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[ "Niccolò Machiavelli", "notable work", "The Prince" ]
"Machiavellian" Machiavelli is most famous for a short political treatise, The Prince, written in 1513 but not published until 1532, five years after his death. Although he privately circulated The Prince among friends, the only theoretical work to be printed in his lifetime was The Art of War, which was about military...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Niccolò Machiavelli", "occupation", "poet" ]
Fictional works Besides being a statesman and political scientist, Machiavelli also translated classical works, and was a playwright (Clizia, Mandragola), a poet (Sonetti, Canzoni, Ottave, Canti carnascialeschi), and a novelist (Belfagor arcidiavolo). Some of his other work:Decennale primo (1506) – a poem in terza rima...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Petrarch", "genre", "poetry" ]
Works Petrarch is best known for his Italian poetry, notably the Rerum vulgarium fragmenta ("Fragments of Vernacular Matters"), a collection of 366 lyric poems in various genres also known as 'canzoniere' ('songbook'), and I trionfi ("The Triumphs"), a six-part narrative poem of Dantean inspiration. However, Petrarch w...
genre
85
[ "category", "style", "type", "kind", "class" ]
null
null
[ "Petrarch", "writing language", "Italian" ]
Francesco Petrarca (Italian: [franˈtʃesko peˈtrarka]; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists.Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissanc...
writing language
47
[ "written in", "language used in writing", "written using", "written with", "script" ]
null
null
[ "Petrarch", "religion or worldview", "Catholic Church" ]
Philosophy Petrarch is often referred to as the father of humanism and considered by many to be the "father of the Renaissance". In Secretum meum, he points out that secular achievements do not necessarily preclude an authentic relationship with God, arguing instead that God has given humans their vast intellectual and...
religion or worldview
40
[ "faith", "belief system", "creed", "philosophy", "ideology" ]
null
null
[ "Petrarch", "place of death", "Arquà Petrarca" ]
Giovanni died of the plague in 1361. In the same year Petrarch was named canon in Monselice near Padua. Francesca married Francescuolo da Brossano (who was later named executor of Petrarch's will) that same year. In 1362, shortly after the birth of a daughter, Eletta (the same name as Petrarch's mother), they joined Pe...
place of death
45
[ "location of death", "death place", "place where they died", "place of passing", "final resting place" ]
null
null
[ "Petrarch", "languages spoken, written or signed", "Italian" ]
Works Petrarch is best known for his Italian poetry, notably the Rerum vulgarium fragmenta ("Fragments of Vernacular Matters"), a collection of 366 lyric poems in various genres also known as 'canzoniere' ('songbook'), and I trionfi ("The Triumphs"), a six-part narrative poem of Dantean inspiration. However, Petrarch w...
languages spoken, written or signed
38
[ "linguistic abilities", "language proficiency", "language command" ]
null
null
[ "Petrarch", "given name", "Francesco" ]
Francesco Petrarca (Italian: [franˈtʃesko peˈtrarka]; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists.Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissanc...
given name
60
[ "first name", "forename", "given title", "personal name" ]
null
null
[ "Giovanni Boccaccio", "instance of", "human" ]
Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: , US: , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and on...
instance of
5
[ "type of", "example of", "manifestation of", "representation of" ]
null
null
[ "Giovanni Boccaccio", "native language", "Italian" ]
Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: , US: , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and on...
native language
46
[ "mother tongue", "first language", "mother language", "primary language", "L1" ]
null
null
[ "Giovanni Boccaccio", "place of birth", "Florence" ]
Biography Childhood and youth, 1313–1330 The details of Boccaccio's birth are uncertain. He was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from. He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman; he was likely born out of wedlock. Boccaccio's stepmother was calle...
place of birth
42
[ "birthplace", "place of origin", "native place", "homeland", "birth city" ]
null
null
[ "Giovanni Boccaccio", "occupation", "writer" ]
Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: , US: , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and on...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Giovanni Boccaccio", "notable work", "The Decameron" ]
Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: , US: , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and on...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Giovanni Boccaccio", "place of death", "Certaldo" ]
Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: , US: , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and on...
