committed themselves to the idea of lean production benefit from shorter lead times, greatly increased productivity and perfect product quality. At the same time, waste is reduced to a minimum and production speed increases. In the end, all of these points lead to cost savings. 5S for cleanliness and order The 5S system is a lean manufacturing tool that improves workplace efficiency and eliminates waste. There are five steps in the system, each starting with the letter S: - Set in Order Seiri - sort All objects, tools and notes that are no longer needed are sorted out. Seiton - order Work materials are arranged sensibly and ergonomically and, if necessary, provided with labels. Seiton -Set In Order Organize and identify storage for efficient use Seiso – Cleanliness Surfaces, floors and objects are cleaned thoroughly. Seiketsu - standardize The process is standardized so that the tidying up can be controlled and as quickly as possible in the future. Shitsuke - self-discipline The standard procedure developed is adhered to without exception. Seiri, Seiton, Seiso and Seiketsu are internalized through repetition and imprint themselves in a very natural way. By the way: Safety is sometimes added as the sixth S, which is self-explanatory when it comes to making the workplace safe. Six Sigma and Lean Production Six Sigma and Lean Production actually have nothing to do with each other - they are separately developed strategies. Nevertheless, they are often combined with one another and complement each other well. Six Sigma takes the statistics to their chest and uses them as a basis to optimize production processes, with the main focus on product quality and customer satisfaction. If Six Sigma is present in a production facility, this means that out of a million possible errors, only 3.4 actually happen. Therefore, the term is often used as a synonym for zero-error tolerance. When a company tackles process optimization according to Six Sigma, it usually uses the so-called DMAIC cycle. DMAIC stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control. All processes are made measurable step by step and broken down into the smallest possible sections, which are optimized taking into account the previous and subsequent steps. By the way: The error rate for companies that have not optimized their production according to Six Sigma is usually three to four Sigma. This means that out of a million possible errors, 6210 actually occur. Does lean production also have disadvantages? As beneficial as lean production can be for companies, it also has some disadvantages that must be considered: Because stocks are always kept low, short-term faults and problems in the production process may not be able to be intercepted. Just-in-time means that suppliers often deliver relatively small quantities of a certain inventory. As a result, the environmental impact of emissions increases. Lean Production provides for the narrowest possible variety of products, which is not a problem in some companies, but a major problem in others. Therefore: Lean production? Yes, please! However, you should always proceed realistically, with the respective company striving for a healthy average. Buckling the belt too tight too quickly can have extremely counterproductive consequences.
Week 1 Theme: Recording Electrical Activity in Single Neurons: The Excitable Cell and Synaptic Transmission An intensive week learning whole-cell patch clamp techniques. Although the focus will be slice based electrophysiology, students will also gain experience with the oocyte expression system and dynamic clamp techniques. By the end of week 1 students have a firm grasp of the technical aspects of patch clamping in brain slices, but also an intimate knowledge of the important biophysical foundations underlying electrophysiological recording and data interpretation. During this week students will also learn advanced stereotaxic injection techniques that are required for subsequent weeks of the course. Week 2 Theme: Imaging of Cortical Processing and Neuronal Network Function Students will gain both theoretical and practical knowledge to use emergent imaging and in vivo electrophysiology techniques. Students will learn the principles and application of light microscopy, as well as the use of different types of imaging systems, functional fluorophores, delivery techniques, and digital image-processing software. Laboratory practicals will involve functional imaging from living animals and brain slices, with particular emphasis on single- and two-photon microscopy. Using calcium indicators, students will record neural responses in vitro and in vivo, and will be armed with analysis tools for extracting and interpreting fluorescence signals. Week 3 Theme: Manipulating Brain Systems and Behaviour Students will gain insight into fundamental neuromodulatory systems operating in subcortical circuits to control behaviour and methods to interrogate system function. Students will learn how to perform stereotaxic surgery in order to manipulate subcortical systems with pharmacogenetic and optogenetic tools. Students will also learn how to design behavioural experiments, programme behavioural training equipment and train experimental animals to specific conditioning procedures. At the completion of behavioural experiments, students will conduct slice electrophysiology experiments to verify how pharmacogenetic and optogenetic tools modify single cell excitability.
