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Lieberman started wondering about arthritis a few years ago as he was compiling a list of diseases that modern humans aren't well-adapted to cope with — such as heart disease, lower back pain and nearsightedness.
"I wanted to include arthritis in the list, but realized that there wasn't any good data," he tells NPR.
So Lieberman asked Ian Wallace, a postdoctoral research fellow in his lab, to fly around the country and study human skeletons that had ended up in museums or had been donated to medical schools for scientific research. The skeletons were from people who died as long ago as 4,000 B.C..
"The oldest specimens that we looked at were some skeletons from prehistoric Inuit hunter-gatherers from Alaska," Wallace says. The most recent were the remains of people who died in Tennessee in 2015.
Conventional wisdom is that osteoarthritis of the knee results mostly from wear and tear, which is why, these days, it's more common among older people and those whose excess body weight puts extra stress on those joints..
"So, going into it, I suppose my expectation was that people in the past, especially early hunter-gatherers and early farmers, would have had a much higher prevalence of osteoarthritis than people do today," Wallace says. Surely all that running around, squatting, twisting and other activity in the days before cars and couches would have worn out joints quickly.
But that's not what the evidence showed.
"I was actually extremely surprised to find that [osteoarthritis] is much more common today" than it was in Americans long ago, says Wallace.
That higher rate held true even after scientists corrected for body mass and age. So there's apparently something else driving the increase in knee arthritis. The current study doesn't pinpoint that cause.
"If I were a betting man, I would guess physical activity is especially important," Lieberman says. "One of the things that's really shifted in our world today is that we sit all the time, and kids sit all the time. And that may be affecting how our joints are forming and how our joints are aging."
This makes sense to Dr. Richard Loeser a rheumatologist who directs the Thurston Arthritis Research Center at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
"Your joints aren't just like your automobile tires that wear out as you use them," he says. In fact, exercise helps nutrients diffuse into cartilage in the knee and keep it strong and healthy.
If cartilage "is formed and more healthy when you're younger, then your joints are more likely to be functioning better and have less osteoarthritis when you get older," Loeser says. And exercise also helps fully grown people.
"By strengthening your muscles and by stimulating your cartilage you can still improve the health of your joint," Loeser says.
That's not to say that exercise fully explains the trend that the Harvard researchers have noted.
"There may be dietary factors that may be important," Loeser suggests. And sports injuries, which he says "have become more and more common" may be contributing to arthritis, too.
As Lieberman and his colleagues try to figure out exactly what's behind the problem, they're hopeful that a lot of what's driving it may be preventable.
Imagine going blind right now. How would you prepare your food? How would you be entertained when there is no one to talk to or anything to listen to?
Well the people who naturally unconditionally love you will take care of you, your parents or siblings will prepare your meals and get you one of those guide dogs. You can't be skeptical of someone or something that is helping you exist. So do you think that your brother is gonna poison your food because you wont know the difference?
This doesn't happen when you order food either even when you aren't blind. You trust the people to fulfill their duty and not be scandalous. Sometimes you just have to accept something when your gut feeling tells you to, am I wrong? Or will you starve yourself to death because you can't trust anyone and you are skeptical that the food is good or not?
Now if everyone were capable of this unconditional love towards everyone wouldn't that be a perfect world? No need to be skeptical, maybe you can question some things but you know everyone has pretty good judgement naturally. Lack of faith in humanity may lead to skepticism I believe.
Liberal Democrat MP Jo Swinson explains why she is so passionate about preventing women's flaws being airbrushed.
Two L’Oréal ad campaigns (featuring Julia Roberts and Christy Turlington) were pulled this week after Liberal Democrat MP Jo Swinson complained that they were unrealistic to the Advertising Standards Authority. She explains why she is so passionate about preventing women’s flaws being airbrushed.
I say go ahead and give the S. Korean his .1, but the also take away the .2.
Then he doesn't even get Bronze. Have to give that up to the fourth place finisher.
Dale A. Custer, 47, Wilmerding, formerly of Shanksville, died May 3, 2009, at UPMC Braddock. Born Dec. 28, 1961, in Somerset, son of Rodger W. Custer, Stoystown, and Lois A. (Shank) Showman, Homer City. Also survived by his wife, the former Jeanne M. Heiple, Stoystown; son, Benjamin A., married to the former Jaime L. Browning, Johnstown; and grandson, Elijah A. Brother of Tina L., married to Jesse M. Heiple, Listie; Tesa L., married to Mike Wincko, Bethel Park; and Ryan N., Stoystown.
