Split (1)

train · 705k rows

pred_label stringclasses 2 values	pred_label_prob float64 0.5 1	wiki_prob float64 0.25 1	text stringlengths 44 986k	source stringlengths 37 43
__label__cc	0.670911	0.329089	Media and extremism Vladimir Gellman: Living in the Lie Trends in Cyberatacks How the Media Helped Legitimize Extremism A new study, by a respected scholar on internet culture, winds up a penetrating indictment of journalism’s internal inconsistencies. A new report titled “The Oxygen of Amplification” offers an unprecedented look at the fundamental paradox of reporting on the so-called “alt-right”: Doing so without amplifying that ideology is extremely difficult, if not downright impossible. The report comes out of the Data & Society research institute’s Media Manipulation Initiative, and is written by Whitney Phillips, author of This Is Why We Can’t Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship Between Online Trolling and Internet Culture. It draws on in-depth conversations with dozens of journalists (including WIRED’s Emma Grey Ellis, who reports frequently on the topic) to illustrate an uncomfortable truth: Journalists inadvertently helped catalyze the rapid rise of the alt-right, turning it into a story before it was necessarily newsworthy. The whole story by Miranda Katz on Medium.com WASHINGTON, DC - MARCH 01: U.S. President Donald Trump participates in a meeting with leaders of the steel industry at the White House March 1, 2018 in Washington, DC. Trump announced planned tariffs on imported steel and aluminum during the meeting, with details to be released at a later date. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) Build Trump the Bloody Wall! © 2019 \| THE INDUSTRY OF MIND \| ALEX ALVAROVA website by MANDELBROT	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15399
__label__cc	0.596801	0.403199	24 Hour MC by Astro Physics Posted: 24 March 08 Astro Physics (featuring Skilf + Deep Black) Astro-Physics are a live Brighton based Hip-Hop/Drum n Bass band that draw from a wide range of genres to create a unique live sound loved by a huge variety of fans. They have been gigging all over the UK for a number of years, appearing at such places as; the Grassroots Festival in Hull, supporting Pendulum at Fifty-four in Coventry and most recently headlining at the Contact Theatre in Manchester as part of the MOBO showcase. Astro Physics have also recently appeared at the Concorde 2, selling out the charity event in their home city, Brighton. The Hip-hop/Drum n Bass fusion is fronted by Skilf and Deep Black, two highly acclaimed rappers who are renowned for their ‘magical blend’ of lyrics and dynamic performances in the live environment. Skilf started as a drum' n' bass MC before moving onto hip-hop with his debut album 'Original Visions' which has been well received throughout the hip-hop scene. Deep Black has been rapping for several years having already supported KRS One and Pendulum at the Concorde2.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15402
__label__wiki	0.527728	0.527728	The Lens (https://thelensnola.org/2007/02/11/5011-srobertson-st/) 5011 S.Robertson St By Karen Gadbois \| February 11, 2007 Housing Conservation District Review Committee Meeting Monday, February 26th 10a.m. Room 7E07 5011 S. Robertson. â€“ Owner Linda Sandifer has applied to demolish this bungalow to be replaced with a single-family residence of no specific design (no redevelopment plans submitted). About Karen Gadbois Karen Gadbois co-founded The Lens. She now covers New Orleans government issues and writes about land use. With television reporter Lee Zurik she exposed widespread misuse of city recovery funds and led to guilty pleas in federal court. Her work attracted some of journalism's highest honors, including a Peabody Award, an Alfred I. duPont-Columbia Award and a gold medal from Investigative Reporters and Editors. She can be reached at (504) 606-6013. More by Karen	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15404
__label__cc	0.56083	0.43917	Deltas converge on Alliant Center for Tri-State Cluster About 400 members of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. converged on the Alliant Energy Center in Madison this past weekend as the Madison Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. hosted its Tri-State Cluster Meeting Nov. 8-9. “The event went really well. We had 400 people there from three states,” said Carola Gaines, president of Madison Alumnae Chapter. “We learned a lot, we networked, and we discussed better ways that we all could serve our communities.” Women attended the two-day event from the Tri-State area that includes Wisconsin, Illinois, and Minnesota, but Gaines said that there were also sorors there from Florida and Virginia. Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. is a private, non-profit organization whose purpose is to provide assistance and support through established programs in local communities throughout the world. A sisterhood of more than 200,000 predominately Black college-educated women, the Sorority currently has over 900 chapters located in the United States, England, Japan (Tokyo and Okinawa), Germany, the Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Bahamas and the Republic of Korea. The major programs of the sorority are based upon the organization's Five Point Programmatic Thrust that include economic development; educational development; international awareness and involvement; physical and mental health; and political awareness and involvement. “The Meet and Greet that we hosted on Friday evening was especially fun where we got to talk with old friends and where we also raised money for diabetes prevention and awareness,” Gaines said. On Saturday, the Deltas gathered for various workshops on imporant Delta community topics. Coming off a dynamic Delta Centennial Convention in Washington, D.C. this past July, sorority members were eager to get back together to take part in enriching informational sessions related to the internal development and business management of the organization. “It was an amazing weekend for sisterhood,” Gaines said. “All of the ladies came together under the commonality of serving our community. It's amazing what we can do when we all come together. This was a chance for us to take care of the business of Deltas. It was a fantastic chance to attend workshops, network, make connections, and talk about our public service projects.” Not only did members have the opportunity to fellowship with one another, but the Tri-State Cluster Meeting was a chance for the ladies to rededicate themselves to the organization and reinvigorate their commitments to the ideals that originally attracted them to the sorority. “We had such a great national convention this summer, so another great event like this just keeps that momentum going,” Gaines says. “We are already gearing up for [next June's] Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc.'s 46th Midwest Regional Conference in Louisville, Kentucky. But the Madison chapter of the Deltas really showed out this weekend. It felt felt like a regional conference.” Supporters of the Delta Tri-State Cluster included American Family Dream Bank, Wisconsin Well Women Program, Carbone Cancer Center, Unity Health, GHC, Target, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease and Research Center, Costo, HyVee, and Walgreens. “We just want to continue to keep taking care of the business of Delta and keep working at those issues of our five-point programmatic thrust of things that we can do in our community,” Gaines said. The Madison Alumnae Chapter was chartered in 1977 and since then has been devoted to public service and developing and implementing programs that transform lives and impact the community. Local Business are Wanted for the Possible 2020 Milwaukee Democratic National Convention Milwaukee Welcomes Midwest Tech and Business Communities for the 2019 Entrepreneurs Conference ULGM elects three new board members, new board officers Greater Milwaukee Foundation and Medical College of Wisconsin Announce Joint Vision for the Milwaukee Community Adoption Days a huge success	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15406
__label__cc	0.6341	0.3659	FIFA corruption dwarfed by banking corruption It is fascinating to compare the corruption in FIFA with the corruption in the banking system. The scale is the first thing that strikes home. Accusations and estimates vary but the sort of figure that is being talked about for FIFA corruption is that £100 million might have changed hands in bribes. The newspapers have described this as world cup winning corruption. It is not even the Vauxhall Conference of corruption when we compare it to what has happened in the banks. In 2008 bankers bet more than the entire value of the world economy for a whole year on complex financial derivatives that they didn't fully understand the value of. When these products rose in value they pocketed billions in bonus payments and made billions for shareholders. When they were discovered to be worth very little the bankers paid none of their bonuses back, the shareholders lost all their money and it was the governments that had to bail out the banks. Bankers had taken out so many sure fire bets on triple A bundles of mixed investments that when it was discovered that the investments were worth little more than tulip bulbs or shares in the South Sea they almost destroyed the capitalist system. When a massive misjudgement on this scale is followed by a huge rescue from the IMF, the Bank of England and the Fed you might have thought that bankers would have at least acquired a degree of humility and adopted a low profile. But like Sepp Blatter they proved to be shameless. In the immediate aftermath of a massive programme of public financial rescue several bankers decided that the most appropriate way for them to behave was to fix the London Inter Bank Lending Rate known as LIBOR. Another group did the same thing with foreign exchange rates. Most people don't understand the scale of what this kind of corruption involves so the FIFA scandal is a good benchmark comparison. The corrupt members of FIFA have probably taken £100 million. The corrupt LIBOR fixing is more likely to come in at £100 billion. In other words it is 1,000 times worse. It is the genuine world cup of corruption. It is Real Madrid versus Macclesfield Town. FIFA is clearly a deeply flawed and dodgy organisation run by an astonishingly high proportion of people who will accept bribes to influence their decisions. Sepp Blatter got into power by doing something quite reasonable. He took some of the profits from big business soccer in very rich countries and gave it to football associations in some very poor countries. Their representatives have been able to spend a lot of money on grassroots football within their countries and have been sufficiently grateful to vote again and again for the dreadful Mr. Blatter. Clearly a large number of them have also developed a taste for staying in nice hotels and being paid life changing sums of money for a lowly official from a small nation in return for being daft enough to send the world cup to Quatar in the middle of a heat wave. The banks are also deeply flawed organisations. They are driven by a business model that has lost all contact with the ordinary people that fund it. Old fashioned banking involves a rock solid business proposition to take the small savings of ordinary individuals and to invest them in secure assets like sensible mortgage loans or loans to well run small businesses. Rich London bankers gave up on that model a long time ago. They made much better money by taking the money you leave in the bank and using it as leverage for a series of complex bets on credit default swaps on bundles overnight foreign exchange rate futures counterbalanced by insurance policies on contrary movements in the market. In case you didn't entirely follow that sentence don't worry. Nor did the people who were buying the products. This isn't looking after people's money it is dangerous gambling. And when you get together with a few mates from Eton and Cambridge to fix the rates that determine the value of the gambles then you have moved way beyond the old fashioned world of "my word is my bond" into a brave new world of "who cares so long as we make money?" And that is the point. In the real world cup of corruption no one did care so long as good money was being made. The bosses turned a blind eye. The shareholders turned a blind eye. Gordon Brown turned a blind eye and told us he had put an end to boom and bust. And when they took over the Conservatives also turned a blind eye. They asked the public sector to pick up the bill for all this corruption whilst doing nothing to fix the de-regulation of the banking system which their heroine Margaret Thatcher introduced. Not a single important structural change has taken place to the deeply flawed banking system that created austerity in the first place. There has been no separation of high street banks from the gambling merchant banking part of their business. There is no tax on financial transactions. There has been no clawback tax on bonuses made a taxpayers' expense. Most importantly of all nothing has been done to restructure our economy so that we have a vibrant manufacturing sector using the latest low energy technology instead of depending on oil sales and a hugely overbalanced emphasis on earnings from insecure financial services. This is what is truly shocking about the FIFA scandal. We are being told that corruption on this scale must be punished and that those responsible for it must be driven out of office. I happen to think that this is entirely right even though it is curious that the USA courts take a sudden interest in events outside the US days before an important FIFA vote. But it is a judgement that only applies to the small scale FIFA villains. When it turns to the really large culprits in the banking sector we seem to want to forget that their extreme gambles have given us 7 years of economic pain and there is nothing to stop a repeat of the crash. The really huge scandal has been played out without a single one of the real villains being held to account. In the 7 years since 2008 not a single banking boss has gone to jail for pushing the entire world economy to the edge of chaos. In the 7 years since 2008 not one banker has had their bonus payment taken back off them to help contribute the huge bills that taxpayers have paid to ensure banks don't collapse. In the 7 years since 2008 not one of the shareholders who lost all their pension money when their rock solid banking shares proved totally worthless has seen any of those at the top charged with corruption. And the Conservative government which utterly failed to act properly to prevent a repeat of the LIBOR scandal - the most enormous case of corruption that the world has ever seen - has just been re-elected on a ticket of being the party to trust with the economy. If this is how to be trustworthy then perhaps I have misjudged Sepp Blatter. After all - he only let some relatively poor football officials enrich themselves at the expense of overpaid footballers and their fans. The Conservatives have let over paid bankers return to business as normal after enriching themselves 1,000 more significantly at the expense of nurses, teachers and taxpayers. That is what I call winning the World Cup for corruption. And it deserves punishment to match not a blind eye and a couple of low level scapegoats. a secure home - for a few The single most stupid idea that the Conservatives came up with in the election campaign was to seize houses that they did not own from the Housing Associations and sell them to the tenants at a discount. It is an idea that goes against virtually everything that I thought the Conservative party stood for. Private property? Not if the state decides to take it off you. Big society? Never mind all that stuff about the voluntary sector - if it happens to own something valuable then the Conservatives are prepared to take it away in order to buy a few votes. Enterprise and initiative? Not if it is done by a co-operative. I had also foolishly thought that the Conservatives liked to be practical people. So I thought that they might quietly drop such a damaging idea once the election was won. Instead it features prominently in the Queen's speech. I had forgotten that large numbers of Conservatives have ceased to believe in conserving things and instead prefer dogmatic ideology to sensible solutions to problems. Anyone setting out to solve a significant housing problem would want to strengthen the housing associations and to take measures to make it easier for them to build new houses and help more tenants. If their tenants can buy their assets anytime they choose then what bank in their right mind would lend money to a housing association to build a new home? Instead of a rock solid business model which sees a nice secure asset being gradually paid off by a steady stream of rent all that the housing associations can now offer is a high risk proposition. "Lend us money and we might have an asset. If the asset looks like it is nicely going up in price then the tenant can buy it at a discount. If it looks like it is going down in price then it sits on our books." I don't know about you but that sounds to me like a one way bet that is very unattractive. I wouldn't lend money to anyone on that basis and I very much doubt that the banking sector is going to take a charitable view of the prospect. So the supply of houses from housing associations will begin to dry up. If you really want to take a practical approach to solving the housing problem then what you would do would be to help housing associations to build more homes and add strong local authority action to the mix. At current rates of interest it would be very easy for most local authorities to borrow money in order to build new housing and then to rent it out to their local citizens who needed housing thus covering the cost of the loan. But they cannot do that easily because of the right to buy. Now the housing associations can't do it easily either. So those who wish to rent will increasingly find that there is only one option left to them. They will need to rent from a private landlord. On insecure six month tenancies. Often via agents that deliberately move them on at the end of that six months so that they can secure a fresh signing on fee. In a highly competitive market with a shortage of supply that drives rents up to frighteningly high levels. That isn't providing a secure home. That isn't extending a home owning democracy. It is enforcing desperate insecurity for the many in order to buy a few votes from the few. Mind you, there could be an interesting solution to this lack of security for tenants of private landlords. Perhaps we could extend the right to buy scheme to them? That would strengthen home owning democracy nicely. There is just one problem with that solution. If it was put forward by any major political party there would be a storm of protest from the establishment about communists seizing the assets of those who had worked hard to acquire property. So my central question to any Conservative is this. If it is wrong for the state to seize the private property of an ordinary citizen how come it is right to take away the property of a housing association? The government doesn't own this asset. The voluntary sector does. Or don't you like private enterprise when it comes from the voluntary sector and is designed to help those less well off than yourself? A fundamental split There are at least two Conservative Parties. And they are not compatible. One faction is only really interested in what helps the world of business to operate efficiently. They don't particularly like ideology and prefer to follow what seems to them to be common sense. They want to make as much money as possible, with as few restrictions as possible and, most of all, they want to keep as much of that money as they possibly can. This type of Conservative looks at Europe and all it sees is an enormous market that it wants to be part of. If that involves putting up with some rules and regulations then they aren't really too bothered about that. They can live with those rules provided that other businesses are also operating within them. This business orientated arm of the Conservatives views a referendum on Europe as a dangerous gamble. For them an exit means they could lose business and be forced to try and sell their products or services to the EU with all the rules being set by our major competitors. Those in the financial services industry are terrified of a British exit resulting in rules being set which favour Frankfurt at the expense of London. They can see their position as the leading financial centre of Europe going overnight if we are no longer part of Europe. And those in manufacturing are terrified of finding that large numbers of subsidiaries of European multinationals are closed down in Britain and moved within the new EU borders. They can see car factories in Sunderland closing, Rolls Royce engine sales falling and investors from abroad bypassing a country that isn't securely inside the biggest free trade market on the planet. This type of Conservative will move heaven and earth to stay inside the EU. They went into politics to support business and they see the EU as vital to this. They think that all this uncertainty over an exit is a dangerous distraction that simply gets in the way of making money. It has to be stopped and stopped quickly before all that uncertainty does too much harm. The other half of the party sees it from a completely different point of view. For them the EU goes against everything that they believe in. For them the EU would be fine if all it did was to operate as a free trade area. But all this stuff about health and safety legislation, workers rights, freedom of movement and, heaven forbid, human rights is completely unacceptable. For them the real problem is that the EU is a state and even worse it is an international state. They want a world of completely unfettered free market capitalism and nothing else will do. The EU leaders want something utterly different. They want a controlled, managed and guided capitalism. For the Euro-sceptics this smacks of state socialism and it is what they went into politics to destroy. The two sides have fundamentally incompatible beliefs. And this means that at the heart of our government there is a split right down the middle that cannot be patched up and repaired. On the central issue that is to be decided over the next two years the Conservative party can't possibly agree on the best way forward. Usually the Conservative Party is very good at avoiding pulling itself apart and at striking an effective compromise. This time it simply can't be done. The two sides are passionately committed to utterly different visions of the future. Cameron seems to want to belong to the faction of practical business people. Whatever he is offered in Europe he gives every impression that he would like to claim it is a victory and to argue for a vote to stay in. The EU that he will ask us to stay in will contain a European parliament and mechanisms for passing laws that will apply across the whole of the EU. Without that there is no EU. Nothing could be more contrary to the deepest beliefs of a large part of his party. Anything that goes beyond a simple free trade deal will lead them to call for an exit. We are therefore heading for two years of vicious infighting between different factions of the Conservative Party. This is not like the conflicts within the coalition. Cameron and Clegg shared an agreement that the most important problem of the day was the deficit even though they disagreed periodically about how far and how fast to go on their agreed approach to tackling it. The disagreements about Europe within the current government are more visceral. You can't strike a compromise with a faction of the government that has a completely different set of ideas about what it is trying to achieve. There is no possible compromise between people who are determined to get out of something and those who want to stay in it and make some reforms. One or the other has to win and that means the other faction has to lose. So I think that the infighting is only just beginning. We can expect the briefest honeymoon period of any government in history. These two factions hate each other much more than they hate people in the other parties. It is going to be interesting watching them fall upon each other with increasing fury as every week brings us closer to the referendum. People are taking it for granted that we have the current government in power for the next five years. I wonder. How exactly does a Prime Minister hold together a party that is split on the central issue of the day? David Cameron is in for an extremely rough ride and it will be interesting to see how the public reacts to being led by a party that cannot agree on the best way forward and tears lumps out of itself. John Major had to resign and stand for re-election to try and control a much less pressing row over Europe. I doubt whether anything similar could work for Cameron. A referendum concentrates the mind and sharpens the disagreements. It will take a very clever politician indeed to get out of this one. The man is caught in an impossible situation. No wonder he didn't want to stay on as leader after the next election. He will do well to survive that long once the faction fighting really gets going. We are therefore in for a really interesting time. And David Cameron may live to regret ever hearing that old Chinese curse. "May you live in interesting times!" Why this government will be unpopular & what we need to do to oppose it. When the Gods wish to punish us they begin by answering our prayers. Conservatives are certainly acting as if all their prayers have been answered at once. I trust they will not be entirely surprised when things don't quite work out as they have expected. Their biggest problem is that they have led everyone to believe that the economy is fixed. If it turns out that it isn't they will be a touch low on explanations and excuses. The minute anything goes wrong the public are going to be very angry indeed. And there is plenty to go wrong: 1. There are £30 billion of unspecified cuts and savings to be made. Delivering these is not easy. Delivering them without slowing the economy is even harder. 2. The budget was based on the economy growing by 2.4% every year for five years. If it doesn't grow this quickly then there will either be even more cuts or tax rises which will also slow the economy. 3. We have a deficit on our balance of payments of 6% of GNP. This is currently being financed by attracting hot money into London. The balance of payments has to be fixed and the hot money can leave as quickly as it arrived. 4. The pound is way too high for our exporters and this is bound to have a bad impact on employment in manufacturing. 5. Inflation is currently negative. Low inflation caused very low growth in Japan across a 20 year period. It could do the same here. 6. Quantitative easing is coming to an end. Since printing £375 billion drove the consumer boom that won the election it is highly likely that when printing money stops then so will the consumer boom. 7. Nothing structural has been done to control the booms and busts of financial markets. There is still no separation of high street and merchant banks, there are still highly complex financial products that investors barely understand, there are still huge volumes of automatic electronic volatile last second trades, and there is still a culture of making quick money dominating the city. Another crash in a different part of the financial markets remains a strong possibility and the system has little capacity to cope with it. Of course it is entirely possible that the economy will improve. Given that the EU has only just embarked on a huge Quantitative Easing programme there should be improved growth in our most important export market. If interest rates continue to be held at zero then we are still taking from savers to give to borrowers and this may result in continued expansion of the economy. No one can predict economic events accurately, particularly at a time of huge volatility and a largely uncontrolled and guided world economy. But many things need to go right and very few things to go wrong for the promised recovery to be delivered. We have been told that there is a long term economic plan and it is working. In the unlikely event that this proves right then no doubt we will have one of the most popular governments in history and they will be re-elected by a landslide. There will be a big job to do in making sure that they treat the environment with respect and to try and prevent the continued concentration of wealth in the hands of the rich and that job may be hard to do against a government that has essentially fixed the economy. On the other hand imagine what is going to happen in the much more likely situation that they haven't remotely fixed it. If the economy doesn't happen to roar ahead, if wealth doesn't happen to trickle down, if tax cuts don't happen to reach the pockets of the average person, if cuts in public services continue to drive them to the point of breaking down. This is a government that is going to find it exceptionally hard to deliver on the expectations that it has raised. And if it does fail to deliver then it has the potential to be the most unpopular government ever. If that happens the Green party needs to be ready with an effective and well thought through policy for creating an economy based on substance rather than spin. We need a stable economy based on low consumption of energy and raw materials and based on producing and selling a lot more things locally. We have a responsibility to ensure that we set out an alternative economic strategy which is immediately practical and which is seen by the electorate as being deliverable. It is one thing to be an effective critic of an increasingly unpopular government. It is another thing entirely to be a serious alternative to that government. The Green Party is going to have to chose what it wishes to be. A brave voice standing up for the environment and those that have been badly treated by the government. Or a party that knows how to run the country in a different way and could start work on implementing its programme immediately. Only when we are capable of doing the second of these will we be a real alternative. Spare a thought for the liberal democrats You wouldn't want to be a Liberal Democrat right now would you? After five years of being significant figures in the government representing a major political party their handful of remaining MPs find themselves a bit of an irrelevance. Worse, much worse, is that the entire party doesn't know what it is there for. Having justified its existence for five years as the moderating influence over a Conservative government that had to be in power in order to fix the economy they now find themselves unsure of what criticism to launch. The public have rejected them as seekers after office who don't really care who is in power just so long as they allow them a few Ministries. The complete turn round on tuition fees followed by five years of trying to justify things that they didn't really believe in have left them so lacking in public trust that they even lost a shed load of seats to the Conservatives. Indeed, mathematically the last election wasn't lost by Labour. Against the Conservatives they didn't go backwards much at all - despite it being Labour that lost the most votes in marginals to UKIP. Mathematically what really happened is that the Lib Dems lost so many seats to the Conservatives that they are now able to govern without Lib Dem support. The Lib Dems couldn't even persuade their voters in Conservative inclined seats that they could be trusted and were the moderate responsible voice of the last government. I don't raise this issue because I want to indulge in kicking a party when it is down. I raise the issue because there is a risk of losing something with the Lib Dems and that is a point of view which is worth preserving. There has always been a faction of liberalism which did exactly what it said on the tin. It wanted freedom and it fought hard for principles such as freedom of speech, individual privacy, citizens rights and the rights of minorities. These are pretty rare arguments these days and all the more necessary for that. The government wants to read our emails, ban a wide range of people from speaking their mind even if they are not violent, take away our rights to protest or to strike and make us fearful of the views of minorities. In this context a powerful voice for liberty is badly needed There was also a longstanding liberal tradition which saw the importance of free trade and was interested in international collaboration and in creating a sense of common purpose across the dangerously divided continent of Europe. This internationalism is a pretty valuable point of view as we enter the run up to a referendum on turning us into an isolated little England entering a gentile decline. But there comes a point where a party has gone beyond useful reform. Part of the Liberal Democrats want to ally themselves with Labour in the hope that it can return to power on its coat-tails. It is not clear to me why anyone would vote Lib Dem if they wanted Labour back. Part of the Lib Dems want to get back into alliance with the Conservatives to demonstrate that they are responsible people but with a heart. That option has gone and it has been shown that voters prefer to vote for the real thing rather than half hearted austerity. And then there is the faction of the Lib Dems that want to go back to their roots and rebuild support. Some of them wanting to do so over a strong environmental agenda, a strong freedom agenda and a strong agenda of reforming and modernising the economy. There is just one problem with this. The main group of campaign supporters that the Lib Dems need to recuit is young people who have radical ambitions and aren't scared of putting hard hours of campaigning in for a worthwhile cause. Most of those young people will not touch the Lib Dems in their lifetime because they placed their trust in them over tuition fees and got let down. So what should a person do if they want to be part of rebuilding a strong liberal tradition? I genuinely think their best option is to leave a party that has become a toxic brand and join with the Greens. The Greens need an injection of people who are as interested in freedom and co-operation as they are in equality. Liberals need a party that is genuinely radical and which is free of the taint of scrabbling after office. It is potentially a marriage made in heaven. If you are, or know anyone who is a Lib Dem activist then think about this question. Where are you likely to achieve most for your injection of effort? In trying to revive the corpse of a party that no longer knows what it believes in and no longer has the trust of the public. Or in trying to build a party that is respected by the public and has a radical vision for the future that shares much of the best of the liberal traditions and adds to it an even stronger belief in fairness and equality. I know which I would prefer to be part of. Why we got less than 4% of the votes This was the election when the Green surge should have come through strong and clear. Instead we made a respectable showing but no breakthrough. This was not good enough. On the streets the commonest view I came across was that "You can't trust any of them." and "I don't know which way to vote because they are all dreadful." Last minute voters reluctantly and through gritted teeth decided that they ought to stick with the Conservatives in case they were right and they really were close to fixing the economy. But it should have been possible to make a lot more progress in convincing people that we need a genuinely stable and sustainable long term economic policy and that the Greens have exactly that. In Scotland an anti-austerity party won almost every seat. In England the Greens won one seat and less than 4% of the vote. It is no good blaming proportional representation for this and hoping that the big parties will someday be nice and give us our fair share. We have to question what we did right and what we did wrong and understand why so many people in Scotland accepted an argument that so many people in England wrote off as outside the mainstream and untrustworthy. In my view the Green Party missed a big opportunity. We did so because we were good at speaking to each other and persuading those who were already inclined to agree with us. We were not very good at speaking to people who didn't already agree with us and being prepared to take their issues seriously and explain how we would deal with them. I stood in Skipton and Ripon constituency. I lost track of the number of people who told me there was no hope in this area because it was solidly Tory and a rural constituency dominated by farmers who were hopelessly right wing. Fortunately a lot of local members refused to buy this argument. We put our case in language which ordinary people understood and won 3,116 votes which was 5.7% of those cast in a constituency where we hadn't put up a candidate for close on 20 years. This was a better result than was achieved by the party nationally and a much better result than Greens achieved in any Conservative voting constituency in the country. We could have done a lot better if the national campaign had helped instead of hindering. At one of the early hustings I put the case that we needed to invest in creating a sustainable low energy economy and that Britain could be at the forefront of the next wave of the industrial revolution. The argument went down really well. Then I came home turned on the radio and heard my leader trying to explain complex figures about how many houses we were going to build and at what cost. Not surprisingly she was tied up in knots and came across as yet another politician making promises that were so implausible that she couldn't even answer the simplest of questions about them. No voter I spoke to believed any promise made by any politician. Any journalist with half a brain has an easy time of it when a politician starts to talk about exact numbers they will achieve. All the interviewer needs to do is to keep questioning the detail, keep probing at the realities of delivery and to test out the contradictions between laudable aims and the harsh reality of finances. I listened in horror to two interviews that Natalie gave and realised our vote had just been slashed in half. Unnecessarily. Because we tried to be like the all the others when the whole point is that we are not. I went back out onto the streets and made the argument that the Greens were different and we didn't coach our leaders through focus groups so we were not ashamed if occasionally our leader lacked professional polish. It was a weak argument but it was the best I could do. I also tried saying that people should look at what our one MP had achieved and ask themselves whether they would like more of the same. That was a strong argument that worked well. But an awful lot of people told me they would vote Green if Caroline was our leader but wouldn't vote for a party led by Natalie. Back out in the hustings we won hands down in the debates on austerity. The Conservatives argued that there was no money and austerity was necessary. I pointed out that they had let the Bank of England print £375 billion. They gave that huge quantity of money to the bankers to rebuild their balance sheets. So I asked why there was no money for the nurses, no money for teachers, no money to invest in rebalancing the economy onto sustainable businesses but there was lots of money for the bankers who created our problems in the first place. None of the other candidates could even begin to answer the question successfully. Then I went home and watched our party political broadcast. It did nothing to counter the argument that there was no money. I did nothing to raise awareness about the desperately urgent environmental crisis we face. I did nothing to persuade people that there was a realistic alternative to inflicting austerity. It consisted of a silly song that made a few of our members giggle for a minute at their own joke and convinced absolutely no one. On the streets not a single person mentioned to me our party political broadcast. When I asked friends and family they were utterly dismissive of it and said that they didn't understand it, didn't like it and the only good thing about it was that it was easy to ignore. For one of our major opportunities in years to put our case on prime time national television to a public that was looking for someone they could trust this was dreadful. The broadcast came from a mindset which is the real reason why we didn't do as well as we should. We Greens have a dangerous tendency to speak to other Greens and to congratulate ourselves on having the most correct policies. We speak to each other in a language which makes sense to us but not to anyone else. No one on the streets spoke to me about neo-liberalism and very very few of them would have understood what I was talking about if I had. We also have a dangerous tendency to write off those who disagree with us. I convinced several people who were utterly fed up with all the major parties to switch from UKIP to the Greens. I did so by taking their concerns seriously and arguing out the consequences of leaving Europe and the dangers of blaming immigrants for everything. Not a single one of the potential UKIP voters I spoke to was an out and out racist who was beyond rational argument. I also convinced a number of conservative voters that the Conservative Party had ceased to believe in conserving things and that what they would get if they voted for them was not one nation conservatism but the Tea Party on steroids. It was, I admit, a whole lot easier to convince disaffected Liberal Democrats that their party didn't deserve their support and they should switch to the Greens. I was also, I admit, relatively easy to persuade long term Labour voters that their party had deserted them and the Greens were now the only radical party. But it is a huge mistake to only talk to their concerns and not to try to find out what is driving others to disagree with us and make sure we change their minds. Over the next few years there is going to be a major opportunity in this country. We are about to have the most unpopular government there has been in my lifetime. The economy is not fixed. It is in a mess. They won't be able to explain why. The cuts won't stop at £30 billion they will be harder and deeper because of the economic failure. This won't be popular. There are two years until a vote on Europe. The Conservative Party will start to tear itself apart over whether to stay in or get out. This won't be popular. In this set of circumstances a radical party that makes its arguments in ways that are accessible to everyone can lead the fight-back. Or it can indulge in talking to itself and doing so in language which only its own members understand. What kind of future do you want the Green Party to have? The leading voice in the fight against endless austerity with a clear alternative of a sustainable economy? Or the place where the representatives of less than 4% of the electorate talk to each other and convince the rest of the population that they have nothing to say to them and could not possibly lead the country? The choice is up to you. the fight-back starts now "It is the economy stupid". Clinton's reminder to himself about what really drives voters still rings true. Whenever I got into serious conversations with people on the streets it quickly became obvious that economics was going to drive the election. Most people didn't trust the Conservatives because they thought that whatever they said they were highly likely to wreck the NHS. They didn't trust Labour because of Iraq and the promise of an end to boom and bust. So they were waiting for the last minute to make their minds up. When they got into those polling booths they voted reluctantly for the Conservatives on the grounds that, since the economy was recovering, it was perhaps safest to stick with the devil you know. I don't blame anyone for doing this. It is a powerful narrative. "We inherited a huge mess. Unemployment is down. The economy is finally growing. Don't change horses." Anyone who doesn't have politics or economics as they hobby, in other words over 99% of the electorate, would buy that argument. My only surprise was that the Conservatives weren't able to win by more. I checked out the odds on them winning 350 seats and then thought that the odds of 33 to 1 were a touch mean so I didn't bother. So for me this victory for the Conservatives was not a surprise. Nor do I find it any kind of grounds for despair. If you win an election on the promise that you have almost fixed the economy then you need to deliver on that promise or you lose out big time. There is now an almost perfect storm of economic problems coming down the track and the Conservatives won't be able to explain why. The problems include: 1. We have a 6% deficit in our balance of payments. This isn't sustainable. Fixing it the Conservative way must slow spending. 2. They plan to stop quantitative easing. £375 billion has been printed and pumped into the economy - when this stop so does the recovery. 3. We have zero inflation and are entering a period of deflation. That always slows spending. 4. We have been openly told that there will be £30 billion more cuts in government spending. That is bigger than the cuts made last time round. 5. The budget for the next five years was made on the basis of a forecast of 2.4% growth per year. That is highly optimistic and growth has already slowed to around 1.2% a year. The shortfall means another huge gap in the government finances. They will try to fix this with even more cuts. Put all this together and what you have is a real gap between pre-election promises and post election reality. They got voted in because people thought they had almost fixed things and the pain was almost over. Instead the pain is only just beginning. And that means that their foolish optimism is going to be completely and totally exposed. We will have a deeply unpopular government making horribly painful cuts and having no rational explanation of why this is necessary. In such circumstances what is needed is for crystal clear opposition and a strong and sustained fight-back. There will be a lot of people trying to argue for despair and trying to convince us that the reason it has all gone wrong is "them damned foreigners, especially those black and Muslim ones who were born here and live in that horrible ghetto down the road. If we just get out of Europe and go back to the 1950s then the immigrants will be kicked out and everything will be fine." Someone needs to fight for a different vision. Someone needs to stand up and say that the reason we are in this mess is because we haven't built a strong sustainable economy that can compete in a global world. Someone needs to fight for the conviction that the community matters and that we should be supporting each other and providing help when folks are vulnerable. Someone needs to argue that investing in the next wave of science and technology could put us at the forefront of the next wave of the industrial revolution - the move to a low energy, low waste economy. Someone needs to argue that we are all in this together and the answer is to work together to strengthen our society not to hope that the really wealthy will let a little of their bounty trickle down to us from above. I can't see the Labour Party having that clarity of vision. I certainly can't see the Liberal Democrats leading anything with conviction ever again. I can see the signs of an awareness of what a proper fight-back looks like in some of the policies of the Scottish nationalists, Plaid Cymru and of course the Greens. The obligation for any of us who believe things can be different is not to enter despair over a disappointing election result. It is to enter fight-back mode and to enjoy taking the argument to the enemy. Because we can explain what is going wrong and they have just shot their bolt by promising what they cannot deliver. The economy is not fixed. A genuine long term economic plan is worth fighting for. The fight-back starts now! They don't deserve your vote - but the greens do The Conservatives don't deserve your vote: * because they have made the wrong people pay for austerity. The bankers who caused the problems have got away with it whilst nurses, teachers and the poor have paid the price * because they promised to put an end to top down re-organisations and then introduced the biggest ever re-organisation of health, education and welfare * because they will be too busy arguing amongst themselves over Europe to run the country properly * because it took George Osborne four and a half years to discover the attractions of a northern powerhouse and his colleagues will forget them for another four and a half years. The Labour Party don't deserve your vote: * because they lied about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and created a dangerous legacy * because they told us they had put an end to boom and bust - when all they had done was let a boom get out of control * because they have lost touch with the people who used to support them and forgotten their needs * because they too will make another £30 billion of cuts The Liberal Democrats don't deserve your vote: * because they gave a guarantee that they would abolish tuition fees and then raised them by £6,000 a year * because Vince Cable promised to control the bankers and has made not a single important change to the banking industry regulations. * because they also want to inflict austerity on the poor - just not as rapidly UKIP don't deserve your vote: * because we won't solve any problems by leaving the EU - we'll just have to obey EU rules without any say in making them * because they want even faster and even deeper cuts than the Tories. * because they think the world will go away and all will be fine if we just get rid of those foreigners who they believe are causing all our problems. * because their leaders aren't racists but after a couple of drinks some of their followers get deeply unpleasant So who do you vote for. I stood for the Greens knowing that they had many faults. But I did think they had got three big things right: * They are serious about dealing with an increasingly urgent environmental crisis. The sooner we start the less it will cost and if Britain invests in the right science and technology then it will be at the forefront of the next phase of the industrial revolution. * They bravely stood out against a whole series of badly thought out wars. We cared enough about Libya to drop bombs on it - now we don't care enough to save the victims of war from drowning. * They have consistently fought against austerity being inflicted on the weak and the vulnerable as a way of hiding the responsibility of the wealthy bankers who caused the crisis The Greens deserve your vote. And if you want to see the impact that a single Green MP can make then look at what Caroline Lucas has achieved. She has done more good than any other MP in the last parliament. We need more like her. If you want to send a message that you want a more decent and honest approach to politics then: * why not vote for people who are prepared to say unpopular things when they believe them to be true * why not vote for the party with the best principles instead of for the one with the best insults * why not vote for principles that are worth believing in rather than people who promise practical politics - and fail to deliver. vote with conviction not out of habit At the hustings the thoroughly decent Labour candidate Malcolm Birks has been introducing himself by telling a revealing tale. He says that he met someone on the streets who said that he couldn't trust any politician and that they were all out for themselves. That person then paused and said. "But I'm voting Labour of course." It took me a while to figure out why Malcolm was quoting this. After all it didn't seem to me to be a ringing endorsement. Then I began to realise where he might be coming from. The person he quoted was part of his tribe. So it was OK for the voter to be fed up with everything and everyone. So long as he was going to go down to the ballot box and do "the right thing" then the world was in the right place and the public was prepared to forgive and forget. This type of thinking worries me badly. People are fed up with politicians for a number of reasons. One of them is precisely the kind of tribalism that this Labour voter showed. If a Prime Minister tells you that you must trust him because he has seen crystal clear evidence that there are weapons of mass destruction and so we must invade Iraq, then that is a very serious thing. It involves sending young men and women into very dangerous places and means that people will get killed. When it turns out that there were no weapons of mass destruction and our invasion cost lives in order to create chaos and destruction then we are entitled to lose trust in all our politicians. But we are also justified in losing trust in the members of the party that was responsible for that war. It shouldn't make any difference what label those politicians carry. If they were in any way associated with the decision - either in voting for it or in cheering the leader who took us into that war then they deserve that lack of trust. When a Prime Minister stands up and tells you that he has fixed the economy and he has put an end to boom and bust and established stable growth then that is also a very serious thing. If true that politician deserves the respect and admiration of all of us. When it turns out to be a complete illusion and the statement is rapidly followed by collapsing banks, the worst recession since the 1930s and eight years of financial misery for the general public then what is deserved by that politician is a loss of respect. Those who stood by him and supported him whilst he made that statement and cheered him on must share in that loss of respect. It should not matter that another party has also made serious mistakes. I know all too well that the Conservatives cheered on the reckless invasion of Iraq. I am well aware that it was the Conservatives who removed the regulations from the banking sector and that they enthusiastically supported the growth in city speculation in the mistakes belief that the free market can never be wrong. I cannot see how it lessens the responsibility the Labour party carry for leading the country into a huge error of judgement if it so happens that the other tribe were also pretty stupid. The best thing in life is not to be stupid rather than to be stupid with lots of company. We need to get away from the kind of politics that says it is OK that we made mistakes because the other lot make even bigger ones. And whilst we are at it we need to get away from the kind of politics that says all good ideas must come from my tribe and all the ideas of the other tribe must be wrong. There are good ideas being put forward by all of the political parties in this election. There are also pretty daft ones - and that, of course, includes some from the Greens. Though nothing as daft, of course, as the Conservatives proposal to seize the assets of housing associations to win a few votes. For me it is really important that we get away from the kind of politics that says "I don't mind that you let me down badly." "I don't mind that there was a huge gap between what you promised and what you delivered." "I have always voted for your label and I always will." In my view political parties rise and fall. There is a time when they are at the cutting edge and genuinely acting out of conviction. The Labour Party was at that point under Keir Hardie and the early Ramsay McDonald. Then the party becomes part of the establishment. People join it not out of conviction but because it offers a good career. It loses touch with the people it is supposed to fight for. It gets beyond the point where it is capable of being reformed. There are still good people in it but they are surrounded by an atmosphere of careerism. A new party needs to come along and identify the issues which are of genuine concern for the next period of history. If you, or anyone you know is voting Labour because that is what they or their family has always done then I would only ask one question. Are you doing it because you have faith that the Labour Party has learned its lesson and you are confident that it will represent you properly? Or are you voting for it out of habit? It seems to me that the time has come to dump all political habits and to try and bring some fresh principles, some fresh thinking and some fresh people forward to represent us. The Green Party has many things wrong with it. But it is, at least, trying to understand the problems of a global economy and a global environment and to help us fix those problems. Better to vote for that than to distrust completely the party you are voting for and only do so because it is what you have always done!	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15417
__label__wiki	0.632665	0.632665	Essay on A Futile Awakening Rating: Powerful Essays Kate Chopin's novel, The Awakening, transcends societal structures and expectations. It deals with the day-to-day realities that a woman must face if she is to progress to full maturation and become at peace with herself and the world. Set in turn-of-the-century Creole New Orleans, it addresses the relentless strength and courage required for a woman to remain true to her convictions. Most studies of The Awakening focus on Edna Pontellier's newly emerged awareness and struggle against the societal forces that repress her. However, they ignore the weaknesses in Edna that prevented her from achieving the personal autonomy that she glimpsed during her periods of "awakening." The character of Edna Pontellier, therefore, is also an insightful study of the weaknesses that prevent a woman of any era from progressing toward self actualization. Chopin herself had traveled this road and acquired certain insights during her "pursuit of solitude, independence and an identity apart from her children and apart from the men who always admired her." She acknowledged that in her writing she "drew on real life for most of her inspiration" (Toth 114). The author's personal experiences and astute observations are reflected in the themes of The Awakening. Kate Chopin was not only a well adjusted woman, but also a very independent one. Having been raised in an all female household, Chopin acquired a strong sense of female independence during her youth. She overcame much sadness in her early life, having lost her father in a train accident when she was six and all four siblings before she turned twenty one. She had a happy marriage with Oscar Chopin, and was the mother of six children. During her residence in Cloutierville... ...ticism. Ed. Margo Culley. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1994. Dawson, Hugh J. "Kate Chopin's The Awakening: A Dissenting Opinion." American Literary Realism 26.2 (1994):1 18. Gordon, Michael. The American Family in Social Historical Perspective. N.Y.: St. Martin's, 1973. Leder, Priscilla. "An American Dilemma: Cultural Conflicts in Kate Chopin's The Awakening." Southern Studies 22.1 (1983) : 97 104. Roscher, Marina L. "The Suicide of Edna Pontellier: An Ambiguous Ending?" Southern Studies 23.3 (1984) : 289 97. Taylor, Helen. Gender, Race and Region in the Writings of Grace King, Ruth McEnery Stuart, and Kate Chopin. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1989. Toth, Emily. "A New Biographical Approach." The Awakening: An Authoritative Text Biographical and Historical Contexts Criticism. Ed. Margo Culley. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1994. 113 119. Essay on Ambiguity in Kate Chopin's The Awakening - Ambiguity in The Awakening Leonce Pontellier, the husband of Edna Pontellier in Kate Chopin's The Awakening, becomes very perturbed when his wife, in the period of a few months, suddenly drops all of her responsibilities. After she admits that she has "let things go," he angrily asks, "on account of what?" Edna is unable to provide a definite answer, and says, "Oh. I don't know. Let me along; you bother me" (108). The uncertainty she expresses springs out of the ambiguous nature of the transformation she has undergone.... [tags: Chopin Awakening Essays] Powerful Essays Kate Chopin's The Awakening Essay - Kate Chopin's The Awakening Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening expresses the difficulty of finding a woman’s place in society. Edna learns of new ideas such as freedom and independence while vacationing in Grand Isle. Faced with a choice to conform to society’s expectations or to obey personal desires for independence, Edna Pontellier realizes that either option will result in dissatisfaction. Thus, Edna’s awakening in Grand Isle leads to her suicide. Edna’s awakening occurs during her family’s vacation in Grand Isle.... [tags: Kate Chopin Awakening Essays] Essay on the Character of Mademoiselle Reisz in The Awakening - The Character of Mademoiselle Reisz in The Awakening "The very first chords which Mademoiselle Reisz struck upon the piano sent a keen tremor down Mrs. Pontellier’s spinal column. It was not the first time she had heard an artist at the piano. Perhaps it was the first time she was ready, perhaps the first time her being was tempered to take an impress of the abiding truth." (26) Madam Reisz was a predominant factor in the life of Edna, compelling her to arouse her courage and supplying her with the proper motivation to do so.... [tags: Chopin Awakening Essays] The Ideology of Social Construction in The Awakening Essay - The Awakening by Kate Chopin follows the journey of protagonist Edna Pontellier as she "awakens" from a life of obedience and complacency and rebels against the patriarchal ideology that entraps her. Throughout the novel she strives to fee herself form the stifling obligations and expectations that oppress her, but finds that she is unable to live the free life she desires. This realization causes her to seek freedom in death, instead. In Marxist theory, particularly as subscribed to by Louis Althusser, it is the role of the repressive state apparatuses (RSAs) and the ideological state apparatuses (ISAs) to provide willing workers and supplies to the base and enable a system to reproduce it... [tags: Literature] America's Futile Fight Against Terrorism and ISIS Essay - From the perspective of the West, the war on terror can seem to be as never-ending as battling Hydra. For every terrorist leader struck down, three more arise from the dust to take his place, and themselves take positions of power in numerous countries. It’s difficult for Western powers to understand that it is the cutting down of that one leader that gives rise to the others. In the wake of 9/11, the American approach to the war on Terror has poured oil on what was once a small fire of fundamentalist fervour.... [tags: global issues, terrorism] Essay about Strength in Struggle: Edna Pontellier in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening - Strength in Struggle Many readers see the actions of Edna Pontellier in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening as those of a feminist martyr. Edna not only defies her husband and commits adultery, but chooses death over life in a society that will not grant her gender equality. Although this reading may fit, it is misguided in that it ignores a basic aspect of Chopin’s work, the force that causes Mrs. Mallard’s happiness in “The Story of an Hour” upon the news of her husbands death, “that blind persistence in which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature” (Chopin 353).... [tags: feminism, marriage, individuality] The Significance of Art in Chopin's The Awakening Essay example - Edna seeks occupational freedom in art, but lacks sufficient courage to become a true artist. As Edna awakens to her selfhood and sensuality, she also awakens to art. Originally, Edna “dabbled” with sketching “in an unprofessional way” (Chopin 543). She could only imitate, although poorly (Dyer 89). She attempts to sketch Adèle Ratignolle, but the picture “bore no resemblance” to its subject. After her awakening experience in Grand Isle, Edna begins to view her art as an occupation (Dyer 85). She tells Mademoiselle Reisz that she is “becoming an artist” (Chopin 584).... [tags: the awakening] Identity and Society's Expectations In Kate Chopin’s The Awakening Essay - In Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, Edna Pontellier’s suicide is an assertion of her independence and contributes to Chopin’s message that to be independent one must choose between personal desires and societal expectations. Chopin conveys this message through Edna’s reasons for committing suicide and how doing so leads her to total independence. Unlike the other women of Victorian society, Edna is unwilling to suppress her personal identity and desires for the benefit of her family. She begins “to realize her position in the universe as a human being and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her” (35).... [tags: the awakening] Essay on The Awakening - Critical Views of The Awakening The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin, is full of ideas and understanding about human nature. In Chopin's time, writing a story with such great attention to sensual details in both men and women caused skepticism among readers and critics. However, many critics have different views with deeper thought given to The Awakening. Symbolism, the interpretation of Edna's suicide, and awakenings play important roles in the analysis of all critics. Symbolism in The Awakening is interpreted in many ways.... [tags: Chopin Awakening Essays] - Criticism of The Awakening Reading through all of the different criticism of Kate Chopin’s The Awakening has brought about ideas and revelations that I had never considered during my initial reading of the novel. When I first read the text, I viewed it as a great work of art to be revered. However, as I read through all of the passages, I began to examine Chopin’s work more critically and to see the weaknesses and strengths of her novel. Reading through others' interpretations of her novel has also brought forth new concepts to look at again.... [tags: Chopin Awakening Essays] Theme of Isolation in The Awakening Importance of the Ocean in Chopin's Awakening Breaking Metaphoric Shackles in Toni Morrison's Beloved grendelbeo Epic of Beowulf Essay - The Evil of Grendel Contrasting Ideals of a Hero in Catch-22 and Beowulf A Comparison of Heroes in Beowulf and A Lesson Before Dying	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15422
__label__wiki	0.931396	0.931396	Watch Robert Trujillo Join His Son Tye Onstage With Korn Last week marked our annual Take Your Child to Work Day, but Tye Trujillo bucked tradition by bringing his dad — Metallica bassist Robert Trujillo — along to his latest gig over the weekend. As previously reported, the younger Trujillo is currently on tour with Korn, filling in during the band's South American dates due to "unforeseen circumstances" keeping regular bassist Fieldy off the road. The schedule brought them to Lima on April 29 — and as you can see in the fan-shot footage below, the set included a double dose of Trujillo during the night's rendition of "Blind." As Robert told GloboPlay (via Loudwire), he's been enjoying watching Tye onstage in such a high-profile setting. "It’s a beautiful thing, ’cause he’s still a 12-year-old and he still acts wild and crazy, as a 12-year-old should, but when it comes to music, he’s very focused," he pointed out. "And with Korn, it’s funny, because I haven’t shown him anything at all for the Korn stuff — I’ve been too busy and I’ve been out of town a lot — and he’s taking this opportunity very serious." The Lima show marked the end of Trujillo's brief Korn tenure, concluding Korn's South American tour obligations and giving the band a few days off before they rejoin Fieldy at the Carolina Rebellion festival in Concord, N.C., on May 6. Whatever's next for Tye, it sounds like he's ready to play for whoever comes calling; as guitarist Munky told NME, "When we go to the shows, he’s got people wanting his picture and his autograph – he’s a little overwhelmed, but he’s handling himself just like his dad, which is cool, collected and modest." Metallica Albums Ranked Worst to Best Next: Top 10 Metallica Songs Filed Under: Robert Trujillo	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15424
__label__wiki	0.665709	0.665709	‘RBG’ screening puts the Supreme Court Justice’s career on display By Seth Tamarkin, Staff Writer Think of the courage needed to argue for gender equality laws before they existed, to an all-male Supreme Court no less. Now, imagine doing that five more times and winning five out of six of those cases, forever changing the landscape of law in the United States. The YWCA of Southeastern Mass, Women’s Fund, and the Center of Gender, Women, and Sexuality’s screening of the new film RBG shows how those were just a few of the amazing things Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg has done throughout her illustrious career. Beginning with her days at Harvard Law School, where she was one-of-nine women graduates among 500 men, the film conveys how she’s always had to fight for equal representation not just for herself but for women as a whole. As the film cascades through her role in the early 70s as an attorney arguing for various women’s rights, it’s astonishing how integral she was to the laws we take for granted nowadays, including basic amenities like job security for pregnant women. “She is a remarkable woman,” Mitch Berube, administrative assistant for the Center of Gender, Women, and Sexuality said, “she’s one of few women on the Supreme Court and she has become the dissenter on this court, and because she’s the dissenter on many opinions, her opinions matter.” Berube points to a scene in the film highlighting how many people created fan clubs specifically for Ginsburg’s dissenting opinions, a rare adoration few in the legal world receive. Books, mugs, posters, and more have been decorated with her inquisitive face, and as more millennials realize her impact on the nation they have even bestowed her with nicknames, the best by far being The Notorious RBG. “I know of the rapper that my nickname was based on,” Ginsburg grins, “And it makes sense…We have a lot in common.” Despite several one-liners, Ginsburg admits in the film that she tends to leave the jokes to her husband. Instead, her extremely honest approach to law made her a lot of friends over the course of her career, including some of the most conservative politicians and judges in congress. During her 1993 confirmation hearing for the Supreme Court, for example, Ginsburg refused to sugarcoat her answers like many Supreme Court justices do nowadays to increase their chances of being elected. Sitting before the hardline conservative senator Orrin Hatch (R-Utah), Ginsburg proclaimed that she would not compromise on her unwavering support towards the women’s right to an abortion as well as women’s rights. The film then cuts to the senator in an interview, declaring “I love Ruth Bader Ginsburg.” Her role as a Supreme Court justice should not be overlooked either. In her first case on women’s rights as a member of the Supreme Court, Ginsburg fought and succeeded in making the case that gender-exclusive admissions policy of a highly regarded military school violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. Since then, she has continued to be a leading force in the Supreme Court with her dissents that Berube characterizes as “concise and straight to the point.” Two adjectives that came to Berube’s mind while speaking about the Notorious RBG were “unique” and “unapologetic” due to her forceful nature and championing role as a fighter for gender equality. In a political landscape as fractured as it is now, it’s great that the Center for Gender, Women, and Sexuality screened a documentary showcasing a true national treasure. RBG isn’t the only event they have in the coming weeks either. Their next event, on October 4 in the auditorium, is their seventh Annual Drag Show and the first to feature professionals. PHOTO COURTESY: HEMALYA.COM The Torch September 29, 2018 News, Seth Tamarkin, Volume 36.2 Previous Previous post: Will Tesla flop or fly to the top? Next Next post: The Leduc Center for Civic Engagement searches for volunteers	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15425
__label__wiki	0.691503	0.691503	Browse 2 results Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences fonds Glenlea Research Station Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences Administrative History of the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences Manitoba Agricultural College was formerly opened in 1906. In the following year Manitoba Agricultural College became affiliated with the University of Manitoba so that the degree in agriculture could be conferred on students who had successfully completed the five-year course. However, the affiliation of Manitoba Agricultural College with the University was terminated by an Act of the Provincial Legislature in 1912 when the College was granted degree conferring powers. However, in 1916 the Act was amended and the affiliation between the College and University restored again. The University of Manitoba conferred the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (B.S.A.) for the first time in May 1911. Regular instruction in Home Economics began the same year and the degree of Bachelor of Home Economics (B.H.E.) was first conferred in May 1918. On March 1, 1924, by Act of the Manitoba Legislature, the administration of Manitoba Agricultural College was transferred to the Board of Governors of the University and it was arranged that in future the instructional work of the College could be carried on as a Faculty of Agriculture and Home Economics of the University. The length of the degree courses in both Agriculture and Home Economics was reduced to four sessions in 1927-1928 to conform with the other university faculties. In 1929, the Legislature selected the site in Fort Garry, already occupied by the Manitoba Agricultural College since 1913, as the permanent site of the University.A systematic program of work in the field of rural adult education began in 1940. In 1946 the Department of Agricultural Engineering was added to the faculty. In 1966 the Faculty of Agriculture and Home Economics opened the Centre for Applied Research at Glenlea, twenty kilometres south of Winnipeg.In 1970 the Faculty of Agriculture and Home Economics separated into two independent faculties, Agriculture and Home Economics. Beginning in 1971 the Faculty of Agriculture, through sponsorship from the Provincial Government, became involved with various foreign aid programs. This culminated in 1979 when the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) financed a joint agricultural program with the University of Zambia. In July 1991 the Faculty became the Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences. Access points area	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15426
__label__wiki	0.557452	0.557452	X-Men Primer UXN Forums Captain Universe: X-23 Story Title: Double Threat Jay Faerber (writer), Francis Portella (pencils), Raul Fernandez (inks), Impacto Studios (colors), VC’s Rus Wooton (letters), Tom Valente (production), Nathan Cosby (assistant editor), Mark Paniccia (editor), Joe Quesada (editor-in-chief), Dan Buckley (publisher) X-23 created by Craig Kyle The Uni-Power has been malfunctioning of late, and is searching for answers. Following a battle with a Uni-Powered Daredevil, A.I.M. operatives, pretending to be surveyors, are scouring the area for any signs of the mysterious entity. Watching them is the new Scorpion, her boss and several S.H.I.E.L.D. troopers. As the A.I.M. operatives rough up some innocent youngsters, X-23 of all people leaps to their defense. An all out battle begins with the surveyors, who are backed up by three cloaked A.I.M. soldiers. During the fight, the Uni-Power appears and enters X-23’s body, enhancing her already formidable powers. Scorpion also joins the fray on her side and, between them, they successfully defeat the A.I.M. operatives and prevent the Uni-Power from being taken captive. The Uni-Power then asks X-23 to visit their lair and destroy any information they might have on it. She agrees, and Scorpion tags along at the insistence of Khanata. They discover the hideout, thanks to S.H.I.E.L.D.’s interrogation of Lombardi, a captured A.I.M. soldier. There, X-23 takes out an A.I.M. scientist and smashes the computer, which is transferring information to his masters. Scorpion then allows her to depart quietly, whilst informing her boss that she didn’t make it. The Uni-Power then thanks X-23, but takes off in search of more answers to its problem. Full Summary: Surveyors working for A.I.M. are checking a street for signs of the Uni-Power. One of them remarks that the science division has been tracking the Uni-Power for decades. He’s unhappy that he signed on to see the world, and he finds himself running tests for a bunch of nerds. His colleague agrees, but needs to help the forensics guys sift through some broken glass. Watching the surveyors from a nearby rooftop is a man named Khanata. With him is the new female Scorpion and several armed S.H.I.E.L.D agents. Scorpion asks what they’re doing down there. Khanata replies that they’re still running tests; looking for any trace of the Uni-Power, he bets. She asks what the Uni-Power is exactly. Khanata reminds her that she’s already been briefed, but Scorpion asks for a refresher. He explains that the Uni-Power is some sort of cosmic entity, or object, or something. It can bestow anyone it contacts with powers on a cosmic scale. Lately, something’s happened to it, causing it to malfunction. Its power levels aren’t consistent, and its memory appears to be faulty. So far, it’s bonded with both the Hulk and Daredevil in an effort to replicate their own superhuman abilities and track down the cause of its problems. S.H.I.E.L.D. learned that A.I.M has been studying the Uni-Power for years now, and the street down below is the site where Daredevil fought four A.I.M. class three commandos with the help of the Uni-Power. He managed to capture one of them and turn him over to them, but the other three escaped. Those city workers are actually an A.I.M. detachment, sifting through the remnants of Daredevil’s fight, hoping to find any trace of the Uni-Power. Scorpion asks why they are there, exactly. Khanata informs her that the only thing worse than something of the Uni-Power’s calibre being compromised, is if it falls under the control of A.I.M. They can’t let that happen. So, they need to determine if the workers below can find the Uni-Power and prevent them from containing it. Scorpion asks, in that case, if it’s okay if S.H.I.E.L.D. manages to contain it and put it to work for Uncle Sam. Khanata asks her to hold on. Something’s up. Down below, two men and a woman approach the workers and say hi. They wonder if they might be able to spare a little change. The woman asks what it is they’re doing. One of the workers shoves her away from their equipment firmly, and her friend becomes angry, asking why he had to hit her, when all they wanted was a little spare change. The worker pulls out a weapon and points it at the guy. “How many times do we have to tell you?” he asks. Scorpion reacts quickly, but Khanata tells her to hold on and give it a minute. Another S.H.I.E.L.D. operative points to the scene and asks them to take a look. Out of nowhere, X-23 leaps into action with four of her claws prepped for action. She makes one of the surveyors bleed with her initial strike, and his comrade orders a code red. As X-23 takes him out, three A.I.M. commandos appear, cloaked to render them invisible. X-23 has enhanced senses and she sniffs them out as soon as they arrive. She swings her claws in their direction and catches one of them, slicing his weapon in two. They wonder how she knows where they are. The guy wanting change asks his friend who the chick is. She replies that she doesn’t know her name, but she’s seen her around the shelters. Maybe she was following them? X-23 continues her assault, narrowly missing one of the cloaked commandos, and dodging attacks from his colleagues. Scorpion wonders what the hell’s going on down there. Khanata informs her that they’re the commandos from Lombardi’s unit. They have cloaking abilities, and the girl doesn’t stand a chance. One of the commandos grabs X-23 by the hair but, as he pulls, a strange phenomenon takes place. The Uni-Power instills itself into her young body, and she is suddenly supercharged. She picks up the aggressor and holds him over her head. She then swings him around and hurls him at one of the others, before slicing the edge off a fire hydrant to allow the pressurized blast of water take down the third. She is shot at, but leaps behind the worker’s truck for cover. One of the workers grabs a weird-looking device that will pull the Uni-Power out of her once it’s been charged up, but he doesn’t get the chance to use it. Scorpion appears beside him, and smashes her fist into the equipment, rendering it useless. She then places her gloved hand on his face, which shocks him unconscious. X-23 continues her assault on the cloaked commandos, whilst Scorpion proceeds to take down the surveyors with her exceptional fighting skills. As they fight, they bump into each other with their backs and both turn to face the other. With X-23’s claws at the ready, and Scorpion’s glove ready for action, Scorpion tells her to back off. She’s on her side. X-23 looks at Scorpion, who points at the commandos and reminds X-23 that they’re the bad guys. They shoot at the two women, but X-23 shoves Scorpion out of danger and slices one of them. Scorpion manages to get close enough to lay her glove on the other, and he falls the same as the surveyor did. With the commandos down and the workers either unconscious or having run away, the Uni-Power speaks to X-23. Only she can hear its voice. It informs her that it is the Uni-Power, and it means her no harm. It has amplified her natural abilities and seeks her assistance. It adds that the men she’s been fighting have been collecting information about it; information they should not have. It asks if she’s willing to venture into their lair and destroy their records before they can use them to do it harm. X-23 recalls being tested upon herself, and agrees to cooperate, speaking out loud. Scorpion asks what she said, but X-23 replies that it was nothing, before heading away from the fight scene alone. Scorpion asks her to wait, and asks where she’s going. X-23 replies that she needs to find the lair and destroy it. Scorpion fancies a road trip, and counts herself in. As X-23 climbs a fire escape, Khanata talks to her through her earpiece and orders her to stay with the youngster. Scorpion asks if she knows where their lair is, but X-23 admits she doesn’t. Scorpion replies that she must join her, because guess what she knows that X-23 doesn’t? Meanwhile, two S.H.I.E.L.D. agents, Nagayoshi and Sareva, are interrogating the A.I.M. commando captured earlier: Lombardi. They need to know the location of the A.I.M. stronghold from where he and his crew were deployed. Agent Nagayoshi adds that, if he doesn’t feel like cooperating, then they’ll turn him over to Agent Morrow from their telepath division. He can go into his mind and retrieve the information, but he’s been told it isn’t exactly pleasant. Lombardi looks over at Agent Morrow, a large angry-looking black guy and decides to give them what they want. Outside, Nagayoshi thanks Agent Morrow and Nagayoshi’s fellow interrogator asks if they really have a telepath division. Nagayoshi replies that Morrow has trouble reading a John Grisham novel, much less anyone’s mind. He gets on the phone to control and asks to be patched through to Scorpion’s earpiece. He has the Intel she needed. It’s nighttime and both Scorpion and the newly empowered X-23 are surfing a train on the way to the A.I.M. hideout. “This is an interesting way to travel,” comments Scorpion, but her attempts at conversation fall flat. She asks for a name at least, informing her companion that she’s the new Scorpion; the good one. She’s not the one who fights Spider-Man. X-23 offers her codename before Scorpion spots their destination and they leap from the train. Scorpion didn’t expect the building they approach to be her idea of a terrorist stronghold, and figures they need to find out a way in. X-23 solves that problem by kicking the door through. Once inside, X-23 states that no one is there, and heads to the stairs leading to the basement. Scorpion follows, feeling like she’s pretty much superfluous to this mission. The steps lead down to a hi-tech series of tunnels. They notice a man’s head poking out of a door ahead of them. He slips back inside the room and the door slides closed behind him. “Well, that was rude,” says Scorpion, and the two heroes quickly follow the man inside. They find him sitting at a control desk tapping something into the computer. He warns them that they’re too late. He’s the only one left. The whole place is set to self-destruct in three minutes. X-23 wastes no time is kicking his face in, leaving him unconscious. Scorpion notices that there’s some kind of data upload going on. She reckons it’s all their Intel on the Uni-Power thing. Through her earpiece, Khanata asks if she can throw it on a disk, and redirect it to one of their servers. They need that information. As she listens, X-23 reaches over and smashes her fist into the computer, causing it to malfunction. Scorpion is sent sprawling to the floor, and asks what happened. X-23, with tears welling up in her eyes, replies that the Uni-Power made her stronger. She can hear things better, and she’s been listening to Scorpion speaking with Khanata. She doesn’t like the fact that they wanted the information for themselves, so they could force the Uni-Power to do what they wanted. She won’t let that happen. Khanata tells Scorpion to bring her in, but she doesn’t respond. Instead, she grabs the scientist and put him over her shoulder. As she leaves the room and heads for the exit, X-23 follows. However, Scorpion asks where she’s going, and informs Khanata that X-23 just took off for another part of the plant. She says she can’t follow her, as the place is gonna blow any second. X-23 follows her silently. Once they’re outside, the whole place explodes and Khanata asks what’s happened. Scorpion lays the scientist down between herself and X-23, and replies that she made it out, but X-23 didn’t make it. She was inside when the place blew. She then points to X-23, motioning for her to leave and, with a hint of a smile, she does as asked. Khanata is glad Scorpion’s all right, and tells her they’ll be with her in five minutes. X-23 watches the sun setting, as the Uni-Power removes itself from her. It tells her that the data collected by A.I.M. is now lost to them. She has its thanks. X-23 asks where it will go. The Uni-Power, now a floating blue sphere, says it isn’t certain. This planet has many great minds. Perhaps one of them will be able to produce the solution to its problem. Regardless, it is now able to safely continue searching for answers without fear of being exploited. X-23 wishes it good luck, and watches as it disappears over the horizon. (meanwhile, somewhere other than Earth) Lilandra Neremani informs Gladiator that the Shi’ar has determined that the Uni-Power has become dangerously unstable, and could pose a serious threat to any populated planet. As such, it needs apprehending and brought back to their planet for evaluation. She trusts Gladiator is up to such a task. He crosses his arm over his chest, and tells her that he will not fail her. Characters Involved: The Uni-Power A.I.M surveyors Khanata and his troops Three youths A.I.M commandos including Lombardi Three S.H.I.E.L.D. operatives; Morrow, Sareva and Nagayoshi A.I.M. scientist Lilandra Neremani Assembled Shi’ar dignitaries (in flashback) Story Notes: This is part three of a five-part story. The other Captain Universe team-ups were with Daredevil, Hulk, the Invisible Woman and the Silver Surfer. A.I.M stands for Advanced Idea Mechanics. To bring us up to date with this story, the Uni-Power was shown to be malfunctioning. It needed a willing host to bond with before it could make the dangerous cosmic journey to discover who or what was weakening it. It first found Lt. Gabriel Vargas, a former U.S. Marine and paraplegic. It made a deal to restore his legs if he lent his body to the mission. Before they could bond, the Uni-Power needed to quickly bond with, copy and download the powers of a group of heroes. Only then could it endow Lt. Vargas with the tools he would need to survive the hostile environment of space and confront the entity responsible for its deadly misfortune. [Amazing Fantasy (2nd series) #13 - 14] It located the Hulk and entered his body, which changed him back into plain old Bruce Banner. It then asked him to travel to Manhattan to find Dr. Wiles, an expert on its power. He found the doctor, but A.I.M. scientists monitoring his laboratory determined that Banner had the Uni-Power inside him. Wiles’ assistant, David Garrett, then turned on them, as he was secretly working for A.I.M. He tried using a device to remove the Uni-Power from Banner and then contain it. Fortunately, the Hulk persona was brought to the fore and he managed to defeat the A.I.M. robots that accompanied Garrett. Garrett himself was taken down by an unseen assailant. The Uni-Power then left Banner and headed for someone new. [Captain Universe/Hulk #1] It soon found Matt Murdock, a man better known as Daredevil. It entered his body as he fought four cloaked A.I.M. soldiers on a rooftop. His costume changed, and he was temporarily granted his sight back. The soldiers escaped, but Daredevil later helped the Uni-Power locate their hideout. He defeated them, and managed to capture one of them, a man called Lombardi. He called the Black Widow, who had Lombardi brought to S.H.I.E.L.D. detention. Matt Murdock then helped clear Dr. Wiles of killing his assistant, which turned out to be Lombardi’s doing all along. The Uni-Power then went on its way. [Captain Universe/Daredevil #1] Following this story, the Uni-Power made its way to the Baxter Building where Reed Richards began to investigate its problems. Gladiator appeared, and in his haste, forewent any pleasantries and tried to take the Uni-Power by force. The Uni-Power merged with the Invisible Woman and she proceeded to knock him clean out the building. He returned, but after a skirmish with the Thing and the Human Torch, Sue opted to remove Gladiator from the vicinity of innocent bystanders and fought Gladiator until he was a beaten man. Sue then received a call that their battle had caused a tsunami which was headed to the Northern California coastline and she had the Uni-Power merge with Gladiator in order to get them there quickly. Once there, it returned to Sue and she saved San Francisco from certain disaster. Gladiator apologized for his actions, and Reed agreed to allow him to take the Uni-Power to his homeworld for their scientists to take a look. On the way, however, he was ambushed by unseen forces. [Captain Universe/Invisible Woman #1]. Gladiator woke to find himself held in some kind of prison alongside many other aliens, and the Uni-Power wasn’t able to breach the stasis field. His captor, Krosakis, fed off the energies of others, and he decided to take the Uni-Power for himself. He became super powerful, but the energy created when they merged caught the attention of the Silver Surfer who sensed that something was wrong. He found Krosakis and demanded he release the Uni-Power. They fought on a cosmic scale, until the Surfer overloaded Kroaskis’ ability to absorb any more power. The Uni-Power took its chance to leave his body, and then merged with the Silver Surfer to allow him to save all the innocents aboard his craft, which was in danger of being destroyed. Gladiator and his fellow captives were freed, and the Surfer informed him that the Uni-Power was now temporarily healed due to the fusion of their cosmic powers. Gladiator trusted the Silver Surfer to take the Uni-Power to Earth in order to complete its mission, and they said their farewells. On Earth, the Uni-Power led the Surfer to Gabriel Vargas, where it merged with him, restoring his legs and changing him into the new Captain Universe. [Captain Universe/Silver Surfer #1]. Issue Information: Fantomex. UXN Home Publication History X UXN FAQ UXN Forum Issue Summaries TPB Listings Cerebro Files Character Glossary Team Glossary Character Spotlights Hero Teams Friends or Foes Villain Teams X-Universe Alien Races Merging Minds Dangler Lists Event Months Interviews & Columns Secrets behind the X-Men Outside the comics Film & TV Shows Desktop & Mobile Wallpapers Inside UXN Contribute to the UXN Gratuitous Self-Promotion With 7,547 Issue Summaries online, chances are you may not have read the following Issue Summary: Ultimate Comics X-Men #15 X-Fact In the 1996 limited series, X-men: Brood - Day of Wrath, a woman named Hannah Connover is infected by the Brood Empress, frozen in suspended animation by Iceman and taken by the X-Men to find a cure. She has never been shown on panel since! MightyAvengers.Net comic related fun Check out our Forums! Captain Universe: #X-23 Follow @uxn This is an unofficial fan site. It is not sponsored, licensed, or approved by Marvel Characters, Inc. To go to the official "Marvel Comics" site, click [here]. "X-Men" is a registered trademark of Marvel Characters, Inc. All original content Copyright © 2000 - 2019 uncannyxmen.net. All trademarks are properties of their respective owners.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15427
__label__wiki	0.636283	0.636283	2nd Most Popular Club is now Dungeons and Dragons Hannah Edelheit, Web Editor Filed under Student Life They sit in round tables and battle each other to win the game of Dungeons and Dragons. You can hear the laughter of the players as they try to work together to play the game. There is a new popular club that students are joining to form a community. Dungeons and Dragons club is now the 2nd most popular at Creek Dungeons and Dragons is a fantasy role-playing game that allows you to become a mythical creature to battle others and to win. Each player starts out by creating their own character. They then choose the ability and race it is going to have. After that they assemble into a team called a “party”. The players go on a series of adventures called a “campaign”. They are able to travel by rolling a 20 sided die to see where they can move and if they have to face an obstacle. Because the students have played the game so much and have spent so much time together, they have formed a little community of their own here at Creek. According to club president Matthew Weiner, the club is a space where everyone can come together. “So what I’ve done is I’ve created a safe space where everyone can talk to each other because we all have one thing in common.” It has become a community for its players to come together and celebrate a game that they all love playing. The group has a leader called the Game Master and they choose what story that they do. Everyone is able to move around the board by rolling a die. The players are able to build their own storyline and they are able to battle monsters. The goal is usually to complete a quest. This game is able to bring people together because it combines all different types of players. Sophomore Zack Furer said that the club is a fun place where everyone can be themselves and bond. “A lot of people don’t really realize that, I think, is that it’s so fun and it is a real bonding experience. It is definitely a thing that brings people together, which is a great thing.” This game has created a new community at Creek by allowing the players to come together and have fun. Anyone can join and the club is always open to taking new members. “It has brought a lot of people together. You’ve got lots of kids from marching band here and all sorts of different people from other clubs too. The fact that we had to move into the I.C. Cafe shows that it has actually gotten to be more popular” said Junior Dakota Holley. Many students have been drawn in to the club by other friends and even parents. “I am really doing it because my father is really into this game and eventually he started teaching me a little bit and then I decided to go on and thought might as well give it a shot.” Junior Elizabeth Steele said. Dungeons and Dragons Club would not have been possible without their faculty sponsor Mrs. Daum-Schultz. Daum-Schultz is a German Teacher and she has been running the club for the past three years. “They love the game that they are playing and they appear to be good at it. I really like that they’re very welcoming to anyone who would like to join them.” I am an equestrian and I enjoy writing and skiing. I joined the USJ to be able to improve my writing. It is also fun to be apart of a staff and be able... CCHS 8 - Grandview wolves 4 Thursday, April 4 CCHS 8 - 7 Olivia Burton’s plans for after High School Sources of strength: New club focuses on the positive Let me hear you shout: Step team resurfaces ILC: The students we don’t really know Biking to school never seemed so cool Spanish speakers get unique Spanish class From Creek to Germany and Back Again Linguistic puzzles Is water wet? Street racing in high schools	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15428
__label__cc	0.505702	0.494298	Developed Economies Developed country SS United States United States (album) GDP (disambiguation) GDP (musician) Welcome to the Investors Trading Academy talking glossary of financial terms and events. Our word of the day is “Developed Economy” A developed economy defines a nation with a healthy per capita income and low birth rate. Its citizens enjoy a high standard of living, educational opportunities, and access to adequate health care. Also called an industrialized country, a developed economy is measured by a country’s gross domestic product, which typically is well diversified. Most countries with a developed economy export goods worldwide. These regions’ banking, financial, and political systems typically remain stable and contribute to growth and productivity. People living in a developed economy generally live longer because of access to health care and proper nutrition. They tend to be skilled and educated workers who earn decent salaries. The most well-known current examples of developed countries include the United States, Canada and most of western Europe, including England and France. By Barry Norman, Investors Trading Academy The reason why some countries are rich and others poor depends on many things, including the quality of their institutions, the culture they have, the natural resources they find and what latitude they're on. For gifts and more from The School of Life, visit our online shop: https://goo.gl/dXpOl4 Download our App: https://goo.gl/M53roP We have, unusually, had to disable comments because of the number of people writing to tell us that we have forgotten about colonialism. We are very aware of colonialism but didn't, on this occasion, give this factor a central role. FURTHER READING You can read more on CAPITALISM, SELF, RELATIONSHIPS and many other topics on our blog TheBookofLife.org at this link: https://goo.gl/IG0HRZ MORE SCHOOL OF LIFE Our website has classes, articles and products to help you think and grow: https://goo.gl/dKEM4i Watch more films on CAPITALISM in our playlist: http://bit.ly/2dmGWsp Do you speak a different language to English? Did you know you can submit Subtitles on all of our videos on YouTube? For instructions how to do this click here: https://goo.gl/H8FZVQ SOCIAL MEDIA Feel free to follow us at the links below: Download our App: https://goo.gl/M53roP Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/theschooloflifelondon/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheSchoolOfLife Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theschooloflifelondon/ CREDITS Produced in collaboration with: Vale Productions http://www.valeproductions.co.uk Music by Kevin MacLeod http://www.incompetech.com #TheSchoolOfLife To watch all videos on Economic System and Problems, visit playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLU2YP04_LRDtJtadY0_szvjj0n8iHegUn Difference between Develop & Underdeveloped Economies \| Economic problems \| Economic System \| Mathur Sir Classes #Economicproblems #EconomicSystem #Economics #bcom #CA #CS #bba #MathurSirClasses If you like this video and wish to support this EDUCATION channel, please contribute via, * Paytm a/c : 9830489610 * Paypal a/c : www.paypal.me/mathursirclasses [Every contribution is helpful] Thanks & All the Best WE NEED YOUR SUPPORT TO GROW UP..SO HELP US!! Hope you guys like this one. If you do, please hit Like!!! Please Share it with your friends! Thank You! Please SUBSCRIBE for more videos. Music - www.bensound.com Video Recording and Editing by - Gyankaksh Educational Institute (9051378712) https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFzUEzxnRDsbWIA5rnappwQ If you were setting out to make a country rich, what kind of mindsets and ideas would be most likely to achieve your goals? We invent a country, Richland, and try to imagine the psychology of its inhabitants. For gifts and more from The School of Life, visit our online shop: https://goo.gl/LSHb5a Download of App: https://goo.gl/E9S7uW FURTHER READING “Most of what we call ‘politics’ really revolves around the question of what you need to do to make a country richer. Rather than ask this of any specific country, let’s imagine designing a country from scratch. How could you make it as rich as possible? Suppose the brief was to design ‘Richland’: an ideal wealth-creating society. What would be the chief characteristics you’d need to build into this society? What would a nation look like that was ideally suited to success in modern capitalism?...” You can read more on this and other topics on our blog TheBookofLife.org at this link: https://goo.gl/StpBHa MORE SCHOOL OF LIFE Our website has classes, articles and products to help you think and grow: https://goo.gl/oeof2J Watch more films on CAPITALISM in our playlist: http://bit.ly/TSOLcapitalism Do you speak a different language to English? Did you know you can submit Subtitles on all of our videos on YouTube? For instructions how to do this click here: https://goo.gl/RK1kdE SOCIAL MEDIA Feel free to follow us at the links below: Download of App: https://goo.gl/E9S7uW Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/theschooloflifelondon/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/TheSchoolOfLife Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theschooloflifelondon/ CREDITS Produced in collaboration with: Vale Productions http://www.valeproductions.co.uk #TheSchoolOfLife In this video, we visualize the stats of 188 countries in terms of their Income, Health and Education levels. The method of comparing is through their Human Development Index (HDI), developed by Indian Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq. While there may be other factors (such as happiness, freedom, work hours etc) that determine the "best" countries, we shall just assume the level of development (ie HDI ranking) as the sole determinant. Note: The yellow '$' Sign refers to Gross National Income per Capita (Adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity) in USD, in short GNI per capita (PPP$). The green graduation hat represents the average of mean and expected years of schooling. The red '+' symbol represents both males and females life expectancy in years. The bar is a linear visualization of the rankings of each of the 3 category, a ranking to compare the relative individual stats of countries. Due to lack of information, the following countries: Monaco, Nauru, North Korea, San Marino, Somalia, Tuvalu and Vatican City are excluded. Non UN member states (eg Taiwan & Kosovo) are also excluded. Territories by countries (eg Hong Kong, Macao & Puerto Rico) are also excluded for consistency, although HK would be tied with Sweden at 7th if included. Source: United Nations Human Development Report 2018 http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update Flags Images are from Wikimedia Commons. Music Used: Bush Week by Nihilore https://soundcloud.com/nihilore Creative Commons — Attribution 3.0 Unported — CC BY 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b... Music promoted by Audio Library https://youtu.be/UroytzJSVx4 This video shows the Top 10 countries with highest GDP from 2018 to 2100. The projected GDP ranking includes countries such as United States, China, India, Japan, France, etc. It also shows how Asia will dominate the economy while Europe starts to fall slowly. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually or quarterly. Nominal GDP estimates are commonly used to determine the economic performance of a whole country or region, and to make international comparisons. Twitter: https://twitter.com/wawamustats Facebook: https://fb.me/wawamustats Historical Top 10 Country GDP Ranking (Part 1): https://youtu.be/wykaDgXoajc Data Taken from: https://pardee.du.edu/ Subscribe here: https://www.youtube.com/wawamustats?sub_confirmation=1 Why is America the world's richest nation? Is it mostly because of the government, or is it thanks to entrepreneurs and businessmen? Historian Burt Folsom of Hillsdale College explains. Donate today to PragerU! http://l.prageru.com/2ylo1Yt Joining PragerU is free! Sign up now to get all our videos as soon as they're released. http://prageru.com/signup Download Pragerpedia on your iPhone or Android! Thousands of sources and facts at your fingertips. iPhone: http://l.prageru.com/2dlsnbG Android: http://l.prageru.com/2dlsS5e Join Prager United to get new swag every quarter, exclusive early access to our videos, and an annual TownHall phone call with Dennis Prager! http://l.prageru.com/2c9n6ys Join PragerU's text list to have these videos, free merchandise giveaways and breaking announcements sent directly to your phone! https://optin.mobiniti.com/prageru Do you shop on Amazon? Click https://smile.amazon.com and a percentage of every Amazon purchase will be donated to PragerU. Same great products. Same low price. Shopping made meaningful. VISIT PragerU! https://www.prageru.com FOLLOW us! Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/prageru Twitter: https://twitter.com/prageru Instagram: https://instagram.com/prageru/ PragerU is on Snapchat! JOIN PragerFORCE! For Students: http://l.prageru.com/29SgPaX JOIN our Educators Network! http://l.prageru.com/2c8vsff Script: The United States is the world’s most prosperous economy. It’s been that way for so long -- over a hundred years -- that we take it for granted. But how did it happen? There are many answers, of course. One is that the United States values the free market over government control of the economy. But here’s a point that is seldom made: It didn’t begin that way Before the country placed its trust in the free market, it trusted the government to make important business decisions. Or to put it another way, only after the government failed repeatedly to promote economic growth and only after private enterprise succeeded where the government failed did the United States start to develop a world beating economy. Let’s look at three telling examples: In 1808 John Jacob Astor formed the American Fur Company and marketed American furs around the world. Europeans adored beaver hats for their peerless warmth and durability. Astor gave them what they wanted. Instead of leaving the fur business to capable entrepreneurs like Astor, the government decided it wanted to be in on the action. So, it subsidized its own fur company run by a self-promoting government official named Thomas McKenney. McKenney should have won the competition. After all, he had the federal government backing him. But while Astor employed hundreds of people and still made a tidy profit, McKenney’s company lost money every year. Finally, Congress in 1822, came to its senses and ended the subsidies for McKenney and his associates. A similar situation developed in the 1840’s around the telegraph. The telegraph was the first step toward the instant communication we have today. Invented by Samuel Morse, the telegraph transmitted sound – as dots and dashes representing letters of the alphabet. Morse built his first telegraph wire between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore with the help of a government grant. Morse, more of an idealist than businessman, agreed to let the government own and operate the telegraph “in the national interest.” But the government steadily lost money each month it operated the telegraph. During 1845, expenditures for the telegraph exceeded revenue by six-to-one and sometimes by ten-to-one. Seeing no value in the invention, Congress turned the money-loser over to private enterprise. In the hands of entrepreneurs, the business took off. Telegraph promoters showed the press how it could instantly report stories occurring hundreds of miles away. Bankers, stock brokers and insurance companies saw how they could instantly monitor investments near and far. And dozens of other valuable uses were soon discovered. As the quality of service improved, telegraph lines were strung across the country – from 40 miles of wire in 1846 to 23,000 miles in 1852. By the 1860s, the U.S. had a transcontinental telegraph wire. And by the end of that decade entrepreneurs had strung a telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean. Why didn’t the US government profitably use what Morse had invented? Part of the answer is that the incentives for bureaucrats differ sharply from those of entrepreneurs. When government operated the telegraph, Washington bureaucrats received no profits from the messages they sent, and the cash they lost was the taxpayers’, not their own. So government officials had no incentive to improve service, to find new customers, or to expand to more cities. For the complete script, visit https://www.prageru.com/videos/why-america-so-rich From countries with rapidly growing populations to countries gaining wealth quite rapidly, here are 11 fastest growing countries in the world. Subscribe to American Eye! 4. Panama While many Central American countries are beginning to move in the wrong direction, Panama is unique and home to the strategic canal. On one side of Panama is the Pacific Ocean and on the other side is the Caribbean sea. The US was the one who built the Panama Canal back in 1914 but no it’s the Panamanians who wreak the benefits of this modern wonder of engineering, which is certainly one of the reasons they’ve been able to grow. Panama gained full control of the canal thanks to a treaty in 1999. In 2016, The canal has expanded since then order to accommodate much larger ships. This should certainly be an important factor for the future of Panama. GDP has been continually increasing since 2012 however the wealth distribution here hasn’t been all that great with ¼ of the population living under the poverty line. Due to Panama’s tropical climate, they’ve been able to grow numerous crops which can be easily exported thanks to the expansion of their canal. The sky's the limit for panama if they can maintain social order 3. Ethiopia Believe it or not, but the country of Ethiopia has made drastic improvements in the past decade and both their GDP and population is on the rise. Ethiopia is home to one of the fastest growing economies in the world and their GDP growth percentage has been well above the world average. This measured in at first place reaching 8.3 percent in 2016, right above Uzbekistan. China has been willing to invest in Ethiopia’s infrastructure plan but everyone still kind of worried a drought might happen again which will set them back again. Despite the drought that set them back, they’ve been export quite a few products including coffee, sugar and cereals. Other industries appear as though they’ll surpass ethiopia’s agriculture such as leather manufacturing and gold mining. 2. India With an ever growing GDP per capita, India continues to surprise people how fast they are able to grow. It’s now the 2nd largest country by population. Home to one of the earliest civilizations in the Indus Valley, India has been a thriving nation full of resources and many foreign invaders knew this. However, in modern times, it’s taken india quite a while to adjust. Within the past few decades, they’ve become a global force to reckon with. Some major cities such as New Delhi and mumbai have over 20 million residents each. They seem to exponentially be growing in population and their population has risen by 200 million people since 2001. 1. Indonesia With 261 million people, indonesia is becoming a rapidly growing nation both economically and by population. From 1960 to the mid 1990’s the population here has doubled from 100 million to 200 million and they’ve continued to grow since. With naturally beautiful places such as Bali and various volcanoes, indonesia is home to many resources, even one of the biggest gold mines in the world. They now have the largest economy in southeast asia, and many believe they will continue to be a close 2nd to china in terms of economic growth in Asia. They replaced India as the 2nd fast growing G-20 economies.With their focused on a large variety of things such as agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and tourism, they don’t have all their eggs in one basket. Indonesia is a large manufacturer of many cheap goods, but unlike china, many people in the country will be the people who buy them. The rapid growth has taken its toll on the environment like many of these countries. The citarum river near the capital of Jakarta is labeled as one of the most polluted rivers in the world. Although the government appears to rather easily corruptible, it’s shown signs of progressing What is the difference between third world and first world countries? Do third and first world countries still exist? What does first world even mean? WEBSITE (You can suggest a topic): http://theinfographicsshow.com SUPPORT US: Patreon.......► https://www.patreon.com/theinfographicsshow CHAT: DISCORD.....►https://discord.gg/theinfographicsshow SOCIAL: Facebook...► https://facebook.com/TheInfographicsShow Instagram..► https://www.instagram.com/theinfographicsshow Twitter........► https://twitter.com/TheInfoShow Subreddit...► http://reddit.com/r/TheInfographicsShow -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sources for this episode: https://pastebin.com/FBGzgu8u Some Images used under license from Shutterstock.com India is poised to be the world's fastest-growing major economy this year. CNBC's Xin En Lee explains what the world's second most populous economy has going for it. ----- Subscribe to us on YouTube: http://cnb.cx/2wuoARM Subscribe to CNBC Life on YouTube: http://cnb.cx/2wAkfMv Like our Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/cnbcinternational Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/cnbcinternational/ Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/CNBCi Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. (top 10 economies) Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates.(top 10 countries) Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.(gdp 2019) Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population. This video contains the gdp in 2019 of future superpowers like india, china, japn, germany etc and current superpower like US. This video is made by Dr Top 10 and contain Information taken from IMF 2019 Gdp Report and Projections. #top10 #top10economies #top10gdp2019 Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP. The "rate of economic growth" refers to the geometric annual rate of growth in GDP (top 10 economies) between the first and the last year over a period of time. This growth rate is the trend in the average level of GDP over the period, which ignores the fluctuations in the GDP around this trend. An increase in economic growth caused by more efficient use of inputs (increased productivity of labor, physical capital, energy or materials) is referred to as intensive growth. GDP growth (gdp growth rate) caused only by increases in the amount of inputs available for use (increased population, new territory) (gdp 2019 or gdp growth rate 2019) is called extensive growth. This video is made by Dr. Top 10 and contains Information taken from IMF 2019 Reports and Projections #fastestgrowingeconomy #growthrate2019 #majoreconomies A developed country, industrialized country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. Developed countries have post-industrial economies, meaning the service sector provides more wealth than the industrial sector. They are contrasted with developing countries, which are in the process of industrialization, or undeveloped countries, which are pre-industrial and almost entirely agrarian. According to the International Monetary Fund, advanced economies comprise 60.8% of global nominal GDP and 42.9% of global GDP (PPP) in 2014. In 2014, the ten largest advanced economies by GDP in both nominal and PPP terms were Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Developed_country Coordinates: 40°N 100°W / 40°N 100°W / 40; -100 The United States of America (USA), commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major territories and various possessions. The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. At 3.8 million square miles (9.842 million km2) and with over 320 million people, the country is the world's third or fourth-largest by total area and the third most populous. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The geography and climate of the United States are also extremely diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife. This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/United_States SS United States is a luxury passenger liner built in 1952 for United States Lines designed to capture the trans-Atlantic speed record. Built at a cost of $79.4 million ($724 million in today's dollars) the ship is the largest ocean liner constructed entirely in the U.S. and the fastest ocean liner to cross the Atlantic in either direction. Even in her retirement, she retains the Blue Riband, the accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the highest speed. Her construction was subsidized by the U.S. government, since she was designed to allow conversion to a troopship should the need arise.United States operated uninterrupted in transatlantic passenger service until 1969. Since 1996 she has been docked at Pier 82 on the Delaware River in Philadelphia. Inspired by the exemplary service of the British liners RMS Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, which transported hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops to Europe during World War II, the U.S. government sponsored the construction of a large and fast merchant vessel that would be capable of transporting large numbers of soldiers. Designed by renowned American naval architect and marine engineer William Francis Gibbs (1886–1967), the liner's construction was a joint effort between the United States Navy and United States Lines. The U.S. government underwrote $50 million of the $78 million construction cost, with the ship's operators, United States Lines, contributing the remaining $28 million. In exchange, the ship was designed to be easily converted in times of war to a troopship with a capacity of 15,000 troops, or to a hospital ship . This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/SS_United_States United States is the first full length hard rock collaborative album between hard rock guitar virtuoso Paul Gilbert and singer Freddie Nelson. The collaboration has been described as a cross between Queen and Mr. Big. "The Last Rock and Roll Star" – 4:05 "Hideaway" – 4:41 "Waste Of Time" – 3:22 "Bad Times Good" – 3:39 "Paris Hilton Look-Alike" – 4:02 "The Answer" – 3:03 "I'm Free" – 4:19 "Pulsar" – 4:27 "Girl From Omaha" – 3:15 "I'm Not Addicted" – 3:01 Paul Gilbert - Guitar, Bass, Vocals Freddie Nelson - Vocals, Guitar Stephen Barber - String arrangements Stan Katayama - Drum Engineering, Mixing Jun Murakawa - Drum Engineering Mark Chalecki - Mastering Interview with Freddie on Iron City Rocks This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/United_States_(album) Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly). Nominal GDP estimates are commonly used to determine the economic performance of a whole country or region, and to make international comparisons. Nominal GDP however do not reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore using a GDP PPP per capita basis is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations. GDP is not a complete measure of economic activity. It accounts for final output or value added at each stage of production, but not total output or total sales along the entire production process. It deliberately leaves out business-to-business (B2B) transactions in the early and intermediate stages of production, as well as sales of used goods. In the United States, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) has introduced a new quarterly statistic called gross output (GO), a broader measure that attempts to add up total sales or revenues at all stages of production.Mark Skousen was the first economist to advocate GO as an important macroeconomic tool. Other countries are following suit, such as the United Kingdom, which now producing an annual statistic called Total Output. This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Gross_domestic_product GDP or gross domestic product is the basic measure of a country's overall economic output. GDP may also refer to: Giant depolarizing potentials, the first type of electrical activity of developing brain Gibraltar Defence Police, a civil police force which guards and enforces law on Ministry of Defence installations in Gibraltar Good distribution practice, the guidelines for the proper distribution of medicinal products for human use Good Documentation Practice, pharmaceutical description of standards by which documents are created and maintained Ground delay program, a traffic flow initiative for aviation in the United States Guanosine diphosphate, a nucleotide Gewerkschaft der Polizei (GdP), a trade union of police employees in Germany GDP (musician), a hip hop musician from West Orange, New Jersey General Democratic Party, a social democratic party in South Africa This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/GDP_(disambiguation) Matthew Miller, better known by his stage name GDP, is an American hip hop recording artist from West Orange, New Jersey. GDP began in 2008 with the release of a split with Dirty Money. The following year he released his debut full-length album, titled Realistic Expectations via Say-10 Records. In 2010, GDP released an EP titled Magic Bullet via Doom Cat Records. In 2011, GDP released his second full-length album titled Useless Eaters via Run For Cover Records. In 2013, GDP released his third full-length album with The Wrong Address, titled Holla via Run For Cover. In 2014, GDP released a compilation album titled Collectibles via Smokers Cough and Ride The Fury. In March 2014, The Front Bottoms announced at the South by Southwest music festival plans to release a split with GDP sometime in the future. The 7" split was officially announced the following year and was released on April 18, 2015 (Record Store Day). Realistic Expectations (2009, Say-10) This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/GDP_(musician) What is a Developed Economy? Why Some Countries Are Poor and Others Rich Difference between Develop & Underdeveloped Economies \| Economic problems \| Economic System How to Make a Country Rich Most Developed Country Comparison (188 countries income, health and education ranking) Future Top 10 Country Projected GDP Ranking (2018-2100) Why Is America So Rich? Fastest Growing Countries in the World Third World vs First World Countries - What's The Difference? Why is India growing so fast? \| CNBC Explains Top 20 Economies 2019 (Nominal GDP) Top 20 Fastest Growing Economies 2019 (Major Economies) Welcome to the Investors Trading Academy talking glossary of financial terms and events. Our word of the day is “Developed Economy” A developed economy defines a nation with a healthy per capita income and low birth rate. Its citizens enjoy a high standard of living, educational opportunities, and access to adequate health care. Also called an industrialized country, a developed economy is measured by a country’s gross domestic product, which typically is well diversified. Most countries with a developed economy export goods worldwide. These regions’ banking, financial, and political systems typically remain stable and contribute to growth and productivity. People living in a developed economy generally live longer because of access to health care and proper nutrition. They tend to be ski... The reason why some countries are rich and others poor depends on many things, including the quality of their institutions, the culture they have, the natural resources they find and what latitude they're on. For gifts and more from The School of Life, visit our online shop: https://goo.gl/dXpOl4 Download our App: https://goo.gl/M53roP We have, unusually, had to disable comments because of the number of people writing to tell us that we have forgotten about colonialism. We are very aware of colonialism but didn't, on this occasion, give this factor a central role. FURTHER READING You can read more on CAPITALISM, SELF, RELATIONSHIPS and many other topics on our blog TheBookofLife.org at this link: https://goo.gl/IG0HRZ MORE SCHOOL OF LIFE Our website has classes, articles and pro... To watch all videos on Economic System and Problems, visit playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLU2YP04_LRDtJtadY0_szvjj0n8iHegUn Difference between Develop & Underdeveloped Economies \| Economic problems \| Economic System \| Mathur Sir Classes #Economicproblems #EconomicSystem #Economics #bcom #CA #CS #bba #MathurSirClasses If you like this video and wish to support this EDUCATION channel, please contribute via, * Paytm a/c : 9830489610 * Paypal a/c : www.paypal.me/mathursirclasses [Every contribution is helpful] Thanks & All the Best WE NEED YOUR SUPPORT TO GROW UP..SO HELP US!! Hope you guys like this one. If you do, please hit Like!!! Please Share it with your friends! Thank You! Please SUBSCRIBE for more videos. Music - www.bensound.com Video Recording and Editing by - G... If you were setting out to make a country rich, what kind of mindsets and ideas would be most likely to achieve your goals? We invent a country, Richland, and try to imagine the psychology of its inhabitants. For gifts and more from The School of Life, visit our online shop: https://goo.gl/LSHb5a Download of App: https://goo.gl/E9S7uW FURTHER READING “Most of what we call ‘politics’ really revolves around the question of what you need to do to make a country richer. Rather than ask this of any specific country, let’s imagine designing a country from scratch. How could you make it as rich as possible? Suppose the brief was to design ‘Richland’: an ideal wealth-creating society. What would be the chief characteristics you’d need to build into this society? What would a nation look lik... In this video, we visualize the stats of 188 countries in terms of their Income, Health and Education levels. The method of comparing is through their Human Development Index (HDI), developed by Indian Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq. While there may be other factors (such as happiness, freedom, work hours etc) that determine the "best" countries, we shall just assume the level of development (ie HDI ranking) as the sole determinant. Note: The yellow '$' Sign refers to Gross National Income per Capita (Adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity) in USD, in short GNI per capita (PPP$). The green graduation hat represents the average of mean and expected years of schooling. The red '+' symbol represents both males and females life expectancy in years. The ... This video shows the Top 10 countries with highest GDP from 2018 to 2100. The projected GDP ranking includes countries such as United States, China, India, Japan, France, etc. It also shows how Asia will dominate the economy while Europe starts to fall slowly. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually or quarterly. Nominal GDP estimates are commonly used to determine the economic performance of a whole country or region, and to make international comparisons. Twitter: https://twitter.com/wawamustats Facebook: https://fb.me/wawamustats Historical Top 10 Country GDP Ranking (Part 1): https://youtu.be/wykaDgXoajc Data Taken from: https://pardee.du.edu/ Subscribe here: https://www... Why is America the world's richest nation? Is it mostly because of the government, or is it thanks to entrepreneurs and businessmen? Historian Burt Folsom of Hillsdale College explains. Donate today to PragerU! http://l.prageru.com/2ylo1Yt Joining PragerU is free! Sign up now to get all our videos as soon as they're released. http://prageru.com/signup Download Pragerpedia on your iPhone or Android! Thousands of sources and facts at your fingertips. iPhone: http://l.prageru.com/2dlsnbG Android: http://l.prageru.com/2dlsS5e Join Prager United to get new swag every quarter, exclusive early access to our videos, and an annual TownHall phone call with Dennis Prager! http://l.prageru.com/2c9n6ys Join PragerU's text list to have these videos, free merchandise giveaways and breaking announcem... From countries with rapidly growing populations to countries gaining wealth quite rapidly, here are 11 fastest growing countries in the world. Subscribe to American Eye! 4. Panama While many Central American countries are beginning to move in the wrong direction, Panama is unique and home to the strategic canal. On one side of Panama is the Pacific Ocean and on the other side is the Caribbean sea. The US was the one who built the Panama Canal back in 1914 but no it’s the Panamanians who wreak the benefits of this modern wonder of engineering, which is certainly one of the reasons they’ve been able to grow. Panama gained full control of the canal thanks to a treaty in 1999. In 2016, The canal has expanded since then order to accommodate much larger ships. This should certainly be ... Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. (top 10 economies) Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates.(top 10 countries) Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.(gdp 2019) Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population. This video contains the gdp in 2019 of future superpowers like india, china, japn... Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP. The "rate of economic growth" refers to the geometric annual rate of growth in GDP (top 10 economies) between the first and the last year over a period of time. This growth rate is the trend in the average level of GDP over the period, which ignores the fluctuations in the GDP around this trend. An increase in economic growth caused by more efficient use of inputs (increased productivity of labor, physical capital, energy or materials) is referred to as intensive growth. GDP growth (gdp growth rate) caused only by increases in the amount of inputs availabl... Uploaded Date: 28 Jul 2015 Welcome to the Investors Trading Academy talking glossary of financial terms and events. Our word of the day is “Developed Economy” A developed economy defines... https://wn.com/What_Is_A_Developed_Economy Uploaded Date: 24 Nov 2014 The reason why some countries are rich and others poor depends on many things, including the quality of their institutions, the culture they have, the natural r... https://wn.com/Why_Some_Countries_Are_Poor_And_Others_Rich To watch all videos on Economic System and Problems, visit playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLU2YP04_LRDtJtadY0_szvjj0n8iHegUn Difference betwe... https://wn.com/Difference_Between_Develop_Underdeveloped_Economies_\|_Economic_Problems_\|_Economic_System Uploaded Date: 12 Oct 2015 If you were setting out to make a country rich, what kind of mindsets and ideas would be most likely to achieve your goals? We invent a country, Richland, and t... https://wn.com/How_To_Make_A_Country_Rich In this video, we visualize the stats of 188 countries in terms of their Income, Health and Education levels. The method of comparing is through their Human Dev... https://wn.com/Most_Developed_Country_Comparison_(188_Countries_Income,_Health_And_Education_Ranking) This video shows the Top 10 countries with highest GDP from 2018 to 2100. The projected GDP ranking includes countries such as United States, China, India, Japa... https://wn.com/Future_Top_10_Country_Projected_Gdp_Ranking_(2018_2100) Why is America the world's richest nation? Is it mostly because of the government, or is it thanks to entrepreneurs and businessmen? Historian Burt Folsom of Hi... https://wn.com/Why_Is_America_So_Rich From countries with rapidly growing populations to countries gaining wealth quite rapidly, here are 11 fastest growing countries in the world. Subscribe to ... https://wn.com/Fastest_Growing_Countries_In_The_World What is the difference between third world and first world countries? Do third and first world countries still exist? What does first world even mean? WEBSITE ... https://wn.com/Third_World_Vs_First_World_Countries_What's_The_Difference India is poised to be the world's fastest-growing major economy this year. CNBC's Xin En Lee explains what the world's second most populous economy has going fo... https://wn.com/Why_Is_India_Growing_So_Fast_\|_Cnbc_Explains Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. (top 10 economies) Countries are sorted by nomin... https://wn.com/Top_20_Economies_2019_(Nominal_Gdp) Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured... https://wn.com/Top_20_Fastest_Growing_Economies_2019_(Major_Economies) developedeconomies.net developedeconomies.org americaeconomies.com latineconomies.com developedatombomb.com advancedeconomies.net developedworld.org advancedeconomies.com globaleconomies.org fuellingeconomies.org fuellingeconomies.net bartereconomies.com euroeconomies.com fuelling-economies.com consumereconomies.com fuellingeconomies.com Welcome to the Investors Trading Academy talking glossary of financial terms and events. ... The reason why some countries are rich and others poor depends on many things, including t... To watch all videos on Economic System and Problems, visit playlist: https://www.youtube.... If you were setting out to make a country rich, what kind of mindsets and ideas would be m... In this video, we visualize the stats of 188 countries in terms of their Income, Health an... This video shows the Top 10 countries with highest GDP from 2018 to 2100. The projected GD... Why is America the world's richest nation? Is it mostly because of the government, or is i... From countries with rapidly growing populations to countries gaining wealth quite rapidly,... What is the difference between third world and first world countries? Do third and first w... India is poised to be the world's fastest-growing major economy this year. CNBC's Xin En L... Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a na... Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and se... What is a Developed Economy?... Why Some Countries Are Poor and Others Rich... Difference between Develop & Underdeveloped Econom... How to Make a Country Rich... Most Developed Country Comparison (188 countries i... Future Top 10 Country Projected GDP Ranking (2018-... Why Is America So Rich?... Fastest Growing Countries in the World... Third World vs First World Countries - What's The ... Why is India growing so fast? \| CNBC Explains... Top 20 Economies 2019 (Nominal GDP)... Top 20 Fastest Growing Economies 2019 (Major Econo...	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15429
__label__wiki	0.531885	0.531885	Grand Haven area by the numbers Urban St. \| August 28, 2018 \| Articles \| No Comments Grand Haven was named Coastal Living’s Happiest Seaside Town in 2017. Grand Haven has the No. 1 beach in Michigan, according to the Detroit Free Press. The Grand Haven boardwalk is 2½-miles and spans from downtown Grand Haven to Lake Michigan. The city-owned Mulligan’s Hollow Ski Bowl includes 2 ropes, 8 downhill runs and snowmaking. Grand Haven was designated Coast Guard City, USA, by an act of Congress that was signed by President Bill Clinton on Nov. 13, 1998. The Grand Haven Musical Fountain is the world’s largest musical fountain of its kind and was the world’s largest fountain until The Fountains of Bellagio opened at the Bellagio Resort in Las Vegas. The fountain uses 90,000 gallons of water to produce a synchronized display of water, lights and music. Grand Haven State Park covers 48 acres. Grand Armory Brewing opened in 2015 at the Armory Building, a 113-year-old historic facility. The Coast Guard Festival has been celebrated for 81 years. Pronto Pups has been in business for 71 years. The Grand Haven lighthouses are two of the most photographed lighthouses in the Midwest. They were established in 1839. There are over 100 miles of bike paths throughout the area. Rosy Mound Natural Area, a classic Great Lakes dune system, includes 1,000 feet of stairs up and down the dunes. Fortino’s has been a family-owned business in Grand Haven for over 110 years. The Grand Haven Salmon Festival celebrates its 15th anniversary this year. Grand Haven implemented the nation’s first city-wide Wi-Fi broadband network in 2004. Odd Side Ales, located in the historic Story & Clark piano factory, features 27 taps of fresh, craft brews and a few hard ciders. You gotta try breakfast at The Biscuit and The Southerner Coppercraft Distillery sets bar high with superior spirits and cuisine Cheers! Discover six spots to stop and sip	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15431
__label__wiki	0.997082	0.997082	The Surprising Prompt That Led To Chris Cornell Writing "Black Hole Sun" posted by Andrew Magnotta @AndrewMagnotta - Apr 11, 2019 Much has been written about Soundgarden's 1994 grunge masterpiece Superunknown and particularly its iconic hit single "Black Hole Sun" — what the dark, esoteric song actually means and how Chris Cornell wrote it after a fit of inspiration late-night inspiration. What's less clear is why Cornell wrote "Black Hole Sun." It's a strange question to ask of such surreal piece of music, but Soundgarden engineer Michael Beinhorn says Cornell had to be pushed to write more authentic music during the demo stages of the album. Beinhorn recalled Cornell first giving him a demo tape containing about a dozen songs. But the material was uninspired and odd for a band that was just a few years removed from another grunge classic, Badmotorfinger. “Out of all of [the songs on the tape], there wasn’t one thing there that actually would be right for a record," Beinhorn told Produce Like A Pro's Warren Hewitt. "And I start to get really nervous.” Beinhorn felt something was up with the singer, so he called Cornell to find out what was on his mind. It turned out, Cornell thought that to recreate the success of Badmotorfinger, he had to try and write songs like those all over again. As far as Beinhorn was concerned, kowtowing to some vague idea of what fans 'want' was a recipe for disaster. He recalls pleading with Cornell, asking him to focus on trying only to please himself with his music. "'They’re listening to you because of what you’re giving them … what they’re getting out of your music, not because you’re giving them what they expect,'" Beinhorn recalled saying. "They’re along for the ride with you. … They’re following. Do something that’s amazing and they’ll follow." Beinhorn pressed on, asking Cornell what music he liked. "He said, 'Beatles and Cream.' I said, 'Well, write a song that sounds like the Beatles and Cream!" Cornell still wasn't convinced, worried about losing the sound of the band with such an approach. "'You and your band are Soundgarden,'" Beinhorn responded. "'You play the song, it will sound like Soundgarden because you're playing it. It's very simple.' Obviously, hypothetical, because I don't even know what we're talking about song-wise." Three weeks later, Beinhorn received a cassette with "Fell On Black Days" and "Black Hole Sun." After the first few measures of "Black Hole Sun," Beinhorn says he was hooked. "I played it 15 times in a row," he said of the demo. "I couldn't stop listening to it. I was like, 'This is incredible. Absolutely incredible.' And I called him up and was like, 'You're a goddamn genius! Let's go make a record right now!'" As to why "Black Hole Sun" has been so enduring, Beinhorn says he thinks it's because it wasn't like anything on the radio then or now. "It's an interesting moment in song composition, and I don't think that Chris was even aware of it when he was writing it. And it's kind of antithetical to the way people compose songs now ... everything now is about hooks. It's constant release, it's all about giving it up, giving it up, giving it up. ["Black Hole Sun"] has almost none of that! This is all about tension. It's one quality that people don't really put in music these days but it's absolutely essential. You can't have really good, listenable music that takes people on a journey without tension." Beinhorn points to the chord changes of the song's intro as evidence of how the song wallows in musical tension and winds up but never fully lets go. He says he has "no idea" how Cornell wrote the song. Cornell himself said that he wrote the song in a matter minutes after mishearing something on the radio that sounded like a news anchor saying "black hole sun." He said he didn't expect his band mates to like it and was even more surprised when it became a hit. Superunknown debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and won Grammys for Best Metal Performance for "Spoonman" and Best Hard Rock Performance for "Black Hole Sun." Photos: Getty Images	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15434
__label__wiki	0.651949	0.651949	Well \| Reading Pain in a Human Face Reading Pain in a Human Face By Jan Hoffman April 28, 2014 5:29 pm April 28, 2014 5:29 pm Can you tell which expressions show real pain and which ones are feigned? A study found that human observers had no better than a 55 percent rate of success, even with training, while a computer was accurate about 85 percent of the time. (The answers: A. Fake. B. Real. C. Real.)Credit Kang Lee, Marian Bartlett How well can computers interact with humans? Certainly computers play a mean game of chess, which requires strategy and logic, and “Jeopardy!,” in which they must process language to understand the clues read by Alex Trebek (and buzz in with the correct question). But in recent years, scientists have striven for an even more complex goal: programming computers to read human facial expressions. Quiz: Are These People in Real Pain or Just Faking It? We all know what it’s like to experience pain that makes our faces twist into a grimace. But can you tell if someone else’s face of pain is real or feigned? The practical applications could be profound. Computers could supplement or even replace lie detectors. They could be installed at border crossings and airport security checks. They could serve as diagnostic aids for doctors. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego, have written software that not only detected whether a person’s face revealed genuine or faked pain, but did so far more accurately than human observers. While other scientists have already refined a computer’s ability to identify nuances of smiles and grimaces, this may be the first time a computer has triumphed over humans at reading their own species. “A particular success like this has been elusive,” said Matthew A. Turk, a professor of computer science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. “It’s one of several recent examples of how the field is now producing useful technologies rather than research that only stays in the lab. We’re affecting the real world.” People generally excel at using nonverbal cues, including facial expressions, to deceive others (hence the poker face). They are good at mimicking pain, instinctively knowing how to contort their features to convey physical discomfort. And other people, studies show, typically do poorly at detecting those deceptions. In a new study, in Current Biology, by researchers at San Diego, the University of Toronto and the State University of New York at Buffalo, humans and a computer were shown videos of people in real pain or pretending. The computer differentiated suffering from faking with greater accuracy by tracking subtle muscle movement patterns in the subjects’ faces. “We have a fair amount of evidence to show that humans are paying attention to the wrong cues,” said Marian S. Bartlett, a research professor at the Institute for Neural Computation at San Diego and the lead author of the study. For the study, researchers used a standard protocol to produce pain, with individuals plunging an arm in ice water for a minute (the pain is immediate and genuine but neither harmful nor protracted). Researchers also asked the subjects to dip an arm in warm water for a moment and to fake an expression of pain. Observers watched one-minute silent videos of those faces, trying to identify who was in pain and who was pretending. Only about half the answers were correct, a rate comparable to guessing. Then researchers provided an hour of training to a new group of observers. They were shown videos, asked to guess who was really in pain, and told immediately whom they had identified correctly. Then the observers were shown more videos and again asked to judge. But the training made little difference: The rate of accuracy scarcely improved, to 55 percent. Then a computer took on the challenge. Using a program that the San Diego researchers have named CERT, for computer expression recognition toolbox, it measured the presence, absence and frequency of 20 facial muscle movements in each of the 1,800 frames of one-minute videos. The computer assessed the same 50 videos that had been shown to the original, untrained human observers. The computer learned to identify cues that were so small and swift that they eluded the human eye. Although the same muscles were often engaged by fakers and those in real pain, the computer could detect speed, smoothness and duration of the muscle contractions that pointed toward or away from deception. When the person was experiencing real pain, for instance, the length of time the mouth was open varied; when the person faked pain, the time the mouth opened was regular and consistent. Other combinations of muscle movements were the furrowing between eyebrows, the tightening of the orbital muscles around the eyes, and the deepening of the furrows on either side of the nose. The computer’s accuracy: about 85 percent. Jeffrey Cohn, a University of Pittsburgh professor of psychology who also conducts research on computers and facial expressions, said the CERT study addressed “an important problem, medically and socially,” referring to the difficulty of assessing patients who claim to be in pain. But he noted that the study’s observers were university students, not pain specialists. Dr. Bartlett said she didn’t mean to imply that doctors or nurses do not perceive pain accurately. But “we shouldn’t assume human perception is better than it is,” she said. “There are signals in nonverbal behavior that our perceptual system may not detect or we don’t attend to them.” Dr. Turk said that among the study’s limitations were that all the faces had the same frontal view and lighting. “No one is wearing sunglasses or hasn’t shaved for five days,” he said. Dr. Bartlett and Dr. Cohn are working on applying facial expression technology to health care. Dr. Bartlett is working with a San Diego hospital to refine a program that will detect pain intensity in children. “Kids don’t realize they can ask for pain medication, and the younger ones can’t communicate,” she said. A child could sit in front of a computer camera, she said, referring to a current project, and “the computer could sample the child’s facial expression and get estimates of pain. The prognosis is better for the patient if the pain is managed well and early.” Dr. Cohn noted that his colleagues have been working with the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s psychiatry department, focusing on severe depression. One project is for a computer to identify changing patterns in vocal sounds and facial expressions throughout a patient’s therapy as an objective aid to the therapist. “We have found that depression in the facial muscles serves the function of keeping others away, of signaling, ‘Leave me alone,’ ” Dr. Cohn said. The tight-lipped smiles of the severely depressed, he said, were tinged with contempt or disgust, keeping others at bay. “As they become less depressed, their faces show more sadness,” he said. Those expressions reveal that the patient is implicitly asking for solace and help, he added. That is one way the computer can signal to the therapist that the patient is getting better. A version of this article appears in print on 04/29/2014, on page D6 of the NewYork edition with the headline: A Truth-Teller for Fake Pain. Data Murky on Fertility Rates Want to Be More Creative? Take a Walk	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15436
__label__wiki	0.970896	0.970896	Royal baby: Duke and Duchess of Sussex introduce Archie Harrison By Gabrielle Adams 6:56am May 9, 2019 The Duke and Duchess of Sussex have revealed their son has been named Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor. The couple made the announcement via their Instagram page, along with a picture of Meghan holding Archie, and showing him to the Queen, Prince Philip,her mother Doria Ragland, with Prince Harry watching on. GALLERY: Baby Sussex's first pictures Meghan and Prince Harry introduce Archie Harrison to the Queen, Prince Philip and the Duchess' mother Doria Ragland. (Twitter) "The Duke and Duchess of Sussex are pleased to announce they have named their first born child: Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor," the post read. "This afternoon Their Royal Highnesses introduced Her Majesty The Queen to her eighth great-grandchild at Windsor Castle. The Duke of Edinburgh and The Duchess' mother were also present for this special occasion." The name Archie comes from the British name Archibald and Harrison is an Indigenous name, which means "son of Harry". He will be known as Master Archie Mountbatten-Windsor. Harry and Meghan attend the European Premiere of Disney's The Lion King in London Duke and Duchess of Cambridge’s motorcade collide with woman, 83, after Royal Ascot event Teen neo-Nazi jailed over Prince Harry slur It came just hours after the new family attended their first photocall as a family of three in the majestic St George's Hall in Windsor Castle, which was an intimate affair of a small media crew. Duke and Duchess of Sussex show off their new son. (Dominic Lipinski/PA Wire) The royal close-up.. (PA) Covered in a white blanket and bonnet, the baby appeared to be sleeping soundly in his father's arms, as his parents beamed down at him. "It’s magic, it’s pretty amazing," the Duchess said. "I have the best two guys in the world." When asked about his temperament, Meghan said: "He has the sweetest temperament, he's really calm," as Harry joked "I wonder where he get’s that from," and the pair laughed. Meghan and Harry introduce Archie Harrison. (AAP) Meghan added: "He's just been the dream so it's been a special couple of days." Asked who the baby takes after, Meghan said: "We're still trying to figure that out." Harry said: "Everyone says that babies change so much over two weeks. We're basically monitoring how the changing process happens over this next month really. But his looks are changing every single day, so who knows." When they were asked to show more of their son's face to the cameras, Meghan laughed as Harry joked: "He's already got a little bit of facial hair as well, wonderful." "Thank you everybody for all the well wishes and kindness, it just means so much," Meghan said. Before the Duke and Duchess introduced Archie to the Queen and Prince Philip, Meghan revealed they had "bumped into" the Duke in the castle before the photocall. Prince Harry and Meghan say the baby is "really calm". (PA/AAP) "We just bumped into the duke as we were walking by, which was so nice," she said. "So it'll be a nice moment to introduce the baby to more family, and my mum's with us as well." Harry added: "Another great-grandchild." Meghan and Harry shared a few pictures on their Instagram page after the photocall, thanking the public for their support. The couple has been enjoying the experience of being new parents at their Frogmore Cottage home near the Queen's Windsor Castle residence. Meghan puts her arm around Prince Harry. (PA) The Duchess of Sussex gave birth at 5.26am on Monday, and is thought to have been born the couple’s house, however there are some reports claiming the baby was delivered in a London hospital. Harry was at his wife's side during the birth and he later confessed he had only had a few hours' sleep, suggesting Meghan had spent much of the night in labour. The beaming Duke of Sussex spoke to news cameras in Windsor less than an hour after Buckingham Palace revealed Meghan had gone into labour, describing his son as "absolutely to die for". "How any woman does what they do is beyond comprehension but we're both absolutely thrilled and so grateful to all the lovely support from everybody out there," the new father said. "It was amazing, absolutely incredible. As I say, I am so incredibly proud of my wife and, as every father and parent would ever say your baby is absolutely amazing, this little baby is absolutely to die for." Family members have spoken about the joy of the new arrival, with the Duke of Cambridge saying he was: "obviously thrilled, absolutely thrilled, and obviously looking forward to seeing them in the next few days when things have quietened down". Prince Harry was beaming as he told the world he had a son. (PA/AAP) "I'm very pleased and glad to welcome my own brother into the sleep deprivation society that is parenting," he added. Kate said they were eager to see the Sussexes and their new arrival. "As William said, we're looking forward to meeting him...so it's really exciting for both of them and we wish them all the best," she said. William and Kate are yet to meet their new nephew. (AAP) "These next few weeks are always a bit daunting the first time round so we wish them all the best." The Prince of Wales has also spoken publicly for the first time about the birth, saying he was "delighted" at arrival of his latest grandchild. During an official visit to Germany with the Duchess of Cornwall, Charles said: "We couldn't be more delighted at the news and we're looking forward to meeting the baby when we return." Prince Charles is handed a soft toy for his new grandson by German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier (AAP) The Queen accepted the congratulations of a Windsor Castle guest who asked: "Life is good for Your Majesty?" The Queen, who was joined by the Duke of Edinburgh, was hosting a lunch on Tuesday for members of the Order of Merit and smiling said in reply "yes, thank you". The infant is believed to be the first mixed-race child born to a senior member of the royal family in centuries, and is a reflection of modern Britain with its culturally diverse population.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15442
__label__wiki	0.842425	0.842425	AAUP Supports University’s Effort to Protect Academic Freedom Contacts: AAUP, Rachel Levinson ACLU of Virginia, Kent Willis, 804-644-8080 Union of Concerned Scientists Michael Halpern, 202-331-5452 Richmond, VA— Four defenders of academic freedom joined together again yesterday to file an amicus brief (.pdf) asking the Virginia Supreme Court to affirm a lower court order setting aside a demand from Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli for the private communications of a global warming expert once employed by UVA. Signatories to the brief are the AAUP, the ACLU of Virginia, Union of Concerned Scientists, and Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression. “Government officials must not be allowed to demand research materials from academics without clearly articulating the grounds for the demand,” said ACLU of Virginia Executive Director Kent Willis. “In this case, the AG is basing his demand on disagreement with scientific methods and results, not bona fide allegations of fraud.” Cuccinelli, whose opposition to the science of global warming is well known, created a public stir last April when he sought records from UVA related to the communications and research of former professor Michael Mann, a widely published proponent of global warming theory. Among the broad range of records sought were emails that Mann sent to, and received from, colleagues from as far back as 1999. Cuccinelli is using the Virginia Fraud Against Taxpayers Act to access Mann’s records. Under FATA, the attorney general may issue a “Civil Investigative Demand” for information related to acts of fraud against the state, but he must first have “reason to believe” that an act of fraud has been committed and must assert the nature of the conduct under investigation. Lawyers for UVA have argued that the attorney general has not met either of these conditions. When UVA officials stated publicly that they were inclined to give into the AG’s demands, the ACLU of Virginia and the American Association of University Professors wrote a letter asking UVA to stand up for academic freedom by fighting the demand in court. After UVA filed a petition with the Albemarle County Court to set aside the demand, the same four signatories to today’s amicus brief filed a brief supporting UVA. The court later ruled that the Attorney General had failed to specify the nature of the conduct alleged to be fraudulent and that he had no authority under Virginia law to seek records related to four of five grants in question, since they were federally, not state, funded. After the court ruling, Cuccinelli issued a new civil investigative demand to UVA for access to documents related to Mann’s research and appealed the dismissal of his earlier ones to the Virginia Supreme Court. The state Supreme Court granted the AG’s appeal. “It is critical that academic scientists and other scholars be able to communicate freely, without fear of government intrusion,” said Rachel Levinson, Senior Counsel to the American Association of University Professors. “Multiple scholarly bodies have already concluded that Professor Mann did not engage in fraud or research misconduct; the Attorney General’s fishing expedition is inappropriate and threatens to chill important scholarly debate and disagreement.” The amicus brief filed yesterday was authored by Lisa Ewart and Mark Fleming of Wilmer Hale in Washington D.C. Rachel Levinson	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15443
__label__wiki	0.657678	0.657678	Video Player failed to load. Julie Bishop says Cambodia's elections neither free nor open Expires: Friday 2 August 2019 10:00pm Foreign minister Julie Bishop says ASEAN needs to address human rights concerns among its members, including Cambodia and Myanmar, in the upcoming meeting in Singapore. Treaties and Alliances When the Soviets launched Sputnik, egos were shattered. So the US intelligence community secretly worked on Project A119, a plan to detonate a thermonuclear device on the surface of the Moon. Film archivists were stunned to find an unusual news reel showing Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins in Sydney during the Australian leg of their gruelling round-the-world tour. Game of Thrones scored a record 32 Emmy nominations for its divisive final season, with multiple nods also for Chernobyl, Fleabag and Veep. See the full list of nominees.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15444
__label__wiki	0.913393	0.913393	Anti-smoking plan may kill cigarettes–and save Big Tobacco By Matthew Perrone / Associated Press Published: Friday, January 19th, 2018 at 7:17am Updated: Friday, January 19th, 2018 at 10:23am This undated image provided by Philip Morris in January 2018 shows the company's iQOS product. The device heats tobacco sticks but stops short of burning them, an approach that Philip Morris says reduces exposure to tar and other toxic byproducts of burning cigarettes. This is different from e-cigarettes, which don't use tobacco at all but instead vaporize liquid usually containing nicotine. (Philip Morris via AP) WASHINGTON — Imagine if cigarettes were no longer addictive and smoking itself became almost obsolete; only a tiny segment of Americans still lit up. That’s the goal of an unprecedented anti-smoking plan being carefully fashioned by U.S. health officials. But the proposal from the Food and Drug Administration could have another unexpected effect: opening the door for companies to sell a new generation of alternative tobacco products, allowing the industry to survive — even thrive — for generations to come. The plan puts the FDA at the center of a long-standing debate over so-called “reduced-risk” products, such as e-cigarettes, and whether they should have a role in anti-smoking efforts, which have long focused exclusively on getting smokers to quit. “This is the single most controversial — and frankly, divisive — issue I’ve seen in my 40 years studying tobacco control policy,” said Kenneth Warner, professor emeritus at University of Michigan’s school of public health. The FDA plan is two-fold: drastically cut nicotine levels in cigarettes so that they are essentially non-addictive. For those who can’t or won’t quit, allow lower-risk products that deliver nicotine without the deadly effects of traditional cigarettes. This month the government effort is poised to take off. The FDA is expected to soon begin what will likely be a years-long process to control nicotine in cigarettes. And next week, the agency will hold a public meeting on a closely watched cigarette alternative from Philip Morris International, which, if granted FDA clearance, could launch as early as February. The product, called iQOS (pronounced EYE-kose), is a penlike device that heats Marlboro-branded tobacco but stops short of burning it, an approach that Philip Morris says reduces exposure to tar and other toxic byproducts of burning cigarettes. This is different from e-cigarettes, which don’t use tobacco at all but instead vaporize liquid usually containing nicotine. For anti-smoking activists these new products may mean surrendering hopes of a knockout blow to the industry. They say there is no safe tobacco product and the focus should be on getting people to quit. But others are more open to the idea of alternatives to get people away from cigarettes, the deadliest form of tobacco. Tobacco companies have made claims about “safer” cigarettes since the 1950s, all later proven false. In some cases the introduction of these products, such as filtered and “low tar” cigarettes, propped up cigarette sales and kept millions of Americans smoking. Although the adult smoking rate has fallen to an all-time low of 15 percent, smoking remains the nation’s leading preventable cause of death and illness, responsible for about one in five U.S. deaths. Anti-smoking groups also point to Big Tobacco’s history of manipulating public opinion and government efforts against smoking: In 2006, a federal judge ruled that Big Tobacco had lied and deceived the American public about the effects of smoking for more than 50 years. The industry defeated a 2010 proposal by the FDA to add graphic warning labels to cigarette packs. And FDA scrutiny of menthol-flavored cigarettes — used disproportionately by young people and minorities — has been bogged down since 2011, due to legal challenges. “We’re not talking about an industry that is legitimately interested in saving lives here,” said Erika Sward of the American Lung Association. But some industry observers say this time will be different. “The environment has changed, the technology has changed, the companies have changed — that is the reality,” said Scott Ballin, a health policy consultant who previously worked for the American Heart Association. Under a 2009 law, the FDA gained authority to regulate certain parts of the tobacco industry, including nicotine in cigarettes, though it cannot remove the ingredient completely. The same law allows the agency to scientifically review and permit sales of new tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. Little has happened so far. Last year, the agency said it would delay the deadline for manufacturers to submit their vapor-emitting products for review until 2022. The FDA says it wants to continue to help people quit by supporting a variety of approaches, including new quit-smoking aids and opening opportunities for a variety of companies, including drugmakers, to help attack the problem. As part of this, the FDA sees an important role for alternative products — but in a world where cigarettes contain such a small amount of nicotine that they become unappealing even to lifelong smokers. “We still have to provide an opportunity for adults who want to get access to satisfying levels of nicotine,” but without the hazards of burning tobacco, said FDA Commissioner Dr. Scott Gottlieb. He estimates the FDA plan could eventually prevent 8 million smoking-related deaths. Philip Morris International and its U.S. partner Altria will try to navigate the first steps of the new regulatory path next week. At a two-day meeting before the FDA, company scientists will try and convince government experts that iQOS is less-harmful than cigarettes. If successful, iQOS could be advertised by Altria to U.S. consumers as a “reduced-risk” tobacco product, the first ever sanctioned by the FDA. Because iQOS works with real tobacco the company believes it will be more effective than e-cigarettes in getting smokers to switch. Philip Morris already sells the product in about 30 countries, including Canada, Japan and the United Kingdom. iQOS is part of an elaborate corporate makeover for Philip Morris, which last year rebranded its website with the slogan: “Designing a smoke-free future.” The cigarette giant says it has invested over $3 billion in iQOS and eventually plans to stop selling cigarettes worldwide — though it resists setting a deadline. Philip Morris executives say they are offering millions of smokers a better, less-harmful product. Matthew Myers of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids still sees danger. He says FDA must strictly limit marketing of products like iQOS to adult smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit. Otherwise they may be used in combination with cigarettes or even picked up by nonsmokers or young people who might see the new devices as harmless enough to try. “As a growing percentage of the world makes the decision that smoking is too dangerous and too risky, iQOS provides an alternative to quitting that keeps them in the market,” Myers says. It’s unclear whether existing alternatives to cigarettes help smokers quit, a claim often made by e-cigarette supporters. Research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests about 60 percent of adult e-cigarette users also smoke regular cigarettes. THE CASE FOR LOWER NICOTINE Experts who study nicotine addiction say the FDA plan is grounded in the latest science. Several recent studies have shown that when smokers switch to very low-nicotine cigarettes they smoke less and are more likely to try quitting. But they also seek nicotine from other sources, underscoring the need for alternatives. Without new options, smokers would likely seek regular-strength cigarettes on the black market. Crucial to the FDA proposal is a simple fact: nicotine is highly addictive, but not deadly. It’s the burning tobacco and other substances inhaled through smoking that cause cancer, heart disease and bronchitis. “It’s hard to imagine that using nicotine and tobacco in a way that isn’t burned, in a non-combustible form, isn’t going to be much safer,” said Eric Donny, an addiction researcher at the University of Pittsburgh. A study of 800 smokers by Donny and other researchers showed that when nicotine was limited to less than 1 milligram per gram of tobacco, users smoked fewer cigarettes. The study, funded by the FDA, was pivotal to showing that smokers won’t compensate by smoking more if nicotine intake is reduced enough. That was the case with “light” and “low-tar” cigarettes introduced in the 1960s and 1970s, when some smokers actually began smoking more cigarettes per day. Still, many in the anti-smoking community say larger, longer studies are needed to predict how low-nicotine cigarettes would work in the real world. LEGAL RISKS Key to the FDA plan is the assumption that the two actions will happen at the same time: as regulators cut nicotine in conventional cigarettes, manufacturers will provide alternative products. But that presumes that tobacco companies will willingly part with their flagship product, which remains enormously profitable. Kenneth Warner, the public policy professor, said he would be “astonished” if industry cooperates on reducing nicotine levels. “I don’t think they will. I think they will bring out all of their political guns against it and I’m quite certain they will sue to prevent it,” he said. In that scenario, the FDA plan to make cigarettes less addictive could be stalled in court for years while companies begin launching FDA-sanctioned alternative products. Tobacco critics say that scenario would be the most profitable for industry. “It’s like Coke, you can have regular Coke, Diet Coke, Coke Zero, we’ll sell you any Coke you like,” said Robin Koval, president of the Truth Initiative, which runs educational anti-tobacco campaigns. But the FDA’s Gottlieb says the two parts of the plan must go together. “I’m not going to advance this in a piecemeal fashion,” he said. When pressed about whether industry will sue FDA over mandatory nicotine reductions, tobacco executives for Altria and other companies instead emphasized the long, complicated nature of the regulatory process. “I’m not going to speculate about what may happen at the end of a multiyear process,” said Jose Murillo, an Altria vice president. “It will be science and evidence-based and we will be engaged at every step of the way.”	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15448
__label__wiki	0.658788	0.658788	Australia's new favourite hardware and automotive retailers The market for trade supplies and automotive parts is in a state of serious competition, with Australia's favourite stores that sell these products changing from last year. Previous winners of the honour, Autobarn and True Value Hardware, were both recently usurped by rivals. Those companies competing for the hardware and auto parts dollars of consumers are finding it more intense than ever. According to data released by Roy Morgan Research, Repco currently leads the auto retail pack, with a customer satisfaction rating of nearly 90 per cent in March. Autobarn, who were the winners of the 2014 Auto Store of the Year, are now in second position with 87 per cent. They are now barely beating third place rival Supercheap Auto. In hardware retail, it was Bunnings that was the overall winner of the popularity contest in February. However, just one month later only 1 per cent separates the top three contenders. Bunnings and Mitre 10 share the top spot with 89 per cent on the index, with True Value Hardware on 88 per cent. True Value Hardware was the winner last year of the 2014 Hardware Store of the Year award from Roy Morgan Research. Because the construction industry is a major part of Australia's economy, who has the goodwill of customers is a big concern for hardware and building supplies retailers. "There's never a dull moment when it comes to customer satisfaction ratings for our retail categories - as the February results for auto retailers and hardware stores indicate. While both categories had very convincing overall winners last year, the playing field has shifted since then, with new leaders emerging in the first couple of months of 2015", says Roy Morgan Research CEO, Michele Levine. Many small businesses have to deal with suppliers and retail trade stores in their day-to-day operations. Using a specialised form of accounting software is one way companies dealing with hardware and trade supplies can manage these relationships and keep their businesses growing.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15451
__label__cc	0.580693	0.419307	Request your taxi now ALCALÁ RADIOTAXI MAD SCOOP. (hereinafter ART) is a Spanish cooperative domiciled at C/ Paseo de los Pinos S/N, CC Los Pinos, locales 30 y 31, Alcalá de Henares 28806 Madrid, with tax identification no. F-81813834 and registered in Madrid's registry of cooperative societies as domiciled at Calle De la Princesa Nº4 with number 20CM-2924 of 2 September 1997. By accessing ART's website you thereby accept the conditions stated as follows. If you are not in agreement with them, please note you are not permitted to use or read of any of said pages. The content of ART's website is the property of ALCALÁ RADIOTAXI MAD SCOOP or where applicable, of the manufacturers or suppliers of the products supplied or displayed therein. Reproduction, transfer, distribution or storage of part or all of its content, in any way, without prior written consent from its governing council is forbidden. The content of ART's web pages are provided in their current state, according to the practical or legal availability of said information. ART does not guarantee that its web pages will not contain interruptions or be free from error, and it reserves the right to review or change the pages, or remove access to them at any time. To facilitate your access, ART may include links to other internet pages which are owned or operated by third parties. When using these pages, you must review and where applicable, accept the rules for use of said pages before accessing their content. ART has no control over the content of third party's pages, nor does it assume any liability for their content. Furthermore, any link to a page not owned by ART does not imply that ART endorses the page or the products and services referenced therein. ART requests your authorisation to process your data according to the provisions of the following paragraphs. However, if you do not want this processing to occur, you may notify us of such by getting in touch via the methods indicated in the contact us section of this website. We hereby assume that, according to applicable legislation, if we do not hear from you within the period of one month, you have provided your consent, which in all cases you can withdraw at any time. According to the provisions of Organic Law 15/1999 of 13 December on Personal Data Protection, the user is hereby informed of the incorporation of its data into automated files existing at ART. These files are registered with the General Registry for Data Protection and are assigned with a code by said entity. Furthermore, you are hereby informed of the automated processing to which your data will be subject as a result of browsing through web pages owned by ART, to consult, request or contract any service or product, or carry out any operation or transaction, with the purpose of the commercialisation of our services, to maintain your contractual relationship, and manage and adapt our commercial offers to your particular profile, being the recipient of the company's technical and commercial services. The user has the right to oppose the processing of any of its data that is not essential for the conclusion of the contract, or its use for any purpose other than the maintenance of its contractual relationship, with answers it may give to questions proposed outside of the contract being optional. The user accepts that its data can be transferred, exclusively for the purposes noted in the previous paragraph, to ART's investee companies, or others with which it holds collaborative agreements. Likewise, the user accepts that ART or its subsidiaries and investees, send it information about any of the goods or service they commercialise. The user's acceptance so that its data can be processed or transferred as established in this paragraph, can always be revoked with no retroactive effects, according to the provision of articles 6 and 11 of Organic Law 15/99. Movements carried out through all kinds of interactive means by the user on web pages owned by ART, will be registered in a computer file and processed for the same purposes as those described in previous paragraphs. Said transaction file enables our technical department to locate any incidents or issues that may arise, solve them as soon as possible, and continue to offer the user the services it requests and others that may be of interest, without the need, once the user has registered for the first time, to register at every visit in order to access its reserved areas or services, although without under any circumstances, said files providing the users first and last names, or permitting the reading of files from its hard drive, or the computer files created by other providers. The user is also hereby informed of the option to exercise its rights to access, rectification, cancellation and objection, in the terms established in current legislation, being able to use any communication channel displayed on this website in so doing. A cookie is a file that downloads to your computer on accessing certain websites. Cookies allow a website, to among other things, store and gather information about a user's or its computer's browsing habits, and depending on the information they contain and the way they use your computer, they can be used to recognise the user. The user's browser stores cookies on the hard drive only during the current session, occupying minimal memory space and not harming the computer. Cookies do not contain any kind of specific personal information, and the majority of cookies are deleted from the hard drive when the browser session has ended (known as session cookies). The majority of browsers accept cookies as standard and, independently of the same, can allow or block temporary or stored cookies depending on their safety settings. What type of cookies does this web page use? Technical cookies: These allow the user to browse a web page, platform or application and use different operations or services therein, such as control traffic and data communication, identify the session, access restricted areas, remember elements contained in an order, carry out the purchase process of an order, carry out a registration or participation request for an event, use security elements while browsing, store contents for the dissemination of videos or sound, or share contents via social networks. Personalisation cookies: These allow the user to access a service with general characteristics predefined according to a services criteria on the user's terminal, such as for example language, browse type used to access the service, regional configuration from where the service is accessed, etc. Analysis cookies: These have been processed by us or third parties, and enable us to quantify the number of users and perform statistical analysis and measurements of how users use the service offered. For this purpose, their browsing of our web page is analysed to improve our offer for products and services. Advertising cookies: These cookies, well processed by us or third parties, enable us to manage the offer for advertising spaces on the web page as efficiently as possible, making the advertising content suitable for the service requested or the use made of our web page. To do this, we analyse your internet browsing habits and show you advertising related to your browsing profile. Compartmental advertising cookies: These enable the most efficient possible management of advertising spaces which, in your case, the editor has included on a web page, application or platform from which the requested service is provided. These cookies store user behaviour information obtained from continuous observation of their browsing habits, which enables a specific profile to be developed in order to display advertising based on the same. Third party cookies: ART's website can use third party services which, on behalf of ART, collect information on the user's site use for statistical purposes, and to provide services related to the website activity, as well as other internet services. In particular, this website uses Google Analytics, an analytical service provided by Google Inc. domiciled in the United States with headquarters at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California 94043. Cookies that collect information are used for the provision of these services, including the user's IP address which will be transmitted, processed and stored by Google according to the terms established on the Google.com website. This includes the possible transmission of said information to third parties for legal purposes or when said third parties processes information on behalf of Google. To use this site, the user expressly accepts the processing of information gathered in the aforementioned manner and for the aforementioned purposes. Likewise, it states to be aware of the option to reject the treatment of said data or information, by rejecting the use of cookies which is done by selecting the appropriate configuration for said purpose on its browser. However, this cookie blocking option on its browser may prevent the user from fully using all of the functionalities of this website. You can permit, block or delete cookies installed on your computer using the following configuration options for the browser installed on your computer: Order your taxi now on the following numbers 918 822 188 & 918 822 179 The best way to get around! Request a taxi Pº de los Pinos, s/n Centro Comercial Los Pinos, locales 30-31 28806 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid (España) Telephone: (+34) 91 882 21 79 © 2017 Alcalá Radio Taxi. All rights reserved. Legal notice. Website developed by Tecnisoft Data & Services. We use our own and third-party cookies to improve your experience and our services, analyzing the navigation on our Website. If you continue browsing, you are accepting its use.OK Further information	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15453
__label__wiki	0.639888	0.639888	In pictures: Karachi's political graffiti In Pakistan's largest city, political parties use banners and street art to display their control of neighbourhoods. by Asad Hashim Tue Jun 19 2012 16:36:48 GMT+0000 The MQM is the dominant political party in the city. This sign shows Altaf Hussain, the party\(*)s founder and leader, welcoming people to the party\()s headquarters and Hussain\()s old residence, named "Nine-Zero" after the house\()s old telephone number. Karachi, Pakistan - In this city, the largest in the country, politics is heavily infused with issues of ethnicity and geography: in a city where almost everyone is a migrant, on some level, it is significant to assert not just where party supporters are from, but what parts of the city they now occupy. Political parties will use graffiti, flags and banners, then, to do everything from simply spreading their slogans to challenging the hold of a rival party over an area. Pictures of Altaf Hussain, who has been living in exile in London for two decades, dot areas of Karachi under the MQM\()s control. Hussain is respected with almost saint-like reverence by MQM activists. Local MQM sector offices will often paint the party\()s colours near the entrances and exits of their areas of influence. The Awami National Party (ANP), a Pashtun nationalist party, holds much support in Pashtun-dominated areas of the city. They have decked this bridge with their traditional red, and slogans supporting the party\()s Karachi leadership. Large bridges and intersections often serve as interfaces for rival parties\() graffiti. Here, one can see the ANP\()s columns challenged by the Jamaat-e-Islami\()s beam above them. Large bridges and intersections often serve as interfaces for rival parties\() graffiti. The Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) was once the dominant party in Karachi, but has since lost much of its political votebank to the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM). This piece of graffiti, on the walls of Islamia College, calls on people to join the religious JI party\()s ranks. The Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) was once the dominant party in Karachi, but has since lost much of its political votebank to the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM). This piece of graffiti, on the walls of Islamia College, shows the party\()s logo. The Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) was once the dominant party in Karachi, but has since lost much of its political votebank to the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM). This piece of graffiti, near the JI\()s headquarters, calls for an "Islamic revolution". Even streetlight poles aren\()t safe from political advertisements in Karachi. This one, in the Clifton Cantonment area, is decked out in the colours of the MQM. Flags play an important role in asserting a party\()s control over a neighbourhood. This MQM flag is just one of many that fly high over the party\()s stronghold of Nazimabad. Flags play an important role in asserting a party\()s control over a neighbourhood. This Jamaat-e-Islami flag flies near the city\()s Globe Intersection, in Jamshed Quarters. The Bhutto family is at the centre of much of the Pakistan People\()s Party\()s (PPP) support. This piece of graffiti is a common slogan for the party: "Long live the Bhuttos, long live [assassinated former chairperson] Benazir Bhutto!" The PPP\()s distinctive tri-colour flag is a common feature of most of the party\()s graffiti. Lyari is traditionally a Pakistan People\()s Party (PPP) stronghold, but the party has attracted the anger of residents by recently ordering a police operation against its erstwhile local political allies. This wall, still showing an old painting of the PPP\()s election symbol, was sprayed with bullets during the operation. Lyari is traditionally a Pakistan People\()s Party (PPP) stronghold, but the party has attracted the anger of residents by ordering a recent police operation against its erstwhile local political allies. This graffiti, calling on people to vote for the PPP\()s candidates, now also featured several bullet holes. Trees, too, aren\()t quite safe from the political parties: these, located in a park near the Mausoleum of Pakistan\()s founder, are painted in the three colours of the PPP. This Pakistan People\(*)s Party sign, in the crime-ridden Lyari neighbourhood, shows Uzair Baloch (left), Abdul Rehman Baloch (right) and former PPP chairperson and twice prime minister Benazir Bhutto (centre). The PPP has since disavowed both men, terming them "gangsters". Rehman was killed in a police "encounter" in 2009. The Sunni Tehreek (ST) is a minority party in the city, and does not hold any seats in the government, but since relaunching its political wing it has been gaining influence in the metropolis.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15455
__label__wiki	0.976484	0.976484	New Israeli airport to open near Jordanian border Jordan's state-run media said the new Israeli airport near its border violates the kingdom's sovereignty. 21 Jan 2019 12:37 GMT Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu gives a speech during the inauguration of the new international Ramon Airport [Menahem Kahana/AFP] Israel has officially inaugurated a new international airport on Monday near the Red Sea resort town of Eilat, a few kilometres from the Jordanian border. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu attended the inauguration ceremony at the sleek, glassy terminal, arriving on the ceremonial first flight. "Ramon airport, this is Arkia 683, we're very excited," Netanyahu said from the cockpit on arrival in an exchange with the tower relayed over loudspeakers. The new airport is named after Ilan Ramon, Israel's first astronaut who died in the crash of the space shuttle Columbia. Initially, it will handle only domestic flights, operated by Israeli carriers Arkia and Israir. In the future, the airport plans to host jumbo jets from around the globe, and will also serve as an emergency alternative to Tel Aviv's Ben-Gurion airport. Jordanian objection A date has not yet been given for the start of international flights. "It (Ramon) is going to be a regional airport and if some of our tourists are going to Aqaba and Taba, that's great," Chanan Moscowitz, head of Eilat-area airport operations, told Reuters, referring to the Jordan and Egypt border crossings. "It means that the area is quiet." Jordan's state-run al-Mamlaka television reports that officials in Amman said the location of the Israeli airport violates the kingdom's air sovereignty. Al-Mamlaka television said Jordanian authorities lodged a complaint with international bodies over the Israeli airport, without giving further details. There was no official comment from the Jordanian authorities on the report. Anti-missile wall Ramon is about 18 kilometres from Eilat and the adjacent Jordanian port of Aqaba. The airport's website says that it will be able to initially handle up to two million passengers annually, but will expand to a capacity of 4.2 million by 2030. It will also replace Eilat's small municipal airfield, where for decades arriving aircraft have swooped past hotel towers. It says the new airport has a 3,600-metre-long runway and apron parking space for nine "large and wide-body aircraft". Construction costs have been about 1.7 billion shekels ($455m). Work began in 2013 but original specifications for the project were revised to allow for upgrades. The Israel Airports Authority (IAA) has said that the plans for the Ramon project were updated in light of lessons learned during the 2014 Gaza war. "In an emergency, not only will Israel's entire passenger air fleet be able to land and park there, but also additional aircraft," the IAA says. After a rocket fired by Hamas in Gaza hit close to the perimeter of Ben Gurion airport in 2014, international carriers suspended flights, in some cases for 24 hours. Israeli media have said that a 26-metre-high, 4.5km-long "smart" anti-missile fence has been installed to help protect Ramon, which is adjacent to the border with Jordan. The IAA did not comment on those reports. SOURCE: News agencies	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15456
__label__wiki	0.978455	0.978455	Cut from the Same Cloth By Michele DeVinney In the last year or two, several cover bands have appeared with a focus on the music of the 1990s. That wasn't the case 10 years ago when FM90 first formed in the Anderson area and were anxious to bring the 90s back amid a myriad of bands focusing on classic rock and the 1980s. Chad Bishop had played bass with bands who had done the latter, but he was anxious to find some fellow players who were interested in bringing back the music Bishop had grown up listening to in the 1990s. He eventually found drummer Kyle Gibson and guitarist Kevin Boyer. "I was playing and out traveling with a band during the 90s, so I was playing that music when it was new," says Boyer. "That music was a big part of my life, that music from the late 80s and early 90s, so it was nothing for me to step back into it." "I'm a fan of every genre of music," says Gibson. "I love to play whatever 90s material we play and reenergize it. Almost immediately Bishop, Gibson and Boyer (along with a now departed lead singer) began to get work by filling the void in musical options. "We started getting work in this general area almost immediately," says Bishop. "It was hard at the beginning because Kevin was doing some solo shows, so we had to find time to get together as a full band to work on material so we could get three hours of material ready to go. Kevin had played the songs when they were new, and Kyle and I were fans and had played a handful of the songs. It was like dusting off an old bike, so it didn't take long. Maybe a couple of months." Logging 10 years together with only one lineup change ("Neighbor" John Whitmore replaced their former singer in January 2017) is a fairly remarkable tale of its own, but that story is ultimately the story of FM90. "We formed a friendship early on, the three of us," says Bishop. "We're not egomaniacs, and we all just love to play. That's really been the foundation for the three of us." "We all genuinely like each other," adds Boyer. "And we respect each other's talents. Everybody's pretty good at their craft and instruments. Where else can you find three guys who get along so well and are all good at what they do? That's rare, and we don't lose sight of that." When it came time to find a new singer, they were anxious to maintain those good feelings of friendship and respect. Boyer had worked with Whitmore in the past which was a recommendation that Bishop and Gibson heeded. "Kevin and our current singer John had been together in a band," says Bishop. "About 15 years ago John stopped playing, did some different things, had a family. His kids are older now, so the time was right, and when he came to play with us it went really well. We trust the opinions of the others, and Kyle and I trusted Kevin's opinion. We knew from working together in the past that Kevin knew John's strong points and his weak points and respected his talents." "I knew he would fit right in," adds Boyer. "It was a shoo-in because we're all cut from the same cloth. I knew it would be a good fit. My only concern was that he had been out of it for awhile, so I thought it might take awhile for him to get back into it. I'm really getting a lot of pleasure out of watching him. I've been playing out since I was young, and I've never stopped. I'm always in a band or playing solo or acoustic duo stuff. It's been fun for me to see him after being out of it for 15 year, then see him come back and have so much fun. It reenergizes me. I think I needed that as much as he did." The band stepped back a bit in 2017, allowing themselves to get Whitmore back into the swing and acclimate to the lineup change. They're also trying to break into new markets outside of their own Madison County. With changes in venues and ownership over the years, competition for places to play is intense given how many bands there are playing throughout the state and region. "It's hard to get a foot in the door these days," says Boyer. "When I was playing 20 years ago, there were so many places in Indianapolis that we could play a month's worth of shows and not play the same place twice. That's not the case anymore. We'd like to break into the Fort Wayne market too, get some attention there, get some clubs to call us back." "We'll play anywhere where there's a crowd that wants to hear some 90s music, that loves some rock n' roll," says Bishop. "We'll go to northwest Ohio, southwest Michigan, Central Ohio, and at one point we played northern Kentucky. It's got to be beneficial to us in the pocketbook because we can't play for free, but we'll play anywhere." Currently the band is looking to record, their first effort since Whitmore joined the group. Bishop says they're "polishing up some riffs, formalizing some songs and touring studios. We just want to put a handful of material together, something we can be proud of." Their primary focus beyond recording is making a move to establish themselves throughout the region, both playing clubs and as an opening act for bigger shows. FM90 thinks Fort Wayne would be a great addition to their regular schedule. "Fort Wayne is such a great market," says Gibson. "You've got The Bear which is a great radio station. I don't know if people realize how lucky they are to have a station like that up there, and they still promote this kind of music. Fort Wayne and a couple other places in that area like Decatur and Portland - we'd just like to branch out a little. We want to get the word out about FM90."	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15458
__label__wiki	0.929085	0.929085	Hamish Walker for Clutha-Southland Todd Barclay Hamish Richard Walker (born 15 May 1985) is a New Zealand politician and Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives for the National Party. A member of parliament (MP) is the representative of the voters to a parliament. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this category includes specifically members of the lower house, as upper houses often have a different title. Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions. The New Zealand House of Representatives is a component of the New Zealand Parliament, along with the Sovereign. The House passes all laws, provides ministers to form a Cabinet, and supervises the work of the Government. It is also responsible for adopting the state's budgets and approving the state's accounts. At the 2014 general election, Walker stood in Dunedin South, placing second in the safe Labour seat. He is an Otago Rugby Football Union board member and serves on the Otago/Southland lottery distribution committee. [1] The Otago Rugby Football Union is the official governing body of rugby union for the Otago region of New Zealand. The union is based in the city of Dunedin, and its home ground is Forsyth Barr Stadium. The top representative team competes in the ITM Cup, New Zealand's top provincial competition. The union was to have been liquidated in March 2012. However a deal involving the Dunedin City Council allowed it to keep operating. 2017 –present 52nd Clutha-Southland 68 National At the 2017 general election, Walker stood in the electorate of Clutha-Southland. The Clutha-Southland electorate has been held since its creation in 1996 by the National Party. Walker was selected as a last minute candidate to replace Todd Barclay, who had resigned due to an employment scandal. [2] [3] [4] Walker won Clutha-Southland, defeating Labour candidate Cherie Joy Champman by a margin of 7,465 votes. [5] The 2017 New Zealand general election took place on Saturday 23 September 2017 to determine the membership of the 52nd New Zealand Parliament. The previous parliament was elected on 20 September 2014 and was officially dissolved on 22 August 2017. Voters elected 120 members to the House of Representatives under New Zealand's mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting system, a proportional representation system in which 71 members were elected from single-member electorates and 49 members were elected from closed party lists. Around 3.57 million people were registered to vote in the election, with 2.63 million (79.8%) turning out. Advance voting proved popular, with 1.24 million votes cast before election day, more than the previous two elections combined. Todd Keith Barclay is a New Zealand former politician. He was elected Member of Parliament for Clutha-Southland at the 2014 general election. Barclay is a member of the New Zealand National Party. Barclay left parliament in disgrace after a parliamentary scandal. The New Zealand Labour Party, or simply Labour, is a centre-left political party in New Zealand. The party's platform programme describes its founding principle as democratic socialism, while observers describe Labour as social-democratic and pragmatic in practice. It is a participant of the international Progressive Alliance. Hamish Walker is of Scottish New Zealander heritage and his family has roots in the South Island town of Balclutha. Walker's wife Penny Tipu is of Māori descent. The couple have a cat named Monty. On 1 January 2019, Walker reportedly saved a distressed man at the Lake Hawea dam. [6] [7] Scottish New Zealanders are New Zealanders of Scottish ancestry or who originate from Scotland. The South Island, also officially named Te Waipounamu, is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand in surface area; the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, and to the south and east by the Pacific Ocean. The South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres (58,084 sq mi), making it the world's 12th-largest island. It has a temperate climate. Balclutha is a town in Otago, lying towards the end of the Clutha River, on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is about halfway between Dunedin and Invercargill on the Main South Line railway, State Highway 1 and the Southern Scenic Route. Balclutha has a population of 3,990, and is the largest town in South Otago. Sir Simon William English is a retired New Zealand politician who served as the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 2016 to 2017. He was the leader of the National Party from 2001 to 2003 and 2016 to 2018, also serving two terms as Leader of the Opposition. David William Parker is a New Zealand politician, a member of the New Zealand Labour Party and a list MP. He was interim leader of the Labour Party from September to November 2014. He serves as Attorney-General, Minister of Economic Development, Minister for the Environment and Minister for Trade and Export Growth in the Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand, and has previously served as interim leader of the Labour Party, deputy leader of the Labour Party, and a Minister in the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand. Dipton is a small town in the Southland region of New Zealand. It is located 20 kilometres south of Lumsden and 60 kilometres north of Invercargill. From 20 October 1875 until its closure on 13 December 1982, Dipton was situated on the Kingston Branch railway. Dunedin South is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate. It first existed from 1881 to 1890, then from 1905 to 1946 and was re-established for the introduction of MMP in 1996. A Labour Party stronghold, it has been represented by Clare Curran since the 2008 election. Otago was a New Zealand parliamentary electorate first created for the 1978 election, which was replaced by the Waitaki electorate and Clutha-Southland electorates for the 2008 election. Its last representative was Jacqui Dean of the National Party. Clutha was a New Zealand parliamentary electorate from 1866 to 1996. Michael Allan Woodhouse is a National member of the New Zealand Parliament. David Scott Clark is a New Zealand Labour Party politician who is the Member of Parliament for Dunedin North. He is the Minister for Health. Previously he has been Opposition Spokesperson for Small Business and Economic Development. Sarah Maree Dowie is a New Zealand politician who was elected to the New Zealand parliament at the 2014 general election as a representative of the New Zealand National Party and holds the Invercargill seat. The 2017 Mount Albert by-election was a New Zealand by-election held in the Mount Albert electorate on 25 February 2017 during the 51st New Zealand Parliament. The seat was vacated following the resignation of David Shearer, a former Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party. Seventy-one members of the New Zealand House of Representatives were elected from electorates in the general election on 23 September 2017. Mark William James Patterson is a New Zealand politician and Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives for the New Zealand First party. ↑ Wright, Michael (29 June 2017). "Contenders emerge to replace embattled Clutha-Southland MP Todd Barclay". Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ Nicoll, Dave; Mitchell, Charlie (16 August 2017). "Hamish Walker the new National Clutha-Southland candidate replacing Todd Barclay". Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ "National name Hamish Walker as Todd Barclay's Clutha-Southland replacement". TVNZ. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ "Todd Barclay's Clutha-Southland replacement chosen". Newshub. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ "Clutha-Southland - Official Result". Electoral Commission . Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ Cheng, Derek (4 January 2019). "MP Hamish Walker saves distressed man days before wedding". The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ Kelly, Rachael (4 January 2019). "Clutha-Southland MP Hamish Walker talks man down from ledge on New Year's Day". Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 4 January 2019. Todd Barclay Member of Parliament for Clutha-Southland Paulo Garcia Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives This article about a New Zealand National Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15461
__label__wiki	0.915409	0.915409	← New Speed the Plough — live on the Fourth of July Music at the museum: Talujon Percussion Quartet performs at the Noguchi on Sunday → New life for Matt Marks’ The Little Death Composer Matt Marks and soprano Mellissa Hughes are Boy and Girl in the Incubator Arts Project presentation of The Little Death: Vol. 1 on Thursday, July 8. (Photos copyright 2010, Steven P. Marsh) Something magical happened to Matt Marks‘ post-Christian nihilist pop opera The Little Death: Vol. 1, when it was preparing for its current staging at Incubator Arts Project at St. Mark’s Church in-the-Bowery. What had been a great collection of smart, sometimes silly, pop songs in the guise of a gently confusing pop opera has evolved into a smartly staged, well focused piece of musical theater. The stars of the show sell lemonade and cookies before the performance. While Marks’ excellent music provided the building blocks, director Rafael Gallegos has built a solid foundation and has cemented the building block together to form an elegant theatrical environment for the Marks’ eerie love story. A little less wholesome. Will You Miss Me When I’m Gone? was blown away (pun intended) by Thursday night’s premiere performance of the staged version. That’s quite a contrast to my reaction to the semi-staged version presented by Marks’ label, New Amsterdam Records, in March. Although I loved the sample- and hymn-heavy music, the overall feel of the piece left me a bit uneasy. It was hard to discern what Marks was trying to do. Was he making fun of Christianity or exploring the quirks and limitations of the faith context in which he was raised? Songs like “I Like Stuff,” are the types of catchy tunes that every producer wants in a musical — ones that the audience can easily hum on the way out of the theater. The lyrics are no less catchy, but that where things became a bit unsettling — when the singers compare liking hamsters and ice cream and rainbows to liking Jesus. The piece uses recognizable samples and large chunks of Christian hymnody as the basis for some of its songs that loosely tell the story of a blossoming love affair between Boy (Marks) and Girl (soprano Mellissa Hughes), backed up by a four-member choir. Another thing that left me feeling uneasy in that early viewing was the fact that the story starts with Boy shooting Girl before time-traveling back to the start of their relationship. Marks describes Vol. 1 as “the first half of our story.” The last temptation of Christ? On Thursday night, with the cast pared down to just the two principal characters (Gallegos’ risky idea) and staging so simple that it seemed primitive, everything fell into place. The love story, though still incomplete, truly came to life. The decision to pare down the cast helped focus the audience on the primary story and eliminated distractions. Gallegos’ direction perfectly complemented Marks’ music, using the space well. For example, Girl uses one of the room’s cast iron columns to perform a strained-but-still-seductive pole dance while singing about loving Jesus. The music and lyrics also came into sharper focus in this production. I wasn’t left so unsettled, wondering what Marks was trying to do. It is clear, in the very least, that he’s exploring — and, yes, poking fun at — his religious background. But in this new production, it seems more like a reverent exploration than a flippant dismissal of that background. Marks and Hughes at Galapagos in March. This show is well worth checking out. And if you want to familiarize yourself with the music before you go, the recording is available from a number of sites, including this one. The Little Death: Vol. 1, starring Matt Marks and Mellissa Hughes, runs through July 17 at Incubator Arts Project, inside St. Mark’s Church in-the-Bowery, 131 E. 10th St., at 2nd Avenue, Manhattan. Tickets are $18 and available here. A four-member choir backing up the principals at Galapagos in March. This entry was posted in Contemporary, Contemporary Classical, Music, Opera, Pop and Rock, Recordings, Theater and tagged Incubator Arts Project, Matt Marks, Mellissa Hughes, New Amsterdam Records, Rafael Gallegos, St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery. Bookmark the permalink. 2 responses to “New life for Matt Marks’ The Little Death” Pingback: The Little Death: Vol.1 Press Round Up « Mellissa Hughes – Soprano Pingback: New York composer Matt Marks dies at 38 \| Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone?	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15463
__label__wiki	0.920417	0.920417	Home /Southern Music Legends Through the Lens of David Holt Southern Music Legends Through the Lens of David Holt Southern Music Legends Through the Lens of David Holt: Naomi Johnson WNC Staff David Holt sits at his computer, scrolling through the past. He needs to leave soon: The instrument cases are stacked by the door, the shows are scheduled in Charlotte, then California, and his trademark hat is on his head, but the stark black-and-white photos cast a spell. “Look at that face,” he murmurs, lingering on the close-up portrait he shot in 1989 of Nimrod Workman, a coal miner and ballad singer from Mingo County, West Virginia. “What a great mountain face. He worked in the mines from the time he was 14 years old.” The affection is plain. So is the bittersweet sense of time gone by and the difficulty of trying to select a few images to represent his archive of thousands of negatives, shot over a period of thirty-plus years. They make up a remarkable visual record of the people who made old-time music in Southern Appalachia and beyond. Holt is better known for other accomplishments, including winning four Grammys, hosting radio and television music series, and making a cameo appearance in the Coen Brothers’ film O Brother, Where Art Thou? On stage, he plays 10 instruments, tells traditional and original stories, and dances a mean soft-shoe. But as a photographer, this Texas native who grew up in California and majored not in music, but art and biology, seems to have hit that perfect sweet spot between insider and outsider—inside enough to capture people at ease, with a real sense of intimacy as a friend, but outside enough to see the regional culture and its people with fresh eyes. His subjects, many of whom he worked and played with for years, range from the legendary, such as Doc Watson and Ralph Stanley, to the lesser-known, including Workman and Avery County storyteller Ray Hicks. Many are photographed in the context of their homes, bringing out a clear sense of their humanity. Their instruments are always at hand, like extensions of themselves. Holt cites Henri Cartier-Bresson as a photographic influence—that pioneer of modern photojournalism and proponent of what he called “the decisive moment,” that instant when life composes itself within the photographer’s frame to reveal its essence. Holt’s photos express the same quality of careful seeing, iconic moments captured. Some day, Holt says, he’d love to see the portraits in a book, but so far he’s been too busy touring and recording to make that happen. But it’s increasingly dawning on him how valuable they are, as the generation he captured—many of them born in the late 1800s and early 1900s—passes away. “You know, when I started doing this, I didn’t really see it as something important,” he says thoughtfully, “but it’s turning out to be one of the most important things I’ve done.”	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15469
__label__wiki	0.872086	0.872086	Culture Notable Books The four bestselling hardback novels Post Date: September 10, 2005 - Issue Date: September 10, 2005 1. The Ezekiel Option - by Joel C. Rosenberg PLOT As Russia, Iran, and others conspire to destroy Israel, presidential adviser Jon Bennett tries to save the world from a nuclear holocaust and his fiancée from torture and death. GIST Plenty of fiery car wrecks and dead bodies help to make Joel Rosenberg's third thriller another page-turner, but with this book he's moved from a general publisher to Tyndale House and taken a leap that will please some readers and dismay others: The apocalyptic premillenialism that was subtle in the first two books is splashed across page after page, with long sections detailing LaHaye-type interpretations of scriptural prophecy. 2. A Long Way Down - by Nick Hornby PLOT On New Year's Eve, four Londoners, each planning to commit suicide, find themselves atop the same high-rise building. Unable to commit the act in front of spectators, they come down and pursue an unlikely friendship. GIST When is suicide the answer? That's the question that underlies this black comedy by Nick Hornby, author of About a Boy and High Fidelity. The book is at times funny, sad, and insightful about the despair of those who can't figure out how to get back into life, but its foul language and cavalier attitude about drugs and sex will be unacceptable to many WORLD readers. 3. Eldest - by Christopher Paolini PLOT Although Eragon and his dragon Saphira are battle tested, they still have much to learn. Off he goes for training. Meanwhile, Eragon's cousin must help their village escape from Ra'zac. The book culminates in a massive battle that pits the good guys against the evil Galbatorix. GIST Fantasy fans eagerly awaited this second book in the Inheritance series. Paolini borrows plot ideas liberally from Lord of the Rings, Star Wars, and Harry Potter. Paolini hasn't yet mastered the art of showing, not telling, and his writing is stiff. But he's only a kid-a bestselling kid at that. 4. Kite Runner- by Khaled Hosseini PLOT A memoir-like novel that follows the lives of two friends from two social and religious groups through their childhood in Kabul in the 1960s and 1970s, and the tumultuous events that follow. GIST Hosseini's beautifully written and emotionally compelling story evokes the bountiful Afghanistan of childhood memory, the Afghanistan-in-exile created by impoverished refugees in northern California, and the sadistic, brutal Afghanistan of the Taliban. Against that backdrop he masterfully weaves a story about fathers and sons, loyalty and friendship, guilt and atonement, love and disappointment. The Kite Runner came out in hardback in 2003 and was greeted with glowing reviews. But it is as a trade paperback that the book has become a major bestseller, recently selling 39,000 copies in one week. It has been on the Publishers Weekly bestseller list for 49 weeks and USA Today's Top 150 since May of last year. That's a remarkable accomplishment for a first-time novelist, especially one who didn't learn English until he moved to America in 1980. The path to publishing success for the Afghan native was straightforward. He began writing in March 2001, finished in June 2002, and had the book published the next year. Khaled Hosseini continues to practice medicine and write in the early morning before going to work. His next novel, also set in Afghanistan but with a female protagonist, is scheduled for publication next year.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15473
__label__cc	0.587179	0.412821	A Culture of Peace Is the Best Alternative to Terrorism By David Adams As the culture of war, which has dominated human civilization for 5,000 years, begins to crumble, its contradictions become more evident. This is especially so in the matter of terrorism. What is terrorism? Let us begin with some of the comments issued by Osama Bin Laden after the destruction of the World Trade Center: “God Almighty hit the United States at its most vulnerable spot. He destroyed its greatest buildings. Praise be to God. Here is the United States. It was filled with terror from its north to its south and from its east to its west. Praise be to God. What the United States tastes today is a very small thing compared to what we have tasted for tens of years. Our nation has been tasting this humiliation and contempt for more than 80 years …. “One million Iraqi children have thus far died in Iraq although they did not do anything wrong. Despite this, we heard no denunciation by anyone in the world or a fatwa by the rulers’ ulema [body of Muslim scholars]. Israeli tanks and tracked vehicles also enter to wreak havoc in Palestine, in Jenin, Ramallah, Rafah, Beit Jala, and other Islamic areas and we hear no voices raised or moves made … “As for the United States, I tell it and its people these few words: I swear by Almighty God who raised the heavens without pillars that neither the United States nor he who lives in the United States will enjoy security before we can see it as a reality in Palestine and before all the infidel armies leave the land of Mohammed, may God’s peace and blessing be upon him.” That is the kind of terrorism that we see in the news. But there are other kinds of terrorism as well. Consider the UN definition of terrorism on the website of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: “Terrorism is violence carried out by individual, group or state actors designed to frighten a non-combatant population for political reasons. The victims are usually chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a population in order to pass a message which may be intimidation, coercion and/or propaganda. It differs from assassination where the victim is the main target.” According to this definition, nuclear weapons are a form of terrorism. Throughout the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union held the war in a balance of terror, each aiming enough nuclear weapons at the other to potentially destroy the planet with a “nuclear winter.” This balance of terror went beyond the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by putting all people on the planet under a cloud of fear. Although there was some decrease in the deployment of nuclear weapons at the end of the Cold War, hopes for nuclear disarmament were thwarted by the Great Powers who continue to deploy enough weapons to destroy the planet. When asked to rule on nuclear weapons, while the World Court as a whole did not take a clear position, some of its members were eloquent. Judge Weeremantry condemned nuclear weapons in the following terms: “The threat of use of a weapon which contravenes the humanitarian laws of war does not cease to contravene those laws of war merely because the overwhelming terror it inspires has the psychological effect of deterring opponents. This Court cannot endorse a pattern of security that rests upon terror …” The issue is put clearly by the eminent peace researchers Johan Galling and Dietrich Fischer: “If someone holds a classroom full of children hostage with a machine gun, threatening to kill them unless his demands are met, we consider him a dangerous, crazy terrorist. But if a head of state holds millions of civilians hostage with nuclear weapons, many consider this as perfectly normal. We must end that double standard and recognize nuclear weapons for what they are: instruments of terror.” Nuclear terrorism is an extension of the 20th Century military practice of aerial bombardment. The aerial bombardments of Guernica, London, Milan, Dresden, Hiroshima and Nagasaki set a precedent in World War II of mass violence against noncombatant populations as a means of intimidation, coercion and propaganda. In the years since World War II we have seen continued use of aerial bombardment which can be considered, in at least some cases, as a form of state terrorism. This includes the bombing with agent orange, napalm and fragmentation bombs against civilian as well as military targets by the Americans in Vietnam, the bombing of civilian areas in Panama by the United States, the bombing of Kosovo by NATO, the bombing of Iraq. And now the use of drones. All sides claims to be right and that it is the other side who are the true terrorists. But in reality, they all employ terrorism, holding the civil populations of the other side in fear and producing, from time to time sufficient destruction to give substance to the fear. This is the contemporary manifestation of a culture of war that has dominated human societies since the beginning of history, a culture that is deep and dominant, but not inevitable. The culture of peace and nonviolence, as it has been described and adopted in UN resolutions, provides us with a viable alternative to the culture of war and violence which underlies the terrorist struggles of our times. And the Global Movement for a Culture of Peace provides an historical vehicle for the profound transformation that is needed. To achieve a culture of peace, it will be necessary to transform the principles and the organization of revolutionary struggle. Fortunately, there is a successful model, the Gandhian principles of nonviolence. Systematically, the principles of nonviolence reverse those of the culture of war employed by previous revolutionaries: Instead of a gun, the “weapon” is truth Instead of an enemy, one has only opponents whom you have not yet convinced of the truth, and for whom the same universal human rights must be recognized Instead of secrecy, information is shared as widely as possible Instead of authoritarian power, there is democratic participation (“people’s power”) Instead of male domination, there is equality of women in all decision-making and actions Instead of exploitation, both the goal and the means is justice and human rights for all Instead of education for power through force, education for power through active nonviolence The culture of peace and nonviolence is proposed as the appropriate response to terrorism. Other responses tend to perpetuate the culture of war which provides the framework for terrorism; hence they cannot abolish terrorism. Note: This an abbreviation of a much longer article written in 2006 and available on the internet at http://culture-of-peace.info/terrorism/summary.html Talk Nation Radio: Husain Abdulla on Americans for Democracy and Human Rights in Bahrain Boat chase on the seas of Okinawa Mike Maybury says: Excellent- this will be read by a few. A few may be inspired to act. Modern Western people are very fickle. I believe in T-shirts and posters, perhaps that get the attention of everyone, including children. I awoke this morning ans thought of several, only one remains, but others, if they understand what I am saying, can think of lots more. W O T We Oppose Terrorism and war S A B Stop All Bombs and bullets too the first letters get their attention the next phrase they agree with (we hope) the third makes their minds work- makes them think. Mike Maybury HUMANKIND IS MY FAMILY ( a slight variation on the original from Baha’u’llah	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15474
__label__cc	0.563396	0.436604	Young Socialists Workers Revolutionary Party Home Features ‘Deal of the Century’ LEAKED! – DEAL HAS BEEN STRONGLY REJECTED BY... ‘Deal of the Century’ LEAKED! – DEAL HAS BEEN STRONGLY REJECTED BY ALL PALESTINIANS Demonstration by Palestinians and their supporters at the Israeli embassy in London – they are opposed to the so-called ‘Deal of the Century’ THE main points of the United States’ anticipated Middle East peace plan, the so-called ‘Deal of the Century’, were revealed by a Hebrew-language news outlet, on Tuesday, and then published by the Maan website. Israel Hayom news outlet published the main points of the ‘Deal of the Century’ from a leaked document, which was circulated by the Israeli Foreign Ministry. The following are the main points of the agreement proposed by the United States administration: ‘1. Agreement A tripartite agreement will be signed between Israel, a wizard (a utility that assists in authoring a document), and Hamas, and a Palestinian state will be established that will be called “the new Palestine” that will be established on Judea, Samaria and Gaza, with the exception of the settlements. 2. Evacuation of land The settlement blocs as they are today will remain in the hands of Israel and will be joined by the few settlements. The areas of the blocs will grow according to the area of the isolated settlements that will be added to them. 3. Jerusalem Will not be divided and shared by Israel and the new Palestine and will be the capital of Israel and the new Palestine, the Arab inhabitants will be the citizens of the new Palestine. The Jerusalem Municipality will be responsible for all areas of Jerusalem except the education that will be handled by the new Palestinian government and the new Palestinian Authority will pay the Jerusalem Municipality municipal taxes and water. Jews will not be allowed to buy Arab homes, and Arabs will not be allowed to buy Jewish homes. No additional areas will be annexed to Jerusalem. The Holy Places will remain as they are today held. 4. Gaza Egypt will lease new land to Palestine for the purpose of establishing an airport for the establishment of factories and commerce and for agriculture, other than housing. The size of the territories and the price will be determined between the parties through the mediation of the supporting countries (an explanation for the countries that support the continuation of the road). 5. The supporting countries The countries that will financially support the implementation of this agreement are: the United States, the European Union and the oil-producing Gulf states. The supporting countries will provide a budget of $30 billion over five years for national projects for the new Palestine. (The cost of evacuating the isolated settlements and their location in the settlement blocs will apply to Israel). 6. The division between the supporting countries A. USA 20% B. EU 10% C. The oil producing Gulf states – 70% – will be divided according to their oil production. D. Most of the burden on oil producing countries is because they will be the main beneficiaries of this agreement. 7. Army The new Palestine would no longer have to form an army. The only weapon would be light weapons held by the police. A defence agreement will be signed between Israel and the new Palestine in which Israel will guarantee the new Palestine from all external aggression and the new Palestine will pay Israel for this protection. The cost of this payment shall be in negotiations between the parties, mediated by the supporting countries. 8. Timelines and stages of execution Upon signing the agreement: A. Hamas will deposit all its weapons, including the personal weapons of the Egyptians. B. Hamas members, including the leaders, will continue to receive salaries from the supporting countries until the establishment of the government. C. All the borders of the Strip will be open to the passage of goods and workers to Israel and Egypt as they are today with Judea and Samaria and by sea. D. Within a year, democratic elections will be held and a government will be elected to the new Palestine. Every Palestinian citizen will be able to stand for election. E. Prisoners – One year after the elections and the establishment of the government, the prisoners will be released gradually for three years. F. Within five years, a seaport and airport will be established in the new Palestine and by then the airport in Israel and the seaports in Israel will be used. G. The borders between the new Palestine and Israel will be open to the passage of citizens and goods as is the case with friendly countries. H. An autostrada will bridge a bridge about 30 metres above the surface of the earth, between Gaza and Judea and Samaria, the highway will establish a Chinese company, the financing of the highway – bridge will come from: China 50%, Japan 10%, South Korea 10%, Australia 10%, Canada 10%, the United States and the European Union 10%. 9. The Jordan Valley A. The Jordan Valley will remain in the hands of Israel as it is today. B. Route 90 will turn into a four-lane toll road. C. Israel will issue a tender for paving the road. D. Will give two crossings from the new Palestine to Jordan – these crossings will be under the control of the new Palestine. 10. Liability A. If Hamas and PLO object to this agreement, the US will cancel all their financial support to the Palestinians and ensure that no country in the world transfers money to them. B. If Abbas agrees to the terms of this agreement and Hamas or Islamic Jihad will not agree, the leaders of Hamas and Islamic Jihad will be held accountable and in another round of violence between Israel and Hamas, the US will back Israel to personally harm Hamas and Islamic Jihad leaders. That a group of a few dozen will determine the lives of millions of people. C. If Israel opposes this agreement, economic support for Israel will cease.’ Previous articlePOMPEO VISITS LONDON – after Iran suspends nuclear deal Next article80% of flammable towers have still not been reclad 2,000 strike in Germany on Amazon’s Prime Day – Amazon workers erupt all over the world Unite investigating union officials collaboration with blacklisters! STOP SACKINGS AT ARCELORMITTAL says Solidarity SA Corbyn calls emergency shadow cabinet meeting News Editor - 17th July 2019 LABOUR leader Jeremy Corbyn is to hold an emergency shadow cabinet meeting next Monday to discuss alleged anti-Semitism within the party. The meeting was called... BEIS indefinite strike! Watson must quit now! demands Diane Abbott ‘Remain’ MPs plan to occupy House of Commons! A new war on Gaza is ‘not far away’ and will... Worldwide strikes against Amazon’s brutal exploitation of workers – socialist revolution... Scotland Yard refuses to back down as the capitalist state gives... 2,000 strike in Germany on Amazon’s Prime Day – Amazon workers... LABOUR leader Jeremy Corbyn is to hold an emergency shadow cabinet meeting next Monday to... OVER 20 PCS catering workers at the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS),... Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott has retweeted a call for Labour Party deputy leader Tom... The News Line is our daily paper. It is a socialist paper and gives particular coverage to Trades Union and International news. © Workers Revolutionary Party. Development, Design & Hosting by: Design Extreme	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15477
__label__cc	0.551745	0.448255	Gabriela Georges Gabriela Georges is a Syrian-Australian spoken word poet, singer, and community arts worker. Her work often explores love, loss, identity, and nature. She uses poetry and music to connect, share insights, and increase understanding around challenging experiences. Gabriela has performed at festivals such as the Light in Winter Festival, Women of the World Melbourne, and the Melbourne Writers Festival. In 2018, she joined the West Writers' Group, a writers' collective based in Footscray, and started performing songs in her first language (Arabic) as part of an ongoing collaborative project called Bukjeh. Gabriela has been working as an independent artist since 2013 and has completed a Master of Arts and Community Practice at the Victorian College of the Arts. She coordinates community arts projects and facilitates performing arts workshops with community members of varied ages, abilities and backgrounds, including primary school children, youth, and adults. Gabriela thoroughly enjoys collaborating with community members to create meaningful work of their own. In 2015, she started Soul Arts, a community-based project through which she continues to facilitate open spaces where people can share and listen to work on death, dying, grief and loss. Practice: Spoken Word Poetry, Singing (English/Arabic) Facebook: gabrielageorgesart Instagram: gab_georges Contact email/phone: gabgeorges.art @ gmail.com / 0412083202	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15479
__label__cc	0.709739	0.290261	The Desert War - The North African Campaign 1940-1943 Moorehead, Alan A celebrated war correspondent offers his eyewitness account of the desert campaign in North Africa during World War II, describing the epic conflict between Allied and Axis powers from 1940 to 1943, in a volume that incorporates the abridged texts of The Mediterranean Front, A Year of Battle, and The End of Africa. Published in 1965 by Hamish Hamilton Ltd, London. War - WW2 The Royal Navy Officer's Pocket-Book 1944 Lavery, Brian (compiler) The Great Book of World War II - The Complete Story of the Weapons, the Battles, and the Fighting Men Millar, David (editor) The War Magician - The Man Who Conjured Victory in the Desert Fisher, David Sevastopol 1942 - Van Manstein's Triumph - Osprey Campaigns No. 189 Forczyk, Robert and Gerrard, Howard (illustrator) At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor Prange, Gordon W.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15480
__label__cc	0.713385	0.286615	» Overview » Society History The 1960s were the early days of the use of chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer, and oncology was a fledgling field of medicine. At that time Arnoldus Goudsmit, MD, PhD, FASCO, and Fred J. Ansfield, MD, FASCO, were both early pioneers of the use of chemotherapy and sought to learn as much as possible about the use of these anticancer drugs. However, they found that information and educational opportunities were lacking. Presentations and research shared each year at the meetings of the AACR were focused more on pathology and less on patients. Drs. Goudsmit and Ansfield began to discuss the idea for a new organization with fellow “chemotherapists” Herman A. Freckman, MD, FASCO, and Robert Talley, MD, FASCO. At the first organizational meeting in early 1964—held over lunch in a small room at the Edgewater Beach Hotel in Chicago—they were joined by fellow founders Harry F. Bisel, MD, FASCO, William Wilson, MD, FASCO, and Jane C. Wright, MD, FASCO. These seven individuals recognized the need to create a new society that would focus solely on issues unique to clinical oncology, specifically the fledgling field of cancer chemotherapy. Turning the focus from pathology and research, ASCO would be dedicated to emphasizing clinical considerations and patient care. This small meeting launched the start of the world's premier oncology organization, which currently has nearly 45,000 members worldwide. Fred J. Ansfield, MD, FASCO Robert Talley, MD, FASCO Harry F. Bisel, MD, FASCO William Wilson, MD, FASCO Herman H. Freckman, MD, FASCO Jane C. Wright, MD, FASCO Arnoldus Goudsmit, MD, PhD, FASCO Establishing a New Society During those early meetings, each founder was tasked with a responsibility to aid in the establishment of their new Society. Dr. Goudsmit was responsible for drafting the Society constitution and bylaws, documents that shaped the early mission of the Society and are still reflected in its work today. Early drafts of the founding documents reflect some debate about the Society’s name, with Dr. Goudsmit proposing that it might be called The American Association of Clinical Oncologists. Ultimately, and after much debate with consulting physicians about the inclusion of the word “clinical,” the founders decided on the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Dr. Freckman was responsible for organizing a membership committee and recruiting new members. Although doubt was expressed about the need for such a society among some of the physicians approached, 51 physicians attended the first meeting of charter members held in November 1964, where they ratified the constitution and bylaws. Addressing those members, Dr. Goudsmit re-emphasized the importance of establishing ASCO, saying, “A society of clinical oncology, as sketched, when operative, has the potential of becoming the means for advancing and disseminating medical knowledge and contributing greatly to the improved diagnosis, treatment, well-being, and longevity of hundreds and thousands of fellow citizens with neoplastic diseases and to aid in the prevention of many others.” A Meeting of Minds As his initial responsibility, Dr. Wilson was put in charge of proposing a budget that would address the creation of a Society journal and other educational initiatives. Among those initiatives was an annual meeting, first conceptualized by Dr. Bisel who suggested that “one full day...be held annually for scientific meeting.” Dr. Talley developed a comprehensive list of contemporary drugs and their application to the treatment of cancer and used this information to develop scientific programing for this annual meeting and other educational initiatives. The first scientific ASCO Annual Meeting, during which Dr. Bisel presided as the Society’s first president, was held in 1965 in Philadelphia. More than 70 members and invited guests attended the Meeting, which featured three presentations on leukemia and multiple myeloma. At this meeting, and many others in those early years, Dr. Wright served as the Secretary-Treasurer, a position she held until 1967. Dr. Wright was the only woman and African American among the group of ASCO founders and was the last surviving member—she died in early 2013 at the age of 93. In addition to her contribution to establishing the Society’s core mission and growing its membership, Dr. Wright dedicated her career to scientific investigation with a focus on patient care. In recognition of her contribution to research on cancer chemotherapy, ASCO and the Conquer Cancer Foundation established the Jane C. Wright, MD, Young Investigator Award in 2011. For more information on Dr. Wright, read the ASCO Connection article "In Memoriam: ASCO Remembers Founding Member Dr. Jane Cooke Wright." More Work to be Done With ASCO’s membership having grown to nearly 45,000 in the last 50 years, the Society has certainly held true to the vision first set out by its founders, all of whom continued to dedicate their careers to the treatment of patients with cancer. ASCO and its members have made tremendous strides in the development of breakthrough treatments for cancer. Looking to the future, the Society will dedicate itself to seeing through its founder’s vision, continuing to harness breakthroughs in technology and molecular biology, and to learn from and achieve better outcomes for patients every day. FoundersPast Presidents	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15481
__label__cc	0.744401	0.255599	Astrobiologists imagine that hydrothermal vents may give us quite a lot of data on the origin of life on earth in addition to origin and existence of life on other planets. Science is the manifestation of human fascination with world around us. The discovery that I find on this little magazine always lifts my spirits; folks discovering joy in exploration and insight. In accordance with Internet Drug Information, they advocate that prospective pharmacists take science every year in highschool. In Oklahoma City, the primary newspaper is the Oklahoman, and imaginative and prescient adverts usually run within the part that includes health and science information. Many scientists alter their research focus, a minimum of slightly, over their career, in response to research by Boleslaw Szymanski, a computer science professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. Within the general sense, the goal of translation is to build bridges among totally different teams of people, but the objective of translation within the theoretical sense is to determine a relationship of equivalence between the source and the target language; it ought to ensure that both texts communicate the identical message. In accordance with future technology information nature might be fully shielded from air pollution utilizing these new technologies as it won’t produce any lethal or hazardous chemical solvents or gasoline products into the air. A $500,000 grant from New York State will enable the Jefferson Project so as to add ten extra sensors to a system that’s designed to give scientists a remarkably detailed understanding of the lake, an understanding that can assist advocates and policy makers preserve its clarity and purity. So Arabic being one of many world great languages makes translation from and into that language very important, particularly English Arabic translation. A new research by a group of researchers, including corresponding creator Robert J. Linhardt, and 9 co-authors from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Translation is the device to make use of the new expertise and science. Think about each paper, every news channel, every radio station would reveal the truth in regards to the lies in our history books, in science, in drugs and in technology. Future expertise lately not concentrated only on the good thing about people. New York has been named certainly one of ten “smartest states” within the nation for its quality public elementary and secondary colleges. Posted on March 26, 2018 November 24, 2017 by tammy Emerging Applied sciences Bayerische Schlösserverwaltung Bachelor’s Levels In Nursing Science News And Analysis Science News About HIV	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15485
__label__wiki	0.636457	0.636457	arenatavernletchworth@gmail.com Follow us on Useyourlocal and be the first to hear about all our exciting news, events & special offers. 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 By ticking this box, and by clicking "join now" below, you are agreeing to join Useyourlocal, and to the Useyourlocal Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy Cask MarqueDrinkawareUseyourlocal Edit my pub Arena Tavern, 3 Arena Parade, Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, SG6 3BY 01462 686 400 \| arenatavernletchworth@gmail.com This website uses cookies to help us know a little bit about you, how you use our website and improve the browsing experience. Manage cookies.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15486
__label__cc	0.563724	0.436276	Contact Us \| Sales - 888-809-0133 EXPERT SIGN IN Your Source for Expert Witnesses All Expert Categories Caren Goldberg Ph.D., Caren Goldberg Consulting 9949 Corsica Street Vienna, VA 22181 www.carengoldberg.com/ CONTACT THIS EXPERT VIEW RESUME Primary Area of Expertise Expert Witness Profile Caren Goldberg, Ph.D. has testified in ten employment law cases and has served as a consulting expert in numerous others. She has been retained by counsel for both plaintiffs and defendants to opine on such issues as the fairness of selection/promotion/layoff procedures, the extent to which an organization's climate supports or discourages harassment, and reasonable care standards with regard to negligence claims. Dr. Goldberg is an internationally acclaimed professor of Human Resource Management. She has written over 50 peer-reviewed papers and four book chapters on diversity, discrimination, stereotypes, and sexual harassment. She has been quoted in numerous magazines and newspapers, and discussed discrimination on Dateline, NBC. Professor Goldberg has taken on a number of leadership roles within her profession. She is currently finishing up a three-year term on the Executive Committee of the Academy of Management's Gender and Diversity in Organizations Division. She also served a three-year term as Associate Editor of Group and Organization Management, a leading peer-reviewed journal, and is currently on the editorial boards of two other top refereed journals. As such, she is abreast of very current developments in all areas of Human Resource Management and has a wealth of experience evaluating and critiquing research, an important skill in discrediting other witnesses. Caren was recognized by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), as one of the 100 thought leaders (from business, consulting, government, and academia) in the area of Diversity and Inclusion and served on a taskforce led by SHRM and the American National Standards Institute, charged with creating organizational standards for diversity and inclusion. Dr. Goldberg is available for expert testimony and/or consulting regarding harassment, workplace diversity, discrimination, negligence, and related cases. View this expert’s testimonial history on: This Expert's Other Areas of Expertise Disabled Discrimination Discrimination (Business) Employee Hiring Negligence Employee Retention Negligence Human Resources Policies Race / Racial Discrimination Racial Harassment Sex Orientation Discrimination ALMExperts Over 15,000 listings of expert witnesses, investigators, process servers, court reporters, consultants and litigation support professionals from every region of the United States. Your message has been sent to our experts. Copyright © ALM Experts 2019. ALM Media Properties, LLC. All rights reserved. Request Print Directory experts@ALM.com Or, Reset your password with your account	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15487
__label__wiki	0.568916	0.568916	Quick Nav Forums > Discussion > Alternate History Discussion: Before 1900 > WI: Stonewall Jackson in the post-Gettysburg campaigns of the East? Discussion in 'Alternate History Discussion: Before 1900' started by SWS, Jun 5, 2019. Fiver Curmudgeon History Learner said: ↑ Jackson at Mine Run will lead to a Second Chancellorsville at the least, in that Meade's flank was open and Lee had already put into motion a movement to hit when Meade withdrew. It's also entirely possible that the Bristoe Station Campaign could lead to the destruction of the Army of the Potomac or a large portion of it; Jackson was pretty good at the sort of turning movements Lee was going for in that campaign. Getting a Second Chancellorsville requires a Joseph Hooker who freezes when things go according to plan. Replacing Early with Jackson does nothing to stop Meade from withdrawing during the night before the scheduled attack. Jackson was good at turning movements, but Meade showed he was very good at avoiding turning movements. The battles of the Bristoe Campaign consisted of overaggressive Confederate Corps commanders attacking without support, stubborn defense by the Union forces, and Union withdrawal before the rest of the Confederate army could come up. Jackson might have been more aggressive than Ewell or AP Hill, but that would have resulted in little more than higher Confederate casualties. There was no chance that the Confederates would be able to destroy the Army of the Potomac or even a large portion of it - Meade was too determined to crack under pressure and too canny to make a blunder that would give Lee the chance to destroy the Army of the Potomac. mrmandias likes this. So, the Army of the Potomac is destroyed in October of 1863 by Lee. What’s going to happen next? That depends on whether Lee has to give back the Panzer Corps that the ASBs have loaned him. Airship_pirate1901 and mrmandias like this. History Learner Well-Known Member Fiver said: ↑ Not at all, Meade's left flank was open and he spent most of the day trying to decide what to do before he pulled out. Lee was already moving to attack it when this occurred, but with an aggressive, experienced Corps commander like Jackson he'll probably do so much faster. This is almost exactly a Chancellorsville, in that Meade had already decided he was whipped and was going to pull back, but now you're throwing in Jackson doing to his flank what he previously did to Hooker. I'm not sure what campaign you've been reading on, but it wasn't the Bristoe Campaign; the only example of what you claim was literally just the engagement at Bristoe Station itself. The situation was that Meade had divided the Army of the Potomac into two halves, with a major river between each. He had absolutely no idea where Lee was and only found out that Lee was on his flanks nearly twelve hours after initial contact-and four hours after Lee's army had already begun to move into Meade's rear areas. This is critical because Meade has only the Orange and Alexandria railway upon which to be resupplied and to retreat, literally no other means exist for him. He can't live off the land because the Virginia countryside was destitute, which is one of the main reasons why Lee had went into Pennsylvania earlier in the year. So what happens when you don't know where your enemy is until he cuts your only means of resupply and retreat? You get destroyed, no questions. Jared Voldemort Jnr Kingdom of Australia Joking aside, that actually makes for an interesting scenario. WI ASBs gift Lee a fully armed and fuelled Panzer Corps which he can use until the fuel and ammo runs out but have no way of re-arming or refuelling. History Learner likes this. Marc reformed polymath... Donor The left coast... Jared said: ↑ Does the SS attached to that Panzer unit (and there always were), get to machine gun any Jews they run into on the way? rolling eyes... Marc said: ↑ I was assuming that they were under Lee's command, so no, not unless he orders it. (And he wouldn't.) Perhaps not, just any black soldiers they encounter. No surrendering for them... (If you have any doubts, read up on the Battle of the Crater). Zincwarrior Well-Known Member Under the scenario given, Jackson is out of commission for Gettysberg no? Even if he defeats Meade, does that just not accelerate Grant coming East? Beat Grant nine times and he will come back for a tenth time except you won't have an army and he will. Jackson is not Napoleon. He is just a good, aggressive commander. There were plenty of good commanders in the ACW. He just didn't have to face them. Lee was not already moving to attack when Meade withdrew. "After dark, Lee withdrew to prepared field fortifications along Mine Run. The next day the Union army closed on the Confederate position. Skirmishing was heavy, but a major attack did not materialize. Meade concluded that the Confederate line was too strong to attack and retired during the night of December 1-2, ending the winter campaign." - American Battlefield Trust "Lee was still positioned east of the creek, in an infamous stretch of trees and tangled underbrush known as the Wilderness, and on the afternoon of November 27, Early's men encountered Warren's Second Corps near Robertson's Tavern (also known as Robinson's Tavern or what Confederate forces referred to as Locust Grove). Several Confederate divisions formed a battle line stretching from the Orange Turnpike to Payne's Farm farther north, and the fighting—which now included French, who had become lost yet again—seesawed, with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage. That night, during a cold rain, Lee pulled back to the west side of Mine Run and onto the high ground. He now was protected by the Rapidan to the north and by Mine Run to the east. Meade followed Lee to the creek, but attempted no crossing. Warren moved with some success against Lee's right on November 29 but ran out of daylight. He urged Meade to launch a full-scale assault from his end of the line the next day, his confidence bolstered by the arrival of two additional divisions. The next morning, however, with Lee's entrenchments in plain view, he changed his mind. "I would sooner sacrifice my commission … [than] my men," he declared. Meade agreed, and echoed Warren's sentiments in a letter to his wife: "I would rather be ignominiously dismissed, and suffer anything, than knowingly and willfully have thousands of brave men slaughtered for nothing." As such, he stayed put until December 2, and then withdrew his Army of the Potomac north." - Encyclopedia Virginia RousseauX Well-Known Member sloreck said: ↑ This would be a really unusual occurrence. During the ACW neither side was ever able to "destroy" a field army of the other side. Also when it comes to Lee, he never even managed to destroy even a major -unit- of the AoTP in the entier war I'd like to point out how everyone from the common soldier to Lee himself specifically pointed out the effect Jackson would've had on the battle: Lee, too, was frustrated. In waiting for a second Fredericksburg he felt he had missed the chance at a second Chancellorsville. The same staff officer who had written of his hope for another of Lee’s famous victories remarked, “We miss Jackson and Longstreet terribly,” to which Lee replied regretfully, “I am too old to command this army. We should never have permitted those people to get away.” - American Battlefield Trust Lee and his army continued waiting for the attack they believed was coming from Meade’s legions. The Confederates had returned artillery fire when Sedgwick’s cannon began their initial barrage and exchanged sporadic skirmish fire throughout November 30 and December 1. After two days, Lee decided to go on the offensive in light of the enemy’s apparent inactivity. Two divisions of A. P. Hill’s Third Corps under Major Generals Richard Heron Anderson and Cadmus Marcellus Wilcox were pulled out of the Confederate line early morning on December 2 to make an attack on the Federal left flank in the vicinity of the Plank Road. “…[A]s soon as it became light enough to distinguish objects, [Meade’s] pickets were found to have disappeared,” Lee reported to Richmond, “and on advancing our skirmishers it was discovered that [Meade’s] whole army had retreated under cover of the night.” Due to the dense woods, the Confederates proceeded cautiously and only succeeded in capturing straggling Federal soldiers who could not keep up with their comrades. “I am too old to command this army,” a frustrated Lee said to his staff, “we should never have permitted these people to get away.”