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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: CastError
Message: Couldn't cast
indices: uint64
-- schema metadata --
huggingface: '{"info": {"features": {"indices": {"dtype": "uint64", "_typ' + 50
to
{'group_id': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'text': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'input_ids': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='int32', id=None), length=-1, id=None), 'attention_mask': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='int8', id=None), length=-1, id=None)}
because column names don't match
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1855, in _prepare_split_single
for _, table in generator:
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/arrow/arrow.py", line 76, in _generate_tables
yield f"{file_idx}_{batch_idx}", self._cast_table(pa_table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/arrow/arrow.py", line 59, in _cast_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2293, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2241, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
indices: uint64
-- schema metadata --
huggingface: '{"info": {"features": {"indices": {"dtype": "uint64", "_typ' + 50
to
{'group_id': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'text': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'input_ids': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='int32', id=None), length=-1, id=None), 'attention_mask': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='int8', id=None), length=-1, id=None)}
because column names don't match
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1436, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1053, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 925, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1001, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1742, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1898, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
group_id
int64 | text
string | input_ids
sequence | attention_mask
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|
6
|
<|start_of_role|>system<|end_of_role|><|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>user<|end_of_role|>Quick Question: Context: "I Love Rock' n' Roll" is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version. The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982. Alan Merrill has played the song live in Europe, Japan and most often in his home town New York City.
Question: who sang the original i love rock and roll?
My answer: To answer the question, consider the following: "I Love Rock' n' Roll" is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version. The answer is the Arrows.
Quick Question: The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. It was a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement. The campaign lasted from December 5, 1955 -- the Monday after Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person -- to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional. Many important figures in the Civil Rights Movement took part in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy.
Answer this question based on the passage: where did the montgomery bus boycott take place?
My answer: The relevant information is: The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The answer is Montgomery , Alabama.
Quick Question: Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken, with an overall budget of $281 million (some sources say $310-$330 million), the entire project took eight years, with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand, Jackson's native country. Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases. While the films follow the book's general storyline, they do omit some of the novel's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material.
Based on this passage, where is the lord of the rings filmed?
My answer:<|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>assistant<|end_of_role|>To answer the question, consider the following: Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken, with an overall budget of $281 million (some sources say $310-$330 million), the entire project took eight years, with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand, Jackson's native country. The answer is New Zealand.<|end_of_text|>
|
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39
|
<|start_of_role|>system<|end_of_role|><|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>user<|end_of_role|>You will be presented with the abstract, introduction, and discussion section from a biomedical research article. Your task is to create a summary that a layperson can understand, capturing the essence of the research article. Keep essential scientific terms, but ensure that the language remains clear and the concepts are explained in an uncomplicated manner.
Title: Genetic Diversity in the Interference Selection Limit}
Article:
Abstract:
Pervasive natural selection can strongly influence observed patterns of genetic variation, but these effects remain poorly understood when multiple selected variants segregate in nearby regions of the genome. Classical population genetics fails to account for interference between linked mutations, which grows increasingly severe as the density of selected polymorphisms increases. Here, we describe a simple limit that emerges when interference is common, in which the fitness effects of individual mutations play a relatively minor role. Instead, similar to models of quantitative genetics, molecular evolution is determined by the variance in fitness within the population, defined over an effectively asexual segment of the genome( a “linkage block”). We exploit this insensitivity in a new “coarse-grained” coalescent framework, which approximates the effects of many weakly selected mutations with a smaller number of strongly selected mutations that create the same variance in fitness. This approximation generates accurate and efficient predictions for silent site variability when interference is common. However, these results suggest that there is reduced power to resolve individual selection pressures when interference is sufficiently widespread, since a broad range of parameters possess nearly identical patterns of silent site variability.
Introduction:
Natural selection maintains existing function and drives adaptation, altering patterns of diversity at the genetic level. Evidence from microbial evolution experiments[1],[2] and natural populations of nematodes[3], fruit flies[4],[5], and humans[6],[7] suggests that selection is common and that it can impact diversity on genome-wide scales. Understanding these patterns is crucial, not only for studying selection itself, but also for inference of confounded factors such as demography or population structure. However, existing theory struggles to predict genetic diversity when many sites experience selection at the same time, which limits our ability to interpret variation in DNA sequence data. Selection on individual nucleotides can be modeled very precisely, provided that the sites evolve in isolation. But as soon as they are linked together on a chromosome, selection creates correlations between nucleotides that are difficult to disentangle from each other. This gives rise to a complicated many-body problem, where even putatively neutral sites feel the effects of selection on nearby regions. Many authors neglect these correlations, or assume that they are equivalent to a reduction in the effective population size, so that individual sites evolve independently. This assumption underlies several popular methods for inferring selective pressures and demographic history directly from genetic diversity data[8]–[12]. Yet there is also extensive literature( recently reviewed in Ref.[13]) which shows how the independent sites assumption breaks down when the chromosome is densely populated with selected sites. When this occurs, the fitness effects and demographic changes inferred by these earlier methods become increasingly inaccurate[14],[15]. Linkage plays a more prominent role in models of background selection[16] and genetic hitchhiking[17], which explicitly model how strong negative and strong positive selection distort patterns of diversity at linked sites. Although initially formulated for a two-site chromosome, both can be extended to larger genomes as long as the selected sites are sufficiently rare that they can still be treated independently. Simple analytical formulae can be derived in this limit, motivating extensive efforts to distinguish signatures of background selection and hitchhiking from sequence variability in natural populations( see Ref.[18] for a recent review). However, this data has uncovered many instances where selection is neither as rare nor as strong as these simple models require[7],[19]–[24]. Instead, substantial numbers of selected polymorphisms segregate in the population at the same time, and these mutations interfere with each other as they travel towards fixation or loss. The genetic diversity in this weak Hill-Robertson interference[25] or interference selection[26] regime is poorly understood, especially in comparison to background selection or genetic hitchhiking. The qualitative behavior has been extensively studied in simulation[22],[25]–[29], and this has led to a complex picture in which both genetic drift and chance associations between linked mutations( genetic draft) combine to generate large fluctuations in the frequencies of selected alleles, and the occasional fixation of deleterious mutations due to Muller's ratchet. In principle, these forward simulations can also be used for inference or model comparison using approximate likelihood methods[7],[30], but in practice, performance concerns severely limit both the size of the parameter space and the properties of the data that can be analyzed in this way. Here, we will show that in spite of the complexity observed in earlier studies, simple behaviors do emerge when interference is sufficiently common. When fitness differences are composed of many individual mutations, we obtain a type of central limit theorem, in which diversity at putatively neutral sites is determined primarily by the variance in fitness within the population over a local, effectively asexual segment of the genome. This limit is analogous to the situation in quantitative genetics, where the evolution of any trait depends only on the genetic variance for the trait, rather than the details of the dynamics of individual loci. We exploit this simplification to establish a coalescent framework for generating predictions under interference selection, which is based on a coarse-grained, effective selection strength and effective mutation rate. This leads to accurate and efficient predictions for a regime that is often implicated in empirical data, but has so far been difficult to model more rigorously. Our method also has important qualitative implications for the interpretation of sequence data in the interference selection regime, which we address in the Discussion.
