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We have vitamin A , B, C, D, E and K but not F, G, H, I and J. Why?
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Vitamins A through E were named alphabetically. Vitamin K was discovered later and is essential in coagulation. But when they name it they spelled it koagulationFollowup question. Why did they decide to have 12 B Vitamins rather than use the rest of the alphabet?', "To keep it clear, vitamin naming is a mess and changed with time and what part of the world you're in. This is why most scientists do not use the vitamin classification, and rather proper chemical nomenclature. Alright now to the question: most of the latter vitamins were compacted in vit b . Also vit B is a mess because most of them changed numbers or in some cases even letters eg. Bm & Bt. There were also vitamins that came after K but no consensus has ever been reached over them. A lot of vitamins disappeared because they were non essential and thus not a vitamin. The whole problem with vitamins is that there isn't a clear definition and was made up a long time ago by people who did not understand the human body that well. TL:DR vitamins changed names and numbers because they found out some of the vitamins weren't actually vitamins, or they were found in the same foods and thus became a vitamin complex.I don't think we have "found" a new vitamin in forever, right?
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Why does exercise such as running or cycling feel much more strenuous during the first couple of minutes?
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Blood is constantly pumped all around our body to supply oxygen to all our muscles. In the case of running and cycling, we predominantly use our legs, but seeing as though we still have a regular blood circulation, our muscles find it difficult to work comfortably due to the lack of oxygen for the task they are performing. So, our body makes the decision to divert more blood towards those specific working muscles through the contraction and dilation of the blood vessels. This is why people tend to do a "warm up" before going on a run or cycle as it helps raise the heart rate to a level where your body would be comfortable performing strenuous tasks
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Why do I feel like I'm going to vomit when calling a stranger on the phone?
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While I am not a doctor, not your doctor, and this is not medical advice, it sounds very much like you are experiencing a panic attack, possibly brougt on by social anxiety. The same thing happens to me, on the phone. You might wish to seek treatment.
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How is colour and temperature related when something is burning? Also, why does the Sun appear white?
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The purple may be an artifact. On some digital cameras, infrared shows up as purple. The blue filter lets some red through. I use the selfie cam on my iPhone 6 to test IR remote controls. The main cam does not do that.
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Why were people shown as having pure white skin in ancient asian portraits?
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Pale skin was in China, as in Europe at one time, a symbol of the upper class--you cannot avoid being tanned if you perform outdoor labor. It's long been represented in art, dolls and make-up fashions as a beauty ideal.
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How did BBC get the seemingly impossible footage for David Attenboroughs Life series?
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Many many many hours of waiting. You can watch documentaries on how they film those documentaries. It involves cameramen being out in the field for months, being bored out of their minds while waiting for that opportunity to get that perfect shot.
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How to calculate Hamming Code
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adapted from wikipedia 1. Number the bits starting from 1: bit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.2. Your parity bits are the ones in position 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc4. All other bit positions are data bits.5. Each data bit is included in a unique set of 2 or more parity bits, as determined by the binary form of its bit position. Let's see if the data bit in 37th position is correct. 37 in binary is 100101, so the 37th bit has parity bits at 32, 4, and 1. If the first bit is 0, 4th bit is 0, 32nd bit is 0, then you'd expect the 37th bit to be 0 . If the 37th bit is 1 then you know it's an error and you can correct it. Same thing for the 103040203th bit. You find all it's parity bits and if they display an odd number of 1s then 103040203 needs to be 1 for even parity. If the parity bits show an even number of 1s then 103040203 needs to be a 0 for even parity.
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How Pirate bay can be so openly public and not be shut down.
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They keep getting shut down. When they are shut down, they start the website back up again in a different country. They've been in a lot of countries now.
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What does "frozen assets" mean?
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Imagine you have a big stack of quarters and toys split between piggy banks and toy shelves in each of your friends houses. You want to trade them all for a dirt bike, but mum says no. She tells all your friends to not let you into their rooms. In your example, the quarters are Millions, the toys are military equipment and instead of a dirt bike, you want to equip an army to massacre people and/or steal your country's wealth for personal gain.
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In movie scenes where a kidnapper asks for ransom money, why do they ask for non sequential bills? (Extra Credit: What are "Marked Bills"?)
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Because marked money can be tracked, sequential bills can be tracked. In the case of the Lindbergh baby they wrote down the serial numbers of the bills and used them to track down the kidnapper/killer. So lets say you kidnap someone and they pay the ransom. They keep an eye out for the bills they marked and notice them at a McDonalds, a Walmart and a Carwash. They know the area you've been in and now they can narrow it down to people who have been at these three locations in a specific time frame.
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How can a modern ship sail into a known storm/hurricane?
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Not a sea captain, but at least two things here: The ships today have been built to handle huge storms, so they are able to go through them without too many issues that would compromise seaworthiness of the ship. But these storms are also so large usually that it isn't as feasible for a slow ship to get around a storm as it might be for an airplane. Money is the second thing. It will cost the cargo steamship line money from losing time if they do navigate around the storm. It could add an extra day or so to their schedule which delays everything after. The more delays you have, the fewer trips you can make with the ship, the less cargo you can charge for. I would imagine a cruise line would also avoid refunding money at any cost. They have to order food for a week and can't afford for it to just sit around in port while they wait out a storm. They'd be motivated to get people out on their cruise even if it means everyone is miserable.
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Why is there a difference between girl bikes and guy bikes?
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In the early part of the bicycle, women sill wore dresses and the lowering of the top frame bar was to allow the wearing of a dressWell, there is the step-through frame, where instead of having a horizontal tube between the seat and the handlebars, that bar is lower down. This allows women to get on the bike more comfortably if they're wearing a dress or a skirt - they don't have to swing their leg as high as they would with a conventional frame. Beyond that, "women's" models come in smaller frame sizes to reflect the fact that women are generally shorter than men, and they might come in different colours for marketing purposes. My wife's bike is no different than my bike other than being a smaller frame size, so by no means are women forced to buy step-through framesHistorically speaking, the frame of women's bikes removed that high bar to allow for women to ride bikes while wearing long skirts or dresses. However, today, many people prefer the low- or no-bar frame because it's a "step-through" - instead of swinging your leg over the seat, you can move your leg through the bike frame, which is more comfortable and faster. And very few women wear skirts or dresses long enough to necessitate removal of that bar, anyway. While on average, women's bikes skew smaller than men's bikes, there is plenty of overlap between them. So these days, the only "real" difference is color and marketing.While the dress issue was probably the initial reason, I think the different design continues because a man's height is often in their legs, so throwing a leg over a bike is a lot easier for them than it is for most women.
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What is happening in our muscles when we feel the urge to exercise?
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Personally, it's stress that causes that irritability/restlessness. Cortisol keeps your body in a continued mode of being alert and ready to fight/run. Exercise lowers cortisol levels, eliminating stress and causes your body to relax the tension it has built up. Stress usually means that your body doesn't feel comfortable with your current situation, unsure if you are safe and/or are able to relax. Unfamiliar situations, sudden life changes, daunting work, sleep deprivation, and poor diet can increase stress levels. Exercise lowers stress levels and promotes relaxation. [Source]", 'As a lazy person I have never experienced “the urge to exercise.” Maybe your an exercise addict?
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What is the significance of the recent French presidential election?
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Over the last couple years, we have seen a populist trend among voters. People are voting for stricter immigration restrictions, dissolving the EU, adopting a nationalistic approach to governing, among other decision-making policies that would be consistent with the alt-right conservatives in America, or the pro-Brexit voters in the UK. There was a lot of interest in the French election, since there was a lot of ideological shift in that particular nation among the citizens. This election would determine if the recent trend of alt-right politics was gaining momentum, or if it was starting to recede. Considering the substantial margin of Macron's victory, this election signifies that the conservative upswing in the last couple years is receding. This is good news for those in the United States hoping that the 2018 election carries on this receding popularity of alt-right ideologue, and allows the Democrats to gain enough seats to regain a majority in the House. It also removes a potentially helpful collaborator for Trump and Russia in a very influential European nation. Under Macron, France isn't going to be so easy to bend to Trump's and Putin's whims. It is also good news for people in the UK who initially opposed the Brexit decision. Macron is strongly in favor of maintaining the European Union, and will help ensure it remains together so that if the UK makes another vote to return to the EU, it'll still be there and still be worth returning to.
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The WAR statistic people talk about in baseball.
