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Ehring and colleagues (2014) indicate that Posttraumatic stress disorder is highly prevalent in adult survivors of childhood sexual and/or physical abuse. Early childhood adversities such as physical and sexual abuse, emotional neglect, parental loss, etc., are major risk factors for the development of a range of psychiatric disorders in adulthood, including posttraumatic stress disorder (Anda et al., 2006; Burri et al., 2013). According to the current study 53.57 % of soldiers with PTSD had experienced adverse childhood traumas such as physical and sexual abuse, neglect and maternal and paternal deprivation.
The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study, conducted 1986-88 found that lifetime prevalence of PTSD among Vietnam veterans was 31% for men and 27% for women. Current prevalence was 15% and 9% respectively. (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2007).The rates of PTSD among veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan are conservatively estimated to be 11% and 18%, respectively, and suspected to be underreported (Hoge et al., 2004 ; Nacasch et al., 2010).
The current PTSD study among the Sri Lankan combatants shows a low PTSD prevalence rate (6.7%) compared to Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. There could be several factors including cultural and religious factors which acted as buffers and protected the combatants from the development of PTSD. However this sample was not randomly selected and it was a presented sample that was refereed for treatment and psychological evaluations. Therefore this study may not reflect the actual picture of combat trauma in the Sri Lanka Army. The actual PTSD numbers may be high. According to rough assumptions PTSD rate among the soldiers of the Sri Lanka Army could be 12 % – 16 %.
In this study six soldiers were found with partial PTSD. Within the literature on PTSD, individuals who fail to satisfy diagnostic criteria yet report notable symptomatology have been termed as experiencing partial PTSD ( Kulka, Schlenger, & Fairbank, 1990; Gudmundsdottir & Beck , 2004). According to Stein and colleagues (1997) patients with partial PTSD lack one or two of the three required avoidance or numbing symptoms, and/or one of two required hyperarousal symptoms. Breslau, Lucia and Davis (2004) state that PTSD identifies the most severe trauma victims, who are markedly distinguishable from victims with subthreshold PTSD. However Dickstein et al (2013) highlight that subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology is associated with increased risk for psychological and functional impairment, including increased risk for suicidal ideation. Six of the Sri Lankan soldiers with partial PTSD had significant functional impairments such as marital and parenting problems and impairments in quality of life and functioning.
The war affected Sri Lankan soldiers face a number of psychosocial problems. Pearrow and Cosgrove (2009) indicated that veterans’ exposure to heightened levels of stress resulting from combat and associated threatening and catastrophic events can markedly disrupt their functioning, not only while on the front lines but also upon their reentry into civilian life. With regard to Sri Lankan soldiers with PTSD the investigators found the same outcome. The Sri Lankan combatants with PTSD were found to be affected by numerous work related and other psycho social dysfunctions. Domestic violence, Alcohol and substance abuse, attempted suicides and self harms, disciplinary infractions were found among them. Combat trauma symptoms impacted their marital, vocational, and social function.
The individuals with PTSD frequently suffer from other comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as depression, other anxiety disorders, and alcohol or substance abuse/dependence (Friedman et al., 1994). Comorbid disorders have an adverse impact on the prognosis and treatment of individuals with PTSD (Abram et al., 2013). Data from epidemiologic surveys indicate that the vast majority of individuals with PTSD meet criteria for at least one other psychiatric disorder, and a substantial percentage have 3 or more other psychiatric diagnoses (Brady, 2000). Sri Lankan combatants with PTSD were found have other comorbid psychiatric disorders such as Depression, Substance Abuse Disorder and sometimes Psychosis.
The main treatments for PTSD are psychotherapy and medication. Recent guidelines suggest that psychotherapy should be initiated as a first-line treatment for PTSD ((National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2005). The most commonly used medications have been antidepressants, and specifically SSRIs (Davidson, 2000; Davidson & Connor, 1999; Cukor et al., 2009). Spinazzola, Blaustein and van der Kolk (2005) identify prolonged exposure (PE), cognitive processing therapy, cognitive restructuring, and eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as some of the leading interventions for PTSD.