Dale and Betty Chaney, Fairhope, are celebrating their 35th year wedding anniversary. Dale and the former Betty Shumaker were married June 22, 1973, at Fairhope Community Church. Dale is the son of Leona Chaney and the late Fred Chaney of Fairhope. Betty is the daughter of Genevieve Shumaker, Everett, and the late Lloyd Shumaker of Fairhope. They have lived at their current residence since April 1974. Dale is a welder and maintenance employee for PBS Coals Inc. for 34 years.
Somerset Hospital Kevin and Michelle Hauger, Rockwood, a son, Nov. 4. Joe and Gwen Slifco, Berlin, are the maternal grandparents. Dale and Laura Hauger, Rockwood, are the paternal grandparents.
Dale and Geraldine Smith, Berlin, are celebrating 50 years of marriage. They were married at the Berlin Brethren Church, Main Street, July 29, 1956. Born in Berlin, the former Geraldine Lee Hostetler is the daughter of Floyd S. and Vera E. Hostetler. Born in Berlin, Dale is the son of Elmer and Irene Smith. As newlyweds they lived in Glencoe, but have 43 years at their current address in Berlin. They both are members of the Apostolic Church of Jesus Christ, where both were Sunday school teachers.
Jeffrey and Cristi-Anna Boyer, Lynchburg, Va., a son, Jan. 20. Dale and Cynthia Fulbright, Katie, Texas, are the maternal grandparents. David and Nancy Boyer, Stoystown, are the paternal grandparents. The baby was born at Baptist Hospital, Lynchburg, Va.
Dale H. and Sarah J. Ogline, Somerset, are celebrating 30 years of marriage. The couple was married at the Church of God, Boswell. Born in Johnstown, the former Sarah Jane Bittner is the daughter of George R. and Rosella K. Bittner. Born in Ligonier, Dale is the son of Earl E. and Sarah A. Ogline. As newlyweds the couple lived in Stoystown. Both are members of the Horner Lutheran Church. They are members of the church council and cemetery committee. Dale was in several fire companies and was a fire police for Boswell Fire Co. He did farm, but work now works for Wise Disposal Service.
Darlene Russian and Bradley Custer, both of Central City, are announcing their engagement. Miss Russian is the daughter of Dale and Donna Russian, Central City. She is a graduate of Westmoreland County Community College. Her fiance is the son of Roger and Ila Jean Custer, Central City. He attended Robert Morris University. A Sept. 24 wedding is planned.
Dale G. Fogle, 76, Garrett, died March 30, 2013, at Conemaugh Memorial Medical Center, Johnstown. Born Sept. 23, 1936, in Garrett, son of Charles and Ada (Schrock) Fogle. Preceded in death by parents, sister Helen Woullard, brother-in-law William Zimmerman and nephews John Jr. and Joseph Woullard. Survived by brother: Jack Fogle and wife Mary Jane, Garrett; sister: Phyllis Zimmerman, Corriganville, Md.; brother-in-law: John Woullard Sr., Garrett; nephews: Douglas, Jeffrey, and David Woullard and Richard Zimmerman; nieces: Pamela Owen and Beverly Ann Bennett.
My buddy, Dale, posted a picture of our elementary school, pick-up baseball team on Facebook the other day. Included in this "Our Gang-style" picture were most of the little hooligans from our extended neighborhood. Actually, there were just enough guys for one team, but we played ball against each other almost every day in the summer and usually made it work with a pitcher, a catcher, a first baseman, short stop, and mid-fielder. Starting from left-to-right, in the back row of the picture was yours truly holding my embarrassing baseball glove, a piece of un-finely crafted non-Corinthian leather?
The Rev. Dale Shunk will open the Ash Wednesday service at First United Methodist Church on West Patriot Street on Wednesday. Using the Love theme, he will take his message from I Corinthians 13:4-8. The Rev. John Buchko will be the liturgist. Music will begin at 11:30 a.m. Musicians will be Marie Wentz and Joyce Stern. The church choir will open the service at noon with the singing of "The Day He Wore My Crown" under the direction of Sarah May. She will invite all the pastors present to take part.
A triple stabbing, a mother's plea over road developments, and a £1.5m sports hub are among the stories hitting the headlines in the weekly newspapers.
The triple stabbing was in Ballycarry, County Antrim, and makes the front page of the Larne Times.