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WAR stands for Wins above replacement. It's basically the amount of wins a certain player is valued at above a player of the same position at the AAA level. _URL_0_
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Why is gmail (or most email service) free?
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It allows google to collect a shit ton of data about you & charge more for advertising directed at you online. If you are not the customer you are the productWhen an internet service is free, *you* are the product. Email providers give you email service in return for information about you so they can sell targeted ads. Google is an ad company. Something like 96% of their revenue comes from adsThe revenue that they get off of advertisements is more than they spend on hosting the site. It also collects data from you, allowing them to make more targeted ads and therefor making even more revenue.
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What are the defining differences between streets, roads, avenues, boulevards, etc.? What dictates how it is designated?
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**A boulevard is two lanes in each direction with a median of trees or greenery running the length of it.** **An avenue is often two lanes in each direction and in a nicer part of the area.** **A street can be any number of lanes in each direction, but is generally associated with a town or city or suburb.** **A road is getting a little more rural, generally one lane in each direction, but not necessarily.**', "I've figured this out for New Zealand: Road = Originally in a non-built up area, but often now in a built up area due to urban expansion. Street = In a built up area Avenue = lined with trees Terrace = beside a river Lane = A narrow street Crescent = generally both ends join the same street, but sometimes it just looks like a crescent. Mews = a street with several small off-shoots Quey = Waterside street Place = only one point of entry Not sure about: Way Rise Common Close Boulevard
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Why is the majority of the human population right hand and right eye dominant?
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So there is definitely a tendency towards right handedness in people, but I would also point out that right now, there is social pressure on that as well: many left-handed children born in the 90s were forced to acclimate to right-handedness. When I was in preschool, I had to wear a sock on my left hand all day every day to force me to use my right hand. Right-handedness has been found in our early human ancestors but not in our chimp relatives, which means that there is probably an effect of evolution on hand preference. A gene variant was discovered in 2014 that appears to increase your odds of being left-handed. So while the science isn't settled, I would say that right-handed is the default and somewhere along human evolution, a series of small gene mutations, makes people favor their other hand.
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Why is it we pass out from standing too long with our knees locked, but not when we are lying down?
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Locking your knees causes issues with blood flow which in turn causes you to pass out. You don't lock your knees when you're laying down so it doesn't really apply.
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- What are both sides of this birth control debate and Congress? I've only heard the Rush Limbaugh stuff so I'm confused and would like as unbiased an explanation as possible
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So Obama thought that religious affiliated institutions should provide healthcare through their insurance companies to their employees. These religious institutions didn't think they should have to provide healthcare options that provided birth control because they morally object to birth control. Republicans jumped on and said that forcing these organization to provide birth control violated their 1st Amendment rights. Congress called a bunch of people to testify before a committee about the matter. The committee refused to let any women testify, but heard from a number of priests and rabbis. Limbaugh then called one of the women meant to testify a slut for wanting birth control. Democrats have argued that if you let employers opt out of insurance options on "moral" grounds, then employers could essentially opt out of providing any sort of insurance.
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Why do police in America not seem to carry or use much non-lethal weaponry?
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They do carry non-lethal weaponry. But have you considered that when that non-lethal option is used, it's not really newsworthy? Can you imagine a front page reddit post that says "Officer uses taser to stop suspect, who is sent to jail without injury. Officer goes home and has spaghetti with his family"? You're only hearing about things when they go horribly wrong, not the hundreds of times a day when they go right.They do, it just doesn't make the news. As far as guns go, a cop I know told me that they are trained to never draw their weapon unless they are prepared to shoot, and not to fire unless they are prepared to kill. There is no 'Shoot to injure'.we have tasers and pepper spray. but you can find countless videos of a taser not working at all, and the criminal keep coming at them. the pepper spray is to be used when theres no wind. alot of time their is wind, and the officer risks incapacitating themselves. shooting a person is the quickest and most effective way to keep them from killing youThe same is true in America. An officer may have pepper spray, a baton, taser. If the person was close enough to the cop that he pistol whipped him, how do you suggest the officer holster his firearm and draw a different weapon?', "Actually, they do. But don't let that stop you from whatever idiotic DAE 'MURICA GUNZ point you were trying to make.
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What is the purpose of Information Technology Infrastructure Library(ITIL)?
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At its most basic level, ITIL is really a set of best practices for IT Service Management - without a methodical approach, Service Management can be something that's done on a fairly ad-hoc basis without any specific direction to it. Although ITIL doesn't seek to specifically set in stone how things should be done, as a framework it provides a useful toolset to build a company's IT Service Management organisation and practices on.Just one example of ITIL practices is the concept of a "Help Desk". With a Help Desk, any consumer of technology calls a single number no matter what the issue is. This Help Desk then routes the issue to the appropriate team to perform the fix. Without a Help Desk, the technology consumer would need to have a huge list of numbers to call the specific group that handles the specific issue they are having. Or, they 'd get re-routed multiple times in order to get in touch with the correct group.
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Why is it when people see an incredibly cute baby one of the reactions is to 'eat' the baby? Or bite at it?
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_URL_0_ Take a read of the article above. To put it basically it is because the smell of the baby activates the same receptors of the brain as smelling nice food.I feel the same way with cats, because they're so cute I need them inside of me
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luxury tax and sales tax are different things?
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Sales tax is applied to everything. But on top of that the government can also impose extra taxes on certain products. So for a "luxury tax" that means that the government needs more money and taxes certain products a little more with the justification that if you can afford those products, then an extra 0.5% or so isn't going to make a difference to youA luxury tax is an additional tax added on items deemed to be a luxury. If you buy imported caviar, or luxury goods like gucci bags they will have this extra tax. Most goods that a common person will buy will rarely have a luxury tax.
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Why is most of society monogamous?
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In the way olden days, if you went around having sex with anyone, you'd have no idea who actually fathered the child. Cultural norms grew around the realization that if you were monogamous, you could safely assume the identity of each parent. This is critical to the natural human family nucleus. We don't see this more in nature, likely because we have more sophisticated social structures. The extremely long time a mother has to nurse and raise a child before it can be self-sufficient, necessitates a more prolonged and focused effort. Its a very complicated question. You could probably take several different angles, from evolutionary advantages, to social structures.
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Why Internet connections are fastest in South Korea?
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> People in the United States basically invented the Internet. [people working at CERN in Europe basically invented the internet]> People in the United States basically invented the Internet. So U.S. connections must be the fastest and cheapest in the world, right? This is not a valid conclusionThere are a lot more people living close to each other in South Korea, so it is very easy to give them all fast and cheap internetThe US is huge and we have very very very bad infrastructure. On the coasts it tends to be good but once you get into the middle of the US the Internet is a crawl if available at all.
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Marx's Labor Theory of Value
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Essentially Marx said that the value of a commodity is equal to the labour that went into it, including the labour that built the tools used to make the item, or the buildings that housed the workers etc. It's contrasted by Adam Smith's labour theory of value, which says that a commodity is worth whatever labour somebody is willing to perform in exchange for the item. In essence, Smith says it's worth what people are willing to pay, and Marx says it's worth what was paid to make it.
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Why are many SE Asian countries mainly Muslim, when they were colonised by European countries?
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Those countries had Muslims well before Europeans arrived. Before the Europeans spread all over the world and gobbled up all the land they could take, merchants and sailors from the Middle East had already spread out to distant regions in Eurasia.
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how the US are allowed to kill civilians with drones.
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It's not really a question of being allowed or not. There's no authority above the nation state that can step in and lay down the law - all that exists are states and deliberative bodies composed of states . If a state is powerful enough to do something without the rest of the world finding it a worthwhile risk to intervene to stop it, then that's that. And that's what's happening. Nobody is going to risk annoying the US too much over this. And it's useful for countries like Russia and China, who will almost certainly use this same precedent in the future to blow up people they want to get rid of too.Might is right. We have the power, so we make the rulesBefore civilians were collateral damage from drone strikes they were collateral damage from cruise missile strikes, and before that they were collateral damage from manned plane/helicopter strikes. And before that they were collateral damage from soldiers marching in and blowing stuff up.Virtually all warfare has civilian casualties, and there is an absolutely *massive* ethical difference between an entity that wishes to negotiate first and targets military units as a last resort vs. an organization that's indiscriminately killing civilians.Because the US has the most power and nobody could do shit about it without regretting the decision. The end.
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What happens when you're "clenching" your brain/head?
