text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
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" Our observations redefine twitching motility as a rapid , highly organized mechanism of bacterial translocation by which Pseudomonas aeruginosa can disperse itself over large areas to colonize new territories . It is also now clear , both morphologically and genetically , that twitching motility and social gliding m... | 686a83c783b9d270c8c33bbd781d424b | 38,921 |
Flagella are semi @-@ rigid cylindrical structures that are rotated and function much like the propeller on a ship . Objects as small as bacteria operate a low Reynolds number and cylindrical forms are more efficient than the flat , paddle @-@ like , forms appropriate at human @-@ size scale .
| 5b2696d9b22381b5fad92f440d20ca7e | 38,922 |
Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface ; some have a single flagellum ( monotrichous ) , a flagellum at each end ( amphitrichous ) , clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell ( lophotrichous ) , while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell ... | 7d94b84c6564272283c4d0a74a74e4af | 38,923 |
Many bacteria ( such as E. coli ) have two distinct modes of movement : forward movement ( swimming ) and tumbling . The tumbling allows them to reorient and makes their movement a three @-@ dimensional random walk . ( See external links below for link to videos . ) The flagella of a unique group of bacteria , the spi... | c276bb57bc2d6669a27e8787f98f96a5 | 38,924 |
Motile bacteria are attracted or repelled by certain stimuli in behaviors called taxes : these include chemotaxis , phototaxis , energy taxis , and magnetotaxis . In one peculiar group , the myxobacteria , individual bacteria move together to form waves of cells that then differentiate to form fruiting bodies containi... | bbd2afc7ebd670ac2aace79ff55545b0 | 38,925 |
Several Listeria and Shigella species move inside host cells by usurping the cytoskeleton , which is normally used to move organelles inside the cell . By promoting actin polymerization at one pole of their cells , they can form a kind of tail that pushes them through the host cell 's cytoplasm .
| 6c7be7de3b1264598f24d26dceeaacd0 | 38,926 |
= = Classification and identification = =
| 2cbc1b03ef66961918a7b62f14b1d7ba | 38,928 |
Classification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities . Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure , cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components , such as DNA , fatty acids , pigments , antigens and quinones . While these ... | f7943bdf95c7bec3aac266bfd7b50918 | 38,930 |
The term " bacteria " was traditionally applied to all microscopic , single @-@ cell prokaryotes . However , molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains , originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria , but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an ancien... | 54d69a98f4dc47991d026f7cfd3618e3 | 38,931 |
The identification of bacteria in the laboratory is particularly relevant in medicine , where the correct treatment is determined by the bacterial species causing an infection . Consequently , the need to identify human pathogens was a major impetus for the development of techniques to identify bacteria .
| 2129b2e7ccf423f669effe403ac55d1e | 38,932 |
The Gram stain , developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram , characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls . The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the " gram @-@ positive " cell wall stain purple , while the thin " gram @-@ negative " cell wall appears pink . By combining morphology ... | ce350a4833c2ca56a1d866b1a72c15db | 38,933 |
Culture techniques are designed to promote the growth and identify particular bacteria , while restricting the growth of the other bacteria in the sample . Often these techniques are designed for specific specimens ; for example , a sputum sample will be treated to identify organisms that cause pneumonia , while stool... | 0aadf7fe72524e0cc03463a2235d047e | 38,934 |
As with bacterial classification , identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods . Diagnostics using DNA @-@ based tools , such as polymerase chain reaction , are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed , compared to culture @-@ based methods . These methods also allow the detectio... | 28327abaccdced52e47b9790183f4990 | 38,935 |
= = Interactions with other organisms = =
| 1a7980a5cdd9ab4fd8fcf60da088bf60 | 38,937 |
Despite their apparent simplicity , bacteria can form complex associations with other organisms . These symbiotic associations can be divided into parasitism , mutualism and commensalism . Due to their small size , commensal bacteria are ubiquitous and grow on animals and plants exactly as they will grow on any other ... | 6dceaa03be1e7ca9f202ded2ec26e1dd | 38,939 |
