text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
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= = = = High jump = = = =
| 2a81430a05ae3ba79b9cfff6cb486501 | 26,574 |
The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in Scotland in the 19th century . Further competitions were organised in 1840 in England and in 1865 the basic rules of the modern event were standardised there . Athletes have a short run up and then take off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar an... | 2d70667f2783f1b654eea29b35ab6b0a | 26,576 |
Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event . High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century , using either the Scissors , Eastern cut @-@ off or Western roll technique . The straddle technique became prominent in the mid @-@ 20th century , but Dick Fosbury o... | 72a1e60443bd98328419d39f02d33af6 | 26,577 |
= = = = Pole vault = = = =
| 0d79977fbdf8c65062752a4d6014fbdd | 26,579 |
In terms of sport , the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in Fierljeppen contests in the Frisian area of Europe , and vaulting for height was seen at gymnastics competitions in Germany in the 1770s . One of the earliest recorded pole vault competitions was in Cumbria , England in 1843 . The basic rules ... | d3815473e10eea33bf82d3d0844b4272 | 26,581 |
The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track , plant the pole in the metal box , and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto the landing mattress . While earlier versions used wooden , metal or bamboo , modern poles are generally made from artificial materials... | 68eca8398255a12ed0e90368ecf7484e | 26,582 |
= = = Throwing = = =
| c44b1cb13b23971b409c8e309ccf33b1 | 26,584 |
Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of throwing sports , and the four major disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the Olympic Games .
| 6799daa4c1d5b4881791189102cc5f14 | 26,586 |
= = = = Shot put = = = =
| 238de2b593ca062aefb438519b4b425b | 26,588 |
The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre @-@ historic competitions with rocks : in the Middle ages the stone put was known in Scotland and the steinstossen was recorded in Switzerland . In the 17th century , cannonball throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport .... | 40e68303e20f6c856ca529eb32c6d058 | 26,590 |
The shot put has been an Olympic sport for men since 1896 and a women 's competition using a 4 kg ( 8 @.@ 82 lb ) shot was added in 1948 . Further throwing techniques have arisen since the post @-@ war era : in the 1950s Parry O 'Brien popularised the 180 degree turn and throw technique commonly known as the " glide "... | 5ffed49e9745d013786b8d32cd75cd6e | 26,591 |
= = = = Discus throw = = = =
| 85e604b05f9a6641067451f29ab18883 | 26,593 |
As one of the events within the ancient pentathlon , the history of the discus throw dates back to 708 BC . In ancient times a heavy circular disc was thrown from a set standing position on a small pedestal , and it was this style that was revived for the 1896 Olympics . This continued until the 1906 Intercalated Game... | 55b69eb7b62612555fdda54b6490576b | 26,595 |
= = = = Javelin throw = = = =
| aa8c1f2c97474aabe804674b5667c4ef | 26,597 |
As an implement of war and hunting , javelin throwing began in prehistoric times . Along with the discus , the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon . Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co @-@ existing : throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance . ... | d281fefa53850668f1f94165e9db4d24 | 26,599 |
The first Olympic men 's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women 's competition was introduced in 1932 . The first javelins were made of various types of wood , but in the 1950s , former athlete Bud Held introduced a hollow javelin , then a metal javelin , both of which increased throwers performances . Ano... | 23b27a1e7d783b86e5a8c5ab6a965664 | 26,600 |
= = = = Hammer throw = = = =
