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Our solar system appears to exist inside a “bubble”, inside a network of cavities inside the interstellar medium, which was probably created by massive star explosions millions billions of years ago. Interstellar medium (ISM) is a term coined for the matter that exists in galaxies, between solar systems. This matter includes gas in ionic, atomic, and molecular form, dust, and cosmic rays, smoothly filling the gaps between the intergalactic matter.
ISM is extremely important and intensely studied by astrophysicists because of the intermediary role it plays, somewhere between stellar and galactic scales; also, dense ISM is the birthplace of stars and molecular clouds. The interplay between ISM and stars also represents the rate at which a galaxy depletes its gaseous content, thus the lifespan of active star formation.
Currently, the sun is passing through a Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC), shown in violet, located in a low density “hole”, called the Local Bubble, shown in black. Understanding this makes a shy, but important step towards understanding the birth and development of our solar system, in an intergalactic context. For example phosphorus, a crucial element which is essential for the formation of DNA is extremely rare in our solar system, and it’s quite possible that it was alltogether absent in the early phases of the Earth.
Following Brexit, the immediate message from the UK's science, technology, and games community was one of trepidation. Now today, as we reach the first anniversary of the EU vote, we explore the real-world impacts that have started to take place.
After the government lost a Supreme Court case saying it must give parliament a vote on whether to withdraw from the European Union, a bill on the vote was laid before the House of Commons. The Article 50 bill then passed through parliament.
Although politicians are yet to agree on the UK's terms of exit from the European Union and trade deals have not yet started, this has not stopped companies from responding to the vote.
Here's what has happened so far in the technology, business, design, and science spheres since the vote. This post will be updated as more responses emerge.
After Apple announced its MacBook Pro it also quietly raised the prices of its others hardware in the UK.
In what is likely to be a response to the decreasing value of the pound against the dollar, the prices of its MacBooks increased.
The Mac mini saw a jump of almost £100 to £479. There were almost £300 increases for the iMack 4K and iMac 5K. One of the biggest increases though was a £500 bump (to £2,999) for the Mac Pro.
More recently, Apple announced it would be raising prices for apps in its App Store by 25 per cent following the UK's decision to leave the EU. All apps will be hit, meaning 79p apps will now cost 99p and £1.49 apps will rise to £1.79.
Microsoft has raised the prices of its enterprise software and cloud services because of the drop in the value of the pound to "realign close to euro levels".
"Effective January 1, 2017, we will be increasing British pound pricing to harmonise prices for enterprise software and cloud services within the EU/EFTA region," the company said in a blog post published on Friday, October 21.
Writing for the company, social media and marketing manager Sergejs Cuhrajs, said "on-premises enterprise software" would increase by 13 per cent, while "most" of its enterprise cloud prices would jump by 22 per cent.
"For business customers, these changes will not affect existing orders under annuity volume licensing agreements for products that are subject to price protection," Cuhrajs wrote. He continued to say that other "harmonisation" price changes happened with the Norwegian krone and Swiss franc in April 2016.
The move by Microsoft follows it making higher-than-expected profits from its cloud and enterprise software.
Microsoft has also increased its hardware prices, some by up to £400.
Based on prices from Microsoft's own online store, the Surface Book has gone from a starting price of £1299 to £1449, an increase of £150 - an 11.5 per cent spike. The top-end model, with an Intel Core i7 processor and 1TB storage, now costs £3049 - a £400 rise.
"In response to a recent review we are adjusting the British pound prices of some of our hardware and consumer software in order to align to market dynamics," a Microsoft spokesperson said. "For indirect sales where our products and services are sold through partners, final prices will continue to be determined by them."
Not everything is gloomy. Software company Adobe has committed to expanding its UK presence. The firm will be building a new sales and marketing office in London to cover Europe, the Middle East and Asia.
Japanese telecoms firm SoftBank purchased British microchip designer ARM Holdings for £24 billion in cash – the largest ever acquisition of a European technology company.
The deal had a mixed reaction from experts in the field. Eben Upton, the founder of the Cambridge-based Raspberry Pi Foundation called it a “fantastic thing,” adding: "I think we needed a bit of a reminder that Brexit isn’t the end of the world," he said at the time.
However, critics of the deal have said the purchase may have been opportunistic. Paul Miller, a senior analyst at Forrester, said because of the drop in the pound the deal may have been completed "potentially billions of pounds cheaper" than before the referendum. SoftBank later revealed plans to sell 25 per cent of its stake in ARM.
