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The site museum is located 300 metres ( 980 ft ) outside of the Toniná archaeological zone . It possesses 2 exhibition rooms and a conference room . The first room explains the pyramidal form of the acropolis and how it relates to Maya mythology , while the main room contains sculptures of the city 's rulers .
| 455c011642fd7bb33187dc2b5cc50f47 | 3,922 |
Artefacts in the collection include stone sculptures , ceramics and artefacts sculpted from bone , shell , obsidian and flint . The pieces in the museum graphically depict the two sides of the power exercised by Toniná , on the one hand with sculptures of the city 's rulers and on the other with its depictions of boun... | 10309bce831c61e01bf25b77034db1a4 | 3,923 |
= Central Area Command ( RAAF ) =
| fd1e43f263e9eb9a36d7b1dc9e06e296 | 3,926 |
Central Area Command was one of several geographically based commands raised by the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) during World War II . It was formed in March 1940 , and covered the central portion of New South Wales . Headquartered at Sydney , Central Area Command was primarily responsible for air defence , aer... | 35291a27720c043b16a6f9544e06c63a | 3,928 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 3,930 |
Prior to World War II , the Royal Australian Air Force was small enough for all its elements to be directly controlled by RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne . After war broke out in September 1939 , the RAAF began to implement a decentralised form of command , commensurate with expected increases in manpower and units . I... | 56dd46fc33b4ee4c66059253f3a68da6 | 3,932 |
No. 2 Group , which had been established on 20 November 1939 , was re @-@ formed as one of the first two area commands , Central Area , on 7 March 1940 . Headquartered in Sydney , Central Area Command was given control of all Air Force units in New South Wales except those in the southern Riverina and the north of the... | 9b747602a7381bebd0c6bbe0e4790c26 | 3,933 |
In May 1940 it was reported that the area 's headquarters building would change from " Mont Loana " in Point Piper to the mansion " Kilmory " nearby . Cole handed over command of Central Area to Air Commodore Bill Anderson in December 1940 . By August 1941 , the RAAF 's expanding instructional program necessitated the... | 2cf92c7c61aa7505c0eb5e3206ce6712 | 3,934 |
= = Aftermath = =
| f8fa1b2e326f4dccda3b39c69a590a1d | 3,936 |
The RAAF 's area command structure was revised in 1942 , following the outbreak of the Pacific War : Northern Area was split into North @-@ Eastern Area and North @-@ Western Area , and a new command covering New South Wales and southern Queensland , Eastern Area , was created , making a total of five commands . In Oc... | bd03e77a2fda04bc3bafb101f0afc02c | 3,938 |
= Corn crake =
| eaa452678c1d28f89cc3246b1ef700b9 | 3,941 |
The corn crake , corncrake or landrail ( Crex crex ) is a bird in the rail family . It breeds in Europe and Asia as far east as western China , and migrates to Africa for the northern hemisphere 's winter . It is a medium @-@ sized crake with buff- or grey @-@ streaked brownish @-@ black upperparts , chestnut markings... | 5a28f709add14a573d62c83631af781e | 3,943 |
The corn crake 's breeding habitat is grassland , particularly hayfields , and it uses similar environments on the wintering grounds . This secretive species builds a nest of grass leaves in a hollow in the ground and lays 6 – 14 cream @-@ coloured eggs which are covered with rufous blotches . These hatch in 19 – 20 d... | 7a41754d8a2d97098ca231cabdea1c4b | 3,944 |
Although numbers have declined steeply in western Europe , this bird is classed as least concern on the IUCN Red List because of its huge range and large , apparently stable , populations in Russia and Kazakhstan . Numbers in western China are more significant than previously thought , and conservation measures have f... | 585f73b25a274b02cca7f936147a35ec | 3,945 |
= = Taxonomy = =
| ecc91bdacd3691ba81b1bebd7a833abe | 3,947 |
The rails are a bird family comprising nearly 150 species . Although origins of the group are lost in antiquity , the largest number of species and least specialised forms are found in the Old World , suggesting this family originated there . The taxonomy of the small crakes is complicated , but the closest relative o... | bcd525711057092aefbe1caa8cde5de2 | 3,949 |
Corn crakes were first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Rallus crex , but was subsequently moved to the genus Crex , created by German naturalist and ornithologist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1803 , and named Crex pratensis . The earlier use of crex gives it priority over Bechstein 's specific ... | 89a0ef8354182ae0bfbbd79b368cdccd | 3,950 |