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> Is there a name for this phenomenon Isometric muscle contraction is what is being performed, and the result which you seem to be interested in is a temporary increase in blood pressure and drop in blood oxygenation. > what is your head actually doing? The muscles in the head and neck are building tension without actually contracting, and presumably the breath is being held or restricted. This consumes oxygen from the blood and can increase blood pressure in the short term. > Is it bad for you? It isn't *great* but it is unlikely to be harmful if done in moderation with a healthy person. A similar result could be achieved by holding your breath until you feel dizzy which is basically impairing brain function from hypoxia. If you want my advice I would suggest not developing a recreational habit of impairing brain function.
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How do sea shells form? And what enables them to grow in size?
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They are formed by the excretions of the animals inside. Snails and such, not the crabs or other things that live in emptied shells.
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Why do people use 0-60 mph to benchmark the acceleration of cars?
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Because the actual benchmark is 0-100 km/h, which get's rounded down to 60 mph. 0-100 is a nice round number, and since everyone except the US uses the metric system that's the standard. So the significance is that 60 miles is about 100 km.I believe its because 60 mph is the closest whole number too 100 kmh , which is used everywhere else in the world . 100 kmh is used because it is easy to work with, yet still a high speed for the average consumer. I am no expert, this has just always been my assumption.
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What's the difference between Space Opera and Sci Fi?
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Science fiction is any work of fiction set in the future that deals with technology more advanced than our own. Space opera is a particular type of sci-fi that doesn't really care much about the specifics of the science and technology as much as it deals with grand narratives about galactic empires and grand heros. Star Wars is a great example of space opera. It has spaceships and robots and all that jazz but the story is really about good v. evil rather than the effects of that technology on society. You could tell the same story set in medieval/high fantasy world without really changing much. In contrast, look at something like *Ghost in the Shell* . The technology is central to the plot and you can't tell the story without it.Space Opera is a kind of Sci Fi. Space operas are generally something like a soap opera crossed with a World War II battle movie but in space.
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When should I use recirculated air vs. fresh air in my car?
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Recirculating air will heat it faster, so yes. You should also recirculate your air when you are in a dirty area Always use recirculate when you are driving on [I-5 near Fresno/Coalinga RD in California]In my experience recirculating will cause some problems with the windows fogging up in the cold weather.Here's one for the smokers. Put it on outside air, put the vent to the floor and crank the fan to 11. Crack the window about one inch. With the outside air on max it increases air pressure in the car and forces the smoke out.
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Are there any major nutritional differences between brown and white eggs?
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There is no nutritional difference, but markets can charge more for brown eggs because uninformed consumers think that they are healthier. I have had people say this to me. Then I show them the eggs that my sister raises, all different colours. "So, is the blue or the pink egg the *healthier* one?" I'll ask. Brown eggs are laid by breeds of chickens with darker [earlobes]. These darker chickens are larger and cost more to feed - > He said the main reason the white-shelled eggs are more popular in the U.S. is that the chickens who lay them are smaller, eat less feed, and are therefore more cost efficient as egg producers. As mentioned, eggs are naturally many different [colours], but industrial production and breed standardization has eliminated this variety, and consumers have been conditioned to believe that white is the natural state. The modern industrial egg-production process destroys the natural membrane that protects eggs from bacteria. This is why eggs sold in North America are [refrigerated], whereas in Europe they are not. Buy free-range eggs, you'll never go back to regular ones.
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What is happening to New York City?
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Well a lot of small businesses that have been here for decades are being driven out by corporations and upscale businesses due to rising rents and taxes. Many of these businesses give NYC it's unique flavor that you can't find anywhere else. For New Yorkers like myself it hits home hard seeing stuff like this happen. This is just one example; the city truly is changing as more and more immigrants and transplants move here there are less and less native families living here and and more and more of them leaving to places like NJ, LI, Florida, etc. I'm sorry it this wasn't comprehensive enough but this is my perspective of the situation. Despite this, I still think people are overreacting when they say NY is changing and it'll never be the same. Every city changes, for better or for worse but I'm glad to say NYC isn't going anywhere and it will continue to be the capital of the world for decades to come. I love my hometown and I have much pride for it.people miss being mugged every few steps like they did in the 80s and early 90s.When Ray's Pizza isn't owned by Ray, and doesn't serve pizza
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Why do violinist always play the instrument on their chin?
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The left hand of the violin player is the one playing the notes and it has to be free to move up and down the neck as required, not clutching the instrument. The strings seen in cross-section form an arced shape, not flat like a guitar. The bow has to be able to "attack" through a range of angles so that it touches one or sometimes two strings and not all of them. The length of the note sounded depends on the back and forth movement of the bow. It wouldn't be possible to move the bow through all these positions if the violin was in front of the body. Held as it is above the left arm and supported by the chin and shoulder, there is nothing to impede the range of movement of the bow.As a fiddle player , I can say that some players hold the instrument on their forearm instead of their chin, but this is more for show than a technique, kind of like how people who play punk and metal sometimes hold a guitar down by their knees. I never do that because my arms aren't long enough, makes me feels like T-Rex. I know of fiddle players who play with the instrument on their forearm in performance but hold it to their chin when tone actually counts ). I suspect people who sling their guitar down by their knees probably hold it up further or even sit to record. All fun, there's no right or wrong! :-D
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How does a satellites stay positioned on a geostationary orbital target that is not on the equator?
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Geostationary orbits are only above the equator. Geosynchronous orbits are at the same distance but not necessarily in the plane of the equator. Communications satellites are not necessarily geostationary or geosynchronous; if there are enough of them all at different orbits then they can cover most of the earth.Have you noticed that, for instance, satellite TV dishes don't point straight up? They usually point more or less due south , and closer to the horizon the further north you get. That's because geostationary sats are always above the equator, or they wouldn't be geostationary . However, geosynchronous orbit is far enough out that it is far enough from the horizon even from high latitudes, so it's not really a problem.
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What is the point of harvesting "likes" on Facebook if you are not directly promoting a business?
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ALY5: It's the same reason that people try to get karma on Reddit, lad. They want recognition. They want to feel agreed with.its the same thing as people harvesting karma. it doesnt do anything, but people do it anywaysBecause when I "like" something, it shows up in my feed My FB friends who see this in their feed may click through to the "Dogs" post. They may also then "like" it, and their friends will see that, rinse, repeat. Here's how the money comes in: Someone probably bought a FB ad that displays on the page when that post is viewed. The more people who view the "Dogs" post, the more people are likely to click through the ad. So the "dogs" poster is driving ad clicks, and is getting paid for thatWorst one I 've seen was of a little girl whose hair was falling out under the caption "You won't like me because I have cancer." I thought "fuck, FB, you suck so much", but it's not really FB's fault, is it? In my less ragey moments, I thought of making a pic of the water molecule and asking people to like "if you need this to live." And I would if I wasn't so sure a lot wouldn't get itI know what you mean.On my feed people are putting pictures of sick children with captions like "If you don't like this,you don't have a soul" and "Like if you think she's beautiful".There was one pic of kid without legs smiling with caption "1 like=one respect Do you respect him? ". It's just wrongFor every like on fb God saves a kitten; which is good because he kills a kitten every time I fap, and I fap an awful lot.Didn't you know, the number of likes you get is directly correlated to your penis size!
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Why does it hurt more to get an IV put in your hand than in the crook of your arm?
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The hand has more nerve endings because you need to feel what you're doing with your hand while doing complex tasks . The high density of "useful" nerves to sense touch, temperature, etc, also comes with a lot of nerves that detect pain. Arguably this serves a purpose, allowing you to detect/avoid injury while using your hands. But evolution isn't perfect, and many things that aren't clearly helpful occur as "side effects" of helpful adaptations.Have you ever seen a [humunculus] depiction of a person? It's a drawing that is based on how many nerve endings are in different parts of the body, to show how sensitive those are compared to the rest of the body. The hands are HUGE and the arms are not. Less nerve endings = less pain. I stopped being scared of needles when I was about 7 years old, the first time I had blood drawn from my arm, and it didn't hurt nearly half as bad as those lancets they used to use on fingertips.
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Why do some people with special needs have such similar facial features?
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Because people who have the same problem generally have the same cause for that problem. Take, for instance, Down's Syndrome. It's caused by having 3 copies of the 21st chromosome instead of just two. Every single person with Down's has this problem, and every single person with this problem has Down's. Along with varying degrees of mental retardation , having trisomy 21 causes the facial features distinctive of the disorder because that's how genes work. If you break the program in the same way, you will get similar results.Down Syndrome is a genetic abnormality, and the genetic error that occurs also effects the development of facial bone structure and facial features. Outside of that, people with special needs generally do not look any more alike than anyone else.