Discussion:
Interfering mutations display complex dynamics that have been difficult to model with traditional methods. Here, we have shown that simple behavior emerges in the limit of widespread interference. When fitness variation is composed of many individual mutations, the magnitudes and signs of their fitness effects are relatively unimportant. Instead, molecular evolution is controlled by the variance in fitness within the population over some effectively asexual segment of the genome. This implies a corresponding symmetry, in which many weakly selected mutations combine to mimic the effects of a few strongly deleterious mutations with the same variance in fitness. We have exploited this symmetry in our “coarse-grained” coalescent framework, which generates efficient predictions across a much broader range of selection pressures than was previously possible. Our results are consistent with previous studies that have investigated interference selection in silico[22],[25]–[29],[44], but our coarse-grained model offers a different perspective on the relevant processes that contribute to molecular evolution in this regime. By using the term interference selection, we have tried to emphasize that interference( i. e., correlations in the frequencies of selected alleles) is the distinguishing feature that separates these populations from the traditional background selection regime. Previous work, on the other hand, has argued that virtually all of the deviations from the background selection limit can be attributed to fluctuations in the fitness distribution and the effects of Muller's ratchet[22],[41],[43]. Yet our coarse-grained framework includes neither of these complications directly, and the quantitative behavior is unchanged even when beneficial compensatory mutations balance the loss of fitness due to Muller's ratchet. Moreover, fitness class fluctuations and the ratchet are arguably maximized in neutral populations[52], which are well-characterized by the neutral coalescent. Instead, our results show that we can capture many aspects of silent site diversity simply by correcting for the average bias in the fitness distribution away from the prediction in Eq.( 1), similar to the findings of Ref.[47]. In order to predict this bias from first principles, it is crucial to account for correlations in the frequencies of selected mutations, similar to rapidly adapting populations[44],[65]. Of course, the degree of interference in any particular organism is ultimately an empirical question— one that hinges on the relative strengths of mutation, selection, and recombination. Although interference is often observed in microbes and viruses[76]–[79], its prevelance in higher sexual organisms is still controversial because it is difficult to estimate these parameters in the wild. Mutation and recombination rates can be measured directly( at least in principle), but population sizes and selection strengths can only be inferred from a population genetic model, and these have historically struggled to include the effects of selection on linked sites. Many estimates of “” ignore linkage by fiat( e. g.[80]) under the assumption that sites evolve independently. But these estimates become unreliable precisely when small- and intermediate-effect mutations are most common, and the reasons for this are apparent from Figure 4. All of the distortions in Figure 4 C and Figure 4 D would be mistakenly ascribed to demography( or in the case of Figure 4 E, population substructure), thereby biasing the estimates of selection at nonsynonymous sites. At best, these estimates of “” represent measurements of, which carry little information about the true strength of selection( Ns) or even the potential severity of interference. For example, all of the populations in Figure 8 have Ns = 10 and, even though they fall in the interference selection regime, and show a strong distortion in minor allele frequency that cannot be explained by Eq.( 2). In other words, we cannot conclude that interference is negligible just because “”, as inferred from data, is larger than one. More sophisticated analyses avoid these issues with simulations of the underlying genomic model[7],[22],[29],[30]. In principle, this approach can provide robust estimates of the underlying parameter combinations that best describe the data. But in practice, simulation-based methods suffer from two major shortcomings which are highlighted by the symmetry above. We have seen that strongly-interfering populations with the same variance in fitness possess nearly identical patterns of genetic diversity. This suggests a degree of “sloppiness”[81] in the underlying model, which can lead to large intrinsic uncertainties in the parameter estimates and a strong sensitivity to measurement noise. A more fundamental problem is identifying the nearly equivalent populations in the first place. Even in our simplified model, large genomes are computationally expensive to simulate, and this obviously limits both the number of dependent variables and the various parameter combinations that can be explored in a single study. We have shown that sets of equivalent populations lie along a single line( namely, the line of constant Nσ) in the larger parameter space, which can easily be missed in a small survey unless the parameters are chosen with this degeneracy in mind. In this way, our theoretical predictions can aid existing simulation methods by identifying equivalent sets of parameters that also describe the data. As an example, we consider the D. melanogaster dot chromosome that inspired the parameter combination in Figure 4 A. Earlier, we showed that the reduction in silent site diversity on this chromosome() is consistent with the parameters Ns≈30, NU≈300, and NR≈0, which fall in the middle of the interference selection regime( Ref.[29], see Methods). Our calculations allow us to predict other parameter combinations with the same patterns of diversity, and we plot the simulated frequency spectrum for three of these alternatives in Figure 6. We see that even with highly resolved frequency spectra( unavailable in the original dataset), there is little power to distinguish between these predicted alternatives despite rather large differences in the underlying parameters. However, this “resolution limit” suggests that individual fitness effects are not the most interesting quantity to measure when interference is common. Individual fitness effects may play a central role in single-site models, but we have shown that global properties like the variance in fitness and the corresponding linkage scale are more relevant for predicting evolution in interfering populations. Estimating these quantities directly may therefore be preferable in practice. Our coarse-grained predictions provide a promising new framework for inferring these quantities based on allele frequency data or genealogical reconstruction. A concrete implementation presents a number of additional challenges, mostly to ensure a proper exploration of the high-dimensional parameter space, but this remains an important avenue for future work. Finally, our findings suggest a qualitative shift in the interpretations gleaned from previous empirical studies. We have provided further evidence that even weak purifying selection, when aggregated over a sufficiently large number of sites, can generate strong deviations from neutrality. Moreover, these signals can resemble more “biologically interesting” scenarios like recurrent sweeps, large-scale demographic change, or selection on the silent sites themselves. Here we refer not only to the well-known reduction in diversity and skew towards rare alleles, but also to the topological imbalance in the genealogy( or the “U-shaped” frequency spectrum), and the strong correlations in these quantities with the rate of recombination. Since weakly deleterious mutations are already expected to be common[60], they may constitute a more parsimonious explanation for observed patterns of diversity unless they can be rejected by a careful, quantitative comparison of the type advocated above. At the very least, these signals should not be interpreted as prima facie evidence for anything more complicated than weak but widespread purifying selection.<|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>assistant<|end_of_role|>A central goal of evolutionary genetics is to understand how natural selection influences DNA sequence variability . Yet while empirical studies have uncovered significant evidence for selection in many natural populations , a rigorous characterization of these selection pressures has so far been difficult to achieve . The problem is that when selection acts on linked loci , it introduces correlations along the genome that are difficult to disentangle . These “interference” effects have been extensively studied in simulation , but theory still struggles to account for interference in predicted patterns of sequence variability , which limits the quantitative conclusions that can be drawn from modern sequence data . Here , we show that in spite of this complexity , simple behavior emerges in the limit that interference is common . Patterns of molecular evolution depend on the variance in fitness within the population , and are only weakly influenced by the fitness effects of individual mutations . We leverage this “emergent simplicity” to establish a new framework for predicting genetic diversity in these populations . Our results have important practical implications for the interpretation of natural sequence variability , particularly in regions of low recombination , and suggest an inherent “resolution limit” for the quantitative inference of selection pressures from sequence polymorphism data .<|end_of_text|>
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9
|
<|start_of_role|>system<|end_of_role|><|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>user<|end_of_role|>
A successful software engineer is designing a scalable database system and wants to ensure optimal performance by analyzing the load distribution and data redundancy. The engineer uses a combination of graph theory and number theory principles to tackle the problem.
1. The engineer models the database as a weighted directed graph \(G = (V, E)\) where each node represents a server and each directed edge \(e\) from node \(u\) to node \(v\) represents a data transfer with weight \(w(e)\) representing the time cost of transferring data. Given that the graph must remain strongly connected even if any single node is removed, determine the minimum number of edges \(E\) required for the graph \(G\) to satisfy this condition assuming there are \(n\) nodes in \(G\).