= = Description = =
| 7096d9cc91723f919ab4f5acdab6bccb | 3,952 |
The corn crake is a medium @-@ sized rail , 27 – 30 cm ( 11 – 12 in ) long with a wingspan of 42 – 53 cm ( 17 – 21 in ) . Males weigh 165 g ( 5 @.@ 8 oz ) on average and females 145 g ( 5 @.@ 1 oz ) . The adult male has the crown of its head and all of its upperparts brown @-@ black in colour , streaked with buff or g... | aae813ff2ef80187df683a5d59a73291 | 3,954 |
The corn crake is sympatric with the African crake on the wintering grounds , but can be distinguished by its larger size , paler upperparts , tawny upperwing and different underparts pattern . In flight , it has longer , less rounded wings , and shallower wingbeats than its African relative , and shows a white leadin... | 399d600b9a47e3ff5b1c0db729f1168f | 3,955 |
= = = Voice = = =
| 3e79f42a7c0bc9429adeb6f44fe83bc4 | 3,957 |
On the breeding grounds , the male corn crake 's advertising call is a loud , repetitive , grating krek krek normally delivered from a low perch with the bird 's head and neck almost vertical and its bill wide open . The call can be heard from 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) away , and serves to establish the breeding terr... | 1e958c7f30691f468e40f05fe928ffd9 | 3,959 |
The female corn crake may give a call that is similar to that of the male ; it also has a distinctive barking sound , similar in rhythm to the main call but without the grating quality . The female also has a high @-@ pitched cheep call , and a oo @-@ oo @-@ oo sound to call the chick . The chicks make a quiet peeick ... | be011f46c1a38c4858905caa70c9d809 | 3,960 |
= = Distribution and habitat = =
| 9601e56467fdbcc8942e966c406b558c | 3,962 |
The corn crake breeds from Britain and Ireland east through Europe to central Siberia . Although it has vanished from much of its historic range , this bird was once found in suitable habitats in Eurasia everywhere between latitudes 41 ° N and 62 ° N. There is also a sizable population in western China , but this spec... | 29865681391a999de624614104874c1b | 3,964 |
The corn crake winters mainly in Africa , from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and central Tanzania south to eastern South Africa . North of this area , it is mainly seen on migration , but occasionally winters in North Africa and to the west and north of its core area in southeast Africa . Most of the South Afri... | 46df4edf1633d009de581e9629777a45 | 3,965 |
This crake migrates to Africa along two main routes : a western route through Morocco and Algeria , and a more important flyway through Egypt . On passage , it has been recorded in most countries between its breeding and wintering ranges , including much of West Africa . Birds from Coll following the western route pau... | bbfc19260cc0b5074882587a8b5448f6 | 3,966 |
The corn crake is mainly a lowland species , but breeds up to 1 @,@ 400 m ( 4 @,@ 600 ft ) altitude in the Alps , 2 @,@ 700 m ( 8 @,@ 900 ft ) in China and 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) in Russia . When breeding in Eurasia , the corn crake 's habitats would originally have included river meadows with tall grass and mea... | d815511808fd4414de1d3b95700b9aa0 | 3,967 |
When wintering in Africa , the corn crake occupies dry grassland and savanna habitats , occurring in vegetation 30 – 200 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 – 6 @.@ 56 ft ) tall , including seasonally burnt areas and occasionally sedges or reed beds . It is also found on fallow and abandoned fields , uncut grass on airfields , and the edge... | 44256486767fe54338c008a73595e309 | 3,968 |
= = Behaviour = =
| df9b5f830541117e20d118e6f494eb67 | 3,970 |
The corn crake is a difficult bird to see in its breeding sites , usually being hidden by vegetation , but will sometimes emerge into the open . Occasionally , individuals may become very trusting ; for five consecutive summers , an individual crake on the Scottish island of Tiree entered a kitchen to feed on scraps ,... | cc0b525ce77bcd528c19b10f193fc530 | 3,972 |
The corn crake is solitary on the wintering grounds , where each bird occupies 4 @.@ 2 – 4 @.@ 9 ha ( 10 – 12 acres ) at one time , although the total area used may be double that , since an individual may move locally due to flooding , plant growth , or grass cutting . Flocks of up to 40 birds may form on migration ,... | 5fe783b46acb65b9eb27bb23a36cfdd4 | 3,973 |
= = = Breeding = = =
| 09ffd501c0b9ee904b27954a55df97e8 | 3,975 |
Until 1995 , it was assumed that the corn crake is monogamous , but it transpires that a male may have a shifting home range , and mate with two or more females , moving on when laying is almost complete . The male 's territory can vary from 3 to 51 ha ( 7 @.@ 4 to 126 @.@ 0 acres ) , but averages 15 @.@ 7 ha ( 39 acr... | dd2317007bca7271248f0b939d3105d2 | 3,977 |