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How do poems translated from one language to another still rhyme?
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The translated form is altered in order to rhyme, almost always. Usually the translator is also a poet who understands the original poet's style, so they'll try to keep the meaning and meter as close as possible to the original, while finding rhyming words that fit. EDIT: Here's an example from Charles Baudelaire, from *Benediction* **Original French :** Car il ne sera fait que de pure lumière, Puisée au foyer saint des rayons primitifs, Et dont les yeux mortels, dans leur splendeur entière, Ne sont que des miroirs obscurcis et plaintifs! **More literal translation:** For that crown will be made of nothing but pure light Drawn from the holy source of primal rays, Whereof our mortal eyes, in their fullest brightness, Are no more than tarnished, mournful mirrors! **Rhyming translation:** Because it will be only made of light, Drawn from the hearth of the essential rays, To which our mortal eyes, when burning bright, Are but the tarnished mirrors that they glaze. You can see that word order and word choices have been fiddled a bit in that last example to make things rhyme. But it mostly keeps the effect of the original, if the translator knows their stuff.
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Can people have smaller than average organs and what does it mean?
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If you made it this long with little to no problems, I wouldn't worry about it. Best thing to do is talk to your doctor about it. She would probably feel bad if she knew what she said made you uncomfortable and she didn't know/therefore couldn't explain things for you so you could feel better. I'm almost 36 and was 7 weeks early at 4lb 5oz. I have a medically documented legit thick skull. Lol. A host of other problems too, but family genetics are to blame.
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why is it that flies seem to appear out of thin air so quickly (even indoors) when rotten things or feces are nearby?
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Fun fact, up until recently in modern history people simply believed that things like garbage and feces spontaneously generated life because like you said, it seems like there are no flies, then trash and boom, hella flies. The truth is a little more boring and gross, it's simply that flies and maggots are all around you all the time, and they just congregate quickly. Since they have a fairly short life cycle and make tons of babies, it only takes a few days for a handful of flies to become a swarm.
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What are fair split screens?
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If you're going to ask about a current Reddit post, [it's helpful to include a link to it in the question]. Split screen video games are where you have multiple players, each with their own view on half the screen. Think playing Golden Eye/Halo on a single system. One of the problems you run into here is that the other player can look at your screen to see where you are, making it impossible to sneak up on somebody who is "cheating". A "fair" split screen is one that somehow prevents this. The method used in the post I presume you're talking about involves using a 3D TV and giving each player special glasses. One player only sees the "left eye" image and the other only sees the "right eye" image. When it works right, this means two people are looking at the same TV, playing the same game & seeing completely different images.
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What are mirrors made of? How does it get that reflection quality?
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They used to be glass that had electroplated silver on one side and then black paint on top of that. And they also used to be really well polished metal. Now a days it is usually much cheaper aluminum on glass/u/Kamin_of_ressik explained what they are made of, so I will explain their reflective properties. White objects reflect all light that is shone upon them, but they scatter it randomly. In contrast a mirror like surface reflects light non-randomly, that is to say, it reflects light at the same angle at which it is hit. It does this because it is smooth at a molecular level. Do me a favor, turn off your computer screen, and you will see your reflection. This is because your computer screen is reflecting the light thrown at it at the same angle that struck it. Your computer screen is a poor mirror though because it is black, so it absorbs more light than it reflects. Your bathroom mirror though, is much better because it is white, and thus it reflects all of the light shone at it, and because it is smooth, it reflects it all at the same angle, creating a mirror.
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I'm far sighted. Are there reverse-blurred images that would appear clear to me?
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So you want something like this [shortsightedness optical illusion]. but for farsightednessThe opposite of blurring is a technique called [unsharp masking] It effectively increases contrast at the edges in a photograph. Here's an [example picture] with blurred text at the top and "unblurred" text on the bottom. So yes, you can blur an image in the opposite direction. But the equations to unblur an image breakdown near the minimum and maximum intensity of the photograph. If you store color intensities in the range 0 to 255 then the result image would require some pixels to be below 0 and some to be above 255. You're going to lose that information. Another caveat is that you're not really talking about the same two things when you say you "see everything blurred" and "a picture is blurred". In order to understand this, a distinction must be made between physical images and photographs. When you look at an object you are observing light that is reflecting off of it in all directions. A camera has a lens that focuses that light into an image projected onto a digital sensor or film. The camera then transforms that light into a photograph. Like a camera, the lens in your eye focuses that light into an *image* on your retina. Your retina senses this light and a *photograph* is formed in your brain. When the lens in a camera malfunctions, the image is not focused directly on the sensor. This causes the photograph to appear blurry. Corrective glasses focus the light coming into your eye in a way that places the image correctly on your retina. They don't unblur anything. The blurring happens after the light has made it into your eyeballs> Are there reverse-blurred images that would appear clear to me? Sort of like this? Look at it, then take off your glasses and look at it. _URL_3_', "The blurriness comes from your eyes, not from what you're looking at, so no, I don't think so.
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Why stage 4 cancer is "uncurable"
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At stage 4, the cancer has spread throughout the body to multiple locations distant from the original tumor. It's considered uncurable at that point because it's not feasible, or really even possible to any degree of certainty, to remove all the tumors. At that point, the odds are pretty good you've not only got the tumors they can find, there are any number that are too small to be detected yet. The best you can do is chemo and/or radiation and hope for some degree of remission - but since it's already spread throughout the body, someday it IS going to come back and there's not much current medical technology can do about it.
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Why don't console developers re-release older consoles?
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Because almost nobody buys them. The market for any electronic device drops through the floor as soon as a newer version comes outIt's happened a few times, actually. Nintendo re-released both the NES and Super NES. The 1993 revision of the NES took some design cues from the Super NES, but otherwise was identical. It was positioned as a low-cost alternative to the Super NES. The 1997 revision of the Super NES made some minor design changes, but was otherwise identical. It, too, was intended as a low cost alternative to the N64. However, that practice appeared to have stopped by the 90s, as Nintendo never re-released the N64 when the GameCube was out. But by the time of the Wii, the practice was unnecessary with the Virtual Console service. Similarly, the Genesis was re-released in 1997 as the "Genesis 3," but by a third-party, Majesco. Pretty much anything that could be cut to reduce costs was. There wasn't a power light, just a simple sticker when the unit was on. There wasn't any headphone jack or any way to use the 32x or CD add-on. The unit pretty much housed the essential circuitry and that was it. As stated, there just isn't much money in "retro" hardware to be worthwhile.
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Why does the US government bail out General Motors every time they go under?
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> every time they go under You mean once?', "You are forgetting that the lowest base model Tesla would be over $100k if it wasn't subsidized by the US government. GM makes cheap crappy cars pretty much and they employ a LOT of people. You don't want all those people on unemployment and without jobs. They probably wouldn't be able to find jobs for a very long time. Any country would probably bail out their biggest manufacturers of products if they knew the company would be profitable in the future. Keep in mind the companies pay taxes to the government and so do the employees. So you don't want a huge company going under if you can prevent it.For one, they have 219 *thousand* employees. That's a lot of people to suddenly go on unemployment. Like the banks, they are "too big to fail", which means letting them go under would cause serious problems for the economy, much more than adding more debt to prop them up again.This sounds like some shitty loaded question from someone who doesn't like GM vehicles.Governments bail out companies because it would be more expensive for them not to. If the companies went under, all their employees become unemployed, and so the government a) loses the revenue from their income tax receipts and b) incurs a cost when they have to pay unemployment benefits. There are other macroeconomic consequences that would apply, but those two are the major ones.
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Reasonable Force Laws in the UK
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Basically it boils down to this: > The prosecution must adduce sufficient evidence to satisfy a jury beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant was either: > not acting to defend himself/herself or another; ornot acting to defend property; or not acting to prevent a crime or to apprehend an offender; or if he was so acting, the force used was excessive.
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Are US Congressional members actually exempt from insider trading laws? Is this okay?