In Sri Lanka the combatants with PTSD are treated with drug therapy (anti depressants, mood stabilizers, anti psychotics, pain killers etc.) psychotherapy (CBT, EMDR, Rogerian therapy) and traditional healing methods. Drug therapy helps to minimize acute PTSD symptoms and normalize sleep. Rogerian Person Centred Therapy allows the combatants to release their bottled up negative emotions. Cognitive Behavior Therapy has helped the combatants to improve their social functioning. In 2005 eighteen Sri Lankan combatants were treated with EMDR and twelve of them showed significant clinical improvement after 5-6 sessions of EMDR.
Among the traditional therapies Thovilaya has been identified as a conventional healing method. It is a form of psychodrama geared to heal the patient as well as his environment. Spiritual therapy also plays a vital role in treating soldiers with combat trauma. Spiritual therapy especially Buddhist psychotherapy helps the war victims to find meaning and achieve post traumatic growth.
In Sri Lanka a large number of ex combatants transited to civil society without any prier screening process. Many of them have readjustment problems. Psychosocial rehabilitation of the war veterans have been recognized as a crucial component in Sri Lanka. A range of social, educational, occupational, behavioral and cognitive interventions would be needed to address the needs of the combatants who were affected by the war.
This study investigated the extent of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among the soldiers of the Sri Lanka Army who fought in the Eelam War. The findings indicate that combat related PTSD is becoming one of the critical mental health problems among soldiers in Sri Lanka. The affected combatants with war trauma experience problems in their living, working, learning, and social environments. War trauma has drastically impacted their mental health and long-term functioning. Effective measures have to be implemented to heal combat trauma in Sri Lanka. In addition further studies are needed to systematically assess the magnitude of combat trauma among the combatants and provide them appropriate psychosocial treatment.
Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, et al. (2006) The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256: 174–86.
Brady, K.T., Killeen, T.K., Brewerton, T., Lucerini, S. (2000). Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry:61 Suppl 7:22-32.
Breslau, N., Lucia, V.C., Davis, G.C.(2004). Partial PTSD versus full PTSD: an empirical examination of associated impairment. Psychol Med. 34(7):1205-14.
Burri A, Maercker A, Krammer S, Simmen-Janevska K (2013) Childhood Trauma and PTSD Symptoms Increase the Risk of Cognitive Impairment in a Sample of Former Indentured Child Laborers in Old Age. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57826. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057826.
Clancy, C.P,. Graybeal, A., Tompson, W.P., Badgett, K.S., Feldman, M.E., Calhoun, P.S, Erkanli ,A., Hertzberg, M.A., Beckham, J.C.(2006). Lifetime trauma exposure in veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder: association with current symptomatology. J Clin Psychiatry. 67(9):1346-53.
Collie, K., Backos, A., Malchiodi, C.,Spiegel, D. (2006). Art therapy for combat-related PTSD: Recommendations for research and practice. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 23(4) pp. 157-164.
Cukor, J., Spitalnick, J., Difede, J.A., Rizzo, A., & Rothbaum, B.O. (2009). Emerging treatments for PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 715-726.
Dadic-Hero , E. , Toric , I. , Ruzic , K. , Medved , P. & Graovac , M . (2009) . Comorbidity –A troublesome factor in PTSD treatment . Psychiatria Danubina, 21, 420 – 424.
Davidson, J. R., & Connor, K. M. (1999). Management of posttraumatic stress disorder: Diagnostic and therapeutic issues. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(Suppl 18), 33−38.
Davidson, J. R. (2000). Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: Treatment options, long-term follow-up, and predictors of outcome.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Suppl 5), 52−56 discussion 57–59.
Dickstein, B. D., Walter, K. H., Schumm, J. A. and Chard, K. M. (2013), Comparing Response to Cognitive Processing Therapy in Military Veterans With Subthreshold and Threshold Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J. Traum. Stress, 26: 703–709.
Ehring T, Welboren R2, Morina N, Wicherts JM, Freitag J, Emmelkamp PM. (2014).Meta-analysis of psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood abuse.Clin Psychol Rev.34(8):645-657.
Friedman, M.J., Schnurr, P.P., McDonagh-Coyle, A. (1994). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the military veteran. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 17(2):265-77.
Gaylord KM.(2006).The psychosocial effects of combat: the frequently unseen injury.Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 18(3):349-57.
Gudmundsdottir, B., Beck , J.G. (2004). Behaviour Research and Therapy 42. 1367–1375.
England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13–22.
Jayatunge , R.M. (2013). Shell Shock to Palali Syndrome- PTSD Sri Lankan Experience. Sarasavi Publishers. Colombo.