| ca7286e6f193a2d0a4a87894f33e0f1d | 26,602 |
The earliest recorded precursors to the modern hammer throw stem from the Tailteann Games around 1800 BC , which featured events such as throwing either a weight attached to a rope , a large rock on a wooden handle , or even a chariot wheel on a wooden axle . Other ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ba... | b7d55324f7e127ed0e0eeb552592a960 | 26,604 |
The men 's hammer throw became an Olympic event in 1900 but the women 's event – using a 4 kg ( 8 @.@ 82 lb ) weight – was not widely competed until much later , finally featuring on the women 's Olympic programme in 2000 . The distances thrown by male athletes became greater from the 1950s onwards as a result of impr... | 6e494ff61feff2a16dcfdb668dccdca9 | 26,605 |
= = = Combined events = = =
| 3c368bc65d2f1788b419ca4baf1303ab | 26,607 |
Combined ( or multi @-@ discipline ) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events , earning points for their performance in each event , which adds to a total points score . Outdoors , the most common combined events are the men 's decathlon ( ten events ) and the women '... | 240d05b0930679b0b1c9b29904753e28 | 26,609 |
The Ancient Olympic pentathlon ( comprising long jump , javelin , discus , the stadion race and wrestling ) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the 1906 Summer Olympics ( Intercalated Games ) . A men 's all @-@ around was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics , cont... | 88e2d976dc144dead914b00e4bbc4676 | 26,610 |
= = Stadium = =
| 391c60ee2eacf17ba2063de86a3b713b | 26,612 |
= = = Outdoor = = =
| 148132842de182e405f654a9af4826c8 | 26,615 |
The term track and field is intertwined with the stadiums that first hosted such competitions . The two basic features of a track and field stadium are the outer oval @-@ shaped running track and an area of turf within this track — the field . In earlier competitions , track lengths varied : the Panathinaiko Stadium m... | a4bacfd08a5060d766e336b707569e6e | 26,617 |
The field of the stadium combines a number of elements for use in the jumping and throwing events . The long jump and triple jump areas comprise a straight , narrow 40 @-@ metre running track with a sandpit at one or both ends . Jumps are measured from a take off board — typically a small strip of wood with a plastici... | 1a96bd9bfd5849efcaf96005f922bb4b | 26,618 |
The four throwing events generally all begin on one side of the stadium . The javelin throw typically takes place on a piece of track that is central and parallel to the straights of the main running track . The javelin throwing area is a sector shape frequently across the Pitch ( sports field ) in the middle of the s... | 9d44b4d259bc883c7f895f6652a4ad34 | 26,619 |
= = = Indoor = = =
| fb3b81ff5871cf852c05f6aa6341ad6c | 26,621 |
Basic indoor venues may be adapted gymnasiums , which can easily accommodate high jump competitions and short track events . Full @-@ size indoor arenas ( i.e. those fully equipped to host all events for the World Indoor Championships ) bear similarities with their outdoor equivalents . Typically , a central area is s... | 144200c2f9a46cafe5fca8f2f84f227c | 26,623 |
Another common adaptation is a 160 @-@ yard track ( 11 laps to a mile ) that fits into a common basketball court sized arena . This was quite popular when races were held at imperial distances , which gradually was phased out by different organizations in the 1970s and 1980s . Examples of this configuration include th... | 3448241b5a5760771cc5dd316877ca55 | 26,624 |
All four of the common jumping events are held at indoor venues . The long and triple jump areas run alongside the central 60 m track and are mostly identical in form to their outdoor counterparts . The pole vault track and landing area are also alongside the central running track . Shot put ( or weight throw ) is the... | 32e6eae3bcb486cca4dcaf2a34a9a809 | 26,625 |
In addition to hosting the World Indoor Championships , the IAAF has hosted the IAAF World Indoor Tour since 2016 .