2. The engineer also considers the optimal distribution of data across the servers. Assume there are \(n\) servers, each with a unique prime identifier \(p_i\). The engineer wants to distribute data blocks \(b_1, b_2, \ldots, b_k\) such that for each block \(b_j\), the sum of the identifiers of the servers storing the block is a quadratic residue modulo a given large prime \(q\). If the engineer wants to maximize \(k\), the number of data blocks, determine a formula or method to calculate the maximum possible value of \(k\) in terms of \(n\) and \(q\).<|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>assistant<|end_of_role|>To solve the given problem, we will address each part separately:
### Part 1: Minimum Number of Edges for Strong Connectivity
To ensure that a directed graph \(G\) with \(n\) nodes remains strongly connected even if any single node is removed, we need to make sure that the graph is **2-vertex-connected**. In terms of directed graphs, this means that removing any single node does not disconnect the graph.
A strongly connected directed graph with \(n\) vertices can be made 2-vertex-connected by ensuring a minimum of \(2n - 2\) edges. This result comes from the fact that for a directed graph to be 1-vertex-connected (strongly connected), it needs at least \(n\) edges. To ensure that it remains strongly connected upon the removal of any single vertex, we need an additional \(n - 2\) edges, leading to \(2n - 2\) edges in total.
**Explanation:**
- A strongly connected directed graph has at least \(n\) edges.
- To ensure it remains strongly connected upon the removal of any node, it should be 2-vertex-connected.
- Thus, a minimum of \(2n - 2\) edges is necessary.
### Part 2: Maximizing the Number of Data Blocks \(k\)
For the distribution problem, we want to maximize the number of data blocks \(k\) such that the sum of prime identifiers of the servers storing each block is a quadratic residue modulo a given large prime \(q\).
The quadratic residues modulo \(q\) are given by:
- There are \(\frac{q+1}{2}\) quadratic residues modulo \(q\) (including 0).
The key is to ensure that the sum of prime identifiers for each data block is a quadratic residue modulo \(q\). The engineer can choose any subset of server identifiers as long as the sum is a quadratic residue. The flexibility in choosing servers means the engineer can select combinations of servers whose sum modulo \(q\) results in a quadratic residue.
**Method:**
- The identifiers are unique primes \(p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_n\).
- Any subset of these identifiers can be considered for storing a data block.
- The engineer needs to ensure the sum of the selected subset is a quadratic residue.
To maximize \(k\), the engineer can leverage the flexibility in choosing combinations that meet the criteria. Since there are \(\frac{q+1}{2}\) quadratic residues modulo \(q\), the maximum \(k\) is theoretically limited by how many distinct sums can be achieved as quadratic residues. However, practical implementation may allow for numerous combinations, potentially making \(k\) very large.
Final Answer: The final answer for the minimum number of edges \(E\) is \(2n - 2\). I hope it is correct.<|end_of_text|>
|
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17
|
<|start_of_role|>system<|end_of_role|><|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>user<|end_of_role|>Below are the abstract, introduction, and conclusion of a computer science research paper. Please summarize the main contribution of the work in a single sentence. Your response should include the summary and no additional text.
Paper text:
Conditional generative adversarial networks (cGAN) have led to large improvements in the task of conditional image generation, which lies at the heart of computer vision.
The major focus so far has been on performance improvement, while there has been little effort in making cGAN more robust to noise.
The regression (of the generator) might lead to arbitrarily large errors in the output, which makes cGAN unreliable for real-world applications.
In this work, we introduce a novel conditional GAN model, called RoCGAN, which leverages structure in the target space of the model to address the issue.
Our model augments the generator with an unsupervised pathway, which promotes the outputs of the generator to span the target manifold even in the presence of intense noise.
We prove that RoCGAN share similar theoretical properties as GAN and experimentally verify that our model outperforms existing state-of-the-art cGAN architectures by a large margin in a variety of domains including images from natural scenes and faces.
Image-to-image translation and more generally conditional image generation lie at the heart of computer vision.
Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGAN) (Mirza & Osindero, 2014) have become a dominant approach in the field, e.g. in dense 1 regression (Isola et al., 2017; Pathak et al., 2016; Ledig et al., 2017; BID1 Liu et al., 2017; Miyato & Koyama, 2018; Yu et al., 2018; Tulyakov et al., 2018) .
They accept a source signal as input, e.g. prior information in the form of an image or text, and map it to the target signal (image).
The mapping of cGAN does not constrain the output to the target manifold, thus the output can be arbitrarily off the target manifold (Vidal et al., 2017) .
This is a critical problem both for academic and commercial applications.
To utilize cGAN or similar methods as a production technology, we need to study their generalization even in the face of intense noise.Similarly to regression, classification also suffers from sensitivity to noise and lack of output constraints.
One notable line of research consists in complementing supervision with unsupervised learning modules.
The unsupervised module forms a new pathway that is trained with the same, or different data samples.
The unsupervised pathway enables the network to explore the structure that is not present in the labelled training set, while implicitly constraining the output.
The addition of the unsupervised module is only required during the training stage and results in no additional computational cost during inference.
Rasmus et al. (2015) and Zhang et al. (2016) modified the original bottom-up (encoder) network to include top-down (decoder) modules during training.
However, in dense regression both bottom-up and top-down modules exist by default, and such methods are thus not trivial to extend to regression tasks.Motivated by the combination of supervised and unsupervised pathways, we propose a novel conditional GAN which includes implicit constraints in the latent subspaces.
We coin this new model 'Robust Conditional GAN' (RoCGAN).
In the original cGAN the generator accepts a source signal and maps it to the target domain.
In our work, we (implicitly) constrain the decoder to generate samples that span only the target manifold.
We replace the original generator, i.e. encoder-decoder, with a two pathway module (see FIG0 ).
The first pathway, similarly to the cGAN generator, performs regression while the second is an autoencoder in the target domain (unsupervised pathway).
The two pathways share a similar network structure, i.e. each one includes an encoder-decoder network.
The weights of the two decoders are shared which promotes the latent representations of the two pathways to be semantically similar.
Intuitively, this can be thought of as constraining the output of our dense regression to span the target subspace.
The unsupervised pathway enables the utilization of all the samples in the target domain even in the absence of a corresponding input sample.
During inference, the unsupervised pathway is no longer required, therefore the testing complexity remains the same as in cGAN.
(a) The source signal is embedded into a low-dimensional, latent subspace, which is then mapped to the target subspace.
The lack of constraints might result in outcomes that are arbitrarily off the target manifold.
(b) On the other hand, in RoCGAN, steps 1b and 2b learn an autoencoder in the target manifold and by sharing the weights of the decoder, we restrict the output of the regression (step 2a).
All figures in this work are best viewed in color.In the following sections, we introduce our novel RoCGAN and study their (theoretical) properties.
We prove that RoCGAN share similar theoretical properties with the original GAN, i.e. convergence and optimal discriminator.
An experiment with synthetic data is designed to visualize the target subspaces and assess our intuition.
We experimentally scrutinize the sensitivity of the hyper-parameters and evaluate our model in the face of intense noise.
Moreover, thorough experimentation with both images from natural scenes and human faces is conducted in two different tasks.
We compare our model with both the state-of-the-art cGAN and the recent method of Rick Chang et al. (2017) .
The experimental results demonstrate that RoCGAN outperform the baseline by a large margin in all cases.Our contributions can be summarized as following:• We introduce RoCGAN that leverages structure in the target space.
