idx int64 1 56k | question stringlengths 15 155 | answer stringlengths 2 29.2k ⌀ | question_cut stringlengths 15 100 | answer_cut stringlengths 2 200 ⌀ | conversation stringlengths 47 29.3k | conversation_cut stringlengths 47 301 |
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43,701 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | For me personally, I use the following three packages the most, all available from the awesome Omega Project for Statistical Computing (I do not claim to be an expert, but for my purposes they are very easy to use):
RCurl: It has lots of options which allows access to websites that the default functions in base R woul... | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | For me personally, I use the following three packages the most, all available from the awesome Omega Project for Statistical Computing (I do not claim to be an expert, but for my purposes they are ver | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
For me personally, I use the following three packages the most, all available from the awesome Omega Project for Statistical Computing (I do not claim to be an expert, but for my purposes they are very easy to use):
RCurl: It has lots of options which allows ... | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
For me personally, I use the following three packages the most, all available from the awesome Omega Project for Statistical Computing (I do not claim to be an expert, but for my purposes they are ver |
43,702 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | Sweave lets you embed R code in a LaTeX document. The results of executing the code, and optionally the source code, become part of the final document.
So instead of, for example, pasting an image produced by R into a LaTeX file, you can paste the R code into the file and keep everything in one place. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | Sweave lets you embed R code in a LaTeX document. The results of executing the code, and optionally the source code, become part of the final document.
So instead of, for example, pasting an image pr | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
Sweave lets you embed R code in a LaTeX document. The results of executing the code, and optionally the source code, become part of the final document.
So instead of, for example, pasting an image produced by R into a LaTeX file, you can paste the R code into... | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
Sweave lets you embed R code in a LaTeX document. The results of executing the code, and optionally the source code, become part of the final document.
So instead of, for example, pasting an image pr |
43,703 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I imagine graphics and data manipulation are two things that are useful no matter what you are doing. Thus, I'd recommend:
ggplot2 (great graphics)
lattice (great graphics)
plyr (useful for data manipulation)
Hmisc (good for descriptive statistics and much more) | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I imagine graphics and data manipulation are two things that are useful no matter what you are doing. Thus, I'd recommend:
ggplot2 (great graphics)
lattice (great graphics)
plyr (useful for data mani | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I imagine graphics and data manipulation are two things that are useful no matter what you are doing. Thus, I'd recommend:
ggplot2 (great graphics)
lattice (great graphics)
plyr (useful for data manipulation)
Hmisc (good for descriptive statistics and much mo... | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I imagine graphics and data manipulation are two things that are useful no matter what you are doing. Thus, I'd recommend:
ggplot2 (great graphics)
lattice (great graphics)
plyr (useful for data mani |
43,704 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | zoo and xts are a must in my work! | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | zoo and xts are a must in my work! | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
zoo and xts are a must in my work! | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
zoo and xts are a must in my work! |
43,705 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I find lattice along with the companion book "Lattice: Multivariate Data Visualization with R" by Deepayan Sarkar invaluable. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I find lattice along with the companion book "Lattice: Multivariate Data Visualization with R" by Deepayan Sarkar invaluable. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I find lattice along with the companion book "Lattice: Multivariate Data Visualization with R" by Deepayan Sarkar invaluable. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I find lattice along with the companion book "Lattice: Multivariate Data Visualization with R" by Deepayan Sarkar invaluable. |
43,706 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | You can get user reviews of packages on crantastic | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | You can get user reviews of packages on crantastic | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
You can get user reviews of packages on crantastic | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
You can get user reviews of packages on crantastic |
43,707 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I would suggest using some of the packages provided by revolution R. In particular, I quite like the:
multicore package for parallel computing using shared memory processors
there optimized packages for matrices | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I would suggest using some of the packages provided by revolution R. In particular, I quite like the:
multicore package for parallel computing using shared memory processors
there optimized packages | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I would suggest using some of the packages provided by revolution R. In particular, I quite like the:
multicore package for parallel computing using shared memory processors
there optimized packages for matrices | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I would suggest using some of the packages provided by revolution R. In particular, I quite like the:
multicore package for parallel computing using shared memory processors
there optimized packages |
43,708 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | If you are doing any kind of predictive modeling, caret is a godsend. Especially combined with the multicore package, some pretty amazing things are possible. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | If you are doing any kind of predictive modeling, caret is a godsend. Especially combined with the multicore package, some pretty amazing things are possible. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
If you are doing any kind of predictive modeling, caret is a godsend. Especially combined with the multicore package, some pretty amazing things are possible. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
If you are doing any kind of predictive modeling, caret is a godsend. Especially combined with the multicore package, some pretty amazing things are possible. |
43,709 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | Day-to-day the most useful package must be "foreign" which has functions for reading and writing data for other statistical packages e.g. Stata, SPSS, Minitab, SAS, etc. Working in a field where R is not that commonplace means that this is a very important package. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | Day-to-day the most useful package must be "foreign" which has functions for reading and writing data for other statistical packages e.g. Stata, SPSS, Minitab, SAS, etc. Working in a field where R is | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
Day-to-day the most useful package must be "foreign" which has functions for reading and writing data for other statistical packages e.g. Stata, SPSS, Minitab, SAS, etc. Working in a field where R is not that commonplace means that this is a very important pac... | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
Day-to-day the most useful package must be "foreign" which has functions for reading and writing data for other statistical packages e.g. Stata, SPSS, Minitab, SAS, etc. Working in a field where R is |
43,710 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I use
car, doBy, Epi, ggplot2, gregmisc (gdata, gmodels, gplots, gtools), Hmisc, plyr, RCurl, RDCOMClient, reshape, RODBC, TeachingDemos, XML.
a lot. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I use
car, doBy, Epi, ggplot2, gregmisc (gdata, gmodels, gplots, gtools), Hmisc, plyr, RCurl, RDCOMClient, reshape, RODBC, TeachingDemos, XML.
a lot. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I use
car, doBy, Epi, ggplot2, gregmisc (gdata, gmodels, gplots, gtools), Hmisc, plyr, RCurl, RDCOMClient, reshape, RODBC, TeachingDemos, XML.
a lot. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I use
car, doBy, Epi, ggplot2, gregmisc (gdata, gmodels, gplots, gtools), Hmisc, plyr, RCurl, RDCOMClient, reshape, RODBC, TeachingDemos, XML.
a lot. |
43,711 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | This is definitely a question that doesn't have "an answer". It is completely dependent on what you want to do. That aside, I'll share the packages that I install as a standard with an R update...
install.packages(c("car","gregmisc","xtable","Design","Hmisc","psych",
"CCA", "fda", "zoo", "fiel... | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | This is definitely a question that doesn't have "an answer". It is completely dependent on what you want to do. That aside, I'll share the packages that I install as a standard with an R update...
i | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
This is definitely a question that doesn't have "an answer". It is completely dependent on what you want to do. That aside, I'll share the packages that I install as a standard with an R update...
install.packages(c("car","gregmisc","xtable","Design","Hmisc"... | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
This is definitely a question that doesn't have "an answer". It is completely dependent on what you want to do. That aside, I'll share the packages that I install as a standard with an R update...
i |
43,712 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | You can also take a look at Task views on CRAN and see if something suit your needs. I agree with @Jeromy for these must-have packages (for data manipulation and plotting). | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | You can also take a look at Task views on CRAN and see if something suit your needs. I agree with @Jeromy for these must-have packages (for data manipulation and plotting). | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
You can also take a look at Task views on CRAN and see if something suit your needs. I agree with @Jeromy for these must-have packages (for data manipulation and plotting). | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
You can also take a look at Task views on CRAN and see if something suit your needs. I agree with @Jeromy for these must-have packages (for data manipulation and plotting). |
43,713 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | If you are working with Latex, I recommend TikZ Device for outputting nice, Latex-formatted (like PSTricks) graphics. The output you get is text-based Latex code, which can be embedded with include(filename) into any figure environment.
Pros:
Same font in graphics as in your text
Professional look
Cons:
Takes long... | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | If you are working with Latex, I recommend TikZ Device for outputting nice, Latex-formatted (like PSTricks) graphics. The output you get is text-based Latex code, which can be embedded with include(fi | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
If you are working with Latex, I recommend TikZ Device for outputting nice, Latex-formatted (like PSTricks) graphics. The output you get is text-based Latex code, which can be embedded with include(filename) into any figure environment.
Pros:
Same font in g... | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
If you are working with Latex, I recommend TikZ Device for outputting nice, Latex-formatted (like PSTricks) graphics. The output you get is text-based Latex code, which can be embedded with include(fi |
43,714 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I use lattice, ggplot2, lubridate, reshape, boot, e1071, car, forecast, and zoo a lot. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I use lattice, ggplot2, lubridate, reshape, boot, e1071, car, forecast, and zoo a lot. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I use lattice, ggplot2, lubridate, reshape, boot, e1071, car, forecast, and zoo a lot. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I use lattice, ggplot2, lubridate, reshape, boot, e1071, car, forecast, and zoo a lot. |
43,715 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I could not live without:
lattice for graphics
xlsx or XLConnect for reading Excel files
rtf to create reports in rtf format (I would prefer Sword or R2wd but I cannot install statconn at work; I will surely try odfWeave soon.)
nlme and lme4 for mixed models
ff for working with large arrays | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I could not live without:
lattice for graphics
xlsx or XLConnect for reading Excel files
rtf to create reports in rtf format (I would prefer Sword or R2wd but I cannot install statconn at work; I wil | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I could not live without:
lattice for graphics
xlsx or XLConnect for reading Excel files
rtf to create reports in rtf format (I would prefer Sword or R2wd but I cannot install statconn at work; I will surely try odfWeave soon.)
nlme and lme4 for mixed models
... | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I could not live without:
lattice for graphics
xlsx or XLConnect for reading Excel files
rtf to create reports in rtf format (I would prefer Sword or R2wd but I cannot install statconn at work; I wil |
43,716 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I can recommend the new shiny based packages to everyone, it makes data visualisation and inspection interactive and thus easier than writing code in R espacially in the beginning.