Nacasch, N., Foa, E.B., Huppert, J.D., Tzur, D., Fostick, L., Dinstein, Y., Polliack, M., Zohar, J.(2010). Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Combat- and Terror-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Control Comparison With Treatment as Usual. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry .71(0):1-7.
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder: The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. London (UK): National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE).
Romanoff ,M.R.(2006). Assessing military veterans for posttraumatic stress disorder: a guide for primary care clinicians. J Am Acad Nurse Pract.18(9):409-13.
Semage, S.N., Sivayogan, S., Forbes, D., O’Donnell, M., Monaragala, R.M., Lockwood, E., Dunt, D. (2013). Cross-cultural and factorial validity of PTSD check list-military version (PCL-M) in Sinhalese language. Eur J Psychotraumatol. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19707.
Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., Hazen, A. L., & Forde, D. R. (1997). Full and partial Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Findings from a community survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1114–1119.
Conor McGregor's furious ex-sparring partner Paulie Malignaggi is determined to land a fight with the UFC star.
Malignaggi even says his manager, Al Haymon, is "talking to [UFC president] Dana White" regarding a boxing rules bout.
McGregor has contested 24 professional mixed martial arts fights but took a hiatus from the sport so he could challenge Floyd Mayweather in a mega-money showdown in August.
McGregor enlisted Malignaggi as a sparring partner, but their training relationship lasted less than a week as the former two-weight world champion boxer was irritated by leaked video footage that appeared to show McGregor beat Malignaggi up.
He now wants to settle their dispute in the ring and says if McGregor turns down the challenge then it proves "he has no balls."
Malignaggi told Fight Hype: "I know Al Haymon's talking to Dana White. If they want the fight, they'll make it. The only way it doesn't happen [is] if this guy doesn't have any balls."
Conor McGregor was expected to return to cage-fighting following his August fight against Floyd Mayweather.
McGregor was expected to return to the UFC octagon after his fight with Mayweather. White even mentioned that Tony Ferguson's UFC interim lightweight championship winning performance over Kevin Lee merited a big-money fight with Conor McGregor.
But Malignaggi says a boxing rules bout with him will earn McGregor a greater payday than any other UFC fight.
"This fight will pay him more, this fight will get him more exposure — this fight is a bigger fight than anything else he has," Malignaggi said. "There's no more Mayweather fight, this is the biggest fight there is."
*Philadelphia District Attorney Seth Williams said he kept a campaign promise Tuesday. He made a telephone call to Maureen Faulkner and asked her what to do about Mumia Abu-Jamal.
Leave him to spend life in prison, he asked, or keep seeking the death penalty for the murder of her husband, Police Officer Daniel Faulkner, in 1981?
She chose the death penalty, Williams said.
It means the case of Abu-Jamal, now 57 and perhaps the best-known death-row inmate in the world, is headed back to the U.S. Supreme Court. So intricate is the legal wrangling that any final resolution is likely years away.
Carole M. Katelan, 80, of Economy, formerly of Ross Twp., passed away peacefully on Saturday, December 22, 2018. Beloved wife of James T. Katelan; loving mother of Jim (Debbie), Jeff (Sandra), and Ken (Danica) Katelan; proud grandma of seven. Family and friends will be received Friday from 2 to 4 and 6 to 8 p.m. in the Devlin Funeral Home of Cranberry, 2678 Rochester Road., Cranberry Twp. A mass of Christian burial will be held Saturday at St. Alphonsus Church, Wexford, at 12:30 p.m. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made, in Carole's name, to Good Samaritan Hospice, Heritage Valley Beaver Unit.
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What a great cruise! We had royal fun last week sailing the western Caribbean with colleagues and close to 800 National Review fans, all in high spirits. Many thanks to Jack Fowler and the other NR staffers who put in so much work to make this a success. I think everyone had a terrific time of it.
These events are at least as instructive for us as they are for the guests. We get to hear from people fighting in the political trenches all over the country. It gives you a perspective on things quite different from the Washington D.C. bigfoot commentary. One of my dinner companions was a Republican party activist from Idaho who told us with great pride that Idaho is now the most conservative state in the union, legislature-wise.** In the Gem State senate, he chortled, seven Democrats have to cover ten committees. “We’ll run ’em off their feet!” It’s not actually true that all politics is local; but a heck of a lot is, and it’s at least as interesting, and often more important, than the Beltway stuff. We also get to meet people with fascinating life stories. A different dinner companion of mine had been a U.S. Army medic assigned to Spandau prison after WW2 to look after Rudolf Hess, Albert Speer, and other big-name Nazis. He had some stories to tell.