The goal is to promote robustness in dense regression tasks.•
We scrutinize the model performance under (extreme) noise and adversarial perturbations.To the authors' knowledge, this robustness analysis has not been studied previously for dense regression.•
We conduct a thorough experimental analysis for two different tasks. We
outline how RoCGAN can be used in a semi-supervised learning task, how it performs with lateral connections from encoder to decoder.Notation: Given a set of N samples, s (n) denotes the n th conditional label, e.g. a prior image; y (n) denotes the respective target image. Unless
explicitly mentioned otherwise || · || will declare an 1 norm. The symbols
L * define loss terms, while λ * denote regularization hyper-parameters optimized on the validation set.
We introduce the Robust Conditional GAN (RoCGAN) model, a new conditional GAN capable of leveraging unsupervised data to learn better latent representations, even in the face of large amount of noise.
RoCGAN's generator is composed of two pathways.
The first pathway (reg pathway), performs the regression from the source to the target domain.
The new, added pathway (AE pathway) is an autoencoder in the target domain.
By adding weight sharing between the two decoders, we implicitly constrain the reg pathway to output images that span the target manifold.
In this following sections (of the appendix) we include additional insights, a theoretical analysis along with additional experiments.
The sections are organized as following:• In sec. B we validate our intuition for the RoCGAN constraints through the linear equivalent.•
A theoretical analysis is provided in sec. C.•
We implement different networks in sec. D to assess whether the performance gain can be attributed to a single architecture.•
An ablation study is conducted in sec. E comparing the hyper-parameter sensitivity and the robustness in the face of extreme noise.The FIG3 , 7, 8 include all the outputs of the synthetic experiment of the main paper. As
a reminder, the output vector is [x + 2y + 4, e x + 1, x + y + 3, x + 2] with x, y ∈ [−1, 1].<|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>assistant<|end_of_role|>We introduce a new type of conditional GAN, which aims to leverage structure in the target space of the generator. We augment the generator with a new, unsupervised pathway to learn the target structure.<|end_of_text|>
|
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4
|
<|start_of_role|>system<|end_of_role|><|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>user<|end_of_role|>their toys as being for both genders, there is no gender neutral section on their website. Those which are generally deemed for both genders more closely resemble what many would label "boy toys," as they relate closer to the stereotype of masculinity within play. Traditions within various cultures promote the passing down of certain toys to their children based on the child's gender. In Indigenous South American communities, boys receive a toy bow and arrow from their father while young girls receive a toy basket from their mother. In North African and Saharan cultural communities, gender plays a role in
The danger in stereotyping lies not in its existence, but in the fact that it can become a substitute for observation and a misinterpretation of a cultural identity. Promoting information literacy is a pedagogical approach that can effectively combat the entrenchment of stereotypes. The necessity for using information literacy to separate multicultural "fact from fiction" is well illustrated with examples from literature and media. Role in art and culture Stereotypes are common in various cultural media, where they take
"Stereotypes and stereotyping." Guilford Press, 1996. Pawel Milicki, Naomi Ellemers, Being different or being better?, European Journal on Social Psychology, vol. 26, 1996, pp. 97–114 National Stereotypes and Product Evaluations in a Socialist Country (journal article) Ethnic and National Stereotypes: The Princeton Trilogy Revisited and Revised (journal article) National Stereotypes: Correct Images and Distorted Images, ed. Blanca Valota, 2007, ISBN 8876949534 National Stereotypes: an Educational Challenge (book) Haiti and the United States: National Stereotypes and the Literary Imagination (book) External links Media related to Ethnic and racial stereotypes at Wikimedia Commons
may also show prejudice internalization through self-stereotyping because of negative childhood experiences such as verbal and physical abuse. Substitute for observations Stereotypes are traditional and familiar symbol clusters, expressing a more or less complex idea in a convenient way. They are often simplistic pronouncements about gender, racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds and they can become a source of misinformation and delusion. For example, in a school when students are confronted with the task of writing a theme, they think in terms of literary associations, often using stereotypes picked up from books, films, and magazines that they have read or viewed.
for the addition of gender to toys came about in the 1960s and 1970s. Before 1975, only about two percent of toys were labeled by gender, whereas today on the Disney store's website, considered a dominating global force for toys by researcher Claire Miller, all toys are labeled by gender. The journal Sex Roles began publishing research on this topic in 1975, focusing on the effects of gender in youth. Too, many psychological textbooks began to address this new issue. Along with these publications, researchers also started to challenge the ideas of male and female as being opposites, even going
Where can I find resources on combating stereotypes about gender roles in children's literature?<|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>assistant<|end_of_role|>Hello! I'm glad to assist you, and you can definitely call me Mindy! Your research project sounds fascinating and important. I can help you find some materials that explore the process of dispelling gender role clichés in children's literature. Here are a few suggestions to get you started:
1. "The Gender Fairy" by Jo Hirst: This children's book aims to challenge traditional gender stereotypes and promote inclusivity and acceptance.
2. "Cinderella Ate My Daughter: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the New Girlie-Girl Culture" by Peggy Orenstein: Although not specifically about children's literature, this book delves into the impact of gender stereotypes on girls and provides insights into challenging those stereotypes.
3. "Redefining Girly: How Parents Can Fight the Stereotyping and Sexualizing of Girlhood, from Birth to Tween" by Melissa Atkins Wardy: This book offers guidance to parents on how to navigate and challenge gender stereotypes in children's lives, including through literature.
4. "The Princess Problem: Guiding Our Girls through the Princess-Obsessed Years" by Rebecca Hains: Focusing on princess culture, this book explores how parents can encourage critical thinking and challenge gender stereotypes in children's literature and media.
5. "Beyond Babar: The European Tradition in Children's Literature" edited by Sandra L. Beckett: This collection of essays examines various aspects of children's literature, including gender representation, and provides insights into how European literature challenges traditional gender roles.
Additionally, you may want to explore academic journals such as Gender and Education, Children's Literature in Education, and Gender and Society. These journals often publish research articles on topics related to gender roles in children's literature.
Remember to check your university library's database for access to these materials, as they may be available through academic sources. Good luck with your research project! 🌈📚<|end_of_text|>
|
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12
|
<|start_of_role|>system<|end_of_role|><|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>user<|end_of_role|>Write a fictional, imaginative, concept for taglines for a video game based on this (the entire game itself), quote it from classic literature or the bible
Here is AT HELL’S GATE information:
“AT HELL’S GATE LORE TIMELINE (REDUX) [[4/13/24]]
PART 1: “Prelude to the postlude.”
[WWIII] !!PROTO-CATACLYSM!!
2034 - In a world shackled by economic strife, political instability, and growing concerns over the climate of the future, tensions rise across the globe, primarily in Eastern Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.
2035 - These tensions later escalate into the war that will, unbeknownst to mankind, end all wars, (at least on Earth).
2037 - WWIII begins, with combat and warfare escalating all over the world, from the snowy fortresses of Alaska to the deserted minefields of the Sahara.
2042 - About 5 years into what seems like will be a never-ending war, North Korea finally makes good on decades of nuclear brinkmanship. Major cities around the world, London, Washington D.C., Tokyo, are all engulfed in a hellish blaze of atomic waste.
2042 - NATO decides to retaliate, launching nuclear missiles on major strategic and population centers of the enemy side as well. Almost halving the human population alive at the time.
2044 - To add insult to injury, a plague begins developing. with incurable effects and very resilient viruses, there is very little hope for humanity.
2050 - As of 1/1/2050, less than 1/3 of the original population of Earth at its peak in 2038 are still alive. (not counting those dead from natural causes).
2054 - Global resources being strained and very little population leads to the remaining factions and nations of Earth to call a temporary detente in order to get back together and hopefully keep mankind from becoming extinct.
