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Effects Source Message Channel Receiver Effects ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS Successful communication involves six key elements: a skillful communicator sending a useful message through proper channels effectively treated to an appropriate audience to evoke the desired response. 116 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. P... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
statements of scientific facts about agriculture, sanitation or nutrition; description of action being taken by individuals, groups or committees; reasons why certain kinds of action should be taken; or steps necessary in taking given kinds of action. The key objective of communication is to transmit useful message so ... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
are the 'Extension Teaching Methods'. Certain characteristics of channels are identified and are delineated below. 1. It specifies the direction of message flow 2. It gives the message accuracy. Low (in interpersonal) and high (in mass media) 3. It selects the recipient depending upon the channel 4. It produces feedbac... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
sides of an issue. 118 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik 5. Emotional compared to logical appeals. 6. Starting with strong arguments compared to saving them until the end of presentation. 7. Let the audience draw the conclusion. b. Use of symbols,... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
and economic levels. 6. Attitude of the audience. 7. How the audience view the situation. 6. Audience Response Response by an audience to messages received is in the form of some kind of action to some degree, mentally or physically. Action, therefore, should be viewed as a product, not as a process; it should be dealt... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
of the audience towards the communicator 120 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik Agriculture journalism: Meaning, definitions, news writing AGRICULTURAL JOURNALISM MEANING Agricultural Journalism is the task of collecting, writing, editing and publi... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
facilities, public health and sanitation, increase and development of rural industries, spread of education, communication, animal husbandry, child welfare, youth and women welfare work. By developing these areas good and well developed community can be created. There is large population in India which is unemployed. N... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
or problem that interests people. The news is a new thing or publication of a recent event. It is an accurate, unbiased account of the main facts of a current event that is of interest to the readers of a news paper. The event may be old but should not have been reported earlier. The news should be of interest and impo... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
stories. In newspapers, they are carried in the magazine section. d) Profiles of Newsmakers: These are generally about people in the news. Readers may not be aware of such persons. So through their profiles, they are introduced. e) Human interest : These are often stories about the plight of individuals or families. eg... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
members of social system. In this process new ideas are spread from its source of invention or creation to its ultimate users or adopters. Diffusion is a special type of communication. It is concern with new ideas or messages, whereas communication includes all type of message or ideas. INNOVATION Innovation is an idea... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
relative advantage are likely to be adopted speed. 124 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik The relative advantage may have a number of dimensions. For example, if a new technology or practice gives more yield or income’ or saves time, labour and cos... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
and use. An innovation should, as far as possible, be less complex for the farmers to understand and use. However, complexity of an innovation may not deter its adoption, provided it has more relative advantage. For example, many of the high yielding technologies like HYV crops, crossbred cattle, composite fish culture... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
innovation than later adopters. 5. Observability: This is the degree to which the results of an innovation are visible to others. The visible impact of an innovation facilitates its diffusion in the social system. For example, application of balanced fertilizer in crop plants has almost always been recommended to the f... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
as an attribute of innovations (Napier, 1991). Subsistence farmers are often very cautious while making adoption decisions, because crop failure or substantial reduction in output due to failure of agricultural innovations to achieve expected production goals, can result in loss of meager landholdings and starvation of... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
lacks detailed information about it. For instance, the farmers may know SRI cultivation in Rice only the name and may not know what 127 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik (SRI) is, what it will do and how it will work. 2. Interest Stage The farmer ... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
because he/she doesn’t want to take risk even though the potential of the idea has been proved. The farmer actually applies the new idea on a small scale in order to determine its utility or feasibility & applicability in own situation. Even though, the farmer takes a decision to try the idea by virtue of its plus poin... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
consists of series of actions and choices over time through which an individual or an organization evaluates a new idea and decides whether or not to incorporate the new idea into the ongoing practice. The innovation-decision is a special type of decision-making; it has certain characteristics not found in other kinds ... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