Health benefits of Pears fruitsNovember 21, 2023 ⚊ 1 Min read ⚊ Views 17 ⚊ BLOG Pears are a powerhouse fruit, packing fiber, vitamins, beneficial plant compounds; produced and consumed around the world. There are more than three thousand known pear fruit types cultivated in this world, each and every type of pear fruit’s taste and shape vary. This pear fruit is based on the family Rosaceae. People are consumed fresh, canned, as juice, dried, or fermented as perry.
Presenter: Christine Power- University of Massachusetts, Boston 21st Century Learners & Digital Storytelling In June 2006, Sir Ken Robinson gave what has become one of the most widely distributed education-related talks in TED history. Professor Emeritus at the University of Warwick, Dr. Robinson's work focuses on the impact of the declining role of creativity and imagination in education and has led to influential appointments by the UK, Hong Kong, Singapore governments, as well as the European Commission. In this TED talk, Dr. Robinson makes a compelling argument to rethink the structure of contemporary schools, which in his opinion honor academic-focused achievement, at the expense of creativity and imagination. Digital Storytelling: Achievement through Creativity? Leslie Rule defines digital storytelling as "the modern expression of the ancient art of storytelling. Throughout history, storytelling has been used to share knowledge, wisdom, and values. Stories have taken many different forms. Stories have been adapted to each successive medium that has emerged, from the circle of the campfire to the silver screen, and now the computer screen" (Center for Digital Storytelling, 2011). The Center for Digital Storytelling's work is guided by the following principles, which can easily be transferred to the educational arena: - Everyone has many powerful stories to tell. - Listening is hard. - People see, hear, and perceive the world in different ways. - Creative activity is human activity. - Technology is a powerful instrument of creativity. - Sharing stories can lead to positive change. Digital Storytelling resources As you navigate through these resources and reflect on how to effectively integrate digital storytelling into the curricula, explore these great resources: - How to Use Digital Storytelling in Your Classroom Edutopia published this succinct how-to-guide for educators interested in incorporating digital storytelling into the classroom. Through the piece, Jennifer New shares concrete advice from two seasoned classroom teachers about the challenges of working with video and digital stories. This advice is designed to help educators, like yourself, who hope to engage students in the learning process and harness the power of storytelling. - Tell a Story, Become a Lifelong Learner As part of Microsoft's Microsoft in Education guides, this Digital Storytelling guidebook provides a comprehensive step by step guide to enacting Digital Storytelling projects in your classroom. The guide includes a significant number of real-world examples of student projects from K-12.
Disadvantages of postal services. Postal Service Advantages And Disadvantages 2022-10-22 Disadvantages of postal services Rating: Postal services, while still a vital means of communication and delivery in many parts of the world, have a number of disadvantages that have become increasingly apparent in recent years. One major disadvantage of postal services is their slow speed. With the proliferation of email and other forms of digital communication, the time it takes for a letter or package to be delivered by post can seem interminably long. This can be especially frustrating for individuals or businesses that rely on prompt delivery of important documents or packages. Another disadvantage is the cost of postal services. While the cost of sending a letter or small package through the mail may not seem like much, the expense can quickly add up for businesses or individuals sending multiple items. Additionally, the cost of postal services can vary significantly depending on the destination, size, and weight of the item being sent, making it difficult to budget for shipping costs. A third disadvantage of postal services is their lack of reliability. While most postal systems are generally reliable, there are instances where letters or packages are lost or delayed. This can be especially problematic for individuals or businesses that rely on timely delivery of important documents or packages. Finally, postal services are not always the most environmentally friendly option. The transportation of physical mail and packages requires the use of fuel, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. This is especially true for international deliveries, which often involve long distances and multiple modes of transportation. In conclusion, while postal services are still a necessary and important means of communication and delivery, they have a number of disadvantages that have become increasingly apparent in recent years. These include their slow speed, the cost of sending items through the mail, their