A good example would be ggplotgui | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I can recommend the new shiny based packages to everyone, it makes data visualisation and inspection interactive and thus easier than writing code in R espacially in the beginning.
A good example woul | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I can recommend the new shiny based packages to everyone, it makes data visualisation and inspection interactive and thus easier than writing code in R espacially in the beginning.
A good example would be ggplotgui | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I can recommend the new shiny based packages to everyone, it makes data visualisation and inspection interactive and thus easier than writing code in R espacially in the beginning.
A good example woul |
43,717 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | RODBC for accessing data from databases, sqldf for performing simple SQL queries on dataframes (although I am forcing myself to use native R commands), and ggplot2 and plyr | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | RODBC for accessing data from databases, sqldf for performing simple SQL queries on dataframes (although I am forcing myself to use native R commands), and ggplot2 and plyr | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
RODBC for accessing data from databases, sqldf for performing simple SQL queries on dataframes (although I am forcing myself to use native R commands), and ggplot2 and plyr | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
RODBC for accessing data from databases, sqldf for performing simple SQL queries on dataframes (although I am forcing myself to use native R commands), and ggplot2 and plyr |
43,718 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I work with both R and MATLAB and I use R.matlab a lot to transfer data between the two. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I work with both R and MATLAB and I use R.matlab a lot to transfer data between the two. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I work with both R and MATLAB and I use R.matlab a lot to transfer data between the two. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I work with both R and MATLAB and I use R.matlab a lot to transfer data between the two. |
43,719 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | We mostly use:
ggplot - for charts
stats
e1071 - for SVMs | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | We mostly use:
ggplot - for charts
stats
e1071 - for SVMs | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
We mostly use:
ggplot - for charts
stats
e1071 - for SVMs | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
We mostly use:
ggplot - for charts
stats
e1071 - for SVMs |
43,720 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | lattice, car, MASS, foreign, party. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | lattice, car, MASS, foreign, party. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
lattice, car, MASS, foreign, party. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
lattice, car, MASS, foreign, party. |
43,721 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | For me
I am using kernlab for Kernel-based Machine Learning Lab and e1071 for SVM and ggplot2 for graphics | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | For me
I am using kernlab for Kernel-based Machine Learning Lab and e1071 for SVM and ggplot2 for graphics | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
For me
I am using kernlab for Kernel-based Machine Learning Lab and e1071 for SVM and ggplot2 for graphics | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
For me
I am using kernlab for Kernel-based Machine Learning Lab and e1071 for SVM and ggplot2 for graphics |
43,722 | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I use
ggplot2, vegan and reshape quite often. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work? | I use
ggplot2, vegan and reshape quite often. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I use
ggplot2, vegan and reshape quite often. | What R packages do you find most useful in your daily work?
I use
ggplot2, vegan and reshape quite often. |
43,723 | Testing random variate generation algorithms | The Diehard Test Suite is something close to a Golden Standard for testing random number generators. It includes a number of tests where a good random number generator should produce result distributed according to some know distribution against which the outcome using the tested generator can then be compared.
EDIT
I ... | Testing random variate generation algorithms | The Diehard Test Suite is something close to a Golden Standard for testing random number generators. It includes a number of tests where a good random number generator should produce result distribute | Testing random variate generation algorithms
The Diehard Test Suite is something close to a Golden Standard for testing random number generators. It includes a number of tests where a good random number generator should produce result distributed according to some know distribution against which the outcome using the t... | Testing random variate generation algorithms
The Diehard Test Suite is something close to a Golden Standard for testing random number generators. It includes a number of tests where a good random number generator should produce result distribute |
43,724 | Testing random variate generation algorithms | Just to add a bit to honk's answer, the Diehard Test Suite (developed by George Marsaglia) are the standard tests for PRNG.
There's a nice Diehard C library that gives you access to these tests. As well as the standard Diehard tests it also provides functions for a few other PRNG tests involving (amongst other things) ... | Testing random variate generation algorithms | Just to add a bit to honk's answer, the Diehard Test Suite (developed by George Marsaglia) are the standard tests for PRNG.
There's a nice Diehard C library that gives you access to these tests. As we | Testing random variate generation algorithms
Just to add a bit to honk's answer, the Diehard Test Suite (developed by George Marsaglia) are the standard tests for PRNG.
There's a nice Diehard C library that gives you access to these tests. As well as the standard Diehard tests it also provides functions for a few other... | Testing random variate generation algorithms
Just to add a bit to honk's answer, the Diehard Test Suite (developed by George Marsaglia) are the standard tests for PRNG.
There's a nice Diehard C library that gives you access to these tests. As we |
43,725 | Testing random variate generation algorithms | For testing the numbers produced by random number generators the Diehard tests are a practical approach. But those tests seem kind of arbitrary and one is may be left wondering if more should be included or if there is any way to really check the randomness.
The best candidate for a definition of a random sequence se... | Testing random variate generation algorithms | For testing the numbers produced by random number generators the Diehard tests are a practical approach. But those tests seem kind of arbitrary and one is may be left wondering if more should be inclu | Testing random variate generation algorithms
For testing the numbers produced by random number generators the Diehard tests are a practical approach. But those tests seem kind of arbitrary and one is may be left wondering if more should be included or if there is any way to really check the randomness.
The best candi... | Testing random variate generation algorithms
For testing the numbers produced by random number generators the Diehard tests are a practical approach. But those tests seem kind of arbitrary and one is may be left wondering if more should be inclu |
43,726 | Testing random variate generation algorithms | You cannot prove, because it is impossible; you can only check if there are no any embarrassing autocorrelations or distribution disturbances, and indeed Diehard is a standard for it. This is for statistics/physics, cryptographers will also mainly check (among other things) how hard is it to fit the generator to the da... | Testing random variate generation algorithms | You cannot prove, because it is impossible; you can only check if there are no any embarrassing autocorrelations or distribution disturbances, and indeed Diehard is a standard for it. This is for stat | Testing random variate generation algorithms
You cannot prove, because it is impossible; you can only check if there are no any embarrassing autocorrelations or distribution disturbances, and indeed Diehard is a standard for it. This is for statistics/physics, cryptographers will also mainly check (among other things) ... | Testing random variate generation algorithms
You cannot prove, because it is impossible; you can only check if there are no any embarrassing autocorrelations or distribution disturbances, and indeed Diehard is a standard for it. This is for stat |
43,727 | Testing random variate generation algorithms | Small correction to Colin's post: the CRAN package
RDieHarder is an interface to
DieHarder, the Diehard rewrite / extension / overhaul done by Robert G. Brown (who kindly lists me as a coauthor based on my RDieHarder wrappers) with recent contribution by David Bauer.
Among other things, DieHarder includes the NIST ... | Testing random variate generation algorithms | Small correction to Colin's post: the CRAN package
RDieHarder is an interface to
DieHarder, the Diehard rewrite / extension / overhaul done by Robert G. Brown (who kindly lists me as a coauthor base | Testing random variate generation algorithms
Small correction to Colin's post: the CRAN package
RDieHarder is an interface to
DieHarder, the Diehard rewrite / extension / overhaul done by Robert G. Brown (who kindly lists me as a coauthor based on my RDieHarder wrappers) with recent contribution by David Bauer.
Amo... | Testing random variate generation algorithms
Small correction to Colin's post: the CRAN package
RDieHarder is an interface to
DieHarder, the Diehard rewrite / extension / overhaul done by Robert G. Brown (who kindly lists me as a coauthor base |
43,728 | Testing random variate generation algorithms | It's seldom useful to conclude that something is "random" in the abstract. More often you want to test whether it has a certain kind of random structure. For example, you might want to test whether something has a uniform distribution, with all values in a certain range equally likely. Or you might want to test whet... | Testing random variate generation algorithms | It's seldom useful to conclude that something is "random" in the abstract. More often you want to test whether it has a certain kind of random structure. For example, you might want to test whether | Testing random variate generation algorithms
It's seldom useful to conclude that something is "random" in the abstract. More often you want to test whether it has a certain kind of random structure. For example, you might want to test whether something has a uniform distribution, with all values in a certain range eq... | Testing random variate generation algorithms
It's seldom useful to conclude that something is "random" in the abstract. More often you want to test whether it has a certain kind of random structure. For example, you might want to test whether |
43,729 | Testing random variate generation algorithms | There are two parts to testing a random number generator. If you're only concerned with testing a uniform generator, then yes, something like the DIEHARD test suite is a good idea.
But often you need to test a transformation of a uniform generator. For example, you might use a uniform generator to create exponentially... | Testing random variate generation algorithms | There are two parts to testing a random number generator. If you're only concerned with testing a uniform generator, then yes, something like the DIEHARD test suite is a good idea.
But often you need | Testing random variate generation algorithms
There are two parts to testing a random number generator. If you're only concerned with testing a uniform generator, then yes, something like the DIEHARD test suite is a good idea.
But often you need to test a transformation of a uniform generator. For example, you might us... | Testing random variate generation algorithms
There are two parts to testing a random number generator. If you're only concerned with testing a uniform generator, then yes, something like the DIEHARD test suite is a good idea.
But often you need |
43,730 | Testing random variate generation algorithms | The NIST publishes a list of statistical tests with a reference implementation in C.
There is also TestU01 by some smart folks, including respected PRNG researcher Pierre L'Ecuyer. Again, there is a reference implementation in C.
As pointed out by other commenters, these are for testing the generation of pseudo random ... | Testing random variate generation algorithms | The NIST publishes a list of statistical tests with a reference implementation in C.
There is also TestU01 by some smart folks, including respected PRNG researcher Pierre L'Ecuyer. Again, there is a r | Testing random variate generation algorithms
The NIST publishes a list of statistical tests with a reference implementation in C.