Now he actively seeks information about the idea. His personality as well as the norms of his social system may affect where he seeks information, what messages he receives, and how he interprets the information he received. Thus, selective perception is important in determining the receiver’s communication behaviour a... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
use, are generally adopted more rapidly. Most farmers who try an innovation then move to an adoption decision, if the innovation has a certain degree of relative advantage. 4. Implementation Stage Implementation occurs when an individual (or other decision making unit) puts an innovation into use. Until the implementat... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
the innovation as the case may be. At the confirmation function the individual seeks reinforcement for the innovation-decision he has made, but he may reverse his previous decision if exposed to conflicting message about the innovation. The confirmation stage continues after the decision to adopt or reject for an indef... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
follows a normal, bell-shaped curve when plotted over time on frequency basis. Characteristics of adopter categories The detailed information on the characteristics of adopter categories is presented below 1. Innovators: (Venturesome) 131 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh Colle... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
in the social activities of the community. g) They also participate more in government programmes. h) This group usually furnishes a disproportionate amount of the formal leadership (elected positions) in the community. i) They read papers and farm journals and receive more bulletins than people who adopt later. j) The... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
in formal groups. d) They take fewer leadership roles than the earlier adopters. e) They take and read fewer papers, magazines and bulletins, than the early majority. f) They do not participate in as many activities outside the community as do people that adopt earlier. 5. Laggards: (Traditional) a) Least education. b)... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
practices ii) A mentally flexible person has higher adoption rates than one with mental rigidity. iii) Some people are found to be more prone to change than others d. Values and attitudes (cultural characteristics): i) Values found to be positively related to farm practice adoption rates are: a desire by farmers to pro... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
new variety of seed) ii) Improved practice: Change in existing operation with or without a change in materials or equipment (e.g., change in rotation of crops) iii) Innovation: Change involving new techniques or operations ( e.g., contour cropping) iv) Change in total enterprise: e.g., from crop to livestock farming B)... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
so. F) Communicability (Observability): It is the degree to which the results of an innovation may be diffused to others. The results of some practices are easily observed (e.g., application of nitrogenous fertilizer to plants), while the results of some innovations are not easily observed (e.g., pre-treatment of seeds... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
1) Social values: In some groups and communities, people place a higher value upon material gains and money than they do in others. In some other groups; changes in farming are encouraged and expected, prestige is attached to the adoption of new ideas and techniques. In others, more value is placed upon tradition and l... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
an innovation after having previously adopted it. Discontinuance is of 2 types a. Replacement discontinuance: It is a decision to reject an idea in order to adopt a better idea that supersedes it. b. Disenchantment discontinuance: It is a decision to reject an idea as a result of 137 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
individual is measured in days, months, or years. This period is thus a gestation period in which a new idea is fermenting in the individual’s mind. 9. PERSONAL LOCALITE: The person who is directly influencing the farmers decisions within the system i.e. neighbourers, friends, local leaders, peers etc. 10. PERSONAL COS... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
However, normally no extension worker has ability to use all methods with equal skill. Further, there is no one method that is best for all situations alike and hence calls for different method (s). It is also obvious that no one method can reach all the audience. Behavioural changes required on the part of the learner... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
of academic interest. The most widely used as well as useful classification of extension teaching methods is according to use. 1. Classification of extension teaching methods according to use Individual Contact Group Contact Mass Contact Farm and home visits Result demonstration Farm publications Farmer's call Method d... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
of the individual method are: It helps the extension agent in building rapport. It facilitates gaining first hand knowledge of farm and home. It helps in selecting administrators and local leaders. It helps in changing an attitude of the people. It helps in teaching complex practices, and It facilitates tra... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
allow the individual to talk first. 141 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik Present the message or point of view and explain up to the satisfaction of the farmer. Answer to questions raised and clarify doubts. Hand over publications. Try to ge... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
or experts for solving their problems. 142 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik ii. To provide information to the farmers and to seek their cooperation for making extension activities effective. Techniques to be followed: i. Promptness: The letter sh... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
