triplets list | passage stringlengths 0 32.9k | label stringlengths 4 48 ⌀ | label_id int64 0 1k ⌀ | synonyms list | __index_level_1__ int64 312 64.1k ⌀ | __index_level_0__ int64 0 2.4k ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Niccolò Machiavelli",
"notable work",
"The Prince"
] | "Machiavellian"
Machiavelli is most famous for a short political treatise, The Prince, written in 1513 but not published until 1532, five years after his death. Although he privately circulated The Prince among friends, the only theoretical work to be printed in his lifetime was The Art of War, which was about military... | notable work | 73 | [
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Niccolò Machiavelli",
"occupation",
"poet"
] | Fictional works
Besides being a statesman and political scientist, Machiavelli also translated classical works, and was a playwright (Clizia, Mandragola), a poet (Sonetti, Canzoni, Ottave, Canti carnascialeschi), and a novelist (Belfagor arcidiavolo).
Some of his other work:Decennale primo (1506) – a poem in terza rima... | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Petrarch",
"genre",
"poetry"
] | Works
Petrarch is best known for his Italian poetry, notably the Rerum vulgarium fragmenta ("Fragments of Vernacular Matters"), a collection of 366 lyric poems in various genres also known as 'canzoniere' ('songbook'), and I trionfi ("The Triumphs"), a six-part narrative poem of Dantean inspiration. However, Petrarch w... | genre | 85 | [
"category",
"style",
"type",
"kind",
"class"
] | null | null |
[
"Petrarch",
"writing language",
"Italian"
] | Francesco Petrarca (Italian: [franˈtʃesko peˈtrarka]; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists.Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissanc... | writing language | 47 | [
"written in",
"language used in writing",
"written using",
"written with",
"script"
] | null | null |
[
"Petrarch",
"religion or worldview",
"Catholic Church"
] | Philosophy
Petrarch is often referred to as the father of humanism and considered by many to be the "father of the Renaissance". In Secretum meum, he points out that secular achievements do not necessarily preclude an authentic relationship with God, arguing instead that God has given humans their vast intellectual and... | religion or worldview | 40 | [
"faith",
"belief system",
"creed",
"philosophy",
"ideology"
] | null | null |
[
"Petrarch",
"place of death",
"Arquà Petrarca"
] | Giovanni died of the plague in 1361. In the same year Petrarch was named canon in Monselice near Padua. Francesca married Francescuolo da Brossano (who was later named executor of Petrarch's will) that same year. In 1362, shortly after the birth of a daughter, Eletta (the same name as Petrarch's mother), they joined Pe... | place of death | 45 | [
"location of death",
"death place",
"place where they died",
"place of passing",
"final resting place"
] | null | null |
[
"Petrarch",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"Italian"
] | Works
Petrarch is best known for his Italian poetry, notably the Rerum vulgarium fragmenta ("Fragments of Vernacular Matters"), a collection of 366 lyric poems in various genres also known as 'canzoniere' ('songbook'), and I trionfi ("The Triumphs"), a six-part narrative poem of Dantean inspiration. However, Petrarch w... | languages spoken, written or signed | 38 | [
"linguistic abilities",
"language proficiency",
"language command"
] | null | null |
[
"Petrarch",
"given name",
"Francesco"
] | Francesco Petrarca (Italian: [franˈtʃesko peˈtrarka]; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists.Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissanc... | given name | 60 | [
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Giovanni Boccaccio",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: , US: , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and on... | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Giovanni Boccaccio",
"native language",
"Italian"
] | Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: , US: , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and on... | native language | 46 | [
"mother tongue",
"first language",
"mother language",
"primary language",
"L1"
] | null | null |
[
"Giovanni Boccaccio",
"place of birth",
"Florence"
] | Biography
Childhood and youth, 1313–1330
The details of Boccaccio's birth are uncertain. He was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from. He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman; he was likely born out of wedlock. Boccaccio's stepmother was calle... | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Giovanni Boccaccio",
"occupation",
"writer"
] | Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: , US: , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and on... | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Giovanni Boccaccio",