The Derbs had left the kids — ages 15 and 17 — at home to fend for themselves, with suitable alerts to watchful neighbors. The kids came through splendidly. When we arrived back home yesterday the house was not only still standing (in defiance of predictions from some cynical friends), it was neat and clean. The neighbors report no loud music or riotous parties — nothing at all out of the ordinary, in fact. Mrs. D & I are experiencing a mixture of pride in having raised sensible, responsible kids and dawning glee at the realization that they don’t need us any more!
I posted some cruise pics here. (Click on little pics for a bigger version.) And here is another one, which comes with a bleg. The picture there is of a plant that grows on the beaches of Cozumel. It has a lovely fragrance, something like lavender. Whole long stretches of the beaches are perfumed with this fragrance. What’s the plant, though? If any botanically well-informed reader can tell me, I’d be much obliged.
** The title is disputed here, though there are some counter-disputations in the comment thread.
The stomach-churning details of the barbaric, protracted torture and ensuing murder of French Congolese 15 year old boy Kristy Bamu by his elder sister and her fiancé who believed him to be a witch in East London in December 2010 left me both utterly sickened and livid. Thank goodness Magalie Bamu and her boyfriend Eric Bikubi were jailed for a total of fifty five years yesterday at the Old Bailey for the murder.
The litany of horrendous physical abuse that teenager Kristy suffered at the hands of his tormentors (he had 130 separate injuries) was so severe that he apparently “begged to die.” The unimaginable horror of the way the young boy’s life ended – he was attacked with knives, sticks, metal bars and a hammer and chisel before being drowned – defies sane and rational comprehension.
African witchcraft – be it juju (from Nigeria), muti (from South Africa) or kindoki (from the Congo) is a fundamentally primitive belief. The increasingly well-documented ritualistic abuse and murder of African children, both in Africa and now in London as a direct result of these depraved beliefs is appalling and unsettles both the heart and the mind. To think that these murders took place in London, an ostensibly civilized, first world city, is more than shocking. It is downright disgusting.
The belief system that led to this despicable waste of human life not only needs challenging, but combating with a committed urgency. Parents need to be educated against such practices. Moreover, social services, local authorities and the police need tangible assistance to tackle child abuse related to witchcraft.
We should tacitly tolerate this no longer. We must make it clear in strident terms that faith-related child abuse (and of course, child abuse per se) has no place in this country, nor in the modern world. We must raise awareness of this nefarious phenomenon and strive to ensure that more innocent children do not suffer as a result of such hideously antediluvian and grotesque beliefs.
The French Renaissance humanist Montaigne was a very erudite and learned man, who wrote a fine essay On Cannibals, in which he espoused a doctrine of cultural relativism. Sadly, when it comes to Britain in 2012, I am not that erudite, or for that matter, learned. From what I can see, I do not believe that all cultural customs are of equal merit or have equal degrees of civility or respect for human life attached to them, or even deserve a place in the modern world. I’m sorry. There can be no culturally relativist approach here. This is barbarism pure and simple. This is child abuse of the highest and most sickening order. What’s even worse is that it was done (and therefore sanctioned) in the name of God.
I am increasing coming to despair of our achingly politically correct society’s “softly, softly” approach to these matters which tells us that certain cultural practices, for example, female genital mutilation, forced marriage or in this case witchcraft, are as civilized as others and that we should automatically respect these different cultural values. Irrespective of this country’s (at times) unbelievable level of tolerance, this particular cultural and religious belief’s flagrant disregard for the sanctity of human life and the intrinsic dignity which must be afforded to every human being needs stamping out now.
For those who might be tempted to erroneously think that this is a racial issue, as opposed to a cultural one, witchcraft and the drowning and burning of suspected witches (with equally barbaric methods and levels of cruelty, I hasten to add) was rife in England, much of Europe and North America for many decades, if not centuries (albeit some 400 years ago). Class, culture, religion and the manipulative, greedy charlatans who exploit the gullible and uneducated for money and power are the true culprits here, not race.