workers and farmers. Select a small number of innovative farmers for conducting the trials. Implementation Explain the objective to the farmers. Make it clear that it is a simple trial in a small portion of the plot and does not involve great risk. Supply the critical inputs in time and supervise all important st... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
group methods are: It enables, extension agent to have face to face contact with a number of people at a time. It can reach a select part of the target group. It facilitates sharing of knowledge and experience and thereby strengthen learning of the group members. It satisfies the basic urge of people for social... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
innovation by the farmers. They can show the causes of problems and their possible solutions without complicated technical details. A great advantage of demonstration is seeing how an innovation works in practice. Objectives 1. To show the advantages and applicability of a newly recommended practice in farmer’s own... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
skill is involved. Put up suitable signboard for each demonstration in prominent places. The signboard should be colourful and visible from a distance. Local language should invariably be used on the signboard. Ensure that all critical operations are done in time and try to supervise them personally. Conduct fiel... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
II. Method Demonstration: Method demonstrations, oldest form of teaching basically show farmers how to do something. In the method demonstration, the farmer is shown step by step how, for example, to plant seeds in line, to use a mechanical duster to control insects, or to prune grapes. The agent will probably be deali... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
have seen the demonstration and have understood it. Repeat difficult steps, if required. Invite and participants one by one in small batches to practice the skill. Clarify doubts 147 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik and answer to their questi... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
skills. 5. To plan a programme of action. Technique Planning Make arrangements for physical facilities viz. sitting place, furniture, public address 148 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik system, drinking water etc. Inform everyone about time a... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
Keep discussion on moving track. Promote evaluation of all generalizations. Protect view points of minority. Get balanced participation. Promote group cohesion. Give summary. 149 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik Role of Members Member... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
It is used to present authoritative information to a large audience in the shortest time. A wide range of subjects can be covered using the lecture method. The speaker makes a presentation on the topic allotted to him for a definite period of time. Its weakness is that people are not likely to master as much of the inf... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
topic. 3. PANEL It is an informal conversation put on for the benefit of the audience, by a small group of speakers, usually from 2 to 8 in numbers. They are selected on the basis of the information and experiences they have. Members are seated so that they can see one another and face the audience. The panel is genera... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
means may lead to distortion of information, ignoring the primary need to inform the audience. This objection to the debate is overcome by holding nondecision debates or by having a forum after the debate. 5. FORUM 151 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, N... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
in refining ideas and developing solutions to the problems. 7. WORKSHOP Workshop is a special type of working conference of a week or more duration. In workshop emphasis is given on lecture, individual conference and working in group. Under the guidance of the consultants work sessions the individual participant can wo... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
It is one of the most important forms of group discussion. The discussion leader introduces the topic to be discussed. Members of the audience discuss the subject to which ready answers are not available. A seminar may have two or more plenary sessions. This method has the advantage of pooling together the opinions of ... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
recommendations hinder application by individuals. Little control over the responses of the audience and Difficulty in getting feedback information and evaluation of results. CAMPAIGN A Campaign is an intense educational activity for motivating and mobilizing a community to action, to solve a problem or satisfy a n... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
local leaders about the time of holding the campaign and its duration. Arrange necessary inputs, services and transport. Prepare a written programme of the campaign. Give wide publicity and put up posters at strategic points throughout the area. Use mass media to warm up the community. Make use of personal appeal... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
and propaganda techniques, and uninterrupted supply of critical inputs. Less suitable for practices involving complicated techniques. EXHIBITION An exhibition is a systematic display of models, specimens, charts, photographs, posters, pictures, information etc. in a sequence around a theme to create awareness and i... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
publicize about the exhibition through mass media. Decorate the stalls simply and tastefully. Make adequate arrangement for lighting. Display the exhibits at eye-level. If possible, arrange action and live exhibits. Train up interpreters and allot specific duties. Implementation Organize formal opening of the... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
