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" Underneath " first aired in the United States on March 31 , 2002 on the Fox network . The episode later debuted in the United Kingdom on February 2 , 2003 on BBC One . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 4 @.@ 4 , meaning that it was seen by 4 @.@ 4 % of the nation 's estimated households and was viewed... | 2ada44d64ccd6c6a982814da8c9215c0 | 32,677 |
The episode received mixed reviews from television critics . Jessica Morgan from Television Without Pity gave the episode a B – rating . John Keegan from Critical Myth gave the episode a negative review and called it " easily the worst of the season " . He awarded it a 4 out of 10 and concluded that , " We can only ho... | 880d393a2db987f5c46b34e0a50d78d0 | 32,678 |
= Islais Creek =
| d3ca0de3fdff4c0f961199bf9827b23c | 32,681 |
Islais Creek or Islais Creek Channel ( previously known as Du Vrees Creek , Islais Channel and Islais Swamp ) is a small creek in San Francisco , California . The name of the creek is derived from a Salinan Native American word " slay " or " islay " , the name for the Prunus ilicifolia wild cherries . Around the time ... | 53d07d7fda105652e016287282ba3452 | 32,683 |
= = Course = =
| 6e5a2f99f710e98857bd06244632de5e | 32,685 |
The historic Islais Creek , the largest body of water in the city covering an area of nearly 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 7 @.@ 813 sq mi ; 20 @.@ 234 km2 ) , had two main branches . One originated near the southern slope of Twin Peaks , slightly north of Portola Drive . It flowed downstream southeastward through the Glen Canyon... | b2ce05585f869e50c9eb86d0d04fb32a | 32,687 |
From its sources in the Glen Canyon , the entire creek stretched about 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) to the San Francisco Bay . The mouth was nearly 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) wide , providing up to 85 % of the drinking water in San Francisco . Due to urban development , however , the watershed of Islais Creek has been red... | 9013a00024247b324cebda7d3618f012 | 32,688 |
In 2007 , the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission , which manages the city 's water , began investigating the possibility of " daylighting " underground portions of the creek . As of 2009 , remnants of the creek remain inside the Glen Canyon Park and a 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) channel near Third Street where Is... | 47e5fcf549cd3cb5122d21bddb32ecb4 | 32,689 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 32,691 |
The history of Islais Creek dates to the 18th century . The name Los Islais first appeared on Mexican maps in 1834 , named for the Islay cherries that grew wildly in the area . By 1850 , water from the creek was used by farmers to irrigate crops . The Gold Rush marked the decline of the creek as large numbers of gold ... | 4843d9631e1dc272947a9df436f5aed9 | 32,693 |
A railroad trestle was built over the creek and tidal flats in the 1860s and in a lawsuit that went up to the California Supreme Court called The People of the State of California ex relatione The Board of State Harbor Commissioners VS . The Potrero And Bay View Railroad Company , Islais Creek was declared a non @-@ n... | 5fd79c67833e340ed78dd4c3bb6c4d79 | 32,694 |
In 1871 , the area along the creek became known as the city ’ s " New Butchertown " when more than 100 slaughterhouses opened . Since then , the condition of the creek deteriorated , literally becoming a dumping place of garbage , sewage , animal waste , and unsold meat products . The condition became so bad that the ... | 0c0b6707a76648d97116eb86dfbbcef6 | 32,695 |
After the 1906 earthquake , San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted to fill the creek with earthquake debris , reducing the creek to its present size . During World War II , it served as docking areas for large ocean @-@ going tugs . The area also located the largest copra coconut processing plant in the United State... | c8fd3f4f57feeefc98f4ece67bbdd3e7 | 32,696 |
Many local community organizations were set up to improve the condition of the creek and nearby areas . Friends of Islais Creek , established back in 1984 , and David Erickson , a local community figure , were committed to build a waterfront park in Islais Creek . The initial plan for a park was finally launched in 19... | 1fa96edd13ce223464b16ab72cab4b26 | 32,697 |
