text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
|---|---|---|
= = History and location = =
| b2239ad026271f45aeafd495e2c212f2 | 15,683 |
The date of first construction of a church in Llangaffo ( a village in Anglesey about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) south of the county town of Llangefni ) is uncertain . The village takes its name from the church : the Welsh word llan originally meant " enclosure " and then " church " , and " -gaffo " is a modified form of ... | 871518f866f3a66156fcb4e99a86feef | 15,685 |
The present building , which is in the north @-@ eastern part of the village on the south @-@ eastern side of the B4419 road , was erected in 1846 alongside the churchyard to a design by the Sheffield @-@ based architects Weightman and Hadfield . It replaced an older church , which had stood on an adjoining outcrop of... | f9f3b7bad3d20a2172ad220c3bd98a6c | 15,686 |
The 19th @-@ century church is still in use and belongs to the Church in Wales . It is one of four churches in the combined benefice of Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog ( St Michael 's Church , Gaerwen ) with Llangristiolus ( St Cristiolus 's Church ) with Llanffinan ( St Ffinan 's Church ) with Llangaffo . It is within the dea... | 22f665fa76fe146d7bf6020b87548acb | 15,687 |
Edward Wynn ( 1618 – 1669 ) was rector here from 1658 ; he later became Chancellor of Bangor Cathedral , and is buried at the church . James Williams ( 1790 – 1872 ) was the son of John Williams , rector of St Caffo 's . He succeeded his father when he resigned in 1821 , and later became Chancellor of Bangor Cathedral... | 872bf3cc3252bcf009b637acf74fa482 | 15,688 |
= = Architecture and fittings = =
| c554db267bf56bdcd2a737d7b2832bf8 | 15,690 |
St Caffo 's is built of rubble masonry dressed with limestone , in an early English style ( a style of architecture used between about 1180 and 1275 , typically using narrow pointed windows and arches ) . The roof is made of slate . The tower , at the west end , has buttresses at the corners and is topped with a broac... | 4c089b19a1490ae75ed7de90f5061b83 | 15,692 |
Inside the church , the sanctuary at the east end is raised above the chancel by one step ; the floor of the sanctuary and the reredos behind the altar are made from encaustic tiles . Fittings include a circular decorated 12th @-@ century font and a 17th @-@ century pulpit with carved decorative panels . A 1937 survey... | 21d18960e65baccb3ca8ec4ac75f3ece | 15,693 |
The oldest graves are to the north of the church , which is unusual : ordinarily the southern part of the churchyard would be used first for burials , with the northern part remaining unconsecrated unless and until extra space for graves was required . The path between the road and the church has sunken , which may pa... | 3171cae49f37efd8c9339381c80322c8 | 15,694 |
The churchyard has seven gravestones that were discovered in the walls of the previous church . Six of them date from between the 9th and 11th centuries , and the seventh is from the 12th or 13th century . The doorway from the old church , dating from the 15th century , has been reused as an entrance to the churchyard... | b44afbdf5004d6c791fc420c3456cda5 | 15,695 |
= = Assessment = =
| 6cc72cb8423b5d5e6e843027612e645e | 15,697 |
The church is a Grade II listed building – the lowest of the three grades of listing , designating " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " . It was given this status on 30 January 1968 and Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of... | 0bf238cf847d591b519f85c54956e56d | 15,699 |
The 19th @-@ century writer Samuel Lewis said that the rebuilt church " forms a very good specimen of the early English style of architecture " , adding that it was " effective from its simplicity and the absence of pretension . " He added that the interior had been " fitted up in a neat and appropriate manner , and t... | c82e81ea759aea305d35cb315e00a2bc | 15,700 |
A 2009 guide to the buildings of the region notes the " exceptional number of inscribed fragments " , showing it to be a place of early Christian worship , but considers that the church is " unlovely " . Similarly , a 2005 guide to Wales describes St Caffo 's as " an uninspiring nineteenth @-@ century church from the ... | a4d26b34286d35582d926022a2fccab2 | 15,701 |
= George N. Briggs =
| 0d7e84e5fdc0181b193986b9cc57ec11 | 15,704 |
George Nixon Briggs ( April 12 , 1796 – September 12 , 1861 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts . A Whig , Briggs served for twelve years in the United States House of Representatives , and served seven one @-@ year terms as the 19th Governor of Massachusetts , from 1844 to 1851 .