lack of reliability, and their potential impact on the environment. Adantages & Disadvantages of Direct Mail However, it cannot be used for confidential and urgent messages as it does not maintain secrecy. Secondly, the concept of the post itself has become obsolete since the introduction of e-mail and other faster means of communication. The banking that is modern works as the public sector appears behind the personal risk-takers: The government-backed central bank stands prepared to provide inexpensive loans to personal banking. However, that is not always the case. The text appears as follows. It is convenient and safe for important, urgent and confidential matters. They are also exempted from sharing a portion of their earning to any shareholders that may be taking earnings from other companies. It is also the most accurate. Voters can make errors on their ballots, the postal service can fail to deliver, and administrators can lose the paperwork. There are a variety of reasons that can result in this outcoming, ranging from the vote arriving late to the presence of an invalid signature. Post offices do not have any other infrastructure which is commonly required by banks as well. It was called the Stamp Act because the colonies were supposed to buy paper from Britain. Misinterpretation of the questions can happen without an interviewer present. It has provision for compensating to the sender for the loss and damage of the letter in transit. Contract law is a form of the law which focuses on agreements made between two or more parties. No writing or posting of cheques or postal orders. The courier service actually involves transportation of goods by road hail or airways. Such service helps to maintain and strengthen the business relation businessmen in any part of the world. But a consideration if you want to send out a very bespoke type of direct mail. United Postal Service is not a real company. Exam Kits: Advantages and Disadvantages of Postal Service It is not affected by bias or influenced by people who want to deceive or falsify the data. It is suitable for expressing and sending best wishes, congratulation, condolence, invitation and inquiry. Ans: Postal service is the process of carrying and transferring letters, documents, parcels and money from one place, person and office to another place inside and outside the country throughout post service. The post office is not responsible for the loss and damage of the letter in transit. Newsletter Sign-up One approach would be to exploit client laziness. What are some advantages and disadvantages of postal service being a private sector? Firstly, there is the problem of financial inclusion. It also provides the load to the employee of post office without security. Those stamps valued one ana, two anas and four anas each. This serves as an incentive to respondents to send in their responses. Majority control shifted to the private sector in 1995, and the company later became part of a global delivery company known as TNT. It has no provision for compensating to the sender for the loss and damage of the letter in transit. Postal Service And Electronic Communication Service Class 9 Office Practicing And Accounting How Did The Stamp Act Impact Society 284 Words 2 Pages The Stamp Act caused many colonial family 's to not be able to afford the tools and supplies that they needed to thus impact their lives greatly and caused them to be very angry. But banks also lower their effective borrowing costs much more insidious methods. The two most common issues seen are a failure to sign their affidavit and accidentally voting twice. List of the Disadvantages of Vote by Mail 1. It allows every registered voter a convenient way to have their voice heard on specific issues. The advantages and disadvantages of vote by mail are rife with misconceptions and distrust. The United States post has previously offered banking services between 1911 and 1966. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Postal Service? The pressure of paying taxes did not apply to the USPS, causing them to have a great advantage over private companies. It contains enough space for writing the name and address of the sender, receiver and enough space for writing a short message. On the one hand, they want the credit card interest rates to be capped at 24% whereas, on the other hand, they want the United States Postal Service to provide payday loans. That means a significant portion of the administration savings disappear entirely. Benefits of paying by Standing Order:No waiting in queues. advantages and disadvantages of POSTAL REGISTRATION Money is no longer needed for recruiting, training, and paying workers who maintain polling places on election day. Requires Address data It helps to be able to source the addresses of your contacts. Second, multimedia can be a great way to build relationships. If the weight of the letter exceeds 20 grams, additional postage stamp of Rs. For exchanging such information between the personnel or office, post office plays the role of a mediator by providing postal service.