On November 19 , 2001 , construction crews , while preparing to drill an electrical conduit ( consisting of six large 115kV electrical cables ) across the creek for the Muni Metro T Third Street light rail line , cracked the concrete sewer underground which carries more than 80 million gallons of sewage a day . The in... | 3c82bfe79eb7563437b319cd22a72f1d | 32,698 |
= = = Health hazard = = =
| 8f346c121c09da5c50dd30b007088ddc | 32,700 |
Since Islais Creek is a culvert that carries storm water , domestic sewage , and industrial wastewater , it is possible for the sewage to overflow . Such overflow can cause a public health hazard as Islais Creek displays higher level of heavy metals , PCBs , bacteria , as well as organochlorines than other parts of th... | 3b1ae45f5a7f64869e226de40ed18ca3 | 32,702 |
= = Transportation = =
| ca96ca4084062036983069acbf6b8bd8 | 32,704 |
The Third Street Bridge is the major crossing of the creek , carrying T Third Street light rail line and Third Street . It is a bascule @-@ type drawbridge . The Port of San Francisco extended Illinois Street across Islais Creek in 2006 to relieve traffic for Third Street . This crossing also uses a bascule bridge .
| 115e45061a0358dd86935cf99e40965e | 32,706 |
= Iguanodon =
| 58a0218e7c79112ee87fc31f4c798ce6 | 32,709 |
Iguanodon ( / ᵻˈɡwɑːnədɒn / i @-@ GWAH @-@ nə @-@ don ; meaning " iguana @-@ tooth " ) is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that existed roughly halfway between the first of the swift bipedal hypsilophodontids of the mid @-@ Jurassic and the duck @-@ billed dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous . While many species have been ... | a0414de9f8b1632622f734ae44a7f5b7 | 32,711 |
The genus was named in 1825 by English geologist Gideon Mantell , based on fossil specimens that are now assigned to Therosaurus and Mantellodon . Iguanodon was the second type of dinosaur formally named based on fossil specimens , after Megalosaurus . Together with Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus , it was one of the th... | a0158405494ae9263334fb09dd46bfca | 32,712 |
Scientific understanding of Iguanodon has evolved over time as new information has been obtained from fossils . The numerous specimens of this genus , including nearly complete skeletons from two well @-@ known bonebeds , have allowed researchers to make informed hypotheses regarding many aspects of the living animal ... | 26a7a8956c3a9c66a453b2b986af475e | 32,713 |
= = Description = =
| 7096d9cc91723f919ab4f5acdab6bccb | 32,715 |
Iguanodon were bulky herbivores that could shift from bipedality to quadrupedality . The only well @-@ supported species , I. bernissartensis , is estimated to have weighed about 3 @.@ 08 tonnes ( 3 @.@ 4 tons ) on average , and measured about 10 metres ( 33 feet ) long as an adult , with some specimens possibly as lo... | c844be35d94cbb878ce2080d38bf6620 | 32,717 |
The arms of I. bernissartensis were long ( up to 75 % the length of the legs ) and robust , with rather inflexible hands built so that the three central fingers could bear weight . The thumbs were conical spikes that stuck out away from the three main digits . In early restorations , the spike was placed on the animal... | cae2ece80b5c72afd5bdf14914b2bdf3 | 32,718 |
Iguanodon teeth are , as the name suggests , like those of an iguana , but larger . Unlike hadrosaurids , which had columns of replacement teeth , Iguanodon only had one replacement tooth at a time for each position . The upper jaw held up to 29 teeth per side , with none at the front of the jaw , and the lower jaw 25... | 5d2b7e2cab17233c18584ddee65a8ab7 | 32,719 |
= = Classification and origins = =
| 278f48b14ac7036d842180e4660556ad | 32,721 |
Iguanodon gives its name to the unranked clade Iguanodontia , a very populous group of ornithopods with many species known from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous . Aside from Iguanodon , the best @-@ known members of the clade include Dryosaurus , Camptosaurus , Ouranosaurus , and the duck @-@ bills , or hadr... | 9e2e8c608d8e0d4282e50c17d30e2b71 | 32,723 |
With the advent of cladistic analyses , Iguanodontidae as traditionally construed was shown to be paraphyletic , and these animals are recognised to fall at different points in relation to hadrosaurs on a cladogram , instead of in a single distinct clade . Essentially , the modern concept of Iguanodontidae currently i... | 67be0cb61c90142dbfa1efe085055849 | 32,724 |
The cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald , 2012 .