"notable work",
"The Decameron"
] | Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: , US: , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and on... | notable work | 73 | [
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Giovanni Boccaccio",
"place of death",
"Certaldo"
] | Giovanni Boccaccio (UK: , US: , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni bokˈkattʃo]; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and on... | place of death | 45 | [
"location of death",
"death place",
"place where they died",
"place of passing",
"final resting place"
] | null | null |
[
"Giovanni Boccaccio",
"notable work",
"Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta"
] | Works
Alphabetical listing of selected works
Amorosa visione (1342)
Buccolicum carmen (1367–1369)
Caccia di Diana (1334–1337)
Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine (Ninfale d'Ameto, 1341–1342)
Corbaccio (around 1365, this date is disputed)
De Canaria (within 1341–1345)
De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (c. 1360). Facsimile of 162... | notable work | 73 | [
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"place of death",
"Rome"
] | Legacy
On 14 July 1930, a version of his short play The Man with the Flower in His Mouth, adapted and produced by Lance Sieveking, co-produced with John Logie Baird's company,and starring Val Gielgud and Lionel Millard, became the first drama broadcast in both picture and sound when the British Broadcasting Corporatio... | place of death | 45 | [
"location of death",
"death place",
"place where they died",
"place of passing",
"final resting place"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"writing language",
"Italian"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | writing language | 47 | [
"written in",
"language used in writing",
"written using",
"written with",
"script"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"Italian"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | languages spoken, written or signed | 38 | [
"linguistic abilities",
"language proficiency",
"language command"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"nominated for",
"Nobel Prize in Literature"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | nominated for | 103 | [
"up for",
"shortlisted for",
"in the running for",
"selected for",
"contending for"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"notable work",
"One, No one and One Hundred Thousand"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | notable work | 73 | [
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"notable work",
"L'Esclusa"
] | Novels
1902: Il turno (The Turn)
1904: Il fu Mattia Pascal (The Late Mattia Pascal)
1908: L'esclusa (The Excluded Woman)
1911: Suo marito (Her Husband)
1913: I vecchi e i giovani (The Old and the Young)
1915: Si Gira, Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio (Shoot!, The Notebooks of Serafino Gubbio, Cinematograph Operator, 1926 En... | notable work | 73 | [
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"place of birth",
"Agrigento"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"notable work",
"Six Characters in Search of an Author"
] | Selected works
Major plays
1916: Liolà
1917: Così è (se vi pare) (So It Is (If You Think So))
1917: Il piacere dell'onestà (The Pleasure of Honesty)
1918: Il gioco delle parti (The Rules of the Game)
1919: L'uomo, la bestia e la virtù (Man, Beast and Virtue)
1921: Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore (Six Characters in Sea... | notable work | 73 | [
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"notable work",
"Henry IV"
] | Selected works
Major plays
1916: Liolà
1917: Così è (se vi pare) (So It Is (If You Think So))
1917: Il piacere dell'onestà (The Pleasure of Honesty)
1918: Il gioco delle parti (The Rules of the Game)
1919: L'uomo, la bestia e la virtù (Man, Beast and Virtue)
1921: Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore (Six Characters in Sea... | notable work | 73 | [
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"notable work",
"Il fu Mattia Pascal"
] | Novels
1902: Il turno (The Turn)
1904: Il fu Mattia Pascal (The Late Mattia Pascal)
1908: L'esclusa (The Excluded Woman)
1911: Suo marito (Her Husband)
1913: I vecchi e i giovani (The Old and the Young)
1915: Si Gira, Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio (Shoot!, The Notebooks of Serafino Gubbio, Cinematograph Operator, 1926 En... | notable work | 73 | [
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"member of",
"Compagnia del teatro d'arte di Roma"
] | Italy under the Fascists
Pirandello was an Italian nationalist and supported Fascism in a moderate way. In 1924 he wrote a letter to Benito Mussolini asking him to be accepted as a member of the National Fascist Party.