place of death
45
[ "location of death", "death place", "place where they died", "place of passing", "final resting place" ]
null
null
[ "Giovanni Boccaccio", "notable work", "Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta" ]
Works Alphabetical listing of selected works Amorosa visione (1342) Buccolicum carmen (1367–1369) Caccia di Diana (1334–1337) Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine (Ninfale d'Ameto, 1341–1342) Corbaccio (around 1365, this date is disputed) De Canaria (within 1341–1345) De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (c. 1360). Facsimile of 162...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "place of death", "Rome" ]
Legacy On 14 July 1930, a version of his short play The Man with the Flower in His Mouth, adapted and produced by Lance Sieveking, co-produced with John Logie Baird's company,and starring Val Gielgud and Lionel Millard, became the first drama broadcast in both picture and sound when the British Broadcasting Corporatio...
place of death
45
[ "location of death", "death place", "place where they died", "place of passing", "final resting place" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "writing language", "Italian" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
writing language
47
[ "written in", "language used in writing", "written using", "written with", "script" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "languages spoken, written or signed", "Italian" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
languages spoken, written or signed
38
[ "linguistic abilities", "language proficiency", "language command" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "nominated for", "Nobel Prize in Literature" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
nominated for
103
[ "up for", "shortlisted for", "in the running for", "selected for", "contending for" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "notable work", "One, No one and One Hundred Thousand" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "notable work", "L'Esclusa" ]
Novels 1902: Il turno (The Turn) 1904: Il fu Mattia Pascal (The Late Mattia Pascal) 1908: L'esclusa (The Excluded Woman) 1911: Suo marito (Her Husband) 1913: I vecchi e i giovani (The Old and the Young) 1915: Si Gira, Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio (Shoot!, The Notebooks of Serafino Gubbio, Cinematograph Operator, 1926 En...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "place of birth", "Agrigento" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
place of birth
42
[ "birthplace", "place of origin", "native place", "homeland", "birth city" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "notable work", "Six Characters in Search of an Author" ]
Selected works Major plays 1916: Liolà 1917: Così è (se vi pare) (So It Is (If You Think So)) 1917: Il piacere dell'onestà (The Pleasure of Honesty) 1918: Il gioco delle parti (The Rules of the Game) 1919: L'uomo, la bestia e la virtù (Man, Beast and Virtue) 1921: Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore (Six Characters in Sea...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "notable work", "Henry IV" ]
Selected works Major plays 1916: Liolà 1917: Così è (se vi pare) (So It Is (If You Think So)) 1917: Il piacere dell'onestà (The Pleasure of Honesty) 1918: Il gioco delle parti (The Rules of the Game) 1919: L'uomo, la bestia e la virtù (Man, Beast and Virtue) 1921: Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore (Six Characters in Sea...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "notable work", "Il fu Mattia Pascal" ]
Novels 1902: Il turno (The Turn) 1904: Il fu Mattia Pascal (The Late Mattia Pascal) 1908: L'esclusa (The Excluded Woman) 1911: Suo marito (Her Husband) 1913: I vecchi e i giovani (The Old and the Young) 1915: Si Gira, Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio (Shoot!, The Notebooks of Serafino Gubbio, Cinematograph Operator, 1926 En...
notable work
73
[ "masterpiece", "landmark", "tour de force", "most significant work", "famous creation" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "member of", "Compagnia del teatro d'arte di Roma" ]
Italy under the Fascists Pirandello was an Italian nationalist and supported Fascism in a moderate way. In 1924 he wrote a letter to Benito Mussolini asking him to be accepted as a member of the National Fascist Party. In 1925 Pirandello, with the help of Mussolini, assumed the artistic direction and ownership of the T...
member of
55
[ "part of", "belonging to", "affiliated with", "associated with", "connected to" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "occupation", "writer" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "award received", "Nobel Prize in Literature" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
award received
62
[ "received an award", "given an award", "won an award", "received a prize", "awarded with" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "occupation", "playwright" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "family name", "Pirandello" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
family name
54
[ "surname", "last name", "patronymic", "family surname", "clan name" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "occupation", "novelist" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "spouse", "Maria Antonietta Portulano" ]
Marriage After a brief sojourn in Sicily, during which the planned marriage with his cousin was finally called off, he returned to Rome, where he became friends with a group of writer-journalists including Ugo Fleres, Tomaso Gnoli, Giustino Ferri and Luigi Capuana. Capuana encouraged Pirandello to dedicate himself to n...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Luigi Pirandello", "occupation", "poet" ]
Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "place of birth", "Rome" ]
Early life While his paternal family was from the Volscian town of Velletri, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-east of Rome, Augustus was born in Rome on 23 September 63 BC. He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the Palatine Hill, very close to the Roman Forum. He was given the name Gaius Octavius, and in...