The female may be offered food by the male during courtship . He has a brief courtship display in which the neck is extended and the head held down , the tail is fanned , and the wings are spread with the tips touching the ground . He will then attempt to approach the female from behind , and then leap on her back to ... | e9a9992cb6a0170655fc971a03b6f260 | 3,978 |
The nest is 12 – 15 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) in diameter and 3 – 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 6 in ) deep . The clutch is 6 – 14 , usually 8 – 12 eggs ; these are oval , slightly glossy , creamy or tinted with green , blue or grey , and blotched red @-@ brown . They average 37 mm × 26 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in × 1 @.@ 0 in ) and w... | 9ab5da33afeb53f2dacddbdb97ad29b2 | 3,979 |
Nest success in undisturbed sites is high , at 80 – 90 % , but much lower in fertilised meadows and on arable land . The method and timing of mowing is crucial ; mechanized mowing can kill 38 – 95 % of chicks in a given site , and losses average 50 % of first brood chicks and somewhat less than 40 % of second brood ch... | 62d931d247837ec06ce621f33ff9448f | 3,980 |
= = = Feeding = = =
| d88e2b41c459aadc8c2adc8387d20655 | 3,982 |
The corn crake is omnivorous , but mainly feeds on invertebrates , including earthworms , slugs and snails , spiders , beetles , dragonflies , grasshoppers and other insects . In the breeding areas , it is a predator of Sitona weevils , which infest legume crops. and in the past consumed large amounts of the former gr... | 29c53eea6c0dd9c712b114494edff9a7 | 3,984 |
= = Predators and parasites = =
| abfd23409bb53d1aaad44ec606d9d133 | 3,986 |
Predators on the breeding grounds include feral and domestic cats , introduced American mink , feral ferrets , otters and red foxes , and birds including the common buzzard and hooded crow . In Lithuania , the introduced raccoon dog has also been recorded as taking corn crakes . When chicks are exposed by rapid mowing... | f43f20aea673189287968c028e556310 | 3,988 |
The widespread fluke Prosthogonimus ovatus , which lives in the oviducts of birds , has been recorded in the corn crake , as have the parasitic worm Plagiorchis elegans , the larvae of parasitic flies , and hard ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Ixodes .
| 8212847d6530aac37f42fcca9929abac | 3,989 |
During the reintroduction of corn crakes to England in the 2003 breeding season , enteritis and ill health in pre @-@ release birds was due to bacteria of a pathogenic Campylobacter species . Subsequently , microbiology tests were done to detect infected individuals and to find the source of the bacteria in their envi... | b6fe9bbee34deb0e089e114c6227cb3a | 3,990 |
= = Status = =
| 4c7abe78d51e2575a2c9105274dfedde | 3,992 |
Until 2010 , despite a breeding range estimated at 12 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 km2 ( 4 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 sq mi ) , the corn crake was classified as near threatened on the IUCN Red List because of serious declines in Europe , but improved monitoring in Russia indicates that anticipated losses there have not occurred and numbers h... | 58217eb52102fafb8091a6428f610b51 | 3,994 |
The breeding corn crake population had begun to decline in the 19th century , but the process gained pace after World War II . The main cause of the steep declines in much of Europe is the loss of nests and chicks from early mowing . Haymaking dates have moved forward in the past century due to faster crop growth , ma... | 4f4c6c3c8a04f17ec65e3e45e8a3872e | 3,995 |
Loss of habitat is the other major threat to the corn crake . Apart from the reduced suitability of drained and fertilised silage fields compared to traditional hay meadows , in western Europe the conversion of grassland to arable has been aided by subsidies , and further east the collapse of collective farming has le... | 9d1b00f1356071c82a68d245192e5492 | 3,996 |
Most European countries have taken steps to conserve the corn crake and produce national management policies ; there is also an overall European action plan . The focus of conservation effort is to monitor populations and ecology and to improve survival , principally through changing the timing and method of hay harve... | 92d6e9c81588e5249be12a2ed2348a3d | 3,997 |
= = In culture = =
| 0c51266b8c694911f19077e267e8527e | 3,999 |
Most rails are secretive wetland birds that have made little cultural impression , but as a formerly common farmland bird with a loud nocturnal call that sometimes led to disturbed sleep for rural dwellers , the corn crake has acquired a variety of folk names and some commemoration in literature .