| 4badf709cc6ffc1bd7fd77f7160dfa44 | 15,706 |
Raised in rural Upstate New York , Briggs studied law in western Massachusetts , where his civic involvement and successful legal practice preceded statewide political activity . He was elected to Congress in 1830 , where he supported the conservative Whig agenda , serving on the Committee on the Post Office and Post ... | a1a9412fd2fd729b579fa595251d877b | 15,707 |
He was nominated by the Whigs in 1843 to run against Democratic Governor Marcus Morton as part of a Whig bid for more rural votes , and easily won election until 1849 . Although he sought to avoid the contentious issue of slavery , he protested South Carolina policy allowing the imprisonment of free African Americans ... | 582b05a3d9f33c921982a879e61a0a02 | 15,708 |
= = Early life and education = =
| a29ef8d3863bd76967aa4abb13f91b28 | 15,710 |
George Nixon Briggs was born in Adams , Massachusetts on April 12 , 1796 . He was the eleventh of twelve children of Allen Briggs , a blacksmith originally from Cranston , Rhode Island , and Nancy ( Brown ) Briggs , of Huguenot descent . His parents moved the family to Manchester , Vermont when he was seven , and , tw... | 03efa2fac934018b9cca5c374f4b20fe | 15,712 |
At the age of 14 , during the Second Great Awakening , which was especially strong in Upstate New York , Briggs experienced a conversion experience and joined the Baptist faith . He spoke at revival meetings of his experience , drawing appreciative applause from the crowds , according to Hiland Hall , who came to know... | 7ce011a68f7cbaec308ae0a43c43c5d7 | 15,713 |
Briggs sporadically attended the public schools in White Creek , and was apprenticed for three years to a Quaker hatter . With support from his older brothers he embarked on the study of law in Pittsfield and Lanesboro in 1813 , and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1818 . He first opened a practice in Adams , ... | 36e621d97386ac771ad73274c408f9bc | 15,714 |
In 1817 Briggs helped to establish a Baptist church in Lanesboro ; in this congregation he met Harriet Hall , whom he married in 1818 ; their children were Harriet , George , and Henry . Briggs was also called upon to raise the four orphaned children of his brother Rufus , one of the brothers who supported him in his ... | 3fd476f8f828317aaef422a41e240273 | 15,715 |
Briggs ' involvement in civic life began at the local level . From 1824 to 1831 Briggs was the register of deeds for the Northern district of Berkshire County , Massachusetts . He was elected town clerk in 1824 , was appointed chairman of the board of commissioners of highways in 1826 . His interest in politics was sp... | a41b9dcadc17be8f0544cdaa7742a9bb | 15,716 |
A criminal case tried in 1826 brought Briggs wider notice . An Oneida Indian living in Stockbridge was accused of murder . Briggs was appointed by the court to defend him ; convinced by the evidence that the man was innocent , Briggs made what was described by a contemporary as a plea that was " a model of jury eloque... | 001ae9b25597072e221d713fa1ce587c | 15,717 |
= = U.S. House of Representatives = =
| c38f5d3435ea72f7dcf05444f0ed5e84 | 15,719 |
Despite his rise in prominence , Briggs was at first ineligible for state offices because he did not own property . In 1830 he decided to run for Congress , for which there was no such requirement . He was elected to the twenty @-@ second through the twenty @-@ fourth Congresses as an Anti @-@ Jacksonian , and as a Wh... | 54dae3e8a6c0a79d49513eab55bd10e8 | 15,721 |