Two men in their 30s and a man in his 60s were treated in hospital after the incident outside a bar in Main Street last Saturday morning. Their injuries are not believed to be life-threatening.
A 31-year-old American electrical engineer who was on honeymoon has since appeared in court on three attempted murder charges.
Nicholas Warner, from Summerville in South Carolina, accepts having a knife and causing the injuries, but will argue he acted in self-defence, his solicitor told Limavady Magistrates' Court.
A 27-year-old woman who was arrested, has been released on bail pending further enquiries.
The newspaper also has an interview with Ireland hockey goalkeeper Ayeisha McFerran, who was recently guest of honour at a special mayoral reception in Larne.
Ayeisha claimed the goalkeeper of the tournament award at the Women's World Cup in London, where Ireland finished runners-up.
The 22-year-old said she is now setting her sights on qualification for the 2020 Olympics and paid tribute to her late mother Sandra for fostering her love of sport.
"When I was growing up, I was one of those kids who had lots of energy so she always encouraged me to try new things," she said.
"She was always driving me to things like swimming, football or gymnastics; I did about nine or 10 years of Irish dancing as well."
The Lurgan Mail reports that the County Armagh town has been described as "like the Wild West" after a shooting in a residential area.
Two shots were fired through the living room window of a house in Woodville Street last Sunday morning.
Elsewhere, the newspaper has an interview with Bridie McGoldrick, whose son Michael was shot dead by the Loyalist Volunteer Force at the height of the Drumcree stand-off in July 1996.
Mr McGoldrick, a Catholic who had recently graduated from Queen's University, had been working as a taxi driver.
His body was found in his cab in a country lane at Aghagallon, several miles from Lurgan, a day after he had picked up a fare in the town.
Mrs McGoldrick says it is a "daily struggle to forgive" and she continues to ask God "for grace to keep that forgiveness in my heart".
On the front page of the Newry Democrat, the mother of a crash victim claims her son would be alive if A1 road developments planned in 2011 had been carried out.
Karl Heaney, 27, died on 23 May on the dual carriageway.
He was driving home when his vehicle was in collision with a car close to the junction of the Halfway Road between Banbridge and Dromore.
His mother Monica has asked why planned roadworks at "the Halfway junction" have not taken place seven years after "they were supposed to".
"On that part of the road where my son was killed, the Halfway junction, they proposed to put a left in/left out roadway and block the middle of the road off so people can't turn right," she said.
A spokesperson for the Department for Infrastructure said it was developing proposals to further improve road safety on the A1.
The department said that while plans for the A1 junctions phase two road improvements scheme had not been finalised, it was "currently proposed" that the Halfway Road northern junction was one of nine side roads selected for full closure.
It added that the Halfway Road southern junction "is currently proposed to be retained but reconfigured to operate as a left-in/left-out arrangement only with no facility for right turn manoeuvres across the central reserve".
The newspaper also reports that the Minister for Immigration Caroline Nokes has said she is "sure" there will be more ministerial visits to Newry before the Brexit deadline.
She spoke to the Newry Democrat on board the fishing vessel Unity at Kilkeel harbour last week and emphasised that the government does not want physical infrastructure along the Irish border.
Sinn Féin's South Down MP Chris Hazzard criticised Ms Nokes for not meeting him during her visit.
The Home Office said Ms Nokes was on a "private visit" and had met representatives from the fishing industry.
The sudden death of a father-of-six from Lisnaskea in County Fermanagh makes the front page of the Impartial Reporter.
The family of 37-year-old Clive Taylor said they were "devastated" and that his passing had left a "huge void".
"He was kind, gentle and caring, and was always there for people," they added.
Adrian Frazer, owner of Lakeland Tyres where Mr Taylor worked, said he was someone who would never let you down.
Elsewhere, the Tyrone Courier says that plans for a £1.5m sports and community hub in Clonoe have been given the green light by Mid-Ulster Council's planning committee.
Proposals for the site on the Washingbay Road include playing and training pitches, a multi-sports games area, a bowling green, tennis courts, allotment plots, a sensory garden, a walking track and car parking.
The newspaper says funding has yet to be formally secured but it is understood "a number of potential funding streams are being pursued".
The Coleraine Times reports that Portrush charity fundraiser Willie Gregg has come to the aid of earthquake victims from the Indonesian island of Lombok.
A 6.9 magnitude quake earlier this month is known to have killed nearly 100 people and left at least 20,000 people homeless.