| 90e8d4d059b5b95e619eaf61d61d16a7 | 4,001 |
= = = Names = = =
| e93d9af9727066fc1ae5769f03778526 | 4,003 |
The favoured name for this species among naturalists has changed over the years , with " landrail " and variants of " corncrake " being preferred at various times . " Crake gallinule " also had a period of popularity between 1768 and 1813 . The originally Older Scots " cornecrake " was popularised by Thomas Bewick , w... | ecfb66e7448e3d4700013aab94ee7540 | 4,005 |
= = = In literature = = =
| 5efe575c6087330e79aa027747961c53 | 4,007 |
Corn crakes are the subject of three stanzas of the seventeenth century poet Andrew Marvell 's " Upon Appleton House " , written in 1651 about the North Yorkshire country estate of Thomas Fairfax . The narrator depicts the scene of a mower cutting the grass , before his " whistling Sithe " unknowingly " carves the Rai... | 92ed7f0e100f6a1bbb64453847353185 | 4,009 |
John Clare , the nineteenth @-@ century English poet based in Northamptonshire , wrote " The Landrail " , a semi @-@ comic piece which is primarily about the difficulty of seeing corn crakes – as opposed to hearing them . In the fourth verse he exclaims : " Tis like a fancy everywhere / A sort of living doubt " . Clar... | e57e2255fffd32428185c0b6ecf0a137 | 4,010 |
The Finnish poet Eino Leino also wrote about the bird in his poem " Nocturne " .
| 42b4a4b617e353258f2a9adf55feb8cc | 4,011 |
The proverbial use of the corn crake 's call to describe someone with a grating or unmelodious voice is illustrated in the quotation " thanks to a wee woman with a voice like a corncrake who believed she was an apprentice angel " . This usage dates from at least the first half of the nineteenth century , and continues... | 38138df8e9b6244e59ef1fa6628c22dc | 4,012 |
= Acute myeloid leukemia =
| 43a32ea012f0156ba9a610166d8414c4 | 4,015 |
Acute myeloid leukemia ( AML ) , also known as acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia ( ANLL ) , is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells , characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cel... | 2bbc32229f72ea097fa5b615590f5841 | 4,017 |
The symptoms of AML are caused by replacement of normal bone marrow with leukemic cells , which causes a drop in red blood cells , platelets , and normal white blood cells . These symptoms include fatigue , shortness of breath , easy bruising and bleeding , and increased risk of infection . Several risk factors and ch... | aac57765a91aef32188a445d25cf6a0f | 4,018 |
AML has several subtypes ; treatment and prognosis vary among subtypes . AML is cured in 35 – 40 % of people less than 60 years old and 5 – 15 % more than 60 years old . Older people who are not able to withstand intensive chemotherapy have an average survival of 5 – 10 months .
| ca5e125591cd01cfb12eb73d665dc538 | 4,019 |
AML is treated initially with chemotherapy aimed at inducing a remission ; people may go on to receive additional chemotherapy or a hematopoietic stem cell transplant . Recent research into the genetics of AML has resulted in the availability of tests that can predict which drug or drugs may work best for a particular... | 0edf9c4b876a2901aa1d129a5827eb31 | 4,020 |
= = Signs and symptoms = =
| e73a6339951e88c9dff94ab8621ff527 | 4,022 |
Most signs and symptoms of AML are caused by the replacement of normal blood cells with leukemic cells . A lack of normal white blood cell production makes people more susceptible to infections ; while the leukemic cells themselves are derived from white blood cell precursors , they have no infection @-@ fighting capa... | eedb5e929ded77e2aca42c6f6f2e9952 | 4,024 |
The early signs of AML are often vague and nonspecific , and may be similar to those of influenza or other common illnesses . Some generalized symptoms include fever , fatigue , weight loss or loss of appetite , shortness of breath , anemia , easy bruising or bleeding , petechiae ( flat , pin @-@ head sized spots unde... | b3a35a4331b1191dcc08a98e2ee6e552 | 4,025 |
Enlargement of the spleen may occur in AML , but it is typically mild and asymptomatic . Lymph node swelling is rare in AML , in contrast to acute lymphoblastic leukemia . The skin is involved about 10 % of the time in the form of leukemia cutis . Rarely , Sweet 's syndrome , a paraneoplastic inflammation of the skin ... | e8dc05f5b890614098b5d1f0ac93db0a | 4,026 |
Some people with AML may experience swelling of the gums because of infiltration of leukemic cells into the gum tissue . Rarely , the first sign of leukemia may be the development of a solid leukemic mass or tumor outside of the bone marrow , called a chloroma . Occasionally , a person may show no symptoms , and the l... | b402f53b731042a42f2baa4bbf7c3c50 | 4,027 |
= = Risk factors = =
| 86a4b1d56970b151e37e187a6d8d57b6 | 4,029 |
A number of risk factors for developing AML have been identified , including : other blood disorders , chemical exposures , ionizing radiation , and genetics .
