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In the late nineteenth century, the term “computer” referred not to a machine but to a person who took measurements, graphed data, and made calculations that helped interpret information and predict results. Although computing was considered mechanical and menial, it was a necessary task that required precision and patience. Before the invention of the modern digital computer, it was crucial to the advance of science and technology. Computers were often women, who could be paid less than men and could work during wartime. Despite the integral part they played in establishing the US as a leader in modern astrophysics and space exploration, their work has remained largely unknown.
Although advances in science and technology are often portrayed as the work of solitary men—for example, Isaac Newton, Thomas Edison, and Albert Einstein—science has always been a collective enterprise, dependent on many individuals who work behind the scenes. This has become increasingly true as more scientists work on large research projects funded by governments and staffed by hundreds of technicians. Yet despite the collaborative nature of science, for too much of its history the work of women and scientists of color was exploited, deemed rudimentary, and unacknowledged. Taken together, the books by Shetterly, Sobel, and Holt provide important insights into how they contributed to the emergence of Big Science.
The Labour party says it plans to create new public holidays for the UK – including on St George’s Day.
With eight public holidays, the UK has the fewest of any G20 or EU country.
But Jeremy Corbyn is due to announce his plan to mark the patron saints of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland if Labour wins the next general election.
He will tell a union conference today – on St George’s Day – that after eight years of ‘damaging Tory austerity’, Britain’s workers deserve a day off.
Labour will ask for the support of the governments of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland so that the same four holidays can be enjoyed across the United Kingdom.
Under Labour’s proposals, UK-wide public holidays will be held on St David’s Day on 1 March, St Patrick’s Day on 17 March, St George’s Day on 23 April and St Andrew’s Day on 30 November.
Corbyn, who is speaking at the annual conference of the Communication Workers Union in Bournemouth later today, is expected to announce: ‘If we win the next election, St George’s Day will become a national holiday for Britain’s workers.
‘It will be a day where we can all show our pride and celebrate our country’s tradition of fairness, inclusivity and social justice.
‘Eight years of Tory austerity, which Labour will bring to an end, have had a disastrous effect on our vital public services and workers have paid a heavy price in the cost of living and their working lives.
‘We will give our workers four extra days paid holiday.
Corbyn has previously said the Windrush scandal and the ‘sickening Go Home vans’ showed that the Government’s ‘patriotic posturing’ was a ‘sham’.
‘We need to end the Conservative’s constant pandering to a rich elite at the top and their attempts to divide the rest of us, creating a “hostile environment” for people who come to contribute to our country,’ he will say.
‘So let me say to the Windrush generation and to everyone who has come to this country to make a contribution: You are welcome. You have equal rights and under Labour you will never be treated like second-class citizens.
‘We will never allow people to be divided on the basis of race or religion.
‘Labour’s mission of social justice brings people and our nations together.
Liquor worth Rs 43 lakh seized:The police on Tuesday seized 985 cartons of liquor meant for sale in Punjab by intercepting a truck on the Hanumangarh highway in Rajasthan. Driver Nempal Singh said the truck was loaded in Ludhiana and the consignment was to be delivered in Ahmedabad. The seizure was worth Rs 43 lakh.
Student killed in mishap: A youth was killed and two others were injured as the car they were travelling in rammed into a roadside tree on the Sriganganagar-Padampur road on Tuesday. Victim Harwinder Singh (22) along with Gurpreet Singh and Harminder Singh, all students of Chandigarh-based colleges, was returning from a wedding party. The driver lost control of the car after stray cattle came in the way.
Holiday in schools: Mining Minister Madan Mohan Mittal announced a school holiday for Wednesday after the hosts emerged champions in the 60th National School Games that concluded here on Tuesday. Haryana emerged the first runners-up.
Minor raped: A 17-year-old girl was allegedly raped by a part-time astrologer Sandeep Kumar at Ranipur village on Monday night. The girl’s father Ranjit Singh told the police that his daughter was ensnared by the accused from his residence. She was found in a car parked near the accused's office after a few hours. She was admitted to the Civil Hospital. The accused, who is posted as a clerk in a local college, is absconding, the police said.
ASI held for taking bribe: A team of the Vigilance Bureau, Barnala, arrested Assistant Sub-Inspector (ASI) Ajit Singh posted at the Cheema police station for allegedly accepting a bribe of Rs 3,000 on Tuesday. Ajit had reportedly demanded Rs 5,000 from Jagtar Singh of Sheron village in connection with a case, but the deal was struck at Rs 3,000. Jagtar approached the Vigilance authorities and a trap was laid. The ASI was caught taking bribe.