| 3804997e4c389951094a29180c06c65f | 32,725 |
= = Palaeobiology = =
| 16d577aea54207f0f8ca9dc3d8e2a0d5 | 32,727 |
= = = Feeding = = =
| d88e2b41c459aadc8c2adc8387d20655 | 32,730 |
One of the first details noted about Iguanodon was that it had the teeth of a herbivorous reptile , although there has not always been consensus on how it ate . As Mantell noted , the remains he was working with were unlike any modern reptile , especially in the toothless , scoop @-@ shaped form of the lower jaw symph... | 07d8b935d4e9aaae7662245d47a3b780 | 32,732 |
The skull was structured in such a way that as it closed , the bones holding the teeth in the upper jaw would bow out . This would cause the lower surfaces of the upper jaw teeth to rub against the upper surface of the lower jaw 's teeth , grinding anything caught in between and providing an action that is the rough e... | e7999ae0d3ee8209fda0f192968ccf6e | 32,733 |
Exactly what Iguanodon ate with its well @-@ developed jaws is not known . The size of the larger species , such as I. bernissartensis , would have allowed them access to food from ground level to tree foliage at 4 – 5 metres ( 13 – 16 ft ) high . A diet of horsetails , cycads , and conifers was suggested by David Nor... | b1ce7394962142eccad39e6bab6b14b6 | 32,734 |
= = = Posture and movement = = =
| 88bcada9927f7dfc5cd1b9330f187cfb | 32,736 |
Early fossil remains were fragmentary , which led to much speculation on the posture and nature of Iguanodon . Iguanodon was initially portrayed as a quadrupedal horn @-@ nosed beast . However , as more bones were discovered , Mantell observed that the forelimbs were much smaller than the hindlimbs . His rival Owen wa... | 7dfeb27e4af7f8b753b7190722dad09a | 32,738 |
During his re @-@ examination of Iguanodon , David Norman was able to show that this posture was unlikely , because the long tail was stiffened with ossified tendons . To get the tripodal pose , the tail would literally have to be broken . Putting the animal in a horizontal posture makes many aspects of the arms and p... | 237690a0f9153cf3cfe96a5daf597566 | 32,739 |
Furthermore , it appears that Iguanodon became more quadrupedal as it got older and heavier ; juvenile I. bernissartensis have shorter arms than adults ( 60 % of hindlimb length versus 70 % for adults ) . When walking as a quadruped , the animal 's hands would have been held so that the palms faced each other , as sho... | dd2921a3249fddfd95ca47a4f0cc506e | 32,740 |
Large three @-@ toed footprints are known in Early Cretaceous rocks of England , particularly Wealden beds on the Isle of Wight , and these trace fossils were originally difficult to interpret . Some authors associated them with dinosaurs early on . In 1846 , E. Tagert went so far as to assign them to an ichnogenus he... | e92992f37edb9e9f065dae55e10c0894 | 32,741 |
= = = Thumb spike = = =
| 96a2fb4b0d8803b1105c9fa3f3782b78 | 32,743 |
The thumb spike is one of the best @-@ known features of Iguanodon . Although it was originally placed on the animal 's nose by Mantell , the complete Bernissart specimens allowed Dollo to place it correctly on the hand , as a modified thumb . ( This would not be the last time a dinosaur 's modified thumb claw would b... | c15a3b1455358fa140e8ff168e6a59ed | 32,745 |
This thumb is typically interpreted as a close @-@ quarter stiletto @-@ like weapon against predators , although it could also have been used to break into seeds and fruits , or against other Iguanodon . One author has suggested that the spike was attached to a venom gland , but this has not been accepted , as the spi... | 654965949fd5b6bc8a2e509bf5a60a62 | 32,746 |
= = = Possible social behaviour = = =
| 785ca290237bad62521b2cbdc5317426 | 32,748 |