place of birth
42
[ "birthplace", "place of origin", "native place", "homeland", "birth city" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "instance of", "human" ]
Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h...
instance of
5
[ "type of", "example of", "manifestation of", "representation of" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "father", "Julius Caesar" ]
Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h...
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "relative", "Julius Caesar" ]
Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h...
relative
66
[ "kin", "family member", "kinsman", "kinswoman", "relation by marriage" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "writing language", "Latin" ]
Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h...
writing language
47
[ "written in", "language used in writing", "written using", "written with", "script" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "sibling", "Octavia the Younger" ]
Lucius and his army were spared because of his kinship with Antony, the strongman of the East, while Fulvia was exiled to Sicyon. Octavian showed no mercy, however, for the mass of allies loyal to Lucius. On 15 March, the anniversary of Julius Caesar's assassination, he had 300 Roman senators and equestrians executed f...
sibling
37
[ "brother or sister", "kin" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "relative", "Julia Minor" ]
His father died in 59 BC when he was four years old. His mother married a former governor of Syria, Lucius Marcius Philippus. Philippus claimed descent from Alexander the Great and was elected consul in 56 BC. Philippus never had much of an interest in young Octavius. Because of this, Octavius was raised by his grandmo...
relative
66
[ "kin", "family member", "kinsman", "kinswoman", "relation by marriage" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "relative", "Marcellus" ]
Second settlement By 23 BC, some of the un-republican implications were becoming apparent concerning the settlement of 27 BC. Augustus's retention of an annual consulate drew attention to his de facto dominance over the Roman political system and cut in half the opportunities for others to achieve what was still nomina...
relative
66
[ "kin", "family member", "kinsman", "kinswoman", "relation by marriage" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "mother", "Atia" ]
Early life While his paternal family was from the Volscian town of Velletri, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-east of Rome, Augustus was born in Rome on 23 September 63 BC. He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the Palatine Hill, very close to the Roman Forum. He was given the name Gaius Octavius, and in...
mother
52
[ "mom", "mommy", "mum", "mama", "parent" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "child", "Julia the Elder" ]
His father died in 59 BC when he was four years old. His mother married a former governor of Syria, Lucius Marcius Philippus. Philippus claimed descent from Alexander the Great and was elected consul in 56 BC. Philippus never had much of an interest in young Octavius. Because of this, Octavius was raised by his grandmo...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "noble title", "Augustus" ]
Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h...
noble title
61
[ "aristocratic title", "rank of nobility", "peerage", "nobility rank", "aristocratic rank" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "manner of death", "natural causes" ]
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Principate, which is the first phase of the Roman Empire, and is considered one of the greatest...
manner of death
44
[ "cause of death", "mode of death", "method of death", "way of dying", "circumstances of death" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "child", "Lucius Caesar" ]
Death and succession The illness of Augustus in 23 BC brought the problem of succession to the forefront of political issues and the public. To ensure stability, he needed to designate an heir to his unique position in Roman society and government. This was to be achieved in small, undramatic and incremental ways that ...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "position held", "Roman emperor" ]
Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h...
position held
59
[ "occupation", "job title", "post", "office", "rank" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "father", "Gaius Octavius" ]
Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h...