In 1925 Pirandello, with the help of Mussolini, assumed the artistic direction and ownership of the T... | member of | 55 | [
"part of",
"belonging to",
"affiliated with",
"associated with",
"connected to"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"occupation",
"writer"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"award received",
"Nobel Prize in Literature"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | award received | 62 | [
"received an award",
"given an award",
"won an award",
"received a prize",
"awarded with"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"occupation",
"playwright"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"family name",
"Pirandello"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | family name | 54 | [
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"occupation",
"novelist"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"spouse",
"Maria Antonietta Portulano"
] | Marriage
After a brief sojourn in Sicily, during which the planned marriage with his cousin was finally called off, he returned to Rome, where he became friends with a group of writer-journalists including Ugo Fleres, Tomaso Gnoli, Giustino Ferri and Luigi Capuana. Capuana encouraged Pirandello to dedicate himself to n... | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Luigi Pirandello",
"occupation",
"poet"
] | Luigi Pirandello (Italian: [luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theat... | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"place of birth",
"Rome"
] | Early life
While his paternal family was from the Volscian town of Velletri, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-east of Rome, Augustus was born in Rome on 23 September 63 BC. He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the Palatine Hill, very close to the Roman Forum. He was given the name Gaius Octavius, and in... | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h... | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"father",
"Julius Caesar"
] | Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h... | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"relative",
"Julius Caesar"
] | Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h... | relative | 66 | [
"kin",
"family member",
"kinsman",
"kinswoman",
"relation by marriage"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"writing language",
"Latin"
] | Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h... | writing language | 47 | [
"written in",
"language used in writing",
"written using",
"written with",
"script"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"sibling",
"Octavia the Younger"
] | Lucius and his army were spared because of his kinship with Antony, the strongman of the East, while Fulvia was exiled to Sicyon. Octavian showed no mercy, however, for the mass of allies loyal to Lucius. On 15 March, the anniversary of Julius Caesar's assassination, he had 300 Roman senators and equestrians executed f... | sibling | 37 | [
"brother or sister",
"kin"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"relative",
"Julia Minor"
] | His father died in 59 BC when he was four years old. His mother married a former governor of Syria, Lucius Marcius Philippus. Philippus claimed descent from Alexander the Great and was elected consul in 56 BC. Philippus never had much of an interest in young Octavius. Because of this, Octavius was raised by his grandmo... | relative | 66 | [
"kin",
"family member",
"kinsman",
"kinswoman",
"relation by marriage"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"relative",
"Marcellus"
] | Second settlement
By 23 BC, some of the un-republican implications were becoming apparent concerning the settlement of 27 BC. Augustus's retention of an annual consulate drew attention to his de facto dominance over the Roman political system and cut in half the opportunities for others to achieve what was still nomina... | relative | 66 | [
"kin",
"family member",
"kinsman",
"kinswoman",
"relation by marriage"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"mother",
"Atia"
] | Early life
While his paternal family was from the Volscian town of Velletri, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-east of Rome, Augustus was born in Rome on 23 September 63 BC. He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the Palatine Hill, very close to the Roman Forum. He was given the name Gaius Octavius, and in... | mother | 52 | [
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"child",
"Julia the Elder"
] | His father died in 59 BC when he was four years old. His mother married a former governor of Syria, Lucius Marcius Philippus. Philippus claimed descent from Alexander the Great and was elected consul in 56 BC. Philippus never had much of an interest in young Octavius. Because of this, Octavius was raised by his grandmo... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"noble title",
"Augustus"
] | Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h... | noble title | 61 | [
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"manner of death",
"natural causes"
] | Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Principate, which is the first phase of the Roman Empire, and is considered one of the greatest... | manner of death | 44 | [
"cause of death",
"mode of death",
"method of death",
"way of dying",
"circumstances of death"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"child",
"Lucius Caesar"
] | Death and succession
