MM-LUCAS

MM-LUCAS is the dataset of AgriBench, a benchmark for testing multimodal large language models on agriculture. AgriBench sorts agricultural tasks into five levels, from basic recognition to planning and suggestions that match human judgment, with 17 main tasks.

MM-LUCAS has 1,784 landscape photos taken in 2018 at eye height across 27 EU countries, as part of the EU's Land Use/Cover Area Frame Survey (LUCAS). Each photo comes with a segmentation mask with 34 classes such as sky, tree, crop field and road, a depth map, and survey details: location, country, date, land cover and land use labels. Quality and aesthetic scores were added with Q-Align, and the depth maps were made with Depth Anything V2. The questions were written by GPT-4o and cover four topics: land cover and land use as four-option multiple choice, and image quality and aesthetics as one-word answers.

The paper tested five models (GPT-4o, Gemini 1.0 Pro, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, InternVL2-26B and mPLUG-Owl2) on two example tasks and compared their answers by hand. It reports no scores.

• Paper: AgriBench: A Hierarchical Agriculture Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models
• Original dataset: Yutong-Zhou-cv/AgriBench
• Photos and masks: Semantic segmentation dataset of LUCAS rural landscape street view images

Tasks

Task	source_file	Rows	Format
Land cover	5_land_cover.json	1,784	4 options
Land use	5_land_use.json	1,784	4 options
Image aesthetics	5_aesthetics_score.json	1,784	One word (Poor, Fair, Good)
Image quality	5_quality_score.json	1,784	One word (Fair, Good, Excellent)

Each photo has one question of each type, worded differently from photo to photo.

Masks and depth maps

No question uses the masks or depth maps. They are packed with the photos, and each row links to its photo's files by hash in raw_metadata. They can be loaded from the same zip shards as the photos.

raw_metadata key	Source folder	What it is
segmentation_mask	2_seg	Grayscale PNG, one class ID per pixel
segmentation_mask_color	2_seg_color	The same mask in color
depth_map	3_depth	Depth map from Depth Anything V2, saved as a color PNG

The depth maps are model predictions, not measured depth. The class names in each photo are in the Classes field. The source does not include a table from mask class ID to class name, and the IDs in the masks run from 1 to 36, while the paper describes values from 0 to 33.

Structure

train-0000-of-0001.parquet
images/
  image-train-000-of-001.zip
  path_to_shard.parquet

Each row has:

• images: list with one {"bytes": null, "path": <sha256>}, the photo. The path is the SHA256 of the image bytes and points into a zip shard through images/path_to_shard.parquet.
• id: mm_lucas_train_<counter>, for example mm_lucas_train_0.
• messages: one user turn (image, then question, with options for land cover and land use) and one assistant turn (answer).
• raw_metadata: JSON string with source_file, raw_image_paths, the photo's row from 4_mm_lucas.csv (Quality Score, Aesthetic Score, gps_long, gps_lat, date, nuts0, lc1, lc1_label, lu1, lu1_label, Classes), and the hashes segmentation_mask, segmentation_mask_color and depth_map.

Example:

{
  "images": [{"bytes": null, "path": "43603b3cd5a171bb6529ade45f2d05f00b3bff30e84f2d9231ebceed77eacc0c"}],
  "id": "mm_lucas_train_1784",
  "messages": [
    {"role": "user", "content": [
      {"type": "image", "text": null},
      {"type": "text", "text": "What is the primary land cover visible here?\nA. Other fresh vegetables\nB. Permanent industrial crops\nC. Sand\nD. Broadleaved woodland"}
    ]},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "A. Other fresh vegetables"}]}
  ],
  "raw_metadata": "{\"source_file\": \"5_land_cover.json\", \"raw_image_paths\": [\"26441764N.png\"], \"Quality Score\": \"4.22265625\", \"Aesthetic Score\": \"1.99609375\", \"gps_long\": \"-8.918611\", \"gps_lat\": \"37.07296\", \"date\": \"28/05/2018 12:00\", \"nuts0\": \"PT\", \"lc1\": \"B43\", \"lc1_label\": \"Other fresh vegetables\", \"lu1\": \"U113\", \"lu1_label\": \"Kitchen garden\", \"Classes\": \"Sky, Tree, Background, Terrain, Plant_Bush, Flowerfield, Earth_Ground\", \"segmentation_mask\": \"9cd7a330b5e5591bfcd3a52952b0b7ddfbfba09cbb14f938a9e5048b6d2eeaf0\", \"segmentation_mask_color\": \"b218854f7f2fb5c38692d66655dc3d78d725783093e0e01d6d29a4ff21017e2d\", \"depth_map\": \"c010ba9b3a045d5147acfb78413f0440afefbaf241d35d2d90da7b2092ec81dd\"}"
}