= = = Predators = = =
| 19f529ecae2bdf7b97998502b4d94f42 | 38,941 |
Some species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms , these species are called predatory bacteria . These include organisms such as Myxococcus xanthus , which forms swarms of cells that kill and digest any bacteria they encounter . Other bacterial predators either attach to their prey in order to diges... | 7429b17a9d8b78763edc2681d03c6e88 | 38,943 |
= = = Mutualists = = =
| b07bffaef8b0ca83046a8092bd175904 | 38,945 |
Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival . One such mutualistic association , called interspecies hydrogen transfer , occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids , such as butyric acid or propionic acid , and produce hydrogen , and methanogenic... | de24d3e9fccc3366ba239fa4639ee6ed | 38,947 |
In soil , microorganisms that reside in the rhizosphere ( a zone that includes the root surface and the soil that adheres to the root after gentle shaking ) carry out nitrogen fixation , converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds . This serves to provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen for many plants , wh... | 177a20c7b2e46beccaf62882725e091b | 38,948 |
= = = Pathogens = = =
| 39a05ccaf1a2b6a618f6c8e06fddac11 | 38,950 |
If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms , they are classed as pathogens . Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus , typhoid fever , diphtheria , syphilis , cholera , foodborne illness , leprosy and tuberculosis . A pathogenic cause for... | 026723dd7d3b1748fcbaf78189efe6cf | 38,952 |
Each species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts . Some organisms , such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus , can cause skin infections , pneumonia , meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis , a systemic inflammatory response producing shock , massive vasodilation and death . ... | 5da024dcf5341462f15a4e5785c8dc2b | 38,953 |
Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics , which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria , or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth . There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host . An example... | 0d968a81deb6b4b04c6167ffcb8a6b34 | 38,954 |
= = Significance in technology and industry = =
| c0601dc497babaa2aa56602c9282d13e | 38,956 |
Bacteria , often lactic acid bacteria , such as Lactobacillus and Lactococcus , in combination with yeasts and molds , have been used for thousands of years in the preparation of fermented foods , such as cheese , pickles , soy sauce , sauerkraut , vinegar , wine and yogurt .
| b2f6435b7e62a56050bf85b5146a88f0 | 38,958 |
The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation . Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills . Fertilizer was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Sound in an attemp... | 288bb86cdbd7d30dcdf0b22bf0fc27ad | 38,959 |
Bacteria can also be used in the place of pesticides in the biological pest control . This commonly involves Bacillus thuringiensis ( also called BT ) , a gram @-@ positive , soil dwelling bacterium . Subspecies of this bacteria are used as a Lepidopteran @-@ specific insecticides under trade names such as Dipel and T... | c7be2f596fc8d88a08b326919b1f0ee4 | 38,960 |
Because of their ability to quickly grow and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated , bacteria are the workhorses for the fields of molecular biology , genetics and biochemistry . By making mutations in bacterial DNA and examining the resulting phenotypes , scientists can determine the function of genes ... | 771ab131d832a2b9b4e57c91d796f82d | 38,961 |
Because of their importance for research in general , samples of bacterial strains are isolated and preserved in Biological Resource Centers . This ensures the availability of the strain to scientists worldwide .
| 6bf242c880ed52834da859ed6c28bbca | 38,962 |
= = History of bacteriology = =
| d01e1731181765deeef647e89781a19e | 38,964 |
Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 , using a single @-@ lens microscope of his own design . He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London . Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek 's most remarkable microscopic discovery . They were just ... | 87eb3e4a76e7230797adb39eb9964b59 | 38,966 |
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg introduced the word " bacterium " in 1828 . In fact , his Bacterium was a genus that contained non @-@ spore @-@ forming rod @-@ shaped bacteria , as opposed to Bacillus , a genus of spore @-@ forming rod @-@ shaped bacteria defined by Ehrenberg in 1835 .