The illness of Augustus in 23 BC brought the problem of succession to the forefront of political issues and the public. To ensure stability, he needed to designate an heir to his unique position in Roman society and government. This was to be achieved in small, undramatic and incremental ways that ... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"position held",
"Roman emperor"
] | Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h... | position held | 59 | [
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"father",
"Gaius Octavius"
] | Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h... | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"country of citizenship",
"Ancient Rome"
] | Creation of "Italia"
Roman Italy was established by Augustus in 7 BC with the Latin name "Italia". This was the first time that the Italian peninsula was united administratively and politically under the same name. Due to this act, Augustus was called the Father of Italy by Italian historians such as G. Giannelli. | country of citizenship | 63 | [
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"time period",
"High Roman Empire"
] | Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h... | time period | 97 | [
"duration",
"period of time",
"timeframe",
"time interval",
"temporal period"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"military rank",
"Imperator"
] | Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h... | military rank | 53 | [
"rank in the military",
"military designation",
"military title",
"military grade",
"military position"
] | null | null |
[
"Augustus",
"honorific prefix",
"Imperator"
] | Gaius Octavius ( ok-TAY-vee-əs, Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]). According to Suetonius, the cognomen Thurinus (Latin: [tʰuːˈriːnʊs]) was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival Mark Antony referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, h... | honorific prefix | 70 | [
"honorific",
"title prefix",
"prefix of address",
"styles",
"form of address prefix"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"relative",
"Nero"
] | Family and youth
Early life
Claudius was born on 1 August 10 BC at Lugdunum (modern Lyon, France). He had two older siblings, Germanicus and Livilla. His mother, Antonia Minor, may have had two other children who died young. Claudius's maternal grandparents were Mark Antony and Octavia Minor, Augustus's sister, and he ... | relative | 66 | [
"kin",
"family member",
"kinsman",
"kinswoman",
"relation by marriage"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"manner of death",
"homicide"
] | Death
Ancient historians agree that Claudius was murdered by poison – possibly contained in mushrooms or on a feather – and died in the early hours of 13 October 54.Nearly all implicate his final and powerful wife, Agrippina, as the instigator. Agrippina and Claudius had become more combative in the months leading up t... | manner of death | 44 | [
"cause of death",
"mode of death",
"method of death",
"way of dying",
"circumstances of death"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"cause of death",
"poisoning"
] | Death
Ancient historians agree that Claudius was murdered by poison – possibly contained in mushrooms or on a feather – and died in the early hours of 13 October 54.Nearly all implicate his final and powerful wife, Agrippina, as the instigator. Agrippina and Claudius had become more combative in the months leading up t... | cause of death | 43 | [
"manner of death",
"reason for death",
"mode of death",
"source of death",
"factors leading to death"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"father",
"Nero Claudius Drusus"
] | Family and youth
Early life
Claudius was born on 1 August 10 BC at Lugdunum (modern Lyon, France). He had two older siblings, Germanicus and Livilla. His mother, Antonia Minor, may have had two other children who died young. Claudius's maternal grandparents were Mark Antony and Octavia Minor, Augustus's sister, and he ... | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"spouse",
"Agrippina the Younger"
] | Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; Latin: [tɪˈbɛriʊs ˈklau̯diʊs ˈkae̯sar au̯ˈɡʊstʊs gɛrˈmaːnɪkʊs]; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Drusus and Antonia Minor at Lugdunum in Roman Gaul, wher... | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"sibling",
"Germanicus"
] | Public life
Claudius' work as a historian damaged his prospects for advancement in public life. According to Vincent Scramuzza and others, he began work on a history of the Civil Wars that was either too truthful or too critical of Octavian, then reigning as Caesar Augustus. In either case, it was far too early for suc... | sibling | 37 | [
"brother or sister",
"kin"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"spouse",
"Messalina"
] | Valeria Messalina
Some years after divorcing Aelia Paetina, in 38 or early 39, Claudius married Valeria Messalina, who was his first cousin once removed (Claudius's grandmother, Octavia the Younger, was Valeria's great-grandmother on both her mother and father's side) and closely allied with Caligula's circle. Shortly ... | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"child",
"Claudia Octavia"
] | Valeria Messalina
Some years after divorcing Aelia Paetina, in 38 or early 39, Claudius married Valeria Messalina, who was his first cousin once removed (Claudius's grandmother, Octavia the Younger, was Valeria's great-grandmother on both her mother and father's side) and closely allied with Caligula's circle. Shortly ... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"spouse",
"Aelia Paetina"
] | Aelia Paetina