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Yes, and define "okay". Insider trading is a broad statute that basically prevents people from trading on material knowledge the general public doesn't have. Due to the broad policy implications of being in congress a given congressmen almost always has some sort of inside information. Be that something specific like "acme is going to get the contract for XYZ" to something broad like "this tax bill probably won't pass". What that means is basically any trade any given member of congress makes could theoretically have been done with nonpublic material information. So to realistically prevent people from potentially being caught up in insider trading investigations congressmen would need to be completely removed from the management of their own money. This already happens with key insiders of private institutions through systematic sales of their company stock. The kicker is those programs are just for that given stock while congresspeople would need all investments controlled. So the only real solution is to have anyone who is a member of congress forfeit all of their assets in to a blind trust like presidents have typically done.
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What happens if Hillary Clinton is charged with an offence by the FBI, how would this affect the Presidential race and would she be allowed to continue?
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Legally speaking, it would have no impact. Nor would a conviction, or even being in jail. Article 2 of the US Constitution lays out the requirements for being elected president, and none of these factors enter into it. In fact, not having an indictment would be a terrible, terrible requirement. Imagine if the day before the election, the leading candidate was barred because their political enemies managed a trumped up indictmentTechnically she would be still be allowed to run, but I would expect her to drop out in respect for her party. It would be a huge distraction and would destroy any chances of her winning.I wouldn't hold your breath if I were you. The burden of proof is extremely high in cases like this, and no charges would ever be brought unless the DOJ was absolutely sure they'd win.She would be allowed to continue but the Republican Party would destroy her. The Democratic Party would probably ask her to not runRealistically speaking she would instantly be pardoned and thus be able to continue. It would be too detrimental to her partyYou can still hold public office. Hell, the mayor of bridgeport was reelected after going to jail for corruption charges while he was mayor before.
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Why do children seemingly enjoy being tickled but grow to hate it as adults?
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Plenty of adults like being tickled and plenty of kids hate being tickled. People often laugh involuntarily when they're tickled; this is a defense mechanism to signify submissiveness. People will often panic quite a bit because they don't like feeling vulnerable; this is because being tickled activates the part of your brain responsible for fight or flight. I remember being tickled by an older friend when I was little and I was laughing but telling her to stop. Likewise, in an episode of Family Guy, Lois laughs when Peter tickles her but then breaks his nose with a frying pan to get him to stop. A child may like it because they're more carefree and it's more of a playful thing to them. Remember, even if the kid is laughing, it doesn't mean they're okay with being tickled. An adult may feel helpless or vulnerable and may not like experiencing those feelings, but most often, they hate it because they were tickled a lot as kids. If you're a kid who loves being tickled then you'll probably grow up to be an adult who loves being tickled by his/her SO. Likewise, if you hate it, you'll probably hate it when you're older.Tickling is a tool that animals use to learn fighting skills with play without actually harming each other. Fighting off a tickle attack is similar to fighting off a real attack. But with tickling nobody gets hurt. After you reach adulthood those skills have been developed and it feels more like a real attack and so is unwelcome.The laughter is a panic response, but most kids have much experience with panic, thus people trying to instinctively move away even when they're _URL_0_'s basically the same nervous laughter you make when you're uncomfortable.adults have more experience with panic and anxiety, and are able to identify the feeling
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Why is liquor supposedly better the longer it is aged?
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Not all liquor and wine improve with age. Many are designed to open immediately. With whiskey, for example, the process of making whiskey involves aging for years in a barrel. The alcohol will cause chemical reactions with the wood of the barrel, which gives it it's iconic "whiskey" flavor and its caramel-brown color. Most whiskey must be ages for 2-3 years before it can even be called whiskey, but many whiskeys are aged for 15-20+ years. With wine, your average consumer wine will turn brown and lose flavor if not opened for years. It is not meant to be aged. Good wine that has lots of tannins, like a Bordeaux wine, is aged and the tannins soften over a long time.
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Carbon-14 half-life and why it's only useful for dating organic materials less than 50,000 years old?
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I think you're confused as to what a half life is. A half life is how long it takes for half of the material to decay. I've never heard of a full life. For example, take 100g of Carbon-14. After ~5,700 years you'll have 50g of Carbon-14. Now take another ~5,700 years and that 50g will be cut in half to 25g. Then in half to 12.5g. Repeat. We say it's only good for about 50,000 years because after that point there's too little of the isotope left for us to reliably measure. You'd need to pick something with a longer half life to reliably date farther back.> It has a half-life of 5730 years, so I'm assuming it has a "whole-life" of 11460 years.. That isn't how half-lives work. After 5730 years there is 50% of the carbon-14 left. After another 5730 years there is half of *that* carbon-14 left, etc. When considering 50,000 years it has been more than 8 half-lives and the amounts of carbon-14 left are getting small enough that it is difficult to get a usable date "whole life" is a misunderstanding. Radioactive decay can be modeled as exponential decay: after one half-life, you have half of the amount of a substance as you did at the beginning of that measurement period. After 7 half lives, you have less than a percent of the original material and 50000 years is around 8 half lives of carbon 14. As such, concentration of c14 can become difficult to accurately quantify after such timeThere's no such thing as a "whole life". Over the course of one half life, half the material decays. Over the course of the next half life, half of the remaining half decays. 1 half life = 1/2 the starting material, 2 half lives = 1/4, 3 = 1/8, etc. After 50,000 years, the levels of carbon-14 are too small for accurate detection and dating.
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. Why is IPhone so popular? The new 6s has 2gigs of ram the same as my old Galaxy 4 and half as much as my note 5.
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Like every Apple product, it is user friendly. It is really hard to screw anything up on it, and it is designed to be intuitive. How it is marketed has something to do with it too. IF you're wondering, Specs on cell phones are actually fairly meaningless for the most part. As long as specs are "sufficient" thats pretty much all it needs. Android needs stronger specs than an iPhone due to Android OS's configuration', "You're looking at it in a physical sense, it's not about that. Without sounding like Jonny Ive it's not even what the phone can do it's what you think it can do it's like an extra limb. Once you use an iPhone you're generally hooked unless you want to hate it. I don't know many people who have legit hated it once they've used one. Take this article about the Phsycology of Apple _URL_0_Have a read of that and it might give you a better understanding.
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Why to they have traffic reports on TV? How does it benefit only people watching at home?
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People may be leaving the house soon, or they are waiting on somebody to arrive. And I suppose its because people watching the news want to see the traffic. If every time they had a traffic report everybody changed the station, they would stop running traffic reports.I've only seen it on morning news. They assume most people watching are getting ready to go to work. While traffic can change quickly, some special circumstances like road construction can be reported on to give people warning.Also, a lot of TV newscasts will simulcast on radio so it can also be heard by people in carsIt is for people about to go out onto the road. This is most commonly done with morning new reports viewed before people start out for work.Let's say I leave for work at 8am, and I am watching the traffic report at 7:45 AM. I now know where there is traffic and can drive around it.
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When a city loses power (like in a lot of movies), why aren't all the lights going off at the same time?
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They call it a power grid for a reason, it is an actual grid. The main power lines come in from the power plant, which are then routed to different areas, then routed to smaller areas in each area, and so on and so forth until it reaches the end user. Think of it as an upside down tree. Trunk is the main line, branches are the end. Depending on what systems and safety protocols are in place, each grid may be on a little longer or shorter than others. Movies may exaggerate this somewhat but yes, it can happen like that.That's called a cascading power failure. The power coming to your home isn't just a single wire running to the local power plant. Rather, it's hooked into a master 'grid' that draws dynamically from multiple power plant - often spanning entire nations . When one part of the grid goes down, the other parts compensate by boosting their power. However, the actual transmission of power has limits. So what can happen is that a sudden surge of power demand can spike the power over that limit and cause additional shutdowns in otherwise unrelated areas. Those additional shutdowns can then cause the same problem in areas adjacent to them. One way to think about this in 'real world' terms would be to consider traffic. If you close one of the bridges to New York City, then traffic on all the remaining bridges increases - the need for people to enter/leave New York City remains constant, but the available paths have shrunk. However, that increased traffic can effectively shut down a *second* bridge by clogging it with too much traffic to manage - which then increases the traffic on the remaining bridges. Unchecked, this process can potentially lead to a situation where all the routes on and off the island are impassable because traffic isn't moving on any.
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How long would it take to accelerate to the speed of light in space so that the crew wouldn't suffer any negative effects from accelerating too quickly.
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You can't accelerate to the speed of light, and still have the crew made of matter. So let's presume you meant 99% of the speed of light. People deal well with 1g, 9.8m/s^2 of acceleration, and can stand 1.5g for a pretty long time. But to allow for safe sleep and digestion, 1g should probably be your limit. After a year you're a .76c, and you can get to .99c in a little over 18 months.