[28] - ESSENTIAL CIVIL WAR CURRICULUM If you don't know where your enemy is until he cuts your only means of resupply and retreat, then you will fight and either drive your enemy from the field or be destroyed. But Lee never cut off Meade's line of retreat, nor was there any real chance of doing so. At no point did Lee's troops act in an under-aggresive manner - both Stuart and AP Hill were so aggressive they almost got themselves surrounded and destroyed at different times. If Lee had Jackson of the Valley Campaign (as opposed Jackson of the Seven Days), he might have destroyed much of the Union II Corps, but he had no chance of destroying Meade's whole army. And if the ASBs had let Lee destroy the Army of the Potomac, Lee still would have had to turn south due to lack of supplies, instead of rampaging northward without food or winter clothing. In October of 1863, Meade's forces were divided due to misleading intelligence, but Meade had repeatedly placed forces so that so that Lee could not get between the Army of the Potomac and Washington and Meade ordered a withdrawal from the Rapidan to the Rappahannock to avoid this. Due to a captured courier, Meade was delayed on finding out that some of Lee's forces were on his flank and threatening his rear, but by that point ii was 11pm and the Confederate advance had stopped. After being nearly killed by his own troops earlier, I doubt Jackson would have pressed on past nightfall. Meade reacted quickly and had his forces moving almost immediately and all on the same side of the river by daybreak. Lee had outrun his supply trains, something Jackson's presence would not have changed, and had to pause for them to come up. JEB Stuart got ahead of the rest of the Confederate forces and probably would have been destroyed of they had been detected. A better Confederate performance at Coffee Hill might have trapped a significant portion of Warren's II Corps, but it had no chance of cutting Meade's line of retreat. "Even before the Rebel columns turned east toward the railroad the I, III and VI Corps were north of Bristoe Station" so there was no chance of Meade's entire army being cut off. AP Hills lead elements caught up with the Union V Corps and Hill attacked before the rest of his own Corps, let alone the Army of Northern Virginia arrived. If Hill had had more forces, he might have been able to cut off the Union II Corp, but the Union V Corps would have escaped and there was no chance of destroying the Army of the Potomac. Lee then retreated due to lack of supply, which he would have had to do even if he had been far more successful in the Bristoe Campaign RousseauX said: ↑ The closest the Army of Northern Virigina came to destroying a major part of the AotP was probably on the 1st day of Gettysburg when Ewell ignored direct orders from Lee to "not bring on a general engagement" and attacked the Union flank. Your links show an unnamed staff officer saying “We miss Jackson and Longstreet terribly.” One man is not everyone. That one man was not Robert E Lee. And that one man gave no examples of where or how Jackson (or Longstreet) would have done better than Lee's actual Corps commanders. Even Lee didn't agree with the staff officer, replying “I am too old to command this army. We should never have permitted those people to get away.” That's blaming himself, not the loss of his subordinates. That is exactly what happened in the Bristoe Campaign, as I showed in my more detailed response. The battles of the Bristoe Campaign consisted of overaggressive Confederate Corps commanders attacking without support, stubborn defense by the Union forces, and Union withdrawal before the rest of the Confederate army could come up. Jackson might have been more aggressive than Ewell or AP Hill, but that would have resulted in little more than higher Confederate casualties. There was no chance that the Confederates would be able to destroy the Army of the Potomac or even a large portion of it - Meade was too determined to crack under pressure and too canny to make a blunder that would give Lee the chance to destroy the Army of the Potomac. If you don't know where your enemy is until he cuts your only means of resupply and retreat, then you will fight a either drive your enemy from the field or be destroyed. But Lee never cut off Meade's line of retreat, nor was there any real chance of doing so. At no point did Lee's troops act in an under-aggresive manner - both Stuart and AP Hill were so aggressive they almost got themselves surrounded and destroyed at different times. If Lee had Jackson of the Valley Campaign (as opposed Jackson of the Seven Days), he might have destroyed much of the Union II Corps, but he had no chance of destroying Meade's whole army. And if the ASBs had let Lee destroy the Army of the Potomac, Lee still would have had to turn south due to lack of supplies, instead of rampaging northward without food or winter clothing. If Meade's supply line wasn't threatened, the only other explanation for his actions thereafter are that he is an incompetent coward. He declined battle, despite having the larger force, and retreated all the way to Centreville to boot; that's a retreat of nearly 100 miles from Culpepper. If you disagree with Meade being a coward, the only other explanation is that I am right and that Meade agreed with me that his supply line was seriously under threat. It was not "some" of Lee's forces that had emerged on Meade's flank, but instead the entirety of his infantry. The delay Meade had in knowing this was eleven hours after initial contact, and four hours after Ewell had brushed outside the flank protection Meade had emplaced, and to which you refer, at Sulphur's Spring. Meade thus had no idea his flank was ruptured with Confederates pouring into his rear, and had nothing to stop them with. It's around 10 miles from the Spring to the Orange and Alexandria Railway, if Jackson had been in command and had pulled one of his solid days of march that he displayed throughout 1862 and 1863, he could've put his Corps astride the Railway by nightfall. So no, the delay was significant, the rearguard of Meade had failed and, lastly, Ewell IOTL didn't have to stop for provisions until the very next day anyway. As for Lee moving into Maryland, I find the claim that he couldn't odd given he advanced all the way to Centreville IOTL anyway. Which is why you need to read both sources instead of just cherry picking one, with the second going into more detail. Specifically, the lack of Ewell and Hill doing anything of note at Mine Run while Longstreet and Jackson both had gained a reputation for strong flanking attacks, which had become their specialty. Lee's comment is also not just blaming himself, but pointing to the fact he can't make up for his subordinates failures on his own. No, you're literally taking the single engagement at Bristoe's Station and applying it to the entirety of the campaign. There are literally no other examples of Confederates doing what you claimed, nor even a stubborn defense by the Federals outside of Hill's screw up for which he was castigated for by Lee. If Meade's supply line wasn't threatened, the only other explanation for his actions thereafter are that he is an incompetent coward. He declined battle, despite having the larger force, and retreated all the way to Centreville to boot; that's a retreat of nearly 100 miles from Culpepper. If you disagree with Meade being a coward, the only other explanation is that I am right and that Meade agreed with me that his supply line was seriously under threat. I never said the Meade's supply line wasn't threatened, I was responding to your statement that "what happens when you don't know where your enemy is until he cuts your only means of resupply and retreat". In Post 33, I showed that if Meade had done nothing, Lee could have cut Meade's supply lines, but Meade acted to prevent that from happening. It was not "some" of Lee's forces that had emerged on Meade's flank, but instead the entirety of his infantry. The delay Meade had in knowing this was eleven hours after initial contact, and four hours after Ewell had brushed outside the flank protection Meade had emplaced, and to which you refer, at Sulphur's Spring. Meade thus had no idea his flank was ruptured with Confederates pouring into his rear, and had nothing to stop them with. It's around 10 miles from the Spring to the Orange and Alexandria Railway, if Jackson had been in command and had pulled one of his solid days of march that he displayed throughout 1862 and 1863, he could've put his Corps astride the Railway by nightfall. So no, the delay was significant, the rearguard of Meade had failed and, lastly, Ewell IOTL didn't have to stop for provisions until the very next day anyway Your statements do not match actual events. The force at Sulphur Springs was not Meade's "rearguard", they were covering Meade's flank. The Confederates captured Sulphur Springs at 5PM of the 12th and by nightfall were "now over the Rappahannock and well on their way into Meade’s rear", not "pouring into his rear". The claim that Meade "had nothing to stop them with". is also incorrect, Meade had both the I and III Corps, with the latter being best positioned to cover the Union flank. Perhaps Jackson could have pushed on past nightfall, though I suspect being nearly killed by his own troops at twilight would make Jackson a bit more cautious about nighttime maneuvers. Then, if Jackson managed to avoid getting lost in the darkness and avoiding blundering into the Union III Corps guarding Meade's flank, he could have had his Corps astride the O&A Railroad and in Meade's rear, where the Union I Corps would collide with them before daybreak on the 13th. "On the morning of October 13, Lee concentrated his force at Warrenton, where he was again compelled to pause while his supply trains caught up and rations were issued." Jackson's Corps would thus be low on supplies, isolated from the rest of the Army of Northern Virginia, and facing the whole of the Army of the Potomac. Unless Jackson found excellent defensive ground in the darkness, he would be in danger of being overwhelmed by the whole might of the Army of the Potomac, getting himself destroyed and both Stuart and AP Hill nearly managed in OTL. If Jackson is in good defensive ground, he lacks the numbers to cut off Meade's withdrawal, so Meade would still escape while the bulk of the Confederate army resupplied at Warrenton. As for Lee moving into Maryland, I find the claim that he couldn't odd given he advanced all the way to Centreville IOTL anyway. I never claimed that Lee could not have moved into Maryland, I said that "Lee then retreated due to lack of supply, which he would have had to do even if he had been far more successful in the Bristoe Campaign". "Despite the fact that he would have liked to hover near the Potomac for an extended period, Lee decided it was time to retreat. His men lacked the winter clothing necessary for a prolonged campaign so far north, and the destitute nature of Northern Virginia precluded living off the country throughout the winter. The only choice was to shorten his supply line by pulling back to the upper Rappahannock." So even if the Confederates had been vastly more successful in the Bristoe Camoaign, Lee could not have "emplace batteries along the Potomac, closing it down to riverine traffic" or "occupy Baltimore, closing off the only rail connections into Washington", let alone the Union being forced to abandon Washington DC or Maryland seceding. or "French intervention becomes essentially assured". CalBear Your Ursus arctos californicus Moderator Moderator Donor There are WAY too many "You" statements in this debate. Folks best start playing the ball.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15489
__label__wiki	0.81666	0.81666	Tags: awards Caltech Student Will Conduct Research Down Under as a Fulbright Scholar While in Australia, Cleary, a chemical engineering major, will work with researchers at the University of Adelaide's Centre for Energy Technology, studying a type of high-efficiency combustion, known as the MILD combustion regime, which has shown promise as a more efficient and cleaner way of producing energy from gaseous and liquid fuels, and more recently from some solid fuels. Cleary is interested in testing the combustion regime as a cleaner way to burn coal. "I'm thrilled with the opportunity that winning the Fulbright has given me, and I plan on making the most of it," says Cleary, originally from Rancho Cucamonga, California. He adds that he has always wanted to visit Australia and to live in another country, so he's excited that he will have the opportunity to live there for 10 months. "I am truly honored," he says.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15490
__label__wiki	0.724497	0.724497	After a Storm, “There is Help” Emergency Programs, Newsroom Getting Health Care to Hurricane Michael Survivors Days after Hurricane Michael tore through Florida, Lauren needed insulin. “I’m completely dependent on it,” she says. But Lauren lost her supply when the storm took out power; some got too hot, the rest froze by accident in a cooler. Laurens’ regular Walmart pharmacy was closed due to storm damage and her insurance wouldn’t transfer. “There’s a mix-up so I couldn’t get it filled at another Walmart. It was going to cost me $630,” she says. A friend saw a mobile clinic managed by PenCare, a health center supported by Americares in the aftermath of the storm, and tagged Lauren on Facebook. “Having it here made the whole situation less stressful,” says the young mom. The mobile clinic was in the Panama City area. Lauren’s home is in Fountain. “It’s awful,” she says. “Fountain got impacted a lot.” “Without insulin, I wouldn’t be making it on the day to day. I’m completely dependent on it… so having it here made the whole situation a lot less stressful.” Lauren and her son at the mobile clinic in the Panama City area, Florida “With businesses and doctors’ offices closed, there is a tremendous need to replace medication lost in the storm,” says Tom Cotter, Americares emergency response team leader in Florida. Cotter headed up an Americares emergency response team that deployed to Florida as Hurricane Michael was approaching. As soon as it was safe to travel, the team began delivering medicine and relief supplies to shelters and health care facilities throughout the Panhandle. In just the first two weeks after the storm, Americares provided nearly $1 million in medicine and relief supplies for Hurricane Michael survivors, including insulin, antibiotics, tetanus vaccine and medications for patients with diabetes and hypertension. “I think it’s important for people to know that this is here,” says Lauren. “There is help out there.” Help Hurricane Survivors	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15493
__label__cc	0.699363	0.300637	+ Share your memories Feix Family History Lucille Feix 2. Biography & Family History 3. Family Tree & Genealogy 4. Obituary 5. Family Photos 6. Share a Memory 7. Additional Records Edit this bio Lucille Feix (1912 - 1981) Lucille Feix was born on June 16, 1912. She died in January 1981 at 68 years of age. We know that Lucille Feix had been residing in Cynthiana, Harrison County, Kentucky. ADVERTISEMENT BY ANCESTRY.COM Find records of Lucille Feix • Birth records • Marriage records • Divorce records • Death records Find records of Lucille Lucille Feix’s biography is built and maintained by people like you. Create an online profile of Lucille so that her life is remembered forever. If any factual information is incorrect, please edit Lucille’s biography. Lucille Feix Biography & Family History This genealogy profile is dedicated to the life and ancestry of Lucille Feix and her immediate Feix family. Add to Lucille Feix's genealogy page to share your memories & historical research with her family and other genealogy hobbyists. in January 1981 There is no cause of death listed for Lucille. Burial / Funeral Do you know the final resting place - gravesite in a cemetery or location of cremation - of Lucille Feix? Add burial and funeral information. Add an obituary Last Known Residence Cynthiana, Harrison County, Kentucky Lucille Feix lived 3 years shorter than the average Feix family member when she died at the age of 68. Add family members Did Lucille finish grade school, get a GED, go to high school, get a college degree or masters? What schools or universities did Lucille attend? Add education. Share what Lucille did for a living or if she had a career or profession. Add Profession. Add organizations, groups and memberships. It is unknown if Lucille Feix is a military veteran. Unknown. Add middle name Unknown. Add maiden name Unknown. Add Lucille's ethnicity. Unknown. Add Lucille's nationality. Unknown. Was Lucille a religious woman? Add Lucille’s religion Pictures really do say a thousand words. Add photos of Lucille during various points of her life. 1912 - In the year that Lucille Feix was born, New Mexico became the 47th state of the Union in January. Previously a province of Mexico, then a territory of the United States and mostly populated by Native Americans and Mexicans, once it became a U.S. territory it was increasingly colonized by European-American settlers. Its population was over 327,000 when it became a state. 1914 - At the age of just 2 years old, Lucille was alive when in August, the Panama Canal opened to traffic. Begun by the French in the 1880's and abandoned, the United States undertook further construction in 1904. After 10 years, and the elimination of malaria carrying mosquitoes (which caused immense delays for the French and the Americans), the 48 mile long artificial waterway - a series of locks - created a shortcut for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 1948 - At the age of 36 years old, Lucille was alive when on January 30th, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi by a member of a Hindu nationalist party who thought that Gandhi was too accommodating to Muslims. The man, Nathuram Godse, shot Gandhi 3 times. He died immediately. The shooter was tried, convicted, and hung in November 1949. 1968 - When she was 56 years old, on January 31st, the North Vietnamese launched the Tet Offensive, a turning point in the Vietnam War. 70,000 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces swarmed into South Vietnam. The South Vietnamese and US troops held off the offensive but it was such fierce fighting that the U.S. public began to turn against the war. 1981 - In the year of Lucille Feix's passing, on August 1st, MTV debuted. It was the first music video TV channel. The first music video played was the Buggles' "Video Killed the Radio Star" - the second was Pat Benatar's "You Better Run". Lucille Feix Family Tree Who was Lucille’s parents? Did she get married and did they have children? Share Lucille’s family tree to share her legacy and genealogy pedigree. Lucille's Family Add a parent Add a partner Add a child Add a sibling You can add or remove people from Lucille's family tree by clicking here. This obit of Lucille Feix is updated by the community. Edit this biography to contribute to her obituary. Include details such as cemetery, burial, newspaper obituary and grave or marker inscription if available. Lucille Feix passed away in January 1981 at age 68. There is no known cause of death. She was born on June 16, 1912. We are unaware of information about Lucille's family or relationships. We know that Lucille Feix had been residing in Cynthiana, Harrison County, Kentucky. Share a Memory about Lucille Feix What do you remember about Lucille Feix? Share your memories of special moments and stories you have heard about her. Or just leave a comment to show the world that Lucille is remembered. Other Records of Lucille Feix Genealogy Articles Fashions From The Elegant 1800's Bustles, crinolines, corsets, and, by the end of the century, leg o' mutton sleeves. When everyday photography began in the 1850's, the silhouettes for women were big (sometimes too big to get... Pets: Our Ancestors' Buddies Social media is full of pictures of our pets. And they - dogs, cats, horses, and others - have always been who we turn for comfort and joy. But more than a century before the internet was... Almost Everybody Is Related To Royalty! Are you related to royalty? Chances are, you do have royal DNA in your blood. Either one of the people pictured below is on your family tree (millions and millions of people have them on their... We Still Celebrate Our Independence Day Like We Did in 1777 Although the 4th of July has only been a federal holiday since 1941, you’ll find some good suggestions from the far past when you're making preparations for this year. Not much has changed since... Other Biographies Other Feixes Elizabeth Feix (1899 - 1980) Cynthiana, Kentucky Lovenda Feix (1879 - 1972) Henderson, Kentucky George W Feix (1900 - 1993) Cynthiana, Kentucky Clarence J Feix (1899 - 1998) Henderson, Kentucky Ruth Feix (1902 - 1985) Henderson, Kentucky Essie M Feix (1906 - 1992) Henderson, Kentucky Beatrice C Feix (1916 - 2000) Cynthiana, Kentucky Nancy Feix (1934 - 2004) Mount Sterling, Kentucky John Feix (1895 - 1980) Lexington, Kentucky Charles P Feix (1908 - 1996) Cynthiana, Kentucky Joseph E Feix (1919 - 2005) Burnside, Kentucky Herbert Feix (1937 - 2003) Houston, Texas Lorena Feix (1902 - 1984) Wright City, Missouri Clarence H Feix (1901 - 1998) Chesterfield, Missouri Donelda v Feix (1929 - 1998) Apple Valley, California Richard Feix (1903 - 1973) Tacoma, Washington Carrie Feix (1884 - 1968) San Francisco, California Rudolf A Feix (1921 - 2000) Duncan, South Carolina David Wilbur Feix (born 1945) Texas Sylvia D. (Soriano) Feix (born 1945) Texas Other Bios Dorothy M Griggs (1936 - 2009) Taylorsville, Kentucky Marshall G Sipe (1936 - 2001) Titusville, Florida Dorothy Barnette (1914 - 1984) Winchester, Kentucky Willie Ellis (1904 - 1975) Kentucky Nancy Hall (1902 - 1987) Winchester, Kentucky Dorothy Campbell (1924 - 2002) Mayslick, Kentucky Arneda C Posmikewich (1936 - 1993) Mount Sterling, Kentucky Maude M Arnold (1908 - 1994) Cynthiana, Kentucky Marshal Schlappi (1926 - 2005) Waynesburg, Kentucky William D Ross (1935 - 1999) Paris, Kentucky Marcus C Embs (1931 - 2003) Irvine, Kentucky Fanny R Roberts (1918 - 2003) Monticello, Kentucky Edna Todd (1911 - 1994) Berea, Kentucky Pearl Orme (1921 - 1978) Jack Abrams (1936 - 2007) McKee, Kentucky Jimmie Smith (1934 - 1984) Pitsburg, Ohio Johnnie R Hillard (1934 - 2002) Berry, Kentucky James Watkins (1892 - 1967) Lexington, Kentucky Jack Mack (1933 - 2011) Kentucky Roy T Jones (1936 - 2006) Paris, Kentucky Source(s): Social Security Death Index Success Stories from Biographies like Lucille Feix I have to tell you a VERY special story about how AncientFaces helped to reunite our family. For 13 years, I have been searching for my grandmother's missing sister. She just disappeared from the family in the 1930s without a trace. No one ever knew where or when she died or where she was buried. My years of searching have just run into dead ends, so I had given up. Today, out-of-the-blue, a young lady called me and said that she had seen a photograph on AncientFaces and one of the women in the photo was her grandmother! Little did I know that she had left a small child behind when she died so young of TB. You can imagine our shock and excitement at finding each other and a whole new family that we never knew existed. We only live one state away from each other and very soon plan to have all family members meet to share our sides of "the story" and of course, many, many more picturesl AncientFaces...... without you, this family may never have been complete and Aunt Grace would have been lost to us forever. I hope you realize what a valuable service you provide and how grateful we are to have found you. Thank you!!!! -Lynda B. I never knew my biological family. My family is my mother and father who raised me. But, as I got older I got curious about my heritage. It took me years of investigation to finally discover my parents’ names. Well, I get goosebumps just writing this, I have found my biological family because of AncientFaces. Yes!! I did a search for my [parents' names] and was shocked to find a photo of them on AncientFaces! I cannot tell you the feeling that came over me when I saw this photo - to see the faces of my biological parents…JUST LIKE THAT. I left a comment on the photo and you won’t believe this - the owner of the photo is MY SISTER!!! Yes, I have a LITTLE sister! It turns out my parents were too young when they had me and had to give me up. My little sister knew I existed and wanted to find me but had no way of doing it. Thanks to you I am meeting my little sister for the first time next month. GOD BLESS YOU ANCIENTFACES. -Anonymous We have found our missing relative entirely thanks to AncientFaces. We have received a much clearer photo of Captain Grant from his Son. The picture we on AncientFaces is an old yellowed newspaper photo. I am attaching the new photo and ask that you take the old one out and put the new clear picture in its place. With our Canadian Remembrance Day here in 2 days - the timing could not be better. Thank You, AncientFaces. My long lost Aunt is now 86 years old and her Son and I are talking by phone and e-mails. Captain Grant was his Father and died in France in 1944 and is buried there. By posting pictures of the visit to his gravesite - we connected through one of his brothers. Amazing that our prayers have been answered. Thank you -Beth B. I came home for lunch yesterday and decided to look at my email before going back to work. The weekly newsletter that I subscribe to from the Logan Family History Center had this message in it about AncientFaces. I clicked on the link and the first search I did was for Woodruff, and Mamie was the first picture that came up. I could hardly stand it. I was late getting back to work. I had to add comments and write to you. Thank you for noticing her in the store and for the website. I can't help but wonder how many other family pictures may have ended up in that store and why. I also can't help but feel that it was meant to be and that there is a purpose that this picture is coming home as you say. What are the chances of this all just happening? It's amazing that you even picked it up at the store and then went to all the extra effort to post it. It makes me feel as though you have been my friend forever. It certainly has given me a connection to you, and I have a love for what you do. I just can't tell you how excited I am. I can't even hold it in. -Cathy K., Utah I have previously submitted several pictures of my grandfather August Zemidat. I have tried for many years to find anyone with that name, and I have searched many genealogy web sites to no avail. Recently I was contacted by someone who saw my pictures on AncientFaces who may well be a cousin. She also provided me with information that seems to indicate her grandparents were my grandfather’s siblings. Considering the many years I have been searching for the name Zemidat, I find this is absolutely amazing that I have finally found a family member. Thank you AncientFaces -Ron D. I love AncientFaces, a while back I saw that you had labeled Garcia surname pictures. At the time I didn’t have all my family facts for my research. Anyway, I wandered into your site just to check it out AND NOW 1 YEAR LATER I received a picture from an 87 year old aunt and guess what you had this very same picture on your site!! (They were my great aunts and my great-grandmother!). Thank you… -Angela M. I have loved AncientFaces since I first found it, it's the first thing I check when I turn on the computer. There was a time when even in the most modest households there were three cherished possessions, a family Bible. a family album and a fancy lamp. It was usual for the family to gather in the parlour, generally on Sunday and talk, tell stories of family and friends with the photos in the albums as illustration. Sadly in our modern electronic age we have fallen away from the oral tradition and interest in history has waned. I was quite shocked on the anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic to see so many comments from younger people who were surprised to learn that the Titanic wasn't just a movie. This is why AncientFaces is so important, to me it's the electronic age version of the oral tradition on a global scale and the sheer volume of people who follow, comment and contribute seems to prove the point. We are all grateful to you all for providing us with this wonderful site. - Arba M. About AncientFaces Genealogy Directory Surname Records Copyright © 1999-2019 AncientFaces, LLC. All Rights Reserved	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15495
__label__wiki	0.758998	0.758998	Willis O'Brien - The Man who Created Kong Written by Kelly Wold, edited by Tim Smyth While unrealized in his lifetime, Willis “Obie” Obrien’s mastery of animation has helped inspire the mind's eye of generations. This pioneer’s monstrous legacy was cultivated through years of developing innovative techniques. The Oakland born California native gained life experience before stepping into motion pictures. O’Brien’s winding artistic road began in his teens working briefly as a cowboy, boxer and cartoonist. These interests would resurface in his later works. Obie’s focus shifted to sculpture, consisting of mainly human and animal figures. He would add molded rubber to their surfaces giving his pieces both character and freedom of movement. It was said that during a particularly slow day of work, Obrien and a coworker created tiny boxers out of clay and proceeded to stage a boxing match. Through this “play”, the seeds of stop motion were planted in O’Brien’s mind. Though in their infancy, this thought process would grow into years of collected knowledge – leading to Willis’ greatest accomplishment…Kong. Obie’s innovative methods caught the attention of the Edison Company, who hired him to produce several prehistorically themed shorts. In his early pieces, Willis’ characters consisted mainly of clay. As both his career and skills grew, so did the intricacy of his models. Complex articulated armatures covered with rubber skins would dominate the models Willis would build and design. Some of O’Brien’s designs even included a rubber bladder that allowed his creatures to “breathe”. By inflating and deflating the bladder, his creations could fight, move, and give the appearance of breathing – stirring both our fears and imaginations. During this time, Willis would meet and impulsively marry the young Hazel Collette. Their marriage would result in separation and profound tragedy for O’Brien. With their uneasy union dissolved, the increasingly despondent Hazel was left in charge of their two sons, William and Willis Jr. Though his private life was highly conflicted, Obie continued researching and developing his characters for the upcoming feature - King Kong. To develop his portrayal of the mighty Kong, O’Brien frequented zoos to study the gorilla’s movements. Likewise, he would attend wrestling matches to observe their interactions and improve the choreography of his creatures’ battles. This attention to detail coupled with his own life experiences, is what set O'Brien's work apart At a mere 18 inches high, Kong’s rich character coupled a new style of rear projection film effects left audiences thrilled and amazed – exceeding all previous films of its type. The new style of metal armature with ball and socket joints was built up using foam and covered with rabbit fur. It was then shot one frame at a time to create the illusion of life. Though largely a technical process, the success of Kong stemmed from O’Brien’s ability to give a lifeless puppet a personality which audiences were able to identify with. The gentle giants endearing performance was as strong as the films special effects. Though his method of live action mixed with stop motion animation is a standard process today, the special effects techniques developed by Willis O'Brien was groundbreaking. For the first time, a cellulose-acetate screen was used for rear projection. This new type of cellulose screen was flexible and stretched over a frame like canvas. He also began using a blue screen behind live action actors to allow them to be matted into existing footage. This technique as well as rear and miniature projection improved the optical process. Until computer animation became widely used, these techniques were utilized in most monster films until the 1990's. O'Brien continued to write concepts for several films after King Kong but only found the backing to complete a few. While filming the follow up feature Son of Kong, tragedy would enter into Willis’ life. O’Brien’s ex wife Hazel would proceed to shoot and kill both of their sons and then turn the gun on herself. While stricken with grief, O'Brien forged on laboring in obscurity, gaining neither fame nor fortune. Though recognized today, O'Brien was often discouraged with his career, seeking financial backing for unrealized projects. Now known to the world as the man who created Kong, O’Brien is synonymous as a legend among horror, dinosaur and animation fans. In 1950 he received a special Oscar for his work on Mighty Joe Young. Willis O’Brien passed away in November of 1962. Following his passing, he was posthumously awarded the Winsor McCay Award by ASIFA-Hollywood for lifetime/career contributions to the art of animation in 1997. Willis “Obie” O’Brien has been an inspiration to many, conjuring up delightful worlds of fantasy and wonder. Though solitary in his life’s work, he laid the foundation that we all can build and grow upon.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15498
__label__wiki	0.989414	0.989414	View 33 pics \| Celebrities Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie release a joint statement on their divorce January 10, 2017 by us.hola.com Did Jennifer Lopez's daughter Emme just out-sing her on stage? Watch and judge for yourself! Parents-of-six Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's shocking divorce news on September 20, 2016 was only the beginning. Here are the latest developments about the high-profile split. On January 9, 2017, the former couple released a joint statement publicly confirming that they have reached an agreement to handle their divorce privately, and will work together to reunify their family. Brad and Angelina also stated that they will be keeping all future details of their divorce confidential by using a private judge. "The parties and their counsel have signed agreements to preserve the privacy rights of their children and family by keeping all court documents confidential and engaging a private judge to make any necessary legal decisions and to facilitate the expeditious resolution of any remaining issues," read the statement. "The parents are committed to act as a united front to effectuate recovery and reunification." Photo: Getty Images The announcement came one day after Brad made a surprise return to the Hollywood spotlight, seen here, on stage at the Golden Globes on January 8. The star, who had been staying away from the public eye, made an unexpected appearance at the award show to present the film Moonlight, which Plan B, his movie company, produced. The actor, who did not walk the red carpet, received a loud applause from the star-studded crowd as he presented a clip from the film, which won the award for best Best Drama Motion Picture. Photo: Paul Drinkwater/NBC via USA TODAY NETWORK In early January, 2017, Angelina agreed to her ex's request to have their divorce documents that relate to their children's custody sealed. In December 2016, Brad alleged Angelina was compromising their kids' privacy by releasing details to the media through court filings. In the actress' latest filing, she disputed Brad's claims saying he only made the accusations because he’s “terrified that the public will learn the truth.” The latest court documents stated, "There is little doubt that [Brad] would prefer to keep the entire case private, particularly given the detailed investigations by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Dept. of Children and Family Services into allegation of abuse." Photo: Yui Mok PA Wire/PA Images Brad Pitt has not been pleased with the amount of information that has been released by Angelina and her team. The Allied star filed documents on December 22 accusing Angelina of releasing sensitive custody details through the media, compromising the privacy of their six children as a result. According to the documents, which were obtained by CNN, the 54-year-old says Angie "appears to be determined to ignore even agreed upon standards relating to the children's best interest." He also says the 41-year-old has "no self-regulating mechanism" in regards to releasing therapist names and other information. He also alleges that the re-releasing of court documents and filings is causing an issue saying, "although she had already made them public, she did it again." Photo: Anthony Harvey/Getty Images A judge denied the actor's request to keep his and Angelina's divorce documents sealed. According to People magazine, the filing did not meet the requirements for sealing. Angelina's attorney, Laura Wasser, said her client was not opposed to sealing documents, however Brad's team did not consult with them before the hearing, which is why they opposed it. Photo: Samuel de Roman/WireImage Brad and Angelina have come to a temporary custody agreement. According to Entertainment Tonight, who obtained court documents, the pair’s six children will remain in the actress’s custody. Brad will continue to have "therapeutic visitations” determined by the family’s therapist, who “shall at all times consider the best interests of the minor children." The Allied actor will also have to attend group therapy and will be subjected to random drug testing. The Jolie-Pitt kids will also participate in individual counseling. Photo: Axelle/Bauer-Griffin/FilmMagic On November 22, the FBI confirmed that Brad Pitt would not be charged with any crime following an investigation into allegations of a dispute with one of his children aboard a private flight. The Federal Bureau of Investigation released a statement that read: "In response to allegations made following a flight… carrying Mr Brad Pitt and his children, the FBI has conducted a review of the circumstances and will not pursue further investigation. No charges have been filed in this matter." In September, the FBI had announced it was gathering facts to "evaluate whether an investigation at a federal level will be pursued". An inquiry into whether 52-year-old Brad was abusive was also carried out by the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS). That inquiry was closed earlier this month, with no finding of wrongdoing by the star. At the time, a representative for Angelina Jolie said she was "relieved" that the DCFS investigation was over. Photo: Getty Images Angelina, who has kept a low profile since her decision to divorce Brad, returned to the spotlight in a recorded video in mid-November. The Oscar winner appeared in a video message for the International Criminal Court in support of a recent policy regarding children. "Successful prosecution and new legal benchmark, whether at the ICC or elsewhere is part of the long and vital generational effort," she said in the video, which has since been removed from Twitter. "That is the light in which I believe the court's new policy on children should be seen." Angelina added, "I particularly welcome the commitment to include charges for crimes against children wherever the evidence permits as part of a more systematic approach. I congratulate the office of the chief prosecutor, and all those working on the policy." Photo: LOUISA GOULIAMAKI/AFP/Getty Images Expectant mom, Marion Cotillard, found herself at the center of speculation following her Allied co-star, Brad, and Angelina's shocking divorce announcement. The actress spoke out about the affair rumors during an appearance on the Today show. "I never take anything personally when it doesn't concern me," she said. "So, I didn't take it personally because I had nothing to do with those rumors or situation." Marion added, "I don't give energy to this. It was a wonderful, wonderful experience working with such a visionaire director and an amazing actor, and that's all that matters." Photo: Steve Granitz/WireImage Jon Voight has previously spoken out about his daughter's divorce. However at the world premiere of his new film, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, the actor addressed Angelina and Brad's custody battle. "I appreciate everybody's concern and their prayers," he told E! News. "Hopefully things will work out." Photo: ABACA ABACA PRESS ABACA USA/PA Images Brad has been cleared of any wrongdoing by officials after an investigation into alleged child abuse claims. CNN reported via a source on November 9, that the actor was cleared by the Los Angeles County Department of Child and Family Services (DCFS) after an incident involving him and one of his children in September. The update follows Brad's first public appearance since the split on November 8, where he appeared with pal Julia Roberts for the screening of Moonlight. The father of six then had a big night out on November 9 for the premiere of his latest film Allied in Westwood. The 52-year-old posed on the carpet with co-star Marion Cotillard and snapped photos with fans, before talking about the amount of support he has received noting, “It’s really sweet, everyone has been really kind out here,” he said during the Facebook Live stream. “It’s really nice to have all the support.” Photo: Steve Granitz/WireImage Brad is set to make his first red carpet appearance since splitting from Angelina, People magazine confirmed. The actor will attend the premiere of his and co-star Marion Cotillard's new spy drama, Allied, in Los Angeles on November 9. Photo: James Devaney/WireImage On November 7, Angelina confirmed that she and Brad had reached a legal agreement regarding their six children. A representative for the actress stated that she will continue to retain sole custody, while Brad will have "therapeutic visits". The statement read: "We can confirm that childcare professionals have encouraged a legal agreement accepted and signed by both sides over a week ago. In accordance with this agreement, the six children will stay in their mother's custody, and the children will continue therapeutic visits with their father. This has been determined by childcare professionals to be in the children's best interest. "We are not in a position to discuss the details. We hope now that it is clear that the events which led to the dissolution filing involved minor children and their wellbeing, there will be understanding of the sensitivity of the family situation. We believe that all sides are committed to healing the family and ask for your consideration during this difficult time." Photo: Getty Images On November 4 it was revealed that Brad has requested joint custody of his six children following his split from Angelina. While the actress is seeking sole physical custody of Maddox, 15, Pax, 12, Zahara, 11, Shiloh, 10, and 8-year-old twins, Knox and Vivienne, the Oceans 11 actor wants both joint legal and joint physical custody of the children, according to court documents obtained by ET Online. The documents also show that the pair both listed their date of separation as September 15, 2016, and both cited "irreconcilable differences" as the reason for the split. Angelina officially filed for divorce on September 19, and did not ask for spousal support. Photo: Getty Images In late October 2016, it was revealed that the former pair had sold their three-story New Orleans home. According to the Hollywood Reporter, the Land Records Division of the Orleans Parish Civil Clerk of Court's office have documents which confirm that the couple had sold the house for $4.9 million. The pair originally purchased the stunning five-bedroom mansion in New Orleans' French Quarter following Hurricane Katrina for $3.5 million back in 2007. Real estate agent Nina Killeen confirmed that the Mr and Mrs Smith co-stars had sold the house, telling the Reporter: "It sold for a very fair price. It's a good deal for both parties. They're happy with the outcome." It's not just fans that have been commenting on the split. During an appearance on Australia’s Today show, pop star Britney Spears touched upon the subject after she was asked about her first celebrity crush. "My first celebrity crush was Brad Pitt,” she said with a smile. Britney added, “He’s single now!” Photo: Doug Peters Doug Peters/EMPICS Entertainment Melissa Etheridge penned a song about her old pal Brad and his ex Angelina. The singer, who previously spoke out about the pair's divorce saying, "It breaks my heart that anyone would take something as personal as your marriage and your relationship and your rights to your children and do it as purposefully as I see it’s being done," has also criticized Angelina's legal team for the way they've handled the divorce. Following her comments, the guitarist revealed on Bravo's Watch What Happen's Live that a member from the actress' legal camp reached out with "a subtle warning." As a result, Melissa wrote and performed a new song called The Fixer Blues. “Well I woke up this morning to a subtle warning / That had my mind rockin,’” Melissa sang on the talk show. “Seems I said some things about an old, old, old friend / That’s got some people talking / Now I know broken hearts, a thing or two about divorce / I’ve been there before once… OK, twice.” She continued, “I have not seen my friend in over 10 years / I swear I have never, ever, ever, ever met his wife / I tell you what, I ain’t pickin’ no fight / None of my business who’s wrong or who’s right / Anyway, that’s for sure my opinion is mine / You can take that and a dime and have a good time on your Google searches so / Fixer I hope you understand to scandalize was never my plan / Reminiscin’ I was flowin’ / I was just hanging with my good friend Andy Cohen / Talking about our spouses and our own glass houses / So the moral of this story is / Divorce is a b-tch and nobody wins / Let’s not do unto others and please forgive us our sins / Life is too hard anyway / So when you’re chatting with Andy / You better watch what you say.” Photo: PA Jennifer Garner is deflecting questions about her and ex-husband Ben Affleck’s relationship by talking about 'dating' a new man in Tinseltown — Brad Pitt! After a workout session with a pal in Los Angeles the mom-of-three told members of the paparazzi, “Brad [Pitt] and I are dating.” "You're dating Brad Pitt?" the videographer asked, to which she laughingly answered, “Isn’t that great. Yeah!" The pap joked back, “Ben must cry himself to sleep every night.” Meanwhile Jen and her friend laughed their way back to their car. Photos: Van Tine Dennis ABACA USA/PA Images/Picture by Apega ABACA USA/PA Images Lupita Nyong'o had a diplomatic answer when asked during an appearance on Watch What Happens Live whether she was surprised at her friend and former 12 Years a Slave co-star Brad Pitt's divorce. She said, "Well, you know, I don’t know how to comment about people’s private lives and I value my private life and I would like to honor theirs." Though Lupita did not share her thoughts on the actor’s divorce, she did reveal the 'stupidest question' she was asked on the red carpet while promoting their 2013 film. The Oscar winner dished, “Whether I kissed Brad Pitt.” Photo: Hahn Lionel/ABACA USA / ABACA USA/PA Images While Brad Pitt's ex-wife, Jennifer Aniston, has yet to comment on his current divorce, the actress' husband Justin Theroux has shared his thoughts on the sad split. "As a child of divorce, all I can say is that's terrible news for those children, and that's all you can really say," The Girl on the Train actor told Business Insider. "It's boring to sort of comment on anything else. People are having a bad time. That's horrible." Photo: Dimitrios Kambouris/Getty Images This is what friends are for! Courteney Cox has come to her pal and former co-star, Jennifer Aniston’s defense. Since news of the couple's split broke, Jennifer has found herself tangled in the couple's divorce drama — and her friend is not okay with it! "It's not about [Jennifer]," Courteney told Entertainment Tonight at Revlon's Annual Philanthropic Luncheon. "I feel like we're exacerbating it by even talking about it." Photo: Steve Granitz Archive 1/WireImage Ahead of Tuesday night's Hollywood premiere of Voyage of Time, the actor released a statement exclusively to Access Hollywood explaining his absence from the red carpet event. Brad, who narrates the documentary, stated: "Terrence’s Voyage of Time is an incredibly beautiful and unique experiential IMAX film for children and families chronicling the birth of time. I'm very grateful to be part of such a fascinating and educational project, but I’m currently focused on my family situation and don’t want to distract attention away from this extraordinary film, which I encourage everyone to see.” Photo: James Devaney/WireImage Marion Cotillard's partner Guillaume Canet has commented on the mother of his children's rumored involvement in Brad Pitt's divorce. Taking to Instagram, the actor shared a photo of an international hazard warning sign and wrote in French: "I do not usually comment on rumors made about us. I do not usually talk about my private life…" "But the fury of the tabloids…the hatred of some users feeling stronger behind a keyboard, push me to tell of the pride, the love, respect and admiration I have for Marion to stay a strong, intelligent person among all of these stupid and unfounded accusations," he penned. "I think we're all living with much more important things at the moment and now it is time to move on and raise the level a bit." Photo: Venturelli/WireImage The Dalai Lama is one of the latest people to chime in on Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie's divorce. During his appearance on Good Morning Britain, His Holiness was asked his thoughts on the end of the Hollywood power couple's marriage by Piers Morgan. The spiritual leader said he was "sad" to hear the news, then spoke about Brad and Angelina's six children. "Sometimes [with] divorced people, the children become closer to their father or mother," he said. "Sometimes it's difficult so I think that may sort of harm their deep experiences." Photo: Getty Images Hello, it's Adele and she's kidding! The British songstress told fans during a concert that despite dedicating a concert to Brangelina after the news of their divorce broke, she actually doesn't care about them at all. "I would like to say I think it's a bit sick you're reporting on an absolute joke. I don't care if they've broken up. I couldn't give a f--king s--t," she said during her Thursday concert at Madison Square Garden. “I don’t care. I don’t know them.” Photo: Gareth Cattermole/Getty Images/Robin Marchant/Getty Images for Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences On September 23, it emerged that the FBI is considering whether to launch an investigation into a reported incident involving Brad Pitt and his family on a plane. Following allegations that the actor was involved in an altercation with one of their children, a spokesperson for the bureau issued the following statement to the Associated Press: "In response to your inquiry regarding allegations within the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States, specifically an aircraft carrying Mr. Brad Pitt and his children, the FBI is continuing to gather facts and will evaluate whether an investigation at the federal level will be pursued," it read. On September 22, HELLO! obtained a statement from the Los Angeles Police Department denying published reports that Brad Pitt is being investigated for "child abuse." The statement read: "LAPD is not handling any report or allegations into child abuse for Mr. Brad Pitt." Photo: Michael Kovac/Getty Images for AFI Samuel L. Jackson, who has starred in films with Brad, did not hold back when asked about the divorce. "It's life!" the actor said during an appearance on Good Morning Britain. "People carry on and people do what they do." He also added, "There's a huge segment of America that still think what he did to Jennifer Aniston was just wrong and are overjoyed that the wicked witch lost her husband. There's another segment that think it is sad and there's a dissolution of another family. I don’t know why it's everybody's business, or why people care anyway." Photo: Getty Images for The Weinstein C/George Pimentel/Getty Images While the divorce papers might not be signed, the couple's split is official at Madame Tussauds. A day after the couple's split broke, the famous wax museum in London announced that they had separated Brad and Angie's wax figures. "Following the news that has shocked celebrity watchers worldwide, we can confirm we have separated Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie's figures," Madame Tussauds tweeted along with a photo of the figures separated by Robert Pattinson. "We reacted quickly to yesterday's news of the separation of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt and their plans to divorce by mirroring the separation in the attraction," said a Madame Tussauds spokesperson. "The couple's wax figures, which were launched in 2013, have been split up and are now featured at a respectful distance from each other." Photo: Twitter/@MadameTussauds Like the rest of the world, George Clooney was shocked to learn of his friends' decision to end their relationship. "What happened?" the Oscar winner asked, before being told the news by a CNN reporter. "I feel very sorry then. That's a sad story and unfortunate for a family. It's an unfortunate story about a family. I feel very sorry to hear that," he sorrowfully said. "This is the first I've heard of it." Photo: Dimitrios Kambouris/WireImage Angelina's father was saddened by the new of her daughter's split from Brad, noting something "serious" must have occurred to break them up. "It’s very sad. Something very serious must have happened for Angie to make a decision like this," he told Inside Edition. "I don’t know what it is. It’s a sad thing. Say a little prayer," he said. "I am concerned for Angie and the children and hopefully I will be seeing them very soon." Photo: Mirek Towski/FilmMagic After the news broke on September 20 that Angelina filed for divorce, Brad, seen here with Pax, Shiloh and Maddox, broke his silence, releasing a statement to People magazine. "I am very saddened by this, but what matters most now is the wellbeing of our kids," he said. "I kindly ask the press to give them the space they deserve during this challenging time." Photo: Gregg DeGuire/WireImage Angelina's attorney Robert Offer had earlier released a statement saying, "This decision was made for the health of the family. She will not be commenting, and asks that the family be given its privacy at this time." Photo: Frederick M. Brown/Getty Images Fans were completely taken by surprise when the By the Sea actress filed for divorce from her husband of two years. Angelina, who first got together with Brad in 2004 after meeting on the set of their film Mr. and Mrs. Smith cited irreconcilable differences when she filed on September 19, and did not ask for spousal support. Angelina requested physical custody of her six children – Maddox, 15, Pax, 12, Zahara, 11, Shiloh, ten, and eight-year-old twins Vivienne and Knox. Photo: Michael Kovac/Getty Images for AFI Celebrity Splits Ready for a new chapter? Angelina Jolie changes her name It looks like two years after Angelina Jolie Pitt filed for divorce from Brad Pitt, she's ready to move on in more ways than one. Not only did she... Angelina Jolie files for divorce from Brad Pitt and reveals the reason behind the decision It's the end of an era: Brangelina has split. Angelina Jolie filed for divorce from husband Brad Pitt on Monday, September 19 (TMZ was first to break... Inside Joe Jonas and Sophie Turner's $28k honeymoon suite Joe Jonas and Sophie Turner are living the good life after tying the knot (for the second time!) in a star-studded ceremony held in France. After... Guess who Brad Pitt is hilariously photobombing in this picture... Camila Cabello on her bond with Shawn Mendes and the beauty of growing up together Camila Cabello and Shawn Mendes no doubt share a special chemistry in their Señorita video, but off-screen the duo’s relationship is much stronger....	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15501
__label__cc	0.706477	0.293523	Home » Political Analysis » Can Ron Paul Win as a Third Party Candidate? Can Ron Paul Win as a Third Party Candidate? By Greg Hunter On January 18, 2012 In Political Analysis 79 Comments In a new poll, out yesterday, 7 out of 10 Republicans and right leaning independent voters believe Mitt Romney will be the GOP nominee for President. (Click here for that poll.) Does that mean it’s over for Congressman Ron Paul? I think it is safe to say it is probably a long shot he will be the Republican nominee, but what about a third party run? Can Ron Paul win as a third party candidate? I say that is much less of a long shot, and here’s why. Let me first say, Dr. Paul has repeatedly said that he has no interest in running as a third party candidate. I do not know (or have talked to) anyone in his campaign. This is my objective analysis and nothing more. Ron Paul as a third party candidate would be much different than the third party candidates of the past. Conservative presidential candidate Ross Perot of the 1992 and 1996 elections predominantly took votes away from the Republican candidates. In 1992, national exit polls had Perot splitting the Republican and Democrat vote equally, but it was not split equally in every state. (Click here for more on this.) A president is voted in by winning each state’s Electoral College votes. It’s a winner take all game, so every state gives a certain number to the winner of each state. Also, Perot spent millions hammering Bush in the 1992 primaries; so, Perot mostly had a negative effect on the Republicans. The ultra-liberal Ralph Nader’s third party campaign in 2000 took votes away from Al Gore, the Democrat. More than 97,000 voted for Nader in Florida alone. Gore would have easily won the election and Florida if Nader would have not run. Then there is Ron Paul. He would, no doubt, run on a Libertarian type ticket. Paul would take votes from Republicans that think Romney is not conservative enough. After all, he has, so far, come in second in the caucuses and primaries, but that is just with the GOP. He would take a large percentage of the 40% of people who call themselves “Independent” voters. Paul also does well with young voters. In Iowa and New Hampshire, nearly half of all GOP voters under 30 voted for Dr. Paul. He would probably do well with Democrats in the same group. He may be booed in South Carolina by the old guard for his anti-war policies, but the young, who would have to fight the wars, think his message is on target. As far as liberal Democrats go, Paul would carve a significant amount out of President Obama’s base. Some of the most stinging criticism of the President has come from his own party. You can’t get much more left leaning than the ACLU, and that organization said the most recent signing of the “Indefinite Detention” bill by the President basically guts the Bill of Rights. The ACLU says, “The bill contains dangerous, sweeping worldwide indefinite detention provisions.” The ACLU has vowed to fight this unconstitutional legislation all the way to the Supreme Court. Even MSNBC’s Rachael Maddow, a self-proclaimed liberal, criticized the President on this issue. (Click here and hear her nearly 8 minute rant from early December 2011.) The President also said on 60 Minutes, “. . . some of the least ethical behavior on Wall Street, wasn’t illegal.” This statement is absurd because the meltdown of 2008 is 70 times worse than the S&L crisis 20 years ago when 1,000 financial elites were convicted of crimes. Zero criminal prosecutions of financial elites happened in the wake of the 2008 meltdown. I think it is safe to say Ron Paul would take some very disgruntled Democrats away from Obama. On the other hand, GOP candidate Romney would get very few votes from Democrats because, after all, there is little difference between him and Obama on this issue. Romney thinks “corporations are people.” Romney and the GOP would like you to think the 2008 meltdown is “all the government’s fault” for making the poor defenseless banks loan money to poor people who couldn’t pay it back. That is a crock! Don’t take my word for it. Listen to William Black, former bank regulator and professor of both law and economics, on how zero financial elites have been prosecuted for crime. (Click here for one of many stories.) Remember, this is what Occupy Wall Street is all about. Obama and Romney will get very few votes from these folks. So, Congressman Paul could do something that no other third party candidate has done in recent history– take votes from left, right and center. This is why both Democrats and Republicans fear and loath him. I have noted several Ron Paul snubs on both the left and the right, but Democrats seem especially terrified. Can you imagine Obama debating Dr. Paul on civil liberties, true Wall Street reform, budget deficits or war? After the New Hampshire primary, liberal commentator Lawrence O’Donnell said John Huntsman was the “real second” when, in fact, Ron Paul was by a significant margin. “Daily Show” comedian Jon Stewart rants about this stupid and biased comment. Please watch, it’s funny. Huntsman was doing so well he dropped out of the race before the next primary in South Carolina. Dana Bash, also, showed her true biased feelings on CNN in early January when she said she was “worried . . . Ron Paul will continue on long into the spring and summer.” (Click here to hear the comments of CNN reporter Dana Bash for yourself.) So, why would Congressman Paul “continue on long into the spring and summer” even if he would likely not win the GOP nomination? Do you know of any third party primaries out there? Of course not. Paul would keep campaigning just to get press and gain votes. Dr. Paul would love to narrow the field down to just Romney, and he has the money and campaign organization to do it. When it’s mathematically impossible for Paul to get the GOP nomination, I expect a third party run. At 76, I can’t imagine this man of conviction to just pull up stakes and leave the presidential race to the two corporate candidates put forth by the Democrats and Republicans. Dems Turning Marxist, Corporations Punish Trump Voters, Fed Sounds Huge Warning Macron Sells New World Order, Bernie’s Marxism, Economic Update Middle East Dog Fight, Economic Update Not Good, 6 Million Vote Illegally Rocky Anderson just announced his 3rd party candidacy under the Justice Party label. Will he do better than a Ralph Nder? PS. This is Mormon vs. Mormon. Randy 01/28/2012 • I live in Salt Lake City I like liberal Rocky Anderson’s position on civil rights. He was ok as Mayor, but anti gun. He is no longer a Mormon as I have had it indicated to me! jay 01/18/2012 • Are you saying the dems, and reps are one in the same, or just romney , and oboma? I for 1 will never vote for the lesser of two evils agian. When this is done you still have a evil government. Jay, Yes, one in the same. http://youtu.be/JQ5uJrFCloI I think you are exactly right.In a three way race Paul would need to average 34% to win.I am not sure if he would get that if the race began today but fortunately it doesn’t.I think by summer the economy is going to be worse and Paul is only going to keep gaining in popularity.If he gets the republican nod and gets a good vice pic like maybe Judge Napolitano he would destroy Obama.If he goes third party and jumped on a ticket with Gary Johnson that too would be fantastic and would be a good chance to win. Yes, Paul would be a winner as a Republican but it’s a long shot because the leadership in the GOP hates Dr. Paul. I think he’s very electable as a third party candidate. Timely written Greg and many postulate as you have. But I take Dr. Paul at his word that he is not interested in a third party run. Having said that political pressure can be very strong and Dr. Paul does not act like your ordinary “just get along” republican. It would be interesting to see the two heads on the same monster (democrats & republican parties) yelling foul. But we in the real world learning to make due with less and less can at least dream about such a scenario. I believe Dr. Paul is more of a sign of growing awareness that both parties are just one in the same, a political class who represents themselves along with the elite to whom they serve, and will never change, only get worst. As this awareness grows the long maligned viable third party candidate may be given root. As I said, timely article and well appreciated. Thank you Art. I heard (or read) somewhere that Ron Paul would not run third party as he didn’t want to screw up any chances in the future for his son, Rand. Well…if Ron doesn’t run third party (I’ll certainly vote for him any way he runs) then there may not be a country for his son! I think Ron needs to do the right thing – run third party – and save this country! Forget the Republican nonsense; we need him NOW! C.Davis 01/19/2012 • This article elucidates the sentiments that I have posted for some weeks on various sites. Some in the media who know Ron Paul personally have said that they are doubtful that he will run on a third party ticket, but I’m not so sure of that. I have seen it bandied about by the lame stream that he’s jockeying for position for his son Rand’s political advantage, but I chalk that up to a combination of their hubris(Rand is the able bodied master of his own ship) and their wishful thinking that they can convince Dr. Paul of such a strategy in the hope that he will bow out in favor of their darling, Romney, as if they have given him any reason to trust their word in 30+ years of battling them. Not to mention their obvious inability to comprehend what motivates him, for which I suppose they can’t be blamed, in light of the caliber of politician they are accustomed to associating with. Somehow, after my decade or so of supporting him and his Campaign for Liberty, I feel like I have gotten somewhat of a feel for the man, and unless I am an abysmal judge of character, I believe that it would belie everything he stands for to decline the very real possibility of running and winning as a third party candidate, should the republican establishment be successful in disenfranchising the sufferage of those who have supported him. It would represent cowardice in the face of the enemy to him, and when he introduced himself as the champion of the constitution, he made the committment to those of us who have supported him as well as to all the people of America. I also believe that he is no polyanna with regard to his relationship with the republican party. If it refuses to represent its constituency in deference of the moneyed interests he will labor under no illusions as to any notion of loyalty to them. His loyalty is to those who have supported the idea of his candidacy, and to the sanctity of the document to which he has sworn his solemn alleigance. This is not negotiable for him, and this is why I believe he has declined to rule out a third party run. I support him 100% in this, should he make such a decision. I should say, though, that I don’t think it will be nescessary for this discussion to be any more than speculative because I believe that Dr. Paul will win the nomination, and then the presidency. Here’s why: Despite seemingly insurmountable opposition from every tentacle of the leviathan astride our republic’s back the candidacy of Dr. Paul is in ascendancy. It represents the proverbial “Idea who’s time has come” and as has been observed, when the forces of the opposition to enslavement push back with a unified purpose, the would-be tyrants will recede into the shadows to bide their time and lick their wounds. The money power will rightly recognize that their elaborate bilateral comintern is in danger of complete disarray and dissolution and should they fail to heed the forces in motion in our country today, they risk the loss of their hegemony and possibly their own heads. I submit that they will blink and are even now blinking in light of the public outrage of among other things their almost unanimous passage of the NDAA. This is the straw that has caused the floodgates to burst with protestation pealing from every quarter and agency. Their position is exposed, their holes in the ground nor their lofty aeries to be a secure redoubt from the retribution due them should they fail to repent of their hubris and revert to their old standby philosophy of ” tis a far far better thing to run away, and live to fight another day”. Their machinery for their technological tyranny is largely in place but it is not accepted and battle tested enough for them to be confident enough of its efficacy to be able to bring it to bear, so I predict that their opposition to the forces of liberty will evaporate as the mists of a summer morning and once again freedom will ring over the hills and valleys of this blessed land. But only so long, as our founders warned as we are vigilant and jealous of our liberty, and our founding documents. Samantha! Thank you for your advocacy. As for the rumors you speak of, I believe they are just that. Pipe dreams floated by would be matchmakers in the media as a way of rationalizing their treatment of Ron Paul. It’s part of their cockamamie negotiating process. It goes something like this: Their usual veiled threats, after such an overature is floated suddenly become more concrete and overt, Ron Paul, if he stands his ground will rebuff their overature and they will sweeten the pot, etc., etc., etc.Ron Paul’s wild card that they have no conception of is that he can’t be bought.His opponents are laboring under the mistaken assumption that everyone has his price. Also he’s got nerves of steel. I honestly believe that he could be a world class poker player. So I believe that his strategy is to keep raising the stakes(ala NDAA repeal legislation, etc) while sitting pat, gaining political capital and relying on us and the message to keep growing his base, keeping the heat on his easily discreditable GOP opponents, whittle them down one by one, let them whittle each other down, till they’re all whittled down to nubs and he’s holding all the cards. It’s a winning strategy, but it depends a certain amount on all of us keeping our poker faces and sticking to the game plan. If he were to push away from the table to go third party so early in the primaries it would require a complete reshuffling which would be a waste of the cards he is already holding a large number of. There’s plenty of time before the libertarian convention, I think it’s in August, so rather than turn over the table and letting the chips fall where they may, it may surprise you how fast his strategy will clean out everybody else at the table, til there’s no question of a need for a 3rd party run, or even if there is, by then his base will be so built up it’ll be a piece of cake. That’s what has the honchos so terrified that they’re floating all these proposals, They don’t have an answer for the popularity of him or his message. So take heart, we’re going to win this. Even should the unthinkable happen, this is about liberty, others will pick up the standard, believe me, they don’t want to deal with a president Ventura or a president Rand Paul. Or any one of a hundred that might be a lot harsher than a polite country doctor. oh, one thing I forgot to mention, regardless of the cards and political capital that Ron amasses we’ve got to keep pouring fuel into his tank. We can’t let this thing die on the vine We’ve all got to become guerilla fundraising managers since we can’t countenance corporate funding with its attendant corruption and quid pro quo. That means instilling conviction in those reading the blogs you post on, and telling your friends and family how proud they would be if they got off of a measely 20 bucks to invest in their future prosperity, I mean walk up to people in the street, or in the store, people with yellow ribbons on their cars. Tell them how they can help put the troops’ no. 1 investment over the top. Be creative The power of getting someone to invest even a little is astounding, because then they have an investment! They will add to it to feed its chance of paying off, they will enlist others in the cause of its growth,they will invest their time and energy in it and they are darn sure going to go and vote for it on election day. Now you understand the genius of Dr. Paul’s vision. Anyway, you get the idea. just tell em to go on over to RonPaul2012.com and put their money where their mouths are. Trust me. it’ll work In a perfect world without election fraud, Paul could receive a majority of votes in a 3 man race. Alas, it is not a perfect world and with an uber-partisan DOJ, it is almost a given that with the tsunami of fraud coming in 2012, it is highly unlikely that there will even be investigation, much less prosecution. In my mind, what happened in Houston in the last election cycle seems appropriate to discuss. Only briefly mentioned and then killed in the MSM, it appears that all of the voting machines had been pre-programmed, but before an investigation could start, the warehouse in which they were stored conveniently burned to the ground. Then too, is the push back against voter ID laws, when all states that have them are more than willing to provide a free ID to those who do not have a passport, driver’s license, etc. AndyB, You are exactly right. Take a look at this clip. http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/videos/corruption/computers-rig-elections-programmer-under-oath.html I wrote this piece back in 2007 but never published it. It is still as valid today as it was then. The Weakness of Modern Republicans. I must say that I have long been dismayed by the Republican Party having falling into a semantic trap laid by the Democrats and the mainstream media. That being the contention that the terms “republic” and “democracy” are somehow indistinguishable in meaning and freely interchangeable. That such a fallacious claim is not confronted demonstrates that at best, they don’t understand, or at worst, they don’t want the voting public to understand that the American Constitution exists not only to protect us from the tyranny of dictators and kings but to protect us from the dangers presented by the manipulation of democracy by the kind of emotional demagoguery that has become the stock and trade of the Democrat Party. (and all to many Republicans) By accepting this premise we become trapped into believing that “plurality” is somehow the be all and end all in the formulation and implementation of public policy. Such a notion would have the Founding Fathers spinning in their graves. The Constitution established our nation as a Republic, not a parliamentary democracy, and for that we should be thankful. This is demonstrated in our “Pledge of Allegiance” and by the fact that our military and elected officials swear loyalty to that Constitution, not to an individual, a political party, or a transitory elected government. Thomas Jefferson is often held up as the spiritual father of the Democrat party, yet it is this same Jefferson to whom we owe perhaps the greatest debt for the fact that our nation is a Constitutional Republic, not a parliamentary democracy. Jefferson was not present at the Constitutional Convention; he was Minister to France at the time. Upon his return he quickly pointed out that the document as proposed, was deficient in its lack of enumerations as to what the new government would be prohibited from doing, i.e. the need to place strict limitations on the exercise of democracy. Thus we have our Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution. These amendments delineate specific rights that “shall not” be infringed by government regardless of what a democratic majority, elected officials or the public may demand or desire. Neither did Jefferson raise objections to the manner proscribed for the election of our President, namely the system of the Electoral College. The Founding Fathers clearly recognized that we are not a homogenous nation. Political perspectives, social attitudes and perceptions of what is required of government vary greatly from person to person, State to State and region to region. This is as true today as it was in the 1780’s. Herein lie the foundations of not just the Bill or Rights, the Electoral College system, the Supreme Court and the U.S. Senate, but the Constitution’s philosophical guidance of our nation as a republic rather than a democracy. It is these very institutions that protect us from the tyranny of either the majority of citizens over the minority, of a group of large populous states over the smaller less populous ones or of one region over another. So it would appear then that the founding “Democrat” better understood the dangers of social democracy than those who would claim to be his inheritors. The wisdom of his insight was quickly borne witness too by the chaos and unbridled bloodletting that came be known as the French Revolution. It is not a mistake that our Constitution grants greater powers and responsibilities to the Senate than it does to the House of Representatives. No one could rationally argue that the Senate is a wholly democratic institution. Yes its members are elected by voting majorities from each of there respective States and its final decisions are reached by the votes of a majority of its members, but the vote of a Senator from Vermont or Wyoming carries the same weight as the vote of a Senator from California or Texas. So that if examined in terms of representing the populations of those States it is not so democratic after all. It was not intended to be. So it is also with the structure of the Electoral College. Nowhere does the Constitution bind the Electors to the majority of votes cast in their respective States. Nor should they be. They are only bound to vote in accordance to what their conscience tells them is best for the nation as a whole. Would the Democrats argue that the Senate be done away with because it is “undemocratic?” I think not, for to do so would put their leading spokesman out of a job. It was the Founding Fathers vision the House of Representatives was to be bound to the will of the people, and that the Senate, The Supreme Court and the Electoral College was to be bound to logical discourse and reasoned debate guided only by the need for the preservation of the Constitution. So then we must ask ourselves what insights and visions led our Founding Fathers to bequeath us such undemocratic institutions? How do they help us preserve our Republic? For myself, I have no doubts that it was their hope that carefully defined and limited democratic methods would serve us well, and for the most part they have. But they also recognized that in times of crisis or when the nation was closely divided, when inflamed political passions and unreasoned or uninformed opinion and demagoguery might hold sway, there must exist safety valves, vehicles whereby once again a few individuals engaged in logical discourse, reasoned debate, careful examination of law the Constitution and of their own consciences might right the Ship of State and bring the nation back to an even keel. They were right then and they are still right today. Yet all this said, in speech after speech we here Presidents (past and present) talk of spreading freedom and democracy throughout the world, without any mention of the necessity of defining freedom as structuring individual rights as the supreme tenant of any form of self-government. Fortunately we already have the structures in place, however tenuous they may have become over the years. I can only hope and pray that as the people of Afghanistan and Iraq and the rest of the Middle East build their new structures of government they to understand the meaning of freedom as well. Melissa 01/18/2012 • I couldn’t agree more. I am a strong supporter of Ron Paul, but I think they will steal the nomination from him by more of the same dirty tricks. Why is it that Romney keeps winning when a majority of Republicans don’t even want to vote for him, and all of the Twitters following the SC debate called him on the carpet for dodging questions? The military, banking, and corporate powers that run this country want him to continue to drive America into the ground so that they can profit on the way down. A third party run for Dr. Paul would be ideal, and he may even have a good chance of winning by a landslide. As you noted, he has more support from the youth than any other candidate. As well, independents are the fastest-growing group in the country, owing to the disillusionment with both parties. Independents would vote for Dr. Paul as well. Thank you Melissa and Logical, Logical 01/18/2012 • Watching the media run as if a large bear walked into the room is truly entertaining. This was my prediction since last week. Dr. Ron Paul is very popular and the more they ignore him, the more popular he becomes. I do believe that the establishment will nominate Mittens and Dr. Paul will indeed run as a 3rd party candidate. The result will be tremendous, not only could he win big, but it could be the final nail in the coffin of the two party system, exposing them as the same head of the snake. But only manipulated votes will tell the tale. citizen ron 01/18/2012 • the time for caring about elections has passed. I disagree Citizen. But of you keep voting for morons or don’t vote, it will be to late soon I tend to agree with you Citizen in that nothing really ever changes as to who win or loses and, therefore, why vote with just two to choose from. Time will tell whether you are right or if a couple of more fictitious elections will be needed to wake most Americans up that their vote is worthless and our two party system has really been the weasel guarding the hen house. KCTed 01/18/2012 • Why doesn’t Santorum run under a third party? Why doesn’t he drop out? When all of the talking heads told the public that Ronald Reagan was statistically unelectable as a Republican, why didn’t he run under a third party? Most importantly, considering the track record and financial backers, why isn’t Romney running as a Democrat? Oh, never mind, that spot’s taken. Ever hear about momentum? It would be interesting to see the Iowa and New Hampshire primaries repeated now that time has passed and momentum has built up. Today’s public polls are tomorrow’s history, that’s all. It’s a long way to November, why marginalize Ron Paul after only 2 primaries? Oh yea, he’s unelectable (like Reagan). KCTed, I thin Dr. Paul could win ad a Republican or a third party candidate. Kudos for you Greg. I didn’t realize you were interactive here. I am an older guy, who voted for Paul in 1988. I’m not a mindless “Paulbot” more like a very concerned citizen who considers myself as a patriot. As in patriotic, not Patriot Act. I felt in 1988 things were not going in the right direction. Heck, well before then even. Ronald Reagan talked libertarian rhetoric but went the other way after elected. Reagan was a decent president though (in his first term) but didn’t truly follow-up with the real changes needed. Regardless, it was the liberty message he espoused that got him elected the first time, when all the naysayers said he was unelectable. So I don’t think I’m alone in recognizing back then, that we were on a declining course and direction. he was ringing the bell and people were answering. I have to chuckle when I hear the other candidates comparing themselves to Reagan, when in fact only one is close, considering libertarian/small central government philosophies. Did Reagan sell out? Sort of, yes. But his campaign message got a lot of people thinking and paved the way for what we now see in Paul. Paul’s problem is, his unpolished and quirky manner of speaking. I believe him to be of near-genius intelligence (or even genius) but he finds it difficult to utilize sound bites and audience teasers to get the media to notice. That’s the fodder the media find “news worthy” though (sadly). Besides, the public should know by now, that the media is in the hip pockets of those who ply the puppet-leader’s strings. Paul’s lack of media attention has wised up a lot of people. Do I believe that Ron Paul has a chance? Not an even chance, maybe even against all odds. But in the long run, when 300 million people decide to change course, it’s unlikely that anything can stop it. Ron Paul finds himself having to be the “educator” for every single plank in his platform, because the public has been dumbed down with polished superficial talk and glib sound bites. However, the great beast awakens and is now rising up. So win or lose, Ron Paul may very well have changed politics in America forever. (sorry for the long comment) Love the long comment especially when its good. This is good!!! ONTIME 01/18/2012 • I am guessing that RP has more honor than to stoop so low when the stakes are so high for this country and fall prey to a third party attempt, his reputation would be in the category of Ross Pee-rot and I do not think it would do his family name any good. Right now RP is well thought of, his son has a great reputation, as he does, he is a real attribute. Why would he want to ruin that kind of value by acting like his thinking is more valuble than the goal of getting the Fraud In the WH out of office. ONTIME The Democrats and Republicans are offering more of the same and the country is spiraling down because of all of the fraud. We will not recover under this kind of federal kleptocracy. Perot was a little different (in more ways than one 😉 in that he made his fortune off of lucrative government contracts, first with IBM then later with his own company EDS. He sold a lot of IBM mainframes in the early years (IBM’s 3000 series, such as the 3780) and developed close ties with the tech end of government, more specifically the military and Defense Dept. such as the Pentagon. He later took many state contracts to handle Medicaid and federal contracts for handling Medicare, through his former connections from IBM. So, he was far more the insider than most folks would understand. He did have a firm grip on world trade and called it right on NAFTA (the big sucking sound as jobs left America). Paul is in an entirely different situation though, that would defy the same outcome. I’m not so polyanna to think he could make an easy win out of running as an independent, but would fare far better than Perot because of his greater visability and 12 terms of experience. It’s hard to put a measure on momentum, because trying to run any statistical numbers on “momentum” would be like trying to hit a moving target. There is no doubt that his momentum is on the rise, and numerous cheap shots to bring him down aren’t working (such as the very recent “first class flier” accusations). He used frequent flier miles to secure upgrades to first class, most people understand how that works. After saying all that though, we have never had a situation like this in the history of American politics, so there’s no benchmark for comparison. We have never had a candidate jump to Indie or Libertarian with such strong support, out of one of two major parties. Because he pulls so much support from both the right and left, he could very well split votes on both parties (something discussed in Perot’s run). Possibly even equally on both sides. Given that potential, he would be a non-factor on the outcome, but would indeed continue “the message” for Rand to pick up in 2016. He may even cause large block of voters to look closer at the (big L) Libertarian Party, and effectively add a real third party to the system. That would be truly historical. He’s developing Super PACs that could roll into Libertarins in the future and juice them up like never before. Regardless, he has set a bar for all legislators and the president to measure up to. None can match his long record of consistency and principles but they can start getting better. Throw in a 3rd party and the competition gets even keener. The “message” will last far longer than the “messenger”, in one form or another. For that, we can thank him, regardless of party affiliation. Chuck Allen 01/18/2012 • This is a very thought provoking article. Although I am a supporter of Ron Paul and will vote for him I do not think he can win as a third party candidate. History has shown us that third party candidates only serve to confuse the electorate and cause the wrong outcome. Perot is a shinning example. I believe Perot had other motivations driven by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and had no intention of winning. I personally believe that if Congressman Paul cannot win the Republican ticket, he cannot win. The real battle he has is overcoming the MSM since they isolate him and always portray him as a surprise to be that close to Romney. It will be interesting to see how the MSM reports the Republican ticket when there is only Ron Paul and Romney left standing. Ron Paul is the only candidate that, in my opinion, has any real credibility and concern for our country. His long standing record shows his consistency. However, I truly believe voters are always duped into believing the same old garbage like mind controlled idiots. Until this is changed our country will continue to spiral down to oblivion. Amen Chuck! Thank you!! Long ago, someone far wiser than me propounded the bon mot which goes something like this: “there’s a first time for everything” Georgia 01/18/2012 • As a socially liberal, but fiscally conservative person, I for one will be voting for Ron Paul. I even re-registered as a Republican so that I can vote in the Primary Election. Obama for me, and many liberals, promised a change and I believe that his wishy washy nature got the best of him. I am torn. If the Republicans would stop bringing so much religion into the mix and stop trying to win over the Evangelicals with their anti-choice and anti-gay rhetoric, then I would switch over to the Republican side for good. We need someone who is going to conquer the economy, get us out of the the mid-east’s oil stronghold and get us back to a nation that supports our very basic motto: “Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.” helen 01/18/2012 • If R. Paul did run as a 3rd party candidate, what preparations would be required. Doesn’t he have to get lots of names turned in, and jump thru various hoops? Does the libertarian party already have all of this in place? Would it really be feasible for him to do this? I for one would love to see him do it if the GOP trys to further disenfranchise, invalidate, and dismiss both Paul and his supporters. I’ve been a republican my entire life….but…hey…that could change if necessary! Too bad that some of the die hards in the GOP still just don’t get it! According to my understanding the libertarians have got all that in place in almost all the states, because they run someone every election cycle. The Constitution party, I believe likewise in most as well. Hugh 01/18/2012 • The possiblity of Ron Paul winning as a third party candidate are not as far fetched as you might initially think. Nelson Hultberg makes a compelling argument that’s more than realisic. An excerpt: “But if you take your 12% Buchanan conservatives and launch an Independent crusade for the Presidency, you will pick up about 15% from Independent voters who do not vote in GOP primaries. This gives you 27% in national polls. All that is needed for you to win the Presidency in a three-man race is 38%. That means you would need only to pick up 11% from disenchanted Democrats, which could be done with a stirring campaign and a dramatic sweep into the National TV Presidential Debates next Fall. Such a dramatic sweep could be driven home to American voters with two trenchant half-hour lectures on national TV the night before each of your debate performances in the manner of Ross Perot in 1992. Only this time you will be telling the American people about how the Demopublicans are using the Federal Reserve and the Income Tax to rob us of our freedom, our rights, and our money. You will not clone yourself to the Demopublicans like Ross did. You will offer to America a REAL choice.” Full article here: http://www.afr.org/Hultberg/the_ron_paul_revolution_past_2012.php Fred B 01/18/2012 • Thanks for all your work. I have enjoyed your page very much. Predicting the future is something I have always wanted to be able to do. Pundits against Ron Paul are trying hard to create the future. If they read this I hope my voice and many others can be heard. Change will come, throughout history it always has, tyrants and bad governments always fall. We can create our reality also. Start boycotting the media that acts as a propoganda industry. We also need to have much more attention to our congress and getting people from the states into office that have values and ethics like Ron Paul or Gary Johnson. We dont want to have all our hope placed in Ron Paul, however. Ron Paul is very dangerous to the status quo and he will be under a tremendous amount of pressure if elected. With the corruption of congress and federal system I am skeptical as to how much he will be able to do. We need to focus the same attention and debate in our congressional elections coming up. There are three representatives in our state who have performed terribly and need to be disgraced and thrown out. Many changes I hope to see will come from a closer grass roots situation in the states to resist Washington cartel dominance.Here in my state they seem ambivilent to federal actions, other states with stronger values are fighting back. The states if united against federal actions move forward the foundation of the washington cartel will crumble. Electing Ron Paul if anything is the symbol of the beginning of the end for the washington cartel. The end I hope will come anyway one way or another. As a nation I hope we are we smart enough and committed. To me this is what will make Amercia a great country. Lets do it. Thank you Fred. Oky1 01/18/2012 • If those running the Republican Party/Media/Democrats are successful in blocking Ron Paul from the Republican nomination I hope Ron Paul does run as a 3rd party candidate. Often one doesn’t get to choose the conditions battlefield, but the battle demands it be fought regardless. I don’t trust those “Old Dying Media” polls anymore then I trust the “Completely Rigged” electronic voting machines. IE: Bev Harris @ Blackboxvoting.org Bradsblog, etc….. I remember Bev Harris saying a few years back that even if the vote was rigged if enough voters voted, say for Ron Paul, that voters could overwhelm the rigged machines. Let’s hope so & at the same time continue to call for hand counted/audited ballots. (I’ll make the time to help do the count, it’s that important!) Regardless, I still go vote on their machine, but more importantly I vote everyday by deciding where/how to keep my money/assets & by who I choose to do business with. For example, if I’ve got $10,000 on deposit with a total corrupt murder’in cattle rustle’n type Wallst Bank/Insurance Co & that outfit has those funds levered 100:1, when I stop doing business with those crooks & move those funds out of their control the banks like the JP Morgue are force to unwind their 100:1/ $1,000,000: $10,000 levered trades. Then if I can talk enough others into voting by moving their funds to support Ron Paul type positions we could literally vote those corrupt outfits right out of business. Notice the Gov didn’t go after the Occupy Wallst Movement until just right after Occupy Wallst started telling people to close their accounts & move their money from the Wallst crooks. As a side benefit of paying more attention to who I’m doing business with I’m amazed at the amount of cash I’m saving & generating. I suggest you take a 2nd look at where you spend/collect every dime. Vote & Vote often! Below is a bit of the buzz of the day: http://maxkeiser.com/2012/01/18/latest-buzz-from-piratemyfilm-com-75/ Below is a good piece with William K Black & Max Keiser Unregulated Banking Looters, UK, America, Europe and the World http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEQP0N-C0wc&feature=player_embedded#! Aside from having a PRIVATE GROUP in Barcelona Spain/Tampa,FL count our votes. It would take 100 million votes for Mr. Paul to be elected. In other words he would have to be the only candidate on the ballot. (see Bev Harris @ BlackBox) Folks. As hard as it is to admit. The fix is in. Romney will get the GOP nomination and Goldman Sachs will decide if they want more Obama or Romney. Another hint to the nomination is the State governors. The so-called Tea Party darling Nikki Haley (R) SC is endorsing Romney. Evidently she is privy of the outcome already. In other words, the Federal Reserve Banks and thier investors have decided more wars abroad and austerity at home. And Mr. Paul does not have the funds or “army” to defend the Republic. Whether Mr. Paul decides to go third party. He’ll still get my vote, even if those in Tampa, FL or Spain count it or not. Oh. Another thing. Gingrich, Perry and Sanitorium are barred on State ballots like Virgina. Whaaa?100 million is 1/3 of the total population of our country, including men, women and children. When you figure that in any given election cycle probably 60% of all eligible voters stay home on election day, added to that you have ineligible voters, children and felons, institutionalized. I think you will find that the total of the active electorate does not approach 100 million souls. I fail to see how it would take 100+% of the voters to win the election, maybe I’m just obtuse here, help me out.I mean if you had 30 mil illegals, motor voters and cemetery denizens, maybe, but? I think Washington(both parties)is so utterly,irreversibly corrupted that they will do whatever it takes to make sure Ron P. does not upset their criminal enterprise. How else could so many Wall Street criminal’s be walking free with so much loot and the average law abiding citizen have to worry about a possible rectum examination at the local Airport by questionable lowlife’s and degenerants ? When the righteous are in authority, the people rejoice: but when the wicked beareth rule, the people mourn. masterluke 01/18/2012 • I think it would be hard for anyone to lose against Obama right (head to head race) and sadly I’m not sure Romney could beat him. I think it would be the closest third party race ever if Ron Paul ran with Romney getting the least amount of votes. AC Johnson 01/18/2012 • I am a registered independent, and I would vote for Ron Paul. I have friends who would, also. We are so fed up with the same old stuff from the Reps, and the Dems. PS, we are seniors, and we are ready to take our cuts so our grandchildren won’t have to be paying for their entire lives. Ambrose 01/18/2012 • You asked, “Can Ron Paul Win as a Third Party Candidate?” My answer is, “Yes, he can.” Despite MSM try to ignore Ron Paul, both Democrats and Republicans fear him in the race. Even Mitt Romney wins the Republican nomination; he is too weak to beat Obama. If Ron Paul joins the race as a Third Party Candidate, he will get the supports from the Independent Party, the young voters and the veterans. In addition, Paul will get many votes from the undecided voters, including many of the Democrat and Republican voters who are fed up with the President and the Do-Nothing Congress. Paul will actually post a greater threat to Obama. Many of the people who supported Obama in 2008 are now turned to Ron Paul. In the past, undecided voters were forced to choose between the candidates from the two Parties, also known as the Lesser of Two Evils. Many voters gave up their Third Party votes because they didn’t think their Third Party candidate would ever win. That is not the case in 2012. Ron Paul will be the strongest Third Party candidate in the U.S. history. MSM want us to believe there is no chance for Paul to win the election. However, the harder MSM suppress the news about Paul, the stronger that I feel he is the real deal in 2012. Thank you for your comment and analysis Amborse!! sommers 01/18/2012 • I’m certain Paul will not run 3rd party, mostly because of son Rand’s career. Also, why I don’t think Paul could win 3rd party, is Obama’s base. Considering race and the amount of people now dependant on the federal government for financial help I see Obama with a 30 to 35% base to start. People will usually vote their wallet, especially when the wallet is near empty. I see Obama with 40% and Paul and Romney with maybe 30% each. Take into consideration Obama could start another war, or some other such event it appears impossible. TJ Jackson 01/18/2012 • If Ron Paul runs as a third party candidate he will lose but he will guarantee that Obama gets a second term. Gawd, what a horrible thought. Luckily I have the year’s supply of food etc. Let it rain. TJ Jackson, Paul will take a chunk of votes from Obama. I disagree. What do we have to lose? Romney is the same as Obama! Thank you for the comment and good men can disagree!! Philip 01/18/2012 • Here is a really ‘off the wall’ idea that was raised in a conversation I had today with a friend on this topic. OK, The GOP knows they need the RP support, right? What would it take? Well, being the hard core Paulbot that I am I of course said nothing! – no how, no way, right? Then my friend (a hard left kind of guy) said, “well what if he was offered the Secretary of Treasury position?” LOL at first thought, but then —-well? That would really put him in a position to fulfill his life long goal of putting a knife in the heart of the Federal Reserve now wouldn’t it? And as we all know this is the center piece of ALL the outlining issues. Fantasy? for sure. But a fun one I thought. Kirk Tostig 01/18/2012 • I think Mr. Paul will toe the line, so that one day his son can run for president and not have to take the heat for his dad running on a 3rd party ticket. Just my theory, I personally would vote for him as a 3rd party candidate. Kirk Tostig, I think you are correct sir! Miki 01/18/2012 • I would vote for Dr. Paul and I’m a registered Democrat. He’s the only candidate I would vote for. If he doesn’t run–or someone of his stature and integrity–I won’t vote. Did someone say vote fraud? Jan 01/19/2012 • I have three very good reasons to vote for Ron Paul, my three granddaughters. I have always voted the party candidate and never voted for a third party candidate. I am tired of holding my nose to vote. I may be wasting my vote as the party will do its’s damned to convince anyone voting for a third party candidate. So be it, I will at least have my own personal integrity intact. The MSM wants people to think Ron Paul only has the uneducated youth behind him. I think that is wrong. I am a senior and I know a lot of other my age and between 30 and 60 who will/would vote for Ron Paul if he ran as an alternative to the usual party hacks that are being offered up. It’s a shame more people are unable to attain the level ofunderstanding that you exhibit. At the end of the day, once the dross is all washed away, and as Job, everything is taken from you, the only thing you can not be forced to relinquish is your integrity. As a youth I studied Confucianism as a result of the proselytizing of Charlie Chan and I discovered this truth about the oriental psyche, that regardless of your path in life if you retain your integrity your spirit will survive. If not, not so much. David Howard 01/19/2012 • Here’s a very good reason why Paul WONT run as a Third Party candidate. It would adversely affect his son Rand Paul and his future ambitions. Here’a another: It would throw the race to Obama. Dems have strict party loyalty, Repubs don’t. Third, it takes time to organize and qualify on ballots, raise money, etc. Not enough time. They say Ron Paul will not run third party due to Rand’s future political aspirations. Poppycock. Barring SOPA, or any other freedom-stifling legislation, the two-party scamology will undoubtedly die a slow but certain death. For the most part, the rational Republicrats see this. Damn the torpedoes, the Pauls will forge ahead in the name of AMERICAN LIBERTY. Don’t buy the hype, such a move–a Ron Paul independent run–will at the least result in a solidified Rand Paul constituency in a 2016 presidential run…or at the most, a Ron Paul presidency in 2012!!! Agreed! What could be a better entree for Rand than a Paul/Paul ticket. Not to mention a solidified platform precluding any chance of ,well shall we say,any game changing JFK type surprises from our opponents. They’re just whistling Dixie. Ron holds all the trumps.They may still pull a few tricks, but it’s all over but the shoutin’ and the cryin’. Long as we stay at the table. That said, I do doubt at this point a third party run. There is something afoot between the Paul and Romney campaigns–which is evident in recent debates. If the field isn’t winnowed down to Paul versus Romney, as was the conceivable game plan, and Newt maintains his surge in the polls, Paul will continue strategically maneuvering to put the AWAKE MOVEMENT pieces in place. A sound, sustainable national footing of LIBERTY and TRUTH well into the future…! erikSF99 01/19/2012 • Thank you for the article. Go Ron Paul! A note about Perot from an Alexander Cockburn & Jeffrey St. Clair column in 2008: “After scoring very high polling numbers in June of 1992, showing him to be in the lead over Clinton and Bush, Perot announced his withdrawal from the race, later disclosing that he didn’t want his candidacy to prompt release, by Republican operatives, of compromising photos of his daughter before her wedding. Perot didn’t re-enter the race until October 1. He talked his way into the debates and riveted the nation with his famous denunciations of free trade and laments for America’s industrial decline, which he blamed on both the major parties. Five weeks later, he won 19 per cent of the vote, thereby costing George H.W. Bush the election.” Perot managed 19% after all that! Ron Paul is not going to jump in and out of the race. Chances are Perot could very well have won in 1992 if he had stayed continuously in the race. Unfortunately, if Ron Paul runs as an independent he will have to run on the Libertarian ticket [or Peace & Freedom party :)] because there is no way he can get on the ballot in every state as an independent. It was a non-stop battle for Ralph Nader to get on the ballot in each state when he ran as an independent and not on the Green Party ticket. The powers-that-be put up every conceivable road-block and Nader had to spend hundreds of thousands if not over a million in that battle alone. The trouble if Ron Paul is on the Libertarian ticket the Libertarians will howl and scream if he doesn’t promise to gut Social Security right away. Ron Paul has already said that his $1 Trillion in cuts is focused on cutting the money for foreign adventures and does not include Social Security. If Ron Paul cannot continue to re-assure people on Social Security he would be hammered to death on the issue. BTW, if we want Ron Paul to win we need to avoid labels such as calling Ralph Nader “ultra-liberal”. When Nader ran for president I actually read what he had to say at his website and the feeling one came away with is that Ralph Nader is a true believer in America’s ability to accomplish great things. He also is aware of where the government actually works. If you go down his position list from 2000 http://www.issues2000.org/ralph_nader.htm you’ll find many positions you don’t agree with. What’s important is to read through the incredible number of issues where he is in agreement with Ron Paul. In both cases, when Ralph Nader ran and now with Ron Paul, the best candidate is the candidate who is moral, consistent and incorruptible. It’s a long way to the Republican convention. Ron Paul can win. We are ALL going to win because the issues he is discussing are not going to go away. People are waking up! Greg If Ron met with the cfr, and the builderburg group behind closed doors,and promised to give them what they wanted…he would become the praise of the media overnight. millions in donations. I don’t think Ron Paul can win as a 3rd party candidate (or be the Republican nominee). He is opposed by a very powerful special interest group, namely the pro-Israel lobby. They will use all means fair, foul, and very foul to oppose him. Instead of running as a 3rd party candidate and thereby being blamed for re-electing Obama (whether this would be true or not), he should dedicate himself to exposing how things really work in Washington. He would be more useful as a new Pete McCloskey than as a “spoiler.” I disagree. The pro Israeli lobby is tiny though prone to dirty tricks. I believe, for instance that JFK and RFK’s insistence that Bnai Brith among others register as a foreign government’s agencies immediately prior to his Dallas trip in ’63 was the dominant factor in the resultant outcome of that trip as well as the subsequent assasination of RFK. If RFK, as attorney general would have been able to force them to register, U.S. law would have forbidden their contributing to U.S.national candidates, which would of course have obviated their raison d’etre. Other than as an assasination threat I don’t know how much they would be able to do to keep him out of the white house. Of course they could cripple much of his agenda via their bought-and-paid-for legislators, but I also believe that the restoration of the republic and the insistence on the reinstatement of the rule of law could go a long way to crippling their agendas as well, so a certain amount of that could work to cancel each other’s power out, and you might notice a tendency for them to act less ham-handedly. It all boils down to whether you’re disposed to submit to unwarranted power. As for how he is remembered,I honestly doubt whether he cares a fig about that, his focus is the restoration of the republic and as long as that continues I don’t think he will find that he needs to worry. In other words the adjective steadfast comes to mind. If his principled actions somehow contribute to an Obama reelection, I don’t think it would weigh on him at all. The voters and electors choose the President, not”Kooky Old” Ron Paul. I seriously doubt anyone else will blame him either. They will be too busy suffering under their real enemy, the New World Order debt through endless war feudal slavery system to think that he did other than try to reverse the inevitable. In other words, What have we got to lose? This video everyone should see,and WRITE IN YOUR VOTE. http://youtu.be/S7R1_ixtlyc Martin 01/19/2012 • I am , and always have been, in Ron Paul’s camp. In fact if he would come out right now, and if he was able to convince him, announcing Judge Napolitano as VP candidate I would volunteer time for the campaign as I think it might have a chance. BUT — with that said — He must not run and split the vote. Your statement of no differences between Romney and Obama is dangerous and wrong. Romney will be the titular head of the Republican party and hopefully will preside over a majority not only in the House but the Senate as well. Romney certainly isn’t my first choice but he did not sit in Reverend? Wright’s toxic church for 20 years and launch his career in Bill Ayers living room. Obama despises America as it is and has the disease that all Socialists have — symptom #1 — That Socialism is the best form of Government and the only reason it has not worked is that no one as smart as me has overseen it. Clinton has made 80 million dollars in speaking over the last 7 years and not one peep from the MSM– Clinton sold the ranch to the Chinese ( think Loral) elevating their space and weapons programs by 20 years at least– and again not a word. Romney will be the candidate as long as the public realizes that the filth that is about to rain down on him is pathetic and typical of the morally degraded Democrats. The Democrats are destroying this Country through legislation and lifetime appointed liberal judges. The Right has to regain the Senate which is priority number one and if voting for Romney requires a close pin on the nose – SO F’N be it. Do you really think Romney is all that different from Obama? Please. Romney said he if FOR the NDAA and the indefinite detention of Americans. Both Obama And Romney have the same campaign donors so the bankers will keep on ripping off America without fear of Federal prosecution!!! This is why the country is in a financial tailspin. Thank you for your comment and good men can disagree. Lee Sluder 01/19/2012 • Greg, you are on to something important. In 2008 almost all the Republicans I knew sat out the election because of Tweedle-Dumb heading the ticket. We were all tired of second rate candidates like McCain and Dole. The rise of Ron Paul is no freak of politics. History shows that no country that debases its currency maintains its same form of government. The “planned deficits” started in the Kennedy administration, and bragged about in Arthur Schlesinger’s book “One Thousand Days”, set the stage for total debasement of the dollar. The deficits have come home to roost. Americans are starting to understand it, see the detrimental effects to their economic prospects and are looking for common sense. Among all the candidates, Ron Paul is providing it and would have my vote. Lee Sluder, People are waking up to the fact that there is zero difference between the two parties. They just take turns ripping us all off. Thank you for the comment. Thomas Paine 01/19/2012 • God bless all of you! It warms my heart to see so many coming around to such a higher order of understanding. For that, God bless the unfettered Internet. I do have to say that as a longtime supporter of Dr. Paul (since 1997), a Texan, a former Market Maker in various derivative products, and contractor for the U.S. Dept. of State and INR et al, I am very concerned for this incredibly courageous man’s safety. The Federal Reserve Bank (FRB), or more accurately the Level One Banks who own the FRB have a history of instigating war, civil unrest, overthrow, and murder. If the Iranian’s and Indian’s attempt to settle a relatively small OTC oil trade in gold bullion is a big enough threat to the Federal Reserve Note as global commodity settlement that our puppet government will beat the war drums and park a carrier battle group at the Straits of Hormuz while hollering about the nuclear threat of a country that doesn’t even have toilets that flush, then they will most certainly murder the good Doctor Paul if he gets anywhere near the nomination. He is old enough that they will use Ricin or some other rare natural toxin so folks will think it was just his time with stress of the campaign and such. It will probably still martyr him, but it will buy some time for the banking cartel to reform and keep pushing for the global currency without the tie to a sovereign, which they have been working toward for so long. This may sound like unfounded crazy guy manifesto babel to some folks, but I assure you that the central banks and their shareholders have worked very hard for the better part of a century to get the authority to lend money they don’t actually have to governments and charge the entire economy interest on that money, which again, they never actually had to lend. This is the greatest scam and largest transfer of wealth perpetrated in human history, and Ron Paul represents its destruction. They will kill him. Frankly, they have waited too long already. I am very concerned for Dr. Paul’s safety and I pray for him every day, and throughout the day when I think of his courage and heroism. I hope that all of you out there who have chosen to put principle before party, and sovereignty above empire will join me in the spiritual support of this great man. The Spirit is the only thing that can protect him as he continues to win hearts and minds. If a tiny percentile of humanity had the slightest conception of the astounding courage Dr. Paul has exhibited in voluntarily facing down the personification of evil supreme incarnate in 30+years of service at the risk of his life, the lives of his family and his fortune, the governments of the world would bestow upon him their highest honors. He truly is at the top of my list of our national treasures. I also believe that it is a peril for our country that the epitome of our national dignity and posterity should be vested within the vessel of one fragile soul. When the measure is taken of the power that is arrayed against this “candle in the wind” one is truly awestruck by the power of God that is able to overcome it, and I, too ask this power, our father, to surround Ron Paul with his archangels, that this republic may once again shine as a beacon to the world, that men, when free, may more freely aspire to join with their creator in the co-creation of a more humane and diverse existence. This election is about a lot mor than most imagine. It is about, more than anything, the very survival of Justice. Unfortunately, by virtue of her blindness, those who would have cut her purse and stolen her sword and now seek to wrest the very balance from her failing grip. Thank God we have a champion who is willing to give the “old broad” the benefit of the doubt and a shot at rehabilitation. He discerns the power of her spirit, despite the bereft appearence of her visage. I apologise for my propensity to wax poetic, but out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. Thank you for your sincere concern for and recognitionof Our hero, Ron Paul RON PAUL 2012 VIVA LA R3VOLUTION Paul owes it to the American public to run as a third party candidate. If anyone besides Paul wins the Presidency, it will not matter who it is because they are all bought and owned 100% by Wall St. There is no diference between Democrats and Republicans as Obama has clearly shown. Renegade 01/19/2012 • Since we are dealing with conjecture and ‘what-if’s’ here – what about the possibility Ron Paul runs as a Libertarian, and next fall Obama is determined to be ineligible via one of the “Natural Born Citizen” lawsuits out there currently. Mitch Bupp 01/19/2012 • The two party system will never allow any third party to get and maintain any amount of power structure. See this would be bad for business because this would open up the bidding for Congressional seats to even more money and more corruption. The US Congress has been bought and it is doing the bidding of their corporate masters. Corporate America has a lock on the congress and they know it. That is why we have seen a big push to take over as many states as they can before the people wake up and realize what is going on. The USA is in the middle of an elected coup where the people vote for two politicians who are owned by the same “system”! Armistead Garrett 01/19/2012 • Greg, I agree with you, Ron Paul and the whole enchilida. However, you must realize, even though I hope for the best, that Ron Paul cannot win for the following reasons (and I use my family as a test)1. anybody 55 plus (the greatest percent of voters) wants their entitlements. The defense industry is much larger than active duty servicemen (which I think is telling how they support Ron Paul more than all the others combined) and all they think about is their jobs. The medical establisment has a vested interest in the status quo, again high paying jobs. Now even I hope that he would run as a third party. Just maybe economic events would jell just right, at the time of the election to benefit him. So yes, go Ron Paul, but remember “hope for the best, prepare for the worst”. Armistead Garrett Wake up Ron Paul supporters & notify Ron & Rand Paul to explain their message better to voters. A utility banking & insurance business model could have been & still can be used to fund Social Security, Health Insurance & Student Loans. With a Utility Bank/Insur Biz Model we could completely end this current Federal Income System & all paycheck withholdings. For most of 200 years the USA operated without an income tax. The gov was back then funded through Export/import taxes & excise & royalty taxes. It could work that way again. I’ve got more on this subject but this is enough for now. More On Ron Paul Prisonplanet.com If Ron Paul’s libertarian handlers and support base could escape their ideology, Ron Paul could be much better positioned to win the Republican nomination. Ron Paul should be making the point that Social Security and Medicare are threatened by multi-trillion dollar wars that are funded by debt, by bailouts of a deregulated banking system, and by money creation to keep the banks afloat. Libertarians support deregulation, but their position has always been that deregulated industries must not be bailed out with public subsidies, much less subsidies that are so extensive that they threaten government solvency and the value of the currency. Instead of hitting hard on the serious threat to Social Security and Medicare posed by Obama and Republican candidates for the nomination, all of whom serve Wall Street, the military/security complex, and the Israel Lobby, Ron Paul has been positioned both by his supporters and his opponents as the danger to Social Security and Medicare. This is an amazing strategic mistake by the Ron Paul campaign. more…..