Promotes public relations and goodwill towards extension It can be fit into festive occasions and serve recreational purposes Can be used to stimulate competitive spirit Can create market for certain products. Limitations Requires lots of fund and preparation Can not be held frequently FARMERS RALLY It is... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
keep the question answer session for clarification of doubts of the participants. Make the use of audio-visual aids. Arrange the mass media coverage. Conclude the rally in time. Follow-up Contact the participants and find out their reactions. Assess the extent of adoption of the practice. Publicize the rall... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik reader of the newspaper has your words before him and he can read them at his pace. He can go back and read it all over again if he misses any point or fails to understand you fully. Not so with the radio. There is no chance for hi... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
beginning. Enlarge on the main idea provide the supporting ideas. Avoid referring to the listener in the third person. Use 'you' and 'we'. Whenever you want to make an important statement, alert the reader in advance. Make your facts and statements convincing. Give logical reasons for making them. Give exampl... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
your paragraph properly. Do not carry a part of a sentence on to the next page. Otherwise listeners will hear a pause somewhere in the middle of the sentence. Correct your script carefully for mistakes and mark the places where you want to give a pause, like this : / . When you want to emphasise a word, underline... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
use visuals. All you have to rely on your words and your voice. Difficult to check on results. TELEVISION The following method of developing a television programme is not the only way, but it offers briefly a logical step by step production. As you become more familiar with television and develop more confidence in y... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
your mind before you proceed further. Divide the programme into important steps and list these steps in logical order. Consult resource material or a resource person if you need more information or if you need to check the information for accuracy. Select a format or a method of presenting the television programm... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
is called a transition. It may be done visually, orally or both. Don't jump from one idea to another without a transition. Transitions must be indicated in the script if used. Describe the area of object to be seen by the camera as Long shot (LS) Medium long shot (MLS) Medium shot (MS) 162 Notes compiled by Pro... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
and as the programme producer expects it. Trust the programme producer and the technical crew to produce as good a show as they possibly can. If something unexpected happens or you make a mistake or drop something, don't let it bother you. Recognise the mistake and continue your programme as planned. Facial express... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
and coloured with sharp colours. Graphic material, charts, slides, film-strips etc. should also be used to make the programme more intelligible. Pronunciation should be very clear and be audible. Proper speed should be maintained while speaking. Proper word should be selected to communicate the message. Avoid fad wor... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
own radio, TV and subscribe to farm journals, newspapers and buy extension publications, they can be effectively reached through such media. However, if the availability of any or all sources of information is limited in any area, it will be difficult to communicate with them, unless the information sources available t... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
categories as follows: Audio aids Visual aids Audio – visual aids 1. Tape Recorder 2. Public address system 3. Telephone Non projected 1. Chalk board 2. Bulletin board 3. Picture and photograph 4. Flannel graph, flash card, flip chart 5. Poster 6. Diagram, map, chart and graph 7. Specimen, model, diorama 8. Translide N... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
it familiarity and availability in the rural communities, extension field officers make use of chalkboards in carrying out farmer training workshops and Farmer Field School (FFS) classes where chalkboards provide platform for text, drawings and sketches to be displaced for farmers to learn. Bulletin Board: Picture A bu... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
of Agriculture, Nashik Picture and Photograph Picture is a representation made by drawing, painting or photography which gives single accurate idea of an object. A picture may tell a story without using a single word. Picture may be in black and white or in colour pictures and blowup photographs have more appeal. Photo... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
is a series of sheets of paper, fastened together at the top. When a sheet has been used, it can be „flipped‟ over the top so that the next sheet can be used. Development educators may purchase ready-made flipcharts, or they can make own flipcharts easily. Flipchart when being used will need to be held by the teacher o... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
or inclination to stop and read. The job of the poster is to stop the hurriedly passing persons, thrust the massage upon them quickly and lead them to action immediately or eventually. A good poster should have the following properties1. It must be able to attract attentionthe hurriedly passing person must be stopped b... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
representation of the original, with specimen, model and painting. The term „diorama‟ is derived from the Greek which means „to see through‟. Translide Translides are transparent big size photographs which are displayed by providing light at the back.for this purpose, shallow wooden boxes are made with front side open ... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