Lessons - High School Provide students with an understanding of the importance of shelter as a basic human need Help them develop an understanding of the wide-ranging effects of homelessness and the lack of proper housing and why some people need housing assistance. With this understanding, students will be more likely to empathize with people who live in these situations and develop the desire to give back to the community. This program allows students in grades 9–12 to uncover information about the social, economic, geographic and political causes surrounding poverty housing and homelessness. Unit 1: Economics, Government, and Housing Designed to align with the curriculum in a high school government or economics class, Unit 1 helps students make deeper connections with regard to how economic and government decisions and policies affect individuals. Unit 2: Current Poverty Housing and Homelessness Issues In this unit, students analyze specific initiatives that different communities have adopted and might adopt to address the issues that surround poverty housing and homelessness. Unit 3: Geographic Influences on Homebuilding In Unit 3, students gather information about the geography and local building materials used in a particular country and design a Habitat house appropriate to that country. In the Wake of Disaster In this lesson, students will learn about natural disasters that have devastated communities worldwide and the components that go into Habitat for Humanity’s efforts to rebuild. In small groups, students will generate a slide presentation about these subjects. In this lesson, students will learn about sustainable building practices Habitat for Humanity supports. Students will generate a diagram to explain an aspect of green building and then create a proposal for a green initiative. In this lesson, students will learn about social media websites, marketing, and Habitat for Humanity’s goals, and combine this knowledge to analyze how social media sites can help nonprofits attract attention and gain support. In pairs, students will create a marketing proposal that will challenge them to consider how Habitat for Humanity can continue to harness the power of social media to get people involved in the organization. Words of Action In this lesson, students will learn about how Habitat for Humanity proposes and supports legislative efforts that affect poverty housing. Students will draft and present a mock testimony before a panel. Building a Community In this lesson, students will learn about Habitat for Humanity’s Neighborhood Revitalization Initiative (NRI) and how it goes beyond simply helping individual homeowners. It takes a broader approach, making contributions that will improve the bonds, station, and morale of an entire community. In groups, students will research a single facet of a hypothetical NRI project in detail and make a wedge-shaped poster on the topic. Student groups will assemble their posters so they create a circle, and they will discuss how individual initiatives together make for holistic, widespread change in a community. In this lesson, students will learn about basic components of personal finances and financial education. Students will create a board game that illustrates financial concepts and donate it to a Habitat for Humanity affiliate or community center. Before and After In this lesson, students will learn about families who have worked with Habitat for Humanity to attain safe and affordable housing. Students will read articles and interviews about the lives of three different families around the world and the hardships they faced. Students will discover how having a Habitat home has improved their lives. Besides educating students on Habitat for Humanity’s projects, this lesson will emphasize the comparative housing needs and challenges of different world areas. Finally, students will collaborate to create and post blog entries about a fictional Habitat for Humanity project in a different country. In this lesson, students will discover how microfinance differs from conventional loans and how—unlike with traditional bank loans—individuals can contribute to microfinance and make a difference in the life of someone living in poverty. Students will learn how Habitat for Humanity uses housing microfinance to help people improve their homes. Using the Habitat for Humanity website and other resources, students will work in groups to choose a country and research how to help a family in that country with a housing microfinance loan. The class will then select one group project and work together to put that group’s microfinance plan into action.
Seccombe and Arber, comps. Elizabethan Sonnets. 1904. Sonnets and Poetical Translations XXX. What changes here, O hair! Sir Philip Sidney (15541586) Translated out of Diana of M ONTEMAYOR in Spanish, where S IRENO, a shepherd, pulling out a little of his mistress D IANAs hair, wrapt about with green silk; who had now utterly forsaken him: to the hair, he thus bewailed himself. W HAT changes here, O hair! I see? since I saw you. How ill fits you, this green to wear, For hope the colour due. Indeed I well did hope, 5 Though hope were mixed with fear, No other shepherd should have scope Once to approach this hair. Ah, hair! how many days My D IANA made me show, 10 With thousand pretty childish plays, If I wore you or no? Alas, how oft with tears, O tears of guileful breast! She seemèd full of jealous fears; 15 Whereat I did but jest. Tell me, O hair of gold! If I then faulty be, That trust those killing eyes, I would, Since they did warrant me. 20 Have you not seen her mood? What streams of tears she spent! Till that I swear my faith so stood, As her words had it bent. Who hath such beauty seen 25 In one that changeth so? Or where ones love so constant been, Who ever saw such woe? Ah hair! are you not grieved? To come from whence you be: 30 Seeing how once you saw I lived; To see me, as you see? On sandy bank, of late, I saw this woman sit, Where Sooner die, than change my state, 35 She, with her finger, writ. Thus my belief was stayed. Behold loves mighty hand On things, were by a woman said, And written in the sand. 40