Much of the research undertaken at UK universities is funded by EU grants and academics are able to benefit from the Union's freedom of movement rules. Straight after the vote, it was warned there would be a brain drain.
Since then, some scientists have planned to leave the UK. BuzzFeed has spoken to a number of academics who have decided to leave the country following the vote. "I feel that having the closer link with European funding and EU-based colleagues just strengthens the science," one researcher told the publication.
Elsewhere, there are reports of staff from leading universities being asked to be removed from EU-funded projects. "In one case, an EU project officer recommended that a lead investigator drop all UK partners from a consortium because Britain’s share of funding could not be guaranteed," the Guardian reported.
Chinese mobile phone manufacturer OnePlus said it was forced to "re-evaluate" its position after the vote and change the prices of its devices.
From July 11 the firm's OnePlus 3 was increased to £329 in the UK, up from £309.
"We've seen a downward trend for the Pound against the USD over the past two years," the company said at the time. "While we’ve held off action for as long as we can, the sharp drop witnessed in the currency markets following the Brexit decision has forced us to re-evaluate the OnePlus 3's pricing in the UK at a time of significant demand."
Its latest OnePlus 5 has been criticised for being less value for money than previous models at £499.
Following fears that Brexit would limit the amount of work available, major design firm Arup has said it will be cutting at least 90 jobs.
The firm said the UK is "operating in a period of uncertainty" and to "ensure its long-term business health" it would be reducing the number of staff it has. Overall it would have an impact on two percent of the UK-based employees or four percent of its London-based staff.
One of the most complex simulation games is getting harder. The Football Manager series is trying to predict the fallout of Brexit.
During the game's career mode players will be given a notification that the UK has started to negotiate its exit from the EU. Then one year later the implications will be seen. This could mean limits on freedom of movement and players having to leave UK clubs.
"We were left with an interesting situation this year when the people of Britain voted to leave the EU and it wouldn't have felt right to leave that out," Miles Jacobson, studio director of developer Sports Interactive said.
'Dinosaurs In The Wild' hits Birmingham in August and Manchester in October.
A real-life dinosaur theme park experience is opening in the UK this summer.
Created by the team behind hit BBC series and arena show Walking With Dinosaurs, Dinosaurs In The Wild is described as a “70-minute experience that combines dramatic storytelling, scripted actors, and high-end digital graphics and animatronics to create a believable prehistoric world”.
The creators promise that visitors will enjoy an “immersive adventure” mixing theatre, theme park-style fun and palaeontological knowledge. They say it will be “like going on the greatest safari”.
Check out a teaser video below.
The experience is set to include nine dinosaur recreations, including the Tyrannosaurus rex, the Triceratops, the Alamosaurus and the Ankylosaurus. Visitors will be able to use VR to find out what it was like to see through a dinosaur’s eyes. They will also be able to test their arm strength in comparison to a Tyrannosaurus rex.
Modi pushes quotas ahead of Lok Sabha polls, but where are the jobs?
The petition, filed by Youth For Equality organisation and Kaushal Kant Mishra, sought the quashing of the bill saying that the economic criterion cannot be the sole basis for reservation.
A plea challenging the bill to provide 10 per cent reservation to general category poor in jobs and education was Thursday filed in the Supreme Court.
The plea said the bill violates basic feature of the Constitution as reservation on economic grounds cannot be limited to the general categories and the 50 per cent ceiling limit cannot be breached.
The Rajya Sabha passed it with 165 voting in its favour and 7 against on Wednesday, a day after the Lok Sabha had approved The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty Fourth Amendment) Bill, 2019.
The Bill was approved after the House rejected five amendments moved by Opposition members.
The quota will be over and above the existing 50 per cent reservation to SCs, STs and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
The seven justices on the state’s highest court heard back-to-back arguments Wednesday on whether Amendments 6 and 8, which deal with victims’ rights and charter schools, should remain on the Nov. 6 general election ballot.
The state Supreme Court will soon decide if two controversial constitutional amendments will be struck from the ballot in November — a decision that could have ramifications for several more of the record 13 amendments Floridians may have to consider in the polling booth.