Briggs was what became known in later years as a " Cotton Whig " . He was in favor of protectionist tariffs , and opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories , but did not seek to threaten the unity of the nation with a strong stance against slavery . He served on the Committee on Public Expenditures and... | 1e900f2101751ea8c22256b9bbdfb840 | 15,722 |
During his time in Congress , Briggs was a vocal advocate for temperance . He formed the Congressional Temperance Society in 1833 , sitting on its executive committee ; at an 1836 temperance convention at Saratoga Springs , New York he advocated the taking of total abstinence pledges as a way to bring more people away... | 75612531052a9da8f0b7d1f4eaecf868 | 15,723 |
= = Governor of Massachusetts = =
| d4267e084a308dbb4e560497d1fc951c | 15,725 |
Briggs was nominated to run for the governorship on the Whig ticket against the incumbent Democrat Marcus Morton in 1843 . Former Governor John Davis had been nominated first , but refused the nomination , possibly because Daniel Webster promised him party support for a future vice presidential bid . Briggs was appare... | 83d552a6a3fc7f8c9d2085751c632e7c | 15,727 |
In 1844 Briggs , alarmed at a recently enacted policy by South Carolina authorizing the imprisonment of free blacks arriving there from Massachusetts and other northern states , sent representatives to protest the policy . Samuel Hoar and his daughter Elizabeth were unsuccessful in changing South Carolina policy , and... | 7eb4266bbc114803a2eddcf8bf8d831b | 15,728 |
Capital punishment was a major issue that was debated in the state during Brigg 's tenure , with social reformers calling for its abolition . Briggs personally favored capital punishment , but for political reasons called for moderation in its use , seeking , for example , to limit its application in murder cases to t... | 30809704b14149c5d83597ea7e7b3ce4 | 15,729 |
Briggs ' argument was used in the 1849 trial of Washington Goode , a black mariner accused of killing a rival for the affections of a lady . The case against Goode was essentially circumstantial , but the jury heeded the district attorney 's call for assertive punishment of " crimes of violence " and convicted him . T... | bb86e41d1cbbc45380ec2e7c9ce24443 | 15,730 |
Not long after the Goode case came the sensational trial of Professor John White Webster in the murder of George Parkman , a crime that took place at the Harvard Medical School in November 1849 . The trial received nationwide coverage , and the prosecution case was based on evidence that was either circumstantial ( co... | c2aa3c3747c5fec1d7d9bce786c814d1 | 15,731 |
During Briggs ' time as governor , abolitionist activists continued to make inroads against both the Whigs and Democrats , primarily making common cause with the Democrats against the dominant Whigs . Briggs ' stance as a Cotton Whig put him in opposition to these forces . He opposed the Mexican @-@ American War , but... | 8c23bda5a944bfd67cb3737c51004476 | 15,732 |
In 1849 , Briggs failed to secure a majority in the popular vote because of the rise in power of the Free Soil Party , but the Whig legislature returned him to office . In the 1850 election , anger over the Compromise of 1850 ( a series of federal acts designed to preserve the unity of the nation which included the Fu... | 990f5588c23f9b9369d4f330136c715a | 15,733 |
= = Later years = =
| 1d4d5467a4327673af98bd3d0c26c14a | 15,735 |
Briggs resumed the practice of law in Pittsfield . He was a member of the state constitutional convention in 1853 , and sat as a judge of the Court of Common Pleas from 1853 to 1858 . In 1859 he was nominated for governor by the fading Know @-@ Nothing movement , but trailed far behind other candidates .