There is also TestU01 by some smart folks, including respected PRNG researcher Pierre L'Ecuyer. Again, there is a reference implementation in C.
As pointed out by other commenters, these are... | Testing random variate generation algorithms
The NIST publishes a list of statistical tests with a reference implementation in C.
There is also TestU01 by some smart folks, including respected PRNG researcher Pierre L'Ecuyer. Again, there is a r |
43,731 | Should we balance the data set if the data is intrinsically unbalanced? [duplicate] | There are some very good answers in this thread.
Does an unbalanced sample matter when doing logistic regression?
Also, your setting is a classic setting where you would have high cost if you say someone does not have cancer, but in they fact they do. | Should we balance the data set if the data is intrinsically unbalanced? [duplicate] | There are some very good answers in this thread.
Does an unbalanced sample matter when doing logistic regression?
Also, your setting is a classic setting where you would have high cost if you say some | Should we balance the data set if the data is intrinsically unbalanced? [duplicate]
There are some very good answers in this thread.
Does an unbalanced sample matter when doing logistic regression?
Also, your setting is a classic setting where you would have high cost if you say someone does not have cancer, but in the... | Should we balance the data set if the data is intrinsically unbalanced? [duplicate]
There are some very good answers in this thread.
Does an unbalanced sample matter when doing logistic regression?
Also, your setting is a classic setting where you would have high cost if you say some |
43,732 | Should we balance the data set if the data is intrinsically unbalanced? [duplicate] | You should always use a sampling approach in logistic regression. When facing an unbalanced dataset, which means there is a huge size difference between the event (response, positive..) vs non-event (no response, negative...) data. When the target event is rare, a representative sample is unlikely to have enough target... | Should we balance the data set if the data is intrinsically unbalanced? [duplicate] | You should always use a sampling approach in logistic regression. When facing an unbalanced dataset, which means there is a huge size difference between the event (response, positive..) vs non-event ( | Should we balance the data set if the data is intrinsically unbalanced? [duplicate]
You should always use a sampling approach in logistic regression. When facing an unbalanced dataset, which means there is a huge size difference between the event (response, positive..) vs non-event (no response, negative...) data. When... | Should we balance the data set if the data is intrinsically unbalanced? [duplicate]
You should always use a sampling approach in logistic regression. When facing an unbalanced dataset, which means there is a huge size difference between the event (response, positive..) vs non-event ( |
43,733 | How run Random Forest when there is temporal structure in the data | To apply Random Forest you dont need to check for any assumption. Take y=t,and x=t-1, t-2, t-3 (all lags you feel would help).
But instead of applying RF etc, go with Time series techniques like- Hybrid Model in R, which will give you ensemble of ARIMA, ETS, NN, TBATS, THETAM, STLM algorithms.
Another algo that handle... | How run Random Forest when there is temporal structure in the data | To apply Random Forest you dont need to check for any assumption. Take y=t,and x=t-1, t-2, t-3 (all lags you feel would help).
But instead of applying RF etc, go with Time series techniques like- Hybr | How run Random Forest when there is temporal structure in the data
To apply Random Forest you dont need to check for any assumption. Take y=t,and x=t-1, t-2, t-3 (all lags you feel would help).
But instead of applying RF etc, go with Time series techniques like- Hybrid Model in R, which will give you ensemble of ARIMA,... | How run Random Forest when there is temporal structure in the data
To apply Random Forest you dont need to check for any assumption. Take y=t,and x=t-1, t-2, t-3 (all lags you feel would help).
But instead of applying RF etc, go with Time series techniques like- Hybr |
43,734 | Can one force an ARIMA forecast to be positive? | ARIMA model while forecasting the future values uses differencing method intenally to stationarize the data,The negative values predicted are differenced values if u convert them to actual values that will be your End Result! | Can one force an ARIMA forecast to be positive? | ARIMA model while forecasting the future values uses differencing method intenally to stationarize the data,The negative values predicted are differenced values if u convert them to actual values that | Can one force an ARIMA forecast to be positive?
ARIMA model while forecasting the future values uses differencing method intenally to stationarize the data,The negative values predicted are differenced values if u convert them to actual values that will be your End Result! | Can one force an ARIMA forecast to be positive?
ARIMA model while forecasting the future values uses differencing method intenally to stationarize the data,The negative values predicted are differenced values if u convert them to actual values that |
43,735 | Generate Posterior predictive distribution at every step in the MCMC chain for a hierarchical regression model | Sorry for my sloppy answer in advance.
You would just predict the value und sample from it in your Gibbs sampler. If you write your sampler yourself, otherwise I would suggest to use JAGS.
You can predict for each of the 160 groups individually, otherwise you would use the prior to predict, that you estimated from this... | Generate Posterior predictive distribution at every step in the MCMC chain for a hierarchical regres | Sorry for my sloppy answer in advance.
You would just predict the value und sample from it in your Gibbs sampler. If you write your sampler yourself, otherwise I would suggest to use JAGS.
You can pre | Generate Posterior predictive distribution at every step in the MCMC chain for a hierarchical regression model
Sorry for my sloppy answer in advance.
You would just predict the value und sample from it in your Gibbs sampler. If you write your sampler yourself, otherwise I would suggest to use JAGS.
You can predict for ... | Generate Posterior predictive distribution at every step in the MCMC chain for a hierarchical regres
Sorry for my sloppy answer in advance.
You would just predict the value und sample from it in your Gibbs sampler. If you write your sampler yourself, otherwise I would suggest to use JAGS.
You can pre |
43,736 | Evening out a set of buckets | Try looking into MA(moving average) Times series. This evaluates the significance of a average based on data points spread over a specified amount of time(each day for example) and can determine if there are outliers in you data for any specific day and will determine the trending average for your data.
For the step 3... | Evening out a set of buckets | Try looking into MA(moving average) Times series. This evaluates the significance of a average based on data points spread over a specified amount of time(each day for example) and can determine if th | Evening out a set of buckets
Try looking into MA(moving average) Times series. This evaluates the significance of a average based on data points spread over a specified amount of time(each day for example) and can determine if there are outliers in you data for any specific day and will determine the trending average f... | Evening out a set of buckets
Try looking into MA(moving average) Times series. This evaluates the significance of a average based on data points spread over a specified amount of time(each day for example) and can determine if th |
43,737 | Measurement error in maximum counts | It will be hard to even define what you mean by "measurement error of maximum counts".
In case of mean it is easy, because mean is a parameter of underlying theoretical distribution that generated your data. This parameter can be estimated along with its uncertainty.
Maximum, on the other hand, is not a parameter of th... | Measurement error in maximum counts | It will be hard to even define what you mean by "measurement error of maximum counts".
In case of mean it is easy, because mean is a parameter of underlying theoretical distribution that generated you | Measurement error in maximum counts
It will be hard to even define what you mean by "measurement error of maximum counts".
In case of mean it is easy, because mean is a parameter of underlying theoretical distribution that generated your data. This parameter can be estimated along with its uncertainty.
Maximum, on the ... | Measurement error in maximum counts
It will be hard to even define what you mean by "measurement error of maximum counts".
In case of mean it is easy, because mean is a parameter of underlying theoretical distribution that generated you |
43,738 | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | Strict stationarity is the strongest form of stationarity. It means that the joint statistical distribution of any collection of the time series variates never depends on time. So, the mean, variance and any moment of any variate is the same whichever variate you choose. However, for day to day use strict stationarity ... | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | Strict stationarity is the strongest form of stationarity. It means that the joint statistical distribution of any collection of the time series variates never depends on time. So, the mean, variance | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
Strict stationarity is the strongest form of stationarity. It means that the joint statistical distribution of any collection of the time series variates never depends on time. So, the mean, variance and any moment of any variate is the same whichever variate you choose. Ho... | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
Strict stationarity is the strongest form of stationarity. It means that the joint statistical distribution of any collection of the time series variates never depends on time. So, the mean, variance |
43,739 | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | From: "Financial Econometrics: From basics to advanced modeling techniques" Rachev, Mittnik et al. (Wiley 2006). | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | From: "Financial Econometrics: From basics to advanced modeling techniques" Rachev, Mittnik et al. (Wiley 2006). | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
From: "Financial Econometrics: From basics to advanced modeling techniques" Rachev, Mittnik et al. (Wiley 2006). | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
From: "Financial Econometrics: From basics to advanced modeling techniques" Rachev, Mittnik et al. (Wiley 2006). |
43,740 | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | You can use the following statistical test for your issue :
Sanso, A., Arago, V., and Carrion, J. (2004), “Testing for Changes in the Unconditional Variance of Financial Time Series,” Revista de Economia Financiera,4, 32–53.
As a result, you will know if the UNconditional variance of your time series can be considered ... | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | You can use the following statistical test for your issue :
Sanso, A., Arago, V., and Carrion, J. (2004), “Testing for Changes in the Unconditional Variance of Financial Time Series,” Revista de Econo | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
You can use the following statistical test for your issue :
Sanso, A., Arago, V., and Carrion, J. (2004), “Testing for Changes in the Unconditional Variance of Financial Time Series,” Revista de Economia Financiera,4, 32–53.
As a result, you will know if the UNconditional v... | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
You can use the following statistical test for your issue :
Sanso, A., Arago, V., and Carrion, J. (2004), “Testing for Changes in the Unconditional Variance of Financial Time Series,” Revista de Econo |
43,741 | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | As a practial "test" you could estimate your GARCH model on several subsamples and simply see if the unconditonal variance c*(1-(a+b))^-1 changes a lot or not. | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | As a practial "test" you could estimate your GARCH model on several subsamples and simply see if the unconditonal variance c*(1-(a+b))^-1 changes a lot or not. | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
As a practial "test" you could estimate your GARCH model on several subsamples and simply see if the unconditonal variance c*(1-(a+b))^-1 changes a lot or not. | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
As a practial "test" you could estimate your GARCH model on several subsamples and simply see if the unconditonal variance c*(1-(a+b))^-1 changes a lot or not. |
43,742 | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | Want to improve this post? Provide detailed answers to this question, including citations and an explanation of why your answer is correct. Answers without enough detail may be edited or deleted.