** http://www.prisonplanet.com/more-on-ron-paul.html Bill Duke 01/26/2012 • Ron Paul should absolutely run 3rd party. I mean we have nothing to loose because we will end up with Obama is RP does not get the GOP nomination. Weather he runs 3rd party or not Obama will be reelected. The Republican candidate cannot win without the RP supporters. RP might just surprise a lot of people if he did run 3rd party. I think his supporters will demand it in the end. woke up in 1986 01/28/2012 • check out dave champions book (income tax shattering the myths) http://www.davechampionshow.com people stop feeding the beast. ron paul knows the truth about the IRS ,and will shut them down along with the federal reserve if we can get him in to the top office. thank you Greg for a good news article about paul I’m a truck driver that started driving 12 or 13 years ago and have been waking people up about the irs and the government , and the good news is , in the last few years i’ve been finding more people woke up or easy to wake up . here are some web sites wake up with http://www.jurisdictionary.com http://www.fija.org http://www.republicbroadcasting.org http://www.gcnlive.com	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15502
__label__cc	0.561698	0.438302	45 Winter 2015–2016 Proceedings www.uscg.mil/proceedings are more likely than not to have occurred. To do this, the Coast Guard must prove all of the required elements of the offense charged. If the Coast Guard successfully proves the jurisdictional and factual elements for use of or addiction to a dangerous drug, 46 USC §7704 and 46 CFR §5.59 leave no discretion on sanc- tion, making revocation of the MMC mandatory unless the respondent provides satisfactory proof of cure. The Burden of Proof for a USCG-Mandated Drug Test As with other court cases, meeting the burden of proof is easier said than done, and involves several elements. Jurisdictional Element: First off, the Coast Guard must prove it has jurisdiction over the MMC. Administrative proceedings (also referred to as suspension and revocation [S&R] proceedings) are directed solely at merchant mari- ner credentials or endorsements — not against persons or property. In the case of drug use, jurisdiction exists if the respondent holds a valid MMC. To prove jurisdiction, the Coast Guard need only prove that the mariner was issued a merchant mariner credential, and that it is valid at the time of the hearing. If the mariner does not have a valid MMC, then nothing exists for the ALJ to issue an order of suspension or revocation against. Once jurisdiction is established, the Coast Guard then bears the burden of proving the factual elements of the offense by a preponderance of the evidence (more likely than not). Factual Elements: Unless the Commandant, the National Transportation Safety Board, or the federal courts modify or reject them, Commandant decisions and the principles and policies enunciated in appeal decisions are binding upon all administrative law judges. Regarding appeal decisions, 2 until recently, the Vice Com- mandant (by direction of the Commandant) has stated, "The Coast Guard may establish a prima facie case of illegal drug use by showing that: (1) the respondent was tested for a dangerous drug, (2) the respondent tested positive for a dangerous drug, and (3) the test was conducted in accordance with 49 CFR Part 40." 3 To prove these three elements, the Coast Guard needs only evidence from the urine collector, the laboratory, and the medical review offcer (MRO). However, in two recent appeal decisions, the Vice Com- mandant negated the results of the mariners' failed chemi- cal tests despite the Coast Guard proving the necessary elements. In Appeal Decision 2697, the Vice Commandant advanced previous appeal decisions by stating, "To estab- lish a prima facie case of drug use based solely on a urinalysis test result, the Coast Guard must prove three elements: (1) that respondent was tested for a dangerous drug, (2) that respondent tested positive for a dangerous drug, and (3) that the test was conducted in accordance with 46 CFR Part 16." With regard to Appeal Decision 2697, the Vice Commandant found, as previously noted, that the urinalysis test must have been conducted in accordance with 46 CFR Part 16, which requires that crewmembers selected for random drug test- ing be selected by a scientifcally valid method. When ran- domness is at issue, if it is not shown that a respondent was Buena / iStock / Thinkstock Administrative proceedings are directed at merchant mariner cre- dentials or endorsements — not persons or property. The administrative hearing is a trial- like proceeding where the Coast Guard always bears the burden of proof, which must be met by a preponderance of the evidence.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15503
__label__wiki	0.864327	0.864327	<< Previous TITLE 42 / CHAPTER 68 Next >> 42 USC Ch. 68: DISASTER RELIEF From Title 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE CHAPTER 68—DISASTER RELIEF SUBCHAPTER I—FINDINGS, DECLARATIONS, AND DEFINITIONS Congressional findings and declarations. SUBCHAPTER II—DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION ASSISTANCE Federal and State disaster preparedness programs. Disaster warnings. Predisaster hazard mitigation. Interagency task force. Waiver of administrative conditions. Coordinating officers. Emergency support and response teams. 5145, 5146. Repealed. Reimbursement of Federal agencies. Nonliability of Federal Government. Performance of services. Use of local firms and individuals. Nondiscrimination in disaster assistance. Use and coordination of relief organizations. Priority to certain applications for public facility and public housing assistance. Prohibited flood disaster assistance. Duplication of benefits. Standards and reviews. Penalties. Availability of materials. Protection of environment. Recovery of assistance. Audits and investigations. Audit of contracts. Advance of non-Federal share. Limitation on use of sliding scales. Rules and regulations. Mitigation planning. Minimum standards for public and private structures. Management costs. Public notice, comment, and consultation requirements. 5165d. Designation of Small State and Rural Advocate. 5165e. Integrated plan for administrative cost reduction. 5165f. National Urban Search and Rescue Response System. 5165g. National veterinary emergency teams. SUBCHAPTER IV—MAJOR DISASTER ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS Procedure for declaration. General Federal assistance. Essential assistance. Hazard mitigation. Federal facilities. Repair, restoration, and replacement of damaged facilities. Debris removal. Federal assistance to individuals and households. Flexibility. Critical document fee waiver. Unemployment assistance. Emergency grants to assist low-income migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Benefits and distribution. Food commodities. Relocation assistance. Legal services. Crisis counseling assistance and training. Community disaster loans. Emergency communications. Emergency public transportation. Fire management assistance. Timber sale contracts. Simplified procedure. Appeals of assistance decisions. Date of eligibility; expenses incurred before date of disaster. Transportation assistance to individuals and households. Case management services. Essential service providers. Public assistance program alternative procedures. Unified Federal review. 5189h. Agency accountability. SUBCHAPTER IV–A—EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS Federal emergency assistance. Amount of assistance. SUBCHAPTER IV–B—EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS Declaration of policy. Administration of subchapter. Critical infrastructures protection. Part A—Powers and Duties Detailed functions of administration. Mutual aid pacts between States and neighboring countries. Contributions for personnel and administrative expenses. Grants for construction of emergency operations centers. Use of funds to prepare for and respond to hazards. Radiological Emergency Preparedness Fund. Disaster related information services. Guidance and training by FEMA on coordination of emergency response plans. Part B—General Provisions Administrative authority. Security regulations. Use of existing facilities. Annual report to Congress. Applicability of subchapter. Authorization of appropriations and transfers of funds. Relation to Atomic Energy Act of 1954. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Minority emergency preparedness demonstration program. SUBCHAPTER V—MISCELLANEOUS Excess disaster assistance payments as budgetary emergency requirements. Insular areas disaster survival and recovery; definitions. Authorization of appropriations for insular areas. Technical assistance for insular areas. Hazard mitigation for insular areas. Disaster grant closeout procedures. Certain recoupment prohibited. Buy American. Firearms policies. §5121. Congressional findings and declarations (a) The Congress hereby finds and declares that— (1) because disasters often cause loss of life, human suffering, loss of income, and property loss and damage; and (2) because disasters often disrupt the normal functioning of governments and communities, and adversely affect individuals and families with great severity; special measures, designed to assist the efforts of the affected States in expediting the rendering of aid, assistance, and emergency services, and the reconstruction and rehabilitation of devastated areas, are necessary. (b) It is the intent of the Congress, by this chapter, to provide an orderly and continuing means of assistance by the Federal Government to State and local governments in carrying out their responsibilities to alleviate the suffering and damage which result from such disasters by— (1) revising and broadening the scope of existing disaster relief programs; (2) encouraging the development of comprehensive disaster preparedness and assistance plans, programs, capabilities, and organizations by the States and by local governments; (3) achieving greater coordination and responsiveness of disaster preparedness and relief programs; (4) encouraging individuals, States, and local governments to protect themselves by obtaining insurance coverage to supplement or replace governmental assistance; (5) encouraging hazard mitigation measures to reduce losses from disasters, including development of land use and construction regulations; and (6) providing Federal assistance programs for both public and private losses sustained in disasters 1 (Pub. L. 93–288, title I, §101, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143; Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §103(a), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4689.) This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out below and Tables. 1988—Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 100–707 struck out par. (7) expressing Congressional intent to provide disaster assistance through a long-range economic recovery program for major disaster areas. Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1202, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3438, provided that: "(a) Applicability for Stafford Act.—Except as otherwise expressly provided, the amendments in this division [see section 1201 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Short Title of 2018 Amendment note below] to the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) apply to each major disaster and emergency declared by the President on or after August 1, 2017, under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. "(b) Division Applicability.—Except as otherwise expressly provided, the authorities provided under this division [div. D (§§1201–1246) of Pub. L. 115–254] apply to each major disaster and emergency declared by the President under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act on or after January 1, 2016." Pub. L. 93–288, title VI, §605, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 164, provided that Pub. L. 93–288 was effective Apr. 1, 1974, with the exception of section 5178 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §108(b), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4708. Short Title of 2018 Amendment Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1201, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3438, provided that: "This division [div. D (§§1201–1246) of Pub. L. 115–254, enacting sections 5161a, 5165g, 5174a, 5174b, 5189h, 5196g, and 5205a of this title, and section 748a of Title 6, Domestic Security, amending sections 3149, 5122, 5133, 5149, 5152, 5155, 5165, 5165b, 5170a to 5170c, 5172, 5174, 5187, 5189a, 5189f, 5205 of this title, and sections 761 and 762 of Title 6, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 5122, 5133, 5155, 5170, 5170c, 5172, 5174, 5187, 5189g, 5205 of this title, and section 721 of Title 6, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 5172 of this title] may be cited as the 'Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018'." Pub. L. 115–87, §1, Nov. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 1277, provided that: "This Act [enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'FEMA Accountability, Modernization and Transparency Act of 2017'." Pub. L. 114–326, §1, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1968, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 5165f of this title, amending section 8101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and section 4303 of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits, and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 3791 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Urban Search and Rescue Response System Act of 2016'." Pub. L. 114–132, §1, Feb. 29, 2016, 130 Stat. 293, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 5165e of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 5165e of this title] may be cited as the 'Directing Dollars to Disaster Relief Act of 2015'." Pub. L. 114–111, §1, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2240, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 5122 and 5172 of this title] may be cited as the 'Emergency Information Improvement Act of 2015'." Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1101(a), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 39, provided that: "This division [enacting sections 5123, 5189f, and 5189g of this title, amending sections 5122, 5170, 5170b, 5170c, 5174, 5189, 5189e, and 5191 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 5122, 5170, 5170c, and 5189a of this title] may be cited as the 'Sandy Recovery Improvement Act of 2013'." Pub. L. 111–351, §1, Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3863, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 5133, 5134, 5144, 5165d, 5170c, 5172, 5195a, 5195b, 5196 to 5196b, 5196f, 5197 to 5197c, and 5197h of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 5133 of this title] may be cited as the 'Predisaster Hazard Mitigation Act of 2010'." Pub. L. 109–308, §1, Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1725, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 5170b, 5196, and 5196b of this title] may be cited as the 'Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act of 2006'." Pub. L. 109–218, §1, Apr. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 333, provided that: "This Act [amending section 5150 of this title] may be cited as the 'Local Community Recovery Act of 2006'." Pub. L. 109–139, §1, Dec. 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 2649, provided that: "This Act [amending section 5133 of this title and provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'Predisaster Mitigation Program Reauthorization Act of 2005'." Pub. L. 106–390, §1(a), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1552, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 5133, 5134, 5165 to 5165c, 5205, and 5206 of this title, amending sections 3796b, 5122, 5154, 5170c, 5172, 5174, 5184, 5187, and 5192 of this title, repealing sections 5176 and 5178 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 3796b, 5133, 5165b, 5172, 5174, and 5187 of this title] may be cited as the 'Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000'." Pub. L. 103–181, §1, Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2054, provided that: "This Act [amending section 5170c of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4601 and 5170c of this title] may be cited as the 'Hazard Mitigation and Relocation Assistance Act of 1993'." Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §101(a), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4689, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 5141, 5153 to 5157, 5159 to 5164, 5170 to 5170c, 5172, 5174, 5178, 5189 to 5189b, and 5191 to 5193 of this title, amending this section, sections 1382a, 3030, 3231, 3232, 3539, 4003, 4013, 5122, 5131, 5143, 5144, 5147 to 5152, 5158, 5171, 5173, 5176, 5177, 5179 to 5188, 5201, 7704, and 9601 of this title, sections 1421, 1427, 1427a, 1961, 1964, and 2014 of Title 7, Agriculture, sections 1706c, 1709, and 1715l of Title 12, Banks and Banking, section 636 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, sections 1536 and 3505 of Title 16, Conservation, sections 241–1 and 646 of Title 20, Education, section 125 of Title 23, Highways, sections 165, 5064, and 5708 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 701n of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters, and section 1820 [now 3720] of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits, repealing sections 5142, 5145, 5146, 5175, and 5202 of this title and former sections 5141, 5153 to 5157, 5172, 5174, 5178, and 5189 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 3231, 5122, and 5201 of this title, amending provisions set out as a note under this section and section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions, and repealing provisions set out as notes under this section and former section 5178 of this title] may be cited as 'The Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Amendments of 1988'." Pub. L. 96–568, §1, Dec. 23, 1980, 94 Stat. 3334, provided: "That this Act [amending section 5202 of this title] may be cited as the 'Disaster Relief Act Amendments of 1980'." Pub. L. 93–288, §1, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143, as amended by Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §102(a), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4689; Pub. L. 106–390, title III, §301, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1572, provided: "That this Act [enacting this section, sections 3231 to 3236, 5122, 5131, 5132, 5141 to 5158, 5171 to 5189, 5201, and 5202 of this title, and section 1264 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, amending sections 1706c, 1709, 1715l of Title 12, Banks and Banking, sections 241–1, 646, 758 of Title 20, Education, sections 165, 5064, 5708 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 1820 [now 3720] of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits, section 461 of former Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, repealing sections 4401, 4402, 4411 to 4413, 4414 to 4420, 4431 to 4436, 4457 to 4462, 4481 to 4485 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 4401 and 5178 of this title, and section 1264 of former Title 31, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions] may be cited as the 'Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act'." Delegation of Functions Functions of the President under the Disaster Relief Acts of 1970 and 1974, with certain exceptions, were delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security, see sections 4–201 and 4–203 of Ex. Ord. No. 12148, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43239, as amended, set out as a note under section 5195 of this title. References to Disaster Relief Act of 1974 Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §102(b), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4689, provided that: "Whenever any reference is made in any law (other than this Act [see Tables for classification]), regulation, document, rule, record, or other paper of the United States to a section or provision of the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 [former short title of Pub. L. 93–288], such reference shall be deemed to be a reference to such section or provision of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act [Pub. L. 93–288, see Short Title note above]." Pub. L. 93–288, title VII, §702(m), formerly title VI, §602(m), May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 164, as renumbered by Pub. L. 103–337, div. C, title XXXIV, §3411(a)(1), (2), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3100, provided that: "Whenever reference is made in any provision of law (other than this Act [see Short Title note set out above]), regulation, rule, record, or documents of the United States to provisions of the Disaster Relief Act of 1970 (84 Stat. 1744), repealed by this Act such reference shall be deemed to be a reference to the appropriate provision of this Act." Requirements for Grant Systems Modernization Pub. L. 115–87, §2, Nov. 21, 2017, 131 Stat. 1277, provided that: "(a) In General.—The Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall ensure the ongoing modernization of the grant systems for the administration of assistance under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) includes the following: "(1) An online interface, including online assistance, for applicants to complete application forms, submit materials, and access the status of applications. "(2) Mechanisms to eliminate duplication of benefits. "(3) If appropriate, enable the sharing of information among agencies and with State, local, and tribal governments, to eliminate the need to file multiple applications and speed disaster recovery. "(4) Any additional tools the Administrator determines will improve the implementation of this section. "(b) Implementation.—To the extent practicable, the Administrator shall deliver the system capabilities described in subsection (a) in increments or iterations as working components for applicant use." Report on State Management of Small Disasters Initiative Pub. L. 106–390, title II, §208, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1571, provided that: "Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 30, 2000], the President shall submit to Congress a report describing the results of the State Management of Small Disasters Initiative, including— "(1) identification of any administrative or financial benefits of the initiative; and "(2) recommendations concerning the conditions, if any, under which States should be allowed the option to administer parts of the assistance program under section 406 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5172)." Study Regarding Cost Reduction Pub. L. 106–390, title II, §209, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1571, as amended by Pub. L. 109–139, §3, Dec. 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 2649, provided that: "Not later than September 30, 2007, the Director of the Congressional Budget Office shall complete a study estimating the reduction in Federal disaster assistance that has resulted and is likely to result from the enactment of this Act [see Short Title of 2000 Amendment note above]." Study of Participation by Indian Tribes in Emergency Management Pub. L. 106–390, title III, §308, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1575, required the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency to conduct a study of participation by Indian tribes in emergency management and submit a report no later than 1 year after Oct. 30, 2000. National Drought Policy Pub. L. 105–199, July 16, 1998, 112 Stat. 641, as amended by Pub. L. 106–78, title VII, §753, Oct. 22, 1999, 113 Stat. 1170, known as the "National Drought Policy Act of 1998", established the National Drought Policy Commission to study and submit a report on national drought policy and terminated the Commission 90 days after the submission of the report. Recommendations Concerning Improvement of Relationships Among Disaster Management Officials Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §110, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4710, provided that not later than 1 year after Nov. 23, 1988, the President was to recommend to the Congress proposals to improve the operational and fiscal relationships that exist among Federal, State, and local major disaster and emergency management officials, including provisions which would decrease the amount of time for processing requests for major disaster and emergency declarations and providing Federal assistance for major disasters and emergencies, provide for more effective utilization of State and local resources in relief efforts, and improve the timeliness of reimbursement. Declared Disasters and Emergencies Not Affected Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §112, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4711, provided that: "This title [see Short Title of 1988 Amendment note above] shall not affect the administration of any assistance for a major disaster or emergency declared by the President before the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 23, 1988]." Executive Order No. 11749 Ex. Ord. No. 11749, Dec. 10, 1973, 38 F.R. 34177, which related to consolidation of functions assigned to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12148, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43239, set out as a note under section 5195 of this title. Ex. Ord. No. 11795. Delegation of Presidential Functions Ex. Ord. No. 11795, July 11, 1974, 39 F.R. 25939, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11910, Apr. 13, 1976, 41 F.R. 15681; Ex. Ord. No. 12148, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43239; Ex. Ord. No. 12673, Mar. 23, 1989, 54 F.R. 12571, provided: By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (Public Law 93–288; 88 Stat. 143) [see References to Disaster Relief Act of 1974 note above], section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: [Sections 1 and 2. Revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12148, §5–111, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43239.] Sec. 3. The Secretary of Agriculture is designated and empowered to exercise, without the approval, ratification, or other action of the President, all of the authority vested in the President by section 412 of the act [section 5179 of this title] concerning food coupons and distribution. [Sec. 4. Revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12148, §5–111, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43239.] [References to a "coupon" provided under the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 considered to refer to a "benefit" under that Act, see section 4115(d) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 2012 of Title 7, Agriculture.] Seismic Safety of Federal and Federally Assisted or Regulated New Building Construction For provisions relating to seismic safety requirements for new construction or total replacement of a building under this chapter after a presidentially declared major disaster or emergency, see Ex. Ord. No. 13717, Feb. 2, 2016, 81 F.R. 6407, set out as a note under section 7704 of this title. 1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a period. §5122. Definitions (1) Emergency.—"Emergency" means any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the President, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States. (2) Major disaster.—"Major disaster" means any natural catastrophe (including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, winddriven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or drought), or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion, in any part of the United States, which in the determination of the President causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster assistance under this chapter to supplement the efforts and available resources of States, local governments, and disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused thereby. (3) "United States" means the fifty States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. (4) "State" means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. (5) "Governor" means the chief executive of any State. (6) Indian tribal government.—The term "Indian tribal government" means the governing body of any Indian or Alaska Native tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or community that the Secretary of the Interior acknowledges to exist as an Indian tribe under the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994 (25 U.S.C. 479a et seq.).1 (7) Individual with a disability.—The term "individual with a disability" means an individual with a disability as defined in section 12102(2) of this title. (8) Local government.—The term "local government" means— (A) a county, municipality, city, town, township, local public authority, school district, special district, intrastate district, council of governments (regardless of whether the council of governments is incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under State law), regional or interstate government entity, or agency or instrumentality of a local government; (B) an Indian tribe or authorized tribal organization, or Alaska Native village or organization, that is not an Indian tribal government as defined in paragraph (6); and (C) a rural community, unincorporated town or village, or other public entity, for which an application for assistance is made by a State or political subdivision of a State. (9) "Federal agency" means any department, independent establishment, Government corporation, or other agency of the executive branch of the Federal Government, including the United States Postal Service, but shall not include the American National Red Cross. (10) Public facility.—"Public facility" means the following facilities owned by a State or local government: (A) Any flood control, navigation, irrigation, reclamation, public power, sewage treatment and collection, water supply and distribution, watershed development, or airport facility. (B) Any non-Federal-aid street, road, or highway. (C) Any other public building, structure, or system, including those used for educational, recreational, or cultural purposes. (D) Any park. (11) Private nonprofit facility.— (A) In general.—The term "private nonprofit facility" means private nonprofit educational (without regard to the religious character of the facility), center-based childcare, utility, irrigation, emergency, medical, rehabilitational, and temporary or permanent custodial care facilities (including those for the aged and disabled) and facilities on Indian reservations, as defined by the President. (B) Additional facilities.—In addition to the facilities described in subparagraph (A), the term "private nonprofit facility" includes any private nonprofit facility that provides essential social services to the general public (including museums, zoos, performing arts facilities, community arts centers, community centers, libraries, homeless shelters, senior citizen centers, rehabilitation facilities, shelter workshops, food banks, broadcasting facilities, houses of worship, and facilities that provide health and safety services of a governmental nature), as defined by the President. No house of worship may be excluded from this definition because leadership or membership in the organization operating the house of worship is limited to persons who share a religious faith or practice. (12) Chief executive.—The term "Chief Executive" means the person who is the Chief, Chairman, Governor, President, or similar executive official of an Indian tribal government. (Pub. L. 93–288, title I, §102, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 144; Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §103(b)–(d), (f), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4689, 4690; Pub. L. 102–247, title II, §205, Feb. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 38; Pub. L. 106–390, title III, §302, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1572; Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §688, Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1448; Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1110(c), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 49; Pub. L. 114–111, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2240; Pub. L. 115–123, div. B, title VI, §20604(a), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 85; Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §§1214, 1238(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3449, 3466.) This chapter, referred to in introductory provisions and par. (2), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of this title and Tables. The Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994, referred to in par. (6), is title I of Pub. L. 103–454, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4791, which was classified principally to section 479a et seq. of Title 25, Indians, prior to editorial reclassification as section 5130 et seq. of Title 25. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5101 of Title 25 and Tables. 2018—Par. (11). Pub. L. 115–123 amended subpar. (B) generally by substituting a second subpar. (A) and a subpar. (B) for former subpar. (B). Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "In addition to the facilities described in subparagraph (A), the term 'private nonprofit facility' includes any private nonprofit facility that provides essential services of a governmental nature to the general public (including museums, zoos, performing arts facilities, community arts centers, libraries, homeless shelters, senior citizen centers, rehabilitation facilities, shelter workshops, broadcasting facilities, and facilities that provide health and safety services of a governmental nature), as defined by the President." Par. (11)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1238(b)(2), struck out first subpar. (A) which read as follows: "The term 'private nonprofit facility' means private nonprofit educational, utility, irrigation, emergency, medical, rehabilitational, and temporary or permanent custodial care facilities (including those for the aged and disabled) and facilities on Indian reservations, as defined by the President." Pub. L. 115–254, §1238(b)(1), inserted "center-based childcare," after "facility)," in second subpar. (A) as added by Pub. L. 115–123. Par. (11)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1214, inserted "food banks," after "shelter workshops,". 2015—Par. (11)(B). Pub. L. 114–111 inserted "broadcasting facilities," after "workshops,". 2013—Par. (6). Pub. L. 113–2, §1110(c)(3), added par. (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7). Par. (7). Pub. L. 113–2, §1110(c)(2), redesignated par. (6) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (8). Par. (7)(B). Pub. L. 113–2, §1110(c)(1), substituted ", that is not an Indian tribal government as defined in paragraph (6); and" for "; and". Pars. (8) to (11). Pub. L. 113–2, §1110(c)(2), redesignated pars. (7) to (10) as (8) to (11), respectively. Par. (12). Pub. L. 113–2, §1110(c)(4), added par. (12). 2006—Pars. (6) to (8). Pub. L. 109–295, §688(2), added par. (6) and redesignated former pars. (6) and (7) as (7) and (8), respectively. Former par. (8) redesignated (9). Par. (9). Pub. L. 109–295, §688(2), redesignated par. (8) as (9). Former par. (9) redesignated (10). Pub. L. 109–295, §688(1), amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: " 'Private nonprofit facility' means private nonprofit educational, utility, irrigation, emergency, medical, rehabilitational, and temporary or permanent custodial care facilities (including those for the aged and disabled), other private nonprofit facilities which provide essential services of a governmental nature to the general public, and facilities on Indian reservations as defined by the President." Par. (10). Pub. L. 109–295, §688(2), redesignated par. (9) as (10). 2000—Par. (3). Pub. L. 106–390, §302(1), substituted "and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" for "the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands". Par. (4). Pub. L. 106–390, §302(1), substituted "and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" for "the Northern Mariana Islands, or the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands". Par. (6). Pub. L. 106–390, §302(2), added par. (6) and struck out former par. (6) which read as follows: " 'Local government' means (A) any county, city, village, town, district, or other political subdivision of any State, any Indian tribe or authorized tribal organization, or Alaska Native village or organization, and (B) includes any rural community or unincorporated town or village or any other public entity for which an application for assistance is made by a State or political subdivision thereof." Par. (9). Pub. L. 106–390, §302(3), inserted "irrigation," after "utility,". 1992—Pars. (3), (4). Pub. L. 102–247 inserted "the Northern Mariana Islands," after "American Samoa,". 1988—Par. (1). Pub. L. 100–707, §103(b), inserted heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: " 'Emergency' means any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, drought, fire, explosion, or other catastrophe in any part of the United States which requires Federal emergency assistance to supplement State and local efforts to save lives and protect property, public health and safety or to avert or lessen the threat of a disaster." Par. (2). Pub. L. 100–707, §103(c), inserted heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: " 'Major disaster' means any hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, drought, fire, explosion, or other catastrophe in any part of the United States which, in the determination of the President, causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster assistance under this chapter, above and beyond emergency services by the Federal Government, to supplement the efforts and available resources of States, local governments, and disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering caused thereby." Pars. (3), (4). Pub. L. 100–707, §103(d), struck out "the Canal Zone," after "American Samoa,". Pars. (8), (9). Pub. L. 100–707, §103(f), added pars. (8) and (9). Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1238(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3466, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (b)(1) [amending this section] shall apply to any major disaster or emergency declared by the President under section 401 or 501, respectively, of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170, 5191) on or after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018]." Pub. L. 115–123, div. B, title VI, §20604(c), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 86, provided that: "This section [amending this section and section 5172 of this title] and the amendments made by this section shall apply— "(1) to the provision of assistance in response to a major disaster or emergency declared on or after August 23, 2017; or "(2) with respect to— "(A) any application for assistance that, as of the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 9, 2018], is pending before Federal Emergency Management Agency; and "(B) any application for assistance that has been denied, where a challenge to that denial is not yet finally resolved as of the date of enactment of this Act." Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1110(e), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 49, provided that: "(1) Issuance.—The President shall issue regulations to carry out the amendments made by this section [enacting section 5123 of this title and amending this section and sections 5170 and 5191 of this title]. "(2) Factors.—In issuing the regulations, the President shall consider the unique conditions that affect the general welfare of Indian tribal governments." Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §103(e), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4690, provided that: "(1) In general.—The term 'local government' is deemed to have the same meaning in the Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act [Pub. L. 93–288, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of this title], as amended by this Act [see Short Title of 1988 Amendment note set out under section 5121 of this title], as that term had on October 1, 1988, under section 102(6) of the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 [par. (6) of this section] and regulations implementing the Disaster Relief Act of 1974. "(2) Termination of effectiveness.—Paragraph (1) shall not be effective on and after the 90th day after the President transmits to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate a report which includes an interpretation of the term 'local government' for purposes of the Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended by this Act." [Functions of President under section 103(e)(2) of Pub. L. 100–707 delegated to Administrator of Federal Emergency Management Agency by section 3 of Ex. Ord. No. 12673, Mar. 23, 1989, 54 F.R. 12571, set out as a note under section 5195 of this title.] Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1203, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3438, provided that: "In this division [see Short Title of 2018 Amendment note set out under section 5121 of this title]: "(1) Administrator.—The term 'Administrator' means the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. "(2) Agency.—The term 'Agency' means the Federal Emergency Management Agency. "(3) State.—The term 'State' has the meaning given that term in section 102 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5122)." §5123. References Except as otherwise specifically provided, any reference in this chapter to "State and local", "State or local", "State, and local", "State, or local", or "State, local" (including plurals) with respect to governments or officials and any reference to a "local government" in sections 5172(d)(3) and 5184 of this title is deemed to refer also to Indian tribal governments and officials, as appropriate. (Pub. L. 93–288, title I, §103, as added Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1110(d), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 49.) §5131. Federal and State disaster preparedness programs (a) Utilization of services of other agencies The President is authorized to establish a program of disaster preparedness that utilizes services of all appropriate agencies and includes— (1) preparation of disaster preparedness plans for mitigation, warning, emergency operations, rehabilitation, and recovery; (2) training and exercises; (3) postdisaster critiques and evaluations; (4) annual review of programs; (5) coordination of Federal, State, and local preparedness programs; (6) application of science and technology; (7) research. (b) Technical assistance for the development of plans and programs The President shall provide technical assistance to the States in developing comprehensive plans and practicable programs for preparation against disasters, including hazard reduction, avoidance, and mitigation; for assistance to individuals, businesses, and State and local governments following such disasters; and for recovery of damaged or destroyed public and private facilities. (c) Grants to States for development of plans and programs Upon application by a State, the President is authorized to make grants, not to exceed in the aggregate to such State $250,000, for the development of plans, programs, and capabilities for disaster preparedness and prevention. Such grants shall be applied for within one year from May 22, 1974. Any State desiring financial assistance under this section shall designate or create an agency to plan and administer such a disaster preparedness program, and shall, through such agency, submit a State plan to the President, which shall— (1) set forth a comprehensive and detailed State program for preparation against and assistance following, emergencies and major disasters, including provisions for assistance to individuals, businesses, and local governments; and (2) include provisions for appointment and training of appropriate staffs, formulation of necessary regulations and procedures and conduct of required exercises. (d) Grants for improvement, maintenance, and updating of State plans The President is authorized to make grants not to exceed 50 per centum of the cost of improving, maintaining and updating State disaster assistance plans, including evaluations of natural hazards and development of the programs and actions required to mitigate such hazards; except that no such grant shall exceed $50,000 per annum to any State. (Pub. L. 93–288, title II, §201, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 145; Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §104, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4690.) 1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–707, §104(b)(1), struck out "(including the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency)" after "agencies". Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–707, §104(a), (b)(2), inserted "including evaluations of natural hazards and development of the programs and actions required to mitigate such hazards;" after "plans," and substituted "$50,000" for "$25,000". §5132. Disaster warnings (a) Readiness of Federal agencies to issue warnings to State and local officials The President shall insure that all appropriate Federal agencies are prepared to issue warnings of disasters to State and local officials. (b) Technical assistance to State and local governments for effective warnings The President shall direct appropriate Federal agencies to provide technical assistance to State and local governments to insure that timely and effective disaster warning is provided. (c) Warnings to governmental authorities and public endangered by disaster The President is authorized to utilize or to make available to Federal, State, and local agencies the facilities of the civil defense communications system established and maintained pursuant to section 5196(c) of this title or any other Federal communications system for the purpose of providing warning to governmental authorities and the civilian population in areas endangered by disasters. (d) Agreements with commercial communications systems for use of facilities The President is authorized to enter into agreements with the officers or agents of any private or commercial communications systems who volunteer the use of their systems on a reimbursable or nonreimbursable basis for the purpose of providing warning to governmental authorities and the civilian population endangered by disasters. (Pub. L. 93–288, title II, §202, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 145; Pub. L. 103–337, div. C, title XXXIV, §3412(b)(1), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3111.) 1994—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–337 substituted "section 5196(c) of this title" for "section 2281(c) of title 50, Appendix,". §5133. Predisaster hazard mitigation (a) Definition of small impoverished community In this section, the term "small impoverished community" means a community of 3,000 or fewer individuals that is economically disadvantaged, as determined by the State in which the community is located and based on criteria established by the President. (b) Establishment of program The President may establish a program to provide technical and financial assistance to States and local governments to assist in the implementation of predisaster hazard mitigation measures that are cost-effective and are designed to reduce injuries, loss of life, and damage and destruction of property, including damage to critical services and facilities under the jurisdiction of the States or local governments. (c) Approval by President If the President determines that a State or local government has identified natural disaster hazards in areas under its jurisdiction and has demonstrated the ability to form effective public-private natural disaster hazard mitigation partnerships, the President, using amounts in the National Public Infrastructure Predisaster Mitigation Fund established under subsection (i) (referred to in this section as the "Fund"), may provide technical and financial assistance to the State or local government to be used in accordance with subsection (e). (d) State recommendations (A) Recommendations The Governor of each State may recommend to the President not fewer than five local governments to receive assistance under this section. (B) Deadline for submission The recommendations under subparagraph (A) shall be submitted to the President not later than October 1, 2001, and each October 1st thereafter or such later date in the year as the President may establish. (C) Criteria In making recommendations under subparagraph (A), a Governor shall consider the criteria specified in subsection (g). (2) Use Except as provided in subparagraph (B), in providing assistance to local governments under this section, the President shall select from local governments recommended by the Governors under this subsection. (B) Extraordinary circumstances In providing assistance to local governments under this section, the President may select a local government that has not been recommended by a Governor under this subsection if the President determines that extraordinary circumstances justify the selection and that making the selection will further the purpose of this section. (3) Effect of failure to nominate If a Governor of a State fails to submit recommendations under this subsection in a timely manner, the President may select, subject to the criteria specified in subsection (g), any local governments of the State to receive assistance under this section. (e) Uses of technical and financial assistance Technical and financial assistance provided under this section— (A) shall be used by States and local governments principally to implement predisaster hazard mitigation measures that are cost-effective and are described in proposals approved by the President under this section; and (B) may be used— (i) to support effective public-private natural disaster hazard mitigation partnerships; (ii) to improve the assessment of a community's vulnerability to natural hazards; (iii) to establish hazard mitigation priorities, and an appropriate hazard mitigation plan, for a community; or (iv) to establish and carry out enforcement activities and implement the latest published editions of relevant consensus-based codes, specifications, and standards that incorporate the latest hazard-resistant designs and establish minimum acceptable criteria for the design, construction, and maintenance of residential structures and facilities that may be eligible for assistance under this chapter for the purpose of protecting the health, safety, and general welfare of the buildings' users against disasters. (2) Dissemination A State or local government may use not more than 10 percent of the financial assistance received by the State or local government under this section for a fiscal year to fund activities to disseminate information regarding cost-effective mitigation technologies. (f) Allocation of funds The President shall award financial assistance under this section on a competitive basis for mitigation activities that are cost effective and in accordance with the criteria in subsection (g). (2) Minimum and maximum amounts In providing financial assistance under this section, the President shall ensure that the amount of financial assistance made available to a State (including amounts made available to local governments of the State) for a fiscal year— (A) is not less than the lesser of— (i) $575,000; or (ii) the amount that is equal to 1 percent of the total funds appropriated to carry out this section for the fiscal year; and (B) does not exceed the amount that is equal to 15 percent of the total funds appropriated to carry out this section for the fiscal year. (3) Redistribution of unobligated amounts The President may— (A) withdraw amounts of financial assistance made available to a State (including amounts made available to local governments of a State) under this subsection that remain unobligated by the end of the third fiscal year after the fiscal year for which the amounts were allocated; and (B) in the fiscal year following a fiscal year in which amounts were withdrawn under subparagraph (A), add the amounts to any other amounts available to be awarded on a competitive basis pursuant to paragraph (1). (g) Criteria for assistance awards In determining whether to provide technical and financial assistance to a State or local government under this section, the President shall provide financial assistance only in States that have received a major disaster declaration in the previous 7 years, or to any Indian tribal government located partially or entirely within the boundaries of such States, and take into account— (1) the extent and nature of the hazards to be mitigated; (2) the degree of commitment of the State or local government to reduce damages from future natural disasters; (3) the degree of commitment by the State or local government to support ongoing non-Federal support for the hazard mitigation measures to be carried out using the technical and financial assistance; (4) the extent to which the hazard mitigation measures to be carried out using the technical and financial assistance contribute to the mitigation goals and priorities established by the State; (5) the extent to which the technical and financial assistance is consistent with other assistance provided under this chapter; (6) the extent to which prioritized, cost-effective mitigation activities that produce meaningful and definable outcomes are clearly identified; (7) if the State or local government has submitted a mitigation plan under section 5165 of this title, the extent to which the activities identified under paragraph (6) are consistent with the mitigation plan; (8) the opportunity to fund activities that maximize net benefits to society; (9) the extent to which assistance will fund mitigation activities in small impoverished communities; (10) the extent to which the State, local, Indian tribal, or territorial government has facilitated the adoption and enforcement of the latest published editions of relevant consensus-based codes, specifications, and standards, including amendments made by State, local, Indian tribal, or territorial governments during the adoption process that incorporate the latest hazard-resistant designs and establish criteria for the design, construction, and maintenance of residential structures and facilities that may be eligible for assistance under this chapter for the purpose of protecting the health, safety, and general welfare of the buildings' users against disasters; (11) the extent to which the assistance will fund activities that increase the level of resiliency; and (12) such other criteria as the President establishes in consultation with State and local governments. (h) Federal share Financial assistance provided under this section may contribute up to 75 percent of the total cost of mitigation activities approved by the President. (2) Small impoverished communities Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the President may contribute up to 90 percent of the total cost of a mitigation activity carried out in a small impoverished community. (i) National public infrastructure predisaster mitigation assistance The President may set aside from the Disaster Relief Fund, with respect to each major disaster, an amount equal to 6 percent of the estimated aggregate amount of the grants to be made pursuant to sections 5170b, 5172, 5173, 5174, 5177, 5183, and 5189f of this title for the major disaster in order to provide technical and financial assistance under this section and such set aside shall be deemed to be related to activities carried out pursuant to major disasters under this chapter. (2) Estimated aggregate amount Not later than 180 days after each major disaster declaration pursuant to this chapter, the estimated aggregate amount of grants for purposes of paragraph (1) shall be determined by the President and such estimated amount need not be reduced, increased, or changed due to variations in estimates. (3) No reduction in amounts The amount set aside pursuant to paragraph (1) shall not reduce the amounts otherwise made available for sections 5170b, 5170c, 5172, 5173, 5174, 5177, 5183, and 5189f of this title under this chapter. (j) Multihazard advisory maps (1) Definition of multihazard advisory map In this subsection, the term "multihazard advisory map" means a map on which hazard data concerning each type of natural disaster is identified simultaneously for the purpose of showing areas of hazard overlap. (2) Development of maps In consultation with States, local governments, and appropriate Federal agencies, the President shall develop multihazard advisory maps for areas, in not fewer than five States, that are subject to commonly recurring natural hazards (including flooding, hurricanes and severe winds, and seismic events). (3) Use of technology In developing multihazard advisory maps under this subsection, the President shall use, to the maximum extent practicable, the most cost-effective and efficient technology available. (4) Use of maps (A) Advisory nature The multihazard advisory maps shall be considered to be advisory and shall not require the development of any new policy by, or impose any new policy on, any government or private entity. (B) Availability of maps The multihazard advisory maps shall be made available to the appropriate State and local governments for the purposes of— (i) informing the general public about the risks of natural hazards in the areas described in paragraph (2); (ii) supporting the activities described in subsection (e); and (iii) other public uses. (k) Report on Federal and State administration Not later than 18 months after October 30, 2000, the President, in consultation with State and local governments, shall submit to Congress a report evaluating efforts to implement this section and recommending a process for transferring greater authority and responsibility for administering the assistance program established under this section to capable States. (l) Prohibition on earmarks In this subsection, the term "congressionally directed spending" means a statutory provision or report language included primarily at the request of a Senator or a Member, Delegate or Resident Commissioner of the House of Representatives providing, authorizing, or recommending a specific amount of discretionary budget authority, credit authority, or other spending authority for a contract, loan, loan guarantee, grant, loan authority, or other expenditure with or to an entity, or targeted to a specific State, locality, or Congressional district, other than through a statutory or administrative formula-driven or competitive award process. (2) Prohibition None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available to carry out this section may be used for congressionally directed spending. (3) Certification to Congress The Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall submit to Congress a certification regarding whether all financial assistance under this section was awarded in accordance with this section. (m) Latest Published Editions For purposes of subsections (e)(1)(B)(iv) and (g)(10), the term "latest published editions" means, with respect to relevant consensus-based codes, specifications, and standards, the 2 most recently published editions. (Pub. L. 93–288, title II, §203, as added Pub. L. 106–390, title I, §102(a), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1553; amended Pub. L. 108–199, div. H, §135, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 441; Pub. L. 108–447, div. J, title I, §105, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3343; Pub. L. 109–139, §2, Dec. 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 2649; Pub. L. 110–329, div. D, title V, §553, Sept. 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 3690; Pub. L. 111–83, title V, §543, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2176; Pub. L. 111–351, §§3(a), (b), 4, Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3864; Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1234(a), (d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3461, 3463.) Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1234(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3463, provided that, effective 5 years after Oct. 5, 2018, this section is amended by striking subsection (m). See 2018 Amendment note below. This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (e)(1)(B)(iv), (g)(5), (10), and (i), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of this title and Tables. 2018—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(a)(1), inserted "Public Infrastructure" after "National". Subsec. (e)(1)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(a)(2), added cl. (iv). Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(a)(3)(A), inserted "for mitigation activities that are cost effective" after "competitive basis". Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(a)(3)(B), added par. (3). Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(a)(4)(A), in introductory provisions, inserted "provide financial assistance only in States that have received a major disaster declaration in the previous 7 years, or to any Indian tribal government located partially or entirely within the boundaries of such States, and" after "the President shall". Subsec. (g)(10) to (12). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(a)(4)(B)–(D), added pars. (10) and (11) and redesignated former par. (10) as (12). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(a)(5), added subsec. (i) and struck out former subsec. (i) which related to National Predisaster Mitigation Fund. Subsecs. (j) to (l). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(a)(6), (7), redesignated subsecs. (k), (l), and (n) as (j), (k), and (l), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (j) which related to limitation on total amount of financial assistance. Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(d), struck out subsec. (m) which defined the term "latest published editions" for subsecs. (e)(1)(B)(iv) and (g)(10). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(a)(6), (8), added subsec. (m) and struck out former subsec. (m) which related to authorization of appropriations. Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 115–254, §1234(a)(7), redesignated subsec. (n) as (l). 2011—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 111–351, §3(a), amended subsec. (f) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (f) related to a different allocation of funds. Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 111–351, §3(b), amended subsec. (m) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (m) related to the termination of this section on Sept. 30, 2010. Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 111–351, §4, added subsec. (n). 2009—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 111–83 substituted "September 30, 2010" for "September 30, 2009". 2008—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 110–329 substituted "September 30, 2009" for "September 30, 2008". 2005—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 109–139 substituted "September 30, 2008" for "December 31, 2005". 2004—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 108–447 substituted "2005" for "2004". Pub. L. 108–199 substituted "2004" for "2003". Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1234(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3462, provided that: "The amendments made to section 203 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5133) by paragraphs (3) and (5) of subsection (a) shall apply to funds appropriated on or after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018]." Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1234(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3463, provided that the amendment made by section 1234(d) is effective on the date that is 5 years after Oct. 5, 2018. Pub. L. 111–351, §2, Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3863, provided that: "Congress finds the following: "(1) The predisaster hazard mitigation program has been successful and cost-effective. Funding from the predisaster hazard mitigation program has successfully reduced loss of life, personal injuries, damage to and destruction of property, and disruption of communities from disasters. "(2) The predisaster hazard mitigation program has saved Federal taxpayers from spending significant sums on disaster recovery and relief that would have been otherwise incurred had communities not successfully applied mitigation techniques. "(3) A 2007 Congressional Budget Office report found that the predisaster hazard mitigation program reduced losses by roughly $3 (measured in 2007 dollars) for each dollar invested in mitigation efforts funded under the predisaster hazard mitigation program. Moreover, the Congressional Budget Office found that projects funded under the predisaster hazard mitigation program could lower the need for post-disaster assistance from the Federal Government so that the predisaster hazard mitigation investment by the Federal Government would actually save taxpayer funds. "(4) A 2005 report by the Multihazard Mitigation Council showed substantial benefits and cost savings from the hazard mitigation programs of the Federal Emergency Management Agency generally. Looking at a range of hazard mitigation programs of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the study found that, on average, $1 invested by the Federal Emergency Management Agency in hazard mitigation provided the Nation with roughly $4 in benefits. Moreover, the report projected that the mitigation grants awarded between 1993 and 2003 would save more than 220 lives and prevent nearly 4,700 injuries over approximately 50 years. "(5) Given the substantial savings generated from the predisaster hazard mitigation program in the years following the provision of assistance under the program, increasing funds appropriated for the program would be a wise investment." Findings and Purpose Pub. L. 106–390, title I, §101, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1552, provided that: "(a) Findings.—Congress finds that— "(1) natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, hurricanes, flooding, and wildfires, pose great danger to human life and to property throughout the United States; "(2) greater emphasis needs to be placed on— "(A) identifying and assessing the risks to States and local governments (including Indian tribes) from natural disasters; "(B) implementing adequate measures to reduce losses from natural disasters; and "(C) ensuring that the critical services and facilities of communities will continue to function after a natural disaster; "(3) expenditures for postdisaster assistance are increasing without commensurate reductions in the likelihood of future losses from natural disasters; "(4) in the expenditure of Federal funds under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), high priority should be given to mitigation of hazards at the local level; and "(5) with a unified effort of economic incentives, awareness and education, technical assistance, and demonstrated Federal support, States and local governments (including Indian tribes) will be able to— "(A) form effective community-based partnerships for hazard mitigation purposes; "(B) implement effective hazard mitigation measures that reduce the potential damage from natural disasters; "(C) ensure continued functionality of critical services; "(D) leverage additional non-Federal resources in meeting natural disaster resistance goals; and "(E) make commitments to long-term hazard mitigation efforts to be applied to new and existing structures. "(b) Purpose.—The purpose of this title [enacting this section and sections 5134, 5165 and 5165a of this title, amending section 5170c of this title, and repealing section 5176 of this title] is to establish a national disaster hazard mitigation program— "(1) to reduce the loss of life and property, human suffering, economic disruption, and disaster assistance costs resulting from natural disasters; and "(2) to provide a source of predisaster hazard mitigation funding that will assist States and local governments (including Indian tribes) in implementing effective hazard mitigation measures that are designed to ensure the continued functionality of critical services and facilities after a natural disaster." §5134. Interagency task force The President shall establish a Federal interagency task force for the purpose of coordinating the implementation of predisaster hazard mitigation programs administered by the Federal Government. (b) Chairperson The Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall serve as the chairperson of the task force. (c) Membership The membership of the task force shall include representatives of— (1) relevant Federal agencies; (2) State and local government organizations (including Indian tribes); and (3) the American Red Cross. (Pub. L. 93–288, title II, §204, as added Pub. L. 106–390, title I, §103, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1557; amended Pub. L. 111–351, §3(c)(2), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3864.) 2011—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 111–351 substituted "Administrator" for "Director". §5170. Procedure for declaration All requests for a declaration by the President that a major disaster exists shall be made by the Governor of the affected State. Such a request shall be based on a finding that the disaster is of such severity and magnitude that effective response is beyond the capabilities of the State and the affected local governments and that Federal assistance is necessary. As part of such request, and as a prerequisite to major disaster assistance under this chapter, the Governor shall take appropriate response action under State law and direct execution of the State's emergency plan. The Governor shall furnish information on the nature and amount of State and local resources which have been or will be committed to alleviating the results of the disaster, and shall certify that, for the current disaster, State and local government obligations and expenditures (of which State commitments must be a significant proportion) will comply with all applicable cost-sharing requirements of this chapter. Based on the request of a Governor under this section, the President may declare under this chapter that a major disaster or emergency exists. (b) Indian tribal government requests The Chief Executive of an affected Indian tribal government may submit a request for a declaration by the President that a major disaster exists consistent with the requirements of subsection (a). (2) References In implementing assistance authorized by the President under this chapter in response to a request of the Chief Executive of an affected Indian tribal government for a major disaster declaration, any reference in this subchapter or subchapter III (except sections 5153 and 5165d of this title) to a State or the Governor of a State is deemed to refer to an affected Indian tribal government or the Chief Executive of an affected Indian tribal government, as appropriate. (3) Savings provision Nothing in this subsection shall prohibit an Indian tribal government from receiving assistance under this subchapter through a declaration made by the President at the request of a State under subsection (a) if the President does not make a declaration under this subsection for the same incident. (c) Cost share adjustments for Indian tribal governments In providing assistance to an Indian tribal government under this subchapter, the President may waive or adjust any payment of a non-Federal contribution with respect to the assistance if— (A) the President has the authority to waive or adjust the payment under another provision of this subchapter; and (B) the President determines that the waiver or adjustment is necessary and appropriate. (2) Criteria for making determinations The President shall establish criteria for making determinations under paragraph (1)(B). (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §401, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(a)(3), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4696; amended Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1110(a), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 47.) This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b)(2), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of this title and Tables. 2013—Pub. L. 113–2 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsecs. (b) and (c). "(a) In General.—In making recommendations to the President regarding a major disaster declaration, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall give greater consideration to severe local impact or recent multiple disasters. Further, the Administrator shall make corresponding adjustments to the [Federal Emergency Management] Agency's policies and regulations regarding such consideration. Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this section [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator shall report to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate on the changes made to regulations and policies and the number of declarations that have been declared based on the new criteria. "(b) Effective Date.—This section shall be effective on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018]." Cost of Assistance Estimates "(a) In General.—Not later than 270 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Federal Emergency Management Agency] shall review the factors considered when evaluating a request for a major disaster declaration under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), specifically the estimated cost of the assistance, and provide a report and briefing to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives. "(b) Rulemaking.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall review and initiate a rulemaking to update the factors considered when evaluating a Governor's request for a major disaster declaration, including reviewing how the [Federal Emergency Management] Agency estimates the cost of major disaster assistance, and consider other impacts on the capacity of a jurisdiction to respond to disasters. In determining the capacity of a jurisdiction to respond to disasters, and prior to the issuance of such a rule, the Administrator shall engage in meaningful consultation with relevant representatives of State, regional, local, and Indian tribal government stakeholders." [For definition of "State" as used in section 1239 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1203 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note under section 5122 of this title.] Individual Assistance Factors Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1109, Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 47, provided that: "In order to provide more objective criteria for evaluating the need for assistance to individuals, to clarify the threshold for eligibility and to speed a declaration of a major disaster or emergency under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this division [Jan. 29, 2013], the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, in cooperation with representatives of State, tribal, and local emergency management agencies, shall review, update, and revise through rulemaking the factors considered under section 206.48 of title 44, Code of Federal Regulations (including section 206.48(b)(2) of such title relating to trauma and the specific conditions or losses that contribute to trauma), to measure the severity, magnitude, and impact of a disaster." §5170a. General Federal assistance In any major disaster, the President may— (1) direct any Federal agency, with or without reimbursement, to utilize its authorities and the resources granted to it under Federal law (including personnel, equipment, supplies, facilities, and managerial, technical, and advisory services) in support of State and local assistance response or recovery efforts, including precautionary evacuations; (2) coordinate all disaster relief assistance (including voluntary assistance) provided by Federal agencies, private organizations, and State and local governments, including precautionary evacuations and recovery; (3) provide technical and advisory assistance to affected State and local governments for— (A) the performance of essential community services; (B) issuance of warnings of risks and hazards; (C) public health and safety information, including dissemination of such information; (D) provision of health and safety measures; (E) management, control, and reduction of immediate threats to public health and safety; and (F) recovery activities, including disaster impact assessments and planning; (4) assist State and local governments in the distribution of medicine, food, and other consumable supplies, and emergency assistance; (5) provide assistance to State and local governments for building code and floodplain management ordinance administration and enforcement, including inspections for substantial damage compliance; and (6) provide accelerated Federal assistance and Federal support where necessary to save lives, prevent human suffering, or mitigate severe damage, which may be provided in the absence of a specific request and in which case the President— (A) shall, to the fullest extent practicable, promptly notify and coordinate with officials in a State in which such assistance or support is provided; and (B) shall not, in notifying and coordinating with a State under subparagraph (A), delay or impede the rapid deployment, use, and distribution of critical resources to victims of a major disaster. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §402, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(a)(3), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4696; amended Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §681(a), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1444; Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1206(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3440.) 2018—Pars. (5), (6). Pub. L. 115–254 added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as (6). 2006—Par. (1). Pub. L. 109–295, §681(a)(1), substituted "response or recovery efforts, including precautionary evacuations" for "efforts". Par. (2). Pub. L. 109–295, §681(a)(2), substituted ", including precautionary evacuations and recovery;" for semicolon at end. Par. (3)(F). Pub. L. 109–295, §681(a)(3), added subpar. (F). Par. (5). Pub. L. 109–295, §681(a)(4), (5), added par. (5). §5170b. Essential assistance Federal agencies may on the direction of the President, provide assistance essential to meeting immediate threats to life and property resulting from a major disaster, as follows: (1) Federal resources, generally Utilizing, lending, or donating to State and local governments Federal equipment, supplies, facilities, personnel, and other resources, other than the extension of credit, for use or distribution by such governments in accordance with the purposes of this chapter. (2) Medicine, food, and other consumables Distributing or rendering through State and local governments, the American National Red Cross, the Salvation Army, the Mennonite Disaster Service, and other relief and disaster assistance organizations medicine durable medical equipment,,1 food, and other consumable supplies, and other services and assistance to disaster victims. (3) Work and services to save lives and protect property Performing on public or private lands or waters any work or services essential to saving lives and protecting and preserving property or public health and safety, including— (A) debris removal; (B) search and rescue, emergency medical care, emergency mass care, emergency shelter, and provision of food, water, medicine durable medical equipment,,1 and other essential needs, including movement of supplies or persons; (C) clearance of roads and construction of temporary bridges necessary to the performance of emergency tasks and essential community services; (D) provision of temporary facilities for schools and other essential community services; (E) demolition of unsafe structures which endanger the public; (F) warning of further risks and hazards; (G) dissemination of public information and assistance regarding health and safety measures; (H) provision of technical advice to State and local governments on disaster management and control; (I) reduction of immediate threats to life, property, and public health and safety; and (J) provision of rescue, care, shelter, and essential needs— (i) to individuals with household pets and service animals; and (ii) to such pets and animals. (4) Contributions Making contributions to State or local governments or owners or operators of private nonprofit facilities for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subsection. (b) Federal share The Federal share of assistance under this section shall be not less than 75 percent of the eligible cost of such assistance. (c) Utilization of DOD resources (1) General rule During the immediate aftermath of an incident which may ultimately qualify for assistance under this subchapter or subchapter IV-A of this chapter, the Governor of the State in which such incident occurred may request the President to direct the Secretary of Defense to utilize the resources of the Department of Defense for the purpose of performing on public and private lands any emergency work which is made necessary by such incident and which is essential for the preservation of life and property. If the President determines that such work is essential for the preservation of life and property, the President shall grant such request to the extent the President determines practicable. Such emergency work may only be carried out for a period not to exceed 10 days. (2) Rules applicable to debris removal Any removal of debris and wreckage carried out under this subsection shall be subject to section 5173(b) of this title, relating to unconditional authorization and indemnification for debris removal. (3) Expenditures out of disaster relief funds The cost of any assistance provided pursuant to this subsection shall be reimbursed out of funds made available to carry out this chapter. (4) Federal share The Federal share of assistance under this subsection shall be not less than 75 percent. (5) Guidelines Not later than 180 days after November 23, 1988, the President shall issue guidelines for carrying out this subsection. Such guidelines shall consider any likely effect assistance under this subsection will have on the availability of other forms of assistance under this chapter. (6) Definitions For purposes of this section— (A) Department of Defense The term "Department of Defense" has the meaning the term "department" has under section 101 of title 10. (B) Emergency work The term "emergency work" includes clearance and removal of debris and wreckage and temporary restoration of essential public facilities and services. (d) Salaries and benefits If the President declares a major disaster or emergency for an area within the jurisdiction of a State, tribal, or local government, the President may reimburse the State, tribal, or local government for costs relating to— (A) basic pay and benefits for permanent employees of the State, tribal, or local government conducting emergency protective measures under this section, if— (i) the work is not typically performed by the employees; and (ii) the type of work may otherwise be carried out by contract or agreement with private organizations, firms, or individuals.; 2 or (B) overtime and hazardous duty compensation for permanent employees of the State, tribal, or local government conducting emergency protective measures under this section. (2) Overtime The guidelines for reimbursement for costs under paragraph (1) shall ensure that no State, tribal, or local government is denied reimbursement for overtime payments that are required pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 201 et seq.). (3) No effect on mutual aid pacts Nothing in this subsection shall affect the ability of the President to reimburse labor force expenses provided pursuant to an authorized mutual aid pact. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §403, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(a)(3), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4697; amended Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §689(b), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1449; Pub. L. 109–308, §4, Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1726; Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1108(b), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 47; Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1217(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3452.) This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1) and (c)(1), (3), (5), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of this title and Tables. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 676, 52 Stat. 1060, which is classified generally to chapter 8 (§201 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 201 of Title 29 and Tables. 2018—Subsec. (a)(3)(J). Pub. L. 115–254 struck out subpar. (J) added by Pub. L. 109–308, which was identical to subpar. (J) added by Pub. L. 109–295. See 2006 Amendment note below. 2013—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 113–2 added subsec. (d). 2006—Subsec. (a)(2), (3)(B). Pub. L. 109–295, §689(b)(1), (2)(A), inserted "durable medical equipment," after "medicine". Subsec. (a)(3)(J). Pub. L. 109–295, §689(b)(2)(B)–(D), and Pub. L. 109–308 amended par. (3) by adding identical subpars. (J). 1 So in original. The extra comma probably should follow "medicine". 2 So in original. §5170c. Hazard mitigation The President may contribute up to 75 percent of the cost of hazard mitigation measures which the President has determined are cost effective and which substantially reduce the risk of, or increase resilience to, future damage, hardship, loss, or suffering in any area affected by a major disaster, or any area affected by a fire for which assistance was provided under section 5187 of this title. Such measures shall be identified following the evaluation of natural hazards under section 5165 of this title and shall be subject to approval by the President. Subject to section 5165 of this title, the total of contributions under this section for a major disaster or event under section 5187 of this title shall not exceed 15 percent for amounts not more than $2,000,000,000, 10 percent for amounts of more than $2,000,000,000 and not more than $10,000,000,000, and 7.5 percent on amounts of more than $10,000,000,000 and not more than $35,333,000,000 of the estimated aggregate amount of grants to be made (less any associated administrative costs) under this chapter with respect to the major disaster or event under section 5187 of this title. (b) Property acquisition and relocation assistance (1) General authority In providing hazard mitigation assistance under this section in connection with flooding, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency may provide property acquisition and relocation assistance for projects that meet the requirements of paragraph (2). (2) Terms and conditions An acquisition or relocation project shall be eligible to receive assistance pursuant to paragraph (1) only if— (A) the applicant for the assistance is otherwise eligible to receive assistance under the hazard mitigation grant program established under subsection (a); and (B) on or after December 3, 1993, the applicant for the assistance enters into an agreement with the Administrator that provides assurances that— (i) any property acquired, accepted, or from which a structure will be removed pursuant to the project will be dedicated and maintained in perpetuity for a use that is compatible with open space, recreational, or wetlands management practices; (ii) no new structure will be erected on property acquired, accepted or from which a structure was removed under the acquisition or relocation program other than— (I) a public facility that is open on all sides and functionally related to a designated open space; (II) a rest room; or (III) a structure that the Administrator approves in writing before the commencement of the construction of the structure; and (iii) after receipt of the assistance, with respect to any property acquired, accepted or from which a structure was removed under the acquisition or relocation program— (I) no subsequent application for additional disaster assistance for any purpose will be made by the recipient to any Federal entity; and (II) no assistance referred to in subclause (I) will be provided to the applicant by any Federal source. (3) Statutory construction Nothing in this subsection is intended to alter or otherwise affect an agreement for an acquisition or relocation project carried out pursuant to this section that was in effect on the day before December 3, 1993. (c) Program administration by States A State desiring to administer the hazard mitigation grant program established by this section with respect to hazard mitigation assistance in the State may submit to the President an application for the delegation of the authority to administer the program. (2) Criteria The President, in consultation and coordination with States and local governments, shall establish criteria for the approval of applications submitted under paragraph (1). Until such time as the Administrator promulgates regulations to implement this paragraph, the Administrator may waive notice and comment rulemaking, if the Administrator determines doing so is necessary to expeditiously implement this section, and may carry out this section as a pilot program. The criteria shall include, at a minimum— (A) the demonstrated ability of the State to manage the grant program under this section; (B) there being in effect an approved mitigation plan under section 5165 of this title; and (C) a demonstrated commitment to mitigation activities. (3) Approval The President shall approve an application submitted under paragraph (1) that meets the criteria established under paragraph (2). (4) Withdrawal of approval If, after approving an application of a State submitted under paragraph (1), the President determines that the State is not administering the hazard mitigation grant program established by this section in a manner satisfactory to the President, the President shall withdraw the approval. (5) Audits The President shall provide for periodic audits of the hazard mitigation grant programs administered by States under this subsection. (d) Streamlined procedures For the purpose of providing assistance under this section, the President shall ensure that— (A) adequate resources are devoted to ensure that applicable environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 [42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.] and historic preservation reviews under the National Historic Preservation Act 1 are completed on an expeditious basis; and (B) the shortest existing applicable process under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 [42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.] and the National Historic Preservation Act 1 is utilized. (2) Authority for other expedited procedures The President may utilize expedited procedures in addition to those required under paragraph (1) for the purpose of providing assistance under this section, such as procedures under the Prototype Programmatic Agreement of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, for the consideration of multiple structures as a group and for an analysis of the cost-effectiveness and fulfillment of cost-share requirements for proposed hazard mitigation measures. (e) Advance assistance The President may provide not more than 25 percent of the amount of the estimated cost of hazard mitigation measures to a State grantee eligible for a grant under this section before eligible costs are incurred. (f) Use of assistance Recipients of hazard mitigation assistance provided under this section and section 5133 of this title may use the assistance to conduct activities to help reduce the risk of future damage, hardship, loss, or suffering in any area affected by a wildfire or windstorm, such as— (1) reseeding ground cover with quick-growing or native species; (2) mulching with straw or chipped wood; (3) constructing straw, rock, or log dams in small tributaries to prevent flooding; (4) placing logs and other erosion barriers to catch sediment on hill slopes; (5) installing debris traps to modify road and trail drainage mechanisms; (6) modifying or removing culverts to allow drainage to flow freely; (7) adding drainage dips and constructing emergency spillways to keep roads and bridges from washing out during floods; (8) planting grass to prevent the spread of noxious weeds; (9) installing warning signs; (10) establishing defensible space measures; (11) reducing hazardous fuels; (12) mitigating windstorm damage, including replacing or installing electrical transmission or distribution utility pole structures with poles that are resilient to extreme wind and combined ice and wind loadings for the basic wind speeds and ice conditions associated with the relevant location; (13) removing standing burned trees; and (14) replacing water systems that have been burned and have caused contamination. (g) Use of assistance for earthquake hazards Recipients of hazard mitigation assistance provided under this section and section 5133 of this title may use the assistance to conduct activities to help reduce the risk of future damage, hardship, loss, or suffering in any area affected by earthquake hazards, including— (1) improvements to regional seismic networks in support of building a capability for earthquake early warning; (2) improvements to geodetic networks in support of building a capability for earthquake early warning; and (3) improvements to seismometers, Global Positioning System receivers, and associated infrastructure in support of building a capability for earthquake early warning. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §404, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(a)(3), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4698; amended Pub. L. 103–181, §§2(a), 3, Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2054; Pub. L. 106–390, title I, §104(c)(1), title II, §204, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1559, 1561; Pub. L. 108–7, div. K, title IV, §417, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 525; Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §684, Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1447; Pub. L. 111–351, §3(c)(2), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3864; Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1104(a), (b), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 43; Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §§1204(b)(1), 1205, 1233, 1235(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3439, 3460, 3463.) The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), is Pub. L. 91–190, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852, which is classified generally to chapter 55 (§4321 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4321 of this title and Tables. The National Historic Preservation Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), is Pub. L. 89–665, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 915, which was classified generally to subchapter II (§470 et seq.) of chapter 1A of Title 16, Conservation. The Act, except for section 1, was repealed and restated in division A (§300101 et seq.) of subtitle III of Title 54, National Park Service and Related Programs, by Pub. L. 113–287, §§3, 7, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3094, 3272. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. For disposition of former sections of Title 16, see Disposition Table preceding section 100101 of Title 54. 2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–254, §1204(b)(1), inserted ", or any area affected by a fire for which assistance was provided under section 5187 of this title" after "affected by a major disaster" in first sentence as inserted by section 1235(a) of Pub. L. 115–254, and inserted "or event under section 5187 of this title" after "major disaster" in two places in third sentence. Pub. L. 115–254, §1235(a), substituted "The President may contribute up to 75 percent of the cost of hazard mitigation measures which the President has determined are cost effective and which substantially reduce the risk of, or increase resilience to, future damage, hardship, loss, or suffering in any area affected by a major disaster." for "The President may contribute up to 75 percent of the cost of hazard mitigation measures which the President has determined are cost-effective and which substantially reduce the risk of future damage, hardship, loss, or suffering in any area affected by a major disaster.". Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–254, §1205, added subsec. (f). Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–254, §1233, added subsec. (g). 2013—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 113–2, §1104(b), inserted "Until such time as the Administrator promulgates regulations to implement this paragraph, the Administrator may waive notice and comment rulemaking, if the Administrator determines doing so is necessary to expeditiously implement this section, and may carry out this section as a pilot program." after "applications submitted under paragraph (1)." in introductory provisions. Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 113–2, §1104(a), added subsecs. (d) and (e). 2011—Subsec. (b)(1), (2). Pub. L. 111–351 substituted "Administrator" for "Director" wherever appearing. 2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–295, in last sentence, substituted "15 percent for amounts not more than $2,000,000,000, 10 percent for amounts of more than $2,000,000,000 and not more than $10,000,000,000, and 7.5 percent on amounts of more than $10,000,000,000 and not more than $35,333,000,000" for "7.5 percent". 2003—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–7 substituted "7.5 percent" for "15 percent". 2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–390, §104(c)(1), substituted "section 5165" for "section 5176" in second sentence and "Subject to section 5165 of this title, the total" for "The total" in third sentence. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–390, §204, added subsec. (c). 1993—Pub. L. 103–181 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, substituted "75 percent" for "50 percent" in first sentence, substituted "15 percent of the estimated aggregate amount of grants to be made (less any associated administrative costs) under this chapter with respect to the major disaster" for "10 percent of the estimated aggregate amounts of grants to be made under section 5172 of this title with respect to such major disaster" in last sentence, and added subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1104(c), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 43, provided that: "The authority under the amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to— "(1) any major disaster or emergency declared under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) on or after the date of enactment of this division [Jan. 29, 2013]; and "(2) a major disaster or emergency declared under that Act before the date of enactment of this division for which the period for processing requests for assistance has not ended as of the date of enactment of this division." Pub. L. 103–181, §2(b), Dec. 3, 1993, 107 Stat. 2054, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to any major disaster declared by the President pursuant to The [the] Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) on or after June 10, 1993." Funding of a Federally Authorized Water Resources Development Project Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1210(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3444, provided that: "(1) Eligible activities.—Notwithstanding section 312 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5155) and its implementing regulations, assistance provided pursuant to section 404 of such Act [42 U.S.C. 5170c] may be used to fund activities authorized for construction within the scope of a federally authorized water resources development project of the Army Corps of Engineers if such activities are also eligible activities under such section. "(2) Federal funding.—All Federal funding provided under section 404 pursuant to this section shall be applied toward the Federal share of such project. "(3) Non-federal match.—All non-Federal matching funds required under section 404 pursuant to this section shall be applied toward the non-Federal share of such project. "(4) Total federal share.—Funding provided under section 404 pursuant to this section may not exceed the total Federal share for such project. "(5) No effect.—Nothing in this section shall— "(A) affect the cost-share requirement of a hazard mitigation measure under section 404; "(B) affect the eligibility criteria for a hazard mitigation measure under section 404; "(C) affect the cost share requirements of a federally authorized water resources development project; and "(D) affect the responsibilities of a non-Federal interest with respect to the project, including those related to the provision of lands, easements, rights-of-way, dredge material disposal areas, and necessary relocations. "(6) Limitation.—If a federally authorized water resources development project of the Army Corps of Engineers is constructed with funding provided under section 404 pursuant to this subsection, no further Federal funding shall be provided for construction of such project." Guidance on Hazard Mitigation Assistance "(a) In General.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Federal Emergency Management Agency] shall issue guidance regarding the acquisition of property for open space as a mitigation measure under section 404 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170c) that includes— "(1) a process by which the State hazard mitigation officer appointed for such an acquisition shall, not later than 60 days after the applicant for assistance enters into an agreement with the Administrator regarding the acquisition, provide written notification to each affected unit of local government for such acquisition that includes— "(A) the location of the acquisition; "(B) the State-local assistance agreement for the hazard mitigation grant program; "(C) a description of the acquisition; and "(D) a copy of the deed restriction; and "(2) recommendations for entering into and implementing a memorandum of understanding between units of local government and covered entities that includes provisions to allow an affected unit of local government notified under paragraph (1) to— "(A) use and maintain the open space created by such a project, consistent with section 404 [42 U.S.C. 5170c] (including related regulations, standards, and guidance) and consistent with all adjoining property, subject to the notification of the adjoining property, so long as the cost of the maintenance is borne by the local government; and "(B) maintain the open space pursuant to standards exceeding any local government standards defined in the agreement with the Administrator described under paragraph (1). "(b) Definitions.—In this section: "(1) Affected unit of local government.—The term 'affected unit of local government' means any entity covered by the definition of local government in section 102 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5122), that has jurisdiction over the property subject to the acquisition described in subsection (a). "(2) Covered entity.—The term 'covered entity' means— "(A) the grantee or subgrantee receiving assistance for an open space project described in subsection (a); "(B) the State in which such project is located; and "(C) the applicable Regional Administrator of the Agency." [For definition of "State" as used in section 1231 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1203 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a Definitions note under section 5122 of this title.] §5171. Federal facilities (a) Repair, reconstruction, restoration, or replacement of United States facilities The President may authorize any Federal agency to repair, reconstruct, restore, or replace any facility owned by the United States and under the jurisdiction of such agency which is damaged or destroyed by any major disaster if he determines that such repair, reconstruction, restoration, or replacement is of such importance and urgency that it cannot reasonably be deferred pending the enactment of specific authorizing legislation or the making of an appropriation for such purposes, or the obtaining of congressional committee approval. (b) Availability of funds appropriated to agency for repair, reconstruction, restoration, or replacement of agency facilities In order to carry out the provisions of this section, such repair, reconstruction, restoration, or replacement may be begun notwithstanding a lack or an insufficiency of funds appropriated for such purpose, where such lack or insufficiency can be remedied by the transfer, in accordance with law, of funds appropriated to that agency for another purpose. (c) Steps for mitigation of hazards In implementing this section, Federal agencies shall evaluate the natural hazards to which these facilities are exposed and shall take appropriate action to mitigate such hazards, including safe land-use and construction practices, in accordance with standards prescribed by the President. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §405, formerly §401, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 153; renumbered §405, Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(a)(2), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4696.) §5172. Repair, restoration, and replacement of damaged facilities (a) Contributions The President may make contributions— (A) to a State or local government for the repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement of a public facility damaged or destroyed by a major disaster and for associated expenses incurred by the government; and (B) subject to paragraph (3), to a person that owns or operates a private nonprofit facility damaged or destroyed by a major disaster for the repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement of the facility and for associated expenses incurred by the person. (2) Associated expenses For the purposes of this section, associated expenses shall include— (A) the costs of mobilizing and employing the National Guard for performance of eligible work; (B) the costs of using prison labor to perform eligible work, including wages actually paid, transportation to a worksite, and extraordinary costs of guards, food, and lodging; (C) base and overtime wages for the employees and extra hires of a State, local government, or person described in paragraph (1) that perform eligible work, plus fringe benefits on such wages to the extent that such benefits were being paid before the major disaster; and (D) base and overtime wages for extra hires to facilitate the implementation and enforcement of adopted building codes for a period of not more than 180 days after the major disaster is declared. (3) Conditions for assistance to private nonprofit facilities The President may make contributions to a private nonprofit facility under paragraph (1)(B) only if— (i) the facility provides critical services (as defined by the President) in the event of a major disaster; or (ii) the owner or operator of the facility— (I) has applied for a disaster loan under section 636(b) of title 15; and (II)(aa) has been determined to be ineligible for such a loan; or (bb) has obtained such a loan in the maximum amount for which the Small Business Administration determines the facility is eligible. (B) Definition of critical services In this paragraph, the term "critical services" includes power, water (including water provided by an irrigation organization or facility), sewer, wastewater treatment, communications (including broadcast and telecommunications), education, and emergency medical care. (C) Religious facilities A church, synagogue, mosque, temple, or other house of worship, educational facility, or any other private nonprofit facility, shall be eligible for contributions under paragraph (1)(B), without regard to the religious character of the facility or the primary religious use of the facility. No house of worship, educational facility, or any other private nonprofit facility may be excluded from receiving contributions under paragraph (1)(B) because leadership or membership in the organization operating the house of worship is limited to persons who share a religious faith or practice. (4) Notification to Congress Before making any contribution under this section in an amount greater than $20,000,000, the President shall notify— (A) the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate; (B) the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives; (C) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and (D) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. (1) Minimum Federal share Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Federal share of assistance under this section shall be not less than 75 percent of the eligible cost of repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement carried out under this section. (2) Reduced Federal share The President shall promulgate regulations to reduce the Federal share of assistance under this section to not less than 25 percent in the case of the repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement of any eligible public facility or private nonprofit facility following an event associated with a major disaster— (A) that has been damaged, on more than one occasion within the preceding 10-year period, by the same type of event; and (B) the owner of which has failed to implement appropriate mitigation measures to address the hazard that caused the damage to the facility. (3) Increased Federal share (A) Incentive measures The President may provide incentives to a State or Tribal government to invest in measures that increase readiness for, and resilience from, a major disaster by recognizing such investments through a sliding scale that increases the minimum Federal share to 85 percent. Such measures may include— (i) the adoption of a mitigation plan approved under section 5165 of this title; (ii) investments in disaster relief, insurance, and emergency management programs; (iii) encouraging the adoption and enforcement of the latest published editions of relevant consensus-based codes, specifications, and standards that incorporate the latest hazard-resistant designs and establish minimum acceptable criteria for the design, construction, and maintenance of residential structures and facilities that may be eligible for assistance under this chapter for the purpose of protecting the health, safety, and general welfare of the buildings' users against disasters; (iv) facilitating participation in the community rating system; and (v) funding mitigation projects or granting tax incentives for projects that reduce risk. (B) Comprehensive guidance Not later than 1 year after February 9, 2018, the President, acting through the Administrator, shall issue comprehensive guidance to State and Tribal governments regarding the measures and investments, weighted appropriately based on actuarial assessments of eligible actions, that will be recognized for the purpose of increasing the Federal share under this section. Guidance shall ensure that the agency's review of eligible measures and investments does not unduly delay determining the appropriate Federal cost share. (C) Report One year after the issuance of the guidance required by subparagraph (B), the Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate a report regarding the analysis of the Federal cost shares paid under this section. (D) Savings clause Nothing in this paragraph prevents the President from increasing the Federal cost share above 85 percent. (c) Large in-lieu contributions (1) For public facilities In any case in which a State or local government determines that the public welfare would not best be served by repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing any public facility owned or controlled by the State or local government, the State or local government may elect to receive, in lieu of a contribution under subsection (a)(1)(A), a contribution in an amount equal to the Federal share of the Federal estimate of the cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing the facility and of management expenses. (B) Use of funds Funds contributed to a State or local government under this paragraph may be used— (i) to repair, restore, or expand other selected public facilities; (ii) to construct new facilities; or (iii) to fund hazard mitigation measures that the State or local government determines to be necessary to meet a need for governmental services and functions in the area affected by the major disaster. (C) Limitations Funds made available to a State or local government under this paragraph may not be used for— (i) any public facility located in a regulatory floodway (as defined in section 59.1 of title 44, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)); or (ii) any uninsured public facility located in a special flood hazard area identified by the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 4001 et seq.). (2) For private nonprofit facilities In any case in which a person that owns or operates a private nonprofit facility determines that the public welfare would not best be served by repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing the facility, the person may elect to receive, in lieu of a contribution under subsection (a)(1)(B), a contribution in an amount equal to the Federal share of the Federal estimate of the cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing the facility and of management expenses. Funds contributed to a person under this paragraph may be used— (i) to repair, restore, or expand other selected private nonprofit facilities owned or operated by the person; (ii) to construct new private nonprofit facilities to be owned or operated by the person; or (iii) to fund hazard mitigation measures that the person determines to be necessary to meet a need for the person's services and functions in the area affected by the major disaster. Funds made available to a person under this paragraph may not be used for— (i) any private nonprofit facility located in a regulatory floodway (as defined in section 59.1 of title 44, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)); or (ii) any uninsured private nonprofit facility located in a special flood hazard area identified by the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 4001 et seq.). (d) Flood insurance (1) Reduction of Federal assistance If a public facility or private nonprofit facility located in a special flood hazard area identified for more than 1 year by the Administrator pursuant to the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 4001 et seq.) is damaged or destroyed, after the 180th day following November 23, 1988, by flooding in a major disaster and such facility is not covered on the date of such flooding by flood insurance, the Federal assistance which would otherwise be available under this section with respect to repair, restoration, reconstruction, and replacement of such facility and associated expenses shall be reduced in accordance with paragraph (2). This section shall not apply to more than one building of a multi-structure educational, law enforcement, correctional, fire, or medical campus, for any major disaster or emergency declared by the President under section 5170 or 5191, respectively, of this title on or after January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2018. (2) Amount of reduction The amount of a reduction in Federal assistance under this section with respect to a facility shall be the lesser of— (A) the value of such facility on the date of the flood damage or destruction, or (B) the maximum amount of insurance proceeds which would have been payable with respect to such facility if such facility had been covered by flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 on such date. (3) Exception Paragraphs (1) and (2) shall not apply to a private nonprofit facility which is not covered by flood insurance solely because of the local government's failure to participate in the flood insurance program established by the National Flood Insurance Act. (4) Dissemination of information The President shall disseminate information regarding the reduction in Federal assistance provided for by this subsection to State and local governments and the owners and operators of private nonprofit facilities who may be affected by such a reduction. (e) Eligible cost For the purposes of this section, for disasters declared on or after August 1, 2017, or a disaster in which a cost estimate has not yet been finalized for a project, or for any project for which the finalized cost estimate is on appeal, the President shall estimate the eligible cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing a public facility or private nonprofit facility— (i) on the basis of the design of the facility as the facility existed immediately before the major disaster; (ii) in conformity with the latest published editions of relevant consensus-based codes, specifications, and standards that incorporate the latest hazard-resistant designs and establish minimum acceptable criteria for the design, construction, and maintenance of residential structures and facilities that may be eligible for assistance under this chapter for the purposes of protecting the health, safety, and general welfare of a facility's users against disasters (including floodplain management and hazard mitigation criteria required by the President or under the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (16 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)); and (iii) in a manner that allows the facility to meet the definition of resilient developed pursuant to this subsection. (B) Cost estimation procedures (i) In general Subject to paragraph (2), the President shall use the cost estimation procedures established under paragraph (3) to determine the eligible cost under this subsection. (ii) Applicability The procedures specified in this paragraph and paragraph (2) shall apply only to projects the eligible cost of which is equal to or greater than the amount specified in section 5189 of this title. (C) Contributions Contributions for the eligible cost made under this section may be provided on an actual cost basis or on cost-estimation procedures. (2) Modification of eligible cost (A) Actual cost greater than ceiling percentage of estimated cost In any case in which the actual cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing a facility under this section is greater than the ceiling percentage established under paragraph (3) of the cost estimated under paragraph (1), the President may determine that the eligible cost includes a portion of the actual cost of the repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement that exceeds the cost estimated under paragraph (1). (B) Actual cost less than estimated cost (i) Greater than or equal to floor percentage of estimated cost In any case in which the actual cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing a facility under this section is less than 100 percent of the cost estimated under paragraph (1), but is greater than or equal to the floor percentage established under paragraph (3) of the cost estimated under paragraph (1), the State or local government or person receiving funds under this section shall use the excess funds to carry out cost-effective activities that reduce the risk of future damage, hardship, or suffering from a major disaster. (ii) Less than floor percentage of estimated cost In any case in which the actual cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing a facility under this section is less than the floor percentage established under paragraph (3) of the cost estimated under paragraph (1), the State or local government or person receiving assistance under this section shall reimburse the President in the amount of the difference. (C) No effect on appeals process Nothing in this paragraph affects any right of appeal under section 5189a of this title. (3) Expert panel (A) Establishment Not later than 18 months after October 30, 2000, the President, acting through the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, shall establish an expert panel, which shall include representatives from the construction industry and State and local government. (B) Duties The expert panel shall develop recommendations concerning— (i) procedures for estimating the cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing a facility consistent with industry practices; and (ii) the ceiling and floor percentages referred to in paragraph (2). Taking into account the recommendations of the expert panel under subparagraph (B), the President shall promulgate regulations that establish— (i) cost estimation procedures described in subparagraph (B)(i); and (D) Review by President Not later than 2 years after the date of promulgation of regulations under subparagraph (C) and periodically thereafter, the President shall review the cost estimation procedures and the ceiling and floor percentages established under this paragraph. (E) Report to Congress Not later than 1 year after the date of promulgation of regulations under subparagraph (C), 3 years after that date, and at the end of each 2-year period thereafter, the expert panel shall submit to Congress a report on the appropriateness of the cost estimation procedures. (4) Special rule In any case in which the facility being repaired, restored, reconstructed, or replaced under this section was under construction on the date of the major disaster, the cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing the facility shall include, for the purposes of this section, only those costs that, under the contract for the construction, are the owner's responsibility and not the contractor's responsibility. (5) New rules Not later than 18 months after October 5, 2018, the President, acting through the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and in consultation with the heads of relevant Federal departments and agencies, shall issue a final rulemaking that defines the terms "resilient" and "resiliency" for purposes of this subsection. (B) Interim guidance Not later than 60 days after October 5, 2018, the Administrator shall issue interim guidance to implement this subsection. Such interim guidance shall expire 18 months after October 5, 2018, or upon issuance of final regulations pursuant to subparagraph (A), whichever occurs first. (C) Guidance Not later than 90 days after the date on which the Administrator issues the final rulemaking under this paragraph, the Administrator shall issue any necessary guidance related to the rulemaking. (D) Report Not later than 2 years after October 5, 2018, the Administrator shall submit to Congress a report summarizing the regulations and guidance issued pursuant to this paragraph. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §406, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(b), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4699; amended Pub. L. 106–390, title II, §205(a)–(d)(1), (e), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1562–1564, 1566; Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §689h, Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1453; Pub. L. 109–347, title VI, §609, Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 1942; Pub. L. 111–351, §3(c)(2), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3864; Pub. L. 114–111, §2(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2240; Pub. L. 115–123, div. B, title VI, §§20604(b), 20606, Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 86; Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §§1206(b), 1207(a), (b), 1235(b)–(d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3440, 3463, 3464.) This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b)(3)(A)(iii) and (e)(1)(A)(ii), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of this title and Tables. The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, referred to in subsecs. (c)(1)(C)(ii), (2)(C)(ii) and (d)(1), (2)(B), is title XIII of Pub. L. 90–448, Aug. 1, 1968, 82 Stat. 572, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 50 (§4001 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4001 of this title and Tables. The National Flood Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(3), probably means the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. See above. The Coastal Barrier Resources Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(A)(ii), is Pub. L. 97–348, Oct. 18, 1982, 96 Stat. 1653, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 55 (§3501 et seq.) of Title 16, Conservation. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3501 of Title 16 and Tables. A prior section 5172, Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §402, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 153, related to repair and restoration of damaged facilities, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–707, §106(b). 2018—Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 115–254, §1206(b), added subpar. (D). Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 115–123, §20604(b), added subpar. (C). Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–123, §20606, added par. (3). Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1207(a)(1), struck out "90 percent of" before "the Federal share". Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1207(b), inserted at end "This section shall not apply to more than one building of a multi-structure educational, law enforcement, correctional, fire, or medical campus, for any major disaster or emergency declared by the President under section 5170 or 5191, respectively, of this title on or after January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2018." Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1235(b)(1), inserted "for disasters declared on or after August 1, 2017, or a disaster in which a cost estimate has not yet been finalized for a project, or for any project for which the finalized cost estimate is on appeal," after "section," in introductory provisions. Subsec. (e)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 115–254, §1235(b)(2), struck out "and" at end. Subsec. (e)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 115–254, §1235(b)(3), substituted "the latest published editions of relevant consensus-based codes, specifications, and standards that incorporate the latest hazard-resistant designs and establish minimum acceptable criteria for the design, construction, and maintenance of residential structures and facilities that may be eligible for assistance under this chapter for the purposes of protecting the health, safety, and general welfare of a facility's users against disasters" for "codes, specifications, and standards" and "(16 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)); and" for "(16 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)) applicable at the time at which the disaster occurred." Subsec. (e)(1)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 115–254, §1235(b)(4), added cl. (iii). Subsec. (e)(1)(C). Pub. L. 115–254, §1235(c), added subpar. (C). Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 115–254, §1235(d), added par. (5). 2015—Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 114–111 substituted "communications (including broadcast and telecommunications)," for "communications,". 2011—Subsecs. (c)(1)(C)(ii), (2)(C)(ii), (d)(1), (e)(3)(A). Pub. L. 111–351 substituted "Administrator" for "Director". 2006—Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 109–295 inserted "education," after "communications,". Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 109–347, §609(1), substituted "90" for "75". Subsec. (c)(1)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 109–347, §609(2), (3), redesignated subpars. (C) and (D) as (B) and (C), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (B). Prior to amendment, text of subpar. (B) read as follows: "In any case in which a State or local government determines that the public welfare would not best be served by repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing any public facility owned or controlled by the State or local government because soil instability in the disaster area makes repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement infeasible, the State or local government may elect to receive, in lieu of a contribution under subsection (a)(1)(A) of this section, a contribution in an amount equal to 90 percent of the Federal share of the Federal estimate of the cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing the facility and of management expenses." 2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–390, §205(a), added subsec. (a) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (a). Text read as follows: "The President may make contributions— "(1) to a State or local government for the repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement of a public facility which is damaged or destroyed by a major disaster and for associated expenses incurred by such government; and "(2) to a person who owns or operates a private nonprofit facility damaged or destroyed by a major disaster for the repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement of such facility and for associated expenses incurred by such person." Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–390, §205(b), added subsec. (b) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (b). Text read as follows: "The Federal share of assistance under this section shall be not less than— "(1) 75 percent of the net eligible cost of repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement carried out under this section; "(2) 100 percent of associated expenses described in subsections (f)(1) and (f)(2) of this section; and "(3) 75 percent of associated expenses described in subsections (f)(3), (f)(4), and (f)(5) of this section." Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–390, §205(c), added subsec. (c) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (c) which provided that, upon a determination that the public welfare would not be best served by repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing either a public facility or a private nonprofit facility, an election could be made to receive, in lieu of a contribution under subsec. (a), a contribution of not to exceed 90 percent of the Federal share of the Federal estimate of the cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing the facility and of associated expenses, with the restriction that such funds not be used for any State or local government cost-sharing contribution required under this chapter. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–390, §205(d)(1), added subsec. (e) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (e). Text read as follows: "(1) General rule.—For purposes of this section, the cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing a public facility or private nonprofit facility on the basis of the design of such facility as it existed immediately prior to the major disaster and in conformity with current applicable codes, specifications, and standards (including floodplain management and hazard mitigation criteria required by the President or by the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (16 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)) shall, at a minimum, be treated as the net eligible cost of such repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement. "(2) Special rule.—In any case in which the facility being repaired, restored, reconstructed, or replaced under this section was under construction on the date of the major disaster, the cost of repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing such facility shall include, for purposes of this section, only those costs which, under the contract for such construction, are the owner's responsibility and not the contractor's responsibility." Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–390, §205(e), struck out subsec. (f) which set out various associated expenses, including necessary and extraordinary costs, and costs of using the National Guard and prison labor. Amendment by section 20604(b) of Pub. L. 115–123 applicable to provision of assistance in response to major disaster or emergency declared on or after Aug. 23, 2017, or, with respect to any application for assistance that, as of Feb. 9, 2018, is pending before Federal Emergency Management Agency, and any application for assistance that has been denied, where a challenge to that denial is not yet finally resolved as of Feb. 9, 2018, see section 20604(c) of Pub. L. 115–123, set out as a note under section 5122 of this title. Pub. L. 106–390, title II, §205(d)(2), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1566, as amended by Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1235(e), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3464, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] takes effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 30, 2000] and applies to funds appropriated after the date of the enactment of this Act, except that paragraph (1)(B) of section 406(e) of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act [subsec. (e)(1) of this section] (as amended by paragraph (1)) takes effect on the date on which the cost estimation procedures established under paragraph (3) of that section take effect." Guidance on Inundated and Submerged Roads Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1228, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3459, provided that: "The Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, in coordination with the Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration, shall develop and issue guidance for State, local, and Indian tribal governments regarding repair, restoration, and replacement of inundated and submerged roads damaged or destroyed by a major disaster, and for associated expenses incurred by the Government, with respect to roads eligible for assistance under section 406 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5172)." [For definition of "State"as used in section 1228 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1203 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note under section 5122 of this title.] Guidance and Recommendations "(a) Guidance.—The Administrator [of the Federal Emergency Management Agency] shall provide guidance to a common interest community that provides essential services of a governmental nature on actions that a common interest community may take in order to be eligible to receive reimbursement from a grantee that receives funds from the [Federal Emergency Management] Agency for certain activities performed after an event that results in a major disaster declared by the President under section 401 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170). "(b) Recommendations.—Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator shall provide to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate a legislative proposal on how to provide eligibility for disaster assistance with respect to common areas of condominiums and housing cooperatives. "(c) Effective Date.—This section shall be effective on the date of enactment of this Act." Post-Disaster Building Safety Assessment "(a) Building Safety Assessment Team.— "(1) In general.—The Administrator [of the Federal Emergency Management Agency] shall coordinate with State and local governments and organizations representing design professionals, such as architects and engineers, to develop guidance, including best practices, for post-disaster assessment of buildings by licensed architects and engineers to ensure the design professionals properly analyze the structural integrity and livability of buildings and structures. "(2) Publication.—The Administrator shall publish the guidance required to be developed under paragraph (1) not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018]. "(b) National Incident Management System.—The Administrator shall revise or issue guidance as required to the National Incident Management System Resource Management component to ensure the functions of post-disaster building safety assessment, such as those functions performed by design professionals are accurately resource typed within the National Incident Management System. Review of Assistance for Damaged Underground Water Infrastructure "(a) Definition of Public Assistance Grant Program.—The term 'public assistance grant program' means the public assistance grant program authorized under sections 403, 406, 407, 428, and 502(a) of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170b, 5172, 5173, [5189f,] 5192(a)). "(b) Review and Briefing.—Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Federal Emergency Management Agency] shall— "(1) conduct a review of the assessment and eligibility process under the public assistance grant program with respect to assistance provided for damaged underground water infrastructure as a result of a major disaster declared under section 401 of such Act (42 U.S.C. 5170), including wildfires, and shall include the extent to which local technical memoranda, prepared by a local unit of government in consultation with the relevant State or Federal agencies, identified damaged underground water infrastructure that should be eligible for the public assistance grant program; and "(2) provide to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a briefing on the review conducted under paragraph (1). "(c) Report and Recommendations.—The Administrator shall— "(1) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, issue a report on the review conducted under subsection (b)(1); and "(2) not later than 180 days after the date on which the Administrator issues the report required under paragraph (1), initiate a rulemaking, if appropriate, to address any recommendations contained in the report." §5173. Debris removal (a) Presidential authority The President, whenever he determines it to be in the public interest, is authorized— (1) through the use of Federal departments, agencies, and instrumentalities, to clear debris and wreckage resulting from a major disaster from publicly and privately owned lands and waters; and (2) to make grants to any State or local government or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility for the purpose of removing debris or wreckage resulting from a major disaster from publicly or privately owned lands and waters. (b) Authorization by State or local government; indemnification agreement No authority under this section shall be exercised unless the affected State or local government shall first arrange an unconditional authorization for removal of such debris or wreckage from public and private property, and, in the case of removal of debris or wreckage from private property, shall first agree to indemnify the Federal Government against any claim arising from such removal. (c) Rules relating to large lots The President shall issue rules which provide for recognition of differences existing among urban, suburban, and rural lands in implementation of this section so as to facilitate adequate removal of debris and wreckage from large lots. (d) Federal share The Federal share of assistance under this section shall be not less than 75 percent of the eligible cost of debris and wreckage removal carried out under this section. (e) Expedited payments (1) Grant assistance In making a grant under subsection (a)(2), the President shall provide not less than 50 percent of the President's initial estimate of the Federal share of assistance as an initial payment in accordance with paragraph (2). (2) Date of payment Not later than 60 days after the date of the estimate described in paragraph (1) and not later than 90 days after the date on which the State or local government or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility applies for assistance under this section, an initial payment described in paragraph (1) shall be paid. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §407, formerly §403, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 154; renumbered §407 and amended Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(c), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4701; Pub. L. 109–347, title VI, §610, Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 1942.) 2006—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–347 added subsec. (e). 1988—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–707, §106(c)(2), inserted "or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility" after "local government". Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 100–707, §106(c)(3), added subsecs. (c) and (d). §5174. Federal assistance to individuals and households (1) Provision of assistance In accordance with this section, the President, in consultation with the Governor of a State, may provide financial assistance, and, if necessary, direct services, to individuals and households in the State who, as a direct result of a major disaster, have necessary expenses and serious needs in cases in which the individuals and households are unable to meet such expenses or needs through other means. (2) Relationship to other assistance Under paragraph (1), an individual or household shall not be denied assistance under paragraph (1), (3), or (4) of subsection (c) solely on the basis that the individual or household has not applied for or received any loan or other financial assistance from the Small Business Administration or any other Federal agency. (b) Housing assistance (1) Eligibility The President may provide financial or other assistance under this section to individuals and households to respond to the disaster-related housing needs of individuals and households who are displaced from their predisaster primary residences or whose predisaster primary residences are rendered uninhabitable, or with respect to individuals with disabilities, rendered inaccessible or uninhabitable, as a result of damage caused by a major disaster. (2) Determination of appropriate types of assistance The President shall determine appropriate types of housing assistance to be provided under this section to individuals and households described in subsection (a)(1) based on considerations of cost effectiveness, convenience to the individuals and households, and such other factors as the President may consider appropriate. (B) Multiple types of assistance One or more types of housing assistance may be made available under this section, based on the suitability and availability of the types of assistance, to meet the needs of individuals and households in the particular disaster situation. (c) Types of housing assistance (1) Temporary housing (A) Financial assistance The President may provide financial assistance to individuals or households to rent alternate housing accommodations, existing rental units, manufactured housing, recreational vehicles, or other readily fabricated dwellings. Such assistance may include the payment of the cost of utilities, excluding telephone service. (ii) Amount The amount of assistance under clause (i) shall be based on the fair market rent for the accommodation provided plus the cost of any transportation, utility hookups, security deposits, or unit installation not provided directly by the President. (B) Direct assistance The President may provide temporary housing units, acquired by purchase or lease, directly to individuals or households who, because of a lack of available housing resources, would be unable to make use of the assistance provided under subparagraph (A). (ii) Lease and repair of rental units for temporary housing The President, to the extent the President determines it would be a cost-effective alternative to other temporary housing options, may— (aa) enter into lease agreements with owners of multifamily rental property impacted by a major disaster or located in areas covered by a major disaster declaration to house individuals and households eligible for assistance under this section; and (bb) make repairs or improvements to properties under such lease agreements, to the extent necessary to serve as safe and adequate temporary housing. (II) Improvements or repairs Under the terms of any lease agreement for property entered into under this subsection, the value of the improvements or repairs shall be deducted from the value of the lease agreement. (iii) Period of assistance The President may not provide direct assistance under clause (i) with respect to a major disaster after the end of the 18-month period beginning on the date of the declaration of the major disaster by the President, except that the President may extend that period if the President determines that due to extraordinary circumstances an extension would be in the public interest. (iv) Collection of rental charges After the end of the 18-month period referred to in clause (iii), the President may charge fair market rent for each temporary housing unit provided. (2) Repairs The President may provide financial assistance for— (i) the repair of owner-occupied private residences, utilities, and residential infrastructure (such as a private access route) damaged by a major disaster to a safe and sanitary living or functioning condition; and (ii) eligible hazard mitigation measures that reduce the likelihood of future damage to such residences, utilities, or infrastructure. (B) Relationship to other assistance A recipient of assistance provided under this paragraph shall not be required to show that the assistance can be met through other means, except insurance proceeds. (3) Replacement The President may provide financial assistance for the replacement of owner-occupied private residences damaged by a major disaster. (B) Applicability of flood insurance requirement With respect to assistance provided under this paragraph, the President may not waive any provision of Federal law requiring the purchase of flood insurance as a condition of the receipt of Federal disaster assistance. (4) Permanent housing construction The President may provide financial assistance or direct assistance to individuals or households to construct permanent or semi-permanent housing in insular areas outside the continental United States and in other locations in cases in which— (A) no alternative housing resources are available; and (B) the types of temporary housing assistance described in paragraph (1) are unavailable, infeasible, or not cost-effective. (d) Terms and conditions relating to housing assistance (1) Sites Any readily fabricated dwelling provided under this section shall, whenever practicable, be located on a site that— (i) is complete with utilities; (ii) meets the physical accessibility requirements for individuals with disabilities; and (iii) is provided by the State or local government, by the owner of the site, or by the occupant who was displaced by the major disaster. (B) Sites provided by the President A readily fabricated dwelling may be located on a site provided by the President if the President determines that such a site would be more economical or accessible. (2) Disposal of units (A) Sale to occupants Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a temporary housing unit purchased under this section by the President for the purpose of housing disaster victims may be sold directly to the individual or household who is occupying the unit if the individual or household lacks permanent housing. (ii) Sale price A sale of a temporary housing unit under clause (i) shall be at a price that is fair and equitable. (iii) Deposit of proceeds Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the proceeds of a sale under clause (i) shall be deposited in the appropriate Disaster Relief Fund account. (iv) Hazard and flood insurance A sale of a temporary housing unit under clause (i) shall be made on the condition that the individual or household purchasing the housing unit agrees to obtain and maintain hazard and flood insurance on the housing unit. (v) Use of GSA services The President may use the services of the General Services Administration to accomplish a sale under clause (i). (B) Other methods of disposal If not disposed of under subparagraph (A), a temporary housing unit purchased under this section by the President for the purpose of housing disaster victims— (i) may be sold to any person; or (ii) may be sold, transferred, donated, or otherwise made available directly to a State or other governmental entity or to a voluntary organization for the sole purpose of providing temporary housing to disaster victims in major disasters and emergencies if, as a condition of the sale, transfer, or donation, the State, other governmental agency, or voluntary organization agrees— (I) to comply with the nondiscrimination provisions of section 5151 of this title; and (II) to obtain and maintain hazard and flood insurance on the housing unit. (e) Financial assistance to address other needs (1) Medical, dental, child care, and funeral expenses The President, in consultation with the Governor of a State, may provide financial assistance under this section to an individual or household in the State who is adversely affected by a major disaster to meet disaster-related medical, dental, child care, and funeral expenses. (2) Personal property, transportation, and other expenses The President, in consultation with the Governor of a State, may provide financial assistance under this section to an individual or household described in paragraph (1) to address personal property, transportation, and other necessary expenses or serious needs resulting from the major disaster. (f) State role (1) State- or Indian tribal government-administered assistance and other needs assistance (A) Grant to State Subject to subsection (g), a Governor may request a grant from the President to provide assistance to individuals and households in the State under subsections (c)(1)(B), (c)(4), and (e) if the President and the State or Indian tribal government comply, as determined by the Administrator, with paragraph (3). (B) Administrative costs A State that receives a grant under subparagraph (A) may expend not more than 5 percent of the amount of the grant for the administrative costs of providing assistance to individuals and households in the State under subsections (c)(1)(B), (c)(4), and (e). (2) Access to records In providing assistance to individuals and households under this section, the President shall provide for the substantial and ongoing involvement of the States in which the individuals and households are located, including by providing to the States access to the electronic records of individuals and households receiving assistance under this section in order for the States to make available any additional State and local assistance to the individuals and households. (3) Requirements (A) Application A State or Indian tribal government desiring to provide assistance under subsection (c)(1)(B), (c)(4), or (e) shall submit to the President an application for a grant to provide financial assistance under the program. (B) Criteria The President, in consultation and coordination with State and Indian tribal governments, shall establish criteria for the approval of applications submitted under subparagraph (A). The criteria shall include, at a minimum— (i) a requirement that the State or Indian tribal government submit a housing strategy under subparagraph (C); (ii) the demonstrated ability of the State or Indian tribal government to manage the program under this section; (iii) there being in effect a plan approved by the President as to how the State or Indian tribal government will comply with applicable Federal laws and regulations and how the State or Indian tribal government will provide assistance under its plan; (iv) a requirement that the State or Indian tribal government comply with rules and regulations established pursuant to subsection (j); and (v) a requirement that the President, or the designee of the President, comply with subsection (i). (C) Requirement of housing strategy A State or Indian tribal government submitting an application under this paragraph shall have an approved housing strategy, which shall be developed and submitted to the President for approval. (ii) Requirements The housing strategy required under clause (i) shall— (I) outline the approach of the State in working with Federal partners, Indian tribal governments, local communities, nongovernmental organizations, and individual disaster survivors to meet disaster-related sheltering and housing needs; and (II) include the establishment of an activation plan for a State Disaster Housing Task Force, as outlined in the National Disaster Housing Strategy, to bring together State, tribal, local, Federal, nongovernmental, and private sector expertise to evaluate housing requirements, consider potential solutions, recognize special needs populations, and propose recommendations. (D) Quality assurance Before approving an application submitted under this section, the President, or the designee of the President, shall institute adequate policies, procedures, and internal controls to prevent waste, fraud, abuse, and program mismanagement for this program and for programs under subsections (c)(1)(B), (c)(4), and (e). The President shall monitor and conduct quality assurance activities on a State or Indian tribal government's implementation of programs under subsections (c)(1)(B), (c)(4), and (e). If, after approving an application of a State or Indian tribal government submitted under this paragraph, the President determines that the State or Indian tribal government is not administering the program established by this section in a manner satisfactory to the President, the President shall withdraw the approval. (E) Audits The Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security shall provide for periodic audits of the programs administered by States and Indian tribal governments under this subsection. (F) Applicable laws All Federal laws applicable to the management, administration, or contracting of the programs by the Federal Emergency Management Agency under this section shall be applicable to the management, administration, or contracting by a non-Federal entity under this section. (G) Report on effectiveness Not later than 18 months after October 5, 2018, the Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security shall submit a report to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives on the State or Indian tribal government's role to provide assistance under this section. The report shall contain an assessment of the effectiveness of the State or Indian tribal government's role in providing assistance under this section, including— (i) whether the State or Indian tribal government's role helped to improve the general speed of disaster recovery; (ii) whether the State or Indian tribal government providing assistance under this section had the capacity to administer this section; and (iii) recommendations for changes to improve the program if the State or Indian tribal government's role to administer the programs should be continued. (H) Report on incentives Not later than 12 months after October 5, 2018, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall submit a report to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives on a potential incentive structure for awards made under this section to encourage participation by eligible States and Indian tribal governments. In developing this report, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall consult with State, local, and Indian tribal entities to gain their input on any such incentive structure to encourage participation and shall include this information in the report. This report should address, among other options, potential adjustments to the cost-share requirement and management costs to State and Indian tribal governments. (I) Prohibition The President may not condition the provision of Federal assistance under this chapter on a State or Indian tribal government requesting a grant under this section. (J) Miscellaneous (i) Notice and comment The Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency may waive notice and comment rulemaking with respect to rules to carry out this section, if the Administrator determines doing so is necessary to expeditiously implement this section, and may carry out this section as a pilot program until such regulations are promulgated. (ii) Final rule Not later than 2 years after October 5, 2018, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall issue final regulations to implement this subsection as amended by the Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018. (iii) Waiver and expiration The authority under clause (i) and any pilot program implemented pursuant to such clause shall expire 2 years after October 5, 2018, or upon issuance of final regulations pursuant to clause (ii), whichever occurs sooner. (g) Cost sharing Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Federal share of the costs eligible to be paid using assistance provided under this section shall be 100 percent. (2) Financial assistance to address other needs In the case of financial assistance provided under subsection (e)— (A) the Federal share shall be 75 percent; and (B) the non-Federal share shall be paid from funds made available by the State. (h) Maximum amount of assistance No individual or household shall receive financial assistance greater than $25,000 under this section with respect to a single major disaster, excluding financial assistance to rent alternate housing accommodations under subsection (c)(1)(A)(i) and financial assistance to address other needs under subsection (e). (2) Other needs assistance The maximum financial assistance any individual or household may receive under subsection (e) shall be equivalent to the amount set forth in paragraph (1) with respect to a single major disaster. (3) Adjustment of limit The limit established under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be adjusted annually to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers published by the Department of Labor. (4) Exclusion of necessary expenses for individuals with disabilities The maximum amount of assistance established under paragraph (1) shall exclude expenses to repair or replace damaged accessibility-related improvements under paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) of subsection (c) for individuals with disabilities. (B) Other needs assistance The maximum amount of assistance established under paragraph (2) shall exclude expenses to repair or replace accessibility-related personal property under subsection (e)(2) for individuals with disabilities. (i) Verification measures In carrying out this section, the President shall develop a system, including an electronic database, that shall allow the President, or the designee of the President, to— (1) verify the identity and address of recipients of assistance under this section to provide reasonable assurance that payments are made only to an individual or household that is eligible for such assistance; (2) minimize the risk of making duplicative payments or payments for fraudulent claims under this section; (3) collect any duplicate payment on a claim under this section, or reduce the amount of subsequent payments to offset the amount of any such duplicate payment; (4) provide instructions to recipients of assistance under this section regarding the proper use of any such assistance, regardless of how such assistance is distributed; and (5) conduct an expedited and simplified review and appeal process for an individual or household whose application for assistance under this section is denied. (j) Rules and regulations The President shall prescribe rules and regulations to carry out this section, including criteria, standards, and procedures for determining eligibility for assistance. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §408, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(d), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4702; amended Pub. L. 106–390, title II, §206(a), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1566; Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §§685, 686, 689(c), 689d, 696(c), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1447–1449, 1452, 1461; Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §§1103, 1108(a), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 42, 47; Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §§1211(a), 1212, 1213(a), (b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3445, 3448.) This chapter, referred to in subsec. (f)(3)(I), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of this title and Tables. The Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018, referred to in subsec. (f)(3)(J)(ii), is div. D of Pub. L. 115–254, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3438. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2018 Amendment note set out under section 5121 of this title and Tables. A prior section 5174, Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §404, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 154, related to temporary housing assistance, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–707, §106(d). A prior section 408 of Pub. L. 93–288 was classified to section 5178 of this title and to a note set out under section 5178 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–707. 2018—Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(ii)(I)(aa). Pub. L. 115–254, §1213(b), amended item (aa) generally. Prior to amendment, item (aa) read as follows: "enter into lease agreements with owners of multifamily rental property located in areas covered by a major disaster declaration to house individuals and households eligible for assistance under this section; and". Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 115–254, §1213(a), amended subcl. (II) generally. Prior to amendment, subcl. (II) related to improvements or repairs. Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1211(a)(1)(A), substituted "State- or Indian tribal government-administered assistance and other needs assistance" for "Financial assistance to address other needs" in heading. Subsec. (f)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–254, §1211(a)(1)(B), struck out "financial" before "assistance" and substituted "subsections (c)(1)(B), (c)(4), and (e) if the President and the State or Indian tribal government comply, as determined by the Administrator, with paragraph (3)" for "subsection (e)". Subsec. (f)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–254, §1211(a)(1)(C), struck out "financial" before "assistance" and substituted "subsections (c)(1)(B), (c)(4), and (e)" for "subsection (e)". Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1211(a)(2), added par. (3). Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 115–254, §1212(1), inserted ", excluding financial assistance to rent alternate housing accommodations under subsection (c)(1)(A)(i) and financial assistance to address other needs under subsection (e)" after "disaster". Subsec. (h)(2), (3). Pub. L. 115–254, §1212(2)–(4), added par. (2), redesignated former par. (2) as (3), and, in par. (3), substituted "paragraphs (1) and (2)" for "paragraph (1)". Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 115–254, §1212(5), added par. (4). 2013—Subsec. (c)(1)(B)(ii) to (iv). Pub. L. 113–2, §1103, added cl. (ii), redesignated former cls. (ii) and (iii) as (iii) and (iv), respectively, and, in cl. (iv), substituted "clause (iii)" for "clause (ii)". Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 113–2, §1108(a), inserted "child care," after "dental," in heading and text. 2006—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–295, §689(c)(1), inserted ", or with respect to individuals with disabilities, rendered inaccessible or uninhabitable," after "uninhabitable". Subsec. (c)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 109–295, §689d(1), inserted at end "Such assistance may include the payment of the cost of utilities, excluding telephone service." Subsec. (c)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 109–295, §689d(2), inserted "security deposits," after "hookups,". Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 109–295, §686(1), struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: "The amount of assistance provided to a household under this paragraph shall not exceed $5,000, as adjusted annually to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers published by the Department of Labor." Subsec. (c)(3)(B), (C). Pub. L. 109–295, §686(2), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "The amount of assistance provided to a household under this paragraph shall not exceed $10,000, as adjusted annually to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers published by the Department of Labor." Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 109–295, §685, in introductory provisions, inserted "or semi-permanent" after "permanent" and struck out "remote" before "locations". Subsec. (d)(1)(A)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 109–295, §689(c)(2), added cl. (ii) and redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii). Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 109–295, §696(c), added subsec. (i) and redesignated former subsec. (i) as (j). 2000–Pub. L. 106–390 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text provided for temporary housing assistance through provision of temporary housing, temporary mortgage and rental payment assistance, expenditures to repair or restore owner-occupied private residential structures made uninhabitable by a major disaster which are capable of being restored quickly, and transfer of temporary housing to occupants or to States, local governments, and voluntary organizations, required notification to applicants for assistance, and set out location factors to be given consideration in the provision of assistance. Pub. L. 106–390, title II, §206(d), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1571, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 5192 of this title and repealing section 5178 of this title] take effect 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 30, 2000]." Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1211(b), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3447, provided that: "The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) shall reimburse State and local units of government (for requests received within a period of 3 years after the declaration of a major disaster under section 401 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170)) upon determination that a locally implemented housing solution, implemented by State or local units of government— "(1) costs 50 percent of comparable FEMA solution or whatever the locally implemented solution costs, whichever is lower; "(2) complies with local housing regulations and ordinances; and "(3) the housing solution was implemented within 90 days of the disaster." [For definition of "State" as used in section 1211(b) of Pub. L. 115–254, set out above, see section 1203 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note under section 5122 of this title.] §5174a. Flexibility (a) Waiver authority In this subsection, the term "covered assistance" means assistance provided— (A) under section 5174 of this title; and (B) in relation to a major disaster or emergency declared by the President under section 5170 or 5191, respectively, of this title on or after October 28, 2012. (2) Authority Notwithstanding section 3716(e) of title 31, the Administrator— (A) subject to subparagraph (B), may waive a debt owed to the United States related to covered assistance provided to an individual or household if— (i) the covered assistance was distributed based on an error by the Agency; (ii) there was no fault on behalf of the debtor; and (iii) the collection of the debt would be against equity and good conscience; and (B) may not waive a debt under subparagraph (A) if the debt involves fraud, the presentation of a false claim, or misrepresentation by the debtor or any party having an interest in the claim. (3) Monitoring of covered assistance distributed based on error The Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security shall monitor the distribution of covered assistance to individuals and households to determine the percentage of such assistance distributed based on an error. (B) Removal of waiver authority based on excessive error rate If the Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security determines, with respect to any 12-month period, that the amount of covered assistance distributed based on an error by the Agency exceeds 4 percent of the total amount of covered assistance distributed— (i) the Inspector General shall notify the Administrator and publish the determination in the Federal Register; and (ii) with respect to any major disaster or emergency declared by the President under section 5170 or section 5191, respectively, of this title after the date on which the determination is published under subparagraph (A), the authority of the Administrator to waive debt under paragraph (2) shall no longer be effective. (b) Recoupment of certain assistance prohibited Notwithstanding section 3716(e) of title 31, and unless there is evidence of civil or criminal fraud, the Agency may not take any action to recoup covered assistance from the recipient of such assistance if the receipt of such assistance occurred on a date that is more than 3 years before the date on which the Agency first provides to the recipient written notification of an intent to recoup. (2) Covered assistance defined (B) in relation to a major disaster or emergency declared by the President under section 5170 or 5191 of this title, respectively, on or after January 1, 2012. (c) Statute of limitations (1) Omitted (2) Applicability With respect to disaster or emergency assistance provided to a State or local government on or after January 1, 2004— (i) no administrative action may be taken to recover a payment of such assistance after October 5, 2018, if the action is prohibited under section 5205(a)(1) of this title, as amended by paragraph (1); and (ii) any administrative action to recover a payment of such assistance that is pending on such date of enactment shall be terminated if the action is prohibited under section 5205(a)(1) of this title, as amended by paragraph (1). This section, including the amendments made by this section, may not be construed to invalidate or otherwise affect any administration action completed before October 5, 2018. Section is comprised of section 1216 of Pub. L. 115–254. Subsec. (c)(1) of section 1216 of Pub. L. 115–254 amended section 5205 of this title. For definitions of terms used in this section, see section 1203 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note under section 5122 of this title. §5174b. Critical document fee waiver Notwithstanding section 214 of title 22 or any other provision of law, the President, in consultation with the Governor of a State, may provide a waiver under this subsection to an individual or household described in section 5174(e)(1) of this title for the following document replacement fees: (A) The passport application fee for individuals who lost their United States passport in a major disaster within the preceding three calendar years. (B) The file search fee for a United States passport. (C) The Application for Waiver of Passport and/or Visa form (Form I–193) fee. (D) The Permanent Resident Card replacement form (Form I–90) filing fee. (E) The Declaration of Intention form (Form N–300) filing fee. (F) The Naturalization/Citizenship Document replacement form (Form N–565) filing fee. (G) The Employment Authorization form (Form I–765) filing fee. (H) The biometric service fee. (2) Exemption from form requirement The authority of the President to waive fees under subparagraphs (C) through (H) of paragraph (1) applies regardless of whether the individual or household qualifies for a Form I–912 Request for Fee Waiver, or any successor thereto. (3) Exemption from assistance maximum The assistance limit in section 5174(h) of this title shall not apply to any fee waived under this subsection. (4) Report Not later than 365 days after October 5, 2018, the Administrator and the head of any other agency given critical document fee waiver authority under this subsection shall submit a report to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives on the costs associated with providing critical document fee waivers as described in paragraph (1). (Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1238(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3465.) Section is comprised of subsec. (a) of section 1238 of Pub. L. 115–254. Subsecs. (b) and (c) of section 1238 of Pub. L. 115–254 amended section 5122 of this title and enacted provisions set out as a note under that section. Delegation of Functions and Authorities Under Section 1238 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 21, 2018, 84 F.R. 3957, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Secretary of Homeland Security By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby: (1) delegate to the Secretary of State the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 1238(a)(1)(A)–(B) of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (Public Law 115–254) [42 U.S.C. 5174b(a)(1)(A)–(B)]; and (2) delegate to the Secretary of Homeland Security the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 1238(a)(1)(C)–(H) of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018. The delegations in this memorandum shall apply to any provisions of any future public law that are the same or substantially the same as the provisions referenced in this memorandum. The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security may redelegate within their departments the functions and authorities delegated by this memorandum to the extent authorized by law. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. Donald J. Trump. §5175. Repealed. Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §105(m)(2), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4696 Section, Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §405, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 155, related to protection of environment. §5176. Repealed. Pub. L. 106–390, title I, §104(c)(2), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1559 Section, Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §409, formerly §406, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 155; renumbered §409, Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(e), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4703, related to minimum standards for public and private structures. §5177. Unemployment assistance (a) Benefit assistance The President is authorized to provide to any individual unemployed as a result of a major disaster such benefit assistance as he deems appropriate while such individual is unemployed for the weeks of such unemployment with respect to which the individual is not entitled to any other unemployment compensation (as that term is defined in section 85(b) of title 26) or waiting period credit. Such assistance as the President shall provide shall be available to an individual as long as the individual's unemployment caused by the major disaster continues or until the individual is reemployed in a suitable position, but no longer than 26 weeks after the major disaster is declared. Such assistance for a week of unemployment shall not exceed the maximum weekly amount authorized under the unemployment compensation law of the State in which the disaster occurred. The President is directed to provide such assistance through agreements with States which, in his judgment, have an adequate system for administering such assistance through existing State agencies. (b) Reemployment assistance (1) State assistance A State shall provide, without reimbursement from any funds provided under this chapter, reemployment assistance services under any other law administered by the State to individuals receiving benefits under this section. (2) Federal assistance The President may provide reemployment assistance services under other laws to individuals who are unemployed as a result of a major disaster and who reside in a State which does not provide such services. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §410, formerly §407, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 156; renumbered §410 and amended Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(e), (f), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4703, 4704.) 1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–707, §106(f)(1)–(3), inserted "for the weeks of such unemployment with respect to which the individual is not entitled to any other unemployment compensation (as that term is defined in section 85(b) of title 26) or waiting period credit" for "is unemployed" before period at end of first sentence, substituted "26 weeks" for "one year" in second sentence, and substituted "occurred" for "occurred, and the amount of assistance under this section to any such individual for a week of unemployment shall be reduced by any amount of unemployment compensation or of private income protection insurance compensation available to such individual for such week of unemployment" in third sentence. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–707, §106(f)(4), inserted heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The President is further authorized for the purposes of this chapter to provide reemployment assistance services under other laws to individuals who are unemployed as a result of a major disaster." §5177a. Emergency grants to assist low-income migrant and seasonal farmworkers The Secretary of Agriculture may make grants to public agencies or private organizations with tax exempt status under section 501(c)(3) of title 26, that have experience in providing emergency services to low-income migrant and seasonal farmworkers where the Secretary determines that a local, State or national emergency or disaster has caused low-income migrant or seasonal farmworkers to lose income, to be unable to work, or to stay home or return home in anticipation of work shortages. Emergency services to be provided with assistance received under this section may include such types of assistance as the Secretary of Agriculture determines to be necessary and appropriate. (b) "Low-income migrant or seasonal farmworker" defined For the purposes of this section, the term "low-income migrant or seasonal farmworker" means an individual— (1) who has, during any consecutive 12 month period within the preceding 24 month period, performed farm work for wages; (2) who has received not less than one-half of such individual's total income, or been employed at least one-half of total work time in farm work; and (3) whose annual family income within the 12 month period referred to in paragraph (1) does not exceed the higher of the poverty level or 70 percent of the lower living standard income level. (c) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section. (Pub. L. 101–624, title XXII, §2281, Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3978; Pub. L. 107–171, title X, §10102, May 13, 2002, 116 Stat. 488.) Section was enacted as part of the Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990, and not as part of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act which comprises this chapter. 2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–171 struck out ", not to exceed $20,000,000 annually," after "Secretary of Agriculture may make grants". §5178. Repealed. Pub. L. 106–390, title II, §206(c), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1571 Section, Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §411, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(g), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4704, related to individual and family grant programs. Effective Date of Repeal Repeal effective 18 months after Oct. 30, 2000, see section 206(d) of Pub. L. 106–390, set out as an Effective Date of 2000 Amendment note under section 5174 of this title. A prior section 5178, Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §408, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 156, related to individual and family grant programs, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–707, §106(g). §5179. Benefits and distribution (a) Persons eligible; terms and conditions Whenever the President determines that, as a result of a major disaster, low-income households are unable to purchase adequate amounts of nutritious food, he is authorized, under such terms and conditions as he may prescribe, to distribute through the Secretary of Agriculture or other appropriate agencies benefit allotments to such households pursuant to the provisions of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 of 1964 1 (P.L. 91–671; 84 Stat. 2048) [7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.] and to make surplus commodities available pursuant to the provisions of this chapter. (b) Duration of assistance; factors considered The President, through the Secretary of Agriculture or other appropriate agencies, is authorized to continue to make such benefit allotments and surplus commodities available to such households for so long as he determines necessary, taking into consideration such factors as he deems appropriate, including the consequences of the major disaster on the earning power of the households, to which assistance is made available under this section. (c) Food and Nutrition Act provisions unaffected Nothing in this section shall be construed as amending or otherwise changing the provisions of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 of 1964 1 [7 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.] except as they relate to the availability of supplemental nutrition assistance program benefits in an area affected by a major disaster. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §412, formerly §409, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 157; renumbered §412, Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(h), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4705; Pub. L. 110–234, title IV, §§4002(b)(1)(C), (E), (2)(DD), 4115(c)(1)(A)(ii), (iv), (B)(v), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1096, 1097, 1109; Pub. L. 110–246, §4(a), title IV, §§4002(b)(1)(C), (E), (2)(DD), 4115(c)(1)(A)(ii), (iv), (B)(v), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 1857, 1859, 1870, 1871.) The Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c), is Pub. L. 88–525, Aug. 31, 1964, 78 Stat. 703, which is classified generally to chapter 51 (§2011 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of Title 7 and Tables. Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 made identical amendments to this section. The amendments by Pub. L. 110–234 were repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246. 2008—Pub. L. 110–246, §4115(c)(1)(A)(iv), (B)(v), substituted "Benefits" for "Food coupons" in section catchline. Pub. L. 110–246, §4002(b)(1)(C), (2)(DD), substituted "Food and Nutrition Act of 2008" for "Food Stamp Act" in subsecs. (a) and (c). Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 110–246, §4115(c)(1)(A)(ii), (B)(v), substituted "benefit" for "coupon". Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–246, §4002(b)(1)(E), (2)(DD), substituted "supplemental nutrition assistance program benefits" for "food stamps". Amendment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, except as otherwise provided, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture. Amendment by sections 4002(b)(1)(C), (E), (2)(DD), and 4115(c)(1)(A)(ii), (iv), (B)(v) of Pub. L. 110–246 effective Oct. 1, 2008, see section 4407 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 1161 of Title 2, The Congress. Secretary of Agriculture designated and empowered to exercise, without approval, ratification, or other action of President, all authority vested in President by this section concerning food coupons (benefits) and distribution, see section 3 of Ex. Ord. No. 11795, as amended, set out as a note under section 5121 of this title. 1 So in original. See 2008 Amendment note below. §5180. Food commodities (a) Emergency mass feeding The President is authorized and directed to assure that adequate stocks of food will be ready and conveniently available for emergency mass feeding or distribution in any area of the United States which suffers a major disaster or emergency. (b) Funds for purchase of food commodities The Secretary of Agriculture shall utilize funds appropriated under section 612c of title 7, to purchase food commodities necessary to provide adequate supplies for use in any area of the United States in the event of a major disaster or emergency in such area. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §413, formerly §410, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 157; renumbered §413, Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(h), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4705.) §5181. Relocation assistance Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person otherwise eligible for any kind of replacement housing payment under the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (P.L. 91–646) [42 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.] shall be denied such eligibility as a result of his being unable, because of a major disaster as determined by the President, to meet the occupancy requirements set by such Act. The Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 91–646, Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1894, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 61 (§4601 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4601 of this title and Tables. A prior section 414(a), (b) of Pub. L. 93–288 was renumbered section 417(a), (b) by Pub. L. 100–707 and is classified to section 5184 of this title. §5182. Legal services Whenever the President determines that low-income individuals are unable to secure legal services adequate to meet their needs as a consequence of a major disaster, consistent with the goals of the programs authorized by this chapter, the President shall assure that such programs are conducted with the advice and assistance of appropriate Federal agencies and State and local bar associations. §5183. Crisis counseling assistance and training The President is authorized to provide professional counseling services, including financial assistance to State or local agencies or private mental health organizations to provide such services or training of disaster workers, to victims of major disasters in order to relieve mental health problems caused or aggravated by such major disaster or its aftermath. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §416, formerly §413, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 157; renumbered §416 and amended Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(i), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4705.) 1988—Pub. L. 100–707 struck out "(through the National Institute of Mental Health)" after "authorized". §5184. Community disaster loans The President is authorized to make loans to any local government which may suffer a substantial loss of tax and other revenues as a result of a major disaster, and has demonstrated a need for financial assistance in order to perform its governmental functions. (b) Amount The amount of any such loan shall be based on need, shall not exceed— (1) 25 percent of the annual operating budget of that local government for the fiscal year in which the major disaster occurs, and shall not exceed $5,000,000; or (2) if the loss of tax and other revenues of the local government as a result of the major disaster is at least 75 percent of the annual operating budget of that local government for the fiscal year in which the major disaster occurs, 50 percent of the annual operating budget of that local government for the fiscal year in which the major disaster occurs, and shall not exceed $5,000,000. (c) Repayment (1) Cancellation Repayment of all or any part of such loan to the extent that revenues of the local government during the three full fiscal year period following the major disaster are insufficient to meet the operating budget of the local government, including additional disaster-related expenses of a municipal operation character shall be cancelled. (2) Condition on continuing eligibility A local government shall not be eligible for further assistance under this section during any period in which the local government is in arrears with respect to a required repayment of a loan under this section. (d) Effect on other assistance Any loans made under this section shall not reduce or otherwise affect any grants or other assistance under this chapter. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §417, formerly §414(a), (b), May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 158; renumbered §417, Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(j), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4705; Pub. L. 106–390, title II, §207, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1571; Pub. L. 109–347, title VI, §608, Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 1942.) Prior to renumbering as section 417, section 414 of Pub. L. 93–288 contained a subsec. (c) which was repealed by Pub. L. 97–258, §5(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1082. 2006—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–347 substituted "exceed— "(1) 25 percent" for "exceed 25 per centum" and "; or" for period at end and added par. (2). 2000—Pub. L. 106–390, §207(1)–(3), designated first sentence of subsec. (a) as subsec. (a) and inserted subsec. heading, designated second sentence of subsec. (a) as subsec. (b) and inserted subsec. heading, and designated third sentence of subsec. (a) as subsec. (c)(1) and inserted subsec. and par. headings. Former subsec. (b) redesignated (d). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–390, §207(5), substituted "shall not exceed" for "and shall not exceed" and inserted before period at end ", and shall not exceed $5,000,000". Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 106–390, §207(6), added par. (2). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–390, §207(4), redesignated subsec. (b) as (d) and inserted subsec. heading. Community Emergency Drought Relief Pub. L. 95–31, title I, May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 169, provided: "That this Act be cited as the 'Community Emergency Drought Relief Act of 1977'. "Sec. 101. (a) Upon the application of any State, political subdivision of a State, Indian tribe, or public or private nonprofit organization, the Secretary of Commerce is authorized to make grants and loans to applicants in drought impacted areas for projects that implement short-term actions to augment community water supplies where there are severe problems due to water shortages. Such assistance may be for the improvement, expansion, or construction of water supplies, and purchase and transportation of water, which in the opinion of the Secretary of Commerce will make a substantial contribution to the relief of an existing or threatened drought condition in a designated area. "(b) The Secretary of Commerce may designate any area in the United States as an emergency drought impact area if he or she finds that a major and continuing adverse drought condition exists and is expected to continue, and such condition is causing significant hardships on the affected areas. "(c) Eligible applicants shall be those States or political subdivisions of States with a population of ten thousand or more, Indian tribes, or public or private nonprofit organizations within areas designated pursuant to subsection (b) of this section. "(d) Projects assisted under this Act shall be only those with respect to which assurances can be given to the satisfaction of the Secretary of Commerce that the work can be completed by April 30, 1978, or within such extended time as the Secretary may approve in exceptional circumstances. "Sec. 102. Grants hereunder shall be in an amount not to exceed 50 per centum of allowable project costs. Loans shall be for a term not to exceed 40 years at a per annum interest rate of 5 per centum and shall be on such terms and conditions as the Secretary of Commerce shall determine. In determining the amount of a grant assistance for any project, the Secretary of Commerce may take into consideration such factors as are established by regulation and are consistent with the purposes of this Act. "Sec. 103. In extending assistance under this Act the Secretary shall take into consideration the relative needs of applicant areas for the projects for which assistance is requested, and the appropriateness of the project for relieving the conditions intended to be alleviated by this Act. "Sec. 104. The Secretary of Commerce shall have such powers and authorities under this Act as are vested in the Secretary by sections 701 and 708 of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, as amended [sections 3211 and 3218 of this title], with respect to that Act [section 3121 et seq. of this title]. "Sec. 105. The National Environmental Protection Act of 1969, as amended [section 4321 et seq. of this title], shall be implemented to the fullest extent consistent with but subject to the time constraints imposed by this Act, and the Secretary of Commerce when making the final determination regarding an application for assistance hereunder shall give consideration to the environmental consequences determined within that period. "Sec. 106. (a) There is hereby authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1977, $225,000,000 of which sum $150,000,000 is to be for the loan program herein, including administration thereof, and $75,000,000 of which is to be used for the grant program herein, including administration thereof, and such additional amounts for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978, as may be reasonably needed for administrative expenses in monitoring and closing out the program authorized by the Act. Funds authorized by this Act shall be obligated by December 31, 1977. "(b) Funds available to the Secretary for this Act shall be available for expenditure for drought impact projects conducted heretofore by eligible applicants during fiscal year 1977 if such projects are found to be compatible with the broad purposes of this Act." §5185. Emergency communications The President is authorized during, or in anticipation of, an emergency or major disaster to establish temporary communications systems and to make such communications available to State and local government officials and other persons as he deems appropriate. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §418, formerly §415, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 158; renumbered §418, Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(j), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4705.) §5186. Emergency public transportation The President is authorized to provide temporary public transportation service in an area affected by a major disaster to meet emergency needs and to provide transportation to governmental offices, supply centers, stores, post offices, schools, major employment centers, and such other places as may be necessary in order to enable the community to resume its normal pattern of life as soon as possible. §5187. Fire management assistance The President is authorized to provide assistance, including grants, equipment, supplies, and personnel, to any State or local government for the mitigation, management, and control of any fire on public or private forest land or grassland that threatens such destruction as would constitute a major disaster. (b) Coordination with State and tribal departments of forestry In providing assistance under this section, the President shall coordinate with State and tribal departments of forestry. (c) Essential assistance In providing assistance under this section, the President may use the authority provided under section 5170b of this title. (d) Hazard mitigation assistance Whether or not a major disaster is declared, the President may provide hazard mitigation assistance in accordance with section 5170c of this title in any area affected by a fire for which assistance was provided under this section. (e) Rules and regulations The President shall prescribe such rules and regulations as are necessary to carry out this section. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §420, formerly §417, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 158; renumbered §420, Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(j), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4705; Pub. L. 106–390, title III, §303(a), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1572; Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1204(a), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3438.) 2018—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 115–254 added subsec. (d) and redesignated former subsec. (d) as (e). 2000—Pub. L. 106–390 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The President is authorized to provide assistance, including grants, equipment, supplies, and personnel, to any State for the suppression of any fire on publicly or privately owned forest or grassland which threatens such destruction as would constitute a major disaster." Pub. L. 106–390, title III, §303(b), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1573, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] takes effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 30, 2000]." Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1204(c), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3439, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018] and annually thereafter, the Administrator [of the Federal Emergency Management Agency] shall submit to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate, the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives, and the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report containing a summary of any projects carried out, and any funding provided to those projects, under subsection (d) of section 420 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5187) (as amended by this section)." §5188. Timber sale contracts (a) Cost-sharing arrangement Where an existing timber sale contract between the Secretary of Agriculture or the Secretary of the Interior and a timber purchaser does not provide relief from major physical change not due to negligence of the purchaser prior to approval of construction of any section of specified road or of any other specified development facility and, as a result of a major disaster, a major physical change results in additional construction work in connection with such road or facility by such purchaser with an estimated cost, as determined by the appropriate Secretary, (1) of more than $1,000 for sales under one million board feet, (2) of more than $1 per thousand board feet for sales of one to three million board feet, or (3) of more than $3,000 for sales over three million board feet, such increased construction cost shall be borne by the United States. (b) Cancellation of authority If the appropriate Secretary determines that damages are so great that restoration, reconstruction, or construction is not practical under the cost-sharing arrangement authorized by subsection (a) of this section, he may allow cancellation of a contract entered into by his Department notwithstanding contrary provisions therein. (c) Public notice of sale The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to reduce to seven days the minimum period of advance public notice required by section 476 1 of title 16, in connection with the sale of timber from national forests, whenever the Secretary determines that (1) the sale of such timber will assist in the construction of any area of a State damaged by a major disaster, (2) the sale of such timber will assist in sustaining the economy of such area, or (3) the sale of such timber is necessary to salvage the value of timber damaged in such major disaster or to protect undamaged timber. (d) State grants for removal of damaged timber; reimbursement of expenses limited to salvage value of removed timber The President, when he determines it to be in the public interest, is authorized to make grants to any State or local government for the purpose of removing from privately owned lands timber damaged as a result of a major disaster, and such State or local government is authorized upon application, to make payments out of such grants to any person for reimbursement of expenses actually incurred by such person in the removal of damaged timber, not to exceed the amount that such expenses exceed the salvage value of such timber. Section 476 of title 16, referred to in subsec. (c), was repealed by Pub. L. 94–588, §13, Oct. 22, 1976, 90 Stat. 2958. §5189. Simplified procedure If the Federal estimate of the cost of— (1) repairing, restoring, reconstructing, or replacing under section 5172 of this title any damaged or destroyed public facility or private nonprofit facility, (2) emergency assistance under section 5170b or 5192 of this title, or (3) debris removed under section 5173 of this title, is less than $35,000 (or, if the Administrator has established a threshold under subsection (b), the amount established under subsection (b)), the President (on application of the State or local government or the owner or operator of the private nonprofit facility) may make the contribution to such State or local government or owner or operator under section 5170b, 5172, 5173, or 5192 of this title, as the case may be, on the basis of such Federal estimate. Such $35,000 amount or, if applicable, the amount established under subsection (b), shall be adjusted annually to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers published by the Department of Labor. (b) Threshold Not later than 1 year after January 29, 2013, the President, acting through the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (in this section referred to as the "Administrator"), shall— (A) complete an analysis to determine whether an increase in the threshold for eligibility under subsection (a) is appropriate, which shall include consideration of cost-effectiveness, speed of recovery, capacity of grantees, past performance, and accountability measures; and (B) submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate a report regarding the analysis conducted under subparagraph (A). (2) Amount After the Administrator submits the report required under paragraph (1), the President shall direct the Administrator to— (A) immediately establish a threshold for eligibility under this section in an appropriate amount, without regard to chapter 5 of title 5; and (B) adjust the threshold annually to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers published by the Department of Labor. (3) Review Not later than 3 years after the date on which the Administrator establishes a threshold under paragraph (2), and every 3 years thereafter, the President, acting through the Administrator, shall review the threshold for eligibility under this section. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §422, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(k), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4705; amended Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1107, Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 46.) A prior section 5189, Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §419, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 159, related to alternate contributions, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–707, §106(k). 2013—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–2, §1107(3), which directed insertion of "or, if applicable, the amount established under subsection (b)," after "$35,000 amount" the second place appearing, was executed by making the insertion after "$35,000 amount" the only place that phrase appeared, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Pub. L. 113–2, §1107(1), (2), designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and inserted "(or, if the Administrator has established a threshold under subsection (b), the amount established under subsection (b))" after "less than $35,000" in concluding provisions. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–2, §1107(4), added subsec. (b). §5189a. Appeals of assistance decisions (a) Right of appeal Any decision regarding eligibility for, from, or amount of assistance under this subchapter may be appealed within 60 days after the date on which the applicant for such assistance is notified of the award or denial of award of such assistance. (b) Period for decision A decision regarding an appeal under subsection (a) shall be rendered within 90 days after the date on which the Federal official designated to administer such appeals receives notice of such appeal. (c) Rules The President shall issue rules which provide for the fair and impartial consideration of appeals under this section. (d) Right of arbitration Notwithstanding this section, an applicant for assistance under this subchapter may request arbitration to dispute the eligibility for assistance or repayment of assistance provided for a dispute of more than $500,000 for any disaster that occurred after January 1, 2016. Such arbitration shall be conducted by the Civilian Board of Contract Appeals and the decision of such Board shall be binding. The Civilian Board of Contract Appeals shall consider from the applicant all original and additional documentation, testimony, or other such evidence supporting the applicant's position at any time during arbitration. (3) Rural areas For an applicant for assistance in a rural area under this subchapter, the assistance amount eligible for arbitration pursuant to this subsection shall be $100,000. (4) Rural area defined For the purposes of this subsection, the term "rural area" means an area with a population of less than 200,000 outside an urbanized area. To participate in arbitration under this subsection, an applicant— (A) shall submit the dispute to the arbitration process established under the authority granted under section 601 of Public Law 111–5; and (B) may submit a request for arbitration after the completion of the first appeal under subsection (a) at any time before the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency has issued a final agency determination or 180 days after the Administrator's receipt of the appeal if the Administrator has not provided the applicant with a final determination on the appeal. The applicant's request shall contain documentation from the administrative record for the first appeal and may contain additional documentation supporting the applicant's position. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §423, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(l), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4705; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1219, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3452.) Section 601 of Public Law 111–5, referred to in subsec. (d)(5)(A), is Pub. L. 111–5, div. A, title VI, §601, Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 164, which is not classified to the Code. Dispute Resolution Pilot Program Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1105, Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 43, as amended by Pub. L. 114–301, §2(c), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1514, provided that: "(a) Definitions.—In this section, the following definitions apply: "(2) Eligible assistance.—The term 'eligible assistance' means assistance— "(A) under section 403, 406, or 407 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170b, 5172, 5173); "(B) for which the legitimate amount in dispute is not less than $1,000,000, which sum the Administrator shall adjust annually to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers published by the Department of Labor; "(C) for which the applicant has a non-Federal share; and "(D) for which the applicant has received a decision on a first appeal. "(b) Procedures.— "(1) In general.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this section [Jan. 29, 2013], and in order to facilitate an efficient recovery from major disasters, the Administrator shall establish procedures under which an applicant may request the use of alternative dispute resolution, including arbitration by an independent review panel, to resolve disputes relating to eligible assistance. "(2) Binding effect.—A decision by an independent review panel under this section shall be binding upon the parties to the dispute. "(3) Considerations.—The procedures established under this section shall— "(A) allow a party of a dispute relating to eligible assistance to request an independent review panel for the review; "(B) require a party requesting an independent review panel as described in subparagraph (A) to agree to forgo rights to any further appeal of the dispute relating to any eligible assistance; "(C) require that the sponsor of an independent review panel for any alternative dispute resolution under this section be— "(i) an individual or entity unaffiliated with the dispute (which may include a Federal agency, an administrative law judge, or a reemployed annuitant who was an employee of the Federal Government) selected by the Administrator; and "(ii) responsible for identifying and maintaining an adequate number of independent experts qualified to review and resolve disputes under this section; "(D) require an independent review panel to— "(i) resolve any remaining disputed issue in accordance with all applicable laws, regulations, and Agency interpretations of those laws through its published policies and guidance; "(ii) consider only evidence contained in the administrative record, as it existed at the time at which the Agency made its initial decision; "(iii) only set aside a decision of the Agency found to be arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law; and "(iv) in the case of a finding of material fact adverse to the claimant made on first appeal, only set aside or reverse such finding if the finding is clearly erroneous; "(E) require an independent review panel to expeditiously issue a written decision for any alternative dispute resolution under this section; and "(F) direct that if an independent review panel for any alternative dispute resolution under this section determines that the basis upon which a party submits a request for alternative dispute resolution is frivolous, the independent review panel shall direct the party to pay the reasonable costs to the Federal Emergency Management Agency relating to the review by the independent review panel. Any funds received by the Federal Emergency Management Agency under the authority of this section shall be deposited to the credit of the appropriation or appropriations available for the eligible assistance in dispute on the date on which the funds are received. "(c) Sunset.—A request for review by an independent review panel under this section may not be made after December 31, 2015." §5189b. Date of eligibility; expenses incurred before date of disaster Eligibility for Federal assistance under this subchapter shall begin on the date of the occurrence of the event which results in a declaration by the President that a major disaster exists; except that reasonable expenses which are incurred in anticipation of and immediately preceding such event may be eligible for Federal assistance under this chapter. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §424, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §106(l), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4706.) §5189c. Transportation assistance to individuals and households The President may provide transportation assistance to relocate individuals displaced from their predisaster primary residences as a result of an incident declared under this chapter or otherwise transported from their predisaster primary residences under section 5170b(a)(3) or 5192 of this title, to and from alternative locations for short or long-term accommodation or to return an individual or household to their predisaster primary residence or alternative location, as determined necessary by the President. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §425, as added Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §689f, Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1452.) Another section 425 of Pub. L. 93–288 was renumbered section 427 and is classified to section 5189e of this title. §5189d. Case management services The President may provide case management services, including financial assistance, to State or local government agencies or qualified private organizations to provide such services, to victims of major disasters to identify and address unmet needs. §5189e. Essential service providers (a) Definition In this section, the term "essential service provider" means an entity that— (1)(A) provides (i) wireline or mobile telephone service, Internet access service, radio or television broadcasting, cable service, or direct broadcast satellite service; (ii) electrical power; (iii) natural gas; (iv) water and sewer services; or (v) any other essential service, as determined by the President; or (B) is a tower owner or operator; (2) is— (A) a municipal entity; (B) a nonprofit entity; or (C) a private, for profit entity; and (3) is contributing to efforts to respond to an emergency or major disaster. (b) Authorization for accessibility Unless exceptional circumstances apply, in an emergency or major disaster, the head of a Federal agency, to the greatest extent practicable, shall not— (1) deny or impede access to the disaster site to an essential service provider whose access is necessary to restore and repair an essential service; or (2) impede the restoration or repair of the services described in subsection (a)(1). (c) Implementation In implementing this section, the head of a Federal agency shall follow all applicable Federal laws, regulations, and policies. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §427, formerly §425, as added Pub. L. 109–347, title VI, §607, Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 1941; renumbered §427, Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1102(1), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 39; amended Pub. L. 115–141, div. P, title III, §302, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1087.) 2018—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–141 designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), redesignated former subpars. (A) to (E) as cls. (i) to (v), respectively, of subpar. (A), substituted "wireline or mobile telephone service, Internet access service, radio or television broadcasting, cable service, or direct broadcast satellite service" for "telecommunications service" in cl. (i), and added subpar. (B). §5189f. Public assistance program alternative procedures (a) Approval of projects The President, acting through the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, may approve projects under the alternative procedures adopted under this section for any major disaster or emergency declared on or after January 29, 2013. The Administrator may also apply the alternate procedures adopted under this section to a major disaster or emergency declared before enactment of this Act for which construction has not begun as of the date of enactment of this Act.1 (b) Adoption The Administrator, in coordination with States, tribal and local governments, and owners or operators of private nonprofit facilities, may adopt alternative procedures to administer assistance provided under sections 5170b(a)(3)(A), 5172, 5173, and 5192(a)(5) of this title. (c) Goals of procedures The alternative procedures adopted under subsection (a) shall further the goals of— (1) reducing the costs to the Federal Government of providing such assistance; (2) increasing flexibility in the administration of such assistance; (3) expediting the provision of such assistance to a State, tribal or local government, or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility; and (4) providing financial incentives and disincentives for a State, tribal or local government, or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility for the timely and cost-effective completion of projects with such assistance. (d) Participation Participation in the alternative procedures adopted under this section shall be at the election of a State, tribal or local government, or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility consistent with procedures determined by the Administrator. (2) No conditions The President may not condition the provision of Federal assistance under this chapter on the election by a State, local, or Indian tribal government, or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility to participate in the alternative procedures adopted under this section. (e) Minimum procedures The alternative procedures adopted under this section shall include the following: (1) For repair, restoration, and replacement of damaged facilities under section 5172 of this title— (A) making grants on the basis of fixed estimates, if the State, tribal or local government, or owner or operator of the private nonprofit facility agrees to be responsible for any actual costs that exceed the estimate; (B) providing an option for a State, tribal or local government, or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility to elect to receive an in-lieu contribution, without reduction, on the basis of estimates of— (i) the cost of repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement of a public facility owned or controlled by the State, tribal or local government or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility; and (ii) management expenses; (C) consolidating, to the extent determined appropriate by the Administrator, the facilities of a State, tribal or local government, or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility as a single project based upon the estimates adopted under the procedures; (D) if the actual costs of a project completed under the procedures are less than the estimated costs thereof, the Administrator may permit a grantee or subgrantee to use all or part of the excess funds for— (i) cost-effective activities that reduce the risk of future damage, hardship, or suffering from a major disaster; and (ii) other activities to improve future Public Assistance operations or planning; (E) in determining eligible costs under section 5172 of this title, the Administrator shall make available, at an applicant's request and where the Administrator or the certified cost estimate prepared by the applicant's professionally licensed engineers has estimated an eligible Federal share for a project of at least $5,000,000, an independent expert panel to validate the estimated eligible cost consistent with applicable regulations and policies implementing this section; (F) in determining eligible costs under section 5172 of this title, the Administrator shall, at the applicant's request, consider properly conducted and certified cost estimates prepared by professionally licensed engineers (mutually agreed upon by the Administrator and the applicant), to the extent that such estimates comply with applicable regulations, policy, and guidance; and (G) once certified by a professionally licensed engineer and accepted by the Administrator, the estimates on which grants made pursuant to this section are based shall be presumed to be reasonable and eligible costs, as long as there is no evidence of fraud. (2) For debris removal under sections 5170b(a)(3)(A), 5173, and 5192(a)(5) of this title— (A) making grants on the basis of fixed estimates to provide financial incentives and disincentives for the timely or cost-effective completion if the State, tribal or local government, or owner or operator of the private nonprofit facility agrees to be responsible to pay for any actual costs that exceed the estimate; (B) using a sliding scale for determining the Federal share for removal of debris and wreckage based on the time it takes to complete debris and wreckage removal; (C) allowing use of program income from recycled debris without offset to the grant amount; (D) reimbursing base and overtime wages for employees and extra hires of a State, tribal or local government, or owner or operator of a private nonprofit facility performing or administering debris and wreckage removal; (E) providing incentives to a State or tribal or local government to have a debris management plan approved by the Administrator and have pre-qualified 1 or more debris and wreckage removal contractors before the date of declaration of the major disaster; and (F) if the actual costs of projects under subparagraph (A) are less than the estimated costs of the project, the Administrator may permit a grantee or subgrantee to use all or part of the excess funds for— (i) debris management planning; (ii) acquisition of debris management equipment for current or future use; and (iii) other activities to improve future debris removal operations, as determined by the Administrator. (f) Waiver authority Until such time as the Administrator promulgates regulations to implement this section, the Administrator may— (1) waive notice and comment rulemaking, if the Administrator determines the waiver is necessary to expeditiously implement this section; and (2) carry out the alternative procedures under this section as a pilot program. (g) Overtime payments The guidelines for reimbursement for costs under subsection (e)(2)(D) shall ensure that no State or local government is denied reimbursement for overtime payments that are required pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 201 et seq.). (h) Report Not earlier than 3 years, and not later than 5 years, after January 29, 2013, the Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security shall submit to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a report on the alternative procedures for the repair, restoration, and replacement of damaged facilities under section 5172 of this title authorized under this section. (2) Contents The report shall contain an assessment of the effectiveness of the alternative procedures, including— (A) whether the alternative procedures helped to improve the general speed of disaster recovery; (B) the accuracy of the estimates relied upon; (C) whether the financial incentives and disincentives were effective; (D) whether the alternative procedures were cost effective; (E) whether the independent expert panel described in subsection (e)(1)(E) was effective; and (F) recommendations for whether the alternative procedures should be continued and any recommendations for changes to the alternative procedures. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §428, as added Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1102(2), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 39; amended Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1207(c), (d), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3440, 3441.) The date of enactment of this Act, referred to in subsec. (a), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 113–2, which enacted this section and was approved Jan. 29, 2013. This chapter, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of this title and Tables. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, referred to in subsec. (g), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 676, 52 Stat. 1060, which is classified generally to chapter 8 (§201 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 201 of Title 29 and Tables. 2018—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–254, §1207(c), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2). Subsec. (e)(1)(G). Pub. L. 115–254, §1207(d), added subpar. (G). §5189g. Unified Federal review Not later than 18 months after January 29, 2013, and in consultation with the Council on Environmental Quality and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the President shall establish an expedited and unified interagency review process to ensure compliance with environmental and historic requirements under Federal law relating to disaster recovery projects, in order to expedite the recovery process, consistent with applicable law. (b) Contents The review process established under this section shall include mechanisms to expeditiously address delays that may occur during the recovery from a major disaster and be updated, as appropriate, consistent with applicable law. (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §429, as added Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1106, Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 45.) Unified Federal Environmental and Historic Preservation Review "(a) Review and Analysis.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 2018], the Administrator [of the Federal Emergency Management Agency] shall review the Unified Federal Environmental and Historic Preservation review process established pursuant to section 429 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5189g), and submit a report to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate that includes the following: "(1) An analysis of whether and how the unified process has expedited the interagency review process to ensure compliance with the environmental and historic requirements under Federal law relating to disaster recovery projects. "(2) A survey and analysis of categorical exclusions used by other Federal agencies that may be applicable to any activity related to a major disaster or emergency declared by the President under section 401 or 501, respectively, of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170, 5191). "(3) Recommendations on any further actions, including any legislative proposals, needed to expedite and streamline the review process. "(b) Regulations.—After completing the review, survey, and analyses under subsection (a), but not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, and after providing notice and opportunity for public comment, the Administrator shall issue regulations to implement any regulatory recommendations, including any categorical exclusions identified under subsection (a), to the extent that the categorical exclusions meet the criteria for a categorical exclusion under section 1508.4 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, and section II of DHS Instruction Manual 023–01–001–01." §5189h. Agency accountability (a) Public assistance Not later than 5 days after an award of a public assistance grant is made under section 5172 of this title that is in excess of $1,000,000, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall publish on the website of the Federal Emergency Management Agency the specifics of each such grant award, including— (1) identifying the Federal Emergency Management Agency Region; (2) the disaster or emergency declaration number; (3) the State, county, and applicant name; (4) if the applicant is a private nonprofit organization; (5) the damage category code; (6) the amount of the Federal share obligated; and (7) the date of the award. (b) Mission assignments Not later than 5 days after the issuance of a mission assignment or mission assignment task order, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall publish on the website of the Federal Emergency Management Agency any mission assignment or mission assignment task order to another Federal department or agency regarding a major disaster in excess of $1,000,000, including— (A) the name of the impacted State or Indian Tribe; (B) the disaster declaration for such State or Indian Tribe; (C) the assigned agency; (D) the assistance requested; (E) a description of the disaster; (F) the total cost estimate; (G) the amount obligated; (H) the State or Indian tribal government cost share, if applicable; (I) the authority under which the mission assignment or mission assignment task order was directed; and (J) if applicable, the date a State or Indian Tribe requested the mission assignment. (2) Recording changes Not later than 10 days after the last day of each month until a mission assignment or mission assignment task order described in paragraph (1) is completed and closed out, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall update any changes to the total cost estimate and the amount obligated. (c) Disaster relief monthly report Not later than 10 days after the first day of each month, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall publish on the website of the Federal Emergency Management Agency reports, including a specific description of the methodology and the source data used in developing such reports, including— (1) an estimate of the amounts for the fiscal year covered by the President's most recent budget pursuant to section 1105(a) of title 31 including— (A) the unobligated balance of funds to be carried over from the prior fiscal year to the budget year; (B) the unobligated balance of funds to be carried over from the budget year to the budget year plus 1; (C) the amount of obligations for noncatastrophic events for the budget year; (D) the amount of obligations for the budget year for catastrophic events delineated by event and by State; (E) the total amount that has been previously obligated or will be required for catastrophic events delineated by event and by State for all prior years, the current fiscal year, the budget year, and each fiscal year thereafter; (F) the amount of previously obligated funds that will be recovered for the budget year; (G) the amount that will be required for obligations for emergencies, as described in section 5122(1) of this title, major disasters, as described in section 5122(2) of this title, fire management assistance grants, as described in section 5187 of this title, surge activities, and disaster readiness and support activities; and (H) the amount required for activities not covered under section 901(b)(2)(D)(iii) of title 2; and (2) an estimate or actual amounts, if available, of the following for the current fiscal year, which shall be submitted not later than the fifth day of each month, published by the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency on the website of the Federal Emergency Management Agency not later than the fifth day of each month: (A) A summary of the amount of appropriations made available by source, the transfers executed, the previously allocated funds recovered, and the commitments, allocations, and obligations made. (B) A table of disaster relief activity delineated by month, including— (i) the beginning and ending balances; (ii) the total obligations to include amounts obligated for fire assistance, emergencies, surge, and disaster support activities; (iii) the obligations for catastrophic events delineated by event and by State; and (iv) the amount of previously obligated funds that are recovered. (C) A summary of allocations, obligations, and expenditures for catastrophic events delineated by event. (D) The cost of the following categories of spending: (i) Public assistance. (ii) Individual assistance. (iii) Mitigation. (iv) Administrative. (v) Operations. (vi) Any other relevant category (including emergency measures and disaster resources) delineated by disaster. (E) The date on which funds appropriated will be exhausted. (d) Contracts (1) Information Not later than 10 days after the first day of each month, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall publish on the website of the Federal Emergency Management Agency the specifics of each contract in excess of $1,000,000 that the Federal Emergency Management Agency enters into, including— (A) the name of the party; (B) the date the contract was awarded; (C) the amount and scope of the contract; (D) if the contract was awarded through a competitive bidding process; (E) if no competitive bidding process was used, the reason why competitive bidding was not used; and (F) the authority used to bypass the competitive bidding process. The information shall be delineated by disaster, if applicable, and specify the damage category code, if applicable. Not later than 10 days after the last day of the fiscal year, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall provide a report to the appropriate committees of Congress summarizing the following information for the preceding fiscal year: (A) The number of contracts awarded without competitive bidding. (B) The reasons why a competitive bidding process was not used. (C) The total amount of contracts awarded with no competitive bidding. (D) The damage category codes, if applicable, for contracts awarded without competitive bidding. (e) Collection of public assistance recipient and subrecipient contracts Not later than 180 days after October 5, 2018, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall initiate and maintain an effort to collect and store information, prior to the project closeout phase on any contract entered into by a public assistance recipient or subrecipient that through the base award, available options, or any subsequent modifications has an estimated value of more than $1,000,000 and is funded through section 5165b, 5170b, 5170c, 5172, 5173, 5189f, or 5192 of this title, including— (A) the disaster number, project worksheet number, and the category of work associated with each contract; (B) the name of each party; (C) the date the contract was awarded; (D) the amount of the contract; (E) the scope of the contract; (F) the period of performance for the contract; and (G) whether the contract was awarded through a competitive bidding process. (2) Availability of information collected The Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall make the information collected and stored under paragraph (1) available to the Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security, the Government Accountability Office, and appropriate committees of Congress, upon request. Not later than 365 days after October 5, 2018, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency shall submit a report to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives on the efforts of the Federal Emergency Management Agency to collect the information described in paragraph (1). (Pub. L. 93–288, title IV, §430, as added Pub. L. 115–254, div. D, §1224, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3455.) Enactment of section by Pub. L. 115–254 applicable to each major disaster and emergency declared by the President on or after Aug. 1, 2017, and authorities provided under div. D of Pub. L. 115–254 applicable to each major disaster and emergency declared by the President on or after Jan. 1, 2016, except as otherwise provided, see section 1202 of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as an Effective Date of 2018 Amendment note under section 5121 of this title. (a) Request and declaration All requests for a declaration by the President that an emergency exists shall be made by the Governor of the affected State. Such a request shall be based on a finding that the situation is of such severity and magnitude that effective response is beyond the capabilities of the State and the affected local governments and that Federal assistance is necessary. As a part of such request, and as a prerequisite to emergency assistance under this chapter, the Governor shall take appropriate action under State law and direct execution of the State's emergency plan. The Governor shall furnish information describing the State and local efforts and resources which have been or will be used to alleviate the emergency, and will define the type and extent of Federal aid required. Based upon such Governor's request, the President may declare that an emergency exists. (b) Certain emergencies involving Federal primary responsibility The President may exercise any authority vested in him by section 5192 of this title or section 5193 of this title with respect to an emergency when he determines that an emergency exists for which the primary responsibility for response rests with the United States because the emergency involves a subject area for which, under the Constitution or laws of the United States, the United States exercises exclusive or preeminent responsibility and authority. In determining whether or not such an emergency exists, the President shall consult the Governor of any affected State, if practicable. The President's determination may be made without regard to subsection (a). (c) Indian tribal government requests The Chief Executive of an affected Indian tribal government may submit a request for a declaration by the President that an emergency exists consistent with the requirements of subsection (a). In implementing assistance authorized by the President under this subchapter in response to a request of the Chief Executive of an affected Indian tribal government for an emergency declaration, any reference in this subchapter or subchapter III (except sections 5153 and 5165d of this title) to a State or the Governor of a State is deemed to refer to an affected Indian tribal government or the Chief Executive of an affected Indian tribal government, as appropriate. (Pub. L. 93–288, title V, §501, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §107(a), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4706; amended Pub. L. 113–2, div. B, §1110(b), Jan. 29, 2013, 127 Stat. 48.) This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–288, May 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 143, as amended. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5121 of this title and Tables. A prior section 501 of Pub. L. 93–288 enacted subchapter VIII (§3231 et seq.) of chapter 38 of this title. 2013—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–2 added subsec. (c). §5192. Federal emergency assistance (a) Specified In any emergency, the President may— (1) direct any Federal agency, with or without reimbursement, to utilize its authorities and the resources granted to it under Federal law (including personnel, equipment, supplies, facilities, and managerial, technical and advisory services) in support of State and local emergency assistance efforts to save lives, protect property and public health and safety, and lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe, including precautionary evacuations; (2) coordinate all disaster relief assistance (including voluntary assistance) provided by Federal agencies, private organizations, and State and local governments; (B) issuance of warnings of risks or hazards; (D) provision of health and safety measures; and (E) management, control, and reduction of immediate threats to public health and safety; (4) provide emergency assistance through Federal agencies; (5) remove debris in accordance with the terms and conditions of section 5173 of this title; (6) provide assistance in accordance with section 5174 of this title; (7) assist State and local governments in the distribution of medicine, food, and other consumable supplies, and emergency assistance; and (A) shall, to the fullest extent practicable, promptly notify and coordinate with a State in which such assistance or support is provided; and (B) shall not, in notifying and coordinating with a State under subparagraph (A), delay or impede the rapid deployment, use, and distribution of critical resources to victims of an emergency. (b) General Whenever the Federal assistance provided under subsection (a) with respect to an emergency is inadequate, the President may also provide assistance with respect to efforts to save lives, protect property and public health and safety, and lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe, including precautionary evacuations. (c) Guidelines The President shall promulgate and maintain guidelines to assist Governors in requesting the declaration of an emergency in advance of a natural or man-made disaster (including for the purpose of seeking assistance with special needs and other evacuation efforts) under this section by defining the types of assistance available to affected States and the circumstances under which such requests are likely to be approved. (Pub. L. 93–288, title V, §502, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §107(a), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4706; amended Pub. L. 106–390, title II, §206(b), Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1570; Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §681(b), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1444.) 2006—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–295, §681(b)(1)(A), inserted ", including precautionary evacuations" before semicolon at end. Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 109–295, §681(b)(1)(B)–(D), added par. (8). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–295, §681(b)(2), inserted ", including precautionary evacuations" before period at end. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–295, §681(b)(3), added subsec. (c). 2000—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 106–390 struck out "temporary housing" after "provide". Amendment by Pub. L. 106–390 effective 18 months after Oct. 30, 2000, see section 206(d) of Pub. L. 106–390, set out as a note under section 5174 of this title. §5193. Amount of assistance (a) Federal share The Federal share for assistance provided under this subchapter shall be equal to not less than 75 percent of the eligible costs. (b) Limit on amount of assistance Except as provided in paragraph (2), total assistance provided under this subchapter for a single emergency shall not exceed $5,000,000. (2) Additional assistance The limitation described in paragraph (1) may be exceeded when the President determines that— (A) continued emergency assistance is immediately required; (B) there is a continuing and immediate risk to lives, property, public health or safety; and (C) necessary assistance will not otherwise be provided on a timely basis. Whenever the limitation described in paragraph (1) is exceeded, the President shall report to the Congress on the nature and extent of emergency assistance requirements and shall propose additional legislation if necessary. (Pub. L. 93–288, title V, §503, as added Pub. L. 100–707, title I, §107(a), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4707.) §5195. Declaration of policy The purpose of this subchapter is to provide a system of emergency preparedness for the protection of life and property in the United States from hazards and to vest responsibility for emergency preparedness jointly in the Federal Government and the States and their political subdivisions. The Congress recognizes that the organizational structure established jointly by the Federal Government and the States and their political subdivisions for emergency preparedness purposes can be effectively utilized to provide relief and assistance to people in areas of the United States struck by a hazard. The Federal Government shall provide necessary direction, coordination, and guidance, and shall provide necessary assistance, as authorized in this subchapter so that a comprehensive emergency preparedness system exists for all hazards. (Pub. L. 93–288, title VI, §601, as added Pub. L. 103–337, div. C, title XXXIV, §3411(a)(3), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3100.) Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in section 2251 of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–337, §3412(a). Multihazard Preparedness and Mitigation Pub. L. 106–74, title III, Oct. 20, 1999, 113 Stat. 1086, as amended by Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §612(c), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1410, provided in part: "That beginning in fiscal year 2000 and each fiscal year thereafter, and notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Administrator of FEMA is authorized to provide assistance from funds appropriated under this heading [EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND ASSISTANCE], subject to terms and conditions as the Administrator of FEMA shall establish, to any State for multi-hazard preparedness and mitigation through consolidated emergency management performance grants". Multihazard Research, Planning, and Mitigation; Functions, Etc., of Federal Emergency Management Agency Pub. L. 96–472, title III, §§301, 302, Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2260, as amended by Pub. L. 97–80, title III, §301, Nov. 20, 1981, 95 Stat. 1083; Pub. L. 97–464, title II, §201, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2533; Pub. L. 109–295, title VI, §612(c), Oct. 4, 2006, 120 Stat. 1410, provided that: "Sec. 301. It is recognized that natural and manmade hazards may not be independent of one another in any given disaster, and it is also recognized that emergency personnel are often called upon to meet emergencies outside of their primary field of service. Furthermore, planning for and responding to different hazards have certain common elements. To make maximum use of these commonalities, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (hereinafter referred to as the 'Director') is authorized and directed to: "(1) initiate, within one year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1980], studies with the objective of defining and developing a multihazard research, planning, and implementation process within the Agency; "(2) develop, within one year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1980], in cooperation with State and local governments, prototypical multihazard mitigation projects which can be used to evaluate several approaches to the varying hazard mitigation needs of State and local governments and to assess the applicability of these prototypes to other jurisdictions with similar needs; "(3) investigate and evaluate, within one year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1980], the effectiveness of a range of incentives for hazard reductions that can be applied at the State and local government levels; "(4) prepare recommendations as to the need for legislation that will limit the legal liability of those third party persons or groups which are called upon to provide technical assistance and advice to public employees, including policemen, firemen, and transportation employees, who are generally the first to respond to a hazardous incident; which recommendations shall be provided to the appropriate committees of Congress within one hundred and eighty days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1980]; "(5) prepare, within one hundred and eighty days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1980], a report on the status of the Agency's emergency information and communications systems which will provide recommendations on— "(A) the advisability of developing a single, unified emergency information and communication system for use by the Agency in carrying out its emergency management activities; "(B) the potential for using communication and remote sensing satellites as part of the Agency's emergency information and communication system; and "(C) the type of system to be developed, if needed, including the relationship of the proposed system and its needs to the existing and emerging information and communication systems in other Federal agencies; "(6) conduct a program of multihazard research, planning, and mitigation in coordination with those studies and evaluations authorized in paragraphs (1) through (5), as well as other hazard research, planning, and mitigation deemed necessary by the Director; "(7) conduct emergency first response programs so as to better train and prepare emergency personnel to meet emergencies outside of their primary field of service; and "(8) conduct a program of planning, preparedness, and mitigation related to the multiple direct and indirect hazards resulting from the occurrence of large earthquakes. "Sec. 302. (a) For the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Director $1,000,000 to carry out paragraphs (1) through (5) of section 301 and such sums as may be necessary to carry out paragraph (6) of such section. "(b) For the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Director— "(1) $4,939,000 to carry out section 301, which amount shall include— "(A) not less than $700,000 to carry out the purposes of paragraphs (1) through (6) of such section; "(B) such sums as may be necessary, but in any case not less than $939,000, for use by the United States Fire Administration in carrying out paragraph (7) of such section; and "(C) not less than $3,300,000 to carry out paragraph (8) of such section with respect to those large California earthquakes which were identified by the National Security Council's Ad Hoc Committee on Assessment of Consequences and Preparations for a Major California Earthquake; and "(2) such further sums as may be necessary for adjustments required by law in salaries, pay, retirement, and employee benefits incurred in the conduct of activities for which funds are authorized by paragraph (1) of this subsection. "(c) For the fiscal year ending September 30, 1983, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Director— "(C) not less than $1,535,000 to carry out paragraph (8) of such section with respect to those large California earthquakes which were identified by the National Security Council's Ad Hoc Committee on Assessment of Consequences and Preparations for a Major California Earthquake and with respect to other high seismic risk areas in the United States; and "(2) such further sums as may be necessary for adjustments required by law in salaries, pay, retirement, and employee benefits incurred in the conduct of activities for which funds are authorized by paragraph (1) of this subsection." REORGANIZATION PLAN NO. 1 OF 1958 Eff. July 1, 1958, 23 F.R. 4991, 72 Stat. 1799, as amended Pub. L. 85–763, Aug. 26, 1958, 72 Stat. 861; Pub. L. 87–296, §1, Sept. 22, 1961, 75 Stat. 630; Pub. L. 87–367, title I, §103(10), Oct. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 788; Pub. L. 88–426, title III, §305(11), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 423; Pub. L. 90–608, ch. IV, §402, Oct. 21, 1968, 82 Stat. 1194; Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1973, §3(a), eff. July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 9579, 87 Stat. 1089 Prepared by the President and transmitted to the Senate and the House of Representatives in Congress assembled, April 24, 1958, pursuant to the provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1949, approved June 20, 1949, as amended [see 5 U.S.C. 901 et seq.]