| b16a3b1c9ec9f9d9b0dd4a99678d9d79 | 26,626 |
= = Rules = =
| b03c8be8c56f870aefe7878d992a205c | 26,628 |
= = = Track rules = = =
| 5aaf394b63812b8feb6c2471e1fd1b04 | 26,631 |
The rules of track athletics or of track events in athletics as observed in most international athletics competitions are set by the Competition Rules of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) . The most recent complete set of rules is the 2009 rules that relate only to competitions in 2009 . ... | 85c5fca2d51041989d8eb6b4714ff10e | 26,633 |
= = = = Starting = = = =
| 03588ce24541e3d021a31e594569521f | 26,635 |
The start of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide . In all races that are not run in lanes the start line must be curved , so that all the athletes start the same distance from the finish . Starting blocks may be used for all races up to and including 400 m ( including the first leg of the 4 × 100 m and 4 × 400 ... | 3004e04362d7caeef94207d07e72d6d3 | 26,637 |
All races must be started by the report of the starter 's gun or approved starting apparatus fired upwards after they have ascertained that athletes are steady and in the correct starting position . An athlete may not touch either the start line or the ground in front of it with their hands or feet when on their marks... | 610598b6af4fac6e8243466214cbeefb | 26,638 |
For sprint races up to 400 m , the starter gives two commands : " on your marks " to instruct athletes to approach the start line , followed by " set " to advise the athletes that the start of the race is imminent . The commands of the starter are typically given in the native language in national competitions , or in... | 5e5defcb34432b81acac42079a177107 | 26,639 |
There are different types of starts for races of different distances . Middle- and long @-@ distance races mainly use the waterfall start . This is when all athletes begin on a curved line that moves farther out at the outer edge of the track . Competitors are allowed to move towards the inside lane right away , as lo... | 0dbfd766d467e3f52d9d197c56a4383f | 26,640 |
An athlete , after assuming a final set position , may not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun , or approved starting apparatus . If , in the judgment of the starter or recallers , he does so any earlier , it is considered a false start . It is deemed a false start if , in the judg... | 7f144f3090153c03c38f35459845ff1a | 26,641 |
In International elite competition , electronically tethered starting blocks sense the reaction time of the athletes . If the athlete reacts in less than 0 @.@ 1 second , an alert sounds for a recall starter and the offending athlete is guilty of a false start .
| 9a2c593bbf2bca2329966e9fe7ccd97f | 26,642 |
= = = = Running the race = = = =
| a7d9cbb328a2876cd6753a8489e14aa0 | 26,644 |
For sprinting events ( bar the 4 × 400 m relay and the indoor 400 metres ) , each athlete must run the race within their allocated lane from start to finish . If an athlete leaves their lane or steps on the line demarking each lane the athlete will be disqualified . Lane rules also apply for initial periods of other t... | 76a0157cba2a8e520145a4a58f5ce398 | 26,646 |
Any athlete who jostles or obstructs another athlete , in a way that impedes his progress , should be disqualified from that event . However , if an athlete is pushed or forced by another person to run outside his lane , and if no material advantage is gained , the athlete should not be disqualified .
| 9044385b4905a22b891dd0956831b840 | 26,647 |
= = = = The finish = = = =
| edb0cb9616792efbf4f085df4ee8da65 | 26,649 |
The finish of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide . The finishing position of athletes is determined by the order in which any part of their torso ( as distinguished from the head , neck , arms , legs , hands or feet ) reaches the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the finish line . Fully automatic timing sys... | 27958886bb9a96eff2d282dfb0e7fc3c | 26,651 |
With the accuracy of the timing systems , ties are rare . Ties between different athletes are resolved as follows : In determining whether there has been a tie in any round for a qualifying position for the next round based on time , a judge ( called the chief photo finish judge ) must consider the actual time recorde... | 744e1a5af86c6d53e37be53191f4e2f3 | 26,652 |
= = = Field rules = = =
| 1ad09b123e7684c174abb02591c1055a | 26,654 |
In general , most field events allow a competitor to take their attempt individually , under theoretically the same conditions as the other competitors in the competition . Each attempt is measured to determine who achieved the longest distance .