Changes from the original data

• Built from the four QA files. Rows follow the files in alphabetical order (aesthetics, land cover, land use, quality), each in its source order, so all 7,136 questions are kept. The source has no split, so all rows are in one train split.
• Land cover and land use options are added to the question as lines like A. text. The answer letter is combined with its option text, for example A. Other fresh vegetables. Aesthetics and quality answers are kept as written.
• The QA files name each photo as <id>.png, while the photo is stored as <id>.jpg in 1_images. The name as written is kept in raw_image_paths.
• The CSV row of each photo is added to raw_metadata with its values kept as written, including the numeric quality and aesthetic scores.
• segmentation_mask, segmentation_mask_color and depth_map are added to raw_metadata. They are not source fields: they hold the hashes of the files with the same name in 2_seg, 2_seg_color and 3_depth.
• All 7,136 files in the four folders are packed (1,784 each). Files are stored once, deduplicated by SHA256, which leaves 7,086 unique files, because some masks of different photos are identical.

Usage

from agml import loadImageTextToTextDataset

dataset = loadImageTextToTextDataset("Project-AgML/MM-LUCAS")

sample = dataset["train"][0]
sample["images"]    # list of PIL images
sample["messages"]

Loading the masks and depth maps

The loader only decodes the photo, because the masks and depth maps are not part of the conversation. They sit in the same downloaded zip shards, and the dataset's store reads any of them by the hash in raw_metadata:

import io, json
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
from agml import loadImageTextToTextDataset

dataset = loadImageTextToTextDataset("Project-AgML/AgriBench")
store = dataset.store                                       # reads any file in images/ by its hash

def load_file(file_hash):
    return Image.open(io.BytesIO(store.getBytes(file_hash)))

sample = dataset["train"][0]
meta = json.loads(sample["raw_metadata"])

photo = sample["images"][0]                                 # the photo, decoded by the loader
mask = np.array(load_file(meta["segmentation_mask"]))       # (1200, 1600) uint8, one class ID per pixel
mask_color = load_file(meta["segmentation_mask_color"])     # same mask in color
depth = load_file(meta["depth_map"])                        # Depth Anything V2 output, color PNG

print(np.unique(mask))   # class IDs in this photo, e.g. [ 7  8  9 16 18 22 30]
print(meta["Classes"])   # class names in this photo, e.g. "Sky, Tree, Background, Terrain, Plant_Bush, Flowerfield, Earth_Ground"

Citation

@article{zhou2024agribench,
  title={AgriBench: A Hierarchical Agriculture Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models},
  author={Zhou, Yutong and Ryo, Masahiro},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.00465},
  year={2024}
}

@article{martinez2024semantic,
  title={Semantic segmentation dataset of Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) rural landscape Street View Images},
  author={Martinez-Sanchez, Laura and Hufkens, Koen and Kearsley, Elizabeth and Naydenov, Dimitar and Cz{\'u}cz, B{\'a}lint and van de Velde, Marijn},
  journal={Data in Brief},
  volume={54},
  pages={110394},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{d2020harmonised,
  title={Harmonised LUCAS in-situ land cover and use database for field surveys from 2006 to 2018 in the European Union},
  author={d'Andrimont, Rapha{\"e}l and Yordanov, Momchil and Martinez-Sanchez, Laura and Eiselt, Beatrice and Palmieri, Alessandra and Dominici, Paolo and Gallego, Javier and Reuter, Hannes Isaak and Joebges, Christian and Lemoine, Guido and others},
  journal={Scientific data},
  volume={7},
  number={1},
  pages={352},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London}
}

This dataset is indexed and structured on https://project-agml.github.io/ as part of Project AgML @ UC Davis. This dataset was reformatted from its original format to match HuggingFace's Imagefolder standards but requires an external module (agml) that processes and returns a HF Dataset object faster than HF module functions.