| 3dcf3177c0d103dc9c1ac98415902bd4 | 38,967 |
Louis Pasteur demonstrated in 1859 that the growth of microorganisms causes the fermentation process , and that this growth is not due to spontaneous generation . ( Yeasts and molds , commonly associated with fermentation , are not bacteria , but rather fungi . ) Along with his contemporary Robert Koch , Pasteur was a... | a45b155903fe11c8e5a9497e12d2b6a1 | 38,968 |
Robert Koch , a pioneer in medical microbiology , worked on cholera , anthrax and tuberculosis . In his research into tuberculosis Koch finally proved the germ theory , for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1905 . In Koch 's postulates , he set out criteria to test if an organism is the cause of a disease , and these... | 9c628fe12ee573bd71526effa237ce40 | 38,969 |
Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases , no effective antibacterial treatments were available . In 1910 , Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic , by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — into compound... | 791f4b418f913297ff875d1fbf5ecc76 | 38,970 |
A major step forward in the study of bacteria came in 1977 when Carl Woese recognized that archaea have a separate line of evolutionary descent from bacteria . This new phylogenetic taxonomy depended on the sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA , and divided prokaryotes into two evolutionary domains , as part of the three @... | 0f8173dfb7a3e1374ddd51a9f7267511 | 38,971 |
= Janet Jackson ( album ) =
| 8da4834269fdafb45567c1bbe9621bc0 | 38,974 |
Janet Jackson is the self @-@ titled debut album by American recording artist Janet Jackson . It was released on September 21 , 1982 , by A & M Records . Jackson 's career as a recording artist was established by her father and manager Joseph Jackson , who arranged her recording contract with her recording company . P... | ce8bf6cda3dc8d6eda0734907bf17c21 | 38,976 |
Janet Jackson is described as a post @-@ disco and R & B record . Songwriters Angela Winbush and René Moore contributed to much of the album 's lyrics . Moore and Winbush share production credits with Foster Sylvers , Jerry Weaver , and Bobby Watson . Janet Jackson received mixed reviews from music critics who found i... | 9881c1ed11460ae03ebd6c779ada6400 | 38,977 |
= = Background and artwork = =
| c3e2156dca9129cd96db21f63901fd8c | 38,979 |
Jackson had initially desired to become a horse racing jockey or entertainment lawyer , with plans to support herself through acting . Despite this , she was anticipated to pursue a career in entertainment , and considered the idea after recording herself in the studio . At age seven , Jackson performed at the Las Veg... | 91ecbe8feccc9d62c328b86878170f77 | 38,981 |
The album 's artwork was photographed by Harry Langdon in the swimming pool of the Jackson family 's home . Jackson described Langdon as " the sweetest man imaginable " . She took inspiration from a photograph of actress Elizabeth Taylor submerged in a swimming pool which was taken early in her career . In the photogr... | e883ef6f32847e0d8a0175796d4499e3 | 38,982 |
= = Promotion = =
| 5607630ef509ee6e6a513aefa29ff6bc | 38,984 |
Five singles were released from the album . " Young Love " was the first . It received little notoriety on the principal singles chart , the Billboard Hot 100 ; it was able to reach a peak of number 64 . However , on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , the single managed to reach number six . In New Zealand , " Young ... | 3ecd1b9a8bc6b40f40c85ff83baa308e | 38,986 |
= = Reception = =
| f8d79e3fcb54590ed5efe8209a7826d9 | 38,988 |
Janet Jackson received mixed reviews from music critics . The Baltimore Afro @-@ American gave it a favorable review , commenting that " the eight songs simply feature the poised voice of a dynamic individual . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic gave it two out of five stars , providing a mixed review saying " On... | 754450a48f1902c99fd47804cc1dde4d | 38,990 |
Similarly , Wilson & Alroy 's Record Reviews commented that " Listening to Jackson 's childlike , personality @-@ challenged voice on this disc , you 'd never dream what a commercial juggernaut she would become " . On its first side , they deemed " You 'll Never Find ( A Love Like Mine ) " and " Young Love " as the st... | cb726259be8a1c36a4e0bac75f9314a1 | 38,991 |
On the US Billboard 200 , Janet Jackson had its peak at number 63 . In New Zealand , the album peaked at number 44 on the New Zealand Albums Chart , during its only @-@ week chart on April 17 , 1983 . As of 2003 , Janet Jackson sold 82 @,@ 000 copies through BMG Music Club in the United States . And sold additional 62... | 3a158c1d67d2e620854b809f3f22d6c9 | 38,992 |
= = Track listing = =
| 72495df880382348360bb3e5f3082d84 | 38,994 |
= = Charts = =
| 90f35011b6980d435aa1b79c3f9a1227 | 38,997 |
= = Personnel = =
| 7a6d26083ea635088dddefc202021790 | 39,000 |
Credits adapted from AllMusic .