Although sometimes interpreted as the result of a single catastrophe , the Bernissart finds instead are now interpreted as recording multiple events . According to this interpretation , at least three occasions of mortality are recorded , and though numerous individuals would have died in a geologically short time spa... | aee6a4298c853e35cc44e736aeac96bd | 32,750 |
An argument against herding is that juvenile remains are very uncommon at this site , unlike modern cases with herd mortality . They more likely were the periodic victims of flash floods whose carcasses accumulated in a lake or marshy setting . The Nehden find , however , with its greater span of individual ages , mor... | d0e11e4dff3649ce9b25c60ae8b28aea | 32,751 |
Unlike other purported herding dinosaurs ( especially hadrosaurs and ceratopsids ) , there is no evidence that Iguanodon was sexually dimorphic , with one sex appreciably different from the other . At one time , it was suggested that the Bernissart I. " mantelli " , or I. atherfieldensis ( Dollodon and Mantellisaurus ... | c73c7381653c879bd4d5033fc880597c | 32,752 |
= = = Paleopathology = = =
| f277c5a941eab11a49f508148c7726ce | 32,754 |
Evidence of a fractured hip bone was found in a specimen of Iguanodon , which had an injury to its ischium . Two other individuals were observed with signs of osteoarthritis as evidenced by bone overgrowths in their anklebones which are called osteophytes .
| fc398d12fd3842060c4109bee764e8c5 | 32,756 |
= = Discovery and history = =
| 48786442d25ac8c9d0825594836f3a02 | 32,758 |
= = = Gideon Mantell , Sir Richard Owen , and the discovery of dinosaurs = = =
| 41a146f66f48119e2dc7f506d7a1e19e | 32,761 |
The discovery of Iguanodon has long been accompanied by a popular legend . The story goes that Gideon Mantell 's wife , Mary Ann , discovered the first teeth of an Iguanodon in the strata of Tilgate Forest in Whitemans Green , Cuckfield , Sussex , England , in 1822 while her husband was visiting a patient . However , ... | 190556bf9ced614d981d9662afec1d5b | 32,763 |
In recognition of the resemblance of the teeth to those of the iguana , Mantell decided to name his new animal Iguanodon or " iguana @-@ tooth " , from iguana and the Greek word ὀδών ( odon , odontos or " tooth " ) . Based on isometric scaling , he estimated that the creature might have been up to 18 metres ( 59 feet ... | 35cb7559313a0487080cf61d09bcc244 | 32,764 |
Mantell sent a letter detailing his discovery to the local Portsmouth Philosophical Society in December 1824 , several weeks after settling on a name for the fossil creature . The letter was read to members of the Society at a meeting on 17 December , and a report was published in the Hampshire Telegraph the following... | 93fdf0491ca654752711234c5af5d9ca | 32,765 |
A more complete specimen of similar animal was discovered in a quarry in Maidstone , Kent , in 1834 ( lower Lower Greensand Formation ) , which Mantell soon acquired . He was led to identify it as an Iguanodon based on its distinctive teeth . The Maidstone slab was utilized in the first skeletal reconstructions and ar... | 9f581efb7a13e58f95212ccf1bdca685 | 32,766 |
At the same time , tension began to build between Mantell and Richard Owen , an ambitious scientist with much better funding and society connections in the turbulent worlds of Reform Act – era British politics and science . Owen , a firm creationist , opposed the early versions of evolutionary science ( " transmutatio... | 2d5cfa0e2a4c90a94a90ef7c4fdac51e | 32,767 |
In 1849 , a few years before his death in 1852 , Mantell realised that iguanodonts were not heavy , pachyderm @-@ like animals , as Owen was putting forward , but had slender forelimbs ; however , his passing left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures , and so Owen 's visi... | 62f81307a6db922b81dc23bbbdcfe258 | 32,768 |
= = = Bernissart = = =
| ba65b34e40afc1c2ccfc33533da14310 | 32,770 |