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What does the US government do with the millions of dollars worth of bitcoins they seize from online black markets?
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The last time they seized a bunch from Silk Road, they [sold it in an auction], like with other seized property. They sold it in 3,000-coin chunks. As for newer stuff, I *think* [this is the FBI's wallet number] so you can see they still have over 144,000 Bitcoin.
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Why does handwriting differ?
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Out of personal experience, I remember when I first was learning to write, my teacher had a certain look to her handwriting I admired. So, I mimicked her until I picked up the handwriting. So to answer your question, it depends. If you like the font/style of the educator, chances are you'll mimick their handwriting. You may see a font in a book and want to just write your "t"s like thatWhen we learn the general form of the letters, we start writing it faster. As a result, our natural shortcuts that we attempt to make add to the style of the writing. Im taking this from my experience of learning japanese characters in the past couple years, as I dont remember me learning the alphabet, of course.
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"Era of Bad Feelings"
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The Era of Good Feelings was a period of American history that fell between major conflicts, expectations were high, the major political parties cooperated and people got along. The Era of Bad Feelings is just a cloy way of saying now is a time of conflict, lowered expectations and partisan bickering.
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Why is it that pretty much everyone enjoys music?
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I used to work on an assembly line and we were allowed to have small radios on our benches while we worked. My supervisor was a really cranky old lady that just never seemed happy about anything. I was working near her desk one night and to as not to offend her I asked her what kind of music she liked in order to find something that she would enjoy. Her response was "I never listen to music, I don't really like it". After that she just seemed less human. That quite possibly explained why she never seemed happy, I mean how can you go through life without music it's just not rightBack in the day, on the plains of Africa when we were evolving, we needed several mechanisms in place to stop us from killing each-other so tribes could operate. Love, humour and music are all examples of these mechanisms.
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how does your digestive system get liquids separated to your kidneys?
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It doesnt't really. The digestive system mostly absorbs everything it can from the food into the bloodstream and the rest of it comes out as poop. The kidney then takes the blood and removes the things you don't really need in it Capsaicin, the substance responsible for the spiciness of pepper, is mostly absorbed into the blood, but most of it is broken down in the liver, so its concentration in the urine will not be enough to make it burn when you pee. The small amount that's left in the poop is more concentrated, which gives you the ring of fire. This applies both to spicy food and pepper vodka.
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Why don't/can't governments just illegalize smoking?
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The tobacco lobby is very powerful, smoking is a huge economic industry, tons of people like smoking, lots of people object to the government acting as a nanny and regulating our well being, and prohibition has a poor track record. It's a losing proposition for just about the entire country.
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What is happening in the brain when someone has an "Aha!" moment?
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One cell in your brain makes a path to another one, and voila you have a scenario that you reference for the rest of your life, unless you dont use it often, then it deteriorates. I don't remember all the specific terms cuz its early in the morning. But i suppose that IS what I'd tell a five year old", 'I think this would be better in r/askscience
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Why is the unit of measure placed before the value for currencies?
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It's not always. Cents or other symbols denoting fractions-of-a-currency often are placed after the number . And euro symbols are often seen after the number in signage in some countries and sometimes even in the middle But for financial transactions it's usually up front as a matter of convenience for the observer, particularly in longer numbers such as international transactions that might be in separate currencies. You immediately know what currency the potentially long number is, and when it's a separated currency such as dollars-and-cents or pounds-and-pence, the symbol up front for the bigger of the two splits coming first immediately lets you know the magnitude of the number.For the English speaking countries you put the dollar sign, or the pound sign before the number due to the standardized method of keeping accounting records developed in the countries. It is much faster to tell counting numbers from monetary figures at a glance if you have the symbol in front of the monetary figures. Cents do not fit this format because accountants rarely deal with things less than $1.00 and so fit common speech insteadDepends on your culture. Around here it is written like: 5 800 000,00 €
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How do they get the bubbles inside the soda?
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The bubbles are carbon dioxide which is soluble in water. The main method they get the CO2 into the soda is a two step process. The first step is chilling the soda by running it through a chiller. This is necessary because CO2 can stay dissolved in cold liquids much better and warmer ones. The second step is passing it through a carbonator which is essentially a small pipe that injects the CO2 into the soda. Both of these processes happen "in line" meaning they happen more or less in the pipe as the soda is going from whatever tank its being held in on its way to the filler to put it in a can or bottle. Both the chiller and the carbonator are devices in that pipefill a pressure vessel with the uncarbonated soda, then pump in CO2. Normally soda is under about 7 atmospheres of pressure while in the bottle, but it takes more than this to get the gas to dissolve.
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Why did I have to throw away the lid from my water bottle going into a stadium in Hamburg?
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Removing the lid hampers the bottles ability to be used for other nefarious-type uses. It's hard to throw water bottles at the field/other team/your brother-in-law if most of the liquid and subsequent weight is removed while tossed. Also, removing the cap puts shame on the bottle which might make it think twice before launching itself at unsuspecting stadium goers.
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How does the 'scene' community work? Where
is the motivation? Where does the money come from?
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> How is it that you can get TV shows moments after they're done airing, without paying a cent? People recording TV through an input on their computer, encoding it in real-time with good CPUs, and immediately uploading it when the show's finished. > Who is getting paid for all this hard work- it can't be all just for fun? Fun and competition. They compete to see who can do it the fastest and upload the most, because they like it. They also get access to the stuff their competitors upload, but these days it's about fun, they'd get access to that stuff anyway. > How about games or movies? With games there's even more competition, because you have to crack the anti-piracy measure. People are motivated by the challenge, and compete to see who can crack the protection first. > Where does the money come from? What money? The money to pay for the FTP servers? They just put them together at home or pay a company for an ordinary dedicated server, the way people do for websites or videogame servers every day. None of the pirates are getting paid, if that's what you mean. And because this is usually the question asked next > How can they release it before the release date? Record labels send hundreds of albums out to reviewers in the months before release. Usually it's these that get leaked. Sometimes it's leaked by engineers or other studio employees, and sometimes it's even leaked by band members. Movie studios send out 'screener' copies to reviewers too. During Oscar voting, studios send screener copies of all their best movies to every member the Academy . These people, or their friends and kids, leak copies online. Videogames are often sent to stores weeks before the store is allowed to sell them. They're liked by an employee who has access to a copy. Other times the game is again, sent to reviewers. Books are scanned and processed with optical character recognition software to become ebooks, and those are uploaded.
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Could a President-Vice President couple pardon each other? Could the President pardon the VP, then pardon resign allowing the VP to pardon the President?
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There is no reason a President cannot pardon the VP or vice-versa. Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 and was pardoned by his previous VP Gerald Ford. This pardon does not prevent the impeachment process which could remove the previous VP from Office.
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How is there wifi on buses (ie. megabus) and not on airplanes?
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There is WiFi on many planes. The reason there wasn't for a ling time after buses got it is for safety concerns.
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I googled Iran in the 1970s and none of the women wore burqas. Why has that changed?
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Because they had a revolution in 1979, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic & restrictions on the rights and freedoms of women.They still don't wear burqas. A [burqa] is a kind of all-over veil, a garment that covers the entire body, including the face, with just a small slit for the eyes. It's very rare to see the burqa in Iran. In the 1930s, an attempt was made to modernise the country by actually banning all kinds of headscarves for women . Imagine if, in the West, rather than simply say that women are free to wear trousers or jeans if they want, governments actually banned skirts and dresses, and arrested women for wearing them. What changed in 1979 was a revolution in which the monarchy was overthrown and Iran was ruled by religious leaders, the Ayatollahs. They instituted a legally-binding dress code for women, but they didn't mandate the burqa. The modern dress code is a long coat and a headscarf: something like a [rousari] is perfectly acceptable.First, burqas are full body and full face, not the cute headscarves you see more in Iran. Basically, they had a revolution that got taken over by the religious far right. The best book on this is the comic book Persepolis.women don't wear burqas in Iran. there are a few areas in the south where burqa is a part of traditional dress for women due to the harsh weather conditions for at least a few centuries. i've asked women who choose to wear hejab for their reasons and they say its about getting better treatment from men and to stop catcalls and such harassment from some men.The U.S. thought they needed some freedom. We planted the seeds that blossomed into the revolution in 1979. _URL_2_
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How does our immune system differentiate between good and bad bacteria?