[In their hopelessness, the spires rose.]
2055 - This period of hopelessness soons marks the beginning of a resurgence in religion, leading mankind to construct “doomspires”, towering temples of multi-colored bricks to appease God.
[[There are no further information markers in the records until 2099.]]
PART 2: “What hath God wrought?”
[Signs of the rapture.]
9/14/2099 - On 16:57:53 UTC precisely, the solar eclipse then occurring over North America heralded the beginning of the end, as the few spectators viewed the day turn to night, the thundering roar of a divine horn was heard across the world, traveling faster than the speed of light.
12/11/2099 - A strange celestial object, unknown to man until its striking of the Earth, splashes down in the middle of the Atlantic, seas turn blood red and toxic. Another trumpet sounds.
[“7” years of trial.] (2100-2105) !!FIRST CATACLYSM!!
During this period, various cataclysmic events are endowed upon the Earth, with each new disaster, another trumpet sounds.
[Discovery of the fallibility of the divine.]
7/8/2103 - The remnants of a scientific research camp in Antarctica come across a strange monolithic structure in the freezing wastes, inscripted upon it is the first “revelation”, presumed to be from God himself. This sparks debate in society over their God’s possible fallibility.
[Even the brightest light will burn out one day.]
8/27/2105 - Suddenly, without any notification, no previous indication, no fanfare, no cataclysmic event, God vanishes. We are alone.
[Orphans of the father.] 2105-2117
Now that mankind is truly alone, humanity must fend for survival with the very few resources that are available. Demons and lost angels run rampant on the earth, so there is only one thing we must do-
2110 - The plan for constructing a massive spacecraft in order to transport humanity’s remnants is developed, it is called “The Exodus”, and will take to the stars in 2117.
2117 - Luckily for man, all goes well, and the remnants of mankind takes to the stars and establishes settlements on the inner planets and some on moons of the outer planets.
PART 3: “Let me play among the stars.”
[The Second Exodus]
2117 - With Earth left an irradiated, apocalypse ravaged ruin, The Exodus departs carrying about 500,000 humans, leaving millions on Earth to fend for themselves.
2118 - The first humans reach the inner planets, Mars, Venus, Mercury, etc…
2127 - The last humans to settle the Solar System arrive at moons of the outer planets.
[Development of new cultures and religions in the planets and moons (as of 2130)]
Mercury - largely uninhabited, mostly focused on industry and mining.
Venus - Cultural center of the inner planets, vast floating cities consisting of inter-connected zeppelins. This cultural paradise leads them to begin the development of a new religion called “Infernism” (more on that later)
Earth - Virtually abandoned, few settlements are located here, with most suffering in a hell on Earth.
Mars - Less culturally focused but more inhabited than Venus, Mars also develops a religion “Deusvultism (crucifiers)”, centered around the idea that God has not abandoned Man, and is just testing their fortitude.
Europa - Underwater cities under the ice caps, military capital of the Solar System.
Titan - Home of the most populated city in the Solar System, and location of the Capitol of mankind.
Uranus and beyond - vastly unpopulated, although plans are being made to create a self-sustaining ark that could travel to the farthest reaches of the Solar System and beyond, possibly into deep space and other star systems.
[The Third (failed) Exodus]
After departing from Titan in 2134 in hopes of finding habitable locations beyond the known Solar System, scans revealed there were none within thousands of light years, dimming hope for humanity’s future if disaster were ever to befall them yet again. It is believed everyone on board died (40,000) after losing contact with the ship in 2178.
M_717 — 04/13/2024 3:36 PM
PART 4: “SEA OF OFFAL AND ASHES”
[A cold war] (2135-2174)
This period marked the first true peace in centuries, after decades of despair, things finally seemed like they would soon be going man’s way. But war is one of the grim truths of reality.
[The twins]
Infernism - Infernism, spawned from the zeppelin-cities of Venus, was a religion centered around worshipping a deity called Baphomet. Founded by a supposedly schizophrenic elder trying to rekindle the flames of hope in a world of despair. The Baphomet that the Infernists worship is unrelated to the Baphomet of the old world, and the name is generally understood to be spouted from the founder’s mentally ill mind. The Infernists glorify violence, taking heed from a vision the elder had.
Deusvultism - Similarly, Deusvultism also arose from the need for hope in trying times, but is more grounded in reality. The belief holds central the idea that God has not abandoned humanity, but is just testing them to see if humanity is capable of maintaining fortitude in their belief after straying so far from His light. However, many Deusvultists are also heavily fanatical, in stark contrast to their beliefs.
Both religions hold a reputation of being very violent and fanatical, Infernists as part of their belief system, and Deusvultists as the members personalities.
[Twin Crusades] (2174-2204) !!SECOND CATACLYSM!!
2174 - After tensions between the Infernists and the Deusvultists start running hot, each faction declares holy war on each other.
[MOST HISTORICAL RECORDS HAVE BEEN LOST DURING THIS TIME PERIOD]
2204 - Both sides are exhausted of resources, and constant war and desolation has lead the inner planets to run dry of resources, this is considered to be the second cataclysm of man, following the first, the rapture, 100 years prior.
M_717 — 04/13/2024 6:55 PM
PART 5: “Hundred year silence”
[The long night.] (2204-2264)
2204 - The two factions decide to sign a ceasefire after depletion of inner planet resources, motivation, and morale. Each agree to live in isolation and live as their own entities.
2214 - A massive solar flare renders all electronic devices and tools incapable for use in space, trading stops as well as communication between nations, the period of isolation has begun.
Not much else happens during this time period, aside from a few successions of leaders or natural events.
[Glorified loneliness.] 2264-2301
After the effects of the solar flare wore off, the populace of humanity decided to stay isolated. The reasons behind this were that they believed they should live a peaceful life for the rest of eternity, or at least until the sun died.
[THERE IS NOTHING ELSE IMPORTANT OF NOTE]
M_717 — 04/13/2024 7:26 PM
PART 6: “AT HELL’S GATE”
[Refugees from beyond.]
In the late 2280s, supposedly hyper-evolved humans, descendants of those that arose to paradise but then were abandoned by God arrive in the solar system through rifts in the space-time fabric. They incorporate with the already established factions.
[The deity’s message]
1/1/2301 - With the final curtain call of man, people dying out, nations crumbling, falling, and dying before the universe’s eyes, mankind must prepare for one last performance. A sudden signal originating from Pluto is broadcasted across the Solar System. It’s message personalized for anyone that receives it, causing each and every human to believe they are “the chosen one”, and must go on an odyssey to pluto in order to gain salvation.
1/1/2301 to 2308 - Many die or fail in the struggle to reach Pluto, it is every man for himself, a frenzy unlike any seen in decades. In this struggle’s center is ULYSSES {placeholder name}, the protagonist of the game’s story.
[The deity’s odyssey]
Ulysses ventures through the planets, encountering original characters, traversing original locations, and finding secrets and lore snippets. At Pluto, he comes face to face with the deity, this deity takes the form of a colossal, almost dream-like serpent towering over mountains.
[WILL NEED TO THINK MORE ABOUT THE ENDING] !!THIRD CATACLYSM!!
NOTES: Baphomet is Satan in disguise. The deity at the end is Satan as well.”