The largest find of Iguanodon remains to that date occurred on 28 February 1878 in a coal mine at Bernissart in Belgium , at a depth of 322 m ( 1 @,@ 056 ft ) , when two mineworkers , Jules Créteur and Alphonse Blanchard , accidentally hit on a skeleton that they initially took for petrified wood . With the encouragem... | 167dacd54d48bb6dc9985860d519fa01 | 32,772 |
The science of conserving fossil remains was in its infancy , and new techniques had to be improvised to deal with what soon became known as " pyrite disease " . Crystalline pyrite in the bones was being oxidized to iron sulphate , accompanied by an increase in volume that caused the remains to crack and crumble . Whe... | e7ac0d31dd81ab8a339061902bde6b5f | 32,773 |
Dollo 's specimens allowed him to show that Owen 's prehistoric pachyderms were not correct for Iguanodon . He instead modelled the skeletal mounts after the cassowary and wallaby , and put the spike that had been on the nose firmly on the thumb . He was not completely correct , but he also had the disadvantage of bei... | 4c8b3370a88c16ef07b29005ec118759 | 32,774 |
Excavations at the quarry were stopped in 1881 , although it was not exhausted of fossils , as recent drilling operations have shown . During World War I , when the town was occupied by German forces , preparations were made to reopen the mine for palaeontology , and Otto Jaekel was sent from Berlin to supervise . The... | e0d15995c5aa811cb27d61e8969d3d60 | 32,775 |
= = = Current research = = =
| 7999555a29dd9f12a94f0f1b0ed0a86f | 32,777 |
Research on Iguanodon decreased during the early part of the 20th century as World Wars and the Great Depression enveloped Europe . A new species that would become the subject of much study and taxonomic controversy , I. atherfieldensis , was named in 1925 by R. W. Hooley , for a specimen collected at Atherfield Point... | da0aa5e8ae433d0b6187a6022c909ff0 | 32,779 |
Iguanodon was recorded from Africa based on teeth from Tunisia and elsewhere in the Sahara , but the description of Lurdusaurus and Ouranosaurus cast doubt on African records of Iguanodon . The genus was also recorded from Mongolia based on the description of I. orientalis , and in North America based on I. ottingeri ... | 994e60d423dde45e2d4cfb2c07cfd36c | 32,780 |
Iguanodon was not part of the initial work of the dinosaur renaissance that began with the description of Deinonychus in 1969 , but it was not neglected for long . David B. Weishampel 's work on ornithopod feeding mechanisms provided a better understanding of how it fed , and David B. Norman 's work on numerous aspect... | daf692fc2ba4e553e3d5ba952818c72a | 32,781 |
Iguanodon material has also been used in the search for dinosaur DNA and other biomolecules . In research by Graham Embery et al . , Iguanodon bones were processed to look for remnant proteins . In this research , identifiable remains of typical bone proteins , such as phosphoproteins and proteoglycans , were found in... | 6b001a1e7ef38d995afeb013b0ac0742 | 32,782 |
= = Species = =
| 3a2bb84e8e08eb450e05f7ccd48cdb3f | 32,784 |
Because Iguanodon is one of the first dinosaur genera to have been named , numerous species have been assigned to it . While never becoming the wastebasket taxon several other early genera of dinosaurs became ( such as Megalosaurus ) , Iguanodon has had a complicated history , and its taxonomy continues to undergo rev... | d07d41a5d983c89d59dd6d4f40cf888d | 32,786 |
I. anglicus was the original type species , but the holotype was based on a single tooth and only partial remains of the species have been recovered since . In March 2000 , the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature changed the type species to the much better known I. bernissartensis , with the new holoty... | 8514c1441db1b20c77160c0431e8b2b2 | 32,787 |
= = = Species currently accepted as valid = = =
| fcd48720ba96f20a3d4eb956ebfeefe0 | 32,789 |
Only two species assigned to Iguanodon are still considered to be valid .