The newspaper reports that Mr Gregg, who set up a charity to help orphans in Thailand after the Boxing Day tsunami of 2004, "was moved to tears by TV footage of the latest disaster".
It says he has sent £1,500 from his Orphan's Fund to the Peduli Anak Foundation, which looks after street children on Lombok.
Tributes are also paid in the newspaper to photographer Mark Jamieson who has died after being ill for a number of weeks.
Mr Jamieson, 60, won a number of awards during his career and the former editor of the Coleraine Times, David Rankin, described him as "one in a million".
"He had a superb eye for a photograph and great dedication to his profession," he added.
While it did not mention the political climate in its statement, the move will likely be taken as a reaction to the intensifying tensions over Crimea and Ukraine between the West and Russia.
The fast-food company, which operates three restaurants in Crimea, becomes the first U.S. company to pull operations from the peninsula and the second in the West after it was annexed by Russia.
Shares of McDonald's were up 0.58% to $98.21 in recent trade despite fears that the fast-food chain could face backlash from Moscow.
Possible trade clashes could include the forced closure of its stores in Russia, one of the company's top seven major markets outside of the U.S. and Canada.
The restaurant chain said it hopes to resume operations at the appropriate opportunity, however it did not provide a timeline.
For now, it is offering financial support to any employees in Crimea who wish to transfer to any of McDonald's other restaurants in the Ukraine.
“The main priority for us is taking care of our employees,” McDonald’s said.
, the HBO documentary about the colorful boxer.
The vivid documentary shows the meteoric rise up the flyweight and bantamweight boxing ranks for the five-time champion Tapia, as well as his personal bouts with everything from losing his mother at a young age to suffering multiple drug overdoses. Tapia died of heart failure in his Albuquerque, NM, home at the age of 45 in May 2012.
50 recognized plenty of parallels between his life and that of the wild Tapia, while co-executive producing this documentary with longtime boxing promoter Lou DiBella.
"The loss of my mom early. At the age of eight, I lost my mom," 50 told BET.com during a special screening held at HBO headquarters in New York City on Wednesday night. "It's the same experience there."
"Just the way he lived his life, you hear in the film, ‘Don’t concentrate on the past, concentrate on the now, the moment.’ It kind of felt like he knew he wasn’t going to be here," he added. "It's like watching the last entries of a diary to his life."
While promoting the stirring documentary, 50 shut the door on boxing fans' hopes of finally seeing the long-awaited Floyd Mayweather Jr.-Manny Pacquiao fight.
"I really don’t see that fight taking place. I don’t see [Mayweather] taking that fight. I don't. I know Floyd, I know he knows he doesn’t have to," 50 told BET.com. "No matter how [fans] feel, they’ll watch the next one and he’ll leave boxing when he’s ready to leave boxing, on top."
That's unwelcome news to boxing fans, who finally thought the fight had some serious traction after longtime Top Rank CEO Bob Arum revealed to Philippines newspaper GMA News that CBS Corporation President/CEO Leslie Moonves is brokering a deal — possibly between HBO and Showtime — which would make Mayweather-Pacman happen in 2015.
The TAPIA documentary will air Tuesday night, December 16 at 11 p.m. on HBO.
From Art Loop to Adams Street Zombie Crawl, you’re covered from A-Z on things to do!
From Art Loop to Zombie Crawl, check out fall fun A to Z in this week's Go 419 Weekend Rundown!
Haunted Harvest October Art Loop \| Downtown & Uptown Toledo \| 5-9:30 p.m.
Fun for the whole family, the Art Loop celebrates the onset of autumn with a spooky celebration of fall favorites. Enjoy family friendly Trick or Treating, artist pumpkin carving, creative costumes, live music, and lots of scary fun. Costumes encouraged! New this year are hayrides in the Warehouse District! The Reniassance Hotel will have zombie makeup demos for the upcoming zombie apocalypse.
Toddlers and preschool aged children are invited to wear their Halloween costumes, trick-or-treat throughout the historic side of Zoo and enjoy crafts, puppet shows, strolling magic and free games sized just for them. For Toledo Zoo members, one-day admission tickets to Little Boo or Pumpkin Path are $7 for all children who wish to participate in the trick-or-treating. (Those not participating in trick-or-treating are covered under their membership and receive free admission to the special event.) Tickets for non-members are $16 for adults and children and $13 for seniors.
Ghosts of Providence \| Providence Metropark \| Friday & Saturday \| 7 - 8:30 p.m.

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