“AT HELL’S GATE LEVEL LIST (REDUX)
SUN ### [0] (Unlocked after completing {I-I})
{0:0} A Burning Memory (entrance to Battlefield of Babel [pvp mode])
MERCURY ### [I]
{I:I} “Let there be FIGHT”
{I:II} “Sword Fight on the Heights”
{I:III} “The Mentor” (boss battle)
{I:IV} “The Mercury Nexus” (Space Station)
VENUS ### [II]
{II:I} “Acid’s reign”
{II:II} “Zeppelin Wars”
{II:III} “Lovely Bastards” (boss battle)
{II:IV} “Infernal cradle” (Space Station)
EARTH ### [III]
{III:I} “Paradise Lost”
{III:II} “Their former Eden”
{III:III} “Doomspire Brickbattle” (boss battle)
{III:IV} “Fly me to the Moon” (Lunar Station)
MARS ### [IV]
{IV:I} “O, How the mighty have fallen”
{IV:II} “War of the Worlds”
{IV:III} “Ozymandias” (boss battle)
{IV:IV} “Martian Bastion” (Space Station)
EUROPA ### [V]
{V:I} “潜水艦戦争”
{V:II} “Frozen Neon”
{V:III} “The CEO” (boss battle)
{V:IV} “By Jove!” (Space Station)
TITAN ### [VI]
{VI:I} “The Capitol”
{VI:II} “Methane Sea”
{VI:III} “Crossroads” (boss battle)
{VI:IV} “The Titanic” (Space Station)
THE BEYOND ### [VII]
{VII:I} “Ashes to Ashes, Dust to Dust”
{VII:II} “Orphans of the Father”
{VII:III} “As Above, So Below” (boss battle)
{VII:IV} “???” (??? Station)
PLUTO ### [IIX]
{IIX:I} “Abandon All Hope”
{IIX:II} “the abyss stares back”
{IIX:III} “Calm Before The Storm” (no enemies)
{IIX:IV} “AT HELL’S GATE” (final boss)
BOOTYLAND ### [IVXIVIX] (easter egg world, not canon)
{IVXIVIX:I} “whothefar is me?”
{IVXIVIX:II} “Unt, what the smega?”
{IVXIVIX:III} “MyMarcellion” (boss battle)”
“
LIST OF BOSSES:
THE MENTOR [I:III]
{Ulysses’s mentor corrupted by a plague}
LOVELY BASTARDS (probable name change) [II:III]
{twin infernist priests}
OZYMANDIAS [III:III]
{Condemned crusader forced to wander the ruins of a desolate Mars}
THE CEO [IV:III]
{CEO of Amaterasu Corp}
SON OF THE WEST [V:III]
{Space gunslinger}
MOLOCH [VI:III]
{inconcievable being, one of the beyond}
THE VOID [VII:III]
{Lucifer}
MARCELLION [IVXIVIX:III]
{Secret easter egg boss}”<|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>assistant<|end_of_role|>**Video Game Tagline Concept:**
"Beneath the shadow of the apocalypse, under the red glare of dying stars, humanity confronts its final verse. Witness the odyssey of survival, redemption, and rebirth as foretold through the ages. From the ashes of Earth to the icy silence of Pluto, embark on the ultimate pilgrimage through chaos to find salvation or damnation at the gate that binds worlds and fates. Inspired by timeless words and the echoes of eternity, this is not merely a journey, but a calling. **'For wide is the gate and broad is the way that leads to destruction, and many enter through it.'** - Matthew 7:13. Answer the call, for at the end of all things, only one question remains: Will you pass through Hell's Gate as its prisoner, or its conqueror?"<|end_of_text|>
|
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21861,
30,
19708,
1991,
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461,
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10737,
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77,
1318,
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308,
7815,
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322,
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282,
1171,
30,
46629,
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2017,
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43183,
432,
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11274,
30,
4406,
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436,
13462,
543,
2735,
101,
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526,
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560,
328,
9334,
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2685,
409,
1173,
7196,
432,
24316,
1998,
30,
6366,
8295,
32032,
2124,
2953,
2268,
11716,
526,
6783,
2334,
2735,
101,
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438,
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322,
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432,
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203,
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203,
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96,
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372,
316,
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274,
322,
2022,
17060,
432,
9845,
328,
312,
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432,
24316,
1998,
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886,
551,
2158,
842,
102,
688,
322,
701,
1012,
96,
3045,
22958,
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438,
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322,
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432,
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101,
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32,
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886,
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38
|
<|start_of_role|>system<|end_of_role|><|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>user<|end_of_role|>unregistered climbers and possibly rescue costs. Several fatalities have occurred over the years, often when unlawful climbers fail to use proper safety equipment, or, more rarely, when a lawful climber falls due to equipment failure or user error. Visitor and nature center The Garden of the Gods Visitor and Nature Center is located at 1805 N. 30th Street and offers a view of the park. The center's information center and 30 educational exhibits are staffed by Parks, Recreation and Culture employees of the City of Colorado Springs. A short movie, How Did Those Red Rocks Get There?, runs every 20
vision of the city's Bike Master Plan is "a healthy and vibrant Colorado Springs where bicycling is one of many transportation options for a large portion of the population, and where a well-connected and well-maintained network of urban trails, single-track, and on-street infrastructure offers a bicycling experience for present and future generations that is safe, convenient, and fun for getting around, getting in shape, or getting away." Bike lanes in Colorado Springs have not been deployed without controversy. According to The Gazette, their readers "have mixed feelings for new bike lanes." In December 2016, the City removed a bike lane
trail begins at the North Parking lot, the main parking lot off of Juniper Way Loop. Because of the unusual and steep rock formations in the park, it is an attractive destination for rock climbers. Rock climbing is permitted, with annual permits obtained at the City of Colorado Springs' website. Climbers are required to follow the "Technical Climbing Regulations and Guidelines", which includes using proper equipment, climbing in parties of two or more, and a ban on staining chalks. Precipitation makes rocks unstable and therefore climbing is not allowed when the rocks are wet or icy. There are fines for
service; the last remaining services connecting the Front Range cities ceased with the formation of Amtrak in 1971. Front Range Passenger Rail is a current proposal (as of 2023) to link the cities from Pueblo in the south, north to Fort Collins and possibly Cheyenne, Wyoming. Bicycling As of 2017, Colorado Springs has 121 miles (195 km) of bike lanes and 82 miles (132 km) of paved trails. PikeRide is a local electric bike-share program that operates in urban core, Old Colorado City, and Manitou Springs. In April 2018, the Colorado Springs City Council approved a Bike Master Plan. The
Springs's western edge. It is a National Natural Landmark, with 300 foot (91 m) red/orange sandstone rock formations often viewed against a backdrop of the snow-capped Pikes Peak. This park is free to the public and offers many recreational opportunities, such as hiking, rock climbing, cycling, horseback riding and tours. It offers a variety of annual events, one of the most popular of which is the Starlight Spectacular, a recreational bike ride held every summer to benefit the Trails and Open Space Coalition of Colorado Springs. Colorado Springs has several major city parks, such as Palmer Park, America the Beautiful
Suggest two scenic biking routes that are known for interesting rock formations. Provide exactly two suggestions in a bulleted list, formatted with the route name and a short description, like:
* [Route name 1] - [Description of the route and rock formations]
* [Route name 2] - [Description of the route and rock formations]<|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>assistant<|end_of_role|>* Garden of the Gods Loop - This route takes you through the stunning Garden of the Gods Park in Colorado Springs, where you can bike past towering red sandstone formations and enjoy panoramic views of Pikes Peak.