| 429d1ff06bc7673452a67b1ef50a2200 | 4,031 |
= = = Preleukemia = = =
| f5b05573688a4e5cf6919295fcb28070 | 4,033 |
" Preleukemic " blood disorders , such as myelodysplastic syndrome ( MDS ) or myeloproliferative disease ( MPS ) , can evolve into AML ; the exact risk depends on the type of MDS / MPS .
| 73ce0275b4484c21b5565c1574f1b547 | 4,035 |
= = = Chemical exposure = = =
| a6caf3d921ec0a736bedc6cec331e8e8 | 4,037 |
Exposure to anticancer chemotherapy , in particular alkylating agents , can increase the risk of subsequently developing AML . The risk is highest about three to five years after chemotherapy . Other chemotherapy agents , specifically epipodophyllotoxins and anthracyclines , have also been associated with treatment @-... | ebf4bea38fcbead43a1098ec6d2e2655 | 4,039 |
Occupational chemical exposure to benzene and other aromatic organic solvents is controversial as a cause of AML . Benzene and many of its derivatives are known to be carcinogenic in vitro . While some studies have suggested a link between occupational exposure to benzene and increased risk of AML , others have sugges... | 5b5c39fc8f4375ee9564bf9cb6c4a92e | 4,040 |
= = = Radiation = = =
| de1bfa30e0748a3dc2af46daebbff853 | 4,042 |
High amounts of ionizing radiation exposure can increase the risk of AML . Survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had an increased rate of AML , as did radiologists exposed to high levels of X @-@ rays prior to the adoption of modern radiation safety practices . People treated with ionizing radiati... | efd626055c1fbc7666df8e50683e00c0 | 4,044 |
= = = Genetics = = =
| ef4a610b71aecdd3b3f82f58e01ccc2c | 4,046 |
A hereditary risk for AML appears to exist . Multiple cases of AML developing in a family at a rate higher than predicted by chance alone have been reported . Several congenital conditions may increase the risk of leukemia ; the most common is probably Down syndrome , which is associated with a 10- to 18 @-@ fold incr... | a416244142d10257f28807157e90acbc | 4,048 |
= = Diagnosis = =
| e973706bd7f6717cf1720522d110c11e | 4,050 |
The first clue to a diagnosis of AML is typically an abnormal result on a complete blood count . While an excess of abnormal white blood cells ( leukocytosis ) is a common finding , and leukemic blasts are sometimes seen , AML can also present with isolated decreases in platelets , red blood cells , or even with a low... | 76f2a882704d38b831c23f8bb3652b73 | 4,052 |
Marrow or blood is examined under light microscopy , as well as flow cytometry , to diagnose the presence of leukemia , to differentiate AML from other types of leukemia ( e.g. acute lymphoblastic leukemia - ALL ) , and to classify the subtype of disease . A sample of marrow or blood is typically also tested for chrom... | d9cf0a37f7acb0ec289e044f94bb7167 | 4,053 |
Cytochemical stains on blood and bone marrow smears are helpful in the distinction of AML from ALL , and in subclassification of AML . The combination of a myeloperoxidase or Sudan black stain and a nonspecific esterase stain will provide the desired information in most cases . The myeloperoxidase or Sudan black react... | 699e0b24bd216add2b9c9e994bd71299 | 4,054 |
The diagnosis and classification of AML can be challenging , and should be performed by a qualified hematopathologist or hematologist . In straightforward cases , the presence of certain morphologic features ( such as Auer rods ) or specific flow cytometry results can distinguish AML from other leukemias ; however , i... | 65103ae2a372b52a8acb21d89222fc6b | 4,055 |
The two most commonly used classification schemata for AML are the older French @-@ American @-@ British ( FAB ) system and the newer World Health Organization ( WHO ) system . According to the widely used WHO criteria , the diagnosis of AML is established by demonstrating involvement of more than 20 % of the blood an... | 57c5f9375225f2163712fe062c063609 | 4,056 |