| 9dc7a2186cafa727f1f1db3219313f3c | 39,002 |
= Fanny Bullock Workman =
| e4eb0f73cd416329c031369f366a7e67 | 39,005 |
Fanny Bullock Workman ( January 8 , 1859 – January 22 , 1925 ) was an American geographer , cartographer , explorer , travel writer , and mountaineer , notably in the Himalayas . She was one of the first female professional mountaineers ; she not only explored but also wrote about her adventures . She set several wome... | 17c06e216bbfce75073c6343dd9c5590 | 39,007 |
Born to a wealthy family , Workman was educated in the finest schools available to women and traveled in Europe . Her marriage to William Hunter Workman cemented these advantages , and , after being introduced to climbing in New Hampshire , Fanny Workman traveled the world with him . They were able to capitalize on th... | 69b8583eb03f56aa0076c471e0d34779 | 39,008 |
At the end of their cycling trip through India , the couple escaped to the Western Himalaya and the Karakoram for the summer months , where they were introduced to high @-@ altitude climbing . They returned to this then @-@ unexplored region eight times over the next 14 years . Despite not having modern climbing equip... | a1aa314f48c766c33c50562671de64bd | 39,009 |
After their trips to the Himalaya , the Workmans gave lectures about their travels . They were invited to learned societies ; Fanny Workman became the first American woman to lecture at the Sorbonne and the second to speak at the Royal Geographical Society . She received many medals of honor from European climbing and... | 4a0ff69fc141e4c0102d3b4451c1abe0 | 39,010 |
= = Early life = =
| b536b642460eb47d0633950c6043cf5f | 39,012 |
Workman was born January 8 , 1859 , in Worcester , Massachusetts , to a wealthy and elite family descended from the Pilgrims ; she was the youngest of three children . Her mother was Elvira Hazard , and her father was Alexander H. Bullock , businessman and Republican Massachusetts governor . Fanny was educated by gove... | 680f6f5fa2e3b86abe577cf69c53bd40 | 39,014 |
In 1879 , Fanny returned to the United States and on June 16 , 1882 married William Hunter Workman , a man 12 years her senior . He was also from a wealthy and educated family , having attended Yale and having received his medical training at Harvard . In 1884 they had a daughter , Rachel .
| de714a75d370419c302036aaf6923847 | 39,015 |
William introduced Fanny to climbing after their marriage , and together they spent many summers in the White Mountains in New Hampshire ; here she summited Mount Washington ( 6 @,@ 293 feet or 1 @,@ 918 metres ) several times . Climbing in the Northeastern United States allowed Fanny to develop her abilities together... | 6bd157f4c96df5efc353d7420e023804 | 39,016 |
= = Move to Europe and cycling tours = =
| cd52e348c09a224931ef4eee614c8fd8 | 39,018 |
In 1889 the Workman family relocated to Germany citing William 's health , although Pauly speculates that this may have been merely a pretext , for he recovered surprisingly quickly . The couple 's second child , Siegfried , was born shortly after they arrived in Dresden . Although Fanny and William now had two childr... | 5978f03a5ec2b90a660d57899a8183f1 | 39,020 |
Together , the Workmans explored the world and co @-@ wrote eight travel books , which describe the people , art , and architecture of the areas in which they journeyed . The Workmans were aware of their contribution to the genre of travel writing as they commented on other writers in their own works . Their mountaine... | 4288077180d27556f748d8888b4f39e9 | 39,021 |
Stephanie Tingley writes , in her encyclopedia entry on Workman 's travel writing , that there is an implied feminist criticism of the hardships women experienced and the inferior status of the women in the societies she encountered . As a strong @-@ willed , outspoken supporter of women 's rights , Workman used their... | 06a6df3f74ff75fc92f9f17d4f0e0bfa | 39,022 |
Between 1888 and 1893 , the Workmans took bicycling tours of Switzerland , France , and Italy . In 1891 , Fanny became one of the first women to climb Mont Blanc . She also was one of the first women to climb the Jungfrau and the Matterhorn ; her guide was Peter Taugwalder , who had made the first ascent with Edward W... | 171972fc9ba721e9d9cd81fb0c099956 | 39,023 |