| 93ea6c94eed959f7eb871d5f260ca201 | 15,737 |
In 1861 Briggs was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to a diplomatic mission to the South American Republic of New Granada ( roughly present @-@ day Colombia and Panama ) . However , he died before he could take up the position . On September 4 , 1861 Briggs was getting an overcoat out of his closet at his home i... | 36404c2dbf85d20a169d70b7b53d001c | 15,738 |
= Simon Bradstreet =
| 684eb8d91e80321275265154a55e9b90 | 15,741 |
Simon Bradstreet ( baptized March 18 , 1603 / 4 – March 27 , 1697 ) was a colonial magistrate , businessman , diplomat , and the last governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Arriving in Massachusetts on the Winthrop Fleet in 1630 , Bradstreet was almost constantly involved in the politics of the colony but became i... | da3a254aa5569b97a97324740c20a154 | 15,743 |
Bradstreet was married to Anne , the daughter of Massachusetts co @-@ founder Thomas Dudley and New England 's first published poet . He was a businessman , investing in land and shipping interests . Due to his advanced age ( he died at 93 ) Cotton Mather referred to him as the " Nestor of New England " . His descenda... | 73c9d6ba7fa5251c5acebcf6ff2d1ef9 | 15,744 |
= = Early life = =
| b536b642460eb47d0633950c6043cf5f | 15,746 |
Simon Bradstreet was baptized on March 18 , 1603 / 4 in Horbling , Lincolnshire , the second of three sons of Simon and Margaret Bradstreet . His father was the rector of the parish church , and was descended from minor Irish nobility . With his father a vocal Nonconformist , the young Simon acquired his Puritan relig... | 533fcec3cb1283619240730c0f38048f | 15,748 |
Bradstreet took over Dudley 's position when the latter moved temporarily to Boston in 1624 . On Dudley 's return several years later , Bradstreet then briefly served as a steward to the Dowager Countess of Warwick . In 1628 he married Dudley 's daughter Anne , when she was 16 .
| dd09cf77e9c5428c8cce097382e857d5 | 15,749 |
In 1628 , Dudley and others from the Earl of Lincoln 's circle formed the Massachusetts Bay Company , with a view toward establishing a Puritan colony in North America . Bradstreet became involved with the company in 1629 , and in April 1630 , the Bradstreets joined the Dudleys and colonial Governor John Winthrop on t... | 59723411e230567ab3843c631a277fd4 | 15,750 |
= = Massachusetts Bay Colony = =
| 8457d8250243bd73a5d9a7ffa23088f6 | 15,752 |
After a brief stay in Boston , Bradstreet made his first residence in Newtowne ( later renamed Cambridge ) , near the Dudleys in what is now Harvard Square . In 1637 , during the Antinomian Controversy , he was one of the magistrates that sat at the trial of Anne Hutchinson , and voted for her banishment from the colo... | 0bb5bb6cb4bee8d9883e4d714880da57 | 15,754 |
Bradstreet was heavily involved in colonial politics . When the council met for the first time in Boston , Bradstreet was selected to serve as colonial secretary , a post he would hold until 1644 . He was politically moderate , arguing against legislation and judicial decisions punishing people for speaking out agains... | c7d5bda1bec0d9017a5f89514e39adf6 | 15,755 |
He served for many years as a commissioner representing Massachusetts to the New England Confederation , an organization that coordinated matters of common interest ( principally defense ) among most of the New England colonies . He was regularly chosen as an assistant , serving on the council that dominated the publi... | 3a704f069df5436d1a196a70c1c09ea4 | 15,756 |
Bradstreet was sent on a number of diplomatic missions , dealing with settlers , other English colonies , and the Dutch in New Amsterdam . In 1650 he was sent to Hartford , Connecticut , where the Treaty of Hartford was negotiated to determine the boundary between the English colonies and New Amsterdam . In the follow... | e94f8b3147a73adad543062994a85a34 | 15,757 |
Following the 1660 restoration of Charles II to the throne of England , colonial authorities again became concerned about preserving their charter rights . Bradstreet in 1661 headed a legislative committee to " consider and debate such matters touching their patent rights , and privileges , and duty to his Majesty , a... | 906d71c0c70afbdb2840a5eeffe422f0 | 15,758 |
= = Governor = =
| 06219dc4d1083aad1a995201a9a28c2a | 15,760 |
In early 1679 Governor John Leverett died , and Bradstreet as deputy succeeded him . Leverett had opposed accommodation of the king 's demands , and the change to an accommodationist leadership was too late . Bradstreet would turn out to be the last governor under its original charter . His deputy , Thomas Danforth wa... | da69aa77c53f54379204d8cd19f270c0 | 15,762 |
Randolph 's threats to report the colonial legislature 's intransigence prompted it to dispatch agents to England to argue the colony 's case ; however , their powers were limited . Shortly after their arrival in late 1682 , the Lords of Trade issued an ultimatum to the colony : either grant its agents wider powers , ... | d088f279beb8b22de6de13dcba943694 | 15,763 |