| 8f305e9baafe20f9f0ee54480a81520e | 26,656 |
Vertical jumps ( high jump and pole vault ) set a bar at a particular height . The competitor must clear the bar without knocking it off the standards that are holding the bar ( flat ) . Three failures in a row ends the competitor 's participation in the event . The competitor has the option to PASS their attempt , wh... | d5483a7e3d104eb1bdce9dd5660eced1 | 26,657 |
Horizontal jumps ( long jump and triple jump ) and all throws must be initiated behind a line . In the case of horizontal jumps , that line is a straight line perpendicular to the runway . In the case of throws , that line is an arc or a circle . Crossing the line while initiating the attempt invalidates the attempt —... | b8a4770318d0444ad10384ef596b4f2c | 26,658 |
= = Equipment = =
| 95dd1f5e210a043de920f51236cf1922 | 26,660 |
Men and women have different weights for their throwing implements – men 's javelin is 800 grams compared to 600 for women , men 's weight throw is 35 pounds compared to 20 for women , men 's discus is 2 kilograms to women 's 1 , men 's shot put is 16 pounds compared to 8 pounds for women , and men 's hammer throw is ... | dec2b6d4740dfba31e0545235c4622fc | 26,662 |
= = Organizations = =
| 7f9561cc8631ceb3f33a8bbdf36d2e06 | 26,664 |
The international governance of track and field falls under the jurisdiction of athletics organisations . The International Association of Athletics Federations is the global governing body for track and field , and athletics as a whole . The governance of track and field at continental and national level is also done... | 015b82739f361943d8c1049c02a014c6 | 26,666 |
= = Competitions = =
| 9465ddb50c73802a39a08dedd4f0dd5e | 26,668 |
= = = Olympics , Paralympics and world championships = = =
| 7ae2e38fea46053a7f5217a47ebf24c0 | 26,671 |
The major global track and field competitions are both held under the scope of athletics . Track and field contests make up the majority of events on the Olympic and Paralympic athletics programmes , which occur every four years . Track and field events have held a prominent position at the Summer Olympics since its i... | 9be61060e6edcf1c4416297297fef733 | 26,673 |
The other two major international competition for track and field are organised by the IAAF . The IAAF had selected the Olympic competition as its world championship event in 1913 , but a separate world championships for athletics alone was first held in 1983 – the IAAF World Championships in Athletics . The champions... | a37187329844da1bb2c02f30a9a2b52c | 26,674 |
= = = Other championships = = =
| e546869347f1b248127bad6bb937ce7c | 26,676 |
Similar to the event programmes at the Olympics , Paralympics and World Championships , track and field forms a significant part of continental championships . The South American Championships in Athletics , created in 1919 , was the first continental championships and the European Athletics Championships became the s... | 923830fd10ee73b17d6aaffbe4cee626 | 26,678 |
There are also indoor continental competitions in Europe ( European Athletics Indoor Championships ) and Asia ( Asian Indoor Athletics Championships ) . There has not been a consistent championships for all of North America , which may be ( in part ) due to the success of both the Central American and Caribbean Champi... | 887d447d2dd43db3d4bd3dddd69ee575 | 26,679 |
= = = Multi @-@ sport events = = =
| 4750b2e0a7a64cc8b37ba83c97095f42 | 26,681 |
Mirroring the role that track and field events have at the Summer Olympics and Paralympics , the sport is featured within the athletics programmes of many major multi @-@ sport events . Among some of the first of these events to follow the Olympic @-@ style model were the World University Games in 1923 , the Commonwea... | 8944ac9977e2825243512e096ead82c5 | 26,683 |
After the Olympic and Paralympic Games , the most prominent events for track and field athletes include the three IOC @-@ sanctioned continental games : the All @-@ Africa Games , Asian Games , and the Pan American Games . Other games such as the Commonwealth Games and Summer Universiade , and World Masters Games have... | 3814f23cd6429488ba8578ddecc13dc3 | 26,684 |
= = = Meetings = = =
| b06581af639360d7649112d11c43e9bd | 26,686 |
One @-@ day track and field meetings form the most common and seasonal aspect of the sport – they are the most basic level of track and field competition . Meetings are generally organised annually either under the patronage of an educational institution or sports club , or by a group or business that serves as the me... | aba8a6f22f5da49f4e289f11aae1a8f3 | 26,688 |
The most basic type of meetings are all @-@ comers track meets , which are largely small , local , informal competitions that allow people of all ages and abilities to compete . As meetings become more organized they can gain official sanctioning by the local or national association for the sport .