between the pictures in a series of show in the mind of audience. The additional advantage in using the film-strips is that the film can be stopped any-time during the show to explain or discuss a difficult or interesting point. This helps stimulate discussion and enhance understanding and effective participation of le... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
image. A mirror is attached up and over the box. When transparencies, or clear plastic sheets, are put on top of the lens, the light travels into the mirror that shines what is written on the transparencies forward onto a screen. The presenter can continue to see the transparency by looking down, while the viewers can ... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
to talk about. The fact that it is the puppet who is speaking creates a useful distance. Puppetry has played an important role in disseminating knowledge in most parts of the world. Puppetry imbibes elements of all art forms 170 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agri... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
fictional but reflecting situations that those watching and taking part might easily relate to. But there are also important differences. A drama is prepared beforehand and usually has a storyline with a clear beginning and end. A group of actors or actress presents the drama to audience. The words spoken by the actors... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
challenge learners' perceptions about their world and about themselves. Dramatic exploration can provide learners with an outlet for emotions, 171 Notes compiled by Prof. P. B. Pawar, Dept. of Extension Education, K K Wagh College of Agriculture, Nashik thoughts, and dreams that they might not otherwise have means to e... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
programme through newspapers, radio, television and videos, posters and variable message signs, mass mailings of brochures or newsletters and distributions of fliers. Media Mix Strategies: Studies have proved that there is no one best medium of communication. No single medium can effectively meet the goals because each... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
see details after listening to radio programmes. The farmers attended training programmes and they also had opportunities to participate in individual training and see demonstrations. Thus, there was enough opportunity to get feedback also helped radio station in redesigning programmes with appropriate cases. Another c... | Fundamentals_of_Extension_Education.pdf | Agricultural management |
1 Intelligent Infrastructure for Smart Agriculture: An Integrated Food, Energy and Water System Shashi Shekhar University of Minnesota Joe Colletti Iowa State University Francisco Muñoz-Arriola University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lakshmish Ramaswamy The University of Georgia Chandra Krintz University of California, Santa Ba... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
lands, conservation, improved watersheds, and restored forests. This vital sector affects each American and is an economic engine that provides approximately 1 in 10 U.S. jobs. U.S. agricultural productivity and profitability are the envy of the world. Notably, many new jobs are appearing in the fast-growing area of da... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
technologies distributed across all scales of food, energy, and water systems will create data-based assets that can be used to optimize agricultural productivity and the food pipeline all the way to consumer behavior and waste management, while increasing jobs, wages, and wealth creation opportunities in both rural an... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
agriculture, including enabling farmers to optimize farm returns, reduce unnecessary applications of fertilizers and pesticides, preserve natural resources, and contend with impending weather events. Precision agriculture represents a holistic view of agriculture as an integrated food, energy and water system. Farmers ... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
mined to obtain relationships between site characteristics, weather and crop performance under a range of management conditions. These relationships can be used to customize management practices and seed selection to local conditions. Ultimately, farmers want to maximize production/revenues while minimizing costs and u... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
increasing energy demands, can influence food availability from its production to its delivery, and likely observe cumulative or magnified effects on communities with restricted economic power and access to food, water and energy resources4. In summary, agriculture is an integrated Food-Energy-Water system with many co... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
et al., Annual review of Env. & Resources, 37:195-222, ‘12. 5 GRIN NPGS Germplasm Resources Information Network, http://www.ars-grin.gov 4 operations and processing plants. Food distribution infrastructure includes transportation systems (e.g., railroads, trucks, barges, ships, etc.), supply chain and retail stores. In... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
all the organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in moving the products from the suppliers to the consumers. 3.3. Limitations of Current Agriculture Infrastructure Current infrastructure has several limitations and challenges that need to be addressed to realize the vision of intelligent a... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
which may help ranchers locate and assist calf birthing to reduce mortality, are limited due to the constraints of power sources (e.g., batteries, solar, etc.) In addition, the GPS infrastructure used for positioning precision farming equipment are aging and increasingly vulnerable to jamming and spoofing. In addition,... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