Soon after, (possibly in 28) Claudius married Aelia Paetina, a relative of Sejanus, if not Sejanus's adoptive sister. During their marriage, Claudius and Paetina had a daughter, Claudia Antonia. He later divorced her after the marriage became a political liability, although Leon (1948) suggests it may hav... | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"child",
"Claudia Antonia"
] | Aelia Paetina
Soon after, (possibly in 28) Claudius married Aelia Paetina, a relative of Sejanus, if not Sejanus's adoptive sister. During their marriage, Claudius and Paetina had a daughter, Claudia Antonia. He later divorced her after the marriage became a political liability, although Leon (1948) suggests it may hav... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Claudius",
"child",
"Britannicus"
] | Valeria Messalina
Some years after divorcing Aelia Paetina, in 38 or early 39, Claudius married Valeria Messalina, who was his first cousin once removed (Claudius's grandmother, Octavia the Younger, was Valeria's great-grandmother on both her mother and father's side) and closely allied with Caligula's circle. Shortly ... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Nero",
"occupation",
"poet"
] | Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( NEER-oh; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68. He was adopted by the Roman emperor Claudius at the age of 13 and succeeded ... | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Nero",
"father",
"Claudius"
] | After Caligula's death, Claudius became the new Roman Emperor. Nero's mother married Claudius in 49 AD, becoming his fourth wife. By February, 49 AD, his mother had persuaded Claudius to adopt her son Nero.After Nero's adoption by the emperor, "Claudius" became part of his name: Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. ... | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Nero",
"child",
"Claudia Augusta"
] | In Jewish and Christian tradition
Jewish tradition
An Aggadah in the Talmud says that at the end of 66 AD, conflict broke out between Greeks and Jews in Jerusalem and Caesarea. According to the Talmud, Nero went to Jerusalem and shot arrows in all four directions. All the arrows landed in the city. He then asked a pass... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Nero",
"mother",
"Agrippina the Younger"
] | Early life
Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus on 15 December 37 AD in Antium (modern Anzio).: 87 He was an only-child, the son of the politician Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger. His mother Agrippina was the sister of the third Roman emperor Caligula.: 5 Nero was also the great-great-grand... | mother | 52 | [
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Nero",
"spouse",
"Claudia Octavia"
] | Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( NEER-oh; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68. He was adopted by the Roman emperor Claudius at the age of 13 and succeeded ... | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Nero",
"spouse",
"Sporus"
] | Later years
In 65 AD, Gaius Calpurnius Piso, a Roman statesman, organized a conspiracy against Nero with the help of Subrius Flavus and Sulpicius Asper, a tribune and a centurion of the Praetorian Guard. According to Tacitus, many conspirators wished to "rescue the state" from the emperor and restore the Republic. The ... | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Trajan",
"sibling",
"Ulpia Marciana"
] | Early life
Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53 AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the municipium of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus. At the tim... | sibling | 37 | [
"brother or sister",
"kin"
] | null | null |
[
"Trajan",
"spouse",
"Pompeia Plotina"
] | Early life
Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53 AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the municipium of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus. At the tim... | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Trajan",
"mother",
"Marcia"
] | Early life
Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53 AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the municipium of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus. At the tim... | mother | 52 | [
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Trajan",
"family",
"Ulpii Traiani"
] | Early life
Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53 AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the municipium of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus. At the tim... | family | 41 | [
"clan",
"kinship",
"lineage",
"dynasty",
"tribe"
] | null | null |
[
"Trajan",
"father",
"Marcus Ulpius Traianus"
] | Early life
Marcus Ulpius Trajanus was born on 18 September 53 AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the municipium of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus. At the tim... | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Hadrian",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"Latin"
] | Hadrian's philhellenism may have been one reason for his adoption, like Nero before him, of the beard as suited to Roman imperial dignity; Dio of Prusa had equated the growth of the beard with the Hellenic ethos. Hadrian's beard may also have served to conceal his natural facial blemishes. Before him, all emperors exce... | languages spoken, written or signed | 38 | [
"linguistic abilities",
"language proficiency",
"language command"
] | null | null |
[
"Hadrian",
"writing language",
"Latin"