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You 'd need a PhD in immunology to get any rigorous answer. One overly broad way to answer "how does our immune system differentiate" is simply: it doesn't. If you raised a primary immune response to every bacterial cell you 'd be in big trouble. Gut bacteria have evolved with us to either work to our benefit or to work without harming us . There is usually very little benefit in killing a human for bacteria, but often a very high reward in behaving. Most pathogens evolve, over time, to be less pathogenic for that reason. A second possible answer is that our immune system doesn't need to differentiate because the good bacteria do it for us. The "good" bacteria not only evolved to be harmless/helpful to us, but they also evolved to be very efficient within us. Their efficiency is so high that they use up resources faster than invasive bacteria can. This competition depends upon the bacteria having evolved with humans for a long time, which often means it evolved low pathogenicity. A third answer is that the immune system modulates its response by area of the body. Pathogens in the gut trigger a weak immune response. Anything foreign in the blood, though, triggers a strong response. Immunologically this can work as simply as lowering the concentration of T or B cells. In a more complicated way, the cells that are present may be immature . The human cells in your body are outnumbered 10:1 by bacteria. You can't live without them, and they can't live without us.
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If jury decisions have to be unanimous, why aren't there way more hung juries?
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[Not all juries need to be unanimous]. I believe that some courts don't allow juries to return hung until a certain amount of time has passed, in order to encourage discussion.
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How animals like Octopus are discovered to get "bored"
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"Bored" is a human term, and it's associated with a set of negative behaviors. The "cure for boredom" in humans is additional interaction. When an octopus is in a closed area, after a while they start to take on some of these same behaviors, and they stop when they have more interaction. Thus the term "bored" gets applied by the humans observing them. In nature, they probably just go a little farther to explore an area beyond their normal area. Just like humans who decide to explore frontiers. We're applying human emotional state labels to their observed state because it makes good predictions.afaik, the octopusses get bored and the dolphins have sex for fun are behavioural studies, which means a species in an environment is observed and a knowledge about the general mannerisms is gained.then, this knowledge can be compared to other animals of the same species and their mannerisms and so on. the 'getting bored' is more like an educated guess, because what does 'getting boredean in nature? for humans, its a really diverse, but for animals its almost anything besides their natural instincts. it is theorised that our apelike ancestors had time to think beause they didnt have to spend 6-8 hrs eating due to eating meat and cooking food
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How do airplanes take off?
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They use their engines to push them down the runway faster and faster, until the amount of wind passing under their wings is enough to lift them into the air.
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why aren't laughs different in the same way languages and accents are?
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They absolutely are. It might be harder to detect because, well, it's a semi-involuntary sound, but there are, in fact, different "laughter" dialect. Another point is tat laughter hardly ever needs translation, so
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How much of a connection is there between being good at basic math and mastering algebra, calculus?
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Engineer here. It's still a large gap from High School maths to Math analysis / Calculus. College Algebra is more accessible . From my experience. To pass with good grades you need to study a bit BUT solving A LOT of exercises. Maths in college are a mix between understanding and remembering what you should do. *You have to know what to do immediately:* That a major difference between College math and HS. You don't have a lot of time to think about how are you going to solve that problem or pre-testing on how you will solve that. You need to have that type of exercises burnt into your head. That requires a lot of exercise solving, even if you don't understand all the steps. Of course you can try to understand it all. But most of the cases you have other things to study for / projects to deliver, etc. I don't think it's a bad thing. You will forget about those exercises in the next semester but the essential part will still remain. Also forcing to solving exercises separates the Lazy students from the hard-working ones. College is about hard-working. The intelligence parts it's not as relevant as it was in during HS. > How much of a connection is there between being good at basic math and mastering algebra, calculus? Keep in mind after you "Master" something you still need to train everyday.
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What made militant Islam what it is today?
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I think it's similar to the "Know Nothing" party in the US that developed. It's a counter movement to enlightenment, to be proud to be ignorant, because knowledge is frightening to long standing thoughts about the way the world works, such as religion. Couple that with some seriously barbaric text in the Koran that calls for the killing, subjugation, and forced conversion of non-believers, and you have a recipe for disaster. Here's one example: > Quran 9:29 "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled."
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how does dust form? And what generates the biggest amount of dust?
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A lot of people will tell you it's mostly dead skin cells, but that's obviously not the majority of dust. You can easily verify this by leaving stuff in a non climate controlled storage unit for a year and coming back to find a layer of dust. Dust is mostly just particles of dirt and whatever else that is light enough to be picked up by wind.
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what is the difference between the cheap batteries that come in toys and major brand batteries, like Duracell, and why does the latter last a lot longer?
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Usually toys come with an "extra heavy duty" battery which is a generic name for [zinc-chloride]. These batteries are really bad. An AA might hold 1.5 watt-hours of power. Some really cheap toys come with "heavy duty" batteries or zinc-carbon. These are the worst and an AA might have 1 watt-hour of power. Duracell is an [alkaline] battery. An AA might hold 3 watt-hours of power. Twice or three times as much! But there is an even better battery out there. The [NiMH] battery doesn't hold any more power than an alkaline but it will never leak inside your stuff. And it is rechargeable so it can be used over and over. Saves a lot of money that way. To avoid a lot of fancy mumbo jumbo let's just say that NiMH can also "push" electricity a lot harder than alkalines can so they do better in toys with motors or flashlights or stuff like thatThe cells in the nicer batteries are more energy dense, that is also why they tend to be heavier assuming you are using like for like alkaline vs alkaline, lithium vs lithium. This density is measured via how many milliamp hours a battery hasThe cheapest batteries are carbon-zinc batteries, which are based on technologies first developed in the 19th Century. They have a capacity of between a quarter and a third of alkaline batteries, which first become available in the 1950s. These batteries often have the misleading name "heavy duty", not because of their capacity, but their ability to function better in high load situations. Note that despite what their idiotic commercials say, all basic alkali batteries are pretty much the same, within 5-10%. When you see a Duracell or Energizer commercial doing any sort of comparison, it is always against old-fashioned carbon-zinc batteries. Also note that a lot of house brands for electronics, like Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic, are true alkali batteries. Discount store batteries tend to be carbon-zinc, as is the Eveready line, which is owned by the same company as Energizer.
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why is online gambling illegal in most places, but things like draftkings and fanduel which pay out real money aren't?
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When the laws related to online gambling were made a few years ago, a specific exception was made for fantasy sports; but I don't think they expected it to become what it is now. _URL_0_ _URL_1_
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What happens when a currency 'dies'?
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Typically the government prints a new currency, and for a limited-time period, they offer you to exchange the dying currency with the new one. In Zimbabwe's case, they abolished their old currency in 2009 and just started using foreign countries' currencies like US dollars and South African rands. People stopped using Zimbabwean dollars long ago because of hyperinflation, the money lost value so quickly that within a single day a Zimbabwean dollar lost half it's value. The government at one point was printing bills worth Z$100,000,000,000,000 .
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How does volume work? If I turn the dial on my stereo, what exactly is happening that causes the sound to be louder or quieter?
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[Here's a fairly simple design for an amplifier.] [If you look at this picture you can see more or less how it works] There's a bunch of crap on there that's not really important to understanding how a volume knob works and can safely be ignored. The important part is that the audio signal is coming in at the bottom through the + audio input, going up to spot marked "3" on the amplifier chip, and then a more powerful version of the same signal is coming out the "5" so that it can drive the speaker that's over on the right. [I 've marked the volume knob in blue on this version of the same image.] The little upside down triangle bit at the bottom is the symbol for ground. What's happening is that the volume knob is letting a certain % of the signal go through to the amp where it's boosted up and goes out the speaker, and directing a certain % to the ground where it's basically "wasted". Turn the knob to 0 and 100% goes to ground and you get no sound at all, turn the knob to 5 and 50% goes to the amp and 50% to ground and you get a moderate amount of sound, turn the knob to 10 and 100% is going to the amp and it gets loud and fuck. I'm not the guy from the blog, I just used his design because it's pretty good. All copyrights & credit belongs to himThe dial is a resistor. Then lower you turn your volume: the higher the resistor, and the lower the volume will be. The higher you turn your volume, the higher your volume.
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Were the Earth to be attacked by external force & we bonded together as a whole regardless of economics and borders, what are we be capable of defensively?