Employment fair: A "Rojgar Mela" is being organised by NGO Umeed Foundation, Sangrur. Out of 160 youths who appeared for interviews for various posts during the fair on Tuesday, 43 got jobs. Chairman of the Umeed Foundation and MLA from Dhuri Arvind Khanna said 52 candidates were given jobs on Monday.
750 examined at camp: More than 750 patients were examined by a team of doctors at a free medical check-up camp, organised on Tuesday by Baba Hira Singh Bhattal Trust in association with Sahara Global Welfare Trust at Andana village, near Moonak. Patients were given medicines free of cost. Lehragaga MLA Rajinder Kaur Bhattal distributed tricycles among the needy.
Labourer commits suicide: A 26-year-old labourer, Amritpal of Kanakwal Bhanguan village, allegedly committed suicide by hanging himself from a tree in the village on Monday. He is survived by his wife and two children.
SJVNL to build 2,100 toilets in schools: SJVNL has stated that it will construct 2,100 toilets in the state and other areas of operation in the country under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
One held with contraband: The Sahaspur police arrested a man on the charges of carrying banned substances here on Tuesday. The police team led by Inspector Pramod Shah arrested him while he was trying to flee the spot. The accused was identified as Nizamuddin.
Indira Gandhi remembered: Chief Minister Harish Rawat paid floral tributes to former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi at a remembrance ceremony held to mark her birth anniversary here on Monday. He said she played a pivotal role for the development of the nation. Rawat said Indira introduced various beneficiary schemes for the uplift of weaker sections of society.
Rajeev in charge of Ambedkar wing: Neelam Sehgal, president of the BJP Mahanagar, on Monday assigned responsibilities for the BJP membership campaign. She appointed Rajeev Sharma as in-charge of the Ambedkar wing while Sushil Gupta was given responsibility of the Pt Deen Dayal wing of the party.
Health camp: Shri Mahant Indresh Hospital organised a free health up camp on Monday. A total of 202 students availed free medical facilities. The camp was inaugurated by Agriculture Minister Dr Harak Singh Rawat. A team of doctors, including gynecologist, ENT specialist, physician and dermatologist, examined students at the camp.
President Trump and chief of staff John Kelly held discussions with embattled EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt this week.
Pruitt is facing scrutiny for renting Capitol Hill apartment linked to an energy lobbyist under favorable terms to the EPA chief.
Pruitt's travel expenses are under review by the EPA's inspector general and Congress.
President Donald Trump (L) listens to EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt after announcing his decision that the United States will withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement, in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington, U.S., June 1, 2017.
President Donald Trump talked to embattled Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt on Monday evening, the White House says, following reports that the EPA chief is under review for paying cheap rent for a Washington apartment linked to an energy lobbyist.
Asked on Tuesday whether he supports Pruitt, Trump told reporters, "I hope he's going to be great."
White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders said chief of staff John Kelly also spoke to Pruitt on Tuesday morning. Sanders would not characterize the nature of the conversations.
According to The Associated Press, Trump called Pruitt to tell him "we've got your back" and to "keep his head up." Kelly's message was along the same lines, two administration officials told AP.
The White House is looking into Pruitt's activities following revelations that he rented a condominium on Capitol Hill owned by the wife of an energy lobbyist at Williams & Jensen, multiple news sources reported. The owner charged Pruitt just $50 a night, and only for the nights he slept there, Bloomberg reported.
Pruitt has led Trump's campaign to roll back President Barack Obama's policies to fight climate change and protect the environment. The EPA has stood with the president on issues that have divided the administration, such as pulling the United States out of the Paris climate agreement.
The EPA has maintained that Pruitt paid a fair market rate, but multiple news reports have pointed to rents for similar properties in the area that undercut that claim.
The rental is the latest incident that has raised questions about Pruitt's spending habits. His travel expenses are under investigation by the EPA's inspector general and Congress.
That travel includes first-class flights to his home state of Oklahoma and at least $90,000 in expenses accrued during a short stretch of January. The EPA claimed Pruitt's first-class travel was largely due to security concerns, but Pruitt has since vowed to start flying coach.
The stream of negative headlines has become a distraction for an administration that has already parted ways with its secretary of Health and Human Services and secretary of Veterans Affairs over questionable spending.