The seven justices on the state's highest court heard back-to-back arguments Wednesday on whether Amendments 6 and 8, which deal with victims' rights and charter schools, should remain on the Nov. 6 general election ballot. The two amendments were among those crafted by the state Constitution Revision Commission that meets once every 20 years, and critics have argued the ballot items were drafted with language that misleads voters.
Attorneys for plaintiffs in both cases contended Wednesday that voters should not be allowed to consider the amendments at all, citing what they said were omissions in the ballot titles and summaries that fail to sufficiently describe the effects of the changes. But lawyers on behalf of the state asserted that the language fairly describes the chief purposes of the amendments, and suggested at times that plaintiffs' objections were based on the content rather than the description of the proposed changes.
Justices repeatedly interrupted to question attorneys on both sides in each case, asking the state where the ballot language specified each amendment's impacts and asking plaintiffs what constitutional changes they alleged would not be reflected in the language presented to voters.
Amendment 6, the victims' rights item, would also increase judges' required retirement age from 70 to 75 and change how judges defer to state agencies in certain cases. But the main "bill of rights" for victims section, modeled after Marsy's Law in California, would add rights including the disclosure of information to victims, restitution and pre-trial releases. It drew support from major Republican and Democratic lawmakers but has also been criticized for potentially flooding the justice system with additional responsibilities.
Amendment 8 would create a way for the state to bypass local school bards and expand its authority to oversee charter schools. Supporters of the amendment say the language would ensure charter schools are not unfairly denied by local boards, though opponents allege it would shrink school boards' autonomy and oversight. The amendment would also add new eight-year school board term limits and expanded civics education in public schools, though the charter schools portion of the amendment has drawn the most fire.
Two Leon County judges separately struck each amendment from the ballot last month, forcing the state to appeal the decisions. Given the impending election — and the fast-approaching deadline for printing ballots — both cases were waved past the First District Court of Appeals. The state Supreme Court agreed to hear both cases Wednesday — though the justices were in West Palm Beach for an event — to expedite a ruling.
Ron Meyer, an attorney for the plaintiff League of Women Voters in the charter schools amendment case, said the ballot language insufficiently explained to the voter that it sought to create a new class of public schools established by the state rather than the school board. But deputy solicitor general Daniel Bell insisted the language of the amendment, though not detailed, established the purpose to "[permit] the state to operate, control, and supervise public schools not established by the school board."
Mark Herron, an attorney for plaintiffs in the Amendment 6 case, argued similarly that that ballot summary did not sufficiently capture its full impact on the right to a speedy trial and defendants' appeal process, though Barry Richard, representing the Marsy's Law organization and appearing on behalf of the state, countered that the amendment does not repeal or infringe on any already existing rights.
Harvey Sepler, an attorney for another plaintiff, Amy Knowles, in the victims' rights case, also argued that the way that amendment put multiple proposals together infringed on the right "to exercise a free and meaningful vote" entirely, though Richard rebutted that the state Constitution has no single-subject limit on CRC amendments.
The "logrolling" practice of combining several issues in one amendment that has come under fire is also the subject of another case that was brought by retired state Supreme Court chief justice Harry Lee Anstead last month.
Anstead argued that the way the amendments are bundled prevents voters from voting on specific proposals, and asked the court to remove six of the CRC's eight proposed constitutional amendments that lump multiple proposals together. But the state Supreme Court kicked that case down to Leon County Circuit Court, declining to hear it directly.
YEREVAN.- Armenian Foreign Minister Zohrab Mnatsakanyan met with Artsakh Foreign Minister Masis Mayilyan on Saturday, the press service of the Foreign Ministry of Armenia reported.
Both sides stressed the importance of regular consultations, which contributes to strengthening the dialogue and multilateral cooperation between Yerevan and Stepanakert.
Ahead of the meeting of the Foreign Ministers of Armenia and Azerbaijan in Moscow on April 15, Mnatskanyan and Mailyan discussed a wide range of issues related to the Karabakh conflict.
The interlocutors touched upon the details of the meetings of the Prime Minister of Armenia with the President of Azerbaijan, the Co-Chairs and the Foreign Ministers of Armenia and Azerbaijan in Vienna. The ministers exchanged views on peacebuilding and humanitarian issues.
Zohrab Mnatsakanyan once again stressed that the security and status of Artsakh are priorities of Armenia, noting that the involvement, participation and decisive voice of Stepanakert, as the main subject of the conflict, remains an important principle for ensuring an effective peace process.