= = India = =
| 3b489980ad7a63a5f27df916a7aaffd8 | 39,025 |
The Workmans ' trip to India , Burma , Ceylon , and Java lasted two and a half years , beginning in November 1897 , and covered 14 @,@ 000 miles ( 23 @,@ 000 km ) . At the time , Fanny was 38 and William 50 . They bicycled about 4 @,@ 000 miles ( 6 @,@ 400 km ) from the southernmost tip of India to the Himalaya in the... | 0fd43305c018b97917a0b16d96659537 | 39,027 |
= = = Labor issues = = =
| 4aad201e4991c2c17025363a6751fc78 | 39,029 |
During the summer of 1898 , the couple decided to escape the heat and explore the western Himalaya and Karakoram . After that , they intended to explore the area around Kanchenjunga in Sikkim , and then finally travel to the mountains bordering Bhutan on the east . Bureaucratic difficulties and weather problems abound... | ff145fbcd1f365c8a34e9af9281e6c02 | 39,031 |
The Workmans struggled with labor problems continually , needing local porters to carry gear for them because they could not carry a sufficient amount for themselves for a multi @-@ month expedition . They had to transport Mummery tents , eider sleeping bags , camera equipment , scientific instruments , and a large su... | 10bf8089d4955d526adda573593d9378 | 39,032 |
= = Mountaineering in the Himalayas = =
| f4467f3c7dee09ba710b279bb78f3bb2 | 39,034 |
After travelling to the Himalaya the first time , the Workmans became entranced with climbing and mountaineering . Over a span of 14 years , they traveled eight times to the area , which at the time was almost completely unexplored and unmapped . Their trips were made without the benefit of modern lightweight equipmen... | f6a42d748a4253e1a746da161d074a61 | 39,036 |
After their first trip to the Himalaya and subsequent labor problems , the Workmans hired Matthias Zurbriggen , the best and most experienced mountain climbing guide of the time . Thus , in 1899 , with 50 local porters and Zurbriggen , the Workmans began to explore the Biafo Glacier in the Karakoram , but dangerous cr... | 9934661c30de43aa352b311175bd9324 | 39,037 |
As soon as she was able , Fanny Workman published accounts of her feats , such as an article in the Scottish Geographical Magazine . Writing about this trip at length in In the Ice World of the Himalayas , Fanny made efforts to include scientific information and experiments , touting her own modified barometer as supe... | 9b8ea1af1765b68453060c9a0b71d7dd | 39,038 |
In 1902 , the Workmans returned to the Himalaya and became the first Westerners to explore the Chogo Lungma Glacier , starting in Arandu . They hired 80 porters and took four tons of supplies , but their explorations were limited by near @-@ constant snow and a 60 @-@ hour storm . In 1903 , they trekked to the Hoh Lum... | 903ffb7264a7a8ff9558ed70e5a17e00 | 39,039 |
After returning from their travels , the Workmans lectured all over Europe . Fanny lectured in English , German , or French , as the occasion required . At one talk in Lyon , France , 1000 people crowded into the auditorium and 700 were turned away . In 1905 Fanny became the second woman to address the Royal Geographi... | 3cc95f91245835ec3d16a8a557356b50 | 39,040 |
The Workmans returned to Kashmir in 1906 , and were the first Westerners to explore the Nun Kun massif . For this trip , the couple hired six Italian porters from the Alps , 200 local porters , and Savoye returned as guide . As Isserman , Weaver and Molenaar explain in their history of Himalayan mountaineering , the W... | e9dde7d9cd84512e79aee30a53fa2067 | 39,041 |
She concentrated her attention on the end in view , often disregarding the difficulties and even the dangers that might lie in the way of accomplishment . She went forward with a determination to succeed and a courage that won success where a less determined effort would have failed . She believed in taking advantage ... | c6bd47c769d250300d294ebb85c7737b | 39,042 |
The map the Workmans made during this trip was of low quality . According to Mason , the couple did not have a good sense of topographical direction , which meant that their measurements were inaccurate and unusable by the Survey of India .