| 4ea390a146e332a54d08ce22cc1ada4e | 32,791 |
I. bernissartensis , described by George Albert Boulenger in 1881 , is the type species for the genus . This species is best known for the many skeletons discovered in Bernissart , but is also known from remains across Europe . David Norman suggested that it includes the dubious Mongolian I. orientalis , but this has ... | 1f4ed66e589d2509fdcc2b62185e3705 | 32,792 |
I. galvensis , described in 2015 , is based on adult and juvenile remains found in Barremian @-@ age deposits in Teruel , Spain .
| b33f91b016c1f5a4922e9ca1fcdd98a6 | 32,793 |
= = = Reassigned species = = =
| a1473876564b6c5423a3b27354172bc1 | 32,795 |
I. hoggi ( also spelled I. boggii or hoggii ) , named by Owen for a lower jaw from the Tithonian – Berriasian @-@ age Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Beds of Dorset in 1874 , has been reassigned to its own genus , Owenodon .
| 8fbe5ee7f836082b6e9a89be1c710f32 | 32,797 |
Iguanodon albinus ( or Albisaurus scutifer ) , described by Czech palaeontologist Antonin Fritsch in 1893 , is a dubious nondinosaurian reptile now known as Albisaurus albinus .
| e8144995f2a7d3dcb7054869069b6673 | 32,798 |
I. atherfieldensis , described by R.W. Hooley in 1925 , was smaller and less robust than I. bernissartensis , with longer neural spines . It was renamed Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis in 2007 . The Bernissart specimen RBINS 1551 was described as Dollodon bampingi in 2008 , but McDonald and Norman returned Dollodon to ... | e29973f76124549b63eb971a1b8053e0 | 32,799 |
I. exogyrarum was described by Fritsch in 1878 . It is a nomen dubium based on very poor material and was renamed Ponerosteus in 2000 .
| c112cb29967c7ce6576e7a927adc6900 | 32,800 |
I. prestwichii ( also spelled I. prestwichi ) , described by John Hulke in 1880 , has been reassigned to Camptosaurus prestwichii or to its own genus Cumnoria .
| e553fef0c64c002e41a2a84b4c328920 | 32,801 |
Two species described by Richard Lydekker in the late 19th century have been reassigned to different genera .
| e922ca10683d37948b072759371dd680 | 32,802 |
I. dawsoni , described by Lydekker in 1888 , is known from two partial skeletons found in East Sussex , England , from the middle Valanginian @-@ age Lower Cretaceous Wadhurst Clay . It is now the type species of Barilium .
| 9ad911eb48b75a118f8b3524e77701fe | 32,803 |
I. fittoni was described by Lydekker in 1889 . Like I. dawsoni , this species was described from the Wadhurst Clay of East Sussex . It is now the type species of Hypselospinus .
| 396f8ffbba4cd92918fdca0370e5b501 | 32,804 |
I. hollingtoniensis ( also spelled I. hollingtonensis ) , described by Lydekker in 1889 has variously been considered a synonym of Hypselospinus fittoni or a distinct species assigned to the genus Huxleysaurus . A specimen from the Valanginian Wadhurst Clay Formation , variously assigned to I. hollingtoniensis and I. ... | c4ee55faedc3304e38c2a55f1d10d0a8 | 32,805 |
I. seelyi ( also incorrectly spelled I. seeleyi ) , described by Hulke two years after I. prestwichii , has been synonymised with Iguanodon bernissartensis , though this is controversial .