Article by Monishaa Suresh In the wake of President Trump announcing the United States’ withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, states, businesses, cities and institutions have stepped up and come together pledging to incorporate the goals of the Paris Agreement. Hawaii is paving the way for states by going further than just words by being the first state to sign legislation to implement goals of Paris Accords in the state. On Tuesday, Hawaii governor David Y. Ige signed two bills, SB 559 and HB 1578. SB 559, aiming to cut statewide greenhouse gas emissions “in alignment with the principles and goals adopted” in the Paris Agreement while HB 1578 establishes a Carbon Farming Task Force. SB 559, in its introduction establishes that “not only is climate change real, it is the overriding challenge of the 21st century and one of the priority issues of the senate.”(2) Hawaii has long been an environmentally conscious state with policies in place recognizing the effects of climate change with a “tradition of environmental leadership, having prioritized policies regarding conservation, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and development and use of alternative renewable energy.” The state recognized back in 2007 in Act 234 that “climate change poses a serious threat to the economic well-being, public health, natural resources, and the environment of Hawaii.”1 Governor Ige, said before signing the new bill, “Many of the greatest challenges of our day hit us first, and that means that we also need to be first when it comes to creating solutions…We are the testing grounds – as an island state, we are especially aware of the limits of our natural environment.”(1) Being an island state with an economy so reliant on tourism that revolves around the environment, Hawaii is very proactive and must do what they can to prepare themselves for the changes they may face as a result of global warming. With ice melting and sea levels rising, the islands would be the first to face the effects. With its new bills it specifically incorporates three goals established in the Paris Agreement by calling for a goal global temperature of “well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels,” by fighting the effects of climate change “in a manner that does not threaten food production” and by working towards economic goals by “making finance flows consistent with a pathway toward low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.”(3) The bills combine economic and environmental goals to creating a lasting positive impact. Hawaii has also joined other states, Washington, California, Virginia and New York, that remain committed to the goals set in Paris. While the actions of one state alone may not make up for the effects that could be achieved as a nation, Governor Ige’s actions prove that regardless of our administration’s stance on climate change, Americans are still willing to do what it takes to combat the effects of climate change however they can. - “Act 234 H.B. No. 226” http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2007/bills/GM1005_.PDF - “Defying Trump, Hawaii Becomes First State to Pass Law Committing to Paris Climate Accord” The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/climate/hawaii-climate-paris-trump.html - “State Bill No. 559” http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/session2017/bills/SB559_CD1_.htm
Home / Overview Photonics is a rapidly growing sector in the global economy. Optical communications, optical storage, imaging, lighting, optical sensors or security are just a few examples. Even if photonics could bring improved characteristics to electronic components as low propagation losses, high bandwidth, wavelength multiplexing and immunity to electromagnetic noise, the high cost of photonic components and there assembly is a major obstacle to their deployment in most of application fields. Yet, just like in micro-electronics, many applications can be realized in a much more compact and cost-effective way by integrating the required functionality in a single chip. HELIOS will demonstrate different routes of integration of photonics with electronics and make available an integrated design and fabrication chain with standard and generic processes that could be transferred to foundries. HELIOS will tackle a range of hard tasks remaining to be completed for the deployment of CMOS photonics.
Conception may depend on your physical and mental health, but what you put in your mouth also counts. Have you ever thought about what benefits the food you eat daily have on your body? Those with strict diets to follow probably do, but foodies who take down anything that comes their way, not so much. I belong to the latter, but I recently found out that eating the right food could increase chances of falling pregnant so from one food lover to another, let’s eat right and make babies. Honey enhances fertility and strengthens your ovaries and uterus. Its rich bank of minerals and amino acids nourishes your reproductive system and stimulates ovarian function promoting fertility. So the next time your partner calls you honey, ask him to come through with honey. Think omega-3 and omega-6, that’s what oily fishes like salmon bring forth. They are vital for healthy nervous system and they assist in hormone production. They are also important in regulating reproductive functioning, improving blood flow and enhancing sperm quality and motility. In the name of being healthy, you’ve been avoiding looking at anything ice cream related, but did you know that ice creams are good for those who want to join in the land of motherhood? Since it’s a whole dairy product, they’re rich in calcium, which promotes development and maintenance of the nervous system, bones and blood. Avocados are packed with minerals, vitamins, essential fats, protein, carbohydrates and fibre. As a good source of vitamin E, they can be beneficial in improving endometrial lining and can also help with embryo implantation which is how a fertilized egg becomes a pregnancy. Avocados are also a good source of folate, and consuming food with high folate as well as taking folic acid supplements during pregnancy can help prevent spina bifida. I also only discovered this after reading about them, but this fruit is not only rich in vitamin C, vitamin K, folic acid and several other vitamins and minerals, it’s known for having anti ageing properties, anti cancer properties which can helpful for cardiovascular health and bone health and have anti-inflammatory properties as well as helping boost blood flow. We love spicey food but not the chillies. Well, if you’re on mission conceive, you’ll want to indulge in red and green chillies. They increase the supply of blood and nutrients to the tissues ensuring that the reproductive system gets a healthy supply of blood circulation.