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "country of citizenship", "Ancient Rome" ]
Creation of "Italia" Roman Italy was established by Augustus in 7 BC with the Latin name "Italia". This was the first time that the Italian peninsula was united administratively and politically under the same name. Due to this act, Augustus was called the Father of Italy by Italian historians such as G. Giannelli.
country of citizenship
63
[ "citizenship country", "place of citizenship", "country of origin", "citizenship nation", "country of citizenship status" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "time period", "High Roman Empire" ]
Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h...
time period
97
[ "duration", "period of time", "timeframe", "time interval", "temporal period" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "military rank", "Imperator" ]
Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h...
military rank
53
[ "rank in the military", "military designation", "military title", "military grade", "military position" ]
null
null
[ "Augustus", "honorific prefix", "Imperator" ]
Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h...
honorific prefix
70
[ "honorific", "title prefix", "prefix of address", "styles", "form of address prefix" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "relative", "Nero" ]
Family and youth Early life Claudius was born on 1 August 10 BC at Lugdunum (modern Lyon, France). He had two older siblings, Germanicus and Livilla. His mother, Antonia Minor, may have had two other children who died young. Claudius's maternal grandparents were Mark Antony and Octavia Minor, Augustus's sister, and he ...
relative
66
[ "kin", "family member", "kinsman", "kinswoman", "relation by marriage" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "manner of death", "homicide" ]
Death Ancient historians agree that Claudius was murdered by poison – possibly contained in mushrooms or on a feather – and died in the early hours of 13 October 54.Nearly all implicate his final and powerful wife, Agrippina, as the instigator. Agrippina and Claudius had become more combative in the months leading up t...
manner of death
44
[ "cause of death", "mode of death", "method of death", "way of dying", "circumstances of death" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "cause of death", "poisoning" ]
Death Ancient historians agree that Claudius was murdered by poison – possibly contained in mushrooms or on a feather – and died in the early hours of 13 October 54.Nearly all implicate his final and powerful wife, Agrippina, as the instigator. Agrippina and Claudius had become more combative in the months leading up t...
cause of death
43
[ "manner of death", "reason for death", "mode of death", "source of death", "factors leading to death" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "father", "Nero Claudius Drusus" ]
Family and youth Early life Claudius was born on 1 August 10 BC at Lugdunum (modern Lyon, France). He had two older siblings, Germanicus and Livilla. His mother, Antonia Minor, may have had two other children who died young. Claudius's maternal grandparents were Mark Antony and Octavia Minor, Augustus's sister, and he ...
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "spouse", "Agrippina the Younger" ]
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; Latin: [tɪˈbɛriʊs ˈklau̯diʊs ˈkae̯sar au̯ˈɡʊstʊs gɛrˈmaːnɪkʊs]; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Drusus and Antonia Minor at Lugdunum in Roman Gaul, wher...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "sibling", "Germanicus" ]
Public life Claudius' work as a historian damaged his prospects for advancement in public life. According to Vincent Scramuzza and others, he began work on a history of the Civil Wars that was either too truthful or too critical of Octavian, then reigning as Caesar Augustus. In either case, it was far too early for suc...
sibling
37
[ "brother or sister", "kin" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "spouse", "Messalina" ]
Valeria Messalina Some years after divorcing Aelia Paetina, in 38 or early 39, Claudius married Valeria Messalina, who was his first cousin once removed (Claudius's grandmother, Octavia the Younger, was Valeria's great-grandmother on both her mother and father's side) and closely allied with Caligula's circle. Shortly ...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "child", "Claudia Octavia" ]
Valeria Messalina Some years after divorcing Aelia Paetina, in 38 or early 39, Claudius married Valeria Messalina, who was his first cousin once removed (Claudius's grandmother, Octavia the Younger, was Valeria's great-grandmother on both her mother and father's side) and closely allied with Caligula's circle. Shortly ...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "spouse", "Aelia Paetina" ]
Aelia Paetina Soon after, (possibly in 28) Claudius married Aelia Paetina, a relative of Sejanus, if not Sejanus's adoptive sister. During their marriage, Claudius and Paetina had a daughter, Claudia Antonia. He later divorced her after the marriage became a political liability, although Leon (1948) suggests it may hav...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "child", "Claudia Antonia" ]
Aelia Paetina Soon after, (possibly in 28) Claudius married Aelia Paetina, a relative of Sejanus, if not Sejanus's adoptive sister. During their marriage, Claudius and Paetina had a daughter, Claudia Antonia. He later divorced her after the marriage became a political liability, although Leon (1948) suggests it may hav...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Claudius", "child", "Britannicus" ]
Valeria Messalina Some years after divorcing Aelia Paetina, in 38 or early 39, Claudius married Valeria Messalina, who was his first cousin once removed (Claudius's grandmother, Octavia the Younger, was Valeria's great-grandmother on both her mother and father's side) and closely allied with Caligula's circle. Shortly ...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Nero", "occupation", "poet" ]
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( NEER-oh; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68. He was adopted by the Roman emperor Claudius at the age of 13 and succeeded ...