Tiger Woods' drop on the 15th hole in the first round of the 2013 Masters set off a controversy.
The USGA and R&A announced a new rule on Tuesday that will limit the use of video review. New decision 34-3/10 is effective immediately -- although there are plenty of players who probably wish it could be implemented retroactively. Here's a look back at seven famous recent rules controversies -- and how the new rule would have affected them.
What happened then: We start with the obvious one. Although the USGA says it's been working on this rule for awhile, there's no doubt what happened to Thompson earlier this month expedited the process. The LPGA star was hit with a four-stroke penalty during her final round for improperly marking her golf ball on the 17th green the previous day. She wound up losing a playoff to So Yeon Ryu.
If it happened now: Oddly enough, the USGA didn't provide a definitive answer to this. The rule still allows for call-ins and video reviews, and in this case, Thompson clearly put her ball back in the wrong spot. But the new rule says if players use "reasonable judgement," when determining the location of replacing their ball or taking a drop, then they're in the clear. Thompson claims there was no intent in her mistake so it seems like she'd be given a pass, but this is murky. The new rule also doesn't solve the problem that she was essentially penalized twice for the same violation because she signed an incorrect scorecard.
What happened then: Just a couple weeks after Dustin Johnson's rules fiasco at the men's Open (we're not including that because that situation was addressed by a different new rule), Nordqvist was given a two-shot penalty during a playoff with Brittany Lang for inadvertently touching sand on her backswing in a fairway bunker on the second playoff hole. The infraction could only be seen on video, and both players were informed of the penalty on the next and final hole.
If it happened now: Using the new clause, "when video reveals evidence that could not reasonably be seen with the 'naked eye,'" this wouldn't have been a penalty. In fact, this seems to be the very example the USGA used in its Tuesday press release: An example includes a player who unknowingly touches a few grains of sand in taking a backswing with a club in a bunker when making a stroke. Thus, it would have been ruled that Nordqvist gained no advantage from her mistake, and it may have kept USGA president Diana Murphy from making that name gaffe at the trophy ceremony.
What happened then: Tied for the lead late on Friday, Woods' third shot on the par-5 15th caromed off the flagstick and wound up in the water. He took a drop and got up and down for bogey. Or so everyone thought. Pro golfer David Eger, who was watching on TV, informed rules officials that Woods dropped in a different spot so it could be corrected before he left the course, but originally, no penalty was deemed necessary. Following his round, though, Woods incriminated himself during a TV interview in which he said he dropped a couple yards farther back on purpose. After much discussion and debate, two shots were added to Woods' score and he was lucky to not get disqualified for signing an incorrect scorecard (at the time, that called for a DQ instead of a two-shot penalty). The triple bogey proved costly as he lost by four shots.
If it happened now: There wouldn't be any controversy over Woods being allowed to continue playing in the tournament, but the penalty still would stand. Woods blatantly saying he dropped two yards back instead of at the same spot would keep him from using the "reasonable judgment" claim. Had he not done that interview, though, it's possible there would have been no penalty -- and he might have even picked up that elusive 15th major.
What happened then: Holding a two-shot lead in the final round, Woods yanked a 3-wood into a pond. Although aerial views appeared to show Woods' ball almost immediately crossed the hazard line, Woods, after conferring with playing partner Casey Wittenberg, took a drop much farther up. He wound up making double bogey and held on for a close win. "That Tiger drop was really, really borderline," NBC's Johnny Miller famously said. "I can't live with myself without saying that."
If it happened now: We'd get the same result, with probably the same amount of questioning. If the video evidence wasn't consulted then, it certainly wouldn't be used today. As the PGA Tour said then in a statement, "Without definitive evidence, the point where Woods' ball last crossed the lateral water hazard is determined through best judgement by Woods and his fellow competitor."
What happened then: As you can see, 2013 was not a good year for Tiger Woods when it comes to rules controversies, something Brandel Chamblee wasn't shy about expressing in his infamous season-in-review column. This time, video was used against Woods for something that happened in the woods on the first hole of the second round. A camera picked up Woods' ball slightly moving as he removed a nearby twig, and Woods was assessed a two-stroke penalty. Woods disputed the penalty after.
If it happened now: Woods would have avoided a penalty under the "naked eye" clause since he felt the ball didn't move, but merely oscillated. He probably wouldn't have avoided Chamblee -- and others -- challenging his integrity. Again, it was a rough year for these types of incidents.