I think it's imposible to prove if the unconditional v... | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | Want to improve this post? Provide detailed answers to this question, including citations and an explanation of why your answer is correct. Answers without enough detail may be edited or deleted.
| Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
Want to improve this post? Provide detailed answers to this question, including citations and an explanation of why your answer is correct. Answers without enough detail may be edited or deleted.
I think ... | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
Want to improve this post? Provide detailed answers to this question, including citations and an explanation of why your answer is correct. Answers without enough detail may be edited or deleted.
|
43,743 | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | I believe you could use ADF test (unit root test) on the squared series for stationarity check of ARCH/GARCH models. Essentially, ARCH model is about the auto-correlation in squared Yt while ARMA model is about auto-correlation of Yt itself. ARCH model gives the equation below and note that if this holds, the unconditi... | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | I believe you could use ADF test (unit root test) on the squared series for stationarity check of ARCH/GARCH models. Essentially, ARCH model is about the auto-correlation in squared Yt while ARMA mode | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
I believe you could use ADF test (unit root test) on the squared series for stationarity check of ARCH/GARCH models. Essentially, ARCH model is about the auto-correlation in squared Yt while ARMA model is about auto-correlation of Yt itself. ARCH model gives the equation be... | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
I believe you could use ADF test (unit root test) on the squared series for stationarity check of ARCH/GARCH models. Essentially, ARCH model is about the auto-correlation in squared Yt while ARMA mode |
43,744 | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | Standard ARMA models assume the unconditional mean and unconditional
variance to be constant. For ARMA-GARCH models this is also the case
I don't think it is true, they're constant conditional variance models, see e.g. MATLAB's help on ARMA and GARCH. Whether you have to test before or after applying the model is up... | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models? | Standard ARMA models assume the unconditional mean and unconditional
variance to be constant. For ARMA-GARCH models this is also the case
I don't think it is true, they're constant conditional vari | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
Standard ARMA models assume the unconditional mean and unconditional
variance to be constant. For ARMA-GARCH models this is also the case
I don't think it is true, they're constant conditional variance models, see e.g. MATLAB's help on ARMA and GARCH. Whether you have to... | Weak stationarity and ARMA-ARCH/GARCH models?
Standard ARMA models assume the unconditional mean and unconditional
variance to be constant. For ARMA-GARCH models this is also the case
I don't think it is true, they're constant conditional vari |
43,745 | Error in estimation with continuous data | The following steps will help you calculate an estimated error term in continuous data. Although I deal mainly with psychology research, I think you are looking to calculate an error term and confidence interval. Here is an example I adapted from somewhere else but shows the step by step calculation of a 95% confidence... | Error in estimation with continuous data | The following steps will help you calculate an estimated error term in continuous data. Although I deal mainly with psychology research, I think you are looking to calculate an error term and confiden | Error in estimation with continuous data
The following steps will help you calculate an estimated error term in continuous data. Although I deal mainly with psychology research, I think you are looking to calculate an error term and confidence interval. Here is an example I adapted from somewhere else but shows the ste... | Error in estimation with continuous data
The following steps will help you calculate an estimated error term in continuous data. Although I deal mainly with psychology research, I think you are looking to calculate an error term and confiden |
43,746 | What is the equivalent of a standard deviation when considering a least squares fit line? | As the question is now posed you are looking for the standard deviation to multiple by the appropriate tabled k for prediction one-sided tolerance interval for y given x. The appropriate standard deviation is the standard deviation of the prediction estimate of y given x not the standard deviation of the residuals. ... | What is the equivalent of a standard deviation when considering a least squares fit line? | As the question is now posed you are looking for the standard deviation to multiple by the appropriate tabled k for prediction one-sided tolerance interval for y given x. The appropriate standard de | What is the equivalent of a standard deviation when considering a least squares fit line?
As the question is now posed you are looking for the standard deviation to multiple by the appropriate tabled k for prediction one-sided tolerance interval for y given x. The appropriate standard deviation is the standard deviat... | What is the equivalent of a standard deviation when considering a least squares fit line?
As the question is now posed you are looking for the standard deviation to multiple by the appropriate tabled k for prediction one-sided tolerance interval for y given x. The appropriate standard de |
43,747 | Bayesian hyperparameter optimization + cross-validation | My demonstration code is here. Check it out, then come back here and read/leave comments. If you want to edit my code to make it run on a wider variety of machines that would be wonderful; just submit a pull request and/or fork the code yourself and let me know as a courtesy.
Cross-validation is an approximation of B... | Bayesian hyperparameter optimization + cross-validation | My demonstration code is here. Check it out, then come back here and read/leave comments. If you want to edit my code to make it run on a wider variety of machines that would be wonderful; just subm | Bayesian hyperparameter optimization + cross-validation
My demonstration code is here. Check it out, then come back here and read/leave comments. If you want to edit my code to make it run on a wider variety of machines that would be wonderful; just submit a pull request and/or fork the code yourself and let me know ... | Bayesian hyperparameter optimization + cross-validation
My demonstration code is here. Check it out, then come back here and read/leave comments. If you want to edit my code to make it run on a wider variety of machines that would be wonderful; just subm |
43,748 | What to do if your regression residuals aren't normally distributed, cannot be transformed and do not conform even when outliers are removed? | 2 paths :
Zero Inflated Models
Non-parametric ANOVA , Kruskal Wallis based on ranks
In his place, I would run a Krukal Wallis anova on counts ~ categories that doesnt require the two anova assumptions normality of residuals and heteroscédasticity. Furthermore, if I want a regression model, I would use a Zero Inflate... | What to do if your regression residuals aren't normally distributed, cannot be transformed and do no | 2 paths :
Zero Inflated Models
Non-parametric ANOVA , Kruskal Wallis based on ranks
In his place, I would run a Krukal Wallis anova on counts ~ categories that doesnt require the two anova assumpti | What to do if your regression residuals aren't normally distributed, cannot be transformed and do not conform even when outliers are removed?
2 paths :
Zero Inflated Models
Non-parametric ANOVA , Kruskal Wallis based on ranks
In his place, I would run a Krukal Wallis anova on counts ~ categories that doesnt require ... | What to do if your regression residuals aren't normally distributed, cannot be transformed and do no
2 paths :
Zero Inflated Models
Non-parametric ANOVA , Kruskal Wallis based on ranks
In his place, I would run a Krukal Wallis anova on counts ~ categories that doesnt require the two anova assumpti |
43,749 | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | General case of survivors fallacy:
Looking only at/for things that didn't fail skews your perception. This may lead you into an untested and thus failure intolerant behaviour.
The usual example is observing planes returning from air combat:
"Do you need to increase armor in places where the returning planes were hit?" ... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | General case of survivors fallacy:
Looking only at/for things that didn't fail skews your perception. This may lead you into an untested and thus failure intolerant behaviour.
The usual example is obs | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
General case of survivors fallacy:
Looking only at/for things that didn't fail skews your perception. This may lead you into an untested and thus failure intolerant behaviour.
The usual example is observing planes returning from air combat:
"Do you need to increase armor in... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
General case of survivors fallacy:
Looking only at/for things that didn't fail skews your perception. This may lead you into an untested and thus failure intolerant behaviour.
The usual example is obs |
43,750 | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | I don't have a specific name for the fallacy, but here is a reference that I think is relevant (along the law of small numbers line):
The Most Dangerous Equation
Also a statistical rule of thumb (see section 2.9) says that an approximate 95% confidence interval for the 2 year incidence rate given none in 2 years would ... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | I don't have a specific name for the fallacy, but here is a reference that I think is relevant (along the law of small numbers line):
The Most Dangerous Equation
Also a statistical rule of thumb (see | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
I don't have a specific name for the fallacy, but here is a reference that I think is relevant (along the law of small numbers line):
The Most Dangerous Equation
Also a statistical rule of thumb (see section 2.9) says that an approximate 95% confidence interval for the 2 ye... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
I don't have a specific name for the fallacy, but here is a reference that I think is relevant (along the law of small numbers line):
The Most Dangerous Equation
Also a statistical rule of thumb (see |
43,751 | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | The plural of "anecdote" is not "data."
(Also quoted at https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/8404.) | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | The plural of "anecdote" is not "data."
(Also quoted at https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/8404.) | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
The plural of "anecdote" is not "data."
(Also quoted at https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/8404.) | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
The plural of "anecdote" is not "data."