| dfec8ebb28e05bdd92de5ece3299aee1 | 26,689 |
At the professional level , meetings began to offer significant financial incentives for all athletes in the 1990s in Europe with the creation of the " Golden Four " competition , comprising meetings in Zürich , Brussels , Berlin and Oslo . This expanded and received IAAF backing as the IAAF Golden League in 1998 , wh... | 4221ccbf7319ff2ff9ed275df7ea3f2f | 26,690 |
= = Records = =
| 94366d2e4797200245a9f3a56b2da07a | 26,692 |
Athletes performances are timed or measured at virtually all track and field competitions . Doing so can not only serve as a way of determining the winner in an event , but it can also be used for historical comparison ( i.e. a record ) . A large variety of record types exist and men 's and women 's performances are r... | 398a7ba3dd014d1beb259920f541fd8c | 26,694 |
The IAAF ratifies track and field world records if they meet their set criteria . The IAAF first published a world records list in 1914 , initially for men 's events only . There were 53 recognised records in running , hurdling and relay , and 12 field records . World records in women 's events began in 1936 as more e... | 1408a1c84ffc20b94d698cd54fc31289 | 26,695 |
The next most important record type are those achieved at a specific competition . For example , the Olympic records represent the best performances by athletes at the Summer Olympics . All major championships and games have their relevant competition records and a large number of track and field meetings keep a note ... | 62454b429273a955d46753b4c480fd59 | 26,696 |
= = Doping = =
| faa061123904c099eef74ec6ffa2c16a | 26,698 |
Track and field athletes are banned from ingesting or using certain substances by governing bodies for the sport , from the national to the international level . The IAAF 's constitution incorporates the World Anti @-@ Doping Code among other anti @-@ doping measures . Practices such as blood doping and the use of ana... | 64ea844a5bf4b3a47387f0b744546167 | 26,700 |
Athletes have historically been willing to take legal and health risks to improve their performance , with some even stating their willingness to risk their lives , as exemplified by research by Mirkin , Goldman and Connor in researching attitudes to the so @-@ called Goldman dilemma . To prevent use of performance @-... | 672683cfa69733f5165d40dcd9eda3f0 | 26,701 |
Doping has played a significant part in the modern history of track and field . State @-@ sponsored doping in East Germany with hormones and anabolic steroids marked the rise of women from the German Democratic Republic in track and field from the late 1960s to the 1980s . A number of these women , such as Marita Koch... | bb7e8de42ec40cee63a95ba682e48ffd | 26,702 |
= = Related sports = =
| a15de43b97bae7e39f39b34b6bbaa941 | 26,704 |
Track and field bears most similarity to the others categorised under the sport of athletics , specifically cross country running , and road forms of racewalking and running . All these forms of racing tend to record finishing times , have strictly defined start and finish points , and are generally individual in natu... | 7e7dc68561fddad5b47af4e4649fac51 | 26,706 |
Varieties of strength athletics , such as the World 's Strongest Man and highland games , often incorporate forms of footracing carrying heavy objects as well as throwing events such as the caber toss and keg toss , which bear similarities to track and field throwing events .
| b63bcb690e190e10cb168bb4dc6c20eb | 26,707 |
= Isabella Beeton =
| ac0a32427833adc754abbacd344bd3bf | 26,710 |
Isabella Mary Beeton ( née Mayson ; 14 March 1836 – 6 February 1865 ) , also known as Mrs Beeton , was an English journalist , editor and writer . Her name is particularly associated with her first book , the 1861 work Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management . She was born in London and , after schooling in Islingt... | 93925ec52469262e60bbcdf7cd80ea34 | 26,712 |
In 1857 , less than a year after the wedding , Isabella began writing for one of her husband 's publications , The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine . She translated French fiction and wrote the cookery column , though all the recipes were plagiarised from other works or sent in by the magazine 's readers . In 1859 th... | 1a1d42c14b81cc80727454b999052248 | 26,713 |
The Book of Household Management has been edited , revised and enlarged several times since Isabella 's death and is still in print as at 2016 . Food writers have stated that the subsequent editions of the work were far removed from and inferior to the original version . Several cookery writers , including Elizabeth D... | 73a53f4e0b77cf9392e15df4da5194fc | 26,714 |