. CIVILIAN MOBILIZATION Section 1. Transfer of Functions to the President (a) There are hereby transferred to the President of the United States all functions vested by law (including reorganization plan) in the following: The Office of Defense Mobilization, the Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization, the Federal Civil Defense Administration, and the Federal Civil Defense Administrator. (b) The President may from time to time delegate any of the functions transferred to him by subsection (a) of this section to any officer, agency, or employee of the executive branch of the Government, and may authorized such officer, agency, or employee to redelegate any of such functions delegated to him. Sec. 2. Office of Emergency Preparedness [The Office of Emergency Preparedness including the offices of Director and Deputy Director, and all offices of Assistant Director, were abolished by Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1973, §3(a)(1), eff. July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 9579, 87 Stat. 1089, set out below.] Sec. 3. Regional Directors [All offices of Regional Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness were abolished by Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1973, §3(a)(1), eff. July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 9579, 87 Stat. 1089, set out below.] Sec. 4. Membership on National Security Council [The functions of the Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness as a member of the National Security Council were abolished by Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1973, §3(a)(2), eff. July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 9579, 87 Stat. 1089, set out below.] Sec. 5. Civil Defense Advisory Council [The Civil Defense Advisory Council, together with its functions, was abolished by Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1973, §3(a)(3), eff. July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 9579, 87 Stat. 1089, set out below.] Sec. 6. Abolitions The offices of Federal Civil Defense Administrator and Deputy Administrator provided for in section 101 of the Federal Civil Defense Act ([former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2271) and the offices of the Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization and Deputy Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization provided for in section 1 of Reorganization Plan Numbered 3 of 1953 (67 Stat. 634) are hereby abolished. The Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness shall make such provisions as may be necessary in order to wind up any outstanding affairs of the offices abolished by this section which are not otherwise provided for in this reorganization plan. [As amended Pub. L. 90–608, ch. IV, §402, Oct. 21, 1968, 82 Stat. 1194.] Sec. 7. Records, Property, Personnel, and Funds (a) The records, property, personnel, and unexpended balances, available or to be made available, of appropriations, allocations, and other funds of the Office of Defense Mobilization and of the Federal Civil Defense Administration shall, upon the taking effect of the provisions of this reorganization plan, become records, property, personnel, and unexpended balances of the Office of Emergency Preparedness. (b) Records, property, personnel, and unexpended balances, available or to be made available, of appropriations, allocations, and other funds of any agency (including the Office of Emergency Preparedness), relating to functions vested in or delegated or assigned to the Office of Defense Mobilization or the Federal Civil Defense Administration immediately prior to the taking effect of the provisions of this reorganization plan, may be transferred from time to time to any other agency of the Government by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget under authority of this subsection for use, subject to the provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1949, as amended, in connection with any of the said functions authorized at time of transfer under this subsection to be performed by the transferee agency. (c) Such further measures and dispositions as the Director of the Bureau of the Budget shall determine to be necessary in connection with the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section shall be carried out in such manner as he shall direct and by such agencies as he shall designate. [As amended Pub. L. 90–608, ch. IV, §402, Oct. 21, 1968, 82 Stat. 1194.] Sec. 8. Interim Provisions The President may authorize any person who immediately prior to the effective date of this reorganization plan holds an office abolished by section 6 hereof to hold any office established by section 2 of this reorganization plan until the latter office is filled pursuant to the said section 2 or by recess appointment, as the case may be, but in no event for any period extending more than 120 days after the said effective date. Sec. 9. Effective Date The provisions of this reorganization plan shall take effect at the time determined under the provisions of section 6(a) of the Reorganization Act of 1949, as amended, or on July 1, 1958, whichever is later. Message of the President To the Congress of the United States: I transmit herewith Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958, prepared in accordance with the Reorganization Act of 1949, as amended. The reorganization plan provides new arrangements for the conduct of Federal defense mobilization and civil defense functions. In formulating Reorganization Plan No. 1, I have had the benefit of several studies made by the executive branch as well as those conducted by the Congress. The reorganization plan will overcome the major difficulties revealed by those studies and mentioned in my 1959 budget message where I made the following statement: The structure of Federal organization for the planning, coordination, and conduct of our nonmilitary defense programs has been reviewed, and I have concluded that the existing statues assigning responsibilities for the central coordination and direction of these programs are out of date. The rapid technical advances of military science have led to a serious overlap among agencies carrying on these leadership and planning functions. Because the situation will continue to change and because these functions transcend the responsibility of any single department or agency, I have concluded that they should be vested in no one short of the President. I will make recommendations to the Congress on this subject. The principal effects of the organization plan are— First, it transfers to the President the functions vested by law in the Federal Civil Defense Administration and those so vested in the Office of Defense Mobilization. The result is to establish a single pattern with respect to the vesting of defense mobilization and civil defense functions. At the present time disparity exists in that civil defense functions are vested in the President only to a limited degree while a major part of the functions administered by the Office of Defense Mobilization are vested by law in the President and delegated by him to that Office. Under the plan, the broad program responsibilities for coordinating and conducting the interrelated defense mobilization and civil defense functions will be vested in the President for appropriate delegation as the rapidly changing character of the nonmilitary preparedness program warrants. Second, the reorganization plan consolidates the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Federal Civil Defense Administration to form a new Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization in the Executive Office of the President. I have concluded that, in many instances, the interests and activities of the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Federal Civil Defense Administration overlap to such a degree that it is not possible to work out a satisfactory division of those activities and interests between the two agencies. I have also concluded that a single civilian mobilization agency of appropriate stature and authority is needed and that such an agency will ensue from the consolidation and from the granting of suitable authority to that agency for directing and coordinating the preparedness activities of the Federal departments and agencies and for providing unified guidance and assistance to the State and local governments. Third, the reorganization plan transfers the membership of the Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization on the National Security Council to the Director of the Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization and also transfers the Civil Defense Advisory Council to the Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization. Initially, the Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization will perform the civil defense and defense mobilization functions now performed by the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Federal Civil Defense Administration. One of its first tasks will be to advise me with respect to the actions to be taken to clarify and expand the roles of the Federal departments and agencies in carrying out nonmilitary defense preparedness functions. After such actions are taken, the direction and coordination of the civil defense and defense mobilization activities assigned to the departments and agencies will comprise a principal remaining responsibility of the Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization. After investigation, I have found and hereby declare that each reorganization included in Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 is necessary to accomplish one or more of the purposes set forth in section 2(a) of the Reorganization Act of 1949, as amended. I have also found and hereby declare that it is necessary to include in the accompanying reorganization plan, by reason of reorganizations made thereby, provisions for the appointment and compensation of new officers specified in sections 2 and 3 of the plan. The rates of compensation fixed for these officers are, respectively those which I have found to prevail in respect of comparable officers in the executive branch of the Government. The taking effect of the reorganizations included in Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 will immediately reduce the number of Federal agencies by one and, by providing sounder organizational arrangements for the administration of the affected functions, should promote the increased economy and effectiveness of the Federal expenditures concerned. It is, however, impracticable to itemize at this time the reduction of expenditures which it is probable will be brought about by such taking effect. I urge that the Congress allow the reorganization plan to become effective. Dwight D. Eisenhower. The White House, April 24, 1958. Eff. July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 9579, 87 Stat. 1089, as amended May 11, 1976, Pub. L. 94–282, title V, §502, 90 Stat. 472 Prepared by the President and transmitted to the Senate and the House of Representatives in Congress assembled, January 26, 1973, pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 9 of Title 5 of the United States Code. Except as provided in section 3(a)(2) of this reorganization plan, there are hereby transferred to the President of the United States all functions vested by law in the Office of Emergency Preparedness or the Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness after the effective date of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958. Sec. 2. [Repealed. Pub. L. 94–282, title V, §502, May 11, 1976, 90 Stat. 472. Section transferred to the Director of the National Science Foundation all functions vested by law in the Office of Science and Technology or the Director or Deputy Director of the Office of Science and Technology.] (a) The following are hereby abolished: (1) The Office of Emergency Preparedness including the offices of Director, Deputy Director, and all offices of Assistant Director, and Regional Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness provided for by sections 2 and 3 of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (5 U.S.C., App.). (2) The functions of the Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness with respect to being a member of the National Security Council. (3) The Civil Defense Advisory Council, created by section 102(a) of the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 ([former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2272(a)), together with its functions. (4) The National Aeronautics and Space Council, created by section 201 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (42 U.S.C. 2471), including the office of Executive Secretary of the Council, together with its functions. (5) The Office of Science and Technology, including the offices of Director and Deputy Director, provided for by sections 1 and 2 of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1962 (5 U.S.C., App.). (b) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall make such provisions as he shall deem necessary respecting the winding up of any outstanding affairs of the agencies abolished by the provisions of this section. Sec. 4. Incidental Transfers (a) So much of the personnel, property, records, and unexpended balances of appropriations, allocations, and other funds employed, used, held, available, or to be made available in connection with the functions transferred by sections 1 and 2 of this reorganization plan as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall determine shall be transferred at such time or times as he shall direct for use in connection with the functions transferred. (b) Such further measures and dispositions as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall deem to be necessary in order to effectuate the transfers referred to in subsection (a) of this section shall be carried out in such manner as he shall direct and by such agencies as he shall designate. The provisions of this reorganization plan shall take effect as provided by section 906(a) of title 5 of the United States Code, or on July 1, 1973, whichever is later. On January 5 I announced a three-part program to streamline the executive branch of the Federal Government. By concentrating less responsibility in the President's immediate staff and more in the hands of the departments and agencies, this program should significantly improve the services of the Government. I believe these reforms have become so urgently necessary that I intend, with the cooperation of the Congress, to pursue them with all of the resources of my office during the coming year. The first part of this program is a renewed drive to achieve passage of my legislative proposals to overhaul the Cabinet departments. Secondly, I have appointed three Cabinet Secretaries as Counsellors to the President with coordinating responsibilities in the broad areas of human resources, natural resources, and community development, and five Assistants to the President with special responsibilities in the areas of domestic affairs, economic affairs, foreign affairs, executive management, and operations of the White House. The third part of this program is a sharp reduction in the overall size of the Executive Office of the President and a reorientation of that office back to its original mission as a staff for top-level policy formation and monitoring of policy execution in broad functional areas. The Executive Office of the President should no longer be encumbered with the task of managing or administering programs which can be run more effectively by the departments and agencies. I have therefore concluded that a number of specialized operational and program functions should be shifted out of the Executive Office into the line departments and agencies of the Government. Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1973, transmitted herewith, would effect such changes with respect to emergency preparedness functions and scientific and technological affairs. STREAMLINING THE FEDERAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT When the National Science Foundation was established by an act of the Congress in 1950, its statutory responsibilities included evaluation of the Government's scientific research programs and development of basic science policy. In the late 1950's, however, with the effectiveness of the U.S. science effort under serious scrutiny as a result of sputnik, the post of Science Advisor to the President was established. The White House became increasingly involved in the evaluation and coordination of research and development programs and in science policy matters, and that involvement was institutionalized in 1962 when a reorganization plan established the Office of Science and Technology within the Executive Office of the President, through transfer of authorities formerly vested in the National Science Foundation. With advice and assistance from OST during the past decade; the scientific and technological capability of the Government has been markedly strengthened. This administration is firmly committed to a sustained, broadbased national effort in science and technology, as I made plain last year in the first special message on the subject ever sent by a President to the Congress. The research and development capability of the various executive departments and agencies, civilian as well as defense, has been upgraded. The National Science Foundation has broadened from its earlier concentration on basic research support to take on a significant role in applied research as well. It has matured in its ability to play a coordinating and evaluative role within the Government and between the public and private sectors. I have therefore concluded that it is timely and appropriate to transfer to the Director of the National Science Foundation all functions presently vested in the Office of Science and Technology, and to abolish that office. Reorganization Plan No. 1 would effect these changes. The multi-disciplinary staff resources of the Foundation will provide analytic capabilities for performance of the transferred functions. In addition, the Director of the Foundation will be able to draw on expertise from all of the Federal agencies, as well as from outside the Government, for assistance in carrying out his new responsibilities. It is also my intention, after the transfer of responsibilities is effected, to ask Dr. H. Guyford Stever, the current Director of the Foundation, to take on the additional post of Science Adviser. In this capacity, he would advise and assist the White House, Office of Management and Budget, Domestic Council, and other entities within the Executive Office of the President on matters where scientific and technological expertise is called for, and would act as the President's representative in selected cooperative programs in international scientific affairs, including chairing such joint bodies as the U.S.—U.S.S.R. Joint Commission on Scientific and Technical Cooperation. In the case of national security, the Department of Defense has strong capabilities for assessing weapons needs and for undertaking new weapons development, and the President will continue to draw primarily on this source for advice regarding military technology. The President in special situations also may seek independent studies or assessments concerning military technology from within or outside the Federal establishment, using the machinery of the National Security Council for this purpose, as well as the Science Adviser when appropriate. In one special area of technology—space and aeronautics—a coordinating council has existed within the Executive Office of the President since 1958. This body, the National Aeronautics and Space Council, met a major need during the evolution of our nation's space program. Vice President Agnew has served with distinction as its chairman for the past four years. At my request, beginning in 1969, the Vice President also chaired a special Space Task Group charged with developing strategy alternatives for a balanced U.S. space program in the coming years. As a result of this work, basic policy issues in the United States space effort have been resolved, and the necessary interagency relationships have been established. I have therefore concluded, with the Vice President's concurrence, that the Council can be discontinued. Needed policy coordination can now be achieved through the resources of the executive departments and agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, augmented by some of the former Council staff. Accordingly, my reorganization plan proposes the abolition of the National Aeronautics and Space Council. A NEW APPROACH TO EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS The organization within the Executive Office of the President which has been known in recent years as the Office of Emergency Preparedness dates back, through its numerous predecessor agencies, more than 20 years. It has performed valuable functions in developing plans for emergency preparedness, in administering Federal disaster relief, and in overseeing and assisting the agencies in this area. OEP's work as a coordinating and supervisory authority in this field has in fact been so effective—particularly under the leadership of General George A. Lincoln, its director for the past four years, who retired earlier this month after an exceptional military and public service career—that the line departments and agencies which in the past have shared in the performance of the various preparedness functions now possess the capability to assume full responsibility for those functions. In the interest of efficiency and economy, we can now further streamline the Executive Office of the President by formally relocating those responsibilities and closing the Office of Emergency Preparedness. I propose to accomplish this reform in two steps. First, Reorganization Plan No. 1 would transfer to the President all functions previously vested by law in the Office or its Director, except the Director's role as a member of the National Security Council, which would be abolished; and it would abolish the Office of Emergency Preparedness. The functions to be transferred to the President from OEP are largely incidental to emergency authorities already vested in him. They include functions under the Disaster Relief Act of 1970 [42 U.S.C. 4401 et seq.]; the function of determining whether a major disaster has occurred within the meaning of (1) Section 7 of the Act of September 30, 1950, as amended, 20 U.S.C. 241–1, or (2) Section 762(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as added by Section 161(a) of the Education Amendments of 1972, Public Law 92–318, 86 Stat. 288 at 299 (relating to the furnishing by the Commissioner of Education of disaster relief assistance for educational purposes) [20 U.S.C. 1132d–1]; and functions under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1862), with respect to the conduct of investigations to determine the effects on national security of the importation of certain articles. The Civil Defense Advisory Council within OEP would also be abolished by this plan, as changes in domestic and international conditions since its establishment in 1950 have now obviated the need for a standing council of this type. Should advice of the kind the Council has provided be required again in the future, State and local officials and experts in the field can be consulted on an ad hoc basis. Second, as soon as the plan became effective, I would delegate OEP's former functions as follows: All OEP responsibilities having to do with preparedness for and relief of civil emergencies and disasters would be transferred to the Department of Housing and Urban Development. This would provide greater field capabilities for coordination of Federal disaster assistance with that provided by States and local communities, and would be in keeping with the objective of creating a broad, new Department of Community Development. OEP's responsibilities for measures to ensure the continuity of civil government operations in the event of major military attack would be reassigned to the General Services Administration, as would responsibility for resource mobilization including the management of national security stockpiles, with policy guidance in both cases to be provided by the National Security Council, and with economic considerations relating to changes in stockpile levels to be coordinated by the Council on Economic Policy. Investigations of imports which might threaten the national security—assigned to OEP by Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 [19 U.S.C. 1862]—would be reassigned to the Treasury Department, whose other trade studies give it a readymade capability in this field; the National Security Council would maintain its supervisory role over strategic imports. Those disaster relief authorities which have been reserved to the President in the past, such as the authority to declare major disasters, will continue to be exercised by him under these new arrangements. In emergency situations calling for rapid interagency coordination, the Federal response will be coordinated by the Executive Office of the President under the general supervision of the Assistant to the President in charge of executive management. The Oil Policy Committee will continue to function as in the past, unaffected by this reorganization, except that I will designate the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury as chairman in place of the Director of OEP. The committee will operate under the general supervision of the Assistant to the President in charge of economic affairs. After investigation, I have found that each action included in the accompanying plan is necessary to accomplish one or more of the purposes set forth in Section 901(a) of title 5 of the United States Code. In particular, the plan is responsive to the intention of the Congress as expressed in Section 901(a)(1), "to promote better execution of the laws, more effective management of the executive branch and of its agencies and functions, and expeditious administration of the public business;" and in Section 901(a)(3), "to increase the efficiency of the operations of the Government to the fullest extent practicable;" and in Section 901(a)(5), "to reduce the number of agencies by consolidating those having similar functions under a single head, and to abolish such agencies or functions as may not be necessary for the efficient conduct of the Government." While it is not practicable to specify all of the expenditure reductions and other economies which will result from the actions proposed, personnel and budget savings from abolition of the National Aeronautics and Space Council and the Office of Science and Technology alone will exceed $2 million annually, and additional savings should result from a reduction of Executive Pay Schedule positions now associated with other transferred and delegated functions. The plan has as its one logically consistent subject matter the streamlining of the Executive Office of the President and the disposition of major responsibilities currently conducted in the Executive Office of the President, which can better be performed elsewhere or abolished. The functions which would be abolished by this plan, and the statutory authorities for each, are: (1) the functions of the Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness with respect to being a member of the National Security Council (Sec. 101, National Security Act of 1947, as amended, 50 U.S.C. 402 [now 50 U.S.C. 3021]; and Sec. 4, Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958); (2) the functions of the Civil Defense Advisory Council (Sec. 102(a) Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950; [former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2272(a)); and (3) the functions of the National Aeronautics and Space Council (Sec. 201, National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958; 42 U.S.C. 2471). The proposed reorganization is a necessary part of the restructuring of the Executive Office of the President. It would provide through the Director of the National Science Foundation a strong focus for Federal efforts to encourage the development and application of science and technology to meet national needs. It would mean better preparedness for and swifter response to civil emergencies, and more reliable precautions against threats to the national security. The leaner and less diffuse Presidential staff structure which would result would enhance the President's ability to do his job and would advance the interests of the Congress as well. I am confident that this reorganization plan would significantly increase the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the Federal Government. I urge the Congress to allow it to become effective. Richard Nixon. The White House, January 26, 1973. Ex. Ord. No. 10186, Dec. 1, 1950, 15 F.R. 8557, established the Federal Civil Defense Administration in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President, provided for the appointment of an Administrator and a Deputy Administrator, and delineated the purposes, functions, and authority of the Administration and the Administrator. Ex. Ord. No. 10222, Mar. 8, 1951, 16 F.R. 2247, which transferred to Federal Civil Defense Administration functions of Health Resources Office of National Security Resources Board, was revoked by section 904(a)(2) of Ex. Ord. No. 12919, June 3, 1994, 59 F.R. 29533, formerly set out as a note under section 2153 of the Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense. Ex. Ord. No. 10346, Apr. 17, 1952, 17 F.R. 3477, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 10438, Mar. 13, 1953, 18 F.R. 1491; Ex. Ord. No. 10773, July 1, 1958, 23 F.R. 5061; Ex. Ord. No. 10782, Sept. 6, 1958, 23 F.R. 6971; Ex. Ord. No. 11051, Sept. 27, 1962, 27 F.R. 9683, which related to the preparation by Federal agencies of civil defense emergency plans, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 10529, Apr. 22, 1954, 19 F.R. 2397, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 10773, July 1, 1958, 23 F.R. 5061; Ex. Ord. No. 10782, Sept. 6, 1958, 23 F.R. 6971; Ex. Ord. No. 11051, Sept. 27, 1962, 27 F.R. 9683, which related to Federal employee participation in State and local civil defense programs, was revoked by section 5–104 of Ex. Ord. No. 12148, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43243, set out below. Ex. Ord. No. 10611, May 11, 1955, 20 F.R. 3245, which related to establishment of the Civil Defense Coordinating Board, was revoked by section 7(7) of Ex. Ord. No. 10773. Ex. Ord. No. 10773, July 1, 1958, 23 F.R. 5061, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 10782, Sept. 6, 1958, 23 F.R. 6971, which related to the delegation and transfer of functions to the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11051, Sept. 27, 1962, 27 F.R. 9683, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 10902, Jan. 9, 1961, 26 F.R. 217, which related to the issuance of emergency preparedness orders, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11051, Sept. 27, 1962, 27 F.R. 9683, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 10952, July 20, 1961, 26 F.R. 6577, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11051, Sept. 27, 1962, 27 F.R. 9683, which related to the assignment of civil defense responsibilities, was revoked by section 5–108 of Ex. Ord. No. 12148, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43243, set out below. Ex. Ord. No. 10958, Aug. 14, 1961, 26 F.R. 7571, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11051, Sept. 27, 1962, 27 F.R. 9683, which provided for the delegation of functions respecting stockpiles of medical supplies and equipment and food, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11794, July 11, 1974, 39 F.R. 25937. Ex. Ord. No. 10997, Feb. 16, 1962, 27 F.R. 1522, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of the Interior, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 10998, Feb. 16, 1962, 27 F.R. 1524, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of Agriculture, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 10999, Feb. 16, 1962, 27 F.R. 1527, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of Commerce, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11000, Feb. 16, 1962, 27 F.R. 1532, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of Labor, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11001, Feb. 16, 1962, 27 F.R. 1534, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11002, Feb. 16, 1962, 27 F.R. 1539, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Postmaster General, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11003, Feb. 16, 1962, 27 F.R. 1540, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Administrator of Federal Aviation Agency, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11004, Feb. 16, 1962, 27 F.R. 1542, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Housing and Home Finance Administrator, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11005, Feb. 16, 1962, 27 F.R. 1544, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Interstate Commerce Commission, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11051, Sept. 27, 1962, 27 F.R. 9683, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11075, Jan. 15, 1963, 28 F.R. 473; Ex. Ord. No. 11556, Sept. 4, 1970, 35 F.R. 14193; Ex. Ord. No. 11725, June 27, 1973, 38 F.R. 17175; Ex. Ord. No. 12046, Mar. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 13349, which related to responsibility of the Office of Emergency Preparedness, was revoked by section 5–109 of Ex. Ord. No. 12148, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43243, set out below. Ex. Ord. No. 11087, Feb. 26, 1963, 28 F.R. 1835, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of State, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11088, Feb. 26, 1963, 28 F.R. 1837, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of the Treasury, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11089, Feb. 26, 1963, 28 F.R. 1839, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Atomic Energy Commission, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11090, Feb. 26, 1963, 28 F.R. 1841, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Civil Aeronautics Board, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11091, Feb. 26, 1963, 28 F.R. 1843, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Civil Service Commission, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11092, Feb. 26, 1963, 28 F.R. 1847, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Federal Communications Commission, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11093, Feb. 26, 1963, 28 F.R. 1851, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Administrator of General Services, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11094, Feb. 26, 1963, 28 F.R. 1855, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System, Federal Home Loan Bank Board, Farm Credit Administration, Export-Import Bank of Washington, Board of Directors of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Securities and Exchange Commission, Administrator of Small Business Administration, and Administrator of Veterans Affairs, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11095, Feb. 26, 1963, 28 F.R. 1859, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Board of Directors of Tennessee Valley Authority, Railroad Retirement Board, Administrator of National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Federal Power Commission, and Director of National Science Foundation, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, see below. Ex. Ord. No. 11426, Aug. 31, 1968, 33 F.R. 12615, which provided for Federal-State liaison and cooperation, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11455, Feb. 14, 1969, 34 F.R. 2299. Ex. Ord. No. 11490, Oct. 28, 1969, 34 F.R. 17567, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11522, Apr. 6, 1970, 35 F.R. 5659; Ex. Ord. No. 11556, Sept. 4, 1970, 35 F.R. 14193; Ex. Ord. No. 11746, Nov. 7, 1973, 38 F.R. 30991; Ex. Ord. No. 11921, June 11, 1976, 41 F.R. 24294; Ex. Ord. No. 11953, Jan. 7, 1977, 42 F.R. 2492; Ex. Ord. No. 12038, Feb. 3, 1978, 43 F.R. 4957; Ex. Ord. No. 12046, Mar. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 13349; Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055; Ex. Ord. No. 12148, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43239; Ex. Ord. No. 12608, Sept. 9, 1987, 52 F.R. 34617, which related to assignment of emergency preparedness functions to Federal agencies and departments, was revoked by section 2901 of Ex. Ord. No. 12656, Nov. 18, 1988, 53 F.R. 47491, set out below. Ex. Ord. No. 11522, Apr. 6, 1970, 35 F.R. 5659, which related to the assignment of emergency preparedness functions to the United States Information Agency, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11921, June 11, 1976, 41 F.R. 24294. Ex. Ord. No. 11725, June 27, 1973, 38 F.R. 17175, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11749, Dec. 10, 1973, 38 F.R. 34177; Ex. Ord. No. 12046, Mar. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 13349, which related to transfer of certain functions of the Office of Emergency Preparedness, was revoked by section 5–112 of Ex. Ord. No. 12148, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43243, set out below. Ex. Ord. No. 11746, Nov. 7, 1973, 38 F.R. 30991, which related to the assignment of emergency preparedness functions to the Department of the Treasury, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11921, June 11, 1976, 41 F.R. 24294. Ex. Ord. No. 12148. Federal Emergency Management Ex. Ord. No. 12148, July 20, 1979, 44 F.R. 43239, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12155, Sept. 10, 1979, 44 F.R. 53071; Ex. Ord. No. 12156, Sept. 10, 1979, 44 F.R. 53073; Ex. Ord. No. 12381, Sept. 8, 1982, 47 F.R. 39795; Ex. Ord. No. 12673, Mar. 23, 1989, 54 F.R. 12571; Ex. Ord. No. 12919, §904(a)(8), June 3, 1994, 59 F.R. 29533; Ex. Ord. No. 13286, §52, Feb. 28, 2003, 68 F.R. 10628, provided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, including the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, as amended ([former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2251 et seq.), the Disaster Relief Act of 1970, as amended (42 U.S.C. Chapter 58 note), the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (88 Stat. 143; 42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.), Section 4 of Public Law 92–385 (86 Stat. 556), Section 43 of the Act of August 10, 1956, as amended (50 U.S.C. App. 2285) [now 6 U.S.C. 765], the National Security Act of 1947, as amended [see Tables for classification], the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended (50 U.S.C. App. 2061 et seq.) [now 50 U.S.C. 4501 et seq.], Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 [set out above], Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1973 [set out above], the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act, as amended (50 U.S.C. 98 et seq.), Section 202 of the Budget and Accounting Procedures Act of 1950 (31 U.S.C. 581c) [31 U.S.C. 1531], and Section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code, and in order to transfer emergency functions to the Department of Homeland Security, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Transfers or Reassignments 1–1. Transfer or Reassignment of Existing Functions. 1–101. All functions vested in the President that have been delegated or assigned to the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, Department of Defense, are transferred or reassigned to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 1–102. All functions vested in the President that have been delegated or assigned to the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development, are transferred or reassigned to the Secretary of Homeland Security, including any of those functions redelegated or reassigned to the Department of Commerce with respect to assistance to communities in the development of readiness plans for severe weather-related emergencies. 1–103. All functions vested in the President that have been delegated or assigned to the Federal Preparedness Agency, General Services Administration, are transferred or reassigned to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 1–104. All functions vested in the President by the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (42 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.), including those functions performed by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, are delegated, transferred, or reassigned to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 1–2. Transfer or Reassignment of Resources. 1–201. The records, property, personnel and positions, and unexpended balances of appropriations, available or to be made available, which relate to the functions transferred, reassigned, or redelegated by this Order are hereby transferred to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 1–202. The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall make such determinations, issue such orders, and take all actions necessary or appropriate to effectuate the transfers or reassignments provided by this Order, including the transfer of funds, records, property, and personnel. Sec. 2. Management of Emergency Planning and Assistance 2–101. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish Federal policies for, and coordinate, all civil defense and civil emergency planning, management, mitigation, and assistance functions of Executive agencies. 2–102. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall periodically review and evaluate the civil defense and civil emergency functions of the Executive agencies. In order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of those functions, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall recommend to the President alternative methods of providing Federal planning, management, mitigation, and assistance. 2–103. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall be responsible for the coordination of efforts to promote dam safety, for the coordination of natural and nuclear disaster warning systems, and for the coordination of preparedness and planning to reduce the consequences of major terrorist incidents. 2–104. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall represent the President in working with State and local governments and private sector to stimulate vigorous participation in civil emergency preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery programs. 2–105. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall provide an annual report to the President for subsequent transmittal to the Congress on the functions of the Department of Homeland Security. The report shall assess the current overall state of effectiveness of Federal civil defense and civil emergency functions, organizations, resources, and systems and recommend measures to be taken to improve planning, management, assistance, and relief by all levels of government, the private sector, and volunteer organizations. 2–2. Implementation. 2–201. In executing the functions under this Order, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall develop policies which provide that all civil defense and civil emergency functions, resources, and systems of Executive agencies are: (a) founded on the use of existing organizations, resources, and systems to the maximum extent practicable; (b) integrated effectively with organizations, resources, and programs of State and local governments, the private sector and volunteer organizations; and (c) developed, tested and utilized to prepare for, mitigate, respond to and recover from the effects on the population of all forms of emergencies. 2–202. Assignments of civil emergency functions shall, whenever possible, be based on extensions (under emergency conditions) of the regular missions of the Executive agencies. 2–203. For purposes of this Order, "civil emergency" means any accidental, natural, man-caused, or wartime emergency or threat thereof, which causes or may cause substantial injury or harm to the population or substantial damage to or loss of property. 2–204. In order that civil defense planning continues to be fully compatible with the Nation's overall strategic policy, and in order to maintain an effective link between strategic nuclear planning and nuclear attack preparedness planning, the development of civil defense policies and programs by the Secretary of Homeland Security shall be subject to oversight by the Secretary of Defense and the National Security Council. 2–205. To the extent authorized by law and within available resources, the Secretary of Defense shall provide the Secretary of Homeland Security with support for civil defense programs in the areas of program development and administration, technical support, research, communications, transportation, intelligence, and emergency operations. 2–206. All Executive agencies shall cooperate with and assist the Secretary of Homeland Security in the performance of his functions. 2–3. Transition Provisions. 2–301. The functions which have been transferred, reassigned, or redelegated by Section 1 of this Order are recodified and revised as set forth in this Order at Section 4, and as provided by the amendments made at Section 5 to the provisions of other Orders. 2–302. Notwithstanding the revocations, revisions, codifications, and amendments made by this Order, the Secretary of Homeland Security may continue to perform the functions transferred to him by Section 1 of this Order, except where they may otherwise be inconsistent with the provisions of this Order. Sec. 3. Federal Emergency Management Council [Revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12919, §904(a)(8), June 3, 1994, 59 F.R. 29533.] Sec. 4. Delegations 4–1. Delegation of Functions Transferred to the President. 4–101. [Revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12155, Sept. 10, 1979, 44 F.R. 53071.] 4–102. The functions vested in the Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization by Sections 103 and 303 of the National Security Act of 1947, as amended by Sections 8 and 50 of the Act of September 3, 1954 (Public Law 779; 68 Stat. 1228 and 1244) (50 U.S.C. 404 and 405) [now 50 U.S.C. 3042 and 3073], were transferred to the President by Section 1(a) of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958, as amended ([former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2271 note) [now set out above], and they are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 4–103. (a) The functions vested in the Federal Civil Defense Administration or its Administrator by the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, as amended ([former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2251 et seq.), were transferred to the President by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958, and they are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. (b) Excluded from the delegation in subsection (a) is the function under Section 205(a)(4) of the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, as amended ([former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2286(a)(4)), relating to the establishment and maintenance of personnel standards on the merit basis that was delegated to the Director of the Office of Personnel Management by Section 1(b) of Executive Order No. 11589, as amended (Section 2–101(b) of Executive Order No. 12107) [5 U.S.C. 3376 note]. 4–104. The Secretary of Homeland Security is authorized to redelegate, in accord with the provisions of Section 1(b) of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (50 U.S.C. App. 2271 note) [now set out above], any of the functions delegated by Sections 4–101, 4–102, and 4–103 of this Order. 4–105. The functions vested in the Administrator of the Federal Civil Defense Administration by Section 43 of the Act of August 10, 1956 (70A Stat. 636) [former 50 U.S.C. App. 2285], were transferred to the President by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958, as amended ([former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2271 note) [now set out above], were subsequently revested in the Director of the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization by Section 512 of Public Law 86–500 (50 U.S.C. App. 2285) [the office was changed to Office of Emergency Planning by Public Law 87–296 (75 Stat. 630) and then to the Office of Emergency Preparedness by Section 402 of Public Law 90–608 (82 Stat. 1194)], were again transferred to the President by Section 1 of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1973 ([former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2271 note) [now set out above], and they are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 4–106. The functions vested in the Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness by Section 16 of the Act of September 23, 1950, as amended (20 U.S.C. 646), and by Section 7 of the Act of September 30, 1950, as amended (20 U.S.C. 241–1), were transferred to the President by Section 1 of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1973 (50 U.S.C. App. 2271 note) [now set out above], and they are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 4–107. That function vested in the Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness by Section 762(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as added by Section 161(a) of the Education Amendments of 1972, and as further amended (20 U.S.C. 1132d–1(a)), to the extent transferred to the President by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1973 (50 U.S.C. App. 2271 note) [now set out above], is hereby delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 4–2. Delegation of Functions Vested in the President. 4–201. The functions vested in the President by the Disaster Relief Act of 1970, as amended (42 U.S.C. Chapter 58 note), are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 4–202. The functions (related to grants for damages resulting from hurricane and tropical storm Agnes) vested in the President by Section 4 of Public Law 92–335 (86 Stat. 556) are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. Section [sic] 4–203. The functions vested in the President by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), except those functions vested in the President by Section 401 (relating to the declaration of major disasters and emergencies) [42 U.S.C. 5170], Section 501 (relating to the declaration of emergencies) [42 U.S.C. 5191], Section 405 (relating to the repair, reconstruction, restoration, or replacement of Federal facilities) [42 U.S.C. 5171], and Section 412 (relating to food coupons [benefits] and distribution) [42 U.S.C. 5179], are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 4–204. The functions vested in the President by the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977, as amended (42 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.) are delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 4–205. Effective July 30, 1979, the functions vested in the President by Section 4(h) of the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act, as amended (15 U.S.C. 714b(h)), are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 4–206. Effective July 30, 1979, the functions vested in the President by Section 204(f) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended (40 U.S.C. 485(f)) [now 40 U.S.C. 574(d)], are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. 4–207. The functions vested in the President by Section 502 of the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, as amended ([former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2302), are delegated to the Secretary of Homeland Security. Sec. 5. Other Executive Orders 5–1. Revocations. 5–101. Executive Order No. 10242, as amended, entitled "Prescribing Regulations Governing the Exercise by the Federal Civil Defense Administrator of Certain Administrative Authority Granted by the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950", is revoked. 5–102. Sections 1 and 2 of Executive Order No. 10296, as amended, entitled "Providing for the Performance of Certain Defense Housing and Community Facilities and Service Functions", are revoked. 5–103. Executive Order No. 10494, as amended, relating to the disposition of remaining functions, is revoked. 5–104. Executive Order No. 10529, as amended, relating to federal employee participation in State and local civil defense programs, is revoked. 5–105. Section 3 of Executive Order No. 10601, as amended, which concerns the Commodity Set Aside, is revoked. 5–106. Executive Order No. 10634, as amended, relating to loans for facilities destroyed or damaged by a major disaster, is revoked. 5–107. Section 4(d)(2) of Executive Order No. 10900, as amended, which concerns foreign currencies made available to make purchases for the supplemental stockpile, is revoked. 5–108. Executive Order No. 10952, as amended, entitled "Assigning Civil Defense Responsibilities to the Secretary of Defense and Others", is revoked. 5–109. Executive Order No. 11051, as amended, relating to responsibilities of the Office of Emergency Preparedness, is revoked. 5–110. Executive Order No. 11415, as amended, relating to the Health Resources Advisory Committee, is revoked. 5–111. Executive Order No. 11795, as amended, entitled "Delegating Disaster Relief Functions Pursuant to the Disaster Relief Act of 1974", is revoked, except for Section 3 thereof. 5–112. Executive Order No. 11725, as amended, entitled "Transfer of Certain Functions of the Office of Emergency Preparedness", is revoked. 5–113. Executive Order No. 11749, as amended, entitled "Consolidating Disaster Relief Functions Assigned to the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development" is revoked. 5–2. Amendments. 5–201. Executive Order No. 10421, as amended, relating to physical security of defense facilities [formerly set out under 50 U.S.C. 404, which was reclassified and renumbered as 50 U.S.C. 3042] is further amended by (a) substituting the "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" for "Director of the Office of Emergency Planning" in Sections 1(a), 1(c), and 6(b); and, (b) substituting "Federal Emergency Management Agency" for "Office of Emergency Planning" in Sections 6(b) and 7(b). 5–202. Executive Order No. 10480, as amended [former 50 U.S.C. App. 2153 note], is further amended by (a) substituting "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" for "Director of the Office of Emergency Planning" in Sections 101(a), 101(b), 201(a), 201(b), 301, 304, 307, 308, 310(b), 311(b), 312, 313, 401(b), 401(e), and 605; and, (b) substituting "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" for "Administrator of General Services" in Sections 305, 501, and 610. 5–203. Section 3(d) of Executive Order No. 10582, as amended [41 U.S.C. 8303 note], which relates to determinations under the Buy American Act is amended by deleting "Director of the Office of Emergency Planning" and substituting therefor "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency". 5–204. Paragraph 21 of Executive Order No. 10789, as amended [50 U.S.C. 1431 note], is further amended by adding "The Federal Emergency Management Agency" after "Government Printing Office". 5–205. Executive Order No. 11179, as amended, concerning the National Defense Executive Reserve [former 50 U.S.C. App. 2153 note], is further amended by deleting "Director of the Office of Emergency Planning" in Section 2 and substituting therefor "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency". 5–206. Section 7 of Executive Order No. 11912, as amended, concerning energy policy and conservation [42 U.S.C. 6201 note], is further amended by deleting "Administrator of General Services" and substituting therefor "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency". 5–207. Section 2(d) of Executive Order No. 11988 entitled "Floodplain Management" [42 U.S.C. 4321 note] is amended by deleting "Federal Insurance Administration" and substituting therefor "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency". 5–208. Section 5–3 of Executive Order No. 12046 of March 29, 1978 [47 U.S.C. 305 note], is amended by deleting "General Services Administration" and substituting therefor "Federal Emergency Management Agency" and by deleting "Administrator of General Services" and substituting therefor "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency". 5–209. Section 1–201 of [former] Executive Order No. 12065 is amended by adding "The Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" after "The Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration" and by deleting "Director, Federal Preparedness Agency and to the" from the parentheses after "The Administrator of General Services". 5–210. Section 1–102 of Executive Order No. 12075 of August 16, 1978 [42 U.S.C. 1450 note], is amended by adding in alphabetical order "(p) Federal Emergency Management Agency". 5–211. Section 1–102 of Executive Order No. 12083 of September 27, 1978 [42 U.S.C. 7101 note] is amended by adding in alphabetical order "(z) the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency". 5–212. Section 9.11(b) of Civil Service Rule IX (5 CFR Part 9) [former 5 U.S.C. 3301 note] is amended by deleting "the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency and". 5–213. [Revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12381, Sept. 8, 1982, 47 F.R. 39795.] 5–214. Executive Order No. 11490, as amended [see note above] is further amended as follows: (a) Delete the last sentence of Section 102(a) and substitute therefor the following: "The activities undertaken by the departments and agencies pursuant to this Order, except as provided in Section 3003, shall be in accordance with guidance provided by, and subject to, evaluation by the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.". (b) Delete Section 103 entitled "Presidential Assistance" and substitute the following new Section 103: "Sec. 103 General Coordination. The Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) shall determine national preparedness goals and policies for the performance of functions under this Order and coordinate the performance of such functions with the total national preparedness programs.". (c) Delete the portion of the first sentence of Section 401 prior to the colon and insert the following: "The Secretary of Defense shall perform the following emergency preparedness functions". (d) Delete "Director of the Federal Preparedness Agency (GSA)" or "the Federal Preparedness Agency (GSA)" and substitute therefor "Director, FEMA", in Sections 401(3), 401(4), 401(5), 401(9), 401(10), 401(14), 401(15), 401(16), 401(19), 401(21), 401(22), 501(8), 601(2), 904(2), 1102(2), 1204(2), 1401(a), 1701, 1702, 2003, 2004, 2801(5), 3001, 3002(2), 3004, 3005, 3006, 3008, 3010, and 3013. (e) The number assigned to this Order shall be substituted for "11051 of September 27, 1962" in Section 3001, and for "11051" in Sections 1802, 2002(3), 3002 and 3008(1). (f) The number assigned to this Order shall be substituted for "10952" in Sections 1103, 1104, 1205, and 3002. (g) Delete "Department of Defense" in Sections 502, 601(1), 804, 905, 1103, 1104, 1106(4), 1205, 2002(8), the first sentence of Section 3002, and Sections 3008(1) and 3010 and substitute therefor "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.". This Order is effective July 15, 1979. [Section 1–106 of Ex. Ord. No. 12155, which enacted sections 4–205 and 4–206 of Ex. Ord. No. 12148, was revoked by Pub. L. 100–180, div. C, title II, §3203(b), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1247.] [Ex. Ord. No. 13286, §52, which directed amendment of Ex. Ord. No. 12148, set out above, by substituting "the Secretary of Homeland Security" for "the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" wherever appearing, was executed by substituting "Secretary of Homeland Security" for "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" wherever appearing, including after "The" in section 2–101, and for "Director" in sections 2–102 to 2–105, 2–201, 2–206, and 2–302.] Ex. Ord. No. 12472, Apr. 3, 1984, 49 F.R. 13471, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13286, §46, Feb. 28, 2003, 68 F.R. 10627; Ex. Ord. No. 13407, §5(a), June 26, 2006, 71 F.R. 36976, which related to assignment of national security and emergency preparedness telecommunications functions, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13618, §7(b), July 6, 2012, 77 F.R. 40783, set out below. Ex. Ord. No. 12656. Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities Ex. Ord. No. 12656, Nov. 18, 1988, 53 F.R. 47491, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13074, Feb. 9, 1998, 63 F.R. 7277; Ex. Ord. No. 13228, §9, Oct. 8, 2001, 66 F.R. 51816; Ex. Ord. No. 13286, §42, Feb. 28, 2003, 68 F.R. 10626; Ex. Ord. No. 13603, §803(a), Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16660, provided: WHEREAS our national security is dependent upon our ability to assure continuity of government, at every level, in any national security emergency situation that might confront the Nation; and WHEREAS effective national preparedness planning to meet such an emergency, including a massive nuclear attack, is essential to our national survival; and WHEREAS effective national preparedness planning requires the identification of functions that would have to be performed during such an emergency, the assignment of responsibility for developing plans for performing these functions, and the assignment of responsibility for developing the capability to implement those plans; and WHEREAS the Congress has directed the development of such national security emergency preparedness plans and has provided funds for the accomplishment thereof; NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, and pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72 Stat. 1799) [set out above], the National Security Act of 1947, as amended [50 U.S.C. 3001 et seq.], the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended [see 50 U.S.C. 4501], and the Federal Civil Defense Act, as amended, it is hereby ordered that the responsibilities of the Federal departments and agencies in national security emergencies shall be as follows: PART 1—Preamble Section 101. National Security Emergency Preparedness Policy. (a) The policy of the United States is to have sufficient capabilities at all levels of government to meet essential defense and civilian needs during any national security emergency. A national security emergency is any occurrence, including natural disaster, military attack, technological emergency, or other emergency, that seriously degrades or seriously threatens the national security of the United States. Policy for national security emergency preparedness shall be established by the President. Pursuant to the President's direction, the National Security Council shall be responsible for developing and administering such policy, except that the Homeland Security Council shall be responsible for administering such policy with respect to terrorist threats and attacks within the United States. All national security emergency preparedness activities shall be consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States and with preservation of the constitutional government of the United States. (b) Effective national security emergency preparedness planning requires: identification of functions that would have to be performed during such an emergency; development of plans for performing these functions; and development of the capability to execute those plans. Sec. 102. Purpose. (a) The purpose of this Order is to assign national security emergency preparedness responsibilities to Federal departments and agencies. These assignments are based, whenever possible, on extensions of the regular missions of the departments and agencies. (b) This Order does not constitute authority to implement the plans prepared pursuant to this Order. Plans so developed may be executed only in the event that authority for such execution is authorized by law. Sec. 103. Scope. (a) This Order addresses national security emergency preparedness functions and activities. As used in this Order, preparedness functions and activities include, as appropriate, policies, plans, procedures, and readiness measures that enhance the ability of the United States Government to mobilize for, respond to, and recover from a national security emergency. (b) This Order does not apply to those natural disasters, technological emergencies, or other emergencies, the alleviation of which is normally the responsibility of individuals, the private sector, volunteer organizations, State and local governments, and Federal departments and agencies unless such situations also constitute a national security emergency. (c) This Order does not require the provision of information concerning, or evaluation of, military policies, plans, programs, or states of military readiness. (d) This Order does not apply to national security emergency preparedness telecommunications functions and responsibilities that are otherwise assigned by Executive Order 12472 [formerly set out above]. Sec. 104. Management of National Security Emergency Preparedness. (a) The National Security Council is the principal forum for consideration of national security emergency preparedness policy, except that the Homeland Security Council is the principal forum for consideration of policy relating to terrorist threats and attacks within the United States. (b) The National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council shall arrange for Executive branch liaison with, and assistance to, the Congress and the Federal judiciary on national security-emergency preparedness matters. (c) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall serve as an advisor to the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council on issues of national security emergency preparedness, including mobilization preparedness, civil defense, continuity of government, technological disasters, and other issues, as appropriate. Pursuant to such procedures for the organization and management of the National Security Council and Homeland Security Council processes as the President may establish, the Secretary of Homeland Security also shall assist in the implementation of and management of those processes as the President may establish. The Secretary of Homeland Security also shall assist in the implementation of national security emergency preparedness policy by coordinating with the other Federal departments and agencies and with State and local governments, and by providing periodic reports to the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council on implementation of national security emergency preparedness policy. (d) National security emergency preparedness functions that are shared by more than one agency shall be coordinated by the head of the Federal department or agency having primary responsibility and shall be supported by the heads of other departments and agencies having related responsibilities. (e) There shall be a national security emergency exercise program that shall be supported by the heads of all appropriate Federal departments and agencies. (f) Plans and procedures will be designed and developed to provide maximum flexibility to the President for his implementation of emergency actions. Sec. 105. Interagency Coordination. (a) All appropriate Cabinet members and agency heads shall be consulted regarding national security emergency preparedness programs and policy issues. Each department and agency shall support interagency coordination to improve preparedness and response to a national security emergency and shall develop and maintain decentralized capabilities wherever feasible and appropriate. (b) Each Federal department and agency shall work within the framework established by, and cooperate with those organizations assigned responsibility in, Executive Order No. 12472 [formerly set out above], to ensure adequate national security emergency preparedness telecommunications in support of the functions and activities addressed by this Order. PART 2—General Provisions Sec. 201. General. The head of each Federal department and agency, as appropriate, shall: (1) Be prepared to respond adequately to all national security emergencies, including those that are international in scope, and those that may occur within any region of the Nation; (2) Consider national security emergency preparedness factors in the conduct of his or her regular functions, particularly those functions essential in time of emergency. Emergency plans and programs, and an appropriate state of readiness, including organizational infrastructure, shall be developed as an integral part of the continuing activities of each Federal department and agency; (3) Appoint a senior policy official as Emergency Coordinator, responsible for developing and maintaining a multi-year, national security emergency preparedness plan for the department or agency to include objectives, programs, and budgetary requirements; (4) Design preparedness measures to permit a rapid and effective transition from routine to emergency operations, and to make effective use of the period following initial indication of a probable national security emergency. This will include: (a) Development of a system of emergency actions that defines alternatives, processes, and issues to be considered during various stages of national security emergencies; (b) Identification of actions that could be taken in the early stages of a national security emergency or pending national security emergency to mitigate the impact of or reduce significantly the lead times associated with full emergency action implementation; (5) Base national security emergency preparedness measures on the use of existing authorities, organizations, resources, and systems to the maximum extent practicable; (6) Identify areas where additional legal authorities may be needed to assist management and, consistent with applicable Executive orders, take appropriate measures toward acquiring those authorities; (7) Make policy recommendations to the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council regarding national security emergency preparedness activities and functions of the Federal Government; (8) Coordinate with State and local government agencies and other organizations, including private sector organizations, when appropriate. Federal plans should include appropriate involvement of and reliance upon private sector organizations in the response to national security emergencies; (9) Assist State, local, and private sector entities in developing plans for mitigating the effects of national security emergencies and for providing services that are essential to a national response; (10) Cooperate, to the extent appropriate, in compiling, evaluating, and exchanging relevant data related to all aspects of national security emergency preparedness; (11) Develop programs regarding congressional relations and public information that could be used during national security emergencies; (12) Ensure a capability to provide, during a national security emergency, information concerning Acts of Congress, presidential proclamations, Executive orders, regulations, and notices of other actions to the Archivist of the United States, for publication in the Federal Register, or to each agency designated to maintain the Federal Register in an emergency; (13) Develop and conduct training and education programs that incorporate emergency preparedness and civil defense information necessary to ensure an effective national response; (14) Ensure that plans consider the consequences for essential services provided by State and local governments, and by the private sector, if the flow of Federal funds is disrupted; (15) Consult and coordinate with the Secretary of Homeland Security to ensure that those activities and plans are consistent with current Presidential guidelines and policies. Sec. 202. Continuity of Government. The head of each Federal department and agency shall ensure the continuity of essential functions in any national security emergency by providing for: succession to office and emergency delegation of authority in accordance with applicable law; safekeeping of essential resources, facilities, and records; and establishment of emergency operating capabilities. Sec. 203. Resource Management. The head of each Federal department and agency, as appropriate within assigned areas of responsibility, shall: (1) Develop plans and programs to mobilize personnel (including reservist programs), equipment, facilities, and other resources; (2) Assess essential emergency requirements and plan for the possible use of alternative resources to meet essential demands during and following national security emergencies; (3) Prepare plans and procedures to share between and among the responsible agencies resources such as energy, equipment, food, land, materials, minerals, services, supplies, transportation, water, and workforce needed to carry out assigned responsibilities and other essential functions, and cooperate with other agencies in developing programs to ensure availability of such resources in a national security emergency; (4) Develop plans to set priorities and allocate resources among civilian and military claimants; (5) identify occupations and skills for which there may be a critical need in the event of a national security emergency. Sec. 204. Protection of Essential Resources and Facilities. The head of each Federal department and agency, within assigned areas of responsibility, shall: (1) Identify facilities and resources, both government and private, essential to the national defense and national welfare, and assess their vulnerabilities and develop strategies, plans, and programs to provide for the security of such facilities and resources, and to avoid or minimize disruptions of essential services during any national security emergency; (2) Participate in interagency activities to assess the relative importance of various facilities and resources to essential military and civilian needs and to integrate preparedness and response strategies and procedures; (3) Maintain a capability to assess promptly the effect of attack and other disruptions during national security emergencies. Sec. 205. Federal Benefit, Insurance, and Loan Programs. The head of each Federal department and agency that administers a loan, insurance, or benefit program that relies upon the Federal Government payment system shall coordinate with the Secretary of the Treasury in developing plans for the continuation or restoration, to the extent feasible, of such programs in national security emergencies. Sec. 206. Research. The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the heads of Federal departments and agencies having significant research and development programs shall advise the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council of scientific and technological developments that should be considered in national security emergency preparedness planning. Sec. 207. Redelegation. The head of each Federal department and agency is hereby authorized, to the extent otherwise permitted by law, to redelegate the functions assigned by this Order, and to authorize successive redelegations to organizations, officers, or employees within that department or agency. Sec. 208. Transfer of Functions. Recommendations for interagency transfer of any emergency preparedness function assigned under this Order or for assignment of any new emergency preparedness function shall be coordinated with all affected Federal departments and agencies before submission to the National Security Council or the Homeland Security Council. Sec. 209. Retention of Existing Authority. Nothing in this Order shall be deemed to derogate from assignments of functions to any Federal department or agency or officer thereof made by law. PART 3—Department of Agriculture Sec. 301. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of Agriculture shall: (1) Develop plans to provide for the continuation of agriculture production, food processing, storage, and distribution through the wholesale level in national security emergencies, and to provide for the domestic distribution of seed, feed, fertilizer, and farm equipment to agricultural producers; (2) Develop plans to provide food and agricultural products to meet international responsibilities in national security emergencies; (3) Develop plans and procedures for administration and use of Commodity Credit Corporation inventories of food and fiber resources in national security emergencies; (4) Develop plans for the use of resources under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture and, in cooperation with the Secretaries of Commerce, Defense, and the Interior, the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the heads of other government entities, plan for the national security emergency management, production, and processing of forest products; (5) Develop, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, plans and programs for water to be used in agricultural production and food processing in national security emergencies; (6) In cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies, develop plans for a national program relating to the prevention and control of fires in rural areas of the United States caused by the effects of enemy attack or other national security emergencies; (7) Develop plans to help provide the Nation's farmers with production resources, including national security emergency financing capabilities; (8) Develop plans, in consonance with those of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of the Interior, and the Environmental Protection Agency, for national security emergency agricultural health services and forestry, including: (a) Diagnosis and control or eradication of diseases, pests, or hazardous agents (biological, chemical, or radiological) against animals, crops, timber, or products thereof; (b) Protection, treatment, and handling of livestock and poultry, or products thereof, that have been exposed to or affected by hazardous agents; (c) Use and handling of crops, agricultural commodities, timber, and agricultural lands that have been exposed to or affected by hazardous agents; and (d) Assuring the safety and wholesomeness, and minimizing losses from hazards, of animals and animal products and agricultural commodities and products subject to continuous inspection by the Department of Agriculture or owned by the Commodity Credit Corporation or by the Department of Agriculture; (9) In consultation with the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security, represent the United States in agriculture-related international civil emergency preparedness planning and related activities. Sec. 302. Support Responsibility. The Secretary of Agriculture shall assist the Secretary of Defense in formulating and carrying out plans for stockpiling strategic and critical agricultural materials. PART 4—Department of Commerce Sec. 401. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of Commerce shall: (1) Develop control systems for priorities, allocation, production, and distribution of materials and other resources that will be available to support both national defense and essential civilian programs in a national security emergency; (2) In cooperation with the Secretary of Defense and other departments and agencies, identify those industrial products and facilities that are essential to mobilization readiness, national defense, or post-attack survival and recovery; [(3), (4) Revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13603, §803(a), Mar. 16, 2012, 77 F.R. 16660.] (5) In cooperation with the Secretary of the Treasury, develop plans for providing emergency assistance to the private sector through direct or participation loans for the financing of production facilities and equipment; (6) In cooperation with the Secretaries of State, Defense, Transportation, and the Treasury, prepare plans to regulate and control exports and imports in national security emergencies; (7) Provide for the collection and reporting of census information on human and economic resources, and maintain a capability to conduct emergency surveys to provide information on the status of these resources as required for national security purposes; (8) Develop overall plans and programs to ensure that the fishing industry continues to produce and process essential protein in national security emergencies; (9) Develop plans to provide meteorological, hydrologic, marine weather, geodetic, hydrographic, climatic, seismic, and oceanographic data and services to Federal, State, and local agencies, as appropriate; (10) In coordination with the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security, represent the United States in industry-related international (NATO and allied) civil emergency preparedness planning and related activities. Sec. 402. Support Responsibilities. The Secretary of Commerce shall: (1) Assist the Secretary of Defense in formulating and carrying out plans for stockpiling strategic and critical materials; (2) Support the Secretary of Agriculture in planning for the national security management, production, and processing of forest and fishery products; (3) Assist, in consultation with the Secretaries of State and Defense, the Secretary of the Treasury in the formulation and execution of economic measures affecting other nations. PART 5—Department of Defense Sec. 501. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of Defense shall: (1) Ensure military preparedness and readiness to respond to national security emergencies; (2) In coordination with the Secretary of Commerce, develop, with industry, government, and the private sector, reliable capabilities for the rapid increase of defense production to include industrial resources required for that production; (3) Develop and maintain, in cooperation with the heads of other departments and agencies, national security emergency plans, programs, and mechanisms to ensure effective mutual support between and among the military, civil government, and the private sector; (4) Develop and maintain damage assessment capabilities and assist the Secretary of Homeland Security and the heads of other departments and agencies in developing and maintaining capabilities to assess attack damage and to estimate the effects of potential attack on the Nation; (5) Arrange, through agreements with the heads of other Federal departments and agencies, for the transfer of certain Federal resources to the jurisdiction and/or operational control of the Department of Defense in national security emergencies; (6) Acting through the Secretary of the Army, develop, with the concurrence of the heads of all affected departments and agencies, overall plans for the management, control, and allocation of all usable waters from all sources within the jurisdiction of the United States. This includes: (a) Coordination of national security emergency water resource planning at the national, regional, State, and local levels; (b) Development of plans to assure emergency provision of water from public works projects under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Army to public water supply utilities and critical defense production facilities during national security emergencies; (c) Development of plans to assure emergency operation of waterways and harbors; and (d) Development of plans to assure the provision of potable water; (7) In consultation with the Secretaries of State and Energy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and others, as required, develop plans and capabilities for identifying, analyzing, mitigating, and responding to hazards related to nuclear weapons, materials, and devices; and maintain liaison, as appropriate, with the Secretary of Energy and the Members of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to ensure the continuity of nuclear weapons production and the appropriate allocation of scarce resources, including the recapture of special nuclear materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensees when appropriate; (8) Coordinate with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Adminstration [sic] and the Secretary of Energy, as appropriate, to prepare for the use, maintenance, and development of technologically advanced aerospace and aeronautical-related systems, equipment, and methodologies applicable to national security emergencies; (9) Develop, in coordination with the Secretaries of Labor and Homeland Security, the Directors of the Selective Service System, the Office of Personnel Management, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, plans and systems to ensure that the Nation's human resources are available to meet essential military and civilian needs in national security emergencies; (10) Develop national security emergency operational procedures, and coordinate with the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development with respect to residential property, for the control, acquisition, leasing, assignment and priority of occupancy of real property within the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense; (11) Review the priorities and allocations systems developed by other departments and agencies to ensure that they meet Department of Defense needs in a national security emergency; and develop and maintain the Department of Defense programs necessary for effective utilization of all priorities and allocations systems; (12) Develop, in coordination with the Attorney General of the United States, specific procedures by which military assistance to civilian law enforcement authorities may be requested, considered, and provided; (13) In cooperation with the Secretary of Commerce and other departments and agencies, identify those industrial products and facilities that are essential to mobilization readiness, national defense, or post-attack survival and recovery; (14) In cooperation with the Secretary of Commerce and other Federal departments and agencies, analyze potential effects of national security emergencies on actual production capability, taking into account the entire production complex, including shortages of resources, and develop preparedness measures to strengthen capabilities for production increases in national security emergencies; (15) With the assistance of the heads of other Federal departments and agencies, provide management direction for the stockpiling of strategic and critical materials, conduct storage, maintenance, and quality assurance operations for the stockpile of strategic and critical materials, and formulate plans, programs, and reports relating to the stockpiling of strategic and critical materials.[;] (16) Subject to the direction of the President, and pursuant to procedures to be developed jointly by the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State, be responsible for the deployment and use of military forces for the protection of United States citizens and nationals and, in connection therewith, designated other persons or categories of persons, in support of their evacuation from threatened areas overseas. Sec. 502. Support Responsibilities. The Secretary of Defense shall: (1) Advise and assist the heads of other Federal departments and agencies in the development of plans and programs to support national mobilization. This includes providing, as appropriate: (a) Military requirements, prioritized and time-phased to the extent possible, for selected end-items and supporting services, materials, and components; (b) Recommendations for use of financial incentives and other methods to improve defense production as provided by law; and (c) Recommendations for export and import policies; (2) Advise and assist the Secretary of State and the heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, in planning for the protection, evacuation, and repatriation of United States citizens in threatened areas overseas; (3) Support the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and the heads of other agencies, as appropriate, in the development of plans to restore community facilities; (4) Support the Secretary of Energy in international liaison activities pertaining to nuclear materials facilities; (5) In consultation with the Secretaries of State and Commerce, assist the Secretary of the Treasury in the formulation and execution of economic measures that affect other nations; (6) Support the Secretary of State and the heads of other Federal departments and agencies as appropriate in the formulation and implementation of foreign policy, and the negotiation of contingency and post-emergency plans, intergovernmental agreements, and arrangements with allies and friendly nations, which affect national security; (7) Coordinate with the Secretary of Homeland Security the development of plans for mutual civil-military support during national security emergencies; (8) Develop plans to support the Secretary of Labor in providing education and training to overcome shortages of critical skills. PART 6—Department of Education Sec. 601. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of Education shall: (1) Assist school systems in developing their plans to provide for the earliest possible resumption of activities following national security emergencies; (2) Develop plans to provide assistance, including efforts to meet shortages of critical educational personnel, to local educational agencies; (3) Develop plans, in coordination with the Secretary of Homeland Security, for dissemination of emergency preparedness instructional material through educational institutions and the media during national security emergencies. Sec. 602. Support Responsibilities. The Secretary of Education shall: (1) Develop plans to support the Secretary of Labor in providing education and training to overcome shortages of critical skills; (2) Support the Secretary of Health and Human Services in the development of human services educational and training materials, including self-help program materials for use by human service organizations and professional schools. PART 7—Department of Energy Sec. 701. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of Energy shall: (1) Conduct national security emergency preparedness planning, including capabilities development, and administer operational programs for all energy resources, including: (a) Providing information, in cooperation with Federal, State, and energy industry officials, on energy supply and demand conditions and on the requirements for and the availability of materials and services critical to energy supply systems; (b) In coordination with appropriate departments and agencies and in consultations with the energy industry, develop implementation plans and operational systems for priorities and allocation of all energy resource requirements for national defense and essential civilian needs to assure national security emergency preparedness; (c) Developing, in consultation with the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority, plans necessary for the integration of its power system into the national supply system; (2) Identify energy facilities essential to the mobilization, deployment, and sustainment of resources to support the national security and national welfare, and develop energy supply and demand strategies to ensure continued provision of minimum essential services in national security emergencies; (3) In coordination with the Secretary of Defense, ensure continuity of nuclear weapons production consistent with national security requirements; (4) Assure the security of nuclear materials, nuclear weapons, or devices in the custody of the Department of Energy, as well as the security of all other Department of Energy programs and facilities; (5) In consultation with the Secretaries of State and Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security, conduct appropriate international liaison activities pertaining to matters within the jurisdiction of the Department of Energy; (6) In consultation with the Secretaries of State, Defense, and Homeland Security, the Members of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and others, as required, develop plans and capabilities for identification, analysis, damage assessment, and mitigation of hazards from nuclear weapons, materials, and devices; (7) Coordinate with the Secretary of Transportation in the planning and management of transportation resources involved in the bulk movement of energy; (8) At the request of or with the concurrence of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, recapture special nuclear materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensees where necessary to assure the use, preservation, or safeguarding of such material for the common defense and security; (9) Develop national security emergency operational procedures for the control, utilization, acquisition, leasing, assignment, and priority of occupancy of real property within the jurisdiction of the Department of Energy; (10) Manage all emergency planning and response activities pertaining to Department of Energy nuclear facilities. Sec. 702. Support Responsibilities. The Secretary of Energy shall: (1) Provide advice and assistance, in coordination with appropriate agencies, to Federal, State, and local officials and private sector organizations to assess the radiological impact associated with national security emergencies; (2) Coordinate with the Secretaries of Defense and the Interior regarding the operation of hydroelectric projects to assure maximum energy output; (4) Coordinate with the Secretary of Agriculture regarding the emergency preparedness of the rural electric supply systems throughout the Nation and the assignment of emergency preparedness responsibilities to the Rural Electrification Administration. PART 8—Department of Health and Human Services Sec. 801. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall: (1) Develop national plans and programs to mobilize the health industry and health resources for the provision of health, mental health, and medical services in national security emergencies; (2) Promote the development of State and local plans and programs for provision of health, mental health, and medical services in national security emergencies; (3) Develop national plans to set priorities and allocate health, mental health, and medical services' resources among civilian and military claimants; (4) Develop health and medical survival information programs and a nationwide program to train health and mental health professionals and paraprofessionals in special knowledge and skills that would be useful in national security emergencies; (5) Develop programs to reduce or eliminate adverse health and mental health effects produced by hazardous agents (biological, chemical, or radiological), and, in coordination with appropriate Federal agencies, develop programs to minimize property and environmental damage associated with national security emergencies; (6) Develop guidelines that will assure reasonable and prudent standards of purity and/or safety in the manufacture and distribution of food, drugs, biological products, medical devices, food additives, and radiological products in national security emergencies; (7) Develop national plans for assisting State and local governments in rehabilitation of persons injured or disabled during national security emergencies; (8) Develop plans and procedures to assist State and local governments in the provision of emergency human services, including lodging, feeding, clothing, registration and inquiry, social services, family reunification and mortuary services and interment; (9) Develop, in coordination with the Secretary of Education, human services educational and training materials for use by human service organizations and professional schools; and develop and distribute, in coordination with the Secretary of Homeland Security, civil defense information relative to emergency human services; (10) Develop plans and procedures, in coordination with the heads of Federal departments and agencies, for assistance to United States citizens or others evacuated from overseas areas. Sec. 802. Support Responsibility. The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall support the Secretary of Agriculture in the development of plans related to national security emergency agricultural health services. PART 9—Department of Housing and Urban Development Sec. 901. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall: (1) Develop plans for provision and management of housing in national security emergencies, including: (a) Providing temporary housing using Federal financing and other arrangements; (b) Providing for radiation protection by encouraging voluntary construction of shelters and voluntary use of cost-efficient design and construction techniques to maximize population protection; (2) Develop plans, in cooperation with the heads of other Federal departments and agencies and State and local governments, to restore community facilities, including electrical power, potable water, and sewage disposal facilities, damaged in national security emergencies. PART 10—Department of the Interior Sec. 1001. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of the Interior shall: (1) Develop programs and encourage the exploration, development, and mining of strategic and critical and other nonfuel minerals for national security emergency purposes; (2) Provide guidance to mining industries in the development of plans and programs to ensure continuity of production during national security emergencies; (3) Develop and implement plans for the management, control, allocation, and use of public land under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior in national security emergencies and coordinate land emergency planning at the Federal, State, and local levels. Sec. 1002. Support Responsibilities. The Secretary of the Interior shall: (1) Assist the Secretary of Defense in formulating and carrying out plans for stockpiling strategic and critical minerals; (2) Cooperate with the Secretary of Commerce in the identification and evaluation of facilities essential for national security emergencies; (3) Support the Secretary of Agriculture in planning for the national security management, production, and processing of forest products. PART 11—Department of Justice Sec. 1101. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Attorney General of the United States shall: (1) Provide legal advice to the President and the heads of Federal departments and agencies and their successors regarding national security emergency powers, plans, and authorities; (2) Coordinate Federal Government domestic law enforcement activities related to national security emergency preparedness, including Federal law enforcement liaison with, and assistance to, State and local governments; (3) Coordinate contingency planning for national security emergency law enforcement activities that are beyond the capabilities of State and local agencies; (4) Develop national security emergency plans for regulation of immigration, regulation of nationals of enemy countries, and plans to implement laws for the control of persons entering or leaving the United States; (5) Develop plans and procedures for the custody and protection of prisoners and the use of Federal penal and correctional institutions and resources during national security emergencies; (6) Provide information and assistance to the Federal Judicial branch and the Federal Legislative branch concerning law enforcement, continuity of government, and the exercise of legal authority during national security emergencies; (7) Develop intergovernmental and interagency law enforcement plans and counterterrorism programs to interdict and respond to terrorism incidents in the United States that may result in a national security emergency or that occur during such an emergency; (8) Develop intergovernmental and interagency law enforcement plans to respond to civil disturbances that may result in a national security emergency or that occur during such an emergency. Sec. 1102. Support Responsibilities. The Attorney General of the United States shall: (1) Assist the heads of Federal departments and agencies, State and local governments, and the private sector in the development of plans to physically protect essential resources and facilities; (2) Support the Secretaries of State and the Treasury in plans for the protection of international organizations and foreign diplomatic, consular, and other official personnel, property, and other assets within the jurisdiction of the United States; (3) Support the Secretary of the Treasury in developing plans to control the movement of property entering and leaving the United States; (4) Support the heads of other Federal departments and agencies and State and local governments in developing programs and plans for identifying fatalities and reuniting families in national security emergencies; (5) Support the intelligence community in the planning of its counterintelligence and counterterrorism programs. PART 12—Department of Labor Sec. 1201. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of Labor shall: (1) Develop plans and issue guidance to ensure effective use of civilian workforce resources during national security emergencies. Such plans shall include, but not necessarily be limited to: (a) Priorities and allocations, recruitment, referral, training, employment stabilization including appeals procedures, use assessment, and determination of critical skill categories; and (b) Programs for increasing the availability of critical workforce skills and occupations; (2) In consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, develop plans and procedures for wage, salary, and benefit costs stabilization during national security emergencies; (3) Develop plans and procedures for protecting and providing incentives for the civilian labor force during national security emergencies; (4) In consultation with other appropriate government agencies and private entities, develop plans and procedures for effective labor-management relations during national security emergencies. Sec. 1202. Support Responsibilities. The Secretary of Labor shall: (1) Support planning by the Secretary of Defense and the private sector for the provision of human resources to critical defense industries during national security emergencies; (2) Support planning by the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Selective Service for the institution of conscription in national security emergencies. PART 13—Department of State Sec. 1301. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of State shall: (1) Provide overall foreign policy coordination in the formulation and execution of continuity of government and other national security emergency preparedness activities that affect foreign relations; (2) Prepare to carry out Department of State responsibilities in the conduct of the foreign relations of the United States during national security emergencies, under the direction of the President and in consultation with the heads of other appropriate Federal departments and agencies, including, but not limited to: (a) Formulation and implementation of foreign policy and negotiation regarding contingency and post-emergency plans, intergovernmental agreements, and arrangements with United States' allies; (b) Formulation, negotiation, and execution of policy affecting the relationships of the United States with neutral states; (c) Formulation and execution of political strategy toward hostile or enemy states; (d) Conduct of mutual assistance activities; (e) Provision of foreign assistance, including continuous supervision and general direction of authorized economic and military assistance programs; (f) Protection or evacuation of United States citizens and nationals abroad and safeguarding their property abroad, in consultation with the Secretaries of Defense and Health and Human Services; (g) Protection of international organizations and foreign diplomatic, consular, and other official personnel and property, or other assets, in the United States, in coordination with the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury; (h) Formulation of policies and provisions for assistance to displaced persons and refugees abroad; (i) Maintenance of diplomatic and consular representation abroad; and (j) Reporting of and advising on conditions overseas that bear upon national security emergencies. Sec. 1302. Support Responsibilities. The Secretary of State shall: (1) Assist appropriate agencies in developing planning assumptions concerning accessibility of foreign sources of supply; (2) Support the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation, as appropriate, with the Secretaries of Commerce and Defense, in the formulation and execution of economic measures with respect to other nations; (4) Support the Secretary of Homeland Security in the coordination and integration of United States policy regarding the formulation and implementation of civil emergency resources and preparedness planning; (5) Assist the Attorney General of the United States in the formulation of national security emergency plans for the control of persons entering or leaving the United States. PART 14—Department of Transportation Sec. 1401. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of Transportation shall: (1) Develop plans to promulgate and manage overall national policies, programs, procedures, and systems to meet essential civil and military transportation needs in national security emergencies; (2) Be prepared to provide direction to all modes of civil transportation in national security emergencies, including air, surface, water, pipelines, and public storage and warehousing, to the extent such responsibility is vested in the Secretary of Transportation. This direction may include: (a) Implementation of priorities for all transportation resource requirements for service, equipment, facilities, and systems; (b) Allocation of transportation resource capacity; and (c) Emergency management and control of civil transportation resources and systems, including privately owned automobiles, urban mass transit, intermodal transportation systems, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation and the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation; (3) Develop plans to provide for the smooth transition of the Coast Guard as a service to the Department of the Navy during national security emergencies. These plans shall be compatible with the Department of Defense planning systems, especially in the areas of port security and military readiness; (4) In coordination with the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security, represent the United States in transportation-related international (including NATO and allied) civil emergency preparedness planning and related activities; (5) Coordinate with State and local highway agencies in the management of all Federal, State, city, local, and other highways, roads, streets, bridges, tunnels, and publicly owned highway maintenance equipment to assure efficient and safe use of road space during national security emergencies; (6) Develop plans and procedures in consultation with appropriate agency officials for maritime and port safety, law enforcement, and security over, upon, and under the high seas and waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to assure operational readiness for national security emergency functions; (7) Develop plans for the emergency operation of U.S. ports and facilities, use of shipping resources (U.S. and others), provision of government war risks insurance, and emergency construction of merchant ships for military and civil use; (8) Develop plans for emergency management and control of the National Airspace System, including provision of war risk insurance and for transfer of the Federal Aviation Administration, in the event of war, to the Department of Defense; (9) Coordinate the Interstate Commerce Commission's development of plans and preparedness programs for the reduction of vulnerability, maintenance, restoration, and operation of privately owned railroads, motor carriers, inland waterway transportation systems, and public storage facilities and services in national security emergencies. Sec. 1402. Support Responsibility. The Secretary of Transportation shall coordinate with the Secretary of Energy in the planning and management of transportation resources involved in the bulk movement of energy materials. PART 15—Department of the Treasury Sec. 1501. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of the Treasury shall: (1) Develop plans to maintain stable economic conditions and a market economy during national security emergencies; emphasize measures to minimize inflation and disruptions; and, minimize reliance on direct controls of the monetary, credit, and financial systems. These plans will include provisions for: (a) Increasing capabilities to minimize economic dislocations by carrying out appropriate fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policies and reducing susceptibility to manipulated economic pressures; (b) Providing the Federal Government with efficient and equitable financing sources and payment mechanisms; (c) Providing fiscal authorities with adequate legal authority to meet resource requirements; (d) Developing, in consultation with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and in cooperation with the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, the National Credit Union Administration Board, the Farm Credit Administration Board and other financial institutions, plans for the continued or resumed operation and liquidity of banks, savings and loans, credit unions, and farm credit institutions, measures for the reestablishment of evidence of assets or liabilities, and provisions for currency withdrawals and deposit insurance; (2) Provide for the protection of United States financial resources including currency and coin production and redemption facilities, Federal check disbursement facilities, and precious monetary metals; (3) Provide for the preservation of, and facilitate emergency operations of, public and private financial institution systems, and provide for their restoration during or after national security emergencies; (4) Provide, in coordination with the Secretary of State, for participation in bilateral and multilateral financial arrangements with foreign governments; (5) Maintain the Federal Government accounting and financial reporting system in national security emergencies; (6) Develop plans to protect the President, the Vice President, other officers in the order of presidential succession, and other persons designated by the President; (7) Develop plans for restoration of the economy following an attack; for the development of emergency monetary, credit, and Federal benefit payment programs of those Federal departments and agencies that have responsibilities dependent on the policies or capabilities of the Department of the Treasury; and for the implementation of national policy on sharing war losses; (8) Develop plans for initiating tax changes, waiving regulations, and, in conjunction with the Secretary of Commerce or other guaranteeing agency, granting or guaranteeing loans for the expansion of industrial capacity, the development of technological processes, or the production or acquisition of essential materials; (9) Develop plans, in coordination with the heads of other appropriate Federal departments and agencies, to acquire emergency imports, make foreign barter arrangements, or otherwise provide for essential material from foreign sources using, as appropriate, the resources of the Export-Import Bank or resources available to the Bank; (10) Develop plans for encouraging capital inflow and discouraging the flight of capital from the United States and, in coordination with the Secretary of State, for the seizure and administration of assets of enemy aliens during national security emergencies; (11) Develop plans, in consultation with the heads of approporiate Federal departments and agencies, to regulate financial and commercial transactions with other countries; (12) Develop plans, in coordination with the Secretary of Commerce and the Attorney General of the United States, to control the movement of property entering or leaving the United States; (13) Cooperate and consult with the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, the Chairman of the Commodities Futures Trading Commission in the development of emergency financial control plans and regulations for trading of stocks and commodities, and in the development of plans for the maintenance and restoration of stable and orderly markets; (14) Develop plans, in coordination with the Secretary of State, for the formulation and execution of economic measures with respect to other nations in national security emergencies. Sec. 1502. Support Responsibilities. The Secretary of the Treasury shall: (1) Cooperate with the Attorney General of the United States on law enforcement activities, including the control of people entering and leaving the United States; (2) Support the Secretary of Labor in developing plans and procedures for wage, salary, and benefit costs stabilization; (3) Support the Secretary of State in plans for the protection of international organizations and foreign diplomatic, consular, and other official personnel and property or other assets in the United States. PART 16—Environmental Protection Agency Sec. 1601. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall: (1) Develop Federal plans and foster development of State and local plans designed to prevent or minimize the ecological impact of hazardous agents (biological, chemical, or radiological) introduced into the environment in national security emergencies; (2) Develop, for national security emergencies, guidance on acceptable emergency levels of nuclear radiation, assist in determining acceptable emergency levels of biological agents, and help to provide detection and identification of chemical agents; (3) Develop, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, plans to assure the provision of potable water supplies to meet community needs under national security emergency conditions, including claimancy for materials and equipment for public water systems. Sec. 1602. Support Responsibilities. The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall: (1) Assist the heads of other Federal agencies that are responsible for developing plans for the detection, reporting, assessment, protection against, and reduction of effects of hazardous agents introduced into the environment; (2) Advise the heads of Federal departments and agencies regarding procedures for assuring compliance with environmental restrictions and for expeditious review of requests for essential waivers. PART 17—Department of Homeland Security Sec. 1701. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall: (1) Coordinate and support the initiation, development, and implementation of national security emergency preparedness programs and plans among Federal departments and agencies; (2) Coordinate the development and implementation of plans for the operation and continuity of essential domestic emergency functions of the Federal Government during national security emergencies; (3) Coordinate the development of plans, in cooperation with the Secretary of Defense, for mutual civil-military support during national security emergencies; (4) Guide and assist State and local governments and private sector organizations in achieving preparedness for national security emergencies, including development of plans and procedures for assuring continuity of government, and support planning for prompt and coordinated Federal assistance to States and localities in responding to national security emergencies; (5) Provide the President a periodic assessment of Federal, State, and local capabilities to respond to national security emergencies; (6) Coordinate the implementation of policies and programs for efficient mobilization of Federal, State, local, and private sector resources in response to national security emergencies; (7) Develop and coordinate with all appropriate agencies civil defense programs to enhance Federal, State, local, and private sector capabilities for national security emergency crisis management, population protection, and recovery in the event of an attack on the United States; (8) Develop and support public information, education and training programs to assist Federal, State, and local government and private sector entities in planning for and implementing national security emergency preparedness programs; (9) Coordinate among the heads of Federal, State, and local agencies the planning, conduct, and evaluation of national security emergency exercises; (10) With the assistance of the heads of other appropriate Federal departments and agencies, develop and maintain capabilities to assess actual attack damage and residual recovery capabilities as well as capabilities to estimate the effects of potential attacks on the Nation; (11) Provide guidance to the heads of Federal departments and agencies on the appropriate use of defense production authorities, including resource claimancy, in order to improve the capability of industry and infrastructure systems to meet national security emergency needs; (12) Assist the Secretary of State in coordinating the formulation and implementation of United States policy for NATO and other allied civil emergency planning, including the provision of: (a) advice and assistance to the departments and agencies in alliance civil emergency planning matters; (b) support to the United States Mission to NATO in the conduct of day-to-day civil emergency planning activities; and (c) support facilities for NATO Civil Wartime Agencies in cooperation with the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Energy, State, and Transportation. Sec. 1702. Support Responsibilities. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall: (1) Support the heads of other Federal departments and agencies in preparing plans and programs to discharge their national security emergency preparedness responsibilities, including, but not limited to, such programs as mobilization preparedness, continuity of government planning, and continuance of industry and infrastructure functions essential to national security; (2) Support the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Defense, and the Members of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in developing plans and capabilities for identifying, analyzing, mitigating, and responding to emergencies related to nuclear weapons, materials, and devices, including mobile and fixed nuclear facilities, by providing, inter alia, off-site coordination; (3) Support the Administrator of General Services in efforts to promote a government-wide program with respect to Federal buildings and installations to minimize the effects of attack and establish shelter management organizations. PART 18—General Services Administration Sec. 1801. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Administrator of General Services shall: (1) Develop national security emergency plans and procedures for the operation, maintenance, and protection of federally owned and occupied buildings managed by the General Services Administration, and for the construction, alteration, and repair of such buildings; (2) Develop national security emergency operating procedures for the control, acquisition, leasing, assignment, and priority of occupancy of real property by the Federal Government, and by State and local governments acting as agents of the Federal Government, except for the military facilities and facilities with special nuclear materials within the jurisdiction of the Departments of Defense and Energy; (3) Develop national security emergency operational plans and procedures for the use of public utility services (other than telecommunications services) by Federal departments and agencies, except for Department of Energy-operated facilities; (4) Develop plans and operating procedures of government-wide supply programs to meet the requirements of Federal departments and agencies during national security emergencies; (5) Develop plans and operating procedures for the use, in national security emergencies, of excess and surplus real and personal property by Federal, State, and local governmental entities; (6) Develop plans, in coordination with the Secretary of Homeland Security, with respect to Federal buildings and installations, to minimize the effects of attack and establish shelter management organizations; Sec. 1802. Support Responsibility. The Administrator of General Services shall develop plans to assist Federal departments and agencies in operation and maintenance of essential automated information processing facilities during national security emergencies:[.] PART 19—National Aeronautics and Space Administration Sec. 1901. Lead Responsibility. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall coordinate with the Secretary of Defense to prepare for the use, maintenance, and development of technologically advanced aerospace and aeronautical-related systems, equipment, and methodologies applicable to national security emergencies. PART 20—National Archives and Records Administration Sec. 2001. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Archivist of the United States shall: (1) Develop procedures for publication during national security emergencies of the Federal Register for as broad public dissemination as is practicable of presidential proclamations and Executive orders, Federal administrative regulations, Federal emergency notices and actions, and Acts of Congress; (2) Develop emergency procedures for providing instructions and advice on the handling and preservation of records critical to the operation of the Federal Government in national security emergencies. PART 21—Nuclear Regulatory Commission Sec. 2101. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Members of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission shall: (1) Promote the development and maintenance of national security emergency preparedness programs through security and safeguards programs by licensed facilities and activities; (2) Develop plans to suspend any licenses granted by the Commission; to order the operations of any facility licensed under Section 103 or 104; Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2133 or 2134); to order the entry into any plant or facility in order to recapture special nuclear material as determined under Subsection (3) below; and operate such facilities; (3) Recapture or authorize recapture of special nuclear materials from licensees where necessary to assure the use, preservation, or safeguarding of such materials for the common defense and security, as determined by the Commission or as requested by the Secretary of Energy. Sec. 2102. Support Responsibilities. The Members of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission shall: (1) Assist the Secretary of Energy in assessing damage to Commission-licensed facilities, identifying useable facilities, and estimating the time and actions necessary to restart inoperative facilities; (2) Provide advice and technical assistance to Federal, State, and local officials and private sector organizations regarding radiation hazards and protective actions in national security emergencies. PART 22—Office of Personnel Management Sec. 2201. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall: (1) Prepare plans to administer the Federal civilian personnel system in national security emergencies, including plans and procedures for the rapid mobilization and reduction of an emergency Federal workforce; (2) Develop national security emergency work force policies for Federal civilian personnel; (3) Develop plans to accommodate the surge of Federal personnel security background and pre-employment investigations during national security emergencies. Sec. 2202. Support Responsibilities. The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall: (1) Assist the heads of other Federal departments and agencies with personnel management and staffing in national security emergencies, including facilitating transfers between agencies of employees with critical skills; (2) In consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Selective Service, develop plans and procedures for a system to control any conscription of Federal civilian employees during national security emergencies. PART 23—Selective Service System Sec. 2301. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Director of Selective Service shall: (1) Develop plans to provide by induction, as authorized by law, personnel that would be required by the armed forces during national security emergencies; (2) Develop plans for implementing an alternative service program. PART 24—Tennessee Valley Authority Sec. 2401. Lead Responsibility. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority shall develop plans and maintain river control operations for the prevention or control of floods affecting the Tennessee River System during national security emergencies. Sec. 2402. Support Responsibilities. The Board of Directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority shall: (1) Assist the Secretary of Energy in the development of plans for the integration of the Tennessee Valley Authority power system into nationwide national security emergency programs; (2) Assist the Secretaries of Defense, Interior, and Transportation and the Chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission in the development of plans for operation and maintenance of inland waterway transportation in the Tennessee River System during national security emergencies. PART 25—United States Information Agency Sec. 2501. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Director of the United States Information Agency shall: (1) Plan for the implementation of information programs to promote an understanding abroad of the status of national security emergencies within the United States; (2) In coordination with the Secretary of State's exercise of telecommunications functions affecting United States diplomatic missions and consular offices overseas, maintain the capability to provide television and simultaneous direct radio broadcasting in major languages to all areas of the world, and the capability to provide wireless file to all United States embassies during national security emergencies. Sec. 2502. Support Responsibility. The Director of the United States Information Agency shall assist the heads of other Federal departments and agencies in planning for the use of media resources and foreign public information programs during national security emergencies. PART 26—United States Postal Service Sec. 2601. Lead Responsibility. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Postmaster General shall prepare plans and programs to provide essential postal services during national security emergencies. Sec. 2602. Support Responsibilities. The Postmaster General shall: (1) Develop plans to assist the Attorney General of the United States in the registration of nationals of enemy countries residing in the United States; (2) Develop plans to assist the Secretary of Health and Human Services in registering displaced persons and families; (3) Develop plans to assist the heads of other Federal departments and agencies in locating and leasing privately owned property for Federal use during national security emergencies. PART 27—Veterans' Administration Sec. 2701. Lead Responsibilities. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs [now Secretary of Veterans Affairs] shall: (1) Develop plans for provision of emergency health care services to veteran beneficiaries in Veterans' Administration [now Department of Veterans Affairs] medical facilities, to active duty military personnel and, as resources permit, to civilians in communities affected by national security emergencies; (2) Develop plans for mortuary services for eligible veterans, and advise on methods for interment of the dead during national security emergencies. Sec. 2702. Support Responsibilities. The Administrator of Veterans' Affairs [now Secretary of Veterans Affairs] shall: (1) Assist the Secretary of Health and Human Services in promoting the development of State and local plans for the provision of medical services in national security emergencies, and develop appropriate plans to support such State and local plans; (2) Assist the Secretary of Health and Human Services in developing national plans to mobilize the health care industry and medical resources during national security emergencies; (3) Assist the Secretary of Health and Human Services in developing national plans to set priorities and allocate medical resources among civilian and military claimants. PART 28—Office of Management and Budget Sec. 2801. In addition to the applicable responsibilities covered in Parts 1 and 2, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall prepare plans and programs to maintain its functions during national security emergencies. In connection with these functions, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall: (1) Develop plans to ensure the preparation, clearance, and coordination of proposed Executive orders and proclamations; (2) Prepare plans to ensure the preparation, supervision, and control of the budget and the formulation of the fiscal program of the Government; (3) Develop plans to coordinate and communicate Executive branch views to the Congress regarding legislation and testimony by Executive branch officials; (4) Develop plans for keeping the President informed of the activities of government agencies, continuing the Office of Management and Budget's management functions, and maintaining presidential supervision and direction with respect to legislation and regulations in national security emergencies. PART 29—General Sec. 2901. Executive Order Nos. 10421 and 11490, as amended, are hereby revoked. This Order shall be effective immediately. [Responsibilities assigned to specific Federal officials pursuant to Ex. Ord. No. 12656, set out above, that are substantially the same as any responsibility assigned to, or function transferred to, the Secretary of Homeland Security pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, 6 U.S.C. 101 et seq., or intended or required to be carried out by an agency or an agency component transferred to the Department of Homeland Security pursuant to such Act, reassigned to the Secretary of Homeland Security by section 42 of Ex. Ord. No. 13286, Feb. 28, 2003, 68 F.R. 10626, set out as a note under section 111 of Title 6, Domestic Security.] [For abolition of United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau), transfer of functions, and treatment of references thereto, see sections 6531, 6532, and 6551 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.] [Ex. Ord. No. 13286, §42, which directed amendment of Ex. Ord. No. 12656, set out above, by substituting "the Secretary of Homeland Security" for "the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency" in section "1801(b)", was executed by making the substitution in section 1801(6).] Ex. Ord. No. 12657. Department of Homeland Security Assistance in Emergency Preparedness Planning at Commercial Nuclear Power Plants Ex. Ord. No. 12657, Nov. 18, 1988, 53 F.R. 47513, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13286, §41, Feb. 28, 2003, 68 F.R. 10626, provided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, including the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, as amended ([former] 50 U.S.C. App. 2251 et seq.), the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, as amended (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 [set out above], Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1973 [set out above], and Section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code, and in order to ensure that plans and procedures are in place to respond to radiological emergencies at commercial nuclear power plants in operation or under construction, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Scope. (a) This Order applies whenever State or local governments, either individually or together, decline or fail to prepare commercial nuclear power plant radiological emergency preparedness plans that are sufficient to satisfy Nuclear Regulatory Commission ("NRC") licensing requirements or to participate adequately in the preparation, demonstration, testing, exercise, or use of such plans. (b) In order to request the assistance of the Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") provided for in this Order, an affected nuclear power plant applicant or licensee ("licensee") shall certify in writing to DHS that the situation described in Subsection (a) exists. Sec. 2. Generally Applicable Principles and Directives. (a) Subject to the principles articulated in this Section, the Secretary of Homeland Security is hereby authorized and directed to take the actions specified in Sections 3 through 6 of this Order. (b) In carrying out any of its responsibilities under this Order, DHS: (1) shall work actively with the licensee, and, before relying upon its resources or those of any other Department or agency within the Executive branch, shall make maximum feasible use of the licensee's resources; (2) shall take care not to supplant State and local resources. DHS shall substitute its own resources for those of the State and local governments only to the extent necessary to compensate for the nonparticipation or inadequate participation of those governments, and only as a last resort after appropriate consultation with the Governors and responsible local officials in the affected area regarding State and local participation; (3) is authorized, to the extent permitted by law, to enter into interagency Memoranda of Understanding providing for utilization of the resources of other Executive branch Departments and agencies and for delegation to other Executive branch Departments and agencies of any of the functions and duties assigned to DHS under this Order; however, any such Memorandum of Understanding shall be subject to approval by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget ("OMB") and published in final form in the Federal Register; and (4) shall assume for purposes of Sections 3 and 4 of this Order that, in the event of an actual radiological emergency or disaster, State and local authorities would contribute their full resources and exercise their authorities in accordance with their duties to protect the public from harm and would act generally in conformity with the licensee's radiological emergency preparedness plan. (c) The Director of OMB shall resolve any issue concerning the obligation of Federal funds arising from the implementation of this Order. In resolving issues under this Subsection, the Director of OMB shall ensure: (1) that DHS has utilized to the maximum extent possible the resources of the licensee and State and local governments before it relies upon its appropriated and lawfully available resources or those of any Department or agency in the Executive branch; (2) that DHS shall use its existing resources to coordinate and manage, rather than duplicate, other available resources; (3) that implementation of this Order is accomplished with an economy of resources; and (4) that full reimbursement to the Federal Government is provided, to the extent permitted by law. Sec. 3. DHS Participation in Emergency Preparedness Planning. (a) DHS assistance in emergency preparedness planning shall include advice, technical assistance, and arrangements for facilities and resources as needed to satisfy the emergency planning requirements under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended [42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.], and any other Federal legislation or regulations pertaining to issuance or retention of a construction permit or an operating license for a nuclear power plant. (b) DHS shall make all necessary plans and arrangements to ensure that the Federal Government is prepared to assume any and all functions and undertakings necessary to provide adequate protection to the public in cases within the scope of this Order. In making such plans and arrangements, (1) DHS shall focus planning of Federal response activities to ensure that: (A) adequate resources and arrangements will exist, as of the time when an initial response is needed, given the absence or inadequacy of advance State and local commitments; and (B) attention has been given to coordinating (including turning over) response functions when State and local governments do exercise their authority, with specific attention to the areas where prior State and local participation has been insufficient or absent; (2) FEMA's [DHS's] planning for Federal participation in responding to a radiological emergency within the scope of this Order shall include, but not be limited to, arrangements for using existing Federal resources to provide prompt notification of the emergency to the general public; to assist in any necessary evacuation; to provide reception centers or shelters and related facilities and services for evacuees; to provide emergency medical services at Federal hospitals, including those operated by the military services and by the Veterans' Administration [now Department of Veterans Affairs]; and to ensure the creation and maintenance of channels of communication from commercial nuclear power plant licensees or applicants to State and local governments and to surrounding members of the public. Sec. 4. Evaluation of Plans. (a) DHS shall consider and evaluate all plans developed under the authority of this Order as though drafted and submitted by a State or local government. (b) DHS shall take all actions necessary to carry out the evaluation referred to in the preceding Subsection and to permit the NRC to conduct its evaluation of radiological emergency preparedness plans including, but not limited to, planning, participating in, and evaluating exercises, drills, and tests, on a timely basis, as necessary to satisfy NRC requirements for demonstrations of off-site radiological emergency preparedness. Sec. 5. Response to a Radiological Emergency. (a) In the event of an actual radiological emergency or disaster, DHS shall take all steps necessary to ensure the implementation of the plans developed under this Order and shall coordinate the actions of other Federal agencies to achieve the maximum effectiveness of Federal efforts in responding to the emergency. (b) DHS shall coordinate Federal response activities to ensure that adequate resources are directed, when an initial response is needed, to activities hindered by the absence or inadequacy of advance State and local commitments. DHS shall also coordinate with State and local governmental authorities and turn over response functions as appropriate when State and local governments do exercise their authority. (c) DHS shall assume any necessary command-and-control function, or delegate such function to another Federal agency, in the event that no competent State and local authority is available to perform such function. (d) In any instance in which Federal personnel may be called upon to fill a command-and-control function during a radiological emergency, in addition to any other powers it may have, DHS or its designee is authorized to accept volunteer assistance from utility employees and other nongovernmental personnel for any purpose necessary to implement the emergency response plan and facilitate off-site emergency response. Sec. 6. Implementation of Order. (a) DHS shall issue interim and final directives and procedures implementing this Order as expeditiously as is feasible and in any event shall issue interim directives and procedures not more than 90 days following the effective date of this Order and shall issue final directives and procedures not more than 180 days following the effective date of this Order. (b) Immediately upon the effective date of this Order, DHS shall review, and initiate necessary revisions of, all DHS regulations, directives, and guidance to conform them to the terms and policies of this Order. (c) Immediately upon the effective date of this Order, DHS shall review, and initiate necessary renegotiations of, all interagency agreements to which DHS is a party, so as to conform them to the terms and policies of this Order. This directive shall include, but not be limited to, the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (50 Fed. Reg. 46542 (November 8, 1985)). (d) To the extent permitted by law, DHS is directed to obtain full reimbursement, either jointly or severally, for services performed by DHS or other Federal agencies pursuant to this Order from any affected licensee and from any affected nonparticipating or inadequately participating State or local government. Sec. 7. Amendments. This Executive Order amends Executive Order Nos. 11490 (34 Fed. Reg. 17567 (October 28, 1969)) [see note above], 12148 (44 Fed. Reg. 43239 (July 20, 1979)) [set out above], and 12241 (45 Fed. Reg. 64879 (September 29, 1980)), and the same are hereby superseded to the extent that they are inconsistent with this Order. Sec. 8. Judicial Review. This Order is intended only to improve the internal management of the Executive branch, and is not intended to create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by a party against the United States, its agencies, its officers, or any person. Sec. 9. Effective Date. This Order shall be effective November 18, 1988. Ex. Ord. No. 12673. Delegation of Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Functions Ex. Ord. No. 12673, Mar. 23, 1989, 54 F.R. 12571, provided: By virtue of the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, including the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), and in order to conform delegations of authority to recent legislation, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Section 4–203 of Executive Order No. 12148 [set out above] is amended to read: Section 4–203. The functions vested in the President by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), except those functions vested in the President by Section 401 (relating to the declaration of major disasters and emergencies), Section 501 (relating to the declaration of emergencies), Section 405 (relating to the repair, reconstruction, restoration, or replacement of Federal facilities), and Section 412 (relating to food coupons [benefits] and distribution), are hereby delegated to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Sec. 2. Section 3 of Executive Order No. 11795 [42 U.S.C. 5121 note] is amended by removing the words "Section 409" and inserting "Section 412" in place thereof. Sec. 3. The functions vested in the President by Section 103(e)(2) of the Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Amendments of 1988, Public Law 100–707 [42 U.S.C. 5122 note] (relating to the transmission of a report to the Committee on Public Works and Transportation of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the Senate), are hereby delegated to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Sec. 4. The functions vested in the President by Section 110 of the Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Amendments of 1988, Public Law 100–707 [42 U.S.C. 5121 note], are hereby delegated to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Sec. 6. The amendments to Executive Order No. 12148 that are made by Section 1 of this Executive Order shall not affect the administration of any assistance for major disasters or emergencies declared by the President before the effective date of "The Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Amendments of 1988 [probably means date of enactment of Pub. L. 100–707, which was approved Nov. 23, 1988]." George Bush. Ex. Ord. No. 13010. Critical Infrastructure Protection Ex. Ord. No. 13010, July 15, 1996, 61 F.R. 37347, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13025, Nov. 13, 1996, 61 F.R. 58623; Ex. Ord. No. 13041, Apr. 3, 1997, 62 F.R. 17039; Ex. Ord. No. 13064, Oct. 11, 1997, 62 F.R. 53711; Ex. Ord. No. 13077, Mar. 10, 1998, 63 F.R. 12381; Ex. Ord. No. 13138, §3(c), Sept. 30, 1999, 64 F.R. 53880, provided: Certain national infrastructures are so vital that their incapacity or destruction would have a debilitating impact on the defense or economic security of the United States. These critical infrastructures include telecommunications, electrical power systems, gas and oil storage and transportation, banking and finance, transportation, water supply systems, emergency services (including medical, police, fire, and rescue), and continuity of government. Threats to these critical infrastructures fall into two categories: physical threats to tangible property ("physical threats"), and threats of electronic, radio-frequency, or computer-based attacks on the information or communications components that control critical infrastructures ("cyber threats"). Because many of these critical infrastructures are owned and operated by the private sector, it is essential that the government and private sector work together to develop a strategy for protecting them and assuring their continued operation. NOW, THEREFORE, by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Establishment. There is hereby established the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection ("Commission"). (a) Chair. A qualified individual from outside the Federal Government shall be designated by the President from among the members to serve as Chair of the Commission. The Commission Chair shall be employed on a full-time basis. (b) Members. The head of each of the following executive branch departments and agencies shall nominate not more than two full-time members of the Commission: (i) Department of the Treasury; (ii) Department of Justice; (iii) Department of Defense; (iv) Department of Commerce; (v) Department of Transportation; (vi) Department of Energy; (vii) Central Intelligence Agency; (viii) Federal Emergency Management Agency; (ix) Federal Bureau of Investigation; (x) National Security Agency. One of the nominees of each agency may be an individual from outside the Federal Government who shall be employed by the agency on a full-time basis. Each nominee must be approved by the Steering Committee. Sec. 2. The Principals Committee. The Commission shall report to the President through a Principals Committee ("Principals Committee"), which shall review any reports or recommendations before submission to the President. The Principals Committee shall comprise the: (i) Secretary of the Treasury; (ii) Secretary of Defense; (iii) Attorney General; (iv) Secretary of Commerce; (v) Secretary of Transportation; (vi) Secretary of Energy; (vii) Director of Central Intelligence; (viii) Director of the Office of Management and Budget; (ix) Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency; (x) Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; (xi) Assistant to the Vice President for National Security Affairs.[;] (xii) Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Director of the National Economic Council; and (xiii) Assistant to the President and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Sec. 3. The Steering Committee of the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection. A Steering Committee ("Steering Committee") shall oversee the work of the Commission on behalf of the Principals Committee. The Steering Committee shall comprise [sic] five members. Four of the members shall be appointed by the President, and the fifth member shall be the Chair of the Commission. Two of the members of the Committee shall be employees of the Executive Office of the President. The Steering Committee will receive regular reports on the progress of the Commission's work and approve the submission of reports to the Principals Committee. Sec. 4. Mission. The Commission shall: (a) within 30 days of this order, produce a statement of its mission objectives, which will elaborate the general objectives set forth in this order, and a detailed schedule for addressing each mission objective, for approval by the Steering Committee; (b) identify and consult with: (i) elements of the public and private sectors that conduct, support, or contribute to infrastructure assurance; (ii) owners and operators of the critical infrastructures; and (iii) other elements of the public and private sectors, including the Congress, that have an interest in critical infrastructure assurance issues and that may have differing perspectives on these issues; (c) assess the scope and nature of the vulnerabilities of, and threats to, critical infrastructures; (d) determine what legal and policy issues are raised by efforts to protect critical infrastructures and assess how these issues should be addressed; (e) recommend a comprehensive national policy and implementation strategy for protecting critical infrastructures from physical and cyber threats and assuring their continued operation; (f) propose any statutory or regulatory changes necessary to effect its recommendations; and (g) produce reports and recommendations to the Steering Committee as they become available; it shall not limit itself to producing one final report. Sec. 5. [Revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13138, §3(c), Sept. 30, 1999, 64 F.R. 53880.] Sec. 6. Administration. (a) All executive departments and agencies shall cooperate with the Commission and provide such assistance, information, and advice to the Commission as it may request, to the extent permitted by law.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15504
__label__cc	0.744498	0.255502	HOP 3.3.3 Return to Work After Work-Related Injury or Illness Site- Policy Library UTS Policies Sec. 1 Purpose The purpose of this Policy is to provide guidelines by which The University of Texas System Administration follows when arranging temporary modified duty for employees who have incurred work-related injuries or illnesses, and have been released by their treating doctor to restricted work activities. The program will be administered by the U. T. System Administration's Office of Employee Services (OES). Sec. 2 Policy Statement 2.1 Return to Work Program. Workplace safety and injury prevention are of paramount importance to the U. T. System Administration. When workplace injuries or illnesses occur, the U. T. System Administration is committed to the safe return of employees back to work. The early return-to-work (RTW) program provides opportunities for an employee who is injured on the job to return to work at full duty. If the injured employee is not physically capable of returning to full duty, the program provides opportunities to perform his or her regular job with modifications or, when available, to perform alternate temporary work that meets the injured worker's physical capabilities. 2.2 Temporary Restriction. An employee who is temporarily restricted from performing his or her regularly assigned job duties due to a work-related injury or illness and who is able to safely return to work, will be offered employment in accordance with the terms of this Policy. In the absence of other legal or policy limitations, employees who are able to return to full or modified work duty but choose not to do so may be subject to termination. 2.3 Americans with Disabilities Act. This policy should not be construed as acknowledgment that employees who are considered for modified duty are necessarily classified or perceived as a person with a disability, as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. 2.4 Eligibility. All employees within U. T. System Administration are eligible to participate in the RTW program. Sec. 3 Required Documentation Before an employee who is restricted from performing his or her regularly scheduled job duties due to temporary physical limitations caused by work-related injury or illness is offered a work assignment, a description of the job duties or work activities that the injured employee was required to perform at the time the employee sustained the injury will be provided to the treating doctor to determine whether the employee is able to perform his or her job duties and if any physical restrictions exist. Accommodations are based on the DWC-73 - Work Status Report, which is completed by the doctor treating the work-related injury or illness to establish the extent and expected duration of job-related restrictions. 3.1 Periodic Evaluations Required. Employees working modified duty assignments shall be required to undergo periodic evaluations by the treating doctor to assess any changes in restrictions. The results of these evaluations shall be reported in writing to the Office of Risk Management, Workers' Compensation Insurance (ORM-WCI) and OES. 3.2 Employee Requirement. Employees must reasonably facilitate the successful delivery of requested documentation to U. T. System Administration. Sec. 4 Return to Work Offers Taking into consideration the information provided by the doctor, the employee's department, in consultation with OES and ORM-WCI, shall determine if a temporary modified duty assignment will be offered. Only work that is considered productive and meaningful to U. T. System Administration shall be considered. 4.1 Work in Another Department. If the employee's regular department is unable to reasonably accommodate the employee's work restrictions, a modified duty assignment may be considered in another department. Note: For temporary assignments, the employee's regular department will be responsible for paying the employee's wages during the reassignment. 4.2 Possible Adjustment of Compensation. In some cases, there may not be an adjustment in the compensation of the employee that is placed in a modified duty position. However, the employee placed in a modified duty position will be paid a salary that is equivalent to the salary of other employees holding the same position. 4.3 Work Agreement. Once the decision to offer a temporary modified duty assignment is made, the employee will be issued a bona fide job offer that complies with Texas Administrative Code Section 129.6. A work agreement must be completed and signed by the employee, supervisor, and OES representative. 4.4 Refusal of RTW Job Offer. An employee may accept or refuse a RTW job offer. However, refusal may affect the employee's continuation of employment. An employee may also be required to forfeit any workers' compensation income benefits he or she is receiving, or may be eligible to receive in the future, if he or she refuses a temporary work assignment since the inability to obtain wages is no longer the result of the work-related injury or illness. Sec. 5 Expectations While Working Modified Duty Assignments An employee performing any full or modified duties under this Policy, is subject to the usual work performance standards of that job and of U. T. System Administration. Employees are also subject to removal from modified duty and/or disciplinary action in accordance with policy INT101, Discipline/Dismissal of Employees. 5.1 Compliance with Medical Instructions. The employee is responsible for following medical instructions on and off the job. 5.2 Performance of Assigned Work. The employee must immediately report any difficulties with performing assigned work. The supervisor and employee will work to address the problem. Sec. 6 Duration of Modified Duty An offer of modified duty may be made for any amount of time, not to exceed the limits described in this Policy. 6.1 Limits for Modified Duty. An employee is limited to 90 days of modified duty work in any rolling 12-month period. If doctor-provided evidence shows that the employee may be able to return to his or her regularly scheduled position within an additional 90 days, the employee may be allowed to work another 90 days of modified duty in the same rolling 12-month period with the approval of OES and ORM-WCI. If the employee is not able to return to his or her regularly-assigned position before the exhaustion of permitted days of modified duty, he or she may be subject to termination. In some cases, an employee exhausting his or her allotment of modified duty days may be eligible to remain employed pursuant to the terms of other U. T. System Administration Policies (e.g., INT126, Leave Without Pay; INT116, Accommodating Disabilities in the Workplace; INT122, Family and Medical Leave). 6.2 When Restrictions No Longer Apply. If the employee's treating doctor indicates in writing that restrictions no longer apply and that the employee may return to full duty, the temporary work assignment shall terminate immediately or upon the effective date the restrictions were removed, whichever is earlier. The employee will then be allowed and expected to return to his or her regular duties and classification. 6.3 Exceeding of the Maximum Number of Days. If at any time the doctor indicates in writing that the restrictions are expected to last beyond the employee's maximum permitted days of modified duty, the employee's offer of modified duty is subject to revocation and the employee may be subject to termination. Sec. 7 After Expiration of Modified Duty Eligibility An employee with a work-related injury or illness who is terminated because he or she was not released to full duty by his or her treating doctor before his or her temporary modified duty work assignment expired may also qualify for income benefits under workers' compensation. The workers' compensation insurance carrier will determine whether the employee qualifies for these benefits. Bona Fide Job Offer - written job offer for temporary modified duty that must be signed by the employee, supervisor, and OES representative. ORM-WCI - Office of Risk Management, Workers' Compensation Insurance. Temporary Modified Duty - temporary position to which an employee is assigned to when he or she is unable to return to his or her regular position and job duties following a work-related injury or illness. Treating Doctor - doctor in charge of coordinating health care services for the injured or ill employee who determines the employee's ability to return to work and determines restrictions that may be placed on the employee as they pertain to work. Responsible Office(s) Dates Amended or Reviewed Office of Human Resources Relevant System Policies, Procedures, and Regents' Rules Rule 30201: Leave Policies HOP 3.7.3 Discipline/Dismissal of Employees HOP 5.1.1 Workers’ Compensation Insurance Program HOP 3.4.5 Accommodating Disabilities in the Workplace DWC-73 Work Status Report Relevant Federal and State Statutes Texas Labor Code, Medical Review Section 413.021 - .025 Texas Administrative Code, Title 28, Chapter 129, Rule Section 129.6, Bona Fide Offers of Employment	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15505
__label__wiki	0.818573	0.818573	Normal People: A Novel (Hardcover) Sally Rooney knows how to get me right where it hurts. This book expands past the scope of her previous novel Conversations with Friends, without forgoing any of its depth. (If anything, Normal People is probably bolder and deeper than its predecessor.) I'm not sure how to articulate how much Rooney's work has come to mean to me--the way she writes about early adult relationships. I feel like her work sees me in the way that SZA's breakout record CTRL saw me and so many other millenials. Rooney gets it: all the potential for communication misfire, and the misplaced emotions that can result from that. I fell head over heels for Marianne and Connell's love story in Normal People, just as I fell for their individual stories. I ached for them and felt I understood them. Rooney transcribes the heart's language as it fathoms the world that goes on around us, even before we really know how it fathom it, intellectually. — Will Normal People is utterly perfect for those of us who treasure excellent character development. I just love it so very much; I wish I could read it for the first time again. — Janet May 2019 Indie Next List “What a treat to discover Sally Rooney! This novel stands out shining from the current onslaught of mediocre prose and less-than-suspenseful thriller plots. Normal People is the story of a relationship between two high school classmates in a small town in Ireland, and how it changes over time, through their last year of college in Dublin. Rooney’s spare and brilliant writing illuminates her insight and makes the unfolding of these two personalities completely compelling.” — Georgiana Dix Blomberg, Magnolia's Bookstore, Seattle, WA NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • LONGLISTED FOR THE MAN BOOKER PRIZE • “A stunning novel about the transformative power of relationships” (People) from Sally Rooney, the author of Conversations with Friends and “a master of the literary page-turner” (J. Courtney Sullivan). COMING TO HULU IN 2020 • “Fresh and accessible . . . There is so much to say about Rooney’s fiction—in my experience, when people who’ve read her meet they tend to peel off into corners to talk.”—Dwight Garner, The New York Times At school Connell and Marianne pretend not to know each other. He’s popular and well-adjusted, star of the school football team, while she is lonely, proud, and intensely private. But when Connell comes to pick his mother up from her job at Marianne’s house, a strange and indelible connection grows between the two teenagers—one they are determined to conceal. A year later, they’re both studying at Trinity College in Dublin. Marianne has found her feet in a new social world while Connell hangs at the sidelines, shy and uncertain. Throughout their years at university, Marianne and Connell circle one another, straying toward other people and possibilities but always magnetically, irresistibly drawn back together. And as she veers into self-destruction and he begins to search for meaning elsewhere, each must confront how far they are willing to go to save the other. Sally Rooney brings her brilliant psychological acuity and perfectly spare prose to a story that explores the subtleties of class, the electricity of first love, and the complex entanglements of family and friendship. Praise for Normal People “I went into a tunnel with this book and didn’t want to come out. Absolutely engrossing and surprisingly heartbreaking with more depth, subtlety, and insight than any one novel deserves.”—Stephanie Danler, author of Sweetbitter “Arguably the buzziest novel of the season, Sally Rooney’s elegant sophomore effort . . . is a worthy successor to Conversations with Friends. Here, again, she unflinchingly explores class dynamics and young love with wit and nuance.”—The Wall Street Journal, “12 Best Books of Spring” “[Rooney] has been hailed as the first great millennial novelist for her stories of love and late capitalism. . . . [She writes] some of the best dialogue I’ve read.”—The New Yorker Sally Rooney was born in the west of Ireland in 1991. Her work has appeared in The New Yorker, The New York Times, Granta and The London Review of Books. Winner of the Sunday Times Young Writer of the Year Award in 2017, she is the author of Conversations with Friends and the editor of the Irish literary journal The Stinging Fly. “[Rooney] has invented a sensibility entirely of her own: sunny and sharp, free of artifice but overflowing with wisdom and intensity. . . . The novel touches on class, politics, and power dynamics and brims with the sparky, witty conversation that Rooney’s fans will recognize.”—Vogue “Rooney is a tough girl; her papercut-sharp sensibility is much more akin to writers like Rachel Kushner, Mary Gaitskill, and the pre–Manhattan Beach Jennifer Egan. . . . Normal People is a nuanced and flinty love story about two young people who ‘get’ each other, despite class differences and the interference of their own vigorous personal demons. But honestly, Sally Rooney could write a novel about bath mats and I’d still read it. She’s that good and that singular a writer.”—Maureen Corrigan, NPR’s Fresh Air “[Rooney] has written two fresh and accessible novels. . . . There is so much to say about Rooney’s fiction—in my experience, when people who’ve read her meet they tend to peel off into corners to talk.”—Dwight Garner, The New York Times “[Rooney’s] two carefully observed and gentle comedies of manners . . . are tender portraits of Irish college students. . . . Remarkably precise—she captures meticulously the way a generation raised on social data thinks and talks.”—New York Review of Books “Normal People tackles millennial concerns with nineteenth-century wit . . . the millennial generation would no doubt be happy to accept her as its spokesperson were she so inclined.”—Elle “I’m transfixed by the way Rooney works, and I’m hardly the only one . . . like any confident couturier, she’s slicing the free flow of words into the perfect shape. . . . She writes about tricky commonplace things (text messages, sex) with a familiarity no one else has.”—The Paris Review “Funny and intellectually agile . . . [combines] deft social observation—especially of shifts of power between individuals and groups—with acute feeling . . . [Rooney is] a master of the kind of millennial deadpan that appears to skewer a whole life and personality in a sentence or two.”—Harper’s Magazine “Beautifully observed . . . crackles with vivid insight into what it means to be young and in love today.”—Esquire “I went into a tunnel with this book and didn’t want to come out. Absolutely engrossing and surprisingly heart-breaking with more depth, subtlety, and insight than any one novel deserves. Young love is a subject of much scorn, but Rooney understands the cataclysmic effects our youth has on the people we become. She has restored not only love’s dignity, but also its significance.”—Stephanie Danler, author of Sweetbitter “Masterfully done. The quality of Rooney’s writing, particularly in the psychologically wrought sex scenes, cannot be understated as she brilliantly provides a window into her protagonists’ true selves.”—Bookpage (starred review) Fiction / Coming of Age Kobo eBook (April 16th, 2019): $12.99 Paperback, Large Print (June 11th, 2019): $28.00	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15512
__label__wiki	0.985056	0.985056	Maroon 5 shake off Super Bowl backlash, stick to hits in halftime show you may have hated There was vitrually no change of Adam Levine and Maroon 5 emerging unscathed on social media from Sunday's halftime show at the Super Bowl. Maroon 5 shake off Super Bowl backlash, stick to hits in halftime show you may have hated There was vitrually no change of Adam Levine and Maroon 5 emerging unscathed on social media from Sunday's halftime show at the Super Bowl. Check out this story on azcentral.com: https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/02/03/maroon-5-super-bowl-halftime-show-review-gladys-knight-national-anthem/2764303002/ Ed Masley, Arizona Republic Published 5:52 p.m. MT Feb. 3, 2019 \| Updated 10:30 p.m. MT Feb. 3, 2019 ATLANTA, GA - FEBRUARY 03: Adam Levine of Maroon 5 (L) and Big Boi perform during the Pepsi Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show at Mercedes-Benz Stadium on February 3, 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia. (Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images) (Photo: Kevin Winter, Getty Images) There was virtually no chance of Adam Levine and Maroon 5 emerging unscathed on social media from Sunday's halftime show performance at Super Bowl LIII in Atlanta. They're the mainstream-pop sensations people love to hate – the Nickelback of blue-eyed soul. They've topped the Hot 100 more times in the 21st Century than any other group or duo, with an endless string of multi-platinum singles to their name. And yet, the NFL's decision to bring them in to headline this year's Super Bowl was met with a wave of derision Twitter hasn't seen for a Super Bowl act since Coldplay got the gig. The backlash got so bad that people even thought it was a thing to joke about the fact that most folks couldn't name a member of Maroon 5 not named Adam. I'd have that same problem with plenty of groups. And this is for an act that just spent seven weeks at No. 1 last fall with "Girls Like You," which featured Cardi B, who did not join them at the Super Bowl. Which is the other problem they had going into Sunday's halftime show performance. Cardi B made it clear that she wouldn't perform at Sunday's game to protest the NFL's treatment of Colin Kaepernick, the former player who launched a political movement by taking a knee while the National Anthem was playing. As their featured guest on "Girls Like You" told the Associated Press, "I got to sacrifice a lot of money to perform. But there’s a man who sacrificed his job for us, so we got to stand behind him.” Rihanna was also reportedly asked to perform and turned it down. But Maroon 5 decided the biggest show they'd ever played must go on. As Levine told Entertainment Weekly, “No one put more thought and love into this than I did." He spoke to many people, he said. "Most importantly, though, I silenced all the noise and listened to myself, and made my decision about how I felt.” He added that he'd rather move on and "speak through the music.” And on that front, well, it doesn't help that the music Maroon 5 performed at the Super Bowl spoke volumes to how much they've been inspired by black music, from the soulful pop of "This Love" to slinky funk guitar of "Moves Like Jagger," which featured a shirtless Levine moving more like a Chippendale dancer. Their set was slick and predictable, loaded with plenty of pyro and hits galore, from their first single, "Harder to Breathe," to "Girls Like You." That left plenty of time for a social-media olive branch in the form of a tribute to "SpongeBob SquarePants," whose creator, Stephen Hillenburg, died in November, as well as guest appearances by two Atlanta hip-hop stars. Travis Scott turned in a pyro-laden "Sicko Mode" then stage-dived his way out of there. And OutKast's Big Boi arrived in a sweet vintage Cadillac, emerging in a huge fur coat and an Atlanta baseball cap, accompanied by Sleepy Brown, to do his biggest OutKast hit, "The Way You Move." It was, by far, the best part of the show and one that had to leave a lot of people wishing Big Boi had just stuck around to finish out the set. ATLANTA, GA - FEBRUARY 03: (L-R) Adam Levine of Maroon 5, Big Boi, and Sleepy Brown perform during the Pepsi Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show at Mercedes-Benz Stadium on February 3, 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia. (Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images) (Photo: Kevin Winter, Getty Images) Overall, it was the sort of mainstream pop event that it was clearly meant to be. And if you didn't like Maroon 5 going in, then you've already shared your thoughts on social media about how bad it was. But there's a reason they've managed to carve out a place for themselves at the top of the pop game at a time when soul and hip-hop have emerged as the new sound of young America. And that was abundantly clear in the most contagious moments of their set, from "This Love" to "Sugar." Maroon 5 setlist "Harder to Breathe" "This Love" "Sponge Bob Squarepants" tribute "Sicko Mode" with Travis Scott "Girls Like You" "She Will Be Loved" "The Way You Move" (with Big Boi) "Sugar" "Moves Like Jagger" Gladys Knight's National Anthem Introduced as the Empress of Soul, Atlanta native Gladys Knight looked positively radiant in a stylishly retro white dress and tiara as she turned in a breathtaking National Anthem at Sunday's Super Bowl, accompanied by subtle orchestration while standing in front of a color guard. It was flawless, really, from her understated reading of the first few lines to the total show of force with which she brought things to a soulful climax, holding the word "free" for eight or nine seconds. At 74. Prior to Sunday's showdown between the Los Angeles Rams and the New England Patriots, the soul legend issued a statement addressing the calls for a boycott as a show of solidarity with Kaepernick. “I am proud to use my voice to unite and represent our country in my hometown of Atlanta," she said. "The NFL recently announced their new social justice platform Inspire Change, and I am honored to be a part of its inaugural year.” ATLANTA, GA - FEBRUARY 03: (EDITORS NOTE: Image has been converted to Black and White.) Gladys Knight performs during the Super Bowl LIII Pregame at Mercedes-Benz Stadium on February 3, 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia. (Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images) (Photo: Kevin Winter, Getty Images) In a statement issued to Variety, she talk about wanting to give the National Anthem its voice back and unite the country. “I understand that Mr. Kaepernick is protesting two things, and they are police violence and injustice,” she said. “It is unfortunate that our National Anthem has been dragged into this debate when the distinctive senses of the National Anthem and fighting for justice should each stand alone. Chloe x Halle's America the Beautiful R&B sister act Chloe x Halle probably took a few too many liberties with the melody and arrangement of "America the Beautiful" for some viewers taste. But it was certainly heartfelt and soulful and they seemed to get a good reaction from the hometown crowd at Mercedez-Benz Stadium in Atlanta. ATLANTA, GA - FEBRUARY 03: Halle Bailey (L) and Chloe Bailey of Chloe X Halle perform during the Super Bowl LIII Pregame at Mercedes-Benz Stadium on February 3, 2019 in Atlanta, Georgia. (Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images) (Photo: Kevin Winter, Getty Images) Read or Share this story: https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/02/03/maroon-5-super-bowl-halftime-show-review-gladys-knight-national-anthem/2764303002/ 5 cringeworthy moments from Phoenix news personalities How some Parler talk got Fox 10 anchor Kari Lake in hot water Kari Lake drops F-bomb on video, blasts 'Phoenix New Times' Why Gordon Biersch in Tempe has closed on Mill Avenue Musician Johnny Clegg dies at 66 Maynard James Keenan disses Justin Bieber, gets clapback from Hailey Bieber	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15513
__label__wiki	0.929369	0.929369	Phoenix group home worker accused of sexually abusing 3 girls at facility A Glendale man was arrested on suspicion of groping, kissing and threatening 3 girls at behavioral health group home where he worked in Phoenix. Phoenix group home worker accused of sexually abusing 3 girls at facility A Glendale man was arrested on suspicion of groping, kissing and threatening 3 girls at behavioral health group home where he worked in Phoenix. Check out this story on azcentral.com: https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix-breaking/2019/05/14/phoenix-group-home-employee-accused-sexually-abusing-3-girls/3673565002/ Grace Oldham, Arizona Republic Published 7:26 p.m. MT May 14, 2019 \| Updated 10:43 a.m. MT May 15, 2019 A Glendale man was arrested on suspicion of groping, kissing and threatening 3 girls at behavioral health group home where he worked in Phoenix. Arizona Republic A 23-year-old worker at a behavioral health group home in Phoenix was arrested on suspicion of sexually abusing multiple young girls, aged 13 to 15, while they were patients at the facility, according to Maricopa County court records. Rodrigo Omar Flores was arrested at his home in Glendale on May 7. He is accused of groping, kissing, molesting and threatening three girls at a Devereux behavioral health facility in Phoenix, according to court records. Flores is facing multiple charges of molestation, sexual abuse, aggravated assault of a minor and assault. His position at the facility was not specified in the records. All three girls lived at the facility when the incidents occurred, records state. Rodrigo Flores (Photo: Maricopa County Sheriff's Office) Police reports did not indicate the exact location of the facility. There are multiple Devereaux behavioral health facilities in Arizona. The group homes serve "many of the most vulnerable members of our society" including areas of autism, intellectual and developmental disabilities, specialty mental health and child welfare, according to the Devereux website. A 14-year-old girl told her teaching assistant about Flores' behavior in early March, records state. Flores was then placed on administrative leave before terminating his employment. The first girl reported four different instances of Flores "inappropriately touching" her. Flores allegedly kissed and groped the female victim in her room and in the laundry room, records state. After the first victim came forward, two other victims, aged 13 and 15, reported similar instances. In total, the three girls reported 12 incidents, according to court records. In one instance, the 15-year-old victim was "uncomfortable and wondering where the other workers were," according to police records. Later, Flores told the victim, "she was going to keep her mouth shut." Flores admitted to kissing the 14-year-old and 13-year-old female victims, telling police he used "poor judgment" in those instances. He is being held on a $200,000 cash bond and will appear in court for his preliminary hearing on Friday. Officials with the facility could not be reached for comment late Tuesday. Reach the reporter at GOldham@gannett.com. Follow the reporter on Twitter @graceoldham123. Read or Share this story: https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix-breaking/2019/05/14/phoenix-group-home-employee-accused-sexually-abusing-3-girls/3673565002/ Hear what Brittany Zamora's husband said in call to victim's parents Phoenix could feel more like Baghdad by 2050, climate researchers say Ducey extends welcome to Nike after company says it's still building Goodyear plant Goodyear teacher's husband reaches settlement with parents of victim Phoenix reaches highest temperature so far this year, more heat on the way One arrested as police investigate possible child abuse at AZ day care	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15514
__label__cc	0.695962	0.304038	Babson Diagnostics hires Jim Donnelly as Chief Scientific Officer & VP Laboratory Operations November 5, 2018 Eric Olson AUSTIN, TEXAS, November 5, 2018—Babson Diagnostics, Inc., a healthcare technology company focused on moving laboratory testing to the pharmacy counter, has hired Jim Donnelly as its Chief Scientific Officer and Vice President of Laboratory Operations. Jim will be responsible for the company’s clinical laboratory operations and R&D. Jim is an accomplished scientific officer in the diagnostics industry. Jim worked at Siemens Healthineers’ Diagnostics division from 2007-2016, where he served as Chief Scientific Officer and Global VP for the division’s Medical, Clinical, Scientific, and Statistical Affairs groups. He served as EVP Regulatory and Clinical Affairs for Quotient Limited from 2016-2018. Prior to working in the IVD industry, Jim was an accomplished laboratory director and academic researcher. Jim was Associate Professor of Pathology at NYU School of Medicine and Associate Director of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation. In New York City, he was the Medical Director for multiple clinical pathology disciplines and CLIA high complexity laboratories across Manhattan and the Bronx. ← Babson Diagnostics Featured in Capital City Innovation Annual ReportBabson Diagnostics Secures $3.5 Million in Series A Financing from Prism Ventures →	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15515
__label__wiki	0.912876	0.912876	USDA scientists seek commercial uses for inventions By Lorraine Mirabella \| The Baltimore Sun \| At research labs in Beltsville, scientists are studying ways to cure dairy cows of antibiotic-resistant illnesses, screen food ingredients for contaminants and warn farmers early on about severe droughts. Such projects, underway at U.S. Department of Agriculture facilities in Maryland and elsewhere, are part of a push by the agency to find commercial uses for its inventions, often with the help of public and private partnerships. At the Beltsville Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, scientists have been developing a crop condition indicator that can warn of severe drought earlier than existing systems. It's an effort to give farmers more time to adjust planting and marketing in the midst of a growing season. "There's a lot of different ways to look at drought," said Martha Anderson, a research physical scientist on the project. "You can look at anomalies in rainfall, if it's higher or lower than normal, stream flow, soil moisture, but a lot of these things are not directly related to how the crops are responding to the drought." Anderson, whose lab is located at the Agricultural Research Service in Beltsville, has studied the amount of water being transpired by plants, working in collaboration with researchers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and using satellites to map out water use by vegetation and crops. Later this summer, she will see much of her labor — years of research, testing and work with enormous sets of satellite data — pay off when NOAA starts using the new Evaporative Stress Index, which shows areas where water use and availability is anomalously low. The project is just one of dozens with the potential to have widespread impact, according to the department's most recent Annual Report on Technology Transfer, released last month. Other research includes a procedure to remove up to 98 percent of allergens from peanuts without affecting flavor, the use of radio frequency energy to pasteurize shelled eggs quickly, and a portable device that identifies harmful bacteria in food and could speed the response to foodborne illness outbreaks. Along with their research, scientists are now asked to report the numbers of patents, patent applications, new inventions and new businesses started as a result of the work. In the last fiscal year, the agency received 83 patents — up from 51 in fiscal 2013 — filed 119 patent applications and unveiled another 117 new inventions, according to the report. "There's a substantial benefit to society from this research," Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack told The Baltimore Sun. "A lot of attention is paid to national human research, but we want to make sure people don't forget the important role that agricultural research plays." Every dollar invested in USDA research returns $20 to the economy, he said, and "nothing beats a new business or new job linked to the research." At the agency's Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Department, also in Beltsville, researchers have been working on ways to cure dairy cows of mastitis, infections of the mammary gland caused by the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus. The disease, responsible for $2 billion in losses for the dairy industry each year, is typically treated with antibiotics, but animals and humans alike are becoming more resistant to the drugs. "We were looking at novel ways to cure multiple pathogens simultaneously," said Dave Donovan, a research molecular biologist at the Agricultural Research Service campus. "There's a huge push to remove antibiotics from everything." The research involved fusing proteins, which are known to have resistant enzymes and for killing a variety of pathogens, to create "antimicrobial proteins" to inhibit growth of microorganisms and act as an alternative to antibiotics. "We're running out of antibiotics to take care of multiple-drug-resistant pathogens … and the greatest concern is human health," Donovan said. "It's really bad if [bacteria in] animals start to develop resistance — that means it won't be that long for [bacteria in] humans to develop the same resistance." The USDA hopes the technology will become an alternative treatment for mastitis in cows and reduce the need for conventional antibiotics on dairy farms. Products that Donovan has created, some with collaborators globally at universities or in private industries, are still in the development pipeline. None have been commercialized, but Donovan said he has seen industry interest. Though "we are nowhere near eradication [of the disease], these antimicrobials are very very important," said Donovan. He is working on feed-based treatment for diseases affecting the poultry industry. Anderson, the scientist studying drought conditions, said the Evaporative Stress Index, was put to the test in 2012 in Iowa and Minnesota during a "flash" drought, a type that crept up on the area faster than usual because lower-than-normal rainfall combined with extended heat and high winds. "Suddenly the crop conditions started to deteriorate quite rapidly," Anderson said. "It's the reason why the precipitation rates don't give the whole story. …That was a problem because nobody has time to respond to this. "So one of the ideas is we want to provide information as quickly and timely as possible about rapidly evolving crop health conditions." In 2012, the index, still in an experimental mode, began warning of deteriorating crop and moisture conditions in May, several weeks before warnings from standard indicators such as the U.S. Drought Monitor, the USDA said. Warnings came before the plants started to visibly deteriorate, said Anderson, who is hoping the system can be incorporated into the Drought Monitor. With collaborators in places such as Brazil and the Middle East, Anderson is working on a prototype that would adopt the index for global use and act as an early warning of famine. "We're now in the stages of trying to work with end users and trying to understand how the tools we've built address needs," Anderson said. USDA research stretches back decades, and has led to consumer product innovations such as permanent press cotton clothing, frozen orange juice concentrate and the mass production of penicillin during World War II. Over the past five years, the USDA has unveiled 775 new inventions, filed 365 patent applications and received 311 patents. The department has more than 400 income-producing licenses with companies using its technology. Researchers have helped develop a new kind of flour made from chardonnay grape seeds that can prevent increases in cholesterol and weight gain. And one of the longer-term projects involves working with NASA to learn how to grow food in space, said Vilsack, the agriculture secretary. That could be useful on manned expeditions to Mars, he said, but might also have other applications. "That's the kind of research that ultimately gives rise to products becoming commercially available," he said. lorraine.mirabella@baltsun.com Droughts and Heat Waves Tom Vilsack Security being increased at Baltimore city buildings after fired IT employee gained ‘unfettered access’...	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15517
__label__wiki	0.902827	0.902827	What happens when one twin goes to space and the other stays on Earth? Study explores effects of space travel. By Sarah Meehan Apr 11, 2019 \| 5:15 PM Scott Kelly, left, and his twin brother, Mark Kelly, were the subject of a study as Scott spent a year in space and Mark remained on Earth. (Robert Markowitz / NASA) Weight loss, altered eye shape and elongated DNA structures are just a few of the side effects of spending a year in space. But after monitoring the differences between a pair of identical twins as one traveled to the International Space Station and the other stayed on Earth, researchers say there’s more work to be done to understand how long-term space travel can affect a person’s body. A team of dozens of researchers released an article Thursday in the journal Science detailing the results of a study on Scott and Mark Kelly, twin brothers and astronauts. At age 50, Scott Kelly spent 340 days at the International Space Station, while Mark Kelly remained on Earth. “Science is really important to our country and the science that we do in space impacts us for generations and generations,” Mark Kelly said in a conference call following the study’s release. “The stuff we learned from sending people to the moon in the 1960s and early ’70s have benefited our country for the last 50 years.” Although researchers have a solid understanding of how shorter space missions affect the body, there is little research about long-term space travel impacts because only four people have participated in space missions lasting at least one year. The study aimed to help researchers, including Johns Hopkins Hospital’s Dr. Andrew Feinberg, better understand the health impacts of spending long periods of time in space. “When we got called into this study, we felt like part of this thing that’s bigger than ourselves,” Feinberg said. The brothers were monitored for 25 months before, during and after Scott Kelly’s mission to the space station from March 27, 2015, to March 1, 2016. Researchers collected and compared results from blood, urine and stool samples throughout the study, and the brothers also took physical and cognitive tests. Four things we learned from the first black hole image » The study found there were both temporary and lasting changes to Scott Kelly’s cells, tissues, genes and physical characteristics. At least 10 key physiological processes were influenced by long-term space flight, according to the study: body mass and nutrition; the length of telomeres (features at the end of DNA strands); genome stability; vascular health; eye changes; metabolic changes; epigenetic shifts (changes to the expression of genes rather than the genetic code itself); changes to lipid levels; microbiome responses and cognitive function. “It is expected that astronauts conducting exploration-class missions could experience risks from mitochondrial dysfunction, immunological stress, vascular changes and fluid shifts, and cognitive performance decline, as well as alterations in telomere length, gene regulation and genome integrity,” the study said. Steven Platts, deputy chief scientist for NASA’s Human Research Program, said the new research reinforced conclusions about space travel that scientists had drawn already. The study will help inform future biomedical space research. “Our bodies adapt and continue to function, and by and large continue to function very well,” he said. Studying twins provided a unique opportunity for researchers to observe physical and genetic differences brought on by space travel. But because only two people were in the study, they said it’s impossible to conclude the variances between Mark and Scott Kelly were caused by space travel alone. Feinberg, the Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of medicine, biomedical engineering and mental health at the Johns Hopkins University, studied changes in Scott Kelly’s epigenetics, which influence gene activity but not genetic code. “This is the dawn of human genomics in space,” he said in a statement. “We developed the methods for doing these types of human genomic studies, and we should be doing more research to draw conclusions about what happens to humans in space.” After Scott Kelly returned to Earth, most of the physiological changes he experienced in space reverted to their state before he went into orbit. Understanding the biological impacts of long-term space travel will become increasingly important as NASA plots longer missions — particularly proposed trips to and from Mars that could last several years. “Hopefully, our part in this study will help us get close to making a mission like that a success,” Mark Kelly said. NASA plans to conduct future studies tracking the same markers for 10 astronauts on five more one-year missions. And although it took months for Scott Kelly’s body to readjust to Earth’s gravity after his return, he said he’d do it again. Using synthetic crab blood substitute in biomedical testing could help save horseshoe crabs and shorebirds Pennsylvania earthquake could be felt in northern Maryland There are three chances to spot the International Space Station flying over the Baltimore region this week More than four decades after helping launch the Maryland Science Center, educator Jim O'Leary retires 'It was fun, but there were a lot of bugs': Citizen scientists document wildlife at Maryland Zoo for Earth Day “Put me in, coach,” he said. “I’m ready to go.” Most Read • Science	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15518
__label__cc	0.671755	0.328245	You are here: Home / Buyer's Guides Everything you need to know before buying for your bathroom. We break down and explain all of the essential information about heating, bathroom furniture, pottery, and accessories. The Cloakroom Basin Buyer’s Guide Choose the best cloakroom basin with the help of this expert buying guide and create look that's both stylish and space enhancing. https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cloakroom-basin.jpg 650 650 Liz Tabron https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bbs-blog-logo.png Liz Tabron2019-01-03 16:19:222019-01-03 16:25:19The Cloakroom Basin Buyer’s Guide The Bathroom Mirrors Buyer’s Guide Choosing a new bathroom mirror is not as easy as you may think. So, make sure to get it right first time with our top tips and expert advice. https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/bathroom-mirror.jpg 669 650 Liz Tabron https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bbs-blog-logo.png Liz Tabron2018-12-03 11:12:342019-04-29 11:18:10The Bathroom Mirrors Buyer’s Guide The Shower Tray Buyer’s Guide An expert guide on how to choose the right shower tray size and design for your bathroom. Learn about shower tray types, materials and shapes. https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/low-profile-shower-tray.jpg 650 650 Liz Tabron https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bbs-blog-logo.png Liz Tabron2018-11-19 14:08:502018-12-14 11:11:49The Shower Tray Buyer’s Guide The Kitchen Tap Buyer’s Guide Kitchen taps are available in a huge range of styles to enhance any kitchen - our expert buying guide will help you choose the best one. https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/kitchen-spray-tap-1.jpg 423 542 Liz Tabron https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bbs-blog-logo.png Liz Tabron2018-10-16 08:00:232018-10-16 10:45:50The Kitchen Tap Buyer’s Guide The Shower Enclosure Buying Guide When buying a shower enclosure there's a lot to think about. We uncover all you need to know about choosing the best shower enclosure in our expert guide. https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/sliding-shower-door-enclosure.jpg 1000 1000 Liz Tabron https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bbs-blog-logo.png Liz Tabron2018-09-21 13:04:432019-04-29 11:26:43The Shower Enclosure Buying Guide The Bathroom Furniture Buying Guide Our bathroom furniture buying guide covers all you need to know about vanity units, cabinets and more so you can choose the best storage solution for you. https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/dark-oak-bathroom-furniture.jpg 650 650 Liz Tabron https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bbs-blog-logo.png Liz Tabron2018-09-05 11:00:272019-04-29 11:29:16The Bathroom Furniture Buying Guide Ultimate Guide to Bathroom Cabinets Bathroom cabinets are a stylish and practical storage solution. In this guide we share our expert advice on how to choose the best cabinet for your bathroom. https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/light-oak-tall-wall-mounted-storage-unit-1.jpg 650 650 Liz Tabron https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bbs-blog-logo.png Liz Tabron2018-08-29 09:26:252019-04-29 11:31:30Ultimate Guide to Bathroom Cabinets The Bathroom Suites Buyer’s Guide Bathroom suites are available in modern and traditional designs to suit any home. Here we share our expert advice on how to create a space you'll love. https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/modern-bathroom-suite-3.jpg 1500 1500 Liz Tabron https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bbs-blog-logo.png Liz Tabron2018-07-09 12:50:062019-02-05 11:53:37The Bathroom Suites Buyer’s Guide Digital Showers - Innovative Technology for your Bathroom Bring the latest technology to your bathroom with a digital shower. Find out all you need to know about digital showers in our expert buying guide https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/digital-shower-control.jpg 1500 1500 Liz Tabron https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bbs-blog-logo.png Liz Tabron2018-06-29 08:45:122018-11-15 11:34:40Digital Showers - Innovative Technology for your Bathroom Why Every Kitchen Should Have a Boiling Water Tap Boiling water taps mean no more waiting around for the kettle to boil. Find out all you need to know about instant boiling hot water taps in our expert guide. https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/boiling-hot-water-tap-2.jpg 1761 1491 Liz Tabron https://www.bigbathroomshop.co.uk/info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bbs-blog-logo.png Liz Tabron2018-06-06 14:50:252018-10-12 10:24:53Why Every Kitchen Should Have a Boiling Water Tap Mon-Thurs: 8:30am to 9pm Fri - Sat: 8:30am to 5pm © Copyright - Big Bathroom Shop Bathroom Buyer’s Guides Our website uses cookies to give you the best experience of our site. By using this site, you agree to the use of cookies.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15522
__label__wiki	0.926674	0.926674	Home > Staff > Staff search > Robin Mason Professor Robin Mason Pro-Vice-Chancellor (International) r.a.mason@bham.ac.uk Professor Robin Mason joined the University of Birmingham in March 2016, as Pro-Vice-Chancellor (International). Robin moved to Birmingham after seven years at the University of Exeter, where he was first Professor of Economics, then appointed Dean of the University’s Business School in 2011, and Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Executive Dean in 2015. He had previously been the Eric Roll Professor of Economics and Head of Economics at the University of Southampton. His first degree is in Natural Sciences; after a stint working in finance, he returned to Cambridge to do his PhD in Economics. He was a Prize Research Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford; then went back, yet again, to Cambridge to work in the Department of Applied Economics, before moving to Southampton. His academic research concentrates on how firms respond strategically to uncertainty; and, more broadly, the incentives faced by economic agents in situations when they have imperfect information about their environment. (Formally, his area is game theory with incomplete information and learning.) While this research is theoretical in nature, it is motivated by the applied problems encountered while advising regulators and companies. Robin is a fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research, and a Member of both the Competition and Markets Authority (formerly the Competition Commission) and the Financial Conduct Authority. He has acted as advisor to a number of regulators, in both the UK and internationally; to the Prime Minister of Mauritius on competition policy; and to a number of private-sector companies worldwide. He sits on the Accreditation Board of EQUIS, one of the two major international accreditation bodies for business schools. He is a dual national, Canadian/UK, being born in Kingston, Ontario. He went to King Edwards Birmingham for secondary school. He enjoys walking and body-boarding in North Cornwall with his family; playing the guitar; and telling bad jokes to his daughters.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15524
__label__wiki	0.83602	0.83602	Opioid epidemic is FDA's top priority, says pick to head agency 'The opioid epidemic in this country has staggering human consequences,' Scott Gottlieb said in a hearing before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions. By Anna Edney \| April 05, 2017 at 10:05 AM \| Originally published on Benefitspro.Com 'The opioid epidemic in this country has staggering human consequences,' Scott Gottlieb said in a hearing before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions. (Photo: Scott Gottlieb Twitter page) Opioid painkillers that have led to thousands of deaths and new drug addicts should be the highest priority of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, said Scott Gottlieb, President Donald Trump’s pick to lead the agency.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15527
__label__cc	0.564009	0.435991	Sportsbook > NBA > How Are the Lakers Faring Without Bryant? How Are the Lakers Faring Without Bryant? Posted by: Mike Davis Posted on: Mon, November 21st, 2016 9:50 AM The NBA betting odds have been pretty harsh on the Los Angeles Lakers the last couple of years, but for good reason. Under Byron Scott’s guidance, the Lakers have finished last in their division for the last 5 consecutive years. Obviously that’s not a good streak and the franchise had no other choice but to pursue other options for the head coaching position. Last year would mark the last season that Byron Scott would coach Los Angeles, and it also marked the last season that Kobe Bryant would play in the NBA. Of those two only one is a legend and the loss of a legend is much harder to compensate than the loss of a mediocre coach. With a new head coach, how are the Lakers faring in their first season without Kobe Bryant? From what we’ve seen so far this season, surprisingly enough, the Lakers are actually exceeding the expectations of many betting lines. The NBA betting odds haven’t exactly been siding with the Lakers, but considering how impressive Los Angeles has been, they might just have to. Very few people expected the Lakers to transition so smoothly into a new era, but at 7-5 it’s hard to not be dazzled by what Los Angeles has been doing. To put things into perspective, last year the Lakers didn’t with their sixth game of the season until December 30th. Needless to say, the Lakers are having a pretty good turnaround season. But because we’ve only seen such a small sample size, one has to wonder; how long will the Lakers be able to keep this success going? The Lakers should be able to enjoy their success for the rest of the season, but fans shouldn’t hold their breath in anticipation of a Los Angeles playoff finish. Even though Luke Walton has brought back a tremendous amount of energy and excitement into Los Angeles’ organization, it’s doubtful that it will be enough to guarantee the Lakers a spot in the postseason. Playoff aspirations may be a little farfetched, but later this week Los Angeles will have a chance to prove that they are capable of winning without Kobe Bryant. This Friday night, the Lakers will be welcoming the San Antonio Spurs to the Golden State to face off at the Staples Center in downtown Los Angeles. Behind the Golden State Warriors and the Cleveland Cavaliers, the NBA betting odds paint the Spurs as the favorites to win this year’s NBA title. Interestingly enough, San Antonio is also contending with a loss of a legend, Tim Duncan. The Spurs have been doing a great job transitioning into the Duncan-less era after Duncan had been the face of the franchise for nearly 20 years. This Friday night, one of these teams will prove to the other that they don’t need their now retired legends.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15530
__label__wiki	0.85576	0.85576	Four Students Awarded Coveted Scholarships by Brighton Technology Company Brighton-based global technology company, Paxton, has announced its scholarship students for 2019. As a sign of its commitment to investing in the local community and in young talent, the company has offered scholarships to four students from the University of Sussex and the University of Brighton. They will each receive £10,000 towards their university fees, plus a three-month paid work placement at Paxton where they will take part in technology research projects that will form the final year project of their degree course. The students are: • Annabel Spain, studying Digital Media at the University of Brighton • George Livas, Computer Science, University of Brighton • Connie Went, Mathematics, University of Sussex • Zoë Earnshaw, Physics, University of Sussex Annabel, 20, from Peterborough, said: “I feel immensely proud. I’m looking forward to gaining experience of working with such a talented group of people and I’m sure the knowledge I will gain will aid my career.” George, 19, from Kifisia, Athens, Greece, said: “I’m grateful for this opportunity to work alongside and learn from experts in the smart security industry. I’m looking forward to participating in technology research projects, to working in an innovative, forward-thinking environment and to learning new skills.” Connie, 19, from Haywards Heath, said: “I genuinely couldn’t believe it! I will class this as one of the greatest achievements of my three years at uni. The scholarship will give me first hand experience in the tech industry, which will be great for teaching me further applications of my degree.” Zoë, 20, from Shaftesbury, said: “I’m so proud. The scholarship seemed too good to be true, so I didn’t expect I’d have a chance. I’m looking forward to finding out more about my summer role and getting to know the other scholars.” Congratulating the four, Adam Stroud, Paxton’s Chief Executive, said: “Following on from the successful debut of the Paxton Scholarship in 2018, we are delighted to have expanded further to award more scholarships, across both the University of Brighton and Sussex. “During our open day, we played host to over 140 engineering, science and mathematics students. It was a pleasure to witness the level of talent and engagement among this group. It gives us great confidence in the talent pool of the future and re-enforces why Paxton wants to engage with the local community in this way. “I would like to thank the universities for their considerable ongoing support of this scheme, Paxton employees for doing such a great job of representing their company, and all students who took the time to come and visit our head office building in Brighton. “Finally, a huge congratulations to our 2019 scholars - Annabel, Connie, George and Zoë.” Professor Stephen Shute, Pro-Vice-Chancellor at the University of Sussex, said: “The Paxton scholarship provides Sussex students with a great opportunity to gain first-hand knowledge and experience working with a leading UK firm. “The financial support and practical guidance they’ll gain will contribute greatly towards their academic success. It is fantastic to see Sussex-based companies like Paxton recognising and rewarding talented students from the University of Sussex with such scholarships.” Professor Debra Humphris, Vice-Chancellor at the University of Brighton, said: “We’re delighted that Annabel and George have been selected as two of the four Paxton scholars for 2019 and I’m confident they will make the most of this exciting opportunity. This ongoing partnership with Paxton gives our students invaluable experience of the realities of the workplace combined with leading technologies.” Professor Debra Humphris, Vice-Chancellor at the University of Brighton George Livas Annabel Spain Connie Went Zoë Earnshaw Professor Stephen Shute, Pro-Vice-Chancellor at the University of Sussex Paxton CEO Adam Stroud Tagged: Paxton, Scholarship Newer PostNew campaign highlights dangers of social media for road users Older PostSussex Chamber of Commerce Presents 'Better Business for All - Do YOU know your legal requirements and liabilities?'	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15532
__label__cc	0.631494	0.368506	Virtual Museum Presidents of BAUS Described a popular new cystoscope and attachments Eric William Riches (1897 - 1987) was born at Alford, Lincolnshire. He was educated at Christ's Hospital and trained at the Middlesex Hospital. During the First World War, he served with the 10th Lincoln and then with the 11th Suffolk Infantry regiments. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1917. He was appointed to the surgical staff of the Middlesex Hospital in 1930, specialising in urology. He also worked at the Hospital of St John and St Elizabeth; St Andrew's Hospital Dollis Hill; and the Royal Masonic Hospital. He later became Consultant Urologist to the army and to the Ministry of Pensions Spinal Injuries Centre. In 1955 he described a new cystoscope in an attempt to standardise equipment in the UK. The Riches cystoscope and its various attachments was a popular instrument until the development of the Hopkins lens system. Eric Riches was a Hunterian professor at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1938 and, in 1942, was both Hunterian professor and Jacksonian prizeman. He was knighted in 1958. He died at the age of 90 on 8 November 1987. Benjamin Brodie on Strictures and Stones (1922) A lecture by Eric Riches to the RSM in 1958 Click here to read the article On Carcinoma of The Kidney A paper by Eric Riches from 1963 Lithotomy and Lithotrity Samuel Pepys and His Stones Click here to read his obituary in the British Medical Journal (1987) Click here to read his obituary in the British Journal of Urology (1988) ← Back to Presidents of BAUS army cystoscope Riches world war	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15535
__label__wiki	0.645234	0.645234	Book Grocer orders@bookgrocer.com Children's, YA & Educational Reference & Language Sell Your Books Pop-up Leasing Kinders, Schools and Libraries White Sands: Experiences from the Outside World ", "offers": { "@type": "Offer", "priceCurrency": "AUD", "price": "8.0", "availability": "9", "seller": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Book Grocer " } } } Author(s): Geoff Dyer From one of our most original writers (Kathryn Schulz, "New York" magazine) comes an expansive and exacting book firmly grounded but elegant, often hilarious, and always inquisitive about travel, unexpected awareness, and the questions we ask when we step outside ourselves. Geoff Dyer s restless search "for what? "is unclear, even to him continues in this series of fascinating adventures and pilgrimages: with a tour guide who may not be a tour guide in the Forbidden City in Beijing; with friends in New Mexico, where D. H. Lawrence famously claimed to have had his greatest experience from the outside world; with a hitchhiker picked up on the way from White Sands; with Don Cherry (or a photo of him, at any rate) at the Watts Towers in Los Angeles. Weaving stories about places to which he has recently traveled with images and memories that have persisted since childhood, Dyer tries to work out what a certain place a certain way of marking the landscape means; what it s trying to tell us; what we go to it for. "With 4 pages of full-color illustrations."" $8.00(AUD) A Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Geoff Dyer has received the Somerset Maugham Award, the E. M. Forster Award, a Lannan Literary Fellowship, a National Book Critics Circle Award for criticism, and, in 2015, the Windham Campbell Prize for non-fiction. The author of four novels and nine works of non-fiction, Dyer is writer in residence at the University of Southern California and lives in Los Angeles. His books have been translated into twenty-four languages. www.geoffdyer.com" Publisher : Pantheon Books Imprint : Pantheon Books Publication date : May 2016 Author : Geoff Dyer	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15540
__label__wiki	0.638535	0.638535	Cineplex Announces New Theatre and Entertainment Complex Coming Soon to Winnipeg Exhibition News • Boxoffice Staff • June 18 2019 TORONTO, June 18, 2019 /CNW/ – (TSX: CGX) – Cineplex, one of Canada’s leading entertainment and media companies, in partnership with Primaris Management Inc., today announced plans to open a reimagined entertainment destination at Kildonan Place in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Scheduled to open in 2021, the new complex will replace the existing Famous Players Kildonan Place Cinemas and offer guests an all-in-one entertainment experience that includes movies, dining, amusement games and attractions. The 35,000 square foot space will include a new, six screen theatre that offers a range of enhanced movie-watching experiences for guests of all ages, including UltraAVX™ and luxury recliner seats in each of its auditoriums. Complementing the movie theatre experience, the new complex will also feature a large amusement games and attractions area where kids and grown-ups alike can engage in some friendly competition and earn points for great prizes. In addition to new and classic video and redemption games, guests can enjoy unique interactive experiences as well as virtual reality from VRstudios. An evening of play is sure to work up an appetite, so guests can also look forward to a range of dining experiences, including new and exciting food and beverage options. While movies will continue to be the core of the offering, Cineplex’s new complex at Kildonan Place will be a true entertainment destination for guests of all ages. “Winnipeg movie-lovers have enjoyed visiting Famous Players Kildonan Place Cinemas for close to 30 years and today we are excited to announce that a new entertainment complex will be coming soon for the community to enjoy,” said Ellis Jacob, President and CEO, Cineplex. “Entertainment is at the heart of everything we do at Cineplex and this innovative space has been totally reimagined with our guests front and centre.” “Cineplex’s long-term commitment to anchor our major redevelopment at Kildonan Place shopping centre is exciting news for both the shopping centre and residents of the community,” said Patrick Sullivan, Chief Operating Officer, Primaris Management Inc. Construction of the new complex is scheduled to begin late next year at 1555 Regent Ave W, but movie-lovers need not worry as Famous Players Kildonan Place Cinemas will remain open until construction of the new building is complete. Cineplex currently operates 165 theatres across Canada, including five theatres and one VIP Cinemas in Winnipeg. The company also recently announced a new location of The Rec Room, Canada’s premiere ‘Eats & Entertainment’ destination, which is scheduled to open at Seasons of Tuxedo in late-2019.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15541
__label__wiki	0.860479	0.860479	The Alhambra Theatre, Bradford The North's premier receiving venue What's On Find Us Seating and Accessibility About the Alhambra Theatre The Alhambra Theatre is regarded as the North's premier receiving venue and hosts the best in large scale entertainment from international dance to musicals, drama and Yorkshire's biggest panto. The venue seats 1,400 people and is a popular choice for major touring companies including Northern Ballet, Disney, the National Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company, Matthew Bourne's New Adventures and Cameron Mackintosh. It has staged major West End shows including The Lion King, War Horse, Billy Elliot, Wicked and Mary Poppins. It is a member of The Dance Consortium, a group of theatres who work together to bring the best in international dance to the UK. The Alhambra Theatre, the jewel in Bradford’s crown, was the vision of Francis Laidler, a local impresario. Laidler had the idea and vision to build a brand new theatre in 1912 and it was two years later that his dream was realised. The Alhambra Theatre was officially opened at 2pm on 18 March 1914. Five days later, it opened its doors to the general public on 23 March for a Variety show, which ran for a week. Through the golden age of variety, the 1980’s refurbishment and up to the present day, the Alhambra Theatre has had a wonderful and varied history. It remains an iconic venue, attracting the very best in star names and live entertainment to the city of Bradford. You can read more about the Alhambra Theatre's history and the 100th year celebrations here. Restaurant 1914, Circle Cafe, The Laidler Lounge 1,400 capacity Popular with major touring companies and West End Shows You can download a PDF seating plan by clicking here or on the image opposite. Bradford Theatres and Bradford Council are committed to ensuring all customers can participate and enjoy Bradford Theatres events equally. For customers who need someone to be with them to access the service or facility at Bradford Theatres, there is now an Access & Carer Membership Scheme in operation. Membership is free and valid for a period of three years, click here for more information. Bradford Theatres have won the Theatrical Management Association (TMA) Award (now UK Theatre) for Most Welcoming Theatre in recent years and have been shortlisted on several other occasions. Bradford Theatres have also been a White Rose Tourism nominee in the 'Access For All' category. At Bradford Theatres we aim to make our venues fully accessible and we offer an extensive range of access facilities to ensure an easy and enjoyable experience for all our customers. Bradford Theatres have been assessed and accredited by DisabledGo. Morley St Bradford BD7 1AJ West Yorkshire UK After nearly a decade since the last sell-out UK tour, Cameron Mackintosh’s acclaimed Broadway production of... Info Book The Girl On The Train adapted from Paula Hawkins’ novel – an international phenomenon selling over twenty... The iconic musical Priscilla Queen of the Desert is coming to the Alhambra Theatre. Tom Gates - Live on Stage Based on the best-selling books by Liz Pichon, this brand-new story is brought to you by the award-winning producers of... Laidler Lounge VIP Bar Morley Street BD7 1AJ The Alhambra Theatre is in the centre of Bradford, on Morley Street. It is a ten minute walk from the Interchange and from Forster Square train station. It is a five minute walk from bus stops on Centenary Square. It is across from the National Media Museum and down from Bradford College and University. For driving directions, put our postcode BD7 1AJ into your Satellite Navigation (Sat Nav), or into a route planner on the web at RAC Route Planner or the AA Route Finder. There are many car parks located in Bradford City Centre.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15543
__label__wiki	0.654782	0.654782	DOLAN LOANED OUT TO HARTLEPOOL Bantams midfielder Matthew Dolan has returned to Hartlepool United this Thursday after joining the League 2 side on loan. Dolan, 21, has signed up with Pools until the end of December. The Hartlepool-born midfielder spent the first half of last season on loan at Victoria Park from Championship side Middlesbrough. He was recalled by 'Boro in January before spending the latter part of the campaign on loan at the Coral Windows Stadium. Dolan then signed permanently with the Bantams during the summer. He has only nine appearances for Phil Parkinson's side so far this season, however. Two of them have come from the start, both in cup ties (Morecambe - Capital One Cup and Oldham Athletic - Johnstone's Paint Trophy). In a busy afternoon for the Bantams, City were close to completing the signing of an experienced winger on loan but unfortunately the deal couldn't be finalised before Thursday's 5:00pm deadline.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15544
__label__wiki	0.766247	0.766247	Ladyville Police remove illegal firearm and ammo off the streets Belize Audubon Society hosts 49th Annual General Meeting Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System has substantially met indicators for de-listing Published by BBN Staff at May 29, 2018 Posted: Tuesday, May 29, 2018. 9:45 am CST. By BBN Staff: The Ministry of Fisheries, Forestry, the Environment and Sustainable Development and the Ministry of Natural Resources recently led a collaborative team comprising the Fisheries Department, Forest Department, Lands and Surveys Department, the Belize UNESCO Office and the World Wildlife Fund to implement a series of remedial actions to qualify the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System for de-listing from the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger. According to a release from the Government of Belize Press Office, the Ministries, and their collaborators are pleased to announce that a draft decision has been published on the World Heritage Center’s website (https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/3807) notifying that the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System has now substantially met the indicators for de-listing. The release says that in June of this year a final decision of the World Heritage Committee will be made at its 42nd meeting in Bahrain. The Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System comprises seven protected areas along the largest barrier reef in the northern hemisphere and includes atolls, several hundred sand cays, mangrove forests, coastal lagoons and estuaries. The work to de-list the Belize Barrier Reef System began many years ago and the recent success was made possible through the strategic support of the Cabinet, the Deputy Prime Minister, the Minister of Environment, the Minister of Natural Resources and the two-line Ministries. The Ministry of Fisheries, Forestry, the Environment and Sustainable Development and the Ministry of Natural Resources thank the Belize UNESCO Office, the World Wildlife Fund and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature for their support during this process. The Barrier Reef and its various attractions are one of the core foundations for Belize’s vibrant tourism industry and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996. Businessman shot in Belize City	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15546
__label__wiki	0.699186	0.699186	Published on Brennan Center for Justice (https://www.brennancenter.org) Home > Beyond ‘Citizens United’: How the Supreme Court Empowered the Very Wealthiest in Elections Beyond ‘Citizens United’: How the Supreme Court Empowered the Very Wealthiest in Elections Only ten years ago, elections weren’t fueled by secret money, but on the sixth anniversary of Citizens United, the political landscape it helped create has become clear. Douglas Keith [1], Brent Ferguson [2] Cross-posted on Medium [4] On the sixth anniversary of Citizens United, the political landscape it helped create has become clear. Million-dollar contributions fund super PACs, individuals can write $5 million checks directly to candidates and their parties, and the odds that an ordinary citizen can successfully run for office have grown longer. It may seem that the Constitution requires us to endure this dystopian campaign finance regime, but the reality is that it is the handiwork of only five Supreme Court justices — and only in the last decade. There is nothing about today’s money in politics rules that is permanent or inevitable. It’s worth considering how four widely-deplored elements of today’s campaign finance system came about in such a short time. Only ten years ago, elections weren’t fueled by secret money, and outside groups were restricted in their election spending. But when the Court first loosened [5] those restrictions in 2007’s Wisconsin Right to Life, and then eliminated them with Citizens United in 2010, outside spending surged.Making matters worse, the FEC and the IRS are either unable or unwilling to enforce regulations that would require disclosure of donors by certain outside groups. For all intents and purposes, so long as these “social welfare organizations” and trade associations don’t spend too much money on politics, they need not disclose their donors. For most of the 2000’s, these entities, known as “dark money” groups, spent practically nothing on campaigns. But in the wake of the first Court decision in 2007, organizations that do not disclose their donors spent more than $70 million. In 2012, after Citizens United, they spent more than $300 million. Already, undisclosed spending in the 2016 cycle is outpacing [6] all prior elections. Though the Court often speaks positively about the importance of disclosure, their decisions allowing for unlimited independent spending laid the groundwork for unlimited secret spending. Eight years ago, wealthy and well-connected candidates had a harder time drowning out the voice of their opponents. Under federal law at that time, if a wealthy candidate contributed more than $350,000 of their own money to their campaign, contribution limits on her opponent were raised to help make up the difference. And several states had public financing systems with similar provisions to help publicly-financed candidates remain competitive with candidates who could tap large pools of private money. But in decisions with slim majorities in 2008 [7] and 2011 [8], the Supreme Court said these laws were unfair because they somehow “penalized” the candidates with greater resources. Since the Court’s decisions, participation in public financing programs in Arizona, the subject of the 2011 ruling, and Maine, which had a similar provision, has dropped by half and a third respectively [9], and the success rate of self-funding millionaire congressional candidates hasjumped from 12 to 20 percent [9]. Super PACs, which can raise unlimited money but only spend those funds on activities that are allegedly independent of a candidate’s campaign, have become one of the most powerful vehicles for election spending. But six years ago, they didn’t even exist. That’s because there were limits on how much a donor could give a PAC, no matter how they spent their money. That all changed with Citizens United, when the Court reasoned that as long as the expenditures are independent of a candidate, there’s no risk of corruption. Only two months later, a lower court [10] followed the Supreme Court’s logic and ruled that there’s no need for contribution limits if a PAC only spends independently of a candidate. Thus, today’s super PAC was born. From 2010 to 2014, super PACs spent more than $1 billion, and more than $600 million of that came from just 195 donors and their spouses. And the failure to enforce the “independence” rule means that super PACs often function effectively as arms of candidates’ campaigns. 2014’s McCutcheon was the most recent ruling to stymie longstanding limits on election spending. Before that decision, one person couldn’t give more than $123,000 directly to all candidates and parties combined in a single election cycle. That limit prevented the wealthiest from having outsized influence, and ensured donors could not easily circumvent contribution limits by giving money to parties and candidates who could easily shuffle it between then. The Court struck it down in another 5–4 ruling [11], and today one person can give $5.1 million. The result was immediate, and striking. In the 7 months between McCutcheonand the 2014 midterm election, almost 700 donors exceeded the old limits.And that December, Congress exploited the decision by creating a handful of new political party accounts that can collect contributions of $100,000 each. Now both major parties are soliciting million-dollar contributions [12]. A decade ago, the campaign finance system was far from perfect, but ordinary citizens had a stronger voice, could more easily run for office, and were better informed about the special interests supporting each candidate. The series of 5–4 Supreme Court decisions beginning in 2007 have gutted that system. Today’s status quo is not the result of some inescapable or long-standing reading of the First Amendment. The reality is that one vote on the Court is all that stands between us and the creation of a system that values average citizens’ voices and election integrity. Money in Politics [13] A New Constitutional Vision [14] Source URL: https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/beyond-citizens-united-how-supreme-court-empowered-very-wealthiest-elections [1] https://www.brennancenter.org/expert/douglas-keith [2] https://www.brennancenter.org/expert/brent-ferguson [3] https://www.brennancenter.org/print/14974 [4] https://medium.com/@BrennanCenter/beyond-citizens-united-how-the-supreme-court-empowered-the-very-wealthiest-in-elections-7b2d32f23898#.5bcn7cgcz [5] http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/06-969.pdf [6] http://www.opensecrets.org/outsidespending/disclosure.php?range=ytd [7] http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/554/724.html [9] https://www.brennancenter.org/publication/five-four [10] https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/4B824DD5C7D7C4EF85257807005A9A46/$file/08-5223-1236837.pdf [11] http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/12-536_e1pf.pdf [12] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/political-parties-go-after-million-dollar-donors-in-wake-of-looser-rules/2015/09/19/728b43fe-5ede-11e5-8e9e-dce8a2a2a679_story.html?postshare=7231442698842350 [13] https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/money-politics [14] https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/new-constitutional-vision	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15547
__label__wiki	0.728514	0.728514	Justus of Ghent Netherlandish painter Alternative Titles: Giusto da Guanto, Jodocus, Joos van Gent, Joos van Wassenhove, Juste de Gand Justus of Ghent, Flemish Joos van Gent, Italian Giusto da Guanto, French Juste de Gand, original name Jodocus, (flourished 1460–80, Urbino?, duchy of Urbino [Italy]), Netherlandish painter who has been identified with Joos van Wassenhove, a master of the painters’ guild at Antwerp in 1460 and at Ghent in 1464. In Justus’s earliest known painting, the Crucifixion triptych (c. 1465), the attenuated, angular figures and the barren landscape articulated by short, taut curves reveal the influence of the painter Dieric Bouts. The Adoration of the Magi (c. 1466) shows the continued influence of Bouts in its figures. In 1473–74 Justus of Ghent was in Italy, where he painted the Communion of the Apostles. This is the only absolutely authenticated picture by the master. It was painted at the bidding of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, who was introduced into the picture. Although this work is unmistakably Netherlandish, it shows that Justus had begun to be influenced by the simplicity of composition and idealization of forms characteristic of the Early Renaissance style in Italy. Several of the 28 portraits of famous men that decorated the duke’s studiolo have also been definitely attributed to Justus. Uncertainty remains about the attribution of several paintings to the Spaniard Pedro Berruguete, who is believed to have worked with Justus during his tenure in Urbino from approximately 1475 to 1478. Justus of Ghent: AristotleAristotle, oil on wood panel by Justus of Ghent, c. 1475; in the Louvre Museum, Paris. © Photos.com/Jupiterimages Justus of Ghent: Saint AugustineSaint Augustine, oil on wood panel by Justus of Ghent, c. 1475; in the Louvre Museum, Paris. © Photos.com/Jupiterimages Justus brought his northern traditions to Italy and there combined them with those of the Italian school. His development was gradual, and his later works are difficult to distinguish from those of Italian masters. This article was most recently revised and updated by Naomi Blumberg, Assistant Editor. Dieric Bouts, northern Netherlandish painter who, while lacking the grace of expression and intellectual depth of his contemporaries Rogier van der Weyden and Jan van… Montefeltro Family Montefeltro Family, noble family of Urbino, a city in the Italian Marches, southeast of Florence, that rose to become a ruling dynasty and produced several outstanding political and military leaders from the 13th to the 16th century. Descendants of an older noble family, they took their name from the ancient… Pedro Berruguete Pedro Berruguete, the first great Renaissance painter in Spain and the father of Alonso Berruguete, the greatest Spanish sculptor of the 16th century.… Flemish art Flemish art, art of the 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries in Flanders and in the surrounding regions including Brabant, Hainaut, Picardy, and Artois, known for its vibrant materialism and unsurpassed technical skill. From Hubert and Jan van Eyck through Pieter Bruegel the Elder to Peter Paul… Early Netherlandish art Early Netherlandish art, sculpture, painting, architecture, and other visual arts created in the several domains that in the late 14th and 15th centuries were under the rule of the dukes of Burgundy, coincidentally counts of Flanders. As the terms “Burgundian” and “Flemish” describe only parts of… ADDITIONAL MEDIA flourished Urbino?, Italy movement / style Renaissance, (French: “Rebirth”) period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages… Steven Spielberg, American motion-picture director and producer whose diverse films—which ranged from…	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15550
__label__wiki	0.868088	0.868088	Soe Win prime minister of Myanmar Soe Win, Myanmar military leader (born 1948, Burma—died Oct. 12, 2007, Yangon [Rangoon], Myanmar [Burma]), was prime minister of Myanmar from 2004 and was associated with two bloody suppressions of the democracy movement. Soe Win was one of the commanders in charge of the violent crackdown in 1988 on a pro-democracy uprising in which some 3,000 protesters were believed to have been killed. He became a member of the ruling junta in 1997. On May 30, 2003, National League for Democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi (briefly not under house arrest) undertook a journey with her supporters out of the capital, but the convoy was brutally attacked in Dipeyin, and dozens of people were killed. Soe Win was believed to have ordered the attack, which earned him the sobriquet “the butcher of Dipeyin.” He was elevated to the position of prime minister when his predecessor, the more moderate Khin Nyunt, was purged. Myanmar: Myanmar since 1988 Soe Win.… U Maung Maung U Maung Maung, Burmese politician (born Jan. 11, 1925, Mandalay, Burma [now Myanmar]—died July 2, 1994, Yangon [Rangoon], Myanmar), was a Western-educated lawyer, judge, and government official before being named the civilian president of Burma on Aug. 19, 1988. His attempts at reform were u… U Aung Thaung U Aung Thaung, Burmese soldier and politician (born Dec. 1, 1940, Taungtha township, Mandalay region, Burma [now Myanmar]—died July 23, 2015, Singapore), was a senior member of the military junta that governed Myanmar from 1992 to 2011 and a close associate of junta leader U Than Shwe. After Aung… Win Tin Win Tin, Burmese journalist and human rights activist (born March 12, 1929/30?, Pegu, Burma [now Bego, Myanmar]—died April 21, 2014, Yangon [Rangoon], Myanmar), endured 19 years (1989–2008) of imprisonment, brutal living conditions, and torture under Myanmar’s military government. After studying… More About Soe Win 1 reference found in Britannica articles history of Myanmar In Myanmar: Myanmar since 1988 October 12, 2007 (aged 59)	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15551
__label__wiki	0.513216	0.513216	Astringent, any of a group of substances that cause the contraction or shrinkage of tissues and that dry up secretions. Astringents are usually classified into three groups according to their mode of action: (1) those that decrease the blood supply by narrowing the small blood vessels (e.g., epinephrine and cocaine), (2) those that abstract water from the tissue (e.g., glycerol and alcohol), and (3) those that coagulate the superficial tissue layers into a crust (e.g., metallic astringents, such as calamine or alum). Used in medicine to reduce swollen mucous membranes that result from inflammations of the nasal, gastrointestinal, and urinary passages, astringents are also frequently employed to dry up excessive secretions and (in this connection they are often known as styptics) to stop bleeding. Epinephrine, hormone that is secreted mainly by the medulla of the adrenal glands and that functions primarily to increase cardiac output and to raise glucose levels in the blood. Epinephrine typically is released during acute stress, and its stimulatory effects fortify and prepare an individual for either… Cocaine, white, crystalline alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca), a bush commonly found growing wild in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador and cultivated in many other countries. The chemical formula of cocaine is C17H21NO4. Cocaine acts as an anesthetic because it interrupts the conduction… Glycerol, a clear, colourless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the alcohol family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. Until 1948 all glycerol was obtained as a by-product in making soaps from animal and vegetable fats and oils, but industrial syntheses based on propylene or sugar has accounted for an increasingly… Alcohol, any of a class of organic compounds characterized by one or more hydroxyl (―OH) groups attached to a carbon atom of an alkyl group (hydrocarbon chain). Alcohols may be considered as organic derivatives of water (H2O) in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an alkyl… Calamine, either of two zinc minerals. The name has been dropped in favour of the species names hemimorphite (q.v.; hydrous zinc silicate) and smithsonite (q.v.; zinc carbonate).… Catechu Britannica Websites Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Astringent - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) Computer science, the study of computers and computing, including their theoretical and algorithmic foundations,… Petroleum, complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur in Earth in liquid, gaseous, or solid form. The… Television (TV), the electronic delivery of moving images and sound from a source to a receiver. By extending…	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15552
__label__wiki	0.665157	0.665157	Are You Somebody 1998-05-04T00:00:00-04:00https://images.c-span.org/defaults/capitol.jpgMs. O’Faolain talked about her book, Are You Somebody: The Accidental Memoir of a Dublin Woman. The book is a memoir of her life growing up as one of nine children in Dublin, Ireland, and coping with an alcoholic mother and a negligent father. Ms. O’Faolain talked about books and literature as an escape and how they have impacted her life. Mr. McCourt also participated in the discussion and discussed his upcoming book. Ms. O’Faolain talked about her book, Are You Somebody: The Accidental Memoir of a Dublin Woman. The book is a memoir of her life growing up as… read more Ms. O’Faolain talked about her book, Are You Somebody: The Accidental Memoir of a Dublin Woman. The book is a memoir of her life growing up as one of nine children in Dublin, Ireland, and coping with an alcoholic mother and a negligent father. Ms. O’Faolain talked about books and literature as an escape and how they have impacted her life. Mr. McCourt also participated in the discussion and discussed his upcoming book. close Filter by Speaker All Speakers Frank McCourt Nuala O'Faolain Frank McCourt Author Nuala O'Faolain Columnist Irish Times Barnes and Noble BooksellersBarnes and Noble Booksellers May 04, 1998 \| 12:00am EDT \| C-SPAN 2 Angela's Ashes: Speech Mr. McCourt talked about his youth in Brooklyn, New York and about his career as a writer and teacher. He also talked about… What's the Matter with Kansas? Thomas Frank spoke about his book, What’s the Matter with Kansas?, published by Metropolitan. In his book, he argues… Mr. Frank talked about his book What’s the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America, published by… Teacher Man: A Memoir Frank McCourt talked about his book Teacher Man: A Memoir, published by Scribner. In this, his third memoir, he concentrated…	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15556
__label__wiki	0.90571	0.90571	The British Journal of Surgery 80th editorial board. BJS 1993; 80: 819-820. Authors: J. R. Farndon Overseas members of the editorial board. BJS 1993; 80: 819-820. Authors: Robin Williamson Carotid endarterectomy: Confidence restored. BJS 1993; 80: 821-822. Authors: B. C. Eikelboom Recurrent varicose veins: A national problem. BJS 1993; 80: 823-824. Authors: D. Negus Infrainguinal vein graft stenosis. BJS 1993; 80: 825-833. Authors: K. Varty, K. E. Allen, P. R. F. Bell, N. J. M. London Biliary drainage in obstructive jaundice: Experimental and clinical aspects. BJS 1993; 80: 834-842. Authors: W. D. B. Clements, T. Diamond, D. C. McCrory, B. J. Rowlands Der Chirung. BJS 1993; 80: 843-844. Authors: Ch. Herfarth, Th. Lehnert Foot volumetry and duplex ultrasonography after saphenous and subfascial perforating vein ligation for recurrent venous ulceration. BJS 1993; 80: 845-848. Authors: A. W. Bradbury, P. A. Stonebridge, M. J. Callam, C. V. Ruckley, P. L. Allan Recurrent varicose veins: Correlation between preoperative clinical and hand‐held Doppler ultrasonographic examination, and anatomical findings at surgery. BJS 1993; 80: 849-851. Authors: A. W. Bradbury, P. A. Stonebridge, C. V. Ruckley, I. Beggs Vein‐patch rupture after carotid endarterectomy: An avoidable catastrophe. BJS 1993; 80: 852-853. Authors: T. G. John, A. W. Bradbury, C. V. Ruckley Intraoperative measurement of vascular graft resistance as a predictor of early outcome. BJS 1993; 80: 854-857. Authors: A. H. Davies, T. R. Magee, R. N. Baird, M. Horrocks Announcement. BJS 1993; 80: 857-857. Authors: P. L. Harris Intraoperative thrombolysis in the management of thrombosed popliteal aneurysm. BJS 1993; 80: 858-859. Authors: J. F. Thompson, J. Beard, D. J. A. Scott, J. J. Earnshaw Sutureless circumcision. BJS 1993; 80: 859-859. Authors: F. Zafar, J. N. Thompson, J. Pati, E. A. Kiely, P. D. Abel Non‐therapeutic operations for penetrating trauma: Early morbidity and mortality. BJS 1993; 80: 860-861. Authors: D. Demetriades, P. Vandenbossche, M. Ritz, D. Goodmann, J. Kowalszik Electrocautery of the upper thoracic sympathetic chain: A simplified technique. BJS 1993; 80: 862-862. Authors: G. Göthberg, G. Claes, C. Drott Screening for breast cancer detects tumours at an earlier biological stage. BJS 1993; 80: 863-865. Authors: W. J. Crisp, M. J. Higgs, W. K. Cowan, W. J. Cunliffe, J. Liston, L. G. Lunt et al. Cytodiagnosis of breast disease using a liquid suspension medium. BJS 1993; 80: 866-867. Authors: D. A. Ross, S. C. Cunningham, A. C. Vincenti, R. M. Rainsbury Use of silicone implants after wide local excision of the breast. BJS 1993; 80: 868-870. Authors: P. R. S. Thomas, H. T. Ford, J. C. Gazet Authors: J. P. S. Lumley Randomized trial of laser scalpel for modified radical mastectomy. BJS 1993; 80: 871-873. Authors: A. Wyman, K. Rogers New adjustable knot for securing subcuticular running sutures. BJS 1993; 80: 873-873. Authors: G. Di Saverio, X. De Soras, H. Guidicelli Laparoscopic removal of an adrenocortical adenoma. BJS 1993; 80: 874-874. Authors: L. Fernández‐Cruz, G. Benarroch, E. Torres, M. Martínez‐Martín, A. Sàenz Prospective randomized comparison of teres cardiopexy and Nissen fundoplication in the surgical therapy of gastrooesophageal reflux disease. BJS 1993; 80: 875-878. Authors: I. M. C. Janssen, D. J. Gouma, P. Klementschitsch, M. N. Van Der Heyde, H. Obertop Erythromycin improves emptying of the denervated stomach after oesophagectomy. BJS 1993; 80: 879-881. Authors: A. D. K. Hill, T. N. Walsh, D. Hamilton, P. Freyne, N. O'Hare, P. J. Byrne et al. Oesophagomyotomy for achalasia: A 22‐year experience. BJS 1993; 80: 882-885. Authors: F. H. Ellis Pattern and surgical treatment of gastric cancer in Singapore. BJS 1993; 80: 886-889. Authors: T. K. Ti Prognostic significance of histological type in gastric carcinoma with invasion confined to the stomach wall. BJS 1993; 80: 890-892. Authors: K. Iriyama, C. Miki, K. Ilunga, T. Osawa, T. Tsuchibashi, H. Suzuki et al. Spontaneous rupture of a normal portal vein causing severe retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal bleeding. BJS 1993; 80: 892-892. Authors: K. T. Chin, J. F. Abercrombie, A. K. Burroughs, B. S. Ashby Kinetic changes and experimental carcinogenesis after Billroth I and II gastrectomy. BJS 1993; 80: 893-896. Authors: K. Miwa, T. Kamata, I. Miyazaki, T. Hattori Intraoperative enteroscopy in Crohn’s disease. BJS 1993; 80: 897-900. Authors: K. Smedh, G. Olaison, P.‐O. Nyström, R. Sjödahl Translocation of enteric bacteri in humans. BJS 1993; 80: 901-902. Authors: S. G. Brooks, J. May, P. Sedman, I. Tring, D. Johnstone, C. J. Mitchell et al. Extended left hepatectomy: Technical aspects of an evolving procedure. BJS 1993; 80: 903-906. Authors: L. H. Blumgart, H. U. Baer, A. Czerniak, A. Zimmermann, A. R. Dennison Laparoscopic treatment of a liver hydatid cyst. BJS 1993; 80: 907-908. Authors: J. A. Lujánmompeán, P. Parrilla Paricio, R. Robles Campos, J. Garcia Ayllón Biliary stent failure after 42 years. BJS 1993; 80: 908-908. Authors: G. S. W. Whiteley, R. F. McCloy Orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatic complications of Wilson’s disease. BJS 1993; 80: 909-911. Authors: M. Rela, N. D. Heaton, V. Vougas, G. McEntee, E. Ganet, B. Farhat et al. Superselective intra‐arterial chemotherapy with mitomycin for gallbladder cancer. BJS 1993; 80: 912-915. Authors: J. T. Mäkelä, M. I. Kairaluoma Herniation at the site of cannula insertion after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. BJS 1993; 80: 915-915. Authors: J. McMillan, I. Watt Sclerotherapy of the human gallbladder using ethanol and tetracycline hydrochloride. BJS 1993; 80: 916-916. Authors: M. El‐Mufti Prophylactic use of cefuroxime in biliary tract surgery: Randomized controlled trial of single versus multiple dose in high‐risk patients. BJS 1993; 80: 917-921. Authors: W. S. Meijer, P. I. M. Schmitz Authors: D. C. Carter Randomized study of the value of laparoscopy before appendicectomy. BJS 1993; 80: 922-923. Authors: J. B. Olsen, C. J. Myrén, P. E. Haahr Authors: R. J. Baigrie Safety of double‐stapled anastomosis in low anterior resection. BJS 1993; 80: 924-927. Authors: H. P. Redmond, O. M. B. Austin, A. P. Clery, J. M. Deasy Reappraisal of radical local excision for carcinoma of the rectum. BJS 1993; 80: 928-929. Authors: M. R. Lock, J. K. Ritchie, P. R. Hawley Multicentre study of a continent colostomy plug. BJS 1993; 80: 930-932. Authors: A. Codina Cazador, M. Piñol, J. Marti Rague, J. Montane, F. M. Nogueras, J. Suñol et al. Anorectal function after preoperative intraluminal brachytherapy and colonic J pouch‐anal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma. BJS 1993; 80: 933-935. Authors: M. Kusunoki, V. Shoji, H. Yanagi, N. Kamikonya, Y. Sakanoue, Y. Hishikawa et al. Pouch–vaginal fistula. BJS 1993; 80: 936-940. Authors: J. S. Groom, R. J. Nicholls, P. R. Hawley, R. K. S. Phillips Parathyroid hormone secretion after operation for primary hyperparathyroidism. BJS 1993; 80: 941-942. The future of vascular surgery. BJS 1993; 80: 943-944. Authors: N. J. M. London, P. R. F. Bell, R. J. Cuschieri, J. Y. MacKinlay, R. N. Baird, P. L. Harris et al. Choice of agent for peripheral thrombolysis. BJS 1993; 80: 944-944. Authors: S. Andaz, D. Shields, J. J. Earnshaw Selective cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. BJS 1993; 80: 944-945. Authors: L. Basso, A. Tocchi Managing swabs in the operating theatre: A new method. BJS 1993; 80: 945-945. Authors: A. E. Kark Easy technique for cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. BJS 1993; 80: 945-945. Authors: A. D. Houghton, J. Wickham, I. McColl Adjuvant herbal treatment for gallstones. BJS 1993; 80: 945-945. Authors: J. Hoffmann, D. Raahave Autotransplantation of splenic tissue in an isolated segment of small intestine. BJS 1993; 80: 945-946. Authors: R. Pabst, J. Westermann, M. H. Shokouh‐Amiri, M. Bayat, S. Rahimi‐Saber, S. Lindkaer Jensen et al. Benign parotid cysts associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. BJS 1993; 80: 946-946. Authors: D. M. Thomas, A. G. Tanner, M. A. Birchall Ankle fracture is associated with prolonged venous dysfunction. BJS 1993; 80: 946-947. Authors: S. P. K. Payne, A. J. Thrush, N. J. M. London, W. W. Barrie, P. R. F. Bell, S. Tierney et al. Publisher’s announcement. BJS 1993; 80: 947-947. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio‐pancreatography: Technique, diagnosis and therapy. J. H. Siepel. 286 × 223 mm. Pp.426. Illustrated. 1992. New York: Raven Press. £132.95. BJS 1993; 80: 948-948. Authors: C. W. Imrie Baillière’s clinical gastroenterology – portal hypertension. R. Shields (ed.). 232 × 154 mm. Pp. 634. Illustrated. 1992. London Baillière Tindall. £27.50. BJS 1993; 80: 948-948. Authors: G. W. Johnston Colon and rectal surgery. 3rd ed. M. L. Corman (ed.). 260 × 207 mm. Pp. 1328. Illustrated. 1992. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott. £175. BJS 1993; 80: 948-948. Authors: I. G. Finlay Operative manual of endoscopic surgery. A. Cuschieri, G. Buess and J. Périssat (eds). 274 × 196 mm. Pp. 353. Illustrated. 1992. Heidelberg: Springer. DM296. BJS 1993; 80: 948-948. Authors: I. M. C. MacIntyre The impact of HIV on surgical practice. C. Wastell and J. P. S. Cochrane (eds). 238 × 170 mm. Pp. 91. Illustrated. 1992. London: Royal College of Surgeons of England. BJS 1993; 80: 949-949. Authors: A. J. W. Sim Atlas of general surgical technique. F. E. Rosato and D. J. Barbot (eds). 314 × 254 mm. Pp. 400. Illustrated. 1992. London: Gower Medical. US$187. BJS 1993; 80: 949-949. Authors: F. B. V. Keane Editors’ announcement. BJS 1993; 80: 949-949. Authors: R. C. N. Williamson, J. R. Farndon, J. A. Murie, C. D. Johnson Notices and announcement. BJS 1993; 80: 950-950.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15558
__label__wiki	0.760633	0.760633	Blogography Tag Search: Tierra del Fuego Can't find what you're looking for here? Try Google! ✖ Day Four: The End of the World Because killing an entire day in our hotel room was not an option, last night was spent Googling for things to do in Ushuaia. Four-wheeling around Patagonia seemed like a fun thing to do, but there were no available spots. Then we discovered "Tren del Fin del Mundo" (Train of the End of The World). Originally used to transport prison labor to the countryside to collect timber, it eventually became a tourist attraction that runs into Tierra del Fuego National Park. Not everybody can say they've ridden "the southernmost functioning railway in the world," so plans were made. We didn't know how many tickets would be available for the limited number of runs that the train makes, so we hired a taxi and got there plenty early. We were, as it turns out, the first ones to arrive at 8:30. You can ride the train one-way or round-trip for 800 pesos "tourist class" or 1400 pesos "First Class." We opted for the latter because the extra $30 US gets you a private compartment with drinks, a croissant sandwich, and souvenirs. Money well-spent... And when it comes to the Train of the End of the World... you're not just First Class... you're First Class As Fuck. It's engraved right there on your seat... The train itself is of the narrow-gauge variety, and looks like something you'd ride at Disneyland... While charming, in its own way, the train ride itself is not overly-spectacular. Other than bragging rights of having ridden the southmost train on the planet, it's kinda slow and boring... despite the narration that tells you about the history of the train as a prison labor transport. On the trip into the park, you do get to stop at La Macarena Station, where you can climb steps up to a small waterfall though... The main attraction along the way, if you can call it that, is the wild horses that live on the plains of the park. Apparently some of them escaped from local gauchos and started breeding, so now they're everywhere... The nice thing about us having hired a taxi instead of going on a bus tour is that our driver warned us about the train being a bit boring. So instead of riding it back to the station, we hired him to wait for us at the end and take us further into Tierra del Fuego National Park. Our first stop was "The Post Office at the End of the World" which sits on Lake Roca. Alas, it was Sunday so the office was closed... no passport stamps or postcards from the southernmost post office... but it was still nifty to look at... Our next stop was Lake Acigami, which is so cold, windswept, and choppy that you can't swim in it. All you can really do is look at it... The waves off the lake are so strong that they've carved out the area where they reach... From there we continued on Route 3 to the literal End of the Road at the End of the World... If you look at Google Maps, you'll see exactly where the road ends and The End of The World Begins. If you had the time, you could start at the end and drive all the way to the beginning in Alaska, which is 17,848 kilometers (11,090 miles) north... As you can kinda see in this satellite image, there's a wood-plank pathway that leads out to The End of the World... There is a large viewing platform where most people walked to, then turned around and walked back to the road. But if you look at the Google Maps satellite image above, you'll see that the large viewing platform is NOT the "End of the Earth"... for that you have to keep walking until you reach a smaller platform... I won't lie. The view is pretty great, even though our beautiful blue skies were starting to cloud over... I took a panorama shot of "The End of The World" with my crappy pocket camera... it's cool, but really doesn't do it justice... Click to embiggen the photo in a new window. Before heading back into town, our driver wanted us to see two things. First was a beaver dam. No beavers... just a dam that the parks service keeps around for tourists to look at. The walk to the site is quite nice... But the dam area is pretty much gutted... The last thing he wanted us to see was the tiny wild orchids that grow in the area. I'd never seen orchids grow in the wild, so that was actually interesting to me. Turns out they are almost impossible to photograph because the wind is always blowing. I gave it my best shot though, and this is as good as I was able to get... And... that was that. Back to Ushuaia we went, where we wait to be whisked away to our expedition orientation dinner. For tomorrow we set sail... Tags: Argentina, Photography, Tierra del Fuego, Travel Categories: Photography 2017, Travel 2017 — Click To It: Permalink — 3 Comments: Click To Add Yours!	