occupation
48
[ "job", "profession", "career", "vocation", "employment" ]
null
null
[ "Nero", "father", "Claudius" ]
After Caligula's death, Claudius became the new Roman Emperor. Nero's mother married Claudius in 49 AD, becoming his fourth wife. By February, 49 AD, his mother had persuaded Claudius to adopt her son Nero.After Nero's adoption by the emperor, "Claudius" became part of his name: Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. ...
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Nero", "child", "Claudia Augusta" ]
In Jewish and Christian tradition Jewish tradition An Aggadah in the Talmud says that at the end of 66 AD, conflict broke out between Greeks and Jews in Jerusalem and Caesarea. According to the Talmud, Nero went to Jerusalem and shot arrows in all four directions. All the arrows landed in the city. He then asked a pass...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Nero", "mother", "Agrippina the Younger" ]
Early life Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus on 15 December 37 AD in Antium (modern Anzio).: 87  He was an only-child, the son of the politician Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger. His mother Agrippina was the sister of the third Roman emperor Caligula.: 5  Nero was also the great-great-grand...
mother
52
[ "mom", "mommy", "mum", "mama", "parent" ]
null
null
[ "Nero", "spouse", "Claudia Octavia" ]
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( NEER-oh; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68. He was adopted by the Roman emperor Claudius at the age of 13 and succeeded ...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Nero", "spouse", "Sporus" ]
Later years In 65 AD, Gaius Calpurnius Piso, a Roman statesman, organized a conspiracy against Nero with the help of Subrius Flavus and Sulpicius Asper, a tribune and a centurion of the Praetorian Guard. According to Tacitus, many conspirators wished to "rescue the state" from the emperor and restore the Republic. The ...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Trajan", "sibling", "Ulpia Marciana" ]
Early life Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53 AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the municipium of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus. At the tim...
sibling
37
[ "brother or sister", "kin" ]
null
null
[ "Trajan", "spouse", "Pompeia Plotina" ]
Early life Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53 AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the municipium of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus. At the tim...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Trajan", "mother", "Marcia" ]
Early life Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53 AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the municipium of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus. At the tim...
mother
52
[ "mom", "mommy", "mum", "mama", "parent" ]
null
null
[ "Trajan", "family", "Ulpii Traiani" ]
Early life Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53 AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the municipium of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus. At the tim...
family
41
[ "clan", "kinship", "lineage", "dynasty", "tribe" ]
null
null
[ "Trajan", "father", "Marcus Ulpius Traianus" ]
Early life Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53 AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the municipium of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus. At the tim...
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Hadrian", "languages spoken, written or signed", "Latin" ]
Hadrian's philhellenism may have been one reason for his adoption, like Nero before him, of the beard as suited to Roman imperial dignity; Dio of Prusa had equated the growth of the beard with the Hellenic ethos. Hadrian's beard may also have served to conceal his natural facial blemishes. Before him, all emperors exce...
languages spoken, written or signed
38
[ "linguistic abilities", "language proficiency", "language command" ]
null
null
[ "Hadrian", "writing language", "Latin" ]
Hadrian's philhellenism may have been one reason for his adoption, like Nero before him, of the beard as suited to Roman imperial dignity; Dio of Prusa had equated the growth of the beard with the Hellenic ethos. Hadrian's beard may also have served to conceal his natural facial blemishes. Before him, all emperors exce...
writing language
47
[ "written in", "language used in writing", "written using", "written with", "script" ]
null
null
[ "Hadrian", "spouse", "Vibia Sabina" ]
Hadrian (; Latin: Caesar Trajanus Hadrianus [ˈkae̯sar trajˈjaːnʊs (h)adriˈjaːnʊs]; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica (close to modern Santiponce in Spain), a Roman municipium founded by Italic settlers in Hispania Baetica; his branch of the gens Aelia, the Aeli Hadri...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Hadrian", "place of death", "Baiae" ]
Death Hadrian died in the year 138 on 10 July, in his villa at Baiae at the age of 62, having reigned for 21 years. Dio Cassius and the Historia Augusta record details of his failing health; some modern sources interpret the ear-creases on later portrayals (such as the Townley Hadrian) as signs of coronary artery disea...