] | Hadrian's philhellenism may have been one reason for his adoption, like Nero before him, of the beard as suited to Roman imperial dignity; Dio of Prusa had equated the growth of the beard with the Hellenic ethos. Hadrian's beard may also have served to conceal his natural facial blemishes. Before him, all emperors exce... | writing language | 47 | [
"written in",
"language used in writing",
"written using",
"written with",
"script"
] | null | null |
[
"Hadrian",
"spouse",
"Vibia Sabina"
] | Hadrian (; Latin: Caesar Trajanus Hadrianus [ˈkae̯sar trajˈjaːnʊs (h)adriˈjaːnʊs]; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica (close to modern Santiponce in Spain), a Roman municipium founded by Italic settlers in Hispania Baetica; his branch of the gens Aelia, the Aeli Hadri... | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Hadrian",
"place of death",
"Baiae"
] | Death
Hadrian died in the year 138 on 10 July, in his villa at Baiae at the age of 62, having reigned for 21 years. Dio Cassius and the Historia Augusta record details of his failing health; some modern sources interpret the ear-creases on later portrayals (such as the Townley Hadrian) as signs of coronary artery disea... | place of death | 45 | [
"location of death",
"death place",
"place where they died",
"place of passing",
"final resting place"
] | null | null |
[
"Hadrian",
"position held",
"eponymous archon"
] | Public service
Hadrian's first official post in Rome was as a member of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one among many vigintivirate offices at the lowest level of the cursus honorum ("course of honours") that could lead to higher office and a senatorial career. He then served as a military tribune, first with the ... | position held | 59 | [
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Hadrian",
"mother",
"Domitia Paulina"
] | Early life
Hadrian was born on 24 January 76, probably in Italica (near modern Seville), a Roman town in the province of Hispania Baetica; one Roman biographer claims he was born in Rome. Hadrian's branch of the gens Aelia came from Hadria (modern Atri), an ancient town in the Picenum region of Italia, the source of th... | mother | 52 | [
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Hadrian",
"present in work",
"Memoirs of Hadrian"
] | Nerva–Antonine family tree
See also
Memoirs of Hadrian, a 1951 semi-fictional autobiography of Hadrian, written by Marguerite Yourcenar.
Phallos, a 2004 novel in which the narrator encounters Hadrian and Antinous just before Antinous's murder and then, once more, minutes afterward, which changes the narrator's life, wr... | present in work | 69 | [
"featured in work",
"appears in work",
"mentioned in work",
"depicted in work",
"portrayed in work"
] | null | null |
[
"Hadrian",
"sibling",
"Aelia Domitia Paulina"
] | Early life
Hadrian was born on 24 January 76, probably in Italica (near modern Seville), a Roman town in the province of Hispania Baetica; one Roman biographer claims he was born in Rome. Hadrian's branch of the gens Aelia came from Hadria (modern Atri), an ancient town in the Picenum region of Italia, the source of th... | sibling | 37 | [
"brother or sister",
"kin"
] | null | null |
[
"Hadrian",
"family",
"Aelii Hadriani"
] | Early life
Hadrian was born on 24 January 76, probably in Italica (near modern Seville), a Roman town in the province of Hispania Baetica; one Roman biographer claims he was born in Rome. Hadrian's branch of the gens Aelia came from Hadria (modern Atri), an ancient town in the Picenum region of Italia, the source of th... | family | 41 | [
"clan",
"kinship",
"lineage",
"dynasty",
"tribe"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"place of birth",
"Rome"
] | Early life
Name
Marcus was born in Rome on 26 April 121. His birth name is sometimes given as Marcus Annius Verus, but sources assign this name to him upon his father's death and unofficial adoption by his grandfather, upon his coming of age. He may have been known as Marcus Annius Catilius Severus, at birth or some po... | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"sibling",
"Annia Cornificia Faustina"
] | Childhood
Marcus's sister, Annia Cornificia Faustina, was probably born in 122 or 123. His father probably died in 124, when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship. Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his Meditations that he had learned 'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his... | sibling | 37 | [
"brother or sister",
"kin"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"father",
"Antoninus Pius"
] | Childhood
Marcus's sister, Annia Cornificia Faustina, was probably born in 122 or 123. His father probably died in 124, when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship. Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his Meditations that he had learned 'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his... | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"child",
"Commodus"
] | Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: [ˈmaːr.kus̠ auˈreː.li.us̠ an.toː.ˈniː.nus̠]; English: aw-REE-lee-əs; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known, noncontemporaneously, as the Five Good Emperors and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, ... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"spouse",
"Faustina the Younger"
] | Heir to Antoninus Pius (138–145)
Immediately after Hadrian's death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus's betrothal to Ceionia Fabia would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to Faustina, Antoninus' daughter, instead. Faustina's betrothal to Ceionia's brother L... | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"child",