* Moab Slickrock Bike Trail - Located in Moab, Utah, this trail is famous for its unique sandstone rock formations. The route offers challenging terrain and breathtaking vistas of the surrounding canyons and mesas.<|end_of_text|>
|
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45
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<|start_of_role|>system<|end_of_role|><|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>user<|end_of_role|>of Piast. Likewise, his son, Olof, fell in love with Edla, a Slavic woman, and took her as his frilla (concubine). They had a son and a daughter: Emund the Old, King of Sweden, and Astrid, Queen of Norway. Cnut the Great, King of Denmark, England and Norway, was the son of a daughter of Mieszko I of Poland, possibly the former Polish queen of Sweden, wife of Eric. Expansion Colonisation of Iceland by Norwegian Vikings began in the 9th century. The first source mentioning Iceland and Greenland is a papal letter from 1053. Twenty years later, they appear in
respect, descendants of the Vikings continued to have an influence in northern Europe. Likewise, King Harold Godwinson, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, had Danish ancestors. Two Vikings even ascended to the throne of England, with Sweyn Forkbeard claiming the English throne in 1013 until 1014 and his son Cnut the Great being king of England between 1016 and 1035. Geographically, the Viking Age covered Scandinavian lands (modern Denmark, Norway and Sweden), as well as territories under North Germanic dominance, mainly the Danelaw, including Scandinavian York, the administrative centre of the remains of the Kingdom of Northumbria, parts of Mercia,
connected with those people and their cultural life, producing expressions like Viking age, Viking culture, Viking art, Viking religion, Viking ship and so on. History Viking Age The Viking Age in Scandinavian history is taken to have been the period from the earliest recorded raids by Norsemen in 793 until the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Vikings used the Norwegian Sea and Baltic Sea for sea routes to the south. The Normans were descendants of those Vikings who had been given feudal overlordship of areas in northern France, namely the Duchy of Normandy, in the 10th century. In that
many specific elements remain worthy of consideration, such as the great quantity of skaldic poetry attributed to court poets of the 10th and 11th centuries, the exposed family trees, the self-images, and the ethical values that are contained in these literary writings. Indirectly, the Vikings have also left a window open onto their language, culture and activities, through many Old Norse place names and words found in their former sphere of influence. Some of these place names and words are still in direct use today, almost unchanged, and shed light on where they settled and what specific places meant to
Tyrion is perhaps the deepest shade of gray, with the black and white in him most thoroughly mixed, and I find that very appealing. I've always liked gray characters more than black-and-white characters... I look for ways to make my characters real and to make them human, characters who have good and bad, noble and selfish, well-mixed in their natures. Yes, I do certainly want people to think about the characters, and not just react with a knee-jerk. I read too much fiction myself in which you encounter characters who are very stereotyped. They're heroic-hero and dastardly-villain, and they're completely
tell me about cnut and thorfinn<|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>assistant<|end_of_role|>Cnut the Great was a king of Denmark, England, and Norway, known for his effective and diverse rule during the Viking Age. He is often remembered for his efforts to consolidate his territories through legal and administrative reforms. Thorfinn the Mighty was an Earl of Orkney, a position of significant power during the Viking Age. He ruled extensively across Scotland and Ireland. However, his rule was marked by numerous conflicts. It's important to remember that historical contexts were very different from today's norms, and these figures should be understood within their own time and place.<|end_of_text|>
|
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13
|
<|start_of_role|>system<|end_of_role|><|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>user<|end_of_role|>You are provided with the abstract of a scientific paper and the abstracts of the papers it references. Your task is to write a Related Work section for the main paper. This section should concisely summarize and integrate the key points from the cited abstracts, reflecting how they relate to the main paper's contributions and context. In your summary, use numerical citation markers like [1], [2], etc., to refer to the corresponding papers.
Main Abstract:
By capturing statistical patterns in large corpora, machine learning has enabled significant advances in natural language processing, including in machine translation, question answering, and sentiment analysis. However, for agents to intelligently interact with humans, simply capturing the statistical patterns is insufficient. In this paper we investigate if, and how, grounded compositional language can emerge as a means to achieve goals in multi-agent populations. Towards this end, we propose a multi-agent learning environment and learning methods that bring about emergence of a basic compositional language. This language is represented as streams of abstract discrete symbols uttered by agents over time, but nonetheless has a coherent structure that possesses a defined vocabulary and syntax. We also observe emergence of non-verbal communication such as pointing and guiding when language communication is unavailable.
Cited Abstract(s):
[1]: Neural machine translation is a recently proposed approach to machine translation. Unlike the traditional statistical machine translation, the neural machine translation aims at building a single neural network that can be jointly tuned to maximize the translation performance. The models proposed recently for neural machine translation often belong to a family of encoder-decoders and consists of an encoder that encodes a source sentence into a fixed-length vector from which a decoder generates a translation. In this paper, we conjecture that the use of a fixed-length vector is a bottleneck in improving the performance of this basic encoder-decoder architecture, and propose to extend this by allowing a model to automatically (soft-)search for parts of a source sentence that are relevant to predicting a target word, without having to form these parts as a hard segment explicitly. With this new approach, we achieve a translation performance comparable to the existing state-of-the-art phrase-based system on the task of English-to-French translation. Furthermore, qualitative analysis reveals that the (soft-)alignments found by the model agree well with our intuition.
[2]: Semantic word spaces have been very useful but cannot express the meaning of longer phrases in a principled way. Further progress towards understanding compositionality in tasks such as sentiment detection requires richer supervised training and evaluation resources and more powerful models of composition. To remedy this, we introduce a Sentiment Treebank. It includes fine grained sentiment labels for 215,154 phrases in the parse trees of 11,855 sentences and presents new challenges for sentiment compositionality. To address them, we introduce the Recursive Neural Tensor Network. When trained on the new treebank, this model outperforms all previous methods on several metrics. It pushes the state of the art in single sentence positive negative classification from 80 up to 85.4 . The accuracy of predicting fine-grained sentiment labels for all phrases reaches 80.7 , an improvement of 9.7 over bag of features baselines. Lastly, it is the only model that can accurately capture the effects of negation and its scope at various tree levels for both positive and negative phrases.
[3]: This paper proposes KB-InfoBot -- a multi-turn dialogue agent which helps users search Knowledge Bases (KBs) without composing complicated queries. Such goal-oriented dialogue agents typically need to interact with an external database to access real-world knowledge. Previous systems achieved this by issuing a symbolic query to the KB to retrieve entries based on their attributes. However, such symbolic operations break the differentiability of the system and prevent end-to-end training of neural dialogue agents. In this paper, we address this limitation by replacing symbolic queries with an induced "soft" posterior distribution over the KB that indicates which entities the user is interested in. Integrating the soft retrieval process with a reinforcement learner leads to higher task success rate and reward in both simulations and against real users. We also present a fully neural end-to-end agent, trained entirely from user feedback, and discuss its application towards personalized dialogue agents. The source code is available at this https URL
[4]: Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are powerful models that have achieved excellent performance on difficult learning tasks. Although DNNs work well whenever large labeled training sets are available, they cannot be used to map sequences to sequences. In this paper, we present a general end-to-end approach to sequence learning that makes minimal assumptions on the sequence structure. Our method uses a multilayered Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to map the input sequence to a vector of a fixed dimensionality, and then another deep LSTM to decode the target sequence from the vector. Our main result is that on an English to French translation task from the WMT'14 dataset, the translations produced by the LSTM achieve a BLEU score of 34.8 on the entire test set, where the LSTM's BLEU score was penalized on out-of-vocabulary words. Additionally, the LSTM did not have difficulty on long sentences. For comparison, a phrase-based SMT system achieves a BLEU score of 33.3 on the same dataset. When we used the LSTM to rerank the 1000 hypotheses produced by the aforementioned SMT system, its BLEU score increases to 36.5, which is close to the previous best result on this task. The LSTM also learned sensible phrase and sentence representations that are sensitive to word order and are relatively invariant to the active and the passive voice. Finally, we found that reversing the order of the words in all source sentences (but not target sentences) improved the LSTM's performance markedly, because doing so introduced many short term dependencies between the source and the target sentence which made the optimization problem easier.