There is no sign yet that Pruitt will share the fates of those Cabinet officials, but an administration official told The Wall Street Journal that Pruitt's pool of allies is shrinking. The official said the EPA chief has alienated colleagues by jockeying for the role of attorney general, a position currently held by Jeff Sessions, who has come under frequent public criticism from Trump.
Additional reports questioning Pruitt's propriety were published over the last two days.
The New York Times reported on Monday that the EPA approved a pipeline expansion requested by a Canadian energy company, which was represented by Williams & Jensen, while Pruitt was staying in the apartment in question. The EPA and the lobbying firm told the Times there was no connection between the approval and Pruitt's accommodations.
The Atlantic reported that Pruitt went behind the White House's back to give a pair of aides pay raises worth tens of thousands of dollars after the administration had already rejected the salary bumps. Neither the White House nor the EPA responded to The Atlantic's requests for comment.
The Mars science rover Curiosity landed on the Martian surface shortly after 10:30pm Pacific US time on Sunday (0530 GMT) to begin a two-year mission seeking evidence the Red Planet once hosted ingredients for life, NASA has said.
Mission controllers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory near Los Angeles said they had received signals relayed by a Martian orbiter confirming that the rover had survived a make-or-break descent and landing attempt to touch down as planned inside a vast impact crater.
NASA has described the feat as perhaps the most complex ever in robotic spaceflight. Early images on Monday showed the Mars rover dangling from parachute, descending on its target.
The $2.5bn Curiosity project, formally called the Mars Science Laboratory, is NASA's first astrobiology mission since the 1970s-era Viking probes.
The landing, a major victory for a US space agency beleaguered by budget cuts and the recent loss of its space shuttle programme, was greeted with raucous applause and tears of joy by jubilant engineers and scientists at mission control.
In what the head of NASA's Mars programme called a "daring" operation, the space agency landed its largest-ever rover, weighing 900kg, by carefully lowering it to the surface on cables from what amounts to a giant jet pack in a so-called sky crane manoeuvre.
NASA had promoted the dramatic landing in a video game and had invited space fans across the US to gather to watch the arrival live, including on the giant screens in New York's Times Square.
The landing will be followed by orbiting satellites already deployed around Mars.
The mission is also being streamed live on NASA's website.
Zooming toward the surface at 17 times the speed of sound, after its nearly nine-month journey, the craft carrying Curiosity decelerated using thrusters and a parachute.
Along the way it jettisoned its cruising rockets, heat shield and outer shell - going through six different vehicle configurations - before gently lowering the rover to the Martian surface like a spider on a thread.
The new routine involved Curiosity steering itself for the final phase of landing.
Due to the signal time lag between Mars and Earth (it takes about 14 minutes for a signal on Mars to reach Earth), Curiosity executed the landing autonomously.
The mission will spend at least one Martian year, nearly two Earth years, studying Mars' Gale crater, in a bid to transition from the search for water to a wider search for the presence of other ingredients necessary for life, such as carbon.
It will also study minerals on the surface to get an idea what conditions were like on the planet millions of years ago.
The Gale crater is nearly 154km in diameter and features a mountain that rises some 5km above the surface.
The massive feature includes layers of rock strata that will provide a virtual history of Mars' geological past.
Curiosity will make use of a range of new instruments. Armed with two cameras atop a mast, Curiosity can take three-dimensional and panoramic images, and shoot a laser into rocks to determine their component chemical elements.
A 2m long robotic arm can be extended out from the rover to examine its surroundings more closely, and a drill will allow it to take samples from inside rocks.
The area has already been studied extensively from orbiting spacecraft, and scientists hope that Curiosity will provide clues to a probable wet Martian past.
The area contains clay and sulfate-rich areas, where organic compounds necessary to life could be found.
Like its predecessors, Curiosity is equipped with a series of instruments to analyse the composition of the samples. It builds on the work of past rovers, including Opportunity, one of a pair of water-hunting twin rovers that continued functioning years beyond their orginal missions.
NASA eventually hopes to send a manned mission to Mars, and robotic missions to Earth's nearest planetary neighbour have continued. Mars is the chief component of NASA's long-term deep space exploration plans.
Nuneaton Borough are very close to bringing a Nationwide Conference striker to Manor Park to bolster their bid to achieve a place in non-league's top flight next season.
Nuneaton Borough are very close to bringing a Nationwide Conference striker to Manor Park to bolster their bid to achieve a place in non-league's top flight next season.