(Also quoted at https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/8404.) |
43,752 | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | This is not a fallacy, but rather the Problem of induction, as popularized by David Hume. | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | This is not a fallacy, but rather the Problem of induction, as popularized by David Hume. | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
This is not a fallacy, but rather the Problem of induction, as popularized by David Hume. | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
This is not a fallacy, but rather the Problem of induction, as popularized by David Hume. |
43,753 | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | It also sounds like the parable of the thanksgiving turkey:
http://www.businessinsider.com/nassim-talebs-black-swan-thanksgiving-turkey-2014-11
Every morning the farmer feeds the turkey well. After 1000 days the turkey argues that the farmer is benevolent and the pattern will continue. But day 1001 is Thanksgiving..... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | It also sounds like the parable of the thanksgiving turkey:
http://www.businessinsider.com/nassim-talebs-black-swan-thanksgiving-turkey-2014-11
Every morning the farmer feeds the turkey well. After | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
It also sounds like the parable of the thanksgiving turkey:
http://www.businessinsider.com/nassim-talebs-black-swan-thanksgiving-turkey-2014-11
Every morning the farmer feeds the turkey well. After 1000 days the turkey argues that the farmer is benevolent and the pattern ... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
It also sounds like the parable of the thanksgiving turkey:
http://www.businessinsider.com/nassim-talebs-black-swan-thanksgiving-turkey-2014-11
Every morning the farmer feeds the turkey well. After |
43,754 | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | This sounds like the hot hand fallacy to me.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-hand_fallacy
When teaching intro stats I found a lot of students fell for this fallacy. So the idea is in basketball sense, he made X amount of shots he is more likely to make the X + 1 shot. Same idea here X amount of people live here with... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | This sounds like the hot hand fallacy to me.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-hand_fallacy
When teaching intro stats I found a lot of students fell for this fallacy. So the idea is in basketball sen | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
This sounds like the hot hand fallacy to me.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-hand_fallacy
When teaching intro stats I found a lot of students fell for this fallacy. So the idea is in basketball sense, he made X amount of shots he is more likely to make the X + 1 shot. Sa... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
This sounds like the hot hand fallacy to me.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-hand_fallacy
When teaching intro stats I found a lot of students fell for this fallacy. So the idea is in basketball sen |
43,755 | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | This is the base rate fallacy:
If presented with related base rate information (i.e. generic, general information) and specific information (information only pertaining to a certain case), the mind tends to ignore the former and focus on the latter.
In this case, the base rate of death is quite high, but the specific... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | This is the base rate fallacy:
If presented with related base rate information (i.e. generic, general information) and specific information (information only pertaining to a certain case), the mind t | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
This is the base rate fallacy:
If presented with related base rate information (i.e. generic, general information) and specific information (information only pertaining to a certain case), the mind tends to ignore the former and focus on the latter.
In this case, the base... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
This is the base rate fallacy:
If presented with related base rate information (i.e. generic, general information) and specific information (information only pertaining to a certain case), the mind t |
43,756 | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | Statistical inference becomes invalid when there is no variability -and in this case, the variability is non-existent. So the only way that the argument:
"50 people have been living in [area a] for the past two years and
there have been no incidents, therefore the area is safe for more
people to live there."
can... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy? | Statistical inference becomes invalid when there is no variability -and in this case, the variability is non-existent. So the only way that the argument:
"50 people have been living in [area a] for | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
Statistical inference becomes invalid when there is no variability -and in this case, the variability is non-existent. So the only way that the argument:
"50 people have been living in [area a] for the past two years and
there have been no incidents, therefore the area ... | What's the name for this statistical fallacy?
Statistical inference becomes invalid when there is no variability -and in this case, the variability is non-existent. So the only way that the argument:
"50 people have been living in [area a] for |
43,757 | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination? | Assume that one is hiring from a large pool of equally qualified applicants of whom half are women and half are men. The number of women hired out of $n$ is $X.$ Suppose that $p$ is the probability that any one hire will be a women.
Perhaps you want to test
The null hypothesis $H_0: p = 1/2$ against $H_a: p < 1/2.$
For... | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination? | Assume that one is hiring from a large pool of equally qualified applicants of whom half are women and half are men. The number of women hired out of $n$ is $X.$ Suppose that $p$ is the probability th | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination?
Assume that one is hiring from a large pool of equally qualified applicants of whom half are women and half are men. The number of women hired out of $n$ is $X.$ Suppose that $p$ is the probability that any one hire will be a women.
Perhaps you want to test
The null hypo... | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination?
Assume that one is hiring from a large pool of equally qualified applicants of whom half are women and half are men. The number of women hired out of $n$ is $X.$ Suppose that $p$ is the probability th |
43,758 | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination? | Bruce's answer is great. I'd like to provide another way of interrogating whether the results you've observed are reasonable. It's easy to look at a p-value and think it's "wrong" with respect to our intuitions about the observed data and our model.
It might help to reframe this by thinking about what data our model wo... | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination? | Bruce's answer is great. I'd like to provide another way of interrogating whether the results you've observed are reasonable. It's easy to look at a p-value and think it's "wrong" with respect to our | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination?
Bruce's answer is great. I'd like to provide another way of interrogating whether the results you've observed are reasonable. It's easy to look at a p-value and think it's "wrong" with respect to our intuitions about the observed data and our model.
It might help to refr... | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination?
Bruce's answer is great. I'd like to provide another way of interrogating whether the results you've observed are reasonable. It's easy to look at a p-value and think it's "wrong" with respect to our |
43,759 | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination? | Before you get to the statistical mechanics this this type of test, you need to step back and make sure you remember the injunction that "correlation is not cause". Gender discrimination is one possible cause of non-equal hiring probabilities but there are many other possible causes, most commonly involving correlatio... | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination? | Before you get to the statistical mechanics this this type of test, you need to step back and make sure you remember the injunction that "correlation is not cause". Gender discrimination is one possi | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination?
Before you get to the statistical mechanics this this type of test, you need to step back and make sure you remember the injunction that "correlation is not cause". Gender discrimination is one possible cause of non-equal hiring probabilities but there are many other po... | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination?
Before you get to the statistical mechanics this this type of test, you need to step back and make sure you remember the injunction that "correlation is not cause". Gender discrimination is one possi |
43,760 | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination? | The results are consistent.
The differences in p-values that you get with trial size is as expected.
The dependency of the result on the parameter $n$ occurs because the distribution becomes more narrow.
The same relative deviation becomes less probable when $n$ increases.
See the below example (adapted from here) for ... | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination? | The results are consistent.
The differences in p-values that you get with trial size is as expected.
The dependency of the result on the parameter $n$ occurs because the distribution becomes more narr | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination?
The results are consistent.
The differences in p-values that you get with trial size is as expected.
The dependency of the result on the parameter $n$ occurs because the distribution becomes more narrow.
The same relative deviation becomes less probable when $n$ increase... | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination?
The results are consistent.
The differences in p-values that you get with trial size is as expected.
The dependency of the result on the parameter $n$ occurs because the distribution becomes more narr |
43,761 | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination? | In basic hypothesis testing, we articulate a null hypothesis, choose an ordering of results, collect data, and then find the probability, given the null hypothesis, of getting results that are, according to the ordering we chose, as extreme or more extreme as the results that we found.
That's it. We find the probabilit... | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination? | In basic hypothesis testing, we articulate a null hypothesis, choose an ordering of results, collect data, and then find the probability, given the null hypothesis, of getting results that are, accord | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination?
In basic hypothesis testing, we articulate a null hypothesis, choose an ordering of results, collect data, and then find the probability, given the null hypothesis, of getting results that are, according to the ordering we chose, as extreme or more extreme as the results... | Binomial distribution for gender discrimination?
In basic hypothesis testing, we articulate a null hypothesis, choose an ordering of results, collect data, and then find the probability, given the null hypothesis, of getting results that are, accord |
43,762 | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | Classification denotes an action. It's what you do with the result of an analysis in which there is one or more outcome variables and one or more input (predictor; covariate) variables. If there is a single outcome variable, the discreteness of the variable does not matter. For example, binary logistic regression is... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | Classification denotes an action. It's what you do with the result of an analysis in which there is one or more outcome variables and one or more input (predictor; covariate) variables. If there is | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
Classification denotes an action. It's what you do with the result of an analysis in which there is one or more outcome variables and one or more input (predictor; covariate) variables. If there is a single outcome variable, the discreten... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
Classification denotes an action. It's what you do with the result of an analysis in which there is one or more outcome variables and one or more input (predictor; covariate) variables. If there is |
43,763 | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | No, I don't think that definition is generally accepted. I would not regard Poisson regression as classification as the thing you are generally interested is the conditional values of a Poisson distribution that describes the distribution of the target variable for those values of the attributes. Those parameters are... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | No, I don't think that definition is generally accepted. I would not regard Poisson regression as classification as the thing you are generally interested is the conditional values of a Poisson distr | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
No, I don't think that definition is generally accepted. I would not regard Poisson regression as classification as the thing you are generally interested is the conditional values of a Poisson distribution that describes the distribution ... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
No, I don't think that definition is generally accepted. I would not regard Poisson regression as classification as the thing you are generally interested is the conditional values of a Poisson distr |
43,764 | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | A reasonable standard definition of classification would be that the $Y$ value is of nominal scale level, i.e., that order and numerical differences are not meaningful (or at least not of interest). Models with count or ordinal responses are widely referred to as regression, e.g., Poisson regression, ordinal regression... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | A reasonable standard definition of classification would be that the $Y$ value is of nominal scale level, i.e., that order and numerical differences are not meaningful (or at least not of interest). M | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
A reasonable standard definition of classification would be that the $Y$ value is of nominal scale level, i.e., that order and numerical differences are not meaningful (or at least not of interest). Models with count or ordinal responses ar... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
A reasonable standard definition of classification would be that the $Y$ value is of nominal scale level, i.e., that order and numerical differences are not meaningful (or at least not of interest). M |
43,765 | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | To muddy the waters further, classification can mean
trying to find distinct classes in a dataset from scratch, which has attracted many different names, including mathematical or numerical taxonomy, but cluster analysis seems the most durable and popular
assigning observations to classes already defined, which has o... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | To muddy the waters further, classification can mean
trying to find distinct classes in a dataset from scratch, which has attracted many different names, including mathematical or numerical taxonomy, | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
To muddy the waters further, classification can mean
trying to find distinct classes in a dataset from scratch, which has attracted many different names, including mathematical or numerical taxonomy, but cluster analysis seems the most dur... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
To muddy the waters further, classification can mean
trying to find distinct classes in a dataset from scratch, which has attracted many different names, including mathematical or numerical taxonomy, |
43,766 | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | Definitions are overrated. They are just words which someone claims are synonymous to other words. They may be useful in special situations, e.g. to help a novice get a grasp of a concept, or to ensure that experts, when communicating with each other, know precisely what they are talking about. But, standing alone, who... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | Definitions are overrated. They are just words which someone claims are synonymous to other words. They may be useful in special situations, e.g. to help a novice get a grasp of a concept, or to ensur | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
Definitions are overrated. They are just words which someone claims are synonymous to other words. They may be useful in special situations, e.g. to help a novice get a grasp of a concept, or to ensure that experts, when communicating with ... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
Definitions are overrated. They are just words which someone claims are synonymous to other words. They may be useful in special situations, e.g. to help a novice get a grasp of a concept, or to ensur |
43,767 | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | You need to search more about these terms. Resources may contain 'Linear Algebra', 'Signal & Control', 'Data Mining', 'Predictive Models',... vice versa. I explain some of them briefly here:
Interpolation: Some times we need to predict value of some data points based on another ones, that is generalizing the order we f... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | You need to search more about these terms. Resources may contain 'Linear Algebra', 'Signal & Control', 'Data Mining', 'Predictive Models',... vice versa. I explain some of them briefly here:
Interpola | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
You need to search more about these terms. Resources may contain 'Linear Algebra', 'Signal & Control', 'Data Mining', 'Predictive Models',... vice versa. I explain some of them briefly here:
Interpolation: Some times we need to predict valu... | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
You need to search more about these terms. Resources may contain 'Linear Algebra', 'Signal & Control', 'Data Mining', 'Predictive Models',... vice versa. I explain some of them briefly here:
Interpola |
43,768 | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | I think people are overcomplicating this. Simply put, in classification problems the target variable is nominal (eg "dog" vs "cat"), whereas in regression problems the target is numeric. | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition? | I think people are overcomplicating this. Simply put, in classification problems the target variable is nominal (eg "dog" vs "cat"), whereas in regression problems the target is numeric. | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
I think people are overcomplicating this. Simply put, in classification problems the target variable is nominal (eg "dog" vs "cat"), whereas in regression problems the target is numeric. | Regression vs. Classification: Is there a clear, generally accepted definition?