[5]: We present a discriminative model for single-document summarization that integrally combines compression and anaphoricity constraints. Our model selects textual units to include in the summary based on a rich set of sparse features whose weights are learned on a large corpus. We allow for the deletion of content within a sentence when that deletion is licensed by compression rules; in our framework, these are implemented as dependencies between subsentential units of text. Anaphoricity constraints then improve cross-sentence coherence by guaranteeing that, for each pronoun included in the summary, the pronoun's antecedent is included as well or the pronoun is rewritten as a full mention. When trained end-to-end, our final system outperforms prior work on both ROUGE as well as on human judgments of linguistic quality.<|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>assistant<|end_of_role|>Recent years have seen substantial progress in practical natural language applications such as machine translation [4] [1] , sentiment analysis [2] , document summarization [5] , and domain-specific dialogue [3] . Much of this success is a result of intelligently designed statistical models trained on large static datasets. However, such approaches do not produce an understanding of language that can lead to productive cooperation with humans.<|end_of_text|>
|
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65
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<|start_of_role|>system<|end_of_role|><|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>user<|end_of_role|>of Borodino offers its own particular challenges to accuracy. It has been repeatedly subjected to overtly political uses. Personal accounts of the battle frequently magnified an individual's own role or minimised those of rivals. The politics of the time were complex and complicated by ethnic divisions between native Russian nobility and those having second and third-generation German descent, leading to rivalry for positions in command of the army. Not only does a historian have to deal with the normal problem of a veteran looking back and recalling events as he or she would have liked them to have been, but
a huge population, could relieve these losses quickly whilst Napoleon could not. Therefore, both sides had their victories and defeats, with none reaching a decisive goal. In the historiography of this battle, the figures would be deliberately inflated or underplayed by the generals of both sides attempting to lessen the impact the figures would have on public opinion both during aftermath of the battle or, for political reasons, later during the Soviet period. Aftermath Attrition warfare Estimates of the Battle of Borodino appear in different ways in historiography. From the victory of the French, to the victory of the Russians
the upcoming battle. Two huge armies clashed near Borodino on 7 September 1812, involving nearly a quarter of a million soldiers, with a ratio about 1.1 French soldiers to 1 Russian soldier. The result of the battle of Borodino was a kind of pyrrhic victory for Napoleon, with near a third of the French army killed or wounded. Although the Russian losses were nearly 50% higher, the Russian army had not been destroyed. On 10 September the main quarter of the Russian army was situated at Bolshiye Vyazyomy. Kutuzov settled in a manor on the high road to Moscow. The
is the main character in this section, and the novel presents him in vivid detail, both personally and as both a thinker and would-be strategist. Also described are the well-organized force of over four hundred thousand troops of the French Grande Armée (only one hundred and forty thousand of them actually French-speaking) that marches through the Russian countryside in the late summer and reaches the outskirts of the city of Smolensk. Pierre decides to leave Moscow and go to watch the Battle of Borodino from a vantage point next to a Russian artillery crew. After watching for a time, he
standing silent on the Russian right. Casualties The fighting involved around 250,000 troops and left at least 68,000 killed and wounded, making Borodino the deadliest single-day battle of the Napoleonic Wars and one of the bloodiest single-day battles in military history until the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. The casualties of the battle were staggering: according to French General Staff Inspector P. Denniee, the Grande Armée lost approximately 28,000 soldiers: 6,562 (including 269 officers) were reported as dead, 21,450 as wounded. But according to French historian Aristid Martinien, at least 460 French officers (known by name) were killed
Write in detail about the history of the battle on the Borodino field<|end_of_text|>
<|start_of_role|>assistant<|end_of_role|>The Battle of Borodino was a significant conflict that took place on September 7, 1812, during the French invasion of Russia led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. This battle is considered one of the bloodiest and most ferocious single-day encounters in the Napoleonic Wars, with an estimated 70,000 casualties resulting from it. Ultimately, the Battle of Borodino was indecisive, but it played a crucial role in the eventual failure of the French invasion and Napoleon's retreat from Russia.
Background
In June 1812, Napoleon, intending to destroy the Russian armies and force Czar Alexander I into diplomatic negotiations, marched into Russia with the largest army Europe had ever witnessed, boasting over 600,000 soldiers from various European countries. The Russian commanders, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly and Prince Pyotr Bagration, adopted a scorched earth policy of retreating and destroying resources that could aid the French. This strategy was aimed at frustrating and delaying Napoleon's advance while allowing time for their troops to regroup and for reinforcements to arrive.
Throughout the summer, a series of inconclusive and grueling encounters took place, including the First and Second Battles of Smolensk. The lack of a decisive Russian defeat led to mounting dissatisfaction among the Russian military ranks and the eventual dismissal of Barclay de Tolly. General Mikhail Kutuzov replaced him as the commander-in-chief of the Russian armies in late August 1812 and decided to make a stand against the French at Borodino, about 70 miles west of Moscow.
The Battle
The battle took place in Borodino, a small village in the western part of Russia, on September 7, 1812. The Russian army, consisting of approximately 120,000 troops, lined up in a defensive position along the two dominant geographical positions: the Shevardino redoubt (a temporary fortification) and the Great Redoubt. In contrast, Napoleon had at least 130,000 soldiers and a sizable artillery advantage.
Initially, the French attacked the Shevardino redoubt on September 5, which resulted in heavy casualties on both sides. By September 7, the Russians had abandoned the Shevardino redoubt altogether and focused on the defense of the Great Redoubt and the nearby village of Utitsa, establishing a series of interconnected earthworks or bagration fleches, named after Prince Bagration.
The battle began at around 6 am on September 7, with a French artillery barrage followed by an infantry assault. The French 1st Army Corps, led by Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout, aimed to strike the Russian left wing and seize the Bagration fleches. After many intense hours of fighting and advancing, the French managed to capture the fleches but were constantly bombarded by Russian artillery fire, and the Russian infantry counterattacked.
Simultaneously, Marshal Michel Ney led his 3rd Army Corps against the Russian center and the Great Redoubt, another prominent fortification. After enduring a painful advance under fierce Russian cannon fire, the French troops managed to capture the Great Redoubt but were unable to exploit their success due to relentless counterattacks and a lack of reinforcements.
The battle continued throughout the day, with the Russians making several attempts to recapture the Great Redoubt and the Bagration fleches but to no avail. By nightfall, both armies were exhausted, with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage.
Aftermath
Having sustained massive casualties but not achieving the decisive victory he sought, Napoleon considered the battle to be inconclusive. Kutuzov, realizing his army would not withstand another large-scale engagement, ordered a retreat the following day, enabling Napoleon to claim a hollow victory. The French army captured Moscow on September 14, but due to a lack of supplies and the onset of the harsh Russian winter, the retreat that followed ultimately led to the obliteration of Napoleon's Grande Armée.
The Battle of Borodino has left an indelible mark on Russian memory and culture. It is considered a heroic display of Russian resistance against a seemingly invincible foe and has been commemorated in literary works, such as Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace," and music, like Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture." The battle's anniversary, September 7, is even celebrated as a Day of Military Honor in Russia to this day.<|end_of_text|>
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] |
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