| 997235d4b41710c8b92e458365ca7b67 | 32,806 |
I. suessii , described by Emanuel Bunzel in 1871 , has been reassigned to Mochlodon suessi .
| 7ee3b1703b2b4a8ff48b4ff83c9b477c | 32,807 |
I. lakotaensis was described by David B. Weishampel and Philip R. Bjork in 1989 . The only well @-@ accepted North American species of Iguanodon , I. lakotaensis was described from a partial skull from the Barremian @-@ age Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation of South Dakota . Its assignment has been controversial . Som... | ec156b66ca2139c0a462e57a79c71d75 | 32,808 |
Iguanodon mantelli described by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in 1832 , was based on the same material as I. anglicus and is an objective junior synonym of the latter . Several taxa , including the holotype of Dollodon and Mantellodon , but also the dubious hadrosauroid Trachodon cantabrigiensis the hypsilophodont... | 6bca09dd792462d9aa9164a20cc292e0 | 32,809 |
I. hilli , coined by Edwin Tully Newton in 1892 for a tooth from the early Cenomanian Upper Cretaceous Lower Chalk of Hertfordshire , has been considered an early hadrosaurid of some sort . However , recent work places it as indeterminate beyond Hadrosauroidea outside Hadrosauridae .
| 57425bee461496a88971c4188535da3c | 32,810 |
I. orientalis , described by A. K. Rozhdestvensky in 1952 , was based on poor material , but a skull with a distinctive arched snout that had been assigned to it was renamed Altirhinus kurzanovi in 1998 . At the same time , I. orientalis was considered to be a nomen dubium because it cannot be compared to I. bernissar... | b916c85e8eccb984a2b8791be4598b50 | 32,811 |
Harry Seeley described I. phillipsi in 1869 , but later reassigned it to Priodontognathus .
| 8dec2ef050862202a184a95273881418 | 32,812 |
I. praecursor ( also spelled I. precursor ) , described by E. Sauvage in 1876 from teeth from an unnamed Kimmeridgian ( Late Jurassic ) formation in Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais , France , is actually a sauropod , sometimes assigned to Neosodon , although the two come from different formations .
| c0e82b20a791c1423eb873ea1bad33d9 | 32,813 |
" I. mongolensis " ( Whitfield , 1992 ) is a nomen nudum from a photo caption in a book , of remains that would later be named Altirhinus .
| aa122d83ca4a5dd4302e369e8510d8f9 | 32,814 |
Delapparentia turolensis was named in 2011 based on a specimen previously assigned to Iguanodon bernissartensis .
| 33a7346cc874b199b6be3111a4f71b1c | 32,815 |
= = = Species referred to Iguanodon that were originally named as nominal species of other genera = = =
| f947042c72d72b2af86dd2bc3bb6f2de | 32,817 |
I. valdensis , a renaming of Vectisaurus valdensis by Ernst van den Broeck in 1900 . Originally named Vectisaurus valdensis by Hulke in 1879 based on vertebral and pelvic remains , it was from the Barremian stage of the Isle of Wight . It was considered a juvenile specimen of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis , or an und... | d28735350f9dd0a0a591e0aa9d8e6cda | 32,819 |
I. foxii ( also spelled I. foxi ) was originally described by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1869 as the type species of Hypsilophodon ; Owen ( 1873 or 1874 ) reassigned it to Iguanodon , but his assignment was soon overturned .
| 018edc8c21d872f2f5020ce612be8ab6 | 32,820 |
I. gracilis , named by Lydekker in 1888 as the type species of Sphenospondylus and assigned to Iguanodon in 1969 by Rodney Steel , has been tossed of as a synonym of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis , but is dubious nowadays .
| 2b539f41e3d8742e922982203d44dc37 | 32,821 |
I. major , a species named by Justin Delair in 1966 , based on vertebrae from the Isle of Wight and Sussex originally described by Owen in 1842 as a species of Streptospondylus , S. major , is a nomen dubium which is now thought to be a synonym of I. anglicus , although it may be its own species .
| 6a0b8b472392b07bfa524b431f60de2b | 32,822 |
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