= = Dominion , and temporary return as governor = =
| 64fe2a7efdce5568b16685092146911a | 15,765 |
King Charles II in 1684 established the Dominion of New England . Bradstreet 's brother @-@ in @-@ law Joseph Dudley , who had served as one of the colonial agents , was commissioned by James as President of the Council for New England in 1685 by King James II , and took control of the colony in May 1686 . Bradstreet ... | 7b4b706877338fc1a6e8c1ad19cd4dc2 | 15,767 |
The idea of revolt against Andros arose as early as January 1689 , before news of the December 1688 Glorious Revolution reached Boston . After William and Mary took the throne , Increase Mather and Sir William Phips , Massachusetts agents in London , petitioned them and the Lords of Trade for restoration of the Massac... | c57c61dc79077752aaa56a3635bb5a85 | 15,768 |
In the wake of Andros ' arrest , a council of safety was formed , with Bradstreet as its president . The council drafted a letter to William and Mary , justifying the colony 's acts in language similar to that used by William in his proclamations when he invaded England . The council fairly quickly decided to revert t... | b49573c2922366ff186e52216019c09c | 15,769 |
In 1691 William and Mary issued a charter establishing the Province of Massachusetts Bay , and appointed Phips its first governor . Bradstreet was offered a position on Phips ' council when the new governor arrived in 1692 , but declined . Bradstreet died at his home in Salem on 27 March 1697 at the age of 93 ; due to... | ab98fbdb6967dbbff8f2550aa762ddf6 | 15,770 |
= = Family and legacy = =
| a2ce1f71a5472cee62830954f4aa2f5e | 15,772 |
Bradstreet was buried in the Charter Street Burying Ground in Salem . Poetry by his first wife Anne was published in England in 1650 , including verses containing expressions of enduring love for her husband . Anne Bradstreet died in 1672 ; the couple had eight children , of whom seven survived infancy . In 1676 Brads... | b981c682e1689cbb8809e224315097bc | 15,774 |
= Etymology of Wicca =
| 411b68a3f2cc39b9fb9b3041bcc188cb | 15,777 |
In Modern English , the term Wicca ( / ˈwɪkə / ) refers to Wicca , the religion of contemporary Pagan Witchcraft . It is used within the Pagan community under competing definitions . One refers to the entirety of the Pagan Witchcraft movement , while the other refers explicitly to traditions included in what is now ca... | 1558814efed395a78ebd29c98569125b | 15,779 |
Although pronounced differently , Wicca is related to the Old English word wicca , which referred to sorcerers in Anglo @-@ Saxon England . In the early 1950s , English Wiccan Gerald Gardner , founder of the Gardnerian tradition , referred to the Pagan Witchcraft community as the Wica . He claimed to have learned the ... | 1942d3582f66bb2643c576c8ca53e332 | 15,780 |
The inclusive use of the term Wicca — referring to the entirety of Pagan Witchcraft religion — has been traced to Britain in the early 1960s , when it was used by various groups and publicised through use in adverts , magazines , and other literary sources . It was later adopted by figures like Alex Sanders and Gavin ... | 957a024efc1cd2f4db0a91a6df67edb1 | 15,781 |
= = Definitions = =
| 1b739fe512840eee20f77b74e2cae507 | 15,783 |
There are two separate definitions of the term Wicca that have been used in Paganism and Pagan studies since circa 1980 . The first developed in England during the 1960s . Broad and inclusive , it covers most , if not all , forms of modern Pagan Witchcraft , especially if they share sufficient theological beliefs and ... | 864788b718ba1b0a274d691a6844e914 | 15,785 |
= = = Usage within Pagan studies = = =
| d8ecfc37dee68be6cd23e549a74d17c0 | 15,787 |
The development and use of the term Wicca within contemporary Paganism has been a recurring topic of discussion in the field of Pagan studies . The majority of academics and independent scholars use the first , more inclusive definition . Given its historical status and prevalent usage within Paganism , Pagan studies ... | e42b1fd9055f04fd65c91531298bd3e9 | 15,789 |
= = Origins = =
| 8f469ef2591335e9339d17f61a3f4c42 | 15,791 |
= = = Old English wicca and wicce = = =
| 06ee1c631e65b492677a88abe17d8d49 | 15,794 |
In the Early Medieval language of Old English , the term wicca ( / ˈwɪttʃɑː / ) was a masculine noun for sorcerer ; wicce was its feminine counterpart . They are ancestral to Modern English witch . The Modern English term Wicca took the Old English wicca as its basis , although the two are fundamentally two distinct w... | b131e5fd12fbb7feec2ef2913c197720 | 15,796 |
In 1932 Lewis Spence writes in The Weekly Scotsman , in response to the popularisation of Margaret Murray 's witch @-@ cult hypothesis in Scotland , that " the Saxon word ' wicca ' , a witch " was " of immemorial usage " in the Scottish Lowlands .