I think people are overcomplicating this. Simply put, in classification problems the target variable is nominal (eg "dog" vs "cat"), whereas in regression problems the target is numeric. |
43,769 | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built? | To add to @frank's answer, the reason using dropout is not the same as training a smaller network is that the neurons that are dropped out are randomly selected each time the weights are updated. So while on each iteration only some of the neurons are used and updated, over the entire training cycle all the neurons are... | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built? | To add to @frank's answer, the reason using dropout is not the same as training a smaller network is that the neurons that are dropped out are randomly selected each time the weights are updated. So w | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built?
To add to @frank's answer, the reason using dropout is not the same as training a smaller network is that the neurons that are dropped out are randomly selected each time the weights are updated. So while on each iteration only some of the neurons are ... | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built?
To add to @frank's answer, the reason using dropout is not the same as training a smaller network is that the neurons that are dropped out are randomly selected each time the weights are updated. So w |
43,770 | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built? | The neurons are only dropped temporarily during training. They are not dropped from the network altogether. It is just that it turns out that we get better weights if we randomly set them to zero, temporarily, so the other neurons "think" they cannot "rely" on the other neurons and have to "perform well themselves". Th... | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built? | The neurons are only dropped temporarily during training. They are not dropped from the network altogether. It is just that it turns out that we get better weights if we randomly set them to zero, tem | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built?
The neurons are only dropped temporarily during training. They are not dropped from the network altogether. It is just that it turns out that we get better weights if we randomly set them to zero, temporarily, so the other neurons "think" they cannot "... | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built?
The neurons are only dropped temporarily during training. They are not dropped from the network altogether. It is just that it turns out that we get better weights if we randomly set them to zero, tem |
43,771 | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built? | The goal of dropout isn't to disable neurons permanently. It is to prevent the network from splitting into separate sections functioning in parallel and not utilizing interconnections between them. An extreme, undesired case would be a network relying on only a single neuron processing certain feature.
Dropout disables... | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built? | The goal of dropout isn't to disable neurons permanently. It is to prevent the network from splitting into separate sections functioning in parallel and not utilizing interconnections between them. An | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built?
The goal of dropout isn't to disable neurons permanently. It is to prevent the network from splitting into separate sections functioning in parallel and not utilizing interconnections between them. An extreme, undesired case would be a network relying ... | If dropout is going to remove neurons, why are those neurons built?
The goal of dropout isn't to disable neurons permanently. It is to prevent the network from splitting into separate sections functioning in parallel and not utilizing interconnections between them. An |
43,772 | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette? | You have discovered the Martingale. It is a perfectly reasonable betting strategy, which was played by Casanova and also by Charles Wells, but unfortunately it doesn't win in the long run. Essentially the strategy is no different from the following idea:
Keep betting. Each time you lose, bet more than your total losses... | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette? | You have discovered the Martingale. It is a perfectly reasonable betting strategy, which was played by Casanova and also by Charles Wells, but unfortunately it doesn't win in the long run. Essentially | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette?
You have discovered the Martingale. It is a perfectly reasonable betting strategy, which was played by Casanova and also by Charles Wells, but unfortunately it doesn't win in the long run. Essentially the strategy is no different from the following idea:
Keep betti... | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette?
You have discovered the Martingale. It is a perfectly reasonable betting strategy, which was played by Casanova and also by Charles Wells, but unfortunately it doesn't win in the long run. Essentially |
43,773 | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette? | You missed the fact that your calculation refers to the prior probability of four same-parity numbers in a row, whereas at the moment when you place your bet, you have already observed three of the numbers, hence the probability you are betting on is either the conditional probability of an odd number given that the th... | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette? | You missed the fact that your calculation refers to the prior probability of four same-parity numbers in a row, whereas at the moment when you place your bet, you have already observed three of the nu | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette?
You missed the fact that your calculation refers to the prior probability of four same-parity numbers in a row, whereas at the moment when you place your bet, you have already observed three of the numbers, hence the probability you are betting on is either the con... | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette?
You missed the fact that your calculation refers to the prior probability of four same-parity numbers in a row, whereas at the moment when you place your bet, you have already observed three of the nu |
43,774 | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette? | Looks like everyone already told you this--
But, surprisingly enough, each bet in Roulette has the exact same odds to payout ratio, or expected value (EV).
That EV is negative (house edge). So red, black, columns, numbers -- all the same expected return, with the exception of the "sucker's bet" pentagon, which has slig... | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette? | Looks like everyone already told you this--
But, surprisingly enough, each bet in Roulette has the exact same odds to payout ratio, or expected value (EV).
That EV is negative (house edge). So red, bl | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette?
Looks like everyone already told you this--
But, surprisingly enough, each bet in Roulette has the exact same odds to payout ratio, or expected value (EV).
That EV is negative (house edge). So red, black, columns, numbers -- all the same expected return, with the e... | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette?
Looks like everyone already told you this--
But, surprisingly enough, each bet in Roulette has the exact same odds to payout ratio, or expected value (EV).
That EV is negative (house edge). So red, bl |
43,775 | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette? | My level is too low to comment BUT I can post this answer so here it goes.
I see all of you spamming about finite bets and finite money. However, if we do the maths regarding ONLINE roulettes. I came to the following conclusion.
If you have a starting budget of 20000, the actual chance of losing is very small (not im... | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette? | My level is too low to comment BUT I can post this answer so here it goes.
I see all of you spamming about finite bets and finite money. However, if we do the maths regarding ONLINE roulettes. I came | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette?
My level is too low to comment BUT I can post this answer so here it goes.
I see all of you spamming about finite bets and finite money. However, if we do the maths regarding ONLINE roulettes. I came to the following conclusion.
If you have a starting budget of 2... | Is it a valid algorithm to win at the casino roulette?
My level is too low to comment BUT I can post this answer so here it goes.
I see all of you spamming about finite bets and finite money. However, if we do the maths regarding ONLINE roulettes. I came |
43,776 | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything? | Assuming $p$ is the probability of an event, $1 - p$ is the probability of its complement.
If $p$ is not the probability of an event then I doubt that $1 - p$ has any special meaning or name. | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything? | Assuming $p$ is the probability of an event, $1 - p$ is the probability of its complement.
If $p$ is not the probability of an event then I doubt that $1 - p$ has any special meaning or name. | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything?
Assuming $p$ is the probability of an event, $1 - p$ is the probability of its complement.
If $p$ is not the probability of an event then I doubt that $1 - p$ has any special meaning or name. | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything?
Assuming $p$ is the probability of an event, $1 - p$ is the probability of its complement.
If $p$ is not the probability of an event then I doubt that $1 - p$ has any special meaning or name. |
43,777 | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything? | In addition to $1-p$ being the complement where $p$ is a probability.
There is also the general process of taking $1 - x$ or $0 - x$ or $c - x$ where $x$ is a variable and $c$ is a constant. This is sometimes referred to as reversing or reflecting a variable. | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything? | In addition to $1-p$ being the complement where $p$ is a probability.
There is also the general process of taking $1 - x$ or $0 - x$ or $c - x$ where $x$ is a variable and $c$ is a constant. This is | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything?
In addition to $1-p$ being the complement where $p$ is a probability.
There is also the general process of taking $1 - x$ or $0 - x$ or $c - x$ where $x$ is a variable and $c$ is a constant. This is sometimes referred to a... | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything?
In addition to $1-p$ being the complement where $p$ is a probability.
There is also the general process of taking $1 - x$ or $0 - x$ or $c - x$ where $x$ is a variable and $c$ is a constant. This is |
43,778 | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything? | In addition to the answers mentioning that $1-p$ may be regarded as the complement of $p$, it might be useful to note that the reason $1/p$ has a special name is because $1$ is the multiplicative identity (so that $p \times \frac{1}{p} = 1$).
When it comes to addition, the identity is $0$, and the value with a similar ... | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything? | In addition to the answers mentioning that $1-p$ may be regarded as the complement of $p$, it might be useful to note that the reason $1/p$ has a special name is because $1$ is the multiplicative iden | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything?