2013. 7 GEOGLAM Crop monitor: a geoglam initiative. www.geoglam-crop-monitor.org, Accessed 1 Mar 2017 5 4. The Case for Federal Action for Smart Agriculture Addressing these critical societal needs requires investment in intelligent infrastructure and computing research that concurrently increases economic competitiven... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
precision agriculture video-games to engage urban youth Teleoperation: create jobs in labor-surplus areas & address farm labor shortage Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) & Robotics Robotic bees for pollination in areas of declining bee population CPS for water storage in drainage pipes to mitigate increasing rain variabilit... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
feedback for technology improvement, scientific advancement and innovation Broadly, the complex, interdisciplinary, and changing nature of agricultural processes and these urgent, potentially conflicting goals, demand technological breakthroughs that leverage recent advances in precision agriculture and scalable data m... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
maintain and increase competitiveness of the U.S. agriculture industry in the global market, it is necessary to: (a) continuously retrain farmers and farm service providers so that they are well-positioned to embrace newer technologies; (b) engage next generation in the farming sector; (c) attract and train workers fro... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
4.2 (Privacy-Protected) Shared Data Spaces Although farmers are stewards of the land, they also must have sufficient revenue to stay in business; they must compete with their neighbors in commodity markets. As such, they may be reticent to share data about crops, soil, and equipment, since it provides a competitive adv... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
food pipeline. Thinking in larger systems-level terms suggests possibly new computing approaches and optimizations not just in agriculture but in food manufacturing, retail, restaurants, and food waste management. 4.3 Intelligent Cyber-Infrastructure to support smart food systems The intelligent agriculture cyberinfras... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
inferences and predictions) and to form concrete solutions that can be directly tested, evaluated, and employed by U.S. growers to increase yields sustainably. Finally, the data surrounding the crop life cycle and farming practices that such cyberinfrastructure must support is vast in size and disparate in type (e.g., ... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
job creation, food safety, and significantly increased food production), such research and infrastructure must enable interdisciplinary collaboration and make available real-world test beds and data sets, from which validated results can be extracted and applied to the immediate problems facing both large and small hol... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
Drobnis, Wes Herche, Volkan Isler, Kyle Johnsen, Elizabeth Kramer, Vipin Kumar, Erin Mellinix, David Mulla, Luis Rodriguez, Daniel L. Schmoldt, and Helen Wright. This white paper is part of a series of white papers on Intelligent Infrastructure, written by community members. The full series of papers can be found at th... | Intelligent-Infrastructure-for-Smart-Agriculture-An-Integrated-Food-Energy-and-Water-System.pdf | Agricultural management |
Innovation for Agricultural Training and Education Identifying Pathways Linking Agricultural Education, Training and Extension Jemal Yousuf Hassen, Alemu Sokora, and Mukerem Taha, Haramaya University August 2016 USAID/BFS/ARP-Funded Project Award Number: AID-OAA-L-12-00002 Ethiopia Countryside. Photo Credit: Keith Pier... | JemalPathwaysLinkingAgEdExtFINAL.pdf | Agricultural management |
for agricultural education and extension, it is difficult to understand why AET programs would not have significant impact on skill learning of students as well as the extension needs of farmers. Thus, this research paper intends to assess the latest evidence on the linkage between extension and education to identify p... | JemalPathwaysLinkingAgEdExtFINAL.pdf | Agricultural management |
link between extension and education .......................................................................................................................... 11 EARTH University, Costa Rica: A new kind of agricultural university ..................................... 11 Chiang Mai University, Thailand ................... | JemalPathwaysLinkingAgEdExtFINAL.pdf | Agricultural management |
funded agricultural education and extension had a dominant role for agricultural innovation (Klerkx et al, 2009). Thus, since the 1950s there have been many efforts to replicate western agricultural development model in developing world where hunger and poverty still persist. For instance, one of the largest investment... | JemalPathwaysLinkingAgEdExtFINAL.pdf | Agricultural management |
2012). Fortunately, since the 2000 World Bank report calling for more investment for rural development, agricultural growth has become a top priority on the global development agenda (World Bank, 2007). Allied with that in 2002, the African governments ratified the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (... | JemalPathwaysLinkingAgEdExtFINAL.pdf | Agricultural management |
institutions (for example, in SSA) have focused on structural change, investment in infrastructure, and decentralization of financial administration. System-wide reform has been overlooked. AET in SSA continues to operate in isolation from key actors in the national agricultural innovation system, posing challenges for... | JemalPathwaysLinkingAgEdExtFINAL.pdf | Agricultural management |
of persisting challenges of AET in Africa Africa's, especially sub-Saharan Africa’s, significant advance in development heavily relies on the growth of its agriculture (World Bank, 2007). The agricultural growth in Africa, in turn, faces opportunities as well as challenges in the dynamic global economy of the 21st cent... | JemalPathwaysLinkingAgEdExtFINAL.pdf | Agricultural management |
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