| fbde55879b7b32f52cdc58cef3420816 | 15,797 |
Doyle White suggests that the early Wiccans adopted the term wicca as the basis for the name of their burgeoning faith because theirs was a new religious movement that took " iconography and inspiration " from the polytheistic cults of pre @-@ Christian Britain .
| c2c2bed3c561a7da37fe56102e214b82 | 15,798 |
= = = Gerald Gardner 's Wica : 1939 – 1966 = = =
| e020f8caab641be581a7779d2607a8fa | 15,800 |
Gerald Gardner ( 1884 – 1964 ) , the man largely responsible for propagating the Wiccan religion in Britain during the 1950s and 1960s and the founder of the Gardnerian tradition , never used the term Wicca in either sense that it is used today . He referred to the religion as the " cult of witchcraft " or " the witch... | 1175d5ff2227fe2b6faecfba2aae25a2 | 15,802 |
What are [ the witches ] then ? They are the people who call themselves the Wica , the " wise people " , who practise the age ‑ old rites and who have , along with much superstition and herbal knowledge , preserved an occult teaching and working processes which they themselves think to be magic or witchcraft .
| a6739c80715391639b42975ca170c24d | 15,803 |
In contrast with this plural use of the word , in a 1954 article written by Arnold Field , a reporter for the Daily Dispatch , Gardner had apparently explained to him that " there are man and woman witches . Each is called a wica . " This quote offers the only piece of evidence that Gardner also referred to Pagan Witc... | d4c98c4c410ac572cbb0f3db2693e34e | 15,804 |
In his book The Meaning of Witchcraft ( 1959 ) Gardner states that he first heard the term Wica while being initiated into the New Forest coven in September 1939 , stating that " I realised I had stumbled on something interesting ; but I was half @-@ initiated before the word Wica which they used hit me like a thunder... | 86f5eb10e175f76de0deaf8d3a7cf327 | 15,805 |
In The Meaning of Witchcraft , Gardner also notes the term Wica 's resemblance to the Old English word wicca , stating that " It is a curious fact that when the witches became English @-@ speaking they adopted their Saxon name ' Wica ' . " In his published writings , Gardner propounds the idea that his Pagan Witchcraf... | 6690cb8c27e070e0a37af64223cb5f3e | 15,806 |
Wica soon became an accepted term among the early Gardnerians , as Gardner 's followers and initiates became known . Patricia and Arnold Crowther , a Gardnerian High Priestess and High Priest who operated a coven in Sheffield , use the term in their book The Witches Speak ( 1959 ) , writing that " [ T ] he Red Queen t... | 9179aac9018d66dbd4220ad319819411 | 15,807 |
= = = Charles Cardell 's Wiccen : 1958 – 1960 = = =
| 2ae1aa8562ac39ec1756c8c2de4d2d64 | 15,809 |
Charles Cardell ( 1892 – 1977 ) was the founder of a Pagan Witchcraft tradition that rivalled that of Gerald Gardner 's in southern England during the 1950s . A psychologist and stage conjurer , Cardell ran a company named Dumblecott Magick Productions from his home in Charlwood , Surrey , from where he also controlle... | 07f54dac175b6d272fb2736ac80d070c | 15,811 |
Cardell used the term Wiccen to refer not just to members of his own tradition , but to all followers of the Pagan Witchcraft religion , placing an advert in Light magazine , the journal of the College of Psychic Science , entitled " The Craft of the Wiccens " in 1958 . The advert asked fellow Wiccens to get in contac... | 2c826631b2a9caf92fa0debd257fcc12 | 15,812 |