What happened then: After missing a putt for what he believed to be the win, Johnson tapped in for par and appeared headed to a playoff with Martin Kaymer and Bubba Watson. But as he walked off Whistling Straits' 18th green, Johnson was informed he would be slapped with a two-shot penalty for grounding his club in a fairway bunker and that his tournament was over.
If it happened now: Johnson's "I didn't realize it was a bunker" plead still wouldn't hold up. Unlike Nordqvist's situation at the 2016 U.S. Women's Open, Johnson clearly grounded his club before hitting his second shot because he didn't think he was doing anything wrong. And although Whistling Straits has countless bunkers -- many of which had been trampled down by fans -- not knowing a rule or local rule can't save you.
What happened then: Davis, looking for his first PGA Tour win, found himself in a playoff with Jim Furyk at Hilton Head. But on the first sudden-death hole, Harbour Town's 18, Davis found a marshy area with his approach shot. After chopping out, Davis immediately called a rules official over because he thought he had nicked a reed in his backswing. After reviewing video, the infraction was confirmed and Davis conceded to Furyk, providing one of the more unusual endings to a golf tournament.
If it happened now: Had Davis not called the violation on himself, like with Nordqvist's situation, the video evidence wouldn't have been enough to give him a penalty. But the veteran thought he saw "movement out of the corner of my eye" and "I could not have lived with myself had I not [called the penalty]," Davis said at the time. "That will come back to him spades, tenfold," PGA Tour tournament director Slugger White said. If it has, it hasn't on the golf course. Davis is still in search of that first victory.
(RENO) - I have a feeling the radical abolitionist John Brown, who brought hell down on the practice of slavery, would not have liked Professor Deborah Raiees-Dana of John Brown University at all.
Brown took a violent, unwavering path toward freeing slaves and halting slavery expansion in the United States during the pre-Civil War years.
More than half of Arkansas, about 52 percent, is being gripped by moderate drought conditions, according to the latest U.S. Drought Monitor report.
(STATE COLLEGE, PA AccuWeather.com) - AccuWeather reports a 12-year-old girl contracted a rare infection caused by a brain-eating amoeba in Arkansas, and it may be tied to summer heat and drought conditions, according to the CDC.
The amoeba, or single-celled organism, that caused the infection is called Naegleria fowleri, which lives in warm freshwater, such as lakes, rivers and hot springs.
(MAYFLOWER, ARK.) - Exxon does not want people to see this aerial video of the Arkansas tar sands oil spill.
Tens of thousands of gallons of oil have flooded the streets and yards of Mayflower, Arkansas.
A story left by my grandfather before his death in 1968.
(SALEM, Ore.) - I've stumbled upon the most fascinating information about the discovery of Confederate weapons and uniforms in an abandoned Arkansas house in 1890, in a story left behind by my father's dad who we knew as 'Pop King'.
This Norman Rockwell-like experience from long ago, was a memory of my late grandfather, Francis Albert King, who made a reel to reel audio tape of his life's experiences shortly before his death, was transcribed into written form and this is the gem that my wife Bonnie recently located.
(CHICAGO) - It's been said that Mankind will destroy itself. Unfortunately, during the past 100 years the human race has worked hard to make this prediction come true. Nuclear arsenals can destroy Mankind many times over.
A 22-year old man met this 13-year old girl online, and now she's gone.
(NORTH LITTLE ROCK, Ark.) - According to reports, Magan's family knew she had been chatting with "men" online. They tried to put a stop to it by banning her from the computer, but there are many options for going online and Magan got creative, using a cell phone to secretly chat.
The teen's family worries that Flores is a gang member, and Magan is in very dangerous hands.
PHIL JAGIELKA was drafted into the England squad last night after Gareth Barry suffered Euro 2012 heartbreak.
Manchester City star Barry was ruled out of next month’s tournament in Poland and Ukraine with a serious groin problem.
Barry, 31, suffered the injury during the second half of England’s 1-0 win over Norway in Oslo on Saturday night. He flew back to Manchester and underwent a series of scans, which revealed a tear to the muscle in his lower abdomen.
The news is a huge blow to the former Aston Villa star, who has been in sparkling form this season after playing a pivotal role in helping the Blues win the Premier League title.