In addition to the answers mentioning that $1-p$ may be regarded as the complement of $p$, it might be useful to note that the reason $1/p$ has a special name is because $1$ is the multiplicative identity (so that $p \times... | In math/stats terminology, $1/p$ is the reciprocal of $p$. So what is $1-p$ called, if anything?
In addition to the answers mentioning that $1-p$ may be regarded as the complement of $p$, it might be useful to note that the reason $1/p$ has a special name is because $1$ is the multiplicative iden |
43,779 | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greatest variance? [duplicate] | The first two are the two best first two. The second one takes the first one into account. | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greates | The first two are the two best first two. The second one takes the first one into account. | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greatest variance? [duplicate]
The first two are the two best first two. The second one takes the first one into account. | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greates
The first two are the two best first two. The second one takes the first one into account. |
43,780 | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greatest variance? [duplicate] | While I completely agree with the statistical correctness of Peter Flom's answer (+1), I believe it is worth mentioning that Independent component analysis (ICA) might offer an insightful alternative. ICA provides components that are not constrained to be orthogonal with each other; this means that for some purposes IC... | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greates | While I completely agree with the statistical correctness of Peter Flom's answer (+1), I believe it is worth mentioning that Independent component analysis (ICA) might offer an insightful alternative. | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greatest variance? [duplicate]
While I completely agree with the statistical correctness of Peter Flom's answer (+1), I believe it is worth mentioning that Independent component analysis (ICA) might offer an insightful alternat... | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greates
While I completely agree with the statistical correctness of Peter Flom's answer (+1), I believe it is worth mentioning that Independent component analysis (ICA) might offer an insightful alternative. |
43,781 | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greatest variance? [duplicate] | Please correct any errors you may find
Principal Components Analysis
Given data matrix $X \in \mathbb{R}^{\text{n x p}}$, where we have $n$ observations and $p$ column vectors, assume the columns of $X$ are centered with mean 0.
For any $v \in \mathbb{R}^p$, the vector $Xv \in \mathbb{R}^n$ has sample mean zero and sam... | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greates | Please correct any errors you may find
Principal Components Analysis
Given data matrix $X \in \mathbb{R}^{\text{n x p}}$, where we have $n$ observations and $p$ column vectors, assume the columns of $ | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greatest variance? [duplicate]
Please correct any errors you may find
Principal Components Analysis
Given data matrix $X \in \mathbb{R}^{\text{n x p}}$, where we have $n$ observations and $p$ column vectors, assume the columns ... | PCA iteratively finds directions of greatest variance; but how to find a whole subspace with greates
Please correct any errors you may find
Principal Components Analysis
Given data matrix $X \in \mathbb{R}^{\text{n x p}}$, where we have $n$ observations and $p$ column vectors, assume the columns of $ |
43,782 | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result be on average? | The distribution is binomial distributed and with that you can compute this manually.
If $X$ is the average of five coin flips (which I assume are fair) then
$$\begin{array}{}
P(X = -1) &=& \frac{1}{2^5}\\
P(X = -0.6) &=& \frac{5}{2^5}\\
P(X = -0.2) &=& \frac{10}{2^5}\\
P(X = 0.2)& =& \frac{10}{2^5}\\
P(X = 0.6) &=& \f... | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result b | The distribution is binomial distributed and with that you can compute this manually.
If $X$ is the average of five coin flips (which I assume are fair) then
$$\begin{array}{}
P(X = -1) &=& \frac{1}{2 | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result be on average?
The distribution is binomial distributed and with that you can compute this manually.
If $X$ is the average of five coin flips (which I assume are fair) then
$$\begin{array}{}
P(X = -1) &=& \frac{1}{2^5}\\
... | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result b
The distribution is binomial distributed and with that you can compute this manually.
If $X$ is the average of five coin flips (which I assume are fair) then
$$\begin{array}{}
P(X = -1) &=& \frac{1}{2 |
43,783 | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result be on average? | In addition to the excellent answers by Sextus Empiricus and Dave, when you don't know how to approach a problem, a naive but very effective way to get an approximate answer is by just simulating the process you describe.
In R you could do this as follows:
set.seed(1234)
MC <- 1e5
x <- numeric(MC)
for(i in 1:MC){
... | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result b | In addition to the excellent answers by Sextus Empiricus and Dave, when you don't know how to approach a problem, a naive but very effective way to get an approximate answer is by just simulating the | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result be on average?
In addition to the excellent answers by Sextus Empiricus and Dave, when you don't know how to approach a problem, a naive but very effective way to get an approximate answer is by just simulating the proces... | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result b
In addition to the excellent answers by Sextus Empiricus and Dave, when you don't know how to approach a problem, a naive but very effective way to get an approximate answer is by just simulating the |
43,784 | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result be on average? | Since this appears to be a self-study question, I will give some guidance rather than solve it all.
You can be very formal about how to define average value (what statisticians and mathematicians would call an expected value), to which the linked content about the law of the unconscious statisticians refers. However, t... | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result b | Since this appears to be a self-study question, I will give some guidance rather than solve it all.
You can be very formal about how to define average value (what statisticians and mathematicians woul | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result be on average?
Since this appears to be a self-study question, I will give some guidance rather than solve it all.
You can be very formal about how to define average value (what statisticians and mathematicians would call... | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result b
Since this appears to be a self-study question, I will give some guidance rather than solve it all.
You can be very formal about how to define average value (what statisticians and mathematicians woul |
43,785 | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result be on average? | There are 32 different equally probable outcomes of 5 throws, of which two have absolute value of sum of throws equal to 5, 10 have 3, and 20 have 1, so total sum of all these cases is $5\times2 + 3\times10 + 1\times20 = 60$. To get average, we need to devide 60 by number of total cases which is 32. $\frac{60}{32} = \f... | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result b | There are 32 different equally probable outcomes of 5 throws, of which two have absolute value of sum of throws equal to 5, 10 have 3, and 20 have 1, so total sum of all these cases is $5\times2 + 3\t | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result be on average?
There are 32 different equally probable outcomes of 5 throws, of which two have absolute value of sum of throws equal to 5, 10 have 3, and 20 have 1, so total sum of all these cases is $5\times2 + 3\times10... | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result b
There are 32 different equally probable outcomes of 5 throws, of which two have absolute value of sum of throws equal to 5, 10 have 3, and 20 have 1, so total sum of all these cases is $5\times2 + 3\t |
43,786 | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result be on average? | I get zero by two methods, a Mathematica simulation, and a counting argument.
Mathematica simulation:
results = {}; results2={};
Module[{n = 10000000, outer, inner},
AbsoluteTiming[
For[k = 1, k <= 5, ++k,
sum1 = 0;
For[outer = 1, outer <= n, ++outer,
sum2 = 0;
For[inner = 1, inner <= 5, ++inner,
... | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result b | I get zero by two methods, a Mathematica simulation, and a counting argument.
Mathematica simulation:
results = {}; results2={};
Module[{n = 10000000, outer, inner},
AbsoluteTiming[
For[k = 1, k <= | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result be on average?
I get zero by two methods, a Mathematica simulation, and a counting argument.
Mathematica simulation:
results = {}; results2={};
Module[{n = 10000000, outer, inner},
AbsoluteTiming[
For[k = 1, k <= 5, ++... | If I flipped a coin 5 times (a head=1 and a tails=-1), what would the absolute value of the result b
I get zero by two methods, a Mathematica simulation, and a counting argument.
Mathematica simulation:
results = {}; results2={};
Module[{n = 10000000, outer, inner},
AbsoluteTiming[
For[k = 1, k <= |
43,787 | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers | The t-test does not care about the magnitudes of your values. The t-test concerns itself with their variance. You are correct that your numbers look to be roughly aligned. However, the distributions appear to be rather tightly clustered, meaning low enough variance for the difference in means to be statistically signif... | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers | The t-test does not care about the magnitudes of your values. The t-test concerns itself with their variance. You are correct that your numbers look to be roughly aligned. However, the distributions a | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers
The t-test does not care about the magnitudes of your values. The t-test concerns itself with their variance. You are correct that your numbers look to be roughly aligned. However, the distributions appear to be rather tightly clustered, meaning low enough variance for the d... | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers
The t-test does not care about the magnitudes of your values. The t-test concerns itself with their variance. You are correct that your numbers look to be roughly aligned. However, the distributions a |
43,788 | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers | This is more of a comment or extension to the answer by @Dave. You should always plot your data, and could have included such a plot in your question. Below is plots that help to show the difference between the groups. I use R for the plots, at the end I give the code used.
This is simply a boxplot with the individua... | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers | This is more of a comment or extension to the answer by @Dave. You should always plot your data, and could have included such a plot in your question. Below is plots that help to show the difference | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers
This is more of a comment or extension to the answer by @Dave. You should always plot your data, and could have included such a plot in your question. Below is plots that help to show the difference between the groups. I use R for the plots, at the end I give the code used.... | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers
This is more of a comment or extension to the answer by @Dave. You should always plot your data, and could have included such a plot in your question. Below is plots that help to show the difference |
43,789 | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers | I strongly support the stance of @kjetil b halvorsen that visualization is the first priority. This would be a comment on his answer except that I have a different graph to show.
The spirit of plotting all the data, plus a summary, is excellent. Kjetil's graph in practice raises two comments on details.
The plot doesn... | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers | I strongly support the stance of @kjetil b halvorsen that visualization is the first priority. This would be a comment on his answer except that I have a different graph to show.
The spirit of plottin | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers
I strongly support the stance of @kjetil b halvorsen that visualization is the first priority. This would be a comment on his answer except that I have a different graph to show.