place of death
45
[ "location of death", "death place", "place where they died", "place of passing", "final resting place" ]
null
null
[ "Hadrian", "position held", "eponymous archon" ]
Public service Hadrian's first official post in Rome was as a member of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one among many vigintivirate offices at the lowest level of the cursus honorum ("course of honours") that could lead to higher office and a senatorial career. He then served as a military tribune, first with the ...
position held
59
[ "occupation", "job title", "post", "office", "rank" ]
null
null
[ "Hadrian", "mother", "Domitia Paulina" ]
Early life Hadrian was born on 24 January 76, probably in Italica (near modern Seville), a Roman town in the province of Hispania Baetica; one Roman biographer claims he was born in Rome. Hadrian's branch of the gens Aelia came from Hadria (modern Atri), an ancient town in the Picenum region of Italia, the source of th...
mother
52
[ "mom", "mommy", "mum", "mama", "parent" ]
null
null
[ "Hadrian", "present in work", "Memoirs of Hadrian" ]
Nerva–Antonine family tree See also Memoirs of Hadrian, a 1951 semi-fictional autobiography of Hadrian, written by Marguerite Yourcenar. Phallos, a 2004 novel in which the narrator encounters Hadrian and Antinous just before Antinous's murder and then, once more, minutes afterward, which changes the narrator's life, wr...
present in work
69
[ "featured in work", "appears in work", "mentioned in work", "depicted in work", "portrayed in work" ]
null
null
[ "Hadrian", "sibling", "Aelia Domitia Paulina" ]
Early life Hadrian was born on 24 January 76, probably in Italica (near modern Seville), a Roman town in the province of Hispania Baetica; one Roman biographer claims he was born in Rome. Hadrian's branch of the gens Aelia came from Hadria (modern Atri), an ancient town in the Picenum region of Italia, the source of th...
sibling
37
[ "brother or sister", "kin" ]
null
null
[ "Hadrian", "family", "Aelii Hadriani" ]
Early life Hadrian was born on 24 January 76, probably in Italica (near modern Seville), a Roman town in the province of Hispania Baetica; one Roman biographer claims he was born in Rome. Hadrian's branch of the gens Aelia came from Hadria (modern Atri), an ancient town in the Picenum region of Italia, the source of th...
family
41
[ "clan", "kinship", "lineage", "dynasty", "tribe" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "place of birth", "Rome" ]
Early life Name Marcus was born in Rome on 26 April 121. His birth name is sometimes given as Marcus Annius Verus, but sources assign this name to him upon his father's death and unofficial adoption by his grandfather, upon his coming of age. He may have been known as Marcus Annius Catilius Severus, at birth or some po...
place of birth
42
[ "birthplace", "place of origin", "native place", "homeland", "birth city" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "sibling", "Annia Cornificia Faustina" ]
Childhood Marcus's sister, Annia Cornificia Faustina, was probably born in 122 or 123. His father probably died in 124, when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship. Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his Meditations that he had learned 'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his...
sibling
37
[ "brother or sister", "kin" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "father", "Antoninus Pius" ]
Childhood Marcus's sister, Annia Cornificia Faustina, was probably born in 122 or 123. His father probably died in 124, when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship. Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his Meditations that he had learned 'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his...
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "child", "Commodus" ]
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: [ˈmaːr.kus̠ auˈreː.li.us̠ an.toː.ˈniː.nus̠]; English: aw-REE-lee-əs; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known, noncontemporaneously, as the Five Good Emperors and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, ...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "spouse", "Faustina the Younger" ]
Heir to Antoninus Pius (138–145) Immediately after Hadrian's death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus's betrothal to Ceionia Fabia would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to Faustina, Antoninus' daughter, instead. Faustina's betrothal to Ceionia's brother L...