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Attacked by an external force? We wouldn't be capable of anything. It 'd probably be over before we even knew we were under attack. They 'd have to be more advanced than us because they made it here. They would most likely be a lot more advanced than us. It 'd be unlikely that another "nearby" civilisation was only slightly more advanced than us given how old the universe is. It 'd be like us attacking a stone age tribelike panzer said, nothing we have could possibly stand up to the technology of a species that has mastered interstellar travelThat can't really be answered unless you know what the external threat is, and what they're capable of, including defence. "Attacked" implies will, so I assume you mean aliens, and if they have the technology to travel perhaps hundreds of light years to Earth then I dare say we're capable of irritating them with our primitive ballistic weapons at the very most. We haven't concurred space travel, let alone warfare, and it's likely that we 'd be attacked from space anyway. It 'd probably be like holding a midget at arms length while kicking him.
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How does alcohol make you dehydrated? Where does the water stored in your body go just by drinking another substance?
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Humans have a hormone that prevents them from urinating. Alcohol lowers this hormone so you urinate a lot more than you should which results in you losing more water than you gained from drinking the alcohol.
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Why can't energy be harnessed through gravity?
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We already harness energy from gravity just not in the way your friend thinks. Hydroelectric dams use their height to store potential energy in a reservoir. The height difference between the water and the turbines means that gravity is used to move water past turbines thus creating energy.
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Why does the computer mouse sometimes jump in a random direction?
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It shouldn't, when just sitting still. I assume you mean when you are moving it. Older mouses had a ball that made two different little wheels inside rotate, and that would be translated by the computer into mouse motion. But those little wheels would pick up dust and gunk and that could make them get erratic. Most modern mouses use a laser diode emitter and a sensor. The laser diode shines a bright light at the surface, and tiny changes in the reflections back into the sensor are used to determine the direction that the mouse is moving. But if that sensor gets dirty, or the surface it is being used on is dirty or very uneven, then the software gets a bit confused. This can also happen on some very shiny or smooth surfaces, since there isn't much information for the sensor to work with.
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Why Mclaren CEO Ron Dennis is being pushed out of his job?
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In a takeover battle for McLaren shares, he seems to have backed the "wrong" side , and the remaining shareholders don't trust him any more and are trying to oust him.
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Why does it take so long (longer than a week) to feel pain after a car accident and not a few days?
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If there still is pain you better go see a doctor and ask an actual professional about your very specific case! There can be no general answer as injuries - from neglectible to very concerning - of all imaginable and unimaginable kinds can happen.
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How accurate are nutrition labels on foods?
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Theoretically, they're pretty accurate. Numbers can be gotten through chemical testing or by combining the known nutritional quantities of the ingredients that go into the food. Typically, the bigger the food manufacturer, the more accurate its nutritional values are, as the manufacturing process and ingredient quality are typically more tightly controlled and regulated.Usually entirely accurate. "One serving size is < > ", so they can display exactly the amount of sodium, carbohydrates, etc, in that defined amount. The part that is not totally accurate is then it'll say "Servings per container *about* < # > ".
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Why are lactose-free products primarily targeted towards women?
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I'm assuming it is purely marketing women still do most of the domestic tasks of a hetero-normative, "average", family. This includes the shopping. Perhaps women are more likely to engage with the dialogue around "wellness" too?', "It's because that's who generally does the family shopping. Marketers will target who actually makes the purchasing decision for a product. For example, ever see a home security ad, with a woman and her children at home while someone tries to break in? That's not targeted to the mom. It's targeted to the dad.
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How did diseases that are only transmitted Sexually originate ?
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Most infectious human diseases, not just STDs, originally came from animals. Often domestic animals, but sometimes wild animals as well. The flu, TB, etc., come from pigs, chickens, and cattle. HIV came from wild apes or monkeys, and Ebola is thought to have come from bats. Most STD's weren't originally only transmitted through sex. But as people's standards of living and hygiene improved, some diseases became less likely to be transmitted through non-sexual contact. And they're now mainly spread by sex, so they became sexually transmitted diseases by default. Examples: HIV probably spread to humans from primates when people killed and butchered monkey or ape meat. It also may have spread through mass vaccinations in colonial Africa. It spread through blood transfusions in North America. But once people paid closer attention to keeping the blood supply clean and keeping needles clean, HIV mainly only spreads through sex. Syphilis used to spread by skin to skin non-sexual contact, especially in the tropics. But in colder countries where people wore more clothes, syphilis mainly spread through sexual contact and was concentrated in the genital area, one of the parts of the body that tended to stay warm in the winter. Same goes for chlamydia and gonorrhea. They used to spread through non-sexual contact. Children caught the diseases from touching each other and playing with each other. But since hygiene and living standards have improved, they mainly only spread through sex now.Follow-up question : Are there even diseases like that? HIV gets to you via blood , and it just so happens that your skin tears a wee bit during sex, making it easier for the virus to find a way in; HPV is contagious through the contents of the warts, and those warts develop down there, because your skin barrier is weakened by all the sexy rubbing and fluids have an easy time getting there in the first place and so forth. None of the diseases I know are transmitted *exclusively* sexually. Sex just facilitates the transmission.
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How and why are the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 exploding and catching on fire?
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A huge flaw in the lithium ion batteries they use. Unlike most batteries, lithium ion batteries contain a flammable electrolyte. Under certain situations this can cause it to release gas, which builds up inside the highly pressurized case. In most cases, it starts to swell first and then, well, explodes: _URL_0_ This is normally caused by over-charging. So while we don't have all the details for the galaxy note 7 issues, you can be sure its a flaw resulting in this outcome, but very fast.
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If deep freezing only puts bacteria to sleep rather than killing them, then why does deep freezing sushi/sashimi fish makes them safe to consume raw?
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I think you're confusing bacteria with parasites. Freezing kills harmful parasites like tapeworms and roundworms. The bacteria you're concerned about has nothing to do with the fish itself and everything to do with who handles it. If there is any harmful bacteria on your sushi, I'd blame your chef for not washing their hands.I import fresh seafood for sushi. Freezing is for parasite prevention and is usually assumed will be done in the restaurant or markets care with sushi fish.. Tuna is an exception and does not need to be frozen, i think this is because parasites are rare in tuna. I have had some fish with weird things but none that would get past the first customer who cuts and distributes the fishFresh, recently caught fish will have almost no harmful bacteria growing on it. If you immediately freeze it, it will prevent bacteria from growing while the fish is transported. Its stopping it from forming in the first place, not killing it.
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Why when recording a song in a studio do they use a screen in front of the mic?
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It's called a pop filter, and it is used to break up "plosives" which are your Bs and Ps. When these sounds are produced they release a blast of air, and the microphone picks these up as bass rumbles under the fundamental frequency of the voice. The mesh of the pop filter diffuses the air passing through so everything useful goes through while the rumble is reduced.They are called pop filters, and are used to prevent the mike from picking up the sound of the air as singers sing. The sound produced by a vocalist will 'blast' the mike, creating popping sounds. The filter lets the sound through, but eliminates the air blast. Letters such as P tend to pop, which the mikes react to. The filters lessens the impact. It also keep the mike clean, as it prevent the spittle from reaching the mike.That is a pop filter. It prevents the mic audio from popping when you use letters like P, B, T, S, TH, CH, F, ect', "[Here's ElectroBOOM] explaining what it does and shows you how to make one at home.The screen keeps the plosive sounds of certain letters, such as P, from popping loudly in the recording. Try reading that out loud with your hand by your mouth. You can feel the air being forced out. This creates a loud sound in recordings, the screen dissipates this rush of air, reducing the loudness of those sounds.
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How does the resonance in a certain room make just a single string of stringed instruments vibrate and get louder and louder?
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Sound is a wave - a series of compressions and rarefactions in the air. Those sound waves bounce off the walls of the room, and propagate back into the room, where they overlap with other sound waves. ) If the peaks and troughs of those waves overlap at exactly the same points in space, they will amplify each other. This amplification is known as resonance.
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When you burn yourself, for instance by running very hot water over your hand, why does it take a solid second or two to actually feel pain?
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This coming from highschool bio knowledge so someone else might be able to give you a better answer. But there are 2 different kinds of nerves. The reason you pull your hand back is the first nerve in action, it's a reflex nerve. This saves time for the brain. Rather than have the signal go all the way to the brain, and all the way back to the muscles to move the hand, the reflex nerve takes it and does it quickly, then the signal to the brain is sent Sorry if it's not very clear, been a while side I did bio.
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