Because acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL ) has the highest curability and requires a unique form of treatment , it is important to quickly establish or exclude the diagnosis of this subtype of leukemia . Fluorescent in situ hybridization performed on blood or bone marrow is often used for this purpose , as it readil... | 99f31f9db85fc5bc2e2b1d1669ff0602 | 4,057 |
= = = World Health Organization = = =
| 6e4d88d3314b70acd3914fae4d71fcd1 | 4,059 |
The WHO 2008 classification of acute myeloid leukemia attempts to be more clinically useful and to produce more meaningful prognostic information than the FAB criteria . Each of the WHO categories contains numerous descriptive subcategories of interest to the hematopathologist and oncologist ; however , most of the cl... | 61a93be63d06b2eeb64aaee2310d490a | 4,061 |
The WHO subtypes of AML are :
| f2ad35219399f2395e8512f6c76c1a68 | 4,062 |
Acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage ( also known as mixed phenotype or biphenotypic acute leukemia ) occur when the leukemic cells can not be classified as either myeloid or lymphoid cells , or where both types of cells are present .
| d713e16a41547ee7f935adaf2b4f75b9 | 4,063 |
= = = French @-@ American @-@ British = = =
| c911825c663b28db32708d93d398bf9d | 4,065 |
The French @-@ American @-@ British ( FAB ) classification system divides AML into eight subtypes , M0 through to M7 , based on the type of cell from which the leukemia developed and its degree of maturity . This is done by examining the appearance of the malignant cells with light microscopy and / or by using cytogen... | 12b901e88cf3f32d9b316469ff83dff7 | 4,067 |
Eight FAB subtypes were proposed in 1976 .
| 819892d2bcfd413825a4149a168f6331 | 4,068 |
The morphologic subtypes of AML also include rare types not included in the FAB system , such as acute basophilic leukemia , which was proposed as a ninth subtype , M8 , in 1999 .
| 564b0ed25261fd9e8a755c841dc1245d | 4,069 |
= = Pathophysiology = =
| da3ed0b3481769797eae0c511e6eca0e | 4,071 |
The malignant cell in AML is the myeloblast . In normal hematopoiesis , the myeloblast is an immature precursor of myeloid white blood cells ; a normal myeloblast will gradually mature into a mature white blood cell . In AML , though , a single myeloblast accumulates genetic changes which " freeze " the cell in its im... | bf98ff8b9c49fd165eaafbcd34e331ea | 4,073 |
Much of the diversity and heterogeneity of AML stems is because leukemic transformation can occur at a number of different steps along the differentiation pathway . Modern classification schemes for AML recognize the characteristics and behavior of the leukemic cell ( and the leukemia ) may depend on the stage at whic... | 35881ee0f63426b3e89925b901d0ec30 | 4,074 |
Specific cytogenetic abnormalities can be found in many people with AML ; the types of chromosomal abnormalities often have prognostic significance . The chromosomal translocations encode abnormal fusion proteins , usually transcription factors whose altered properties may cause the " differentiation arrest " . For ex... | f16aacfd4ad28925325757e0559dc54e | 4,075 |
The clinical signs and symptoms of AML result from the growth of leukemic clone cells , which tends to displace or interfere with the development of normal blood cells in the bone marrow . This leads to neutropenia , anemia , and thrombocytopenia . The symptoms of AML are , in turn , often due to the low numbers of th... | fe0630370d23425a273043bbead0681c | 4,076 |
An important pathophysiological mechanism of leukemogenesis in AML is the epigenetic induction of dedifferentiation by genetic mutations that alter the function of epigenetic enzymes , such as the DNA demethylase TET2 and the metabolic enzymes IDH1 and IDH2 , which lead to the generation of a novel oncometabolite , D ... | 1875812c2191c8bac3c2cdc3b43734d5 | 4,077 |
= = Treatment = =
| 7c01125467cb228dab58ccbeb189f6ed | 4,079 |
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