One can only hope that by dint of increased education, enlightenment and guidance, people of all cultural backgrounds and practices will come to see that such risible belief systems which propagate incredibly harmful, nay murderous nonsense against children in the guise of religious truth, are vicious and quite literally destroy lives, as opposed to save them.
Until then, how many more innocent children will be abused, or even worse, murdered at the hands of evil zealots who believe in witchcraft and spirit possession?
The North River Road closure in Tippecanoe County is being rescheduled due to weather.
UPDATE: Due to weather the closure is being rescheduled.
TIPPECANOE COUNTY, Ind. (WLFI) — The Indiana Department of Transportation will close North River Road in Tippecanoe County, beginning Monday.
The closure begins at 6 a.m. and lasts through August 24 at 6 p.m.
The project includes the removal of the bridge deck and the removal of the east causeway in the Wabash River.
The detour will follow Happy Hollow Road to Soldiers Home Road and back to Sagamore Parkway.
The Sagamore Parkway eastbound Bridge over the Wabash River will be replaced with a new, approximately 938-foot long, eight span bridge on the existing alignment.
The new bridge will provide two 12-foot travel lanes, standard shoulders and a multi-use trail on the bridge deck.
There will also be accommodation for connections to a future multi-use trail on the south side of the road.
The project is scheduled to be finished by June of 2019, it is anticipated the new bridge will be open for traffic this fall.
Talking CSU football recruiting, road trips with the Rams and checking in on Niko Medved's first year leading the basketball team.
It's been too long since we've had a CSU sports mailbag.
Without further ado, here are questions taken from readers about Colorado State University football and basketball.
Talked about this one briefly on Twitter, but it’s worth expanding upon here. Auburn transfer receiver Nate Craig-Myers is hoped to be the next — along with rising junior Warren Jackson — star receiver at CSU.
He was the No. 6 receiver in the nation in the 2016 recruiting class, and the 6-foot-2 Craig-Myers is CSU’s instant replacement for the NFL-bound Preston Williams.
CSU coach Mike Bobo said at worst Craig-Myers will have to sit out a year-to-date of his last game at Auburn. He played three for the Tigers in 2018, the last of which was Sept. 15 against LSU. If that holds, he would miss CSU's games against Colorado, Western Illinois and Arkansas (Sept. 14) before playing the rest of 2019. He’ll also have a second year of eligibility with the Rams in 2020.
Bobo said the team will appeal to have him eligible from the start of 2019. It’s not an apples-to-apples comparison, but CSU basketball guard Hyron Edwards transferred to CSU at winter break a year ago and had to sit until the end of the first semester this season despite not playing a game at Texas Tech.
It would be a boon if the Rams have Craig-Myers eligible for the first three in 2019, but regardless he’ll be vital for the important conference schedule.
This will be story No. 1 (well, maybe co-No. 1 with the defense) during spring. Hill is the returning starter after taking over for K.J. Carta-Samuels in the back half of the 2018 season.
Hill was sporadic in 2018. He completed 59 percent of his passes for 1,387 yards, seven touchdowns and seven picks. It’s hard to place a firm evaluation on him. The offensive line was so bad that Tua Tagovailoa would have struggled. Also, remember it’s not until March (which will be near the end of spring ball) that Hill will be a year out from tearing his ACL. It’s remarkable he played at all.
That being said, Hill’s struggles and typical excitement for the unknown have made O’Brien a popular pick in the Twitter world for QB.
That's how it goes. Backup QB is always wildly popular and O’Brien is a guy who signed with a Power 5 (Nebraska), which always fires up fans. He looked more and more comfortable in practice as the season (sitting out due to NCAA transfer rules) went on, and he’ll have a legitimate chance to take over the job.
The Rams didn’t sign a QB in this class and Bobo doesn’t expect to in the late period in February. That was a surprise and a vote of confidence in McCoy and the walk-on Erickson.
“I feel good about all four quarterbacks on this roster. They’re quality football players. I feel great about that position,” Bobo said.
McCoy and Erickson would have a huge mountain to climb to win the job. Those would be stunners. It’s a lot more even between Hill and O’Brien.
My bet is Hill. He’s been Bobo’s guy and it seems like he’s been in the system forever. I think by the time 2019 season rolls around — plus with a hopefully improved line — that Hill will look much improved.
We’ll see how spring ball goes, though. O’Brien will have his say.

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