spouse
51
[ "partner" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "child", "Lucilla" ]
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: [ˈmaːr.kus̠ auˈreː.li.us̠ an.toː.ˈniː.nus̠]; English: aw-REE-lee-əs; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known, noncontemporaneously, as the Five Good Emperors and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, ...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "child", "Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor" ]
Childhood Marcus's sister, Annia Cornificia Faustina, was probably born in 122 or 123. His father probably died in 124, when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship. Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his Meditations that he had learned 'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "place of burial", "Castel Sant'Angelo" ]
Death and succession (180) Marcus Aurelius died at the age of 58 on 17 March 180 of unknown causes in his military quarters either in the city of Vindobona (province of Pannonia Superior, today Vienna) or near of Sirmium (province of Pannonia Inferior, modern Sremska Mitrovica). He was immediately deified and his ashes...
place of burial
58
[ "final resting place", "burial site", "last resting place", "grave site", "interment location" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "child", "Marcus Annius Verus Caesar" ]
Domitia Faustina (147–151) Titus Aelius Antoninus (149) Titus Aelius Aurelius (149) Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150–182), married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus, then Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, had issue from both marriages Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born 151), married Gnaeus Claudius Severus, had a son ...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "father", "Marcus Annius Verus" ]
Family origins Marcus' paternal family was of Roman Italo-Hispanic origins. His father was Marcus Annius Verus (III). The gens Annia was of Italic origins (with legendary claims of descendance from Numa Pompilius) and a branch of it, the Annii Veri, moved to Ucubi, a small town south east of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica....
father
57
[ "dad", "daddy", "papa", "pop", "sire" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "mother", "Calvisia Domitia Lucilla" ]
– Iliad vi.146 Another daughter was born on 7 March 150, Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla. At some time between 155 and 161, probably soon after 155, Marcus's mother Domitia Lucilla died. Faustina probably had another daughter in 151, but the child, Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, might not have been born until 153. Anoth...
mother
52
[ "mom", "mommy", "mum", "mama", "parent" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "child", "Fadilla" ]
– Iliad vi.146 Another daughter was born on 7 March 150, Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla. At some time between 155 and 161, probably soon after 155, Marcus's mother Domitia Lucilla died. Faustina probably had another daughter in 151, but the child, Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, might not have been born until 153. Anoth...
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "family", "Nerva–Antonine dynasty" ]
Family origins Marcus' paternal family was of Roman Italo-Hispanic origins. His father was Marcus Annius Verus (III). The gens Annia was of Italic origins (with legendary claims of descendance from Numa Pompilius) and a branch of it, the Annii Veri, moved to Ucubi, a small town south east of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica....
family
41
[ "clan", "kinship", "lineage", "dynasty", "tribe" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "family", "Antonines" ]
Domitia Faustina (147–151) Titus Aelius Antoninus (149) Titus Aelius Aurelius (149) Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150–182), married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus, then Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, had issue from both marriages Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born 151), married Gnaeus Claudius Severus, had a son ...
family
41
[ "clan", "kinship", "lineage", "dynasty", "tribe" ]
null
null
[ "Marcus Aurelius", "child", "Annia Aurelia Galeria Faustina" ]
Marriage and children Marcus and his cousin-wife Faustina had at least 14 children during their 30-year marriage, including two sets of twins. One son and four daughters outlived their father. Their children included:
child
39
[ "offspring", "progeny", "issue", "descendant", "heir" ]
null
null
[ "Septimius Severus", "instance of", "human" ]
Early life Family and education Born on 11 April 145 at Leptis Magna (in present-day Libya) as the son of Publius Septimius Geta and Fulvia Pia, Septimius Severus came from a wealthy and distinguished family of equestrian rank. Severus had Italic and Punic ancestry; the Roman ancestry came from his mother's side, while...
instance of
5
[ "type of", "example of", "manifestation of", "representation of" ]
null
null
[ "Septimius Severus", "languages spoken, written or signed", "Latin" ]
Early life Family and education Born on 11 April 145 at Leptis Magna (in present-day Libya) as the son of Publius Septimius Geta and Fulvia Pia, Septimius Severus came from a wealthy and distinguished family of equestrian rank. Severus had Italic and Punic ancestry; the Roman ancestry came from his mother's side, while...
languages spoken, written or signed
38
[ "linguistic abilities", "language proficiency", "language command" ]
null
null