= = Biography = =
| f37d5df0802199f139f28a57214fa52b | 26,716 |
= = = Early life , 1836 – 54 = = =
| b391eaf8359fef815fe3ad6480328a7d | 26,719 |
Isabella Mayson was born on 14 March 1836 in Marylebone , London . She was the eldest of three daughters to Benjamin Mayson , a linen factor ( merchant ) and his wife Elizabeth ( née Jerrom ) . Shortly after Isabella 's birth the family moved to Milk Street , Cheapside , from where Benjamin traded . He died when Isabe... | c2b443b4f66c346fce7128604ebdf312 | 26,721 |
Three years after Benjamin 's death Elizabeth married Henry Dorling , a widower with four children . Henry was the Clerk of Epsom Racecourse , and had been granted residence within the racecourse grounds . The family , including Elizabeth 's mother , moved to Surrey and over the next twenty years Henry and Elizabeth h... | db1ab011ff8ffd4b52a5c644be388c25 | 26,722 |
After a brief education at a boarding school in Islington , in 1851 Isabella was sent to school in Heidelberg , Germany , accompanied by her stepsister Jane Dorling . Isabella became proficient in the piano and excelled in French and German ; she also gained knowledge and experience in making pastry . She had returned... | 3b003d1e4df5e6c325ac9d5da32e767e | 26,723 |
= = = Marriage and career , 1854 – 61 = = =
| 46f429d23cdc5e9c331e68cec6198972 | 26,725 |
Around 1854 Isabella began a relationship with Samuel Orchart Beeton . His family had lived in Milk Street at the same time as the Maysons — Samuel 's father still ran the Dolphin Tavern there — and Samuel 's sisters had also attended the same Heidelberg school as Isabella . Samuel was the first British publisher of H... | 08c40e5480981028ac6b6b327e24cee5 | 26,727 |
Within a month of returning from their honeymoon Isabella was pregnant . A few weeks before the birth , Samuel persuaded his wife to contribute to The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine , a publication that the food writers Mary Aylett and Olive Ordish consider was " designed to make women content with their lot inside... | 09951119452ffcb2f1fe47400c4066a8 | 26,728 |
While coping with the loss of her child , Isabella continued to work at The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine . Although she was not a regular cook , she and Samuel obtained recipes from other sources . A request to receive the readers ' own recipes led to over 2 @,@ 000 being sent in , which were selected and edited ... | 3b1be5ee5ddce9b81ec7694edf9aeb6c | 26,729 |
The Beetons partly followed the layout of Acton 's recipes , although with a major alteration : whereas the earlier writer provided the method of cooking followed by a list of the required ingredients , the recipes in The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine listed the components before the cooking process . Isabella 's ... | 65dd57a291e7ca92a2fdd7cd9e3dd309 | 26,730 |
During the particularly bitter winter of 1858 – 59 Isabella prepared her own soup that she served to the poor of Pinner , " Soup for benevolent purposes " ; her sister later recalled that Isabella " was busy making [ the ] soup for the poor , and the children used to call with their cans regularly to be refilled " . T... | e361d77b6a08097d4bff770d746b38f9 | 26,731 |
As early as 1857 the Beetons had considered using the magazine columns as the basis of a book of collected recipes and homecare advice , Hughes believes , and in November 1859 they launched a series of 48 @-@ page monthly supplements with The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine . The print block for the whole series of ... | 3f000dd95d0c0d522ea7f0204585f742 | 26,732 |
The Beetons decided to revamp The Englishwoman 's Domestic Magazine , particularly the fashion column , which the historian Graham Nown describes as " a rather drab piece " . They travelled to Paris in March 1860 to meet Adolphe Goubaud , the publisher of the French magazine Le Moniteur de la Mode . The magazine carri... | 1cd12e13b2f238e09848087aee7dfeee | 26,733 |
In September 1861 the Beetons released a new , weekly publication called The Queen , the Ladies ' Newspaper . With the Beetons busy running their other titles , they employed Frederick Greenwood as the editor .
| 71131f4b1b2e97c1791c83bc46520e3f | 26,734 |
= = = Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management and later , 1861 – 65 = = =
| a9795606c6762b860ce5c5cd7f329ba4 | 26,736 |
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