The spirit of plotting all the data, plus a summary, is excellent. Kjetil's graph in practice ra... | Student's t-test on "high" magnitude numbers
I strongly support the stance of @kjetil b halvorsen that visualization is the first priority. This would be a comment on his answer except that I have a different graph to show.
The spirit of plottin |
43,790 | Is statistical insignificance fatal? | Statistical insignificance does not mean that the effect being tested for does not exist, but rather, that the data that was observed does not furnish strong evidence for the existence of that effect.
For example, if you have an unloaded six-sided die, but the numbers on its faces are {1,2,3,4,5,5} instead of {1,2,3,4,... | Is statistical insignificance fatal? | Statistical insignificance does not mean that the effect being tested for does not exist, but rather, that the data that was observed does not furnish strong evidence for the existence of that effect. | Is statistical insignificance fatal?
Statistical insignificance does not mean that the effect being tested for does not exist, but rather, that the data that was observed does not furnish strong evidence for the existence of that effect.
For example, if you have an unloaded six-sided die, but the numbers on its faces a... | Is statistical insignificance fatal?
Statistical insignificance does not mean that the effect being tested for does not exist, but rather, that the data that was observed does not furnish strong evidence for the existence of that effect. |
43,791 | Is statistical insignificance fatal? | Well, this is certainly not good news. Sorry.
Your results don not provide any evidence for the existence of an effect. The effect, of course, might still exist: it could be smaller or more variable than you expected, or your experiment was somehow flawed and failed to detect it.
So, what can you do now?
0) Check your ... | Is statistical insignificance fatal? | Well, this is certainly not good news. Sorry.
Your results don not provide any evidence for the existence of an effect. The effect, of course, might still exist: it could be smaller or more variable t | Is statistical insignificance fatal?
Well, this is certainly not good news. Sorry.
Your results don not provide any evidence for the existence of an effect. The effect, of course, might still exist: it could be smaller or more variable than you expected, or your experiment was somehow flawed and failed to detect it.
So... | Is statistical insignificance fatal?
Well, this is certainly not good news. Sorry.
Your results don not provide any evidence for the existence of an effect. The effect, of course, might still exist: it could be smaller or more variable t |
43,792 | Is statistical insignificance fatal? | Regarding the title question: Categorically, no. In your case, not enough info, hence my comment and downvote. Also, IMO, questions that conflate statistical and practical significance have been done half-to-death here, and you haven't said enough to make your question unique. Please edit; I'll undo my downvote if I se... | Is statistical insignificance fatal? | Regarding the title question: Categorically, no. In your case, not enough info, hence my comment and downvote. Also, IMO, questions that conflate statistical and practical significance have been done | Is statistical insignificance fatal?
Regarding the title question: Categorically, no. In your case, not enough info, hence my comment and downvote. Also, IMO, questions that conflate statistical and practical significance have been done half-to-death here, and you haven't said enough to make your question unique. Pleas... | Is statistical insignificance fatal?
Regarding the title question: Categorically, no. In your case, not enough info, hence my comment and downvote. Also, IMO, questions that conflate statistical and practical significance have been done |
43,793 | Is statistical insignificance fatal? | As a Bayesian, I often find myself interpreting experiments as positive evidence for the null hypothesis. I would ask the following things:
It's a mean difference of \$2,000, but what is that in terms of a standardized mean difference?
How big of a (standardized) mean difference would you have expected to observe if t... | Is statistical insignificance fatal? | As a Bayesian, I often find myself interpreting experiments as positive evidence for the null hypothesis. I would ask the following things:
It's a mean difference of \$2,000, but what is that in term | Is statistical insignificance fatal?
As a Bayesian, I often find myself interpreting experiments as positive evidence for the null hypothesis. I would ask the following things:
It's a mean difference of \$2,000, but what is that in terms of a standardized mean difference?
How big of a (standardized) mean difference wo... | Is statistical insignificance fatal?
As a Bayesian, I often find myself interpreting experiments as positive evidence for the null hypothesis. I would ask the following things:
It's a mean difference of \$2,000, but what is that in term |
43,794 | Is statistical insignificance fatal? | Yes it's fatal for economic intervention. Whoever you demonstrate your results to, will look at the significance and declare that intervention didn't work.
This is provided that you tested for significance properly. For instance, the samples with or without intervention are similar in a reasonable way, or that the dif... | Is statistical insignificance fatal? | Yes it's fatal for economic intervention. Whoever you demonstrate your results to, will look at the significance and declare that intervention didn't work.
This is provided that you tested for signif | Is statistical insignificance fatal?
Yes it's fatal for economic intervention. Whoever you demonstrate your results to, will look at the significance and declare that intervention didn't work.
This is provided that you tested for significance properly. For instance, the samples with or without intervention are similar... | Is statistical insignificance fatal?
Yes it's fatal for economic intervention. Whoever you demonstrate your results to, will look at the significance and declare that intervention didn't work.
This is provided that you tested for signif |
43,795 | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous? | Outcome and event are not synonymous.
Yes, an outcome is the result of a random experiment, like a rolling a die has six possible outcomes (say). However, an "event" is a set of outcomes to which a probability is assigned. One possible event is "rolling a number less than 3". See the Wikipedia page for probability t... | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous? | Outcome and event are not synonymous.
Yes, an outcome is the result of a random experiment, like a rolling a die has six possible outcomes (say). However, an "event" is a set of outcomes to which a p | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous?
Outcome and event are not synonymous.
Yes, an outcome is the result of a random experiment, like a rolling a die has six possible outcomes (say). However, an "event" is a set of outcomes to which a probability is assigned. One possible event is "rolling a number less th... | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous?
Outcome and event are not synonymous.
Yes, an outcome is the result of a random experiment, like a rolling a die has six possible outcomes (say). However, an "event" is a set of outcomes to which a p |
43,796 | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous? | I would say that an outcome is an elementary event (atomic event or simple event). A set of outcomes or elementary events is an event.
Check: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_event | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous? | I would say that an outcome is an elementary event (atomic event or simple event). A set of outcomes or elementary events is an event.
Check: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_event | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous?
I would say that an outcome is an elementary event (atomic event or simple event). A set of outcomes or elementary events is an event.
Check: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_event | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous?
I would say that an outcome is an elementary event (atomic event or simple event). A set of outcomes or elementary events is an event.
Check: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_event |
43,797 | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous? | I would like to cite a section from the Wikipedia article on Outcome, which I think well summarises the relation between these terms
Since individual outcomes may be of little practical interest, or because there may be prohibitively (even infinitely) many of them, outcomes are grouped into sets of outcomes that satis... | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous? | I would like to cite a section from the Wikipedia article on Outcome, which I think well summarises the relation between these terms
Since individual outcomes may be of little practical interest, or | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous?
I would like to cite a section from the Wikipedia article on Outcome, which I think well summarises the relation between these terms
Since individual outcomes may be of little practical interest, or because there may be prohibitively (even infinitely) many of them, outco... | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous?
I would like to cite a section from the Wikipedia article on Outcome, which I think well summarises the relation between these terms
Since individual outcomes may be of little practical interest, or |
43,798 | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous? | Event is a subset of Outcomes in the Sample Space.
Possibly, a single result of an experiment too.
Lets say,
Experiment : Rolling a Die
Outcomes : S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Event : All positive numbered faces e = {2,4,6} | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous? | Event is a subset of Outcomes in the Sample Space.
Possibly, a single result of an experiment too.
Lets say,
Experiment : Rolling a Die
Outcomes : S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Event : All | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous?
Event is a subset of Outcomes in the Sample Space.
Possibly, a single result of an experiment too.
Lets say,
Experiment : Rolling a Die
Outcomes : S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Event : All positive numbered faces e = {2,4,6} | Are the terms "event" and "outcome" synonymous?
Event is a subset of Outcomes in the Sample Space.
Possibly, a single result of an experiment too.
Lets say,
Experiment : Rolling a Die
Outcomes : S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Event : All |
43,799 | Why is the normal distribution used in linear models, but in generalized linear models the exponential distribution is used? | In GLM's the exponential family of distributions (not the exponential distribution, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_family) is used to model various outcomes, Gaussian (or normal) distribution for a real continuous variable, Gamma distribution for a real positive continuous variable, binomial distribution for... | Why is the normal distribution used in linear models, but in generalized linear models the exponenti | In GLM's the exponential family of distributions (not the exponential distribution, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_family) is used to model various outcomes, Gaussian (or normal) distributi | Why is the normal distribution used in linear models, but in generalized linear models the exponential distribution is used?
In GLM's the exponential family of distributions (not the exponential distribution, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_family) is used to model various outcomes, Gaussian (or normal) distr... | Why is the normal distribution used in linear models, but in generalized linear models the exponenti
In GLM's the exponential family of distributions (not the exponential distribution, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_family) is used to model various outcomes, Gaussian (or normal) distributi |
43,800 | Why is the normal distribution used in linear models, but in generalized linear models the exponential distribution is used? | An ordinary linear model -- which uses the normal distribution -- is just one GLM used for one purpose; other purposes suggest other distributions.
Not all generalised linear models (GLMs) use an exponential distribution.
Terminology is also confusing: "Exponential distribution" in the context of a statement like 'Gene... | Why is the normal distribution used in linear models, but in generalized linear models the exponenti | An ordinary linear model -- which uses the normal distribution -- is just one GLM used for one purpose; other purposes suggest other distributions.
Not all generalised linear models (GLMs) use an expo | Why is the normal distribution used in linear models, but in generalized linear models the exponential distribution is used?
An ordinary linear model -- which uses the normal distribution -- is just one GLM used for one purpose; other purposes suggest other distributions.
Not all generalised linear models (GLMs) use an... | Why is the normal distribution used in linear models, but in generalized linear models the exponenti
An ordinary linear model -- which uses the normal distribution -- is just one GLM used for one purpose; other purposes suggest other distributions.
Not all generalised linear models (GLMs) use an expo |
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