"Lucilla"
] | Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: [ˈmaːr.kus̠ auˈreː.li.us̠ an.toː.ˈniː.nus̠]; English: aw-REE-lee-əs; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known, noncontemporaneously, as the Five Good Emperors and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, ... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"child",
"Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor"
] | Childhood
Marcus's sister, Annia Cornificia Faustina, was probably born in 122 or 123. His father probably died in 124, when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship. Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his Meditations that he had learned 'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"place of burial",
"Castel Sant'Angelo"
] | Death and succession (180)
Marcus Aurelius died at the age of 58 on 17 March 180 of unknown causes in his military quarters either in the city of Vindobona (province of Pannonia Superior, today Vienna) or near of Sirmium (province of Pannonia Inferior, modern Sremska Mitrovica). He was immediately deified and his ashes... | place of burial | 58 | [
"final resting place",
"burial site",
"last resting place",
"grave site",
"interment location"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"child",
"Marcus Annius Verus Caesar"
] | Domitia Faustina (147–151)
Titus Aelius Antoninus (149)
Titus Aelius Aurelius (149)
Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150–182), married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus, then Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, had issue from both marriages
Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born 151), married Gnaeus Claudius Severus, had a son
... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"father",
"Marcus Annius Verus"
] | Family origins
Marcus' paternal family was of Roman Italo-Hispanic origins. His father was Marcus Annius Verus (III). The gens Annia was of Italic origins (with legendary claims of descendance from Numa Pompilius) and a branch of it, the Annii Veri, moved to Ucubi, a small town south east of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica.... | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"mother",
"Calvisia Domitia Lucilla"
] | – Iliad vi.146
Another daughter was born on 7 March 150, Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla. At some time between 155 and 161, probably soon after 155, Marcus's mother Domitia Lucilla died. Faustina probably had another daughter in 151, but the child, Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, might not have been born until 153. Anoth... | mother | 52 | [
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"child",
"Fadilla"
] | – Iliad vi.146
Another daughter was born on 7 March 150, Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla. At some time between 155 and 161, probably soon after 155, Marcus's mother Domitia Lucilla died. Faustina probably had another daughter in 151, but the child, Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, might not have been born until 153. Anoth... | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"family",
"Nerva–Antonine dynasty"
] | Family origins
Marcus' paternal family was of Roman Italo-Hispanic origins. His father was Marcus Annius Verus (III). The gens Annia was of Italic origins (with legendary claims of descendance from Numa Pompilius) and a branch of it, the Annii Veri, moved to Ucubi, a small town south east of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica.... | family | 41 | [
"clan",
"kinship",
"lineage",
"dynasty",
"tribe"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"family",
"Antonines"
] | Domitia Faustina (147–151)
Titus Aelius Antoninus (149)
Titus Aelius Aurelius (149)
Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150–182), married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus, then Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, had issue from both marriages
Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born 151), married Gnaeus Claudius Severus, had a son
... | family | 41 | [
"clan",
"kinship",
"lineage",
"dynasty",
"tribe"
] | null | null |
[
"Marcus Aurelius",
"child",
"Annia Aurelia Galeria Faustina"
] | Marriage and children
Marcus and his cousin-wife Faustina had at least 14 children during their 30-year marriage, including two sets of twins. One son and four daughters outlived their father. Their children included: | child | 39 | [
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Septimius Severus",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Early life
Family and education
Born on 11 April 145 at Leptis Magna (in present-day Libya) as the son of Publius Septimius Geta and Fulvia Pia, Septimius Severus came from a wealthy and distinguished family of equestrian rank. Severus had Italic and Punic ancestry; the Roman ancestry came from his mother's side, while... | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Septimius Severus",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"Latin"
] | Early life
Family and education
Born on 11 April 145 at Leptis Magna (in present-day Libya) as the son of Publius Septimius Geta and Fulvia Pia, Septimius Severus came from a wealthy and distinguished family of equestrian rank. Severus had Italic and Punic ancestry; the Roman ancestry came from his mother's side, while... | languages spoken, written or signed | 38 | [
"linguistic abilities",
"language proficiency",
"language command"
] | null | null |
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