| f65875f12b4feeee5d7df2e10f60ae7e | 39,043 |
= = = Pinnacle Peak and altitude record = = =
| ed3c3f498577fd68ad7f797ec809b0af | 39,045 |
From 20 @,@ 278 feet ( 6 @,@ 181 m ) , at the age of 47 in 1906 , Workman climbed up to Pinnacle Peak ( 22 @,@ 735 feet or 6 @,@ 930 metres ) ( which she believed to be 23 @,@ 263 feet or 7 @,@ 091 metres ) , a subsidiary peak in the Nun Kun massif of the western Himalaya . It was her greatest mountaineering achieveme... | 494dbfe7480c12f762b0440bc42c56f2 | 39,047 |
Workman vigorously defended her Pinnacle Peak altitude record against all other claimants , especially Annie Smith Peck . In 1908 , Peck claimed a new record with her climb of Peru 's Huascarán , which she believed to be 23 @,@ 000 feet ( 7 @,@ 000 m ) . However , she was misinformed as to the peak 's height and exagg... | 3f4a43e7210460f9602c58fa13ae4993 | 39,048 |
= = = Hispar and Siachen Glaciers = = =
| e1de08d38d8fc870543b7d518d65e119 | 39,050 |
In 1908 , the Workmans returned to the Karakoram and explored the 38 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 61 km ) Hispar Glacier in the Hunza Nagar region ; they went from Gilgit to Nagir over the Hispar pass ( 17 @,@ 500 feet or 5 @,@ 300 metres ) and onto the 37 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 60 km ) Biafo Glacier to Askole . Their total trave... | 06b3f6d6b41311d260631380eadd87fd | 39,052 |
The Workmans ' exploration of the Rose Glacier and the 45 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 72 km ) Siachen Glacier in Baltistan around Masherbrum in 1911 and 1912 was the most important achievement of their careers because it was the widest and longest subpolar glacier in the world and at the time , the least explored and accessib... | b2ce4f20e15563c70a700cf7234f1e88 | 39,053 |
= = Later life and death = =
| 8753b4b59f34a2d894386d6340b05a4a | 39,055 |
After their 1908 – 12 trip , the couple stopped exploring and turned to writing and lecturing , primarily because of the onset of World War I in 1914 . Fanny Workman became the first American woman to lecture at the Sorbonne in Paris . She was also one of the first women to be admitted as a member of the Royal Geograp... | 2965439ff4cd1310a1f3b6897d2ea374 | 39,057 |
Fanny Workman fell ill in 1917 and died after a long illness in 1925 in Cannes , France . Her ashes were buried in Massachusetts , and are now reinterred along with her husband 's , under a monument in Worcester Massachusetts ' Rural Cemetery that reads " Pioneer Himalayan Explorers " . In her will , she left $ 125 @,... | 66088f35a0a7095abb24d9878dcaec26 | 39,058 |
= = Legacy = =
| b4fa22c13235a44f06adb277883cbe5d | 39,060 |
= = = Women in climbing = = =
| 4ff76df761ef77e19d8909c015a75e2c | 39,063 |
Along with Annie Smith Peck , Workman was recognized during the early 20th century as one of the most famous female climbers in the world . Their rivalry demonstrated that women could climb the most remote and difficult terrain on the planet , and achieve the same accomplishments as male mountaineers . It was not unti... | ac0a9be8c39f50f0e07d60b0f6ab0548 | 39,065 |
Workman , herself an ardent feminist and a supporter of women 's suffrage , wanted her readers to understand how her contributions and achievements reflected all women 's potential . In her writings , Workman described herself as " questioning or violating the norms of Victorian female propriety " . She demonstrated t... | 7fa980fce57a748deba740c9cf138981 | 39,066 |
As a result of the money Workman left in her will , Wellesley College offers a $ 16 @,@ 000 fellowship named after Fanny Workman for graduate study in any discipline to a Wellesley graduate each year . Bryn Mawr established a Fanny Bullock Workman Traveling Fellowship , which is awarded to Ph.D candidates in Archaeolo... | 7478cf779b03fc0412e12ed701b17cb9 | 39,067 |
= = = Exploration of the Himalaya = = =
| 8a418cbe49c4f4c044168c237b1a8bcc | 39,069 |
The many books and articles produced by the Workmans are " still useful " according to Mason , especially for their photographs and illustrations , but their maps are " deceptive and not always reliable " . One assessment states that although the Workmans excelled at describing meteorological conditions , glaciology ,... | 0e2f9223154bce6de9f697decb1aa49f | 39,071 |
= = = Books = = =
| 2ad372fc91a97fb0548eaf2e809b2276 | 39,073 |
Algerian memories : a bicycle tour over the Atlas to the Sahara . London : T.F. Unwin . 1895 @.@ p . 216 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 .
| 7aaf6af2d5d4f807e6f3dfa6cb934866 | 39,075 |
Sketches awheel in modern Iberia . London : Unwin . 1897 @.@ p . 280 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 .
| 36cf4e14f9cb3210720d31643bdb9362 | 39,076 |
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