Manager Roger Ashby has been in talks throughout this week and is quietly confident of getting the new frontman in to face Harrogate Town on Saturday in Nationwide North's match of the day.
"Discussions have gone well between the player and his current club," stressed Ashby. "He's keen to come and we are certainly doing our best to get him.
"He's scored goals in the higher levels and will definitely give us a better cutting edge.
"He has a presence about him and a good strike rate."
Ashby added: "So far everything has gone amicably and we are very close to agreeing a deal."
Demolition work at the site of the Bircherley Green shopping centre in Hertford has begun as more shops have announced their exit from the area.
The latest shops to leave the centre, which will be redeveloped and revamped into a new shopping space with flats, are Superdrug and shoe repair shop Timpsons.
Since the redevelopment of Bircherley Green was given planning permission by East Herts District Council (EHDC) in October, 2017, shops based in the area have begun to move out as their leases end or before work starts on their section of the centre.
Some shops, like cafe Serendipity, have relocated within the town, while others such as Starbucks and Superdrug have left the area completely.
Others, like Boots, are rumoured to be leaving the area, but the company denied that any decision has been made about the future of the store.
A spokeswoman for Superdrug said: "We can confirm that the Superdrug store in Bircherley Green, Hertford, has closed ahead of the redevelopment of the area.
Wrenbridge, a UK property company that owns the site, is in the process of building a hotel, which will be a Premier Inn, as well as new shops, 70 new flats and a car park on the site of the old 1970s shopping centre.
The work is taking place in two stages. The first, which has already begun, involves the construction of the hotel on Railway Street.
A digger and other construction materials and equipment can be seen at the back of the site where demolition has already started taking down part of the old building.
The hotel is expected to be finished and opened to the public by September, 2019.
The second phase would be the main body of work, constructing the flats, car park and retail units along the riverside, which is expected to be completed sometime in early 2020.
Under the plans, all the shops beyond the gate near Holland and Barrett will be demolished, meaning the Card Factory, Carphone Warehouse, WMCA and the old Waitrose building, along with independent businesses, will either be leaving the area or moving to new sites in the town.
COLLEGE STATION, Tex. - With three starters out of the lineup due to injury, the No.11 Texas A&M Aggies fought the Missouri Tigers to a 2-2 draw Sunday afternoon on Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park. The contest was halted after 10 innings due to Missouri travel logistics.
The three Texas A&M starters missing from action included second baseman Bryce Blaum, catcher Mikey Hoehner, and first baseman and backup catcher Hunter Coleman. All three were banged up in Saturday’s 15-inning affair.
The Aggies got a solid effort from the bullpen with Bryce Miller, Chris Weber and Kasey Kalich combining for 6.2 scoreless innings, scattering six hits and three walks while striking out nine. Miller pitched around three hits and two walks while striking out one in 2.0 innings. Weber fanned five in 2.2 innings yielding two hits and one walk. Kalich struck out three of the seven batters he faced in 2.0 innings.
In his first career start, Joseph Menefee worked 3.1 innings, giving up two runs on three hits and two walks while striking out four. The pitching staff struck out 10-plus batters for the 12th consecutive game.
The Maroon & White were paced by Jonathan Ducoff paced the Aggies at the plate, going 2-for-4. Braden Shewmake and Will Frizzell each added a hit and one run.
The Aggie record moves to 23-6-1 overall and 6-2-1 in the SEC, while the Tigers are now 18-10-1 overall and 3-5-1 in league play.
The Aggies head Austin Tuesday to face the Texas Longhorns at 6:32 p.m.
T1| Josh Holt was hit by a pitch to start the game and advanced to second on a one-out walk by Peter Zimmerman. Chris Cornelius helped the Tigers strike first, plating Holt on a single that bounced off the first base bag and shot into shallow rightfield. MIZ 1, A&M 0.
T4 | Chad McDaniel got things started with a double down the leftfield line and advanced to third on a one-out single by Alex Peterson. After a pitching change, Paul Gomez put down a bunt for a single, scoring McDaniel from third. MIZ 2, A&M 0.
B4 | Shewmake shot a leadoff single up the middle and advanced to second on a wild pitch. With two outs, Will Frizzell reached first and moved Shewmake to third on a fielding error by the pitcher. Chandler Morris got hit by a pitch, to fill the bags with Ags. Aaron Walters faced a bases loaded situation for the second time, and scored two runs on a towering pop fly that was dropped by Missouri’s first baseman. A&M 2, MIZ 2.