It is possible Cardell had also used the term Wicca , evidenced by the fact that Margaret Bruce , the owner of a mail @-@ order business selling occult titles , wrote a letter to her friend Gerald Gardner on 23 February 1960 , in which she consoled him on the attacks made against him by Cardell and included a poem in ... | c158a9baf6fd0532537245ac49e85703 | 15,813 |
= = = The emergence of Wicca : 1962 – 1970 = = =
| 2f3ae99835414bb1cf26e4a26bbe9d54 | 15,815 |
The term Wicca appears to have developed within the Pagan Witchcraft community during the early 1960s , as increasing numbers of Pagan Witches learned of the Old English term wicca , the etymological origin of the Modern term witch . This etymological fact had been referred to five times in Gerald Gardner 's book The ... | f7e0c697093b053ff181d70545f636c0 | 15,817 |
The earliest known published reference for the word Wicca is within an advertisement published in a 1962 issue of Fate magazine ; in this , a Cardiff @-@ based group of Pagan Witches advertised a tradition as " Wicca – Dianic and Aradian " . The advert may have been linked to Charles and Mary Cardell because Mary was ... | a638f384dd05635d47780154daf9f387 | 15,818 |
In the 1960s , the Gardnerian initiate Alex Sanders founded his own tradition , which became known as Alexandrian Wicca ; he used the terms Wicca and the Wicca in reference to the entire Pagan Witchcraft religion . One of Sanders ' initiates , Stewart Farrar , describes Wicca as " the witches ' name for their Craft " ... | 884847d4dca68cd38b41ea6018284852 | 15,819 |
= = Popularisation = =
| 9df35d1975e05b7dd6a5f93a550f8949 | 15,821 |
= = = Developments in North America : 1970 – 1990 = = =
| 71e56c19b445fc8a182fa4fd61481aed | 15,824 |
From 1970 onward , increasing numbers of books teaching readers how to become Pagan Witches were published ; the earliest was Paul Huson 's Mastering Witchcraft ( 1970 ) , which made no reference to Wicca . This was followed by Raymond Buckland 's The Tree : The Complete Book of Saxon Witchcraft , in which he propagat... | d1e20bedcdcde7974041e93d27f8c81f | 15,826 |
This was part of a phenomenon that took place during the 1970s and 1980s , as the term Wicca became increasingly associated purely with Gardnerianism and Alexandrianism ( together known as British Traditional Wicca in North America ) , rather than with other variants of Pagan Witchcraft . This was encouraged by elemen... | 546f7d16d5082d10c8bbcfc3728fd37a | 15,827 |
= = = Increasing popularisation and reaction : 1990 – 2010 = = =
| f61704a4f8c70570b08ae12dbdb2ee14 | 15,829 |
In ensuing years , many other authors would publish books containing Wicca in their titles which advocated solitary practice of Pagan Witchcraft ; best known were Scott Cunningham 's Wicca : A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner ( 1988 ) and Silver RavenWolf 's Teen Witch : Wicca for a New Generation ( 1998 ) , but ot... | b5601b449f2f87c416a83a9d97cbd6d7 | 15,831 |
The term Wicca was employed in an increasingly eclectic manner by authors like RavenWolf , who considered it to be a synonym for witchcraft . In turn it began to be adopted on a wider scale , being popularised in India by Ipsita Roy Chakraverti and being adopted by a French Luciferian group , Le Wicca Française . Beco... | 3d26e6701a1277876f87266426b06a23 | 15,832 |
Reacting against the increasingly inclusive use of the term were Pagan Witches who instead characterised their practices as forms of Traditional Witchcraft . Many Pagan Witches who considered themselves to be Traditional Witches exhibited an us @-@ and @-@ them mentality against Gardnerianism and allied traditions , f... | c042999b3eaf1ae5af7f4106de067f1f | 15,833 |
= = = Etymologies = = =
| 95d9ad3ef400f179c69b6d152a88d48b | 15,835 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.