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15561
__label__cc	0.669403	0.330597	Shop Amana Products All Amana Refrigerators ► All Amana Cooking ► All Amana Laundry ► All Amana Kitchen Clean-up ► All Amana Microwaves ► All Amana Freezers ► Looking for Amana at Blonder's Discount Appliance Center Inc. in Levittown, PA? Blonder's Discount Appliance Center Inc. in Levittown, PA is an authorized dealer of Amana Products. The Amana Corporation is an American brand of household appliances. It was founded in 1934 by George Foerstner as The Electrical Equipment Co. in Middle Amana, Iowa, to manufacture commercial walk-in coolers. The business was later owned by the Amana Society and became known as Amana Refrigeration, Inc. It is now owned by Whirlpool Corporation. In 1947, Amana manufactured the first upright freezer for the home, and in 1949 it added a side-by-side refrigerator/freezer. In 1950 the company was sold to a group of investors, including its founder, and became Amana Refrigeration, Inc. In 1954 it began making air conditioners. Amana was acquired in 1965 by Raytheon, which had invented the microwave oven in 1947, and introduced the commercial Radarange Model 1611 in 1954. In 1967 Amana introduced a consumer model of the Radarange, the first popular microwave designed for home use. Amana has since expanded into manufacturing a variety of other appliances, including furnaces, ovens, countertop ranges, dishwashers, and clothes washers and dryers. In 1997 the company was purchased by Goodman Global, a heating-and-cooling manufacturer who sold it to Maytag (now part of Whirlpool) in 2002. Goodman still owns Amana's air conditioners and heater division, and Amana home appliances are now owned and manufactured by Whirlpool Corporation. Amana Under Counter Wine was spun off and is now marketed under the Aficionado marquee. Amana continues to be innovative, having introduced curved fronts to its refrigerators in 2000, and in 2009 collaborating with Thom Filicia on a series of colorful designs which debuted at the International Builders' Show in Las Vegas. So if you are looking for Amana products in Levittown, Bristol, Bensalem, Langhorne, Morrisville, Yardley, Fairless Hills, Croydon, Holland, Burlington and Feasterville, or if you have any questions about Amana products, please feel free to call us at 215-943-7100 or simply stop by Blonder's Discount Appliance Center Inc. at any time and we would be glad to help you.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15562
__label__wiki	0.695997	0.695997	Lecture / Discussion \| Opening the Envelope: Kieran Murphy, Principal Historic Researcher for Taliesin Preservation Part of the Graycliff Lecture Series Wednesday, October 9, 2013, 7–9 pm Kieran Murphy, Principal Historic Researcher for Taliesin Preservation presents at the Burchfield Penney as part of the Graycliff Lecture Series. Murphy will address Taliesin’s Loggia Terrace: Experimentation and Preservation, and discuss the history of Taliesin (which Wright designed as his own residence,) the Loggia Terrace, and its relationship to terraces in other Wright designs, including that of Graycliff. Kieran Murphy is the principal historic researcher at Taliesin, the home of Frank Lloyd Wright located in Spring Green, WI. Murphy is involved in the research, preservation and interpretation of the five-building complex, and co-author of the Hillside Comprehensive Chronology. She also served as co-curator of Taliesin: the Work of a Lifetime in 2011, and created a 3-D Virtual tour of Taliesin. Murphy received her MA in Art History from the University of Wisconsin and her BA from Emerson College, In Boston, MA. Tickets: $5 for Burchfield Penney/Graycliff members; $10 general public Lecture / Discussion \| Opening the Envelope: Dale Gyure, Ph.D Charles Burchfield emerged (as President Lyndon Johnson eulogized him) as an "artist to America," due to the clear-eyed landscapes of his early watercolors to the transcendental interpretations of nature embodied in his later paintings.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15565
__label__cc	0.59234	0.40766	By FADHILI FREDRICK Briefs & Press Releases Kwale titanium mining firm donates cancer equipment to county Wednesday, September 12, 2018 14:57 Kwale County has received a major boost after Base Titanium mining company donated a cryotherapy machine worth Sh500,000 to be used in the treatment of cervical cancer. The company's Community Relations Manager Pius Kassim said following the donation, the company together with Kwale’s health department and the Ministry of Health have commenced a five day training programme for 28 nurses picked from all sub-counties in the county. He said the machine will be handed over to ensure it is party of the training programme. "The provision of the machine and the support to train the nurses in partnership with the county will go along way to improve health services for residents seeking medical attention," he said. He added that the firm's community programmes are closely aligned with the County Integrated Development Plan and will partner with the county government to ensure development priorities are met. County Nursing Officer Edward Mumbo said the equipment is geared towards improving healthcare services in the county. “We are grateful for the donation as this will help the residents of Kwale diagnosed with cervical cancer to access treatment and fight the disease, leading to better health outcomes," he said.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15569
__label__wiki	0.616544	0.616544	Billionaires like Bill Gates give away tons of money, and this study reveals why Shivam Saini Jul. 14, 2015, 2:01 PM Bertrand Guay/AFP/Getty Images Bill Gates boasts a net worth of $78.9 billion. Microsoft's co-founder also has a 66,000-square-foot lakeside house in Washington state — complete with a pool that has its own underwater music system. But the richest man in the world says he has no use for money beyond a certain point. And he means it. Gates has already donated $28 billion since 2007 to eradicate deadly diseases around the world. He also hopes to double investment in renewable technology in the next five years. He's not alone. Once the super rich have made their billions, they often start trying to save the world. So what could possibly be driving some of these most powerful people on Earth to make the world a better place for future generations? A new study, led by University of Michigan's Leigh Plunkett Tost, suggests that, contrary to popular belief, power doesn't corrupt — it makes you more generous. "Previous research focusing on the relationship between contemporaries found that having power tends to cause people to act in more self-interested ways," co-author and Duke associate professor Kimberly Wade-Benzoni said in a press release. "We add the dimension of time, and we find in contrast that power leads people to act more generously toward future generations." The researchers reached those conclusions through a series of experiments. In the first experiment, 222 participants were randomly assigned high-power and low-power status with the help of a writing task. The former were required to recall a situation in which they had power over others; the latter wrote about an episode in which they lacked power. Just when the subjects thought their job was over, they were presented with an opportunity to enter a lottery as a reward and donate their winnings to a food charity program in two ways: they could either give away their money to feed the poor immediately or contribute towards long-term structural reform in the food supply system. The results were startling. Those who held more power over others were more likely to choose future reform over immediate relief to fix the hunger problem. In a similar experiment, 465 people could choose between keeping a $1,000 bonus for themselves now or a larger amount a year later. Alternatively, they were free to give the money to another person now or a larger amount to someone later. Those who had more power were found to be more likely to part with the bonus for future use. Of course, these experiments can't account for lifelong behaviors, but they do suggest that the responsibility to shape the future compels the power holder to think long-term. But what purpose will the findings serve outside the lab? "Organizations seeking to ensure that decision makers consider the long-term impact of their decisions should consider highlighting that those with decision-making authority have the power to shape not only their own current performance, but also the performance and outcomes of the generations to come," Wade-Benzoni said. In other words, those in positions of power would make better future-friendly decisions if organizations invoked a sense of responsibility towards younger generations. And if Gates' example is anything to go by, Wade-Benzoni might have a point. SEE ALSO: This Washington museum has been turned into a gigantic ball pit, and the pictures are unbelievable SEE ALSO: Bill Gates just described his biggest fear — and it could kill 33 million people in less than a year NOW WATCH: 5 scientifically proven ways to make someone fall in love with you More: Strategy Business Politics Innovation	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15571
__label__wiki	0.983087	0.983087	Home Life PlayStation 4... PlayStation 4 owners can now download full games, including PS2 titles, from the PlayStation Now streaming service — just like the Xbox Game Pass Kevin Webb, Business Insider US PlayStation Now launched in 2015 as a way to stream PS3 games on the PlayStation 4. Sony will now allow PlayStation Now subscribers to download dozens of full PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 2 games for offline play. Previously, the $20 per month PlayStation Now service only streamed games to users, requiring a constant internet connection to play. The change makes PlayStation Now a direct competitor to Microsoft’s Xbox Game Pass subscription service, which allows players to download a large library of Xbox titles on both Xbox consoles and Windows computers. Starting September 20th, PlayStation Now subscribers will have the option to download full PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 2 games to their console for offline play, giving them access to a huge library and a more enjoyable playing experience. Prior to the announcement, players were limited to streaming games from the PlayStation Now library, which required a constant internet connection. Because of the bandwidth required to stream games, image quality is less consistent than when installed, and the controls can be slightly delayed. Saving PS Now titles to their home console will give players the ability to purchase additional downloadable content and add-ons, expanding playtime on individual games. If a player started playing a game using the streaming service, they can transfer their save, download the title for offline play, and continue where they left off without having to log back into the PlayStation Network. PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 4 titles are now available for download. Playstation Now/Sony PlayStation Now has undergone a number of significant changes since it firsts entered open beta in 2014. The service was once available on the PlayStation 3, Vita, and even some Sony and Samsung televisions, but has since been limited to just PlayStation 4 and Windows. PlayStation Now normally offers streaming to 12 countries at $19.99 per month, but new subscribers can join for one month at $9.99 or three months at $44.99. PlayStation Plus subscribers can get three months of PlayStation Now for $30. A full year subscription costs $99.99. The ability to download full titles with PlayStation Now gives Sony an analogue to Microsoft’s Xbox Game Pass service, which launched earlier this summer for Windows and Xbox consoles. Game Pass owners can download as many games as they want to their computer and Xbox with no limits so long as their subscription is live. The Game Pass is $9.99 a month and offers a library of more than 100 Xbox games for download. PlayStation Now hosts more than 650 titles for streaming, but the number of downloadable titles is closer to the size of the Game Pass library. Most importantly, PlayStation Now’s option for full downloads gives PlayStation 4 owners a low-cost option to access dozens of games without having to compromise their playing experience. Game Subscription	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15572
__label__cc	0.524565	0.475435	Home Finance Renault’... Renault’s stunning electric supercar was just named concept car of the year — here’s a closer look Cadie Thompson, Business Insider US Renault’s all-electric supercar, dubbed the Trezor, was named the 2016 Concept Car of the Year on Thursday at the Geneva Motor Show. The award is sponsored by the trade publication Car Design News, but the winner is chosen by a panel of 20 judges, which includes some of the top car designers in the industry. This year judges came from Hyundai, Nissan, Daimler, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. The vehicle, which was originally unveiled in September at the Paris Motor Show, is purely a concept vehicle for now. However, the company said it will inspire design elements in future Renault vehicles. Here’s a closer look at the impressive supercar. The Trezor is powered by two batteries, one located at the front and one at the rear. This helps give the vehicle equal weight distribution. Each battery also has its own cooling system. The hexagonal vents on the hood are part of that cooling system. They move up and down as air circulates to give the impression that the car is breathing. On the left-hand side of the body, there’s an analogue gauge that indicates the vehicle’s charge level. Trezor’s electric motor has maximum power of 260 kW or 350 horsepower. With that kind of power, it can go from 0 to 62 mph in less than four seconds. The canopy doors of the vehicle lift so that you have to climb into the vehicle. Not exactly practical, but it looks pretty cool. The supercar isn’t completely impractical, though. In fact, there’s a storage compartment in the front so you can stow your luggage. The interior of the Trezor showcases how the company sees the inside of its vehicles evolving. The dashboard, which is made out of red wood, has an L-shaped touchscreen display where you’ll find controls and can access content. When you get inside the vehicle, the car will ask you to place your phone in a special slot underneath the armrest. It will then sync with the vehicle to personalize settings and welcome you. Trezor has three driving modes: neutral, sport, and autonomous. Once autonomous mode is engaged, the logos on the rear and side of the vehicle light up so that others on the road know the car is in self-driving mode. The steering wheel also expands when in autonomous mode, allowing for the driver to view the panoramic screen on the dashboard. Renault aims to have an autonomous system ready by 2020. The company says the tech, which will allow drivers to go hands-free and eye-free, will be available for mainstream vehicles at an affordable price.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15573
__label__cc	0.721464	0.278536	RSS \| UNSUBSCRIBE BusinessLawBlog.ca is edited by Dan Parlow and Neil Kornfeld, QC. Many of the blog's authors are members of the Canadian business law firm Kornfeld LLP, based in Vancouver, Canada and member of the International Alliance of Law Firms. Shafik Bhalloo (bio) Shane Coblin (bio) Dan Hepburn (bio) Douglas Hyndman (bio) Carol Kerfoot (bio) Neil Kornfeld, QC (bio) Jordan Langlois (bio) Lana Li (bio) Devin Lucas (bio) James McRae (bio) Dan Parlow (bio) Alisha Parmar (bio) Herb Silber, Q.C. (bio) Susan Smith (guest author) (bio) Robert Ward (guest author) (bio) Association of Family Enterprises BC Securities Commission BOMA BC Institute of Corporate Directors Employment Standards Branch Sauder Family Business School Business Acquisitions & Divestitures (7) Financial Transactions (5) Litigation and ADR (39) Real Estate Law (14) Kornfeld Litigator Ranked in Benchmark Litigation Canada 2019 Guide Role of the Appointee of a Party in a Three Person Arbitration Panel How interventionist can or should a mediator be? (Part 1) Avoiding Double Gifts Under the New Wills Law Mediation: Stumbling Blocks to Overcome Posts Tagged ‘contract’ Limiting Common Law Notice in Employment Contracts Tuesday, August 6th, 2013 Posted by Shafik Bhalloo (posts) Shafik Bhalloo Shafik Bhalloo has been a partner of Kornfeld LLP since 2000. His practice is focused on labour and employment law, and on commercial and civil litigation. He is also an Adjudicator on the Employment Standards Tribunal and an Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Business Administration at Simon Fraser University. By Shafik Bhalloo and Devin Lucas It is settled law in Canada that an employer may displace an employee’s right under the common law to reasonable notice of termination by contracting to a lesser notice or severance entitlement. However, the notice or severance period must meet the statutory notice requirements outlined in the applicable provincial employment standards legislation; otherwise it will be of no effect. In British Columbia for instance, Section 4 of the Employment Standards Act provides that the requirements of the Act are minimum requirements and any agreement to waive those requirements has no effect In Machtinger v. HOJ Industries Ltd.[1], where the employer had contracted to give its employees notice or severance below the minimum provided in the Ontario Employment Standards Act, the Supreme Court of Canada declared the provision null and void for all purposes and held that the provision could not be used to interpret the parties’ intentions with respect to notice entitlement upon termination. The Court then went on to conclude that the employees were entitled to reasonable notice because the presumption of reasonable notice was not rebutted. In so concluding, the Court reasoned that such a conclusion was consistent with the legislative intent of the Act which expressly preserved the civil remedies otherwise available to an employee against his or her employer and provided employers an incentive to comply with the minimum statutory provisions of the Act. Not only must the notice provision comply with the minimum applicable employment standards legislation, it must be drafted carefully if the employer is to successfully limit the common law notice. In British Columbia, in McLennan v. Apollo Forest Products Ltd.[2], the province’s Supreme Court considered a wrongful dismissal action brought by Marvin McLennan, a former “bin chaser” at a sawmill. Part of Mr. McLennan’s employment contract was contained in an employee handbook. The handbook contained the following termination provision: The terms and conditions of employment at Apollo Forest Products Ltd. are in accordance with the Employment Standards Act and other legislation of the Province of British Columbia governing the Employer/Employee relationship in the workplace. Upon being dismissed, Mr. McLennan brought a wrongful dismissal action against his employer arguing that he was entitled to common law severance pay. In response, the employer argued that the two weeks’ pay that was provided as severance pay pursuant to the Employment Standards Act[3] was adequate. The B.C. Supreme Court held that the express provisions of the contract did not restrict the notice to the minimum set out in the Employment Standards Act; therefore, making it necessary and appropriate for the Court to determine the reasonable notice period to which the employee was entitled at common law. McLennan provides support for the proposition that an employment contract, which incorporates provisions of employment standards legislation by reference, will not be sufficient to provide the clarity of intention required to rebut the presumption that reasonable notice in accordance with the common law applies. In order to do so, the contract would have to go further and clearly limit the reasonable notice period to the applicable statutory legislation. Recommendations for Employers It is recommended that employers, when attempting to limit common law notice or severance, do not violate the minimum provincial employment standards legislation. Where the employer is trying to limit the notice to the minimum in the employment standards legislation, it is recommended that the employer draft the limiting clause in very clear and unambiguous terms limiting to such statutory notice or payment in lieu of notice. [1] [1992] 1 S.C.R. 986 [2] 1993 CarswellBC 1250. [3] R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 113. Tags: common law, contract, employee, employment, employment relationship, employment stadards act, Interpretation of Contracts, notice, termination of employment Posted by Shafik Bhalloo (posts) \| Filed under Labour & Employment \| .... Reinstatement: The quintessential “make whole” remedy or a fiction? Monday, September 10th, 2012 Posted by Shafik Bhalloo (posts) By Shafik Bhalloo* Like the mythical sasquatch, the Loch Ness monster, or the abominable snowman, most of us have heard of it and some of us have read about it, but never have we seen the remedy of reinstatement in section 79(2)(b) of the Employment Standards Act (the “Act”) actually occur. Section 79(2)(b) provides: (2) In addition to subsection (1), if satisfied that an employer has contravened a requirement of section 8 or 83 or Part 6, the director may require the employer to do one or more of the following: (b) reinstate a person in employment and pay the person any wages lost because of the contravention Colloquially described as a “make whole” remedy, section 79(2)(b) gives the Director of Employment Standards (the “Director”) the discretion to order an employer to reinstate an employee and pay he or she any lost wages, if the employer has contravened one or more of sections 8 (employment-related misrepresentations to the employee), 83 (termination of employment in retaliation for an employee’s enforcement or an inquiry as to his rights under the Act), or Part 6 of the Act (refusal to allow an employee to return to work following a statutorily mandated pregnancy leave[1], parental leave, family responsibility leave, compassionate care leave, reservists’ leave, bereavement leave or jury duty). While reinstatement is not a remedy that is ordinarily available at common law, it is more commonly sought and awarded in a union context, where an employee grieves an unjust dismissal. This remedy, undoubtedly a powerful one if awarded, enables the employee to make up not only their past wage loss and to continue to receive the economic benefits of their employment in the future, but also restores any psychological benefits they derive from their job. Therefore, the transference of the remedy of reinstatement from the union experience to the non-union sector in British Columbia, in the form of a statutory remedy under section 79(2)(b) of the Act, at first glance should be a welcome option for employees in the non-union sector as providing a comparable remedy to reinstatement available to their counterparts in the union sector. However, in practice, in British Columbia, the statutory remedy of reinstatement has yet to make an appearance in an award by the Director or the Employment Standards Tribunal (the “Tribunal”), although dismissed employees have sought it in several cases. Partly, the absence of this remedy may be attributed to the limited circumstances in which it may be available or can be sought in the non-union sector in British Columbia, namely, it may only arise if the Director is satisfied that one or more of sections 8, 83 and Part 6 of the Act[2] were breached (limitations that do not exist in the union sector). It may also be that in some cases it is impossible or impractical to order reinstatement of the wrongfully discharged employee who otherwise satisfies one or more pre-requisites of the reinstatement remedy in section 79(2)(b) of the Act. Examples of this would include circumstances where the employer ceases operations[3] or the employee has secured alternate employment[4] after filing a complaint or left B.C., and not expressed any interest in being reinstated to their former position[5]. In such cases, there is an alternative “make whole” remedy that can be found under section 79(2)(c) of the Act, i.e. to pay a person compensation instead of reinstating the person’s employment – which the Director has been relatively more willing to award. The Tribunal in Afaga Beauty Service Ltd.[6] delineated a list of non exclusive factors in determining appropriate compensation for loss of employment which included: “length of service with the employer, the time needed to find alternative employment, mitigation, other earnings during the unemployment, projected earnings from previous employment and the like.” While clearly not as extensive and as fulsome a remedy as reinstatement under section 79(2)(b) of the Act, the remedy under section 79(2)(c) seeks, as far as is economically possible, to return the employee to the position he or she would have been in had the employer’s misconduct not occurred. As described by the tribunal in Photogenis Digital Imaging Ltd./PDI Internet Café Incorporated[7], the compensation awarded under this section “must be commensurate, in an economic sense, with reinstatement”. Having said this, in my view, the apparent reticence of the Director in declining to grant the remedy of reinstatement cannot be fully attributed to the rationale offered earlier or the existence of the alternative to the remedy of reinstatement available in section 79(2)(c). If one refers to the Director’s online Interpretation Guidlines Manual (the “Guidlines”) for the Act, published on the website of the Employment Standards Branch[8], the following explanation in relation to the reinstatement remedy in section 79(2)(b) is offered: Reinstatement is rarely appropriate as the relationship is usually too damaged for reinstatement to be successful. Therefore, to create a “make whole” solution to a contravention of these provisions, the director considers the following wages lost; which may include wages from previous employer or due to missing another employment opportunity recovery of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses caused by the contravention and the search for employment. Out-of-pocket expenses does not include the cost of obtaining legal advice, or of retaining legal counsel. It would appear that the Director has a somewhat somber perspective on the reinstatement remedy in the Guidelines that favours the alternative in section 79(2)(c)-lost wages sans reinstatement. Admittedly, it is hard to refute that in most, if not all cases, where an employer has dismissed an employee the relationship between the parties is, at some level, bruised or fractured and there is undoubtedly a loss of trust and confidence between the parties and reluctance, whether large or small, by the employer to take the employee back even where a determination has been made that the employee was dismissed under harsh, unjust or unreasonable circumstances, contrary to one or more of sections 8, 83 or Part 6 of the Act. In the cases considered in preparing for this article, it was difficult to find any one case that stood out as a clear example of a “relationship… too damaged for reinstatement” in contradistinction to the “ordinary” case of a bruised relationship between an employee and their employer who terminated their employment in contravention of the Act. In a few cases the Tribunal delineated the Director’s reasons for the determination in greater detail offering more insight into why the Director decided against reinstatement such as in Photogenis Digital Imaging Ltd./PDI Internet Café Incorporated[9] where the Tribunal pointed out that the principal of the employer was “angry” or “accusatory” towards the two employees who filed complaints against the employer and berated one of them before terminating the employment of both as a retaliatory measure. However in most other cases the Tribunal simply reports, with little or no explanation, that the Director concluded the “relationship had broken down”[10] or the “employer did not want the employee”[11] or “reinstatement of the employee was not appropriate in this case”[12], and in two cases stating that the Director could have made the employee whole by way of a reinstatement order coupled with an order to recover lost wages[13] but instead ordered compensation in lieu of reinstatement. The lack of sufficient explanation why the reinstatement remedy was not awarded in most cases may very well be because the Tribunal did not find any real analysis or explanation for why the Director opted against the reinstatement remedy in the reasons for the determinations under appeal. In the writer’s view, to deny the reinstatement remedy (where the employee wants it and has otherwise met the requirements of section 79(2)(b)) only because the employer is reluctant to take back the employee, or does not want the employee, or because there are some bruised feelings between the parties will only serve to reinforce the conclusion that the reinstatement remedy is a fiction and detract from any deterrent value the remedy may have with employers, who otherwise might be inclined to dismiss employees in contravention of the Act (particularly in circumstances contemplated in section 79(2)(b)). Surely the legislators in enacting this very powerful remedy must have envisaged that it would have “teeth.” Having said this, it would be irresponsible to end this paper without mentioning two empirical studies by academicians on how the remedy of reinstatement has fared in the non-union sector. While not suggesting by any means that either of the studies, methodologically or otherwise, should be uncritically accepted, the findings in both are interesting and contribute to one’s understanding of what could make reinstatement, in the non-union sector, a more attractive remedy. The first is a study of the post-reinstatement experience of non-union federal workers in Quebec conducted in circa 1991 by Professor Trudeau[14] of the Faculty of Law at the Université de Montréal. In his study, Professor Trudeau reported that a survey of non-union employees reinstated under the federal Canada Labour Code (the “Code”) revealed that only 54 percent of the employees returned to work; 67 percent of those believed they were “unjustly” treated by their employer after returning to work; and approximately 38 percent had thereafter resigned from their employment at the time of the study. Professor Trudeau hypothesized that the apparent ineffectiveness of the reinstatement remedy in the non-union sector was due to the lack of union presence to monitor and oversee the employer’s conduct and protect the reinstated employee from harassment and discrimination. Professor Eden[15] of the School of Public Administration at the University of Victoria conducted a subsequent empirical study to assess the effectiveness of reinstatement of non-union employees under the Code from the perspective of the employer. In her study, written questionnaires were sent to employers whose cases had been decided by an adjudicator under the Code and reinstatement was ordered. Out of 106 awards between January 1, 1983 and December 31, 1991, she received responses from 37 employers (or about 35 percent). She summarized the responses of the employers as follows: In summary, out of 37 employer respondents, just over one-half indicated that complainants either did not return to work (12 respondents) or were reemployed for less than three months (7). Of those who returned to work (25), 14 respondents rated reinstatement unsuccessful. Only seven evaluated as successful. Thus, overall, the remedy of reinstatement appears to have been effective in only 30 percent of the cases. Professor Eden concluded that her study supported Professor Trudeau’s conclusion that the remedy of reinstatement “has not fulfilled its promise in the non-union sector.” She also concludes, “(t)he presence of a union may be a key variable in the effectiveness of reinstatement as a remedy.” If, in British Columbia, the Director at all shares the concerns articulated in the conclusions of Professors Trudeau and Eden, and if those concerns are factors influencing him from refraining from employing the reinstatement remedy in section 79(2)(b), then perhaps a statutory presumption in favour of reinstatement in the Act, combined with an enforcement or monitoring mechanism may serve as an equalizer or substitute for the missing watchful eyes of a union in the non-union sector. In this regard, the constructive comments of Professor Eden below are apt and I would argue her recommendations equally apply in context of the reinstatement remedy in the Act: In the absence of a union, workers ordered reinstated to the workplace would have to be provided with greater support. To some degree, this may be achieved through a follow-up mechanism directed by the governmental agency that administers the statute. For example, the same inspector who tried to resolve the dispute between the parties prior to adjudication could contact the complainant after issuance of the adjudicator’s order to ensure employer compliance with the reinstatement order. Failure to comply on the part of the employer would result in this agency, not the complainant, initiating the procedure for enforcing the remedy… Having an enforcement mechanism such as that suggested by Professor Eden to monitor and oversee the compliance of the reinstatement remedy after it is given will only add to its effectiveness as a remedy and perhaps bring it out of obscurity in British Columbia in the non-union sector. [1] In the case of pregnancy and other leaves permitted under Part 6 of the Act, section 54 of the Act additionally imposes on the employer specific duties not to terminate the employee’s employment and to return her to her position at the end of the leave: 54. (1) An employer must give an employee who requests leave under this Part the leave to which the employee is entitled. (2) An employer must not, because of an employee’s pregnancy or a leave allowed by this Part, (a) terminate employment, or (b) change a condition of employment without the employee’s written consent. (3) As soon as the leave ends, the employer must place the employee (a) in the position the employee held before taking leave under this Part, or (b) in a comparable position. [2] Re Irina Berezoutskaia, BC EST #D082/08; Jim Pattison Chev-old, A division of Jim Pattison Industries Ltd., BC EST #D643/01; Re Allan Pope, BC EST #D007/05 [3] Wang Wei-Ming also known as Wendy Wang carrying on business as Ming Spa, BC EST #D012/11 [4] VCS Hytek Air-Conditioning Inc., BC EST #D201/98; The Cash Store Inc., BC EST #D087/09 [5] Afaga Beauty Service Ltd., BC EST #D318/97 [6] Ibid.,, p. 5; W.G. McMahon Canada Ltd., BC EST #D386/99 [7] BC EST #D534/02 [8] http://www.labour.gov.bc.ca/esb/igm/esa-part-10/igm-esa-s-79.htm [9] Supra, footnote 7, p. 7. [10] Quigg Development Corporation, BC EST #RD047/08 Reconsideration of BC EST #D014/08; Rose Miller, Notary Public, BC EST #D062/07 [11] In The Cash Store Inc.[11], supra, footnote 4, it is noteworthy that the Tribunal, in upholding the lost wage award of the Director made to the employee whose employment was terminated for requesting a family responsibility leave pursuant to section 52 of the Act, observed that the Director dismissed reinstatement as a viable remedy not simply because the employee had secured an alternative employment but also because the employer “did not want her back”. [12] Skyline Estates Ltd. doing business as “Traveller’s Inn”, BC EST #D210/03; Maltesen Masonry Ltd., BC EST #D070/10 [13] Rite Style Manufacturing Ltd. and M.D.F. Doors Ltd., BC EST #D105/05; Orr Hotel limited and Golden Tree Lumber Inc, Associated Companies pursuant to Section 95 of the Employment Standards Act, operating as Dominion Hotel and Lamplighter Pub, BC EST #D094/01 [14] G. Trudeau, “Is Reinstatement a Suitable Remedy to At-Will Employees?” (1991), 30 Ind. Re. 302 [15] G. Eden, Reinstatement in the Nonunion Sector: An empirical Analysis” (1994), 49 Ind. Re. 87 Tags: contract, dismissal, employment contract, employment law, labour, reinstatement, wrongful dismissal Posted by Shafik Bhalloo (posts) \| Filed under Labour & Employment, Other \| .... Employment Contracts: Key Issues for Employers to Consider* Wednesday, July 4th, 2012 Posted by Shafik Bhalloo (posts) Importance of Employment Contracts The importance of having a written and executed employment contract is invaluable for both the employer and the employee as it provides a written account of the agreement between the parties and affords the parties a clearer understanding of their duties, responsibilities and obligations to each other in their employment relationship. Employment contracts may be created through a verbal agreement or implied by the behaviour and conduct of the parties[1]. More often than not, employers will enter into a verbal agreement with their employees based on a handshake. Absent a written employment agreement, if a conflict arises between the parties particularly with respect to the terms of their agreement, the situation can very fast turn into the employer’s word against the employee’s. In such case, there is a real risk that the employer may be saddled with an obligation it never meant to undertake. Therefore, having a written contract of employment setting out clearly the essential terms of the agreement between the parties will go a long ways to curtail the possibility of a dispute between the parties later in their relationship. Key Clauses in contracts There are a number of key clauses that should be included in an employment contract. However, it should be noted that this discussion is not exhaustive and the requirements for different industries may vary. It is suggested that employment contracts at minimum contain the following key terms: (a) Parties – although it may appear to be obvious, it is critical to identify the correct parties to the contract. For example, if an employee is technically an employee of a subsidiary versus the parent company, this information needs to be correctly reflected in the employment contract. The parent may not want to unwittingly take on an obligation to the employee, although much will depend on how the relationship of the employee plays out with the parent company and the degree of the relationship between the parent and subsidiary companies in practice as there is, at common law, the doctrine of common employer that allows the court to treat different entities as one employer for the purpose of attributing to liability for damages flowing from such actions as wrongful dismissal[2]. (b) Term– the duration of the relationship between the parties should be worded to reflect the agreement between the parties. We caution employers from using a specific end date unless both parties are clear that the employee will be engaged for a fixed term. If the parties agree on a fixed term and an employee ends up working for the employer beyond the end date of such term the courts will determine that the employee was intended to be a permanent employee. In the event that the courts make this type of determination, the limits on the employer’s obligations contained in the employment contact may be nullified. For example, in terms of termination notice, the employer in such case may be held responsible to provide the employee reasonable notice of termination or pay in lieu of such notice. (c) Hours and location– the employment contract should specify whether the employer is expecting the employee to devote full working time and attention to the business affairs of the employer. For greater clarity, the employer may want to specify in the contract the number of hours an employee shall be required to work each week and the location of work. In some industries and in some positions, the hours of work the employee will be required to work may be irregular or vary. The contract should specify this so that there is no misunderstanding on the part of the employee (d) Title and Job Description – the employment contract should include the employee’s title and a description of an employee’s duties; however, this description should include some flexibility in the language to allow for additional duties to be assigned and to avoid the possibility of a constructive dismissal claim.[3] (e) Compensation and Benefits – the employment contract should specify the employee’s remuneration. More particularly, the contract should delineate the employee’s gross annual salary and how it will be paid-for example, in equal bi-monthly or semi-monthly instalments. If there is any bonus plan and the terms of that plan, whether there are any milestones that need to be achieved to earn the bonus and if the employee must be employed at the time the bonus is payable and such other requirements for earning a bonus. (f) The contract should also specify any benefit plans such as health and welfare benefits the employer may be providing directly or arranging through a third-party or outside provider. The contract should specify if there is any obligation on the employee’s part to pay any premiums for any benefit plans and if there is any eligibility requirements such as a waiting period before the employee is eligible for the benefits. If any benefits are provided by an outside third-party then the employer may want to make sure to state in the contract that the employee’s rights under these benefit plans shall be determined entirely by the terms and conditions of the plans and the employee shall have no independent rights as against the employer in connection with the said benefits. This may prevent the employee who is denied coverage or had their claim for benefits denied by the third-party provider to pursue the employer for their losses. (g) Probation period – if the employer has no previous experience with the employee and wants to make sure that the employee is suitable for the position, the employer may want to include in the employment contract a probation term. Probation term is essentially a trial period during which the employer will assess and evaluate the employee to determine if she is suitable for long-term employment with the organization. (h) Vacation – the amount of vacation time that an employee shall receive should be included in their employment contact. (i) Expenses – if an employee should receive reimbursement for their expenses, the contract should set out what sorts of expenses are reimbursable and the process the employee is required to follow (submit receipts within a set period) to obtain reimbursement. (j) Manuals or Policies – if the employer has a policy or procedures manual that they wish the employee to follow, the manual should be incorporated by reference into the employment contract. The employer should provide such manual to the employee as soon as they are hired. The employer should also provide the employee with any updates to the manual within a reasonable period of time. (k) Confidentiality – if the employee has access to confidential information in connection with the employer’s business, the employment contract should contain express terms regarding how the employee will treat such information so that the employer’s confidential information is not at a risk of being misused or getting in the wrong hands or disclosed to competitors. (l) Post employment restrictive covenants – if an employer is concerned that the employee may leave the employer and compete with the employer or solicit business in competition with the employer from the employer’s customers, the employer may consider including in the employment contract properly drafted post employment restrictive covenants. Two common types of restrictive covenants in employment agreements are non-competition and non-solicitation covenants. A non-competition covenant is intended to prohibit a departing employee from competing with her former employer and a non-solicitation covenant prohibits the departing employee from actively soliciting her former employer’s clients. The latter is narrower in scope and more likely to be upheld. Having said this, it is important to note that if any restrictive covenant goes beyond what is reasonably required to protect the employer’s proprietary interests-client relationships, confidential pricing information, client lists, and such-the courts will not enforce the clause. It is important that the employer discuss with their legal counsel what proprietary interest they need to protect so that counsel may best advise on the type of post employment restrictive covenant to include in the contract. (m) Termination – it imperative that an employment contract sets out the termination provision for an employee and particularly the amount of notice that an employee is entitled to receive if they are terminated without cause. Under no circumstances should the termination clause violate the notice provisions of the provincial Employment Standards Act, otherwise such a clause will be unenforceable and the employer may be exposed to a greater notice or severance requirement at common law-reasonable notice. It is also important to note that if the employer wants to curtail its notice obligations to the minimum provided in the provincial Employment Standards Act, the employment contract should contain clear language expressing that intent otherwise the employer will be at risk to provide reasonable notice to the employee where the employer is dismissing the employee without cause. If the employer wants to avoid disruption to its business when the employee decides to quit, the employer may want to include in the employment contract a notice requirement or obligation on the employee. For instance, if the contract provides that the employee must give 30 days notice of termination of her employment, the employer may have sufficient time to hire her replacement and not suffer any disruption in its business as a result of the departing employee. (n) Termination – it imperative that an employment contract sets out the termination provision for an employee and particularly the amount of notice that an employee is entitled to receive if they are terminated without cause. Under no circumstances should the termination clause violate the notice provisions of the provincial Employment Standards Act, otherwise such a clause will be unenforceable and the employer may be exposed to a greater notice or severance requirement at common law-reasonable notice. It is also important to note that if the employer wants to curtail its notice obligations to the minimum provided in the provincial Employment Standards Act, the employment contract should contain clear language expressing that intent otherwise the employer will be at risk to provide reasonable notice to the employee where the employer is dismissing the employee without cause. (o) Entire agreement – employers should consider including a statement that the employment contract constitutes the entire of the agreement between the parties. The purpose for including this clause is to ensure that there are no outside discussions imported into the employment relationship. Drafting Errors The use of plain language in drafting any type of commercial contract is recommended, and it is especially important in the context of employment contracts where there is, in many cases, a significant imbalance in the sophistication levels between the parties with the employers having the upper hand. Having said this, it is critical that both parties understand the terms of the employment contract. There is often confusion and errors made by employers in connection the use of ambiguous language. Drafting errors can lead to significant consequences for employers because the courts will often favour the position of the employee versus the employer due to the power dynamic between the parties. Therefore, both employment lawyers and employers need to mindful of what they are trying to convey in their employment contracts. Recommendations / Conclusion Beyond having a binding a legal agreement in place between the parties, an employment contract carefully drafted by an employment lawyer should provide both parties with a point of reference that clearly set out each party’s obligations for the term of the contract. In the event that the parties have not entered into a written employment contract, the Canadian courts acknowledge that they will often look to the intent of the parties to import the rights and obligations that they view as appropriate in the context of an employment relationship. [4] As a result, in the absence of an employment contract, an employer may potentially end up having more obligations to an employee than either party intended. Therefore, it is advisable that employers take the time and expend the necessary resources prior to an employee joining their team and thus reduce or curtail the possibility of later litigation. The costs of litigation will always outweigh the costs of having an employment contract prepared. * The author thanks Sarah Sidhu for all her assistance in co-authoring this paper. [1] Canada Square Corp. v. VS Services Ltd., [1981] O.J. No. 3125, 34 O.R. (2d) 250 at 260 – 61 (Ont. C.A.). [2] In Sinclair v. Dover Engineering Services Ltd., 1987, CanLII 2692, the BC Supreme Court, in determining who was the employer of the employee in context of a wrongful dismissal action where one company hired him and another, a holding company, paid his salary, stated: As long as there exists a sufficient degree of relationship between the different legal entities who apparently compete for the role of employer, there is no reason in law or in equity why they ought not all to be regarded as one for the purpose of determining liability for obligations owed to those employees who, in effect, have served all without regard for any precise notion of to whom they were bound in contract. What will constitute a sufficient degree of relationship will depend, in each case, on the details of such relationship, including such factors as individual shareholdings, corporate shareholdings and interlocking directorships. The essence of that relationship will be the element of common control. [3] Faber v. Royal Trust Co., 145 D.L.R. (4th) 1 [1997] 1 S.C.R. 846 [4] [2001] O.J. No. 1574, 8 C.C.E.L. (3d) 204 at 210 (Ont. C.A.), leave to appeal refused [2001] S.C.C.A No. 339 (S.C.C.) Tags: contract, employment, employment contracts, non-compete, non-solicit, parties, remuneration, termination Interpreting ambiguity in commercial contracts Monday, August 22nd, 2011 Posted by Shafik Bhalloo (posts) and Gareth Carline (posts) Gareth Carline The importance of careful and accurate drafting of business contracts cannot be stressed enough. However, as careful as a party may be in drafting the contract and as clear as the contractual terms may appear to the parties at the time they are signing the contract, at some point during the operation of the contract, there may arise a dispute between the parties as to the meaning of an ambiguous term in the contract-a term that is open to more than one meaning. What is the court to do in such case? The British Columbia Court of Appeal, in a quartet of cases – Grace Residences Ltd. v. Whitewater Concrete Ltd.[1]; Group Eight Investments Ltd. v. Taddei[2], Chuddy v. Merchant Law Group[3], and Gilchrist v. Western Star Trucks Inc.[4]– has delineated instructive principles of contractual interpretation. These principles may be summarized as follows: 1. The words of the agreement are the starting point and the most significant tool for interpretation.[5] 2. The Court must interpret the words objectively, referring to the plain and ordinary meaning, unless it would lead to an absurdity.[6] 3. The proper “plain and ordinary” meaning must take into consideration the contract as a whole, the intention of the parties expressed within the contract, and the circumstances at the time the contract was entered into[7]; 4. The Court’s will assume that each particular word was selected for a purpose and may reject an interpretation that renders a provision ineffective[8]. 5. Only if the plain and ordinary meaning of the words still results in an ambiguity such that there remain two plausible interpretations, the Court may consider extrinsic evidence regarding the intention of the parties[9]. 6. If extrinsic evidence is relied upon, the Court should interpret the words in a manner consistent with sound commercial principles and good business sense and avoid any commercially absurd meaning[10]. Following these guidelines will assist in avoiding pitfalls when drafting and, if a dispute does arise, in understanding how a Court may decide. [1] 2009 BCCA 144 [2] 2005 BCCA 489, 57 B.C.L.R. (4th) 278 [3] 2008 BCCA 484, 300 D.L.R. (4th) 56 [4] 2000 BCCA 70 [5] Gilchrist, supra, paragraph 17 [6] Grace Residences Ltd, supra, paragraph 23-25, Group of Eight Investments Ltd., supra, paragraph 20 [7] Chuddy, supra, paragraph 207, Grace Residences Ltd., supra, paragraph 23-25 [9] Chuddy, supra, paragraph 207 [10] Chuddy, supra, paragraph 207, Group of Eight Investments Ltd., supra, paragraph 21 Tags: contract, interpretation, Interpretation of Contracts, statutory interpretation Posted by Shafik Bhalloo (posts) and Gareth Carline (posts) \| Filed under Other \| .... Copyright © 2010 Business Law Blog. Disclaimer & Terms of Use.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15574
__label__wiki	0.66555	0.66555	The Hidden Health Crisis of the Opioid Epidemic CHLPI Blog, Health Law & Policy, News - December 7, 2017 Originally published by Reuters on December 7, 2017. Written by Robert Greenwald, faculty director of the Center for Health Law and Policy Innovation of Harvard Law School and Ryan Clary, executive director of the National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable. The American epidemic of opioid abuse is finally getting the attention it warrants. While policy solutions continue to be inadequate, the decision by President Trump to declare a national opioid emergency has helped to increase discussion about the problem and how the country can solve it. But the conversation also needs to address a dangerous—and largely ignored—interconnected public health crisis wreaking havoc among young Americans. The problem is that more Americans than ever are injecting opioids and inadvertently infecting themselves with hepatitis C. Shared needles mean shared blood-borne infections—and that’s how the opioid crisis has created a new generation of hepatitis C patients. The number of reported hepatitis C infections nearly tripled from 2010 to 2015, with the virus is spreading at an unprecedented rate among young people under 30—who are now, for the first time, the most at-risk population for contracting and transmitting hepatitis C. In the United States, an estimated 3.5 million people, and likely more, are currently living with hepatitis C. The virus kills nearly 20,000 Americans each year—more than HIV and all other infectious diseases combined. Hepatitis C attacks the liver, causing cirrhosis—or scarring of the liver—and leads to severe liver damage, liver cancer and liver failure. The virus is the leading cause of liver cancer—the fastest-growing cause of cancer mortality in the U.S., which kills twice as many Americans now than it did in the 1980s. Driven by young people who inject drugs, new cases of liver disease have nearly tripled nationwide in just a few years. Fortunately, we now have an unprecedented chance to eliminate the virus. More and more treatments are available that provide cure rates of over 95 percent, without the debilitating side-effects of older and far less effective hepatitis C therapies. These newer treatments, known as direct-acting antivirals, eliminate the hepatitis C virus from the body, stopping the virus’ attack on the liver and preventing the patient from infecting others. While some of these treatments made national headlines for their initial $1,000-a-pill sticker prices, that time has passed. Due to increased competition as new treatment options have entered the market over the last three years, the cost of a cure has dropped dramatically. The price will decrease even further as additional alternative cures are approved. For too many Americans, however, barriers to getting cured remain. While access has increased significantly for the more than 216 million Americans with private insurance and the 53 million who have Medicare, state Medicaid programs are a different story. The more than 70 million low-income Americans covered by Medicaid, including low-income adults, children, pregnant women, seniors, and people with disabilities, continue to face severely limited access to cures for hepatitis C. Negotiated discounts to Medicaid are proprietary and confidential, but we know that the price to Medicaid for leading hepatitis C medications is now in the $20,000-$30,000 range—far less than the cost of treating the liver damage and cancer caused by hepatitis C. Each year, hepatitis C-positive patients average more than five times the hospitalizations and more than three times the number of emergency room visits as patients without the virus. Hepatitis C is also the underlying cause of approximately 30 percent of all liver transplants performed in the U.S. — an operation which costs an estimated $577,000 and thousands more to maintain ongoing health. But it’s not just about the cost-effectiveness of the cure. Medicaid is America’s safety-net health care program for low-income individuals, and it is required by law to provide access to medically necessary treatments. As an entitlement program, there is no such thing as a waiting list or set budget in Medicaid. The program is specifically designed to shrink and expand to respond to public health needs, disease outbreaks and treatment advances. It’s time that all state Medicaid programs start treating hepatitis C as the public health threat that it is, but that’s not what is happening in most states. In our new report, Hepatitis C: State of Medicaid Access, we graded all 50 state Medicaid programs, as well as the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, according to access to hepatitis C cures. More than half of Medicaid programs received a “D” or an “F” for withholding a cure based on restrictions related to liver disease progression, sobriety requirements, and limitations on who can prescribe the treatments. All of these restrictions contradict established treatment recommendationsfrom the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and Infectious Disease Society of America. They also run afoul of guidance from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, which states clearly that some states are limiting access to hepatitis C treatment in violation of federal Medicaid law. The guidance to states puts Medicaid programs on notice that they must comply with the requirement to provide medically necessary treatments, and this obligation has been confirmed by U.S. Federal District Court decisions. Not only are these restrictions imprudent from a public health, cost-savings, and moral perspective, but they are medically unfounded. A growing body of research shows that drug-users can be cured just as easily as people who don’t use drugs—and that curing the virus in substance users can lead to low re-infection rates. Current restrictions do nothing but needlessly jeopardize the health and wellbeing of hepatitis C patients and the general public. With opioid addiction at an all-time high, there is no justification for prohibiting drug users—the population most likely to spread this highly communicable disease—from accessing a cure. States that are still rationing a cure based on outdated cost concerns and imaginary medical concerns are not only allowing the hepatitis C epidemic to spread, they’re exacerbating the lasting aftermath of the opioid crisis. It’s time for them to look at the bigger picture. ← The State of Food Innovation: Food Waste and Recovery in Boston Massachusetts Food is Medicine State Plan Planning Council Serves Up Official Launch to Expand Nutrition Interventions for Vulnerable Populations Across the Commonwealth →	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15578
__label__wiki	0.568005	0.568005	Gregg Braden & Dr Bruce Lipton Thriving through Evolutionary Chaos A Primer for Navigating the Emerging Civilization sharing the stage for 1 day only in Melbourne Sunday 13th January 2013 9.30 am - 5.30pm Arthur Streeton Auditorium Level 1 - Sofitel Melbourne on Collins , 25 Collins Street Melbourne (click here for map) Buy Tickets for Sun 13 Jan A paradigm-shattering synthesis of frontier science and wisdom traditions of the past, reveal that the planet is in the midst of an amazing evolutionary event. Civilization as we know it is about to end … and a new one is about to begin. Experience the unique collaboration of visionary scientists and bestselling authors Gregg Braden and Bruce H. Lipton as they present new science that take us beyond economic collapse, climate change, over population and religious extremes to reveal that such chaos is a natural step in an unfolding process, rather than the tragic end to a broken planet. To help navigate this turbulent period in our planet’s history, Gregg and Bruce offer information, inspiration and an invitation to participate in the greatest adventure in human history—conscious evolution! Through an understanding of how consciousness and programming interface our genes and behavior, we are empowered to evolve from passive victims to responsible co-creators. This dynamic multimedia lecture provides a bold and hopeful vision of the next “holistic” stage of human civilization—and how each of us can fully participate as co-creators of the world to come. The marrying of new frontier science with ancient wisdom raises our collective consciousness and will enable civilization to thrive into the future. Please Note: A Special Concert will be offered after the workshop with Martha Reich Braden and Gregg Braden. The concert is free if you attend the workshop with Gregg and Bruce, if not, you will need to purchase tickets here. About Gregg Braden New York Times best selling author Gregg Braden is internationally renowned as a pioneer in bridging science and spirituality. Following a successful career as a Computer Geologist for Phillips Petroleum during the 1970’s energy crisis, he worked as a Senior Computer Systems Designer with Martin Marietta Defense Systems during the last years of the Cold War. In 1991 he became The First Technical Operations Manager for Cisco Systems where he led the development of the global support team that insures the reliability of today’s internet. For more than 25 years Gregg has searched high mountain villages, remote monasteries, and forgotten texts to uncover their timeless secrets. His work is now featured on the History Channel, the Discovery Channel, The Sci Fi Channel, ABC and NBC. To date, Gregg’s discoveries have led to such paradigm-shattering books as: The Isaiah Effect, The God Code, The Divine Matrix, and Fractal Time which debuted in 2009 at #5 on the New York Times bestseller list just 2 weeks after its release! His newest, Deep Truth: Igniting the Origin of Our Origin, History, Destiny and Fate was released in October of 2011. Today Gregg’s work is published in 38 languages and 33 countries and shows us beyond any reasonable doubt that the key to our future lies in the wisdom of our past. About Bruce Lipton Bruce H. Lipton, Ph.D., cell biologist and lecturer, is an internationally recognized leader in bridging science and spirit. Bruce was on the faculty of the University of Wisconsin’s School of Medicine and later performed groundbreaking stem cell research at Stanford University. He is the bestselling author of The Biology of Belief and the more recent Spontaneous Evolution, co-authored with Steve Bhaerman. Bruce received the 2009 prestigious Goi Peace Award (Japan) in honor of his scientific contribution to world harmony	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15579
__label__wiki	0.801952	0.801952	Former Mason retirement home worker charged with rape A man accused of raping a woman in a Mason retirement facility back in 2000 is scheduled to appear in Mason Municipal Court on Friday. Former Mason retirement home worker charged with rape A man accused of raping a woman in a Mason retirement facility back in 2000 is scheduled to appear in Mason Municipal Court on Friday. Check out this story on cincinnati.com: https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2019/03/08/former-mason-retirement-home-worker-charged-rape/3102363002/ Sheila Vilvens, Cincinnati Enquirer Published 10:48 a.m. ET March 8, 2019 \| Updated 11:14 a.m. ET March 8, 2019 Michael W. Schneider, (Photo: Warren County Jail) A man accused of raping a woman in a Mason retirement facility in 2000 is scheduled to appear in Mason Municipal Court on Friday. Michael W. Schneider, 55, of Union Township Clermont County is in the Warren County Jail on a $100,000 cash bond. Records show he was booked Feb. 27 on one count of rape. According to Mason Police records, the department was contacted in February by an FBI agent about a potential rape at the Cedar Village Retirement Community in July of 2000. Schneider was confirmed to have worked at the retirement community at that time, according to police. Mason police records describe the offense as rape of a person with mental or physical disability. The Jewish Home of Cincinnati Chair Gary Blachman released the following statement regarding the allegation made against the former Cedar Village employee: "We are shocked and horrified by the allegations associated with Michael Schneider’s arrest. The Jewish Home of Cincinnati owned Cedar Village until 2018 and our top priority was always to protect and care for our residents. If these allegations are found to be true, Schneider violated our commitment and our trust. We will do everything we can to provide the new owners and law enforcement with any information they need." CarDon & Associates took over operations at Cedar Village in 2018, according to a statement from Chief Operating Officer Gregg Gormal. In the statement, Gormal indicated that Schneider was employed at Cedar Village between 1999 and 2000 and that they are cooperating with law enforcement in the investigation. Stay in the know on local news: Subscribe for unlimited access to Cincinnati.com. Read or Share this story: https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2019/03/08/former-mason-retirement-home-worker-charged-rape/3102363002/ Report: Cammy Dierking to leave Local 12 Student about ex-teacher: 'I am completely in love with this woman' Popular OTR chicken eatery opening 2nd location in the 'burbs 'She was Cincinnati's redeemer:' Civil rights icon Marian Spencer dies at age 99 1 dead, 3 shot in 4 hours across Cincinnati County to taxpayers: Records on Bengals deal are for official eyes only	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15580
__label__wiki	0.911426	0.911426	Madeira’s Cedillo caps career with state title Nick Cedillo closed like a madman to win a Division II state championship in 800 meters Madeira’s Cedillo caps career with state title Nick Cedillo closed like a madman to win a Division II state championship in 800 meters Check out this story on cincinnati.com: http://cin.ci/1sYMC1x Adam Baum, abaum@enquirer.com Published 11:50 a.m. ET June 5, 2016 \| Updated 11:54 a.m. ET June 5, 2016 Madeira’s Nick Cedillo takes the top spot on the podium after winning the 800 meters in Division II on June 4 at Ohio State’s Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium.(Photo: Adam Baum/Community Press)Buy Photo MADEIRA - The story of Nick Cedillo is really a story of speed. Unbridled, unadulterated and unforgiving speed. Fans fortunate enough to be present at Ohio State’s Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium on June 4 witnessed that speed. In his third straight trip to the state track and field meet, Cedillo closed the last 200 meters like a thoroughbred chasing down the Triple Crown to win a Division II state championship in 800 meters with a time of 1:53.38. Cedillo completed the comeback, which forced the fans in attendance onto their feet, and edged Grand Valley’s Noah Glavickas by less than four-tenths of a second. “I was having to come to grips with not winning, seeing how far ahead he was,” said Cedillo, who made it onto the podium each of the last three seasons at state. “Then I was like, ‘Last race ever. I just gotta go until I couldn’t run anymore.’ I couldn’t believe it when I caught up and passed him; couldn’t ask for it to end any better.” According to Madeira coach Natalie Dragovich, Cedillo is Madeira’s first state champion since Lauren Dehan in 2008. “With about 300 (meters) left, somebody was yelling at me, one of my friend’s dads, saying, ‘You need to start going.’ I looked up and he was really far ahead,” Cedillo said. “So I started to accelerate, then at about 200 I looked and still wasn’t getting any closer. I was like, ‘Alright, can’t save it anymore, gotta put everything you have into it.’ From that point on I went as hard as I possibly could.” Standing beside him, one might be surprised to learn that the 5-foot-9, 155-pounder packs such an absolute speed. “For the boys I would say he’s the best runner I’ve come across and coached, talent-wise,” said Dragovich, who’s now in her 11th season. Watching Cedillo run, Dragovich said, “It’s unique, you look at his physique and you would not think that he can run as fast as he does. He has that drive and that helps him be as fast as he is.” Cedillo, who will not run in college, concluded, “Going as hard as you can is the best you can ask for. It just happened to be enough today. This was my last race. It gave me that much more incentive to give everything. Last 200 meters of my life; can’t believe it ended the way it did.” Dragovich said, “I’ll miss his competitiveness, his spirit. He’s just a fun kid, always happy, always pleasant to be around.” Cedillo said there’s a lot he’s going to miss about competing, especially at Madeira. In addition to his coaches, his friends and his teammates, Cedillo said, “I’m always gonna miss winning.” Reds offense goes quiet, lose on walk-off hit Eugenio Suárez takes the FSO mic after HR Price on F-bombs: 'I never listened to it' Doc: July 24 is when we'll know about the Reds How a neighborhood walk inspired the new FC Cincinnati stadium A good sign for the Reds: Puig is on a hot streak	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15581
__label__wiki	0.720563	0.720563	Historical Facts, Landmarks & Sites Clarksburg, West Virginia Flag The flag of the city of Clarksburg as shown, was officially adopted by the resolution of the city council in April, 1923, following a city-wide contest. As to the description and meaning of the flag: The bright red, five pointed star, symbolizes the City of Clarksburg, composed of five former towns. White bars, extending diagonally, corner to corner, across a bright blue field, represent two intersecting state highways that serve the city. The bars radiating to the four corners of the flag, are likewise symbolic of Clarksburg products distributed to the four corners of the earth. A further symbolism denotes the star of hope, with the sky as the limit. The colors red, white, and blue, suggest the national flag, as allegiance to the city of Clarksburg implies greater allegiance to the nation. They also imply that patriotism begins at home. The blue is a lighter than that in the federal flag as the skies seem brightest in West Virginia. Historical Facts Historical Landmarks & Sites	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15584
__label__wiki	0.619884	0.619884	Ikea to bring new store concept to U.S. BY Marianne Wilson December 3, 2018 Ikea is finally dropping anchor in the Big Apple — but not with its typical format. Ikea will open its first-ever city-focused location in the United States next spring, in Manhattan. The store, called Ikea Planning Studio, will feature smart solutions for urban living and small spaces. It is designed to give customers the opportunity to discover, select and order Ikea products for delivery to their home. Ikea opened its first store under the Planning Studio banner in October, in London. The shop, which specializes in kitchens and bedroom furniture, displays just a tiny portion of Ikea’s range of goods, all of which can be ordered online. It offers shoppers one-on-one advice with store staff. Nothing is available for take home the same day. The new, scaled-down format reflects Ikea’s ongoing transformation and commitment to urban areas as it looks to be more accessible and convenient for all customers, regardless of where they live. The company recently announced plans to develop 30 locations in city centers during the next three years. “We recognize that we are in a rapidly changing retail environment, and to be fit for long-term growth, Ikea is transforming in a way that lets us meet our customers where they are,” said Lars Petersson, country manager, Ikea retail U.S. “New York City is the natural choice to open the first city center store – the most vibrant, dynamic city in the US, and the epicenter of retail, business, and culture.” The Manhattan store will open as Ikea U.S. has been making significant investments to enhance its e-commerce experience and service offerings, including click & collect, financing and TaskRabbit furniture assembly services. Also, in January 2018, Ikea began rolling out a new, lower-priced shipping and delivery option starting at $29. Customers can purchase all that they want – the charge is the same regardless of weight and size. Ikea shutting down its U.S. factory Retailers ask Supreme Court for clarity in ADA website claims Ferrandino & Son acquires Enterprise Signs Ferrandino & Son has expanded its services with the acquisition of a full-service sign company. GameStop partners to develop new store concepts and in-store experiences GameStop is doubling down on brick-and-mortar. Publix expanding its organic and natural foods store format A new GreenWise Market is coming to Tampa. At Home has big plans for California At Home Group has hit a store milestone as it continues to expand its store portfolio across the country. First Look: Starbucks unveils express store format Starbucks is trying out a new store model in one of its most important markets.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15585
__label__wiki	0.807574	0.807574	The Cheltenham Gold Cup The Cheltenham Festival is one of the most exciting days in the National Hunt calendar. Through a combination of prestigious races during the week through to the Irish invasion that takes place every year, anyone who knows anything about horse racing looks forward to the Festival from the moment the clock strikes twelve to usher in the new year. We’ve looked at the three big races that take place over the preceding three days, but now we’re going to explore the big one. As you’ll know if you’ve had a look at our pages on the Champion Hurdle, the Queen Mother Champion Chase and the Stayers’ Hurdle, the Cheltenham Festival is full of races that deserve respect. None of them seize the imagination in the same way as the Gold Cup, however. Along with the Grand National, it is one of the most thrilling and prestigious jump races in the world of horse racing. Here’s a look at all of the important things you need to know about the Grade 1 race called the Gold Cup and how it’s changed over the years. Race Facts Winner / Purse The Cheltenham Gold Cup 22 3m, 2f, 70y £351,688 / £625,000 Grade 1 There’s a reason that the Gold Cup is seen as a real challenge for the best horses in the business. It is a relentless, challenging race that lasts for over 5,331 metres or three miles and two and a half furlongs. The distance alone would be hard work, but what makes it particularly challenging are the jumps, of which there are twenty-two to be completed. This obviously isn’t a race for young, inexperienced horses. For that reason it’s open to five-year-olds and older with a weight of eleven stone eight pounds or eleven stone ten pounds for horses that are older than six. There’s a seven pound allowance for mares. The left-handed race is run on the New Course and has been ever since 1959, as we mentioned earlier. 100 Guineas was the prize given to Spectre when he won the flat race on Cleeve Hill way back in 1819. Sufficed to say that has changed a wee bit over the years. When it was re-inaugurated, if you will, in 1924 as a jump-race it had grown to become £685. From there it has shot-up year on year and by 2019 and had £625,000 in the pot, making it Britain and Ireland’s most valuable non-handicap chase. Race Trivia Excluding two years during the Second World War when it the meeting was cancelled in its entirety, the Gold Cup has been called off three times since its re-invention as a jump race in 1924. The first time this happened was when there was a severe frost in 1931. The second time was due to terrible flooding six years later, and the third time was when foot-and-mouth disease spread throughout the United Kingdom and it was decided that it would be wise to call off the Festival completely. When the Cheltenham Festival was abandoned because of that foot-and-mouth outbreak in 1924 ir was decided that a replacement set of races would be held at Sandown instead. The Gold Cup equivalent, named the 'Gold Trophy Chase', was won by Marlborough. Unsurprisingly, it didn’t receive the respect that the Gold Cup garners. There was something unique about Linwell, the winner of the trophy in 1957. He had been trained by man named Ivor Herbert. 'What’s unique about that?', you may well ask. Well Herbert was actually not allowed to hold a trainer’s licence owing to the fact that he was also a journalist. Controversy reigned at the 1980 running of the Gold Cup. Tied Cottage won the race and punters that had backed him celebrated all over the land, only to have their celebrations curtailed when he was disqualified for testing positive for a banned substance in the aftermath of the race. When Golden Miller won the Gold Cup for the first time in 1932 he was just five years old. That was somewhat appropriate, considering that Red Splash was also five when he won the first ever Gold Cup jump race in 1924. The only other horse to win the trophy at such a young age was Patron Saint, who did so in 1928. The oldest age at which a horse has picked up the small but significant trophy is twelve. That has happened twice, with Silver Fame achieving it in 1951 and What A Myth doing so in in 1969. No horse over the age of nine has won it since ten-year-old Cool Dawn did in 1998. Willie Mullins finally won the Gold Cup in 2019 with Al Boum Photo, completing the set for the trainer that has saddled more Cheltenham Festival winners than anyone else. Prior to this he had come second in the blue riband race no less than 6 times. Cheltenham Gold Cup History Anyone with a good knowledge about the history of the Cheltenham Festival will know that the Gold Cup in its current format isn’t the race that used to bear that name. In actual fact, a flat race by the name of the Gold Cup took place on Cleeve Hill, close to the current venue, in July of 1819. It was a three mile race that was won by a horse named Spectre; a somewhat appropriate name considering that the word means 'ghost' or 'phantom' and the flat race version of the Gold Cup is nothing more than a memory nowadays. It’s strange to think of the Gold Cup in its current format as being something of an 'also ran', but that’s essentially what it was when it was run for the first time as a jump race on the 12th of March in 1924. It took place on the Old Course, though at the time it was simply the racecourse, obviously. The winner was given £685 in prize winnings, but that was nothing compared to the £1000 that was awarded to the winner of the County Handicap Hurdle. There was also a race known as the National Hunt Chase that was seen as the most prestigious event to take place on Cheltenham Racecourse at the time. It wasn’t until 1959 that the Gold Cup moved over to the New Course and started to take on the importance that it holds today. From that moment on it grew in importance and prestige, eventually gaining a commercial sponsor when Piper Champagne took on the honour in 1972. In 1980 sponsorship of the race was taken over by The Tote and it continued its sponsorship until The Tote was bought out by Betfred in 2011. In 2014 the bookmakers themselves began to sponsor the race, but the following year the Jockey Club and Arena Racing introduced a rule that said a betting company could only sponsor a race on one of its tracks if they also contributed to the racing community from their offshore businesses, something that Betfred didn’t do. Consequently Timico then sponsored it and have more recently been taken over by cider brand Magners. Different companies may have sponsored it over the years but that information will have largely passed the average punter by. To the majority of people it is simply 'the Gold Cup' and to an extent that is a large part of the reason it’s remained so popular. Some races change their names and the way they’re run, but the Gold Cup has stayed reliably identifiable. Add to that the fact that the name contains a precious metal and you get the sense that people from all over the world associate with the romance and excitement of imagining what it would mean to win it. No wonder the most famous owners, trainers and jockeys in horse racing take the event so seriously. Cheltenham Gold Cup Famous Winners You may well be wondering what happened between 1924, when the race was run in its jumping format for the first time, and 1959 when it was moved over to the New Course. It’s entirely fair of you to ask and the answer also provides some of the reasoning for why the Gold Cup became the world famous event that it did. For no matter what a race is called or where it is held, it needs to do something special to capture the imagination of the race-going crowd. Step forward Golden Miller. There was a fear that the race might lose people’s interest before it had really even grabbed it when it was abandoned due to frost in 1931. In 1932 the race went ahead ok and was won by the aforementioned Golden Miller. That wouldn’t be enough to grab the attention in and of itself, but Golden Miller also won the Gold Cup the following year. And the year after that. And the year after that. And the year after that. Golden Miller won the Gold Cup five years in a row, something that has not been repeated since. It may even have won it in 1937 had that year’s racing not been abandoned due to flooding. The Gold Cup was again cancelled in both 1943 and 1944, though on those occasions it was nothing to do with the weather. Instead the continuation of the Second World War meant that it was decided that it would be unwise and unsafe to run the event. Another remarkable feat was achieved from 1948 to 1950 when the Gold Cup was won on three consecutive years by a horse named Cottage Rake. Incidentally, Cottage Rake’s victory is believed to have been the catalyst for the immense interest in the race that the Irish public have, given that the horse was trained by Vincent O’Brien over on the Emerald Isle. Of all the horses that have won the Gold Cup on multiple occasions it’s unlikely that any have taken the public’s heart in the way that Arkle did. Between 1964 and 1966 he won three back-to-back Gold Cups and was such a favourite that by the time he ran in the race in 1966 his starting price was 1/10. To this day he remains the shortest odds winner ever to triumph in the big race on the Festival’s final day. Arkle was given a Timeform rating of 212, which remains the best score ever given to a steeplechaser. Other horses have repeated Arkle’s trick of winning three consecutive races. the most recent was Best Mate, who won all three meetings in the years that followed the cancellation of the Festival in 2001 because of the foot-and-mouth outbreak. A feat that could perhaps be described as equally impressive was achieved by Kauto Star in the same decade. Having won the Gold Cup in 2007 he was beaten in the 2008 outing, failing to defend his title. He bounced back in 2009, however, becoming the first horse in Gold Cup history to regain the trophy. Whether or not that’s as impressive as Dawn Run’s achievement in 1986, when she became the only horse to win both the Champion Hurdle and the Gold Cup is a matter of opinion. Another moment of note in Cheltenham Gold Cup history occurred in 1983. Silver Buck was out to defend his title, coming out of the Harewood stables under his trainer Michael Dickinson. He was under par, as was his stablemate Wayward Lad, but Dickinson, the son of trainers Monica and Tony, felt some pressure to race them anyway. Combs Ditch was also in the race for trainer David Elsworth, so the Dickonson’s needed every edge they could get. It made a difference, with his horse Bregawn, ridden by Graham Bradley, winning the race. That was impressive enough considering the level of horses in the race, but what really made 1983 stand out was the fact that Captain John, Wayward Lad, Silver Buck and Ashley House were the first five horses in the race and they were all trained by Dickinson. CBO Rating 10/10 A long race on an unforgiving course and with 22 jumps to get over, it’s little wonder that the Gold Cup is considered to be one of the toughest steeplechases in the world. A suitable way to round of one of British and Irish racings most fascinating meetings. Cheltenham Betting Champion Day St Patrick's Thursday Gold Cup Day 1:30 JCB Triumph Hurdle 2:10 County Handicap Hurdle 2:50 Spa Novices' Hurdle 3:30 The Cheltenham Gold Cup 4:10 Foxhunter Challenge Cup 4:50 Johnny Henderson Grand Annual Chase 5:30 Martin Pipe Conditional Jockeys' Handicap The April Meeting The Showcase Meeting November Meeting (Open) The International Meeting Festival Trials Day About National Hunt Racing Age, Sex and Weight in Horse Racing Ante-Post Betting Best Odds Guaranteed British vs Irish at Cheltenham Cheltenham Festival Best Odds Guaranteed Ante-Post Cheltenham Festival History Cheltenham Festival Quiz Cheltenham Festival vs Grand National Cheltenham Racecourse During The War Cheltenham Racecourse History Disqualification, Non-Runners and Rule 4 Faller Insurance Free Bets For Winners Grades and Classes How To Bet On Horse Racing How to Read a Race Card Jump Racing Distances Live In Play Betting Lucky Bets News Stats and Blog Features Non-Runner No Bet Tote and Totepool Why Is The Cheltenham Festival So Big? Levy Shortfall Means Horse Racing Prize Money Likely To Fall Cheltenham Festival 2019 Review Gold Cup Day 2019 Betting Tips and Race Preview - Cheltenham Festival Day 4 St Patrick's Day 2019 Betting Tips and Race Preview - Cheltenham Festival Day 3 Cheltenham Festival 2019 New Safety Measures For Horses and Jockeys © 2016-2019 CheltenhamBettingOffers.com \| 18+ Gamble Aware \| Privacy & Cookie Policy	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15588
__label__cc	0.685599	0.314401	4 Android e-reader apps: The latest word in reading Creating an e-book: Tips on formatting and converting your document Publish an Ebook, Step by Step Review: Microsoft Office 365 vs. Google Apps Self-publishing e-books: How to get started It's not difficult to put out your own e-publication, but there are several decisions to sort through first. By Johanna Ambrosio Managing Editor, Technologies, Computerworld \| PT Self-published e-books are all the rage. Authors are finding it much easier and much quicker to get their stories in front of a wide audience when they do it themselves, versus waiting to find an agent or traditional publisher willing to take them on. There's also an advantage in having control over where your book is sold, what it looks like and other issues that a traditional publisher usually has the final say on. According to Bowker, the bibliographic information management company that hands out the ISBN tracking codes used to track books created and sold in the United States, some 40% of books published in 2012 were self-published e-books, versus just 11% in 2007. Overall, e-books made up around 20% of books sold in the total trade category -- which includes fiction and nonfiction for adults -- in 2012. [ Related: Google Keep cheat sheet ] But even considering all that, the decision to self-publish our 10-year labor of love --- Charcoal for Lunch, a guide for teens living with a parent who has a major mental illness -- was not an easy one for me and my co-author, Lynn T. Kerner. After all, to many writers, a book still isn't real unless it sports a cover and is blessed by a known publisher. But we got over it. The tools are here, the Web can help readers discover our book, e-readers and tablets are tailor-made for book freaks, our targeted audience of teens and young adults is certainly made up of online readers -- and here we all are. We're at the beginning of our journey with self-publishing, but have learned a few things that could prove useful to businesses and individuals who are thinking of taking the same route. Note that, like any other field affected by technology, the e-publishing world is moving and changing quickly -- so what was true a year ago isn't necessarily the case today. If your book-in-the-making won't be ready for some time, make sure you check the e-publishing landscape before you decide how to share your masterpiece with the world. So you've embraced the decision to self-publish. Now what? Which format(s)? Most writers create their manuscripts with word processing packages such as Microsoft Word or Apple Pages, or sometimes output them as text files. But those formats won't work as an e-book. In fact, for your book to achieve any measure of success (eyeballs, downloads and/or revenue), it will need to be available in at least a few of the most popular e-formats: Kindle Format 8 (KF8) for Amazon's Kindle Fire, AZW (based on MOBI) for older Kindles and ePub for most others, including Apple devices, Barnes & Noble's Nook and most Android e-reading apps. Apple also supports the proprietary iBook format. Depending on your target audience, you may need to translate your content to other formats, too, particularly if you want to succeed in overseas markets. Wikipedia offers a good rundown of the various formats, with a helpful table at the bottom of the page comparing whether each format supports images, sound, digital rights management and other features. For your book to achieve any measure of success, it will need to be available in at least a few of the most popular e-formats. But what about PDFs? PDFs are accepted by many e-sellers, of course, and they are very convenient for authors to produce using any of a number of software apps from a wide range of devices and platforms, including Windows PCs and Macs. But the problem with using a PDF to submit directly to an e-seller is that invisible codes can result in a book that does not look as you intended it to. Booknook, a conversion house that formats books for the Kindle, offers an example of a Word file that was then output as a PDF. It looks great initially. But when that same PDF file was uploaded to the Amazon Kindle publishing site, every single line becomes its own paragraph because of the hidden "¶" code at the end of each line. In fact, because of the formatting issues with PDFs, Booknook charges extra for converting PDFs (versus the cost of native DOC files, for example). As my co-author and I are finding out, formatting the book correctly is the most important step, to both ensure the book will be accepted into the e-stores we choose to sell it on and so the book looks the way we want it to. The major online booksellers have various guidelines to help with this; Amazon in particular offers loads of help for getting your book into a format it will accept. There are lots of other tools to help with this, too, from Apple's free iBooks Author and Adobe's not-so-free Digital Publishing Suite (which starts at $395 or $50/month for the single edition) to your favorite HTML editor. But, as even Amazon warns, your mileage may vary. Converting JPGs and GIFs and even bulleted sidebars or boxes into several different, incompatible formats is not necessarily simple, especially for untrained individuals. Text may run over in one format but not another, photos or illustrations might look muddied in yet another. There's a ton of checking and re-checking, formatting and reformatting, needed to get this right. Of course, if you don't have the time, talent or inclination to format it yourself, there is an alternative. Rather than futz with multiple formats and get a giant, multi-person headache, my co-author and I decided the formatting step would be a good thing to outsource. Yeah, we could have figured it out; we just didn't want to. We both have full-time jobs, among other commitments. Aggregator or formatter -- or both? Companies that specialize in e-publishing fall into two major camps: aggregators and formatters. Formatters will accept your content as a document or text file -- or pretty much anything reasonable -- and translate it into one or multiple e-formats, depending on what you're willing to pay. They do the hard work for you; that's the whole point. Not all will accept PDF files, and those that do will charge extra for the additional work the conversion entails, as explained above. Photos and illustrations are okay, of course; most companies will accept up to a certain number of JPGs, GIFs, etc., as part of the basic fee and then charge extra for anything over that number. (That goes for the number of pages, too; the maximums vary by company.) For their part, aggregators will take a manuscript you have already formatted (or that you've paid a formatter to do) and submit it to multiple e-stores (Apple, Amazon, etc.) on your behalf. They then get a percentage of your royalties; this is on top of any percentage that the bookseller itself gets. Some will also, if you wish, handle marketing, manage your metadata, deal with the online booksellers (including tracking any revenue) and get an ISBN number for you, which is recommended even if you're not planning on charging for the book. Not every aggregator provides the same menu of services, however. Some aggregators also function as formatters and vice-versa. It's a confusing world out there, so choose carefully.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15592
__label__wiki	0.864699	0.864699	ABOUT CONCACAF Women's National Team Men's Under-20 El Salvador tops Canada in friendly alexander larin Action from the international friendly between Canada (white jersey) and El Salvador on October 8, 2017, in Houston, Texas, USA. (Photo courtesy of Canada Soccer) HOUSTON – Denis Pineda scored in the second half and El Salvador beat Canada, 1-0, in an international friendly on Sunday at BBVA Compass Stadium. El Salvador improved to 2W-1D-1L in its last four games, while Canada – coming off a 2-0 win over 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup runner-up Jamaica last month -- fell for the second time in three outings. The game’s only goal came in the 75th minute, when Alexander Larin delivered a cross from the left that bounced in the box, allowing Pineda to tap in from four yards at the right post. A portion of the net proceeds from the match will be donated to Hurricane Harvey relief efforts in the Houston area. See also: alexander larin Arturo Alvarez Denis Pineda	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15593
__label__cc	0.594476	0.405524	Share this post to Facebook or Twitter index by year Belonging (incomplete reflections) 5th Oct 12 I haven't talked about my... CAREER... IN JAZZ... for a while. Just checking in to let you know that in general it's going absolutely fine. I think the thinking about the work has come about because I'm comparing what's said about me by people who come to the gigs with those who quite evidently do not and will not [I'm not talking about those who cannot: that'd be insane]. I suppose it's worth pointing out that in a lot of ways I'm a mid-generational musician... in terms of black British jazz narrative, I'm in that tiny sliver of time between J-Life and the new Tomorrow's Warriors [as-is now]. My learning came predominantly from being on stage, with self-directed reading, experimentation and self-reflection. At the time, doing totally improvised music and being black was seen as being a bit of a freak. In fact, being black and consciously not using the lingua franca [bebop-derived music vocabulary] was not on the cards either. And I don't want anyone to think that I'm trying to say that not being black made it easier: I AM saying it. There were parameters, and those parameters came from EVERY side—I was no more accepted by any black music organisation/collective/label than anyone else at the time. These things have always been difficult. I'd previously written that [in Britain and Ireland, and any rate] there was a perception that totally improvised music isn't something that black people should be doing. I don't think that perception has died down at all. Some of that has to do with a perception of the "tradition of jazz" and how we should—or indeed who should—connect with it. Some of it is about seeing the roles of black people in music as immutable. But it's worth pointing out that these things are in fact changing; and I have developed more of a sense of belonging than I previously had. Slowly, but they are. I get asked to parties more often, and I don't have to dress the same way as everyone else. previous: Heu me Domine - Vicente Lusitano next: Belonging (part II) Sign in to comment using almost any profile.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15596
__label__wiki	0.807426	0.807426	2011-04-27 · Corporate \| MAN SE \| Bus MAN to move Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the power of 19,000 horses MAN Truck & Bus hands over 43 coaches straight from the factory to Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR), host broadcaster of the world's biggest music show. MAN Truck & Bus, national partner of the 56th Eurovision Song Contest, handed over 43 brand-new high-quality coaches to the Norddeutscher Rundfunk, this year's host broadcaster of the world's biggest music show, in Munich today. Dr Frank Hiller, Director of Marketing, Sales & Services for MAN Truck & Bus AG, presented a symbolic key to Judith Rakers, well-known TV presenter and evening news anchorwoman, and Ralf Quibeldey, NDR project manager and Executive Producer Event of the Eurovision Song Contest. In the coming weeks the MAN Lion’s Coach vehicles, whose elegant appearance will be distinguished by the glowing Eurovision Song Contest logo (a coloured heart) on a dark background, will be entrusted with keeping musicians and delegations mobile in and around Duesseldorf. The name of the country and its flag, placed towards the front of the coach, will tell the fans which delegation is travelling in the respective vehicle. "MAN buses move and connect people across borders and cultures – just like music and the Eurovision Song Contest," explained Dr Frank Hiller at the ceremonial handover of the vehicles. "The use of our MAN coaches at the contest will make our brand and our products more widely known and give them a positive charge. And just in passing, we will be demonstrating that travelling in groups by coach is not only fun, it's also environmentally friendly," continued Hiller. Ralf Quibeldey, NDR project manager and Event Executive Producer of the Eurovision Song Contest: "The challenge of transporting 43 delegations to their many rehearsals and events without a hitch for a whole fortnight requires some highly complex organisation. It's enormously helpful for us that every delegation has its own bus. And what's more, the design of the vehicles will draw a lot of attention. MAN deserves a very big thank you for the great commitment they have shown as sponsors of the Eurovision Song Contest!" Last year, the final of the Eurovision Song Contest was watched by 120 million viewers in Europe alone, 14.7 million of them in Germany. Since 1957, the contest has been hosted by the country whose representative won the previous year. Lena Meyer-Landrut's first place in 2010 brought the contest to Germany. The Eurovision Song Contest takes place on May 10 and 12 (semi-finals) and May 14 (finals) in Duesseldorf, Germany. Altogether 43 MAN Lion’s Coach vehicles have been made available for the transport needs of the musicians and national delegations. Over the last two months these vehicles were specially produced for the contest at the MAN plant in Ankara, Turkey. The coaches are equipped to a high standard, each having 49 comfortable seats with high-quality leather applications and a host of comfort and safety features. Propelling the buses are 440-hp MAN common-rail diesel engines, which comply with the voluntary EEV emissions standard (Enhanced Environmentally-friendly Vehicle), the most stringent one there is. The musicians begin their tightly-scheduled rehearsals on May 1, two weeks before the finals. 1,000 delegates are expected, along with 2,500 international journalists. In 2011, after 28 years, the ESC is once again taking place in Germany, for the third time overall after 1957 and 1983. All the shows will be held in the Arena in Duesseldorf. Anke Engelke, Judith Rakers and Stefan Raab will be hosting the contest in English and French for an audience of around 35,000 in the Arena and television viewers in 55 countries worldwide. The first semi-final of the international contest will be broadcast by ProSieben on Tuesday, May 10 at 9pm. The second semi-final will be broadcast live by Germany's first public channel "Das Erste" at 9pm on Thursday, May 12. The finals can then also be seen on the same channel, starting at 9pm on May 14. Twelve points – douze points – zwölf Punkte for the MAN Lion’s Coach Performance worthy of a lion: In all, the 43 coaches put almost 19,000 horsepower on the road. Each of the 440-hp common-rail diesel engines from MAN has a capacity of 12.4 litres. The torque produced by this engine, mounted in the rear of the MAN Lion’s Coach, is 2,100 Newton-metres. And these engines aren't just powerful, they're also extremely eco-friendly: they meet the most stringent exhaust standard there currently is, the voluntary EEV. Making space: The MAN Lion’s Coach has seats for 49 passengers. The 43 coaches for the Eurovision Song Contest can thus transport up to 2,107 people simultaneously. If all these people had to be transported by car from A to B, one would need around 700 cars plus drivers for all of them. Saving space: Placed nose to tail, the 43 MAN coaches (each one 12 metres long) would extend for nearly 520 metres along the road. By comparison, 700 cars at 4.5 metres each would create a three-kilometre long traffic jam. Clean: The MAN Lion’s Coach protects the climate. Per person and kilometre, the bus emits only 14 grams of CO2. That is around one-tenth as much as the CO2 emission of a modern passenger car. Particulate is not even an issue: the MAN PM-Kat® installed as standard in the MAN Lion’s Coach ensures that the exhaust gas is as good as particulate-free. Comfortable: Passengers in the MAN Lion’s Coach feel they are being well looked after. Comfortable, ergonomically designed seats and individually adjustable overhead sets with reading lights, adjustable air vents, loudspeakers and attendant call button guarantee that even long trips will be a pleasure from beginning to end. Bodyguard: In the MAN Lion’s Coach, driver and passengers always feel safe. And they are - a whole range of technical highlights has been installed for the sole purpose of providing maximum safety. Assistant systems such EBS (electronic brake system), BA (braking assistant), ABS (anti-blocking system), ASR (anti-slip regulator), MSC (maximum speed control) and ESP (electronic stability program) are all fitted as standard. Entertainer: Boredom is not something associated with the MAN Lion’s Coach: the new TopLine multimedia center with radio, CD, DVD and MP3 in conjunction with flatscreen monitors and ceiling-mounted loudspeakers in the passenger compartment keeps everybody well entertained. A jewel: The new, brand-typical front design gives the MAN Lion’s Coach its unmistakeable profile. Metallic paintwork and polished aluminium wheels make a great showing. The well-planned interior design is a synthesis of elegance and function - with its attractive ceiling and subtle accents in aluminium-look it creates a generous feeling of spaciousness. Driver's dream: The new cockpit of the MAN Lion’s Coach helps drivers to carry out their responsible task. Whether digital speedometer, fuel consumption indicator or TopLine multimedia center with navigation, whether climate control or central onboard computer – displays are clearly structured, controls logically arranged and within easy reach. With the buttons in the multifunction steering wheel it is possible to retrieve vehicle data and control a whole number of other functions. The drivers have a grip on everything, but without taking their hands from the wheel. Fuel saver: The MAN Lion’s Coach is one of the most economical coaches in its class when it comes to fuel consumption. This is due largely to the miserly MAN common-rail diesel engine, to the good aerodynamics thanks to "Elegant Edge" design and standard rear spoiler, to the energy-saving daytime driving light and to the new efficiency display in the cockpit, which motivates the driver to an economical style of driving. All-rounder: The MAN Lion’s Coach is equipped for just about any type of operation. The high-decker is available in two- and three-axle versions and in three lengths - 12.00, 13.26 and 13.80 metres - and is capable of transporting between 44 and 57 passengers. Engines with three different outputs (400, 440 and 480 hp) can be fitted and combined with a six-speed manual gearbox or 12-speed automatic transmission. Service specialist: Operators of the Lion’s Coach have the complete range of services from MAN Truck & Bus at their disposal. They profit from MAN's outstanding competence and dense Service network in Europe. f.l.t.r.: Dr Frank Hiller, Director of Marketing, Sales & Services for MAN Truck & Bus AG, presented a symbolic key to Judith Rakers, well-known TV presenter and evening news anchorwoman, and Ralf Quibeldey, NDR project manager and Executive Producer Event of the Eurovision Song Contest. f.l.t.r.: Dr Frank Hiller, Director of Marketing, Sales & Services for MAN Truck & Bus AG, Judith Rakers, well-known TV presenter and evening news anchorwoman, Ralf Quibeldey, NDR project manager and Executive Producer Event of the Eurovision Song Contest, Björn Loose, Vice President and Devision Manager Marketing MAN Truck & Bus AG Judith Rakers, well-known TV presenter and evening news anchorwoman and employes of Elmar Weinzierl Omnibustouristik GmbH Judith Rakers, well-known TV presenter and evening news anchorwoman drives MAN Lion’s Coach Altogether 43 MAN Lion’s Coach vehicles have been made available for the transport needs of the musicians and national delegations. Dominique Nadelhofer Head of Media & Internal Relations Phone: +49 89 1580-2001 E-mail: dominique.nadelhofer@man.eu	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15598
__label__cc	0.746722	0.253278	Ag-Gag Law Ruled Unconstitutional in Idaho Posted on Nov 16th, 2015 On November 12, 2015, a United States District Court judge signed the final judgement that officially declared Idaho’s current ag-gag law, titled the “Agricultural Security Act”, as unconstitutional, as it violates the first and 14th amendments. Ag-gag laws are laws created to silence whistle-blowers–whether they be employees, journalists, or animal rights activists, from revealing animal mistreatment and abuse in any agricultural sphere. They have already been passed in seven states. The Agricultural Security Act of Idaho became law in February of 2014, and included prison sentences as well as fines for anyone found creating undercover footage of abuses taking place in any farm in Idaho. These laws came into place as a result of these undercover videos exposing cruel practices–including pigs, cows and chickens being beaten or mutilated. Farmers reacted by advocating for laws that would make this kind of secret footage illegal, or to keep their employees from speaking out. Matthew Liebman, senior attorney for Animal Legal Defense Fund, which was one of the main organizations that fueled the suit that resulted in the overturning Idaho’s ag-gag law, stated: “Ag-Gag laws criminalize photos and videos taken by people who have a right to be at the facility as employees. Under the Idaho statute, a bona-fide employee could be sent to prison for a year for taking out his cell phone to document animal cruelty if he didn’t ask his boss’ permission first. The mere existence of these laws is harmful, even if no one is prosecuted, because they prevent people from engaging in protected free speech, chilling our constitutional rights before we even exercise them. The industry thrives on secrecy and promotes false images of how animals are treated before becoming meat. Whatever one’s view on the ethics of eating animals, a robust and educated public debate can’t take place without access to accurate information.” The overturning of this law marks the first time so far that an ag-gag bill was successfully reversed. As Liebman stated, there is also a case against the ag-gag laws in Utah, and he hopes that the statute in North Carolina will soon be declared unconstitutional as well. When asked what the most important thing people can do to stop these kinds of laws from gaining momentum in the first place, he stated: “I think one of the most significant things each of us can do is simply to refuse to participate in this cruelty by boycotting animal products and adopting a vegan diet. It’s easier than it’s ever been before. It may seem like a pat answer, but leaving animal products out of your shopping cart is the most direct way you can support a better life for animals.” Photo Credit: http://chezgigi.com/hear-no-evil-speak-no-evil/ Ag-gag laws Idaho Ag-gag Matthew Liebman	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15600
__label__wiki	0.96972	0.96972	House broadly condemns hate after anti-Semitism dispute among Democrats Published Thu, Mar 7 2019 11:27 AM EST Updated Thu, Mar 7 2019 5:53 PM EST The one-sided 407-23 vote belied the emotional infighting over how to respond to freshman Rep. Ilhan Omar's recent comments suggesting House supporters of Israel have dual allegiances. Democrats have long been split over the U.S.-Israeli relationship. But the developments seem to highlight a divide that's as generational as it is ideological. The dynamics on Israel have seeped into the party's fight over the 2020 presidential nomination. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) addresses the United States Conference of Mayors 87th Winter Meeting in Washington, U.S., January 23, 2019. Carlos Barria \| Reuters Divided in debate but mostly united in a final vote, the House passed a resolution condemning anti-Semitism and other bigotry Thursday, with Democrats trying to push past a dispute that has overwhelmed their agenda and exposed fault lines that could dog them through elections next year. The one-sided 407-23 vote belied the emotional infighting over how to respond to freshman Rep. Ilhan Omar's recent comments suggesting House supporters of Israel have dual allegiances. For days, Democrats wrestled with whether or how to punish the lawmaker, arguing over whether Omar, one of two Muslim-American women in Congress, should be singled out, what other types of bias should be decried and whether the party would tolerate dissenting views on Israel. Republicans generally joined in the favorable vote, though nearly two-dozen opposed the measure. Generational as well as ideological, the upheaval was fueled in part by young, liberal lawmakers — and voters — who have become a face of the newly empowered Democratic majority in the House. This group is critical of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government, rejecting the conservative leader's approach to Palestinians and other issues. The group split sharply from Democratic leaders who seemed caught off guard by the support for Omar and unprepared for the debate. Speaker Nancy Pelosi says the House will vote on a resolution condemning anti-Semitism, Islamophobia and other forms of hate after an upheaval that split Democrats and clouded their agenda. But Pelosi said the measure won't name Ilhan Omar. The resolution passed Thursday condemns anti-Semitism, anti-Muslim discrimination and bigotry against minorities "as hateful expressions of intolerance." Some Democrats complained that Omar's comments had ignited the action after years of President Donald Trump's racially charged rhetoric led to no similar congressional action. The seven-page document details a history of recent attacks not only against Jews in the United States but also Muslims, as it condemns all such discrimination as contradictory to "the values and aspirations" of the people of the United States. The vote was delayed for a time on Thursday to include mention of Latinos to address concerns of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus. The addition came under a section that stated in the end, "Whereas white supremacists in the United States have exploited and continue to exploit bigotry and weaponize hate for political gain, targeting traditionally persecuted peoples, including African-Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders and other people of color, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, the LGBTQ community, immigrants, and others with verbal attacks, incitement, and violence." An earlier version focused more narrowly on anti-Semitism. Speaking before the vote, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said she does not believe that Omar understood the "weight of her words" or that they would be perceived by some as anti-Semitic. The resolution does not mention Omar by name. "It's not about her. It's about these forms of hatred," Pelosi said. Asked whether the resolution was intended to "police" lawmakers' words, Pelosi replied: "We are not policing the speech of our members. We are condemning anti-Semitism," Islamophobia and white supremacy. Presidential candidates respond Getting this debate right will be crucial for Democrats in 2020. U.S.-Israel policy is a prominent issue that is exposing the splits between the party's core voters, its liberal flank and the more centrist Americans in Trump country the party hopes to reach. "What I fear is going on in the House now is an effort to target Congresswoman Omar as a way of stifling that debate. That's wrong," said presidential hopeful Bernie Sanders, the Vermont independent. "Anti-Semitism is a hateful and dangerous ideology which must be vigorously opposed in the United States and around the world," the senator said. "We must not, however, equate anti-Semitism with legitimate criticism of the right-wing, Netanyahu government in Israel." Other Democratic presidential contenders tried to walk a similar line. California Democratic Sen. Kamala Harris said "we need to speak out against hate." But she said she also believes "there is a critical difference between criticism of policy or political leaders, and anti-Semitism." A statement from Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts said, "Branding criticism of Israel as automatically anti-Semitic has a chilling effect on our public discourse and makes it harder to achieve a peaceful solution between Israelis and Palestinians." She said threats of violence, including those made against Omar, "are never acceptable." Many Democrats are able to navigate the terrain between their support for Israel and their criticism of Netanyahu. Some take official visits to Israel and attend the annual AIPAC conference, a premier event of a prominent lobbying group, coming later this month to Washington. Omar's controversial comments But Omar's rhetoric is taking Democrats to a place that leaves many uneasy. The new lawmaker sparked a weeklong debate in Congress as fellow Democrats said her comments have no place in the party. She suggested politicians have "allegiance" to Israel, reviving a trope of dual loyalties. It wasn't her first dip into such rhetoric. Thursday's measure, a stand-alone resolution, was in part intended to resolve a divide that opened after Omar said that Israel's supporters were pushing lawmakers to take a pledge of "allegiance" to a foreign country. A Muslim-American, she has been critical of the Jewish state in the past and apologized for those previous comments. But Omar has not apologized for what many in Congress saw as her recent suggestion that Israel's supporters in the U.S. have split loyalties. And that sparked the divide among Democrats that could stretch into the 2020 election season. Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand of New York called the new version of the resolution "appropriate." "Everyone is entitled to their opinion, they are allowed to have free speech in this country," Gillibrand said. "But we don't need to use anti-Semitic tropes or anti-Muslim tropes to be heard." Some of the House's leading Jewish Democrats wanted to bring a resolution on the floor simply condemning anti-Semitism. But other House Democrats wanted to broaden the resolution to include a rejection of all forms of racism and bigotry. Others questioned whether a resolution was necessary at all and viewed it as unfairly singling out Omar at a time when President Donald Trump and others have made disparaging racial comments. There remained frustration that the party that touts its diversity conducted such a messy and public debate about how to declare its opposition to bigotry. "This shouldn't be so hard," Rep. Ted Deutch, D-Fla., said on the House floor. Meanwhile, Democratic leaders were trying to fend off a challenge from Republicans on the issue. They worry they could run into trouble on another bill, their signature ethics and voting reform package, if Republicans try to tack their own anti-Semitism bill on as an amendment. By voting Thursday, the House Democratic vote counters believed they could inoculate their lawmakers against such a move. House Democrats take a big step toward passing $15 per hour US minimum wage Published Wed, Mar 6 2019 1:19 PM EST Updated Wed, Mar 6 2019 3:49 PM EST Jacob Pramuk@jacobpramuk House Democrats advance a bill to raise the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour, more than double the current $7.25. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi supports the plan, and the Democratic-held chamber will likely pass it. Still, it will face resistance from Senate Republicans and the White House.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15601
__label__wiki	0.960905	0.960905	AAC Roundup: Ferguson Leads Memphis To 48-45 Upset Of No. 25 UCLA Sep 17, 2017 \| 12:51 AM Riley Ferguson threw for 398 yards and six touchdowns, Jacobi Francis broke up a fourth-down pass in the closing seconds and Memphis held off No. 25 UCLA 48-45 on Saturday at Memphis, Tenn. Francis' breakup with 56 seconds left prevented another fourth-quarter comeback by Bruins quarterback Josh Rosen. He was 34 of 56 for 463 yards and four touchdowns. "That was a grind against a Pac-12 opponent," Memphis coach Mike Norvell said. Unlike in the Bruins' opener when Rosen led a fourth-quarter comeback in a 45-44 victory over Texas A&M, the Memphis defense stiffened on UCLA's final possession. For all of the hype about Rosen, Ferguson matched his counterpart, completing 23 of 38 passes for Memphis (2-0). His connections with wide receiver Anthony Miller meant the difference. Miller caught nine passes for 185 yards and two touchdowns. [Related] Trump orders new policy for service academy graduates pursuing pro sports » UCLA (2-1) took a 45-41 lead on Rosen's 22-yard pass to Austin Roberts with 11:51 left. But Memphis answered with a four-play, 81-yard drive, the final 3 yards coming on Ferguson's pass to Phil Mayhue with 9:56 left. Rosen, who had not thrown an interception in the first two games, had two against the Tigers, one that linebacker Tim Hart returned 60 yards for a touchdown in the third quarter. The other interception ended a drive deep in Memphis territory with just under 7 minutes left. Memphis linebacker J.J. Russell was taken from the field on a cart in the second quarter after a brutal block on a Tigers kickoff. His status was unknown after the game, but Memphis officials said he was moving. No. 16 Virginia Tech 64, ECU 17: At Greenville, N.C., redshirt freshman Josh Jackson threw for 372 yards and five touchdowns — three to Cam Phillips — to help lead Virginia Tech. Phillips had a program-record 14 catches for 189 yards to help the Hokies improve to 3-0 for the first time since 2011. He punctuated his day with a perfectly executed route that left him wide open, and Jackson hit him in stride for a 45-yard score with 7:46 left in the third quarter. Both Jackson and Phillips called it a day before the fourth, as Virginia Tech roared out of a slow first-quarter start by scoring 57 straight points to turn this into a rout. No. 20 TCU 56, SMU 36: At Fort Worth, Texas, Jalen Reagor made a leaping 38-yard catch between four defenders in the end zone on the last play of the first half, finally putting TCU ahead to stay. The Mustangs (2-1) led 19-7 before Kenny Hill threw three TD passes in the final 71/2 minutes of the second quarter. The last was Reagor's catch in a crowd of Mustangs who seemed more like observers than defenders. Darius Anderson ran for two touchdowns for TCU (3-0) in the second half, including the first drive after halftime. Latest College Sports Trump orders new policy for service academy graduates pursuing pro sports Hoping for clarity, NCAA adjusts transfer waiver guidelines Commentary: NCAA President Mark Emmert is the lord of a feudal state who knows its time is over No. 2 Oklahoma 56, Tulane 14: At Norman, Okla., Baker Mayfield passed for 331 yards and four touchdowns, and Oklahoma followed its impressive victory at Ohio State with an easy win. Oklahoma receiver CeeDee Lamb caught four passes for 131 yards and two touchdowns before he was ejected for targeting on a block. Toledo 54, Tulsa 51: Logan Woodside tied a school record with six touchdown passes and Jameson Vest's 33-yard field goal as time expired lifted Toledo to a comeback win at Toledo, Ohio. From the shotgun, Woodside threw his sixth score, a 74-yard bomb just before getting pounded to the turf, to Diontae Johnson to put Toledo out front 51-44 with 8:04 left. Woodside threw a 49-yard strike to Johnson two minutes earlier, and the 2-point conversion tied the game at 44. Houston 38, Rice 3: Kyle Allen threw for two touchdowns as host Houston ran up a big first-half lead. Allen, who finished with 309 yards passing, left the field in the third quarter. Cincinnati 21, Miami (Ohio) 17: Malik Clements returned an interception 14 yards into the end zone with 1:42 left as Cincinnati scored 18 points in the fourth quarter and beat Miami (Ohio) in Oxford, Ohio. Miami's Jaylon Bester returned a kickoff out of the end zone for just 5 yards, and Gus Ragland's pass was picked off by Clements. Most Read • College Sports Ryan Martin Foundation Works To Give More Options To Athletes With Disabilities	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15604
__label__wiki	0.995013	0.995013	Death of long serving bobby A former Coventry police chief who was the longest serving officer in the city when he retired from the force has died. George Jeanes was a ?bobby through and through? who rose through the ranks from constable to become a chief inspector. He died last week after a short illness, aged 82. His son Tony, who lives in Nuneaton, paid tribute and said: ?He wasn?t born a Coventry kid but the city gave him his start and he repaid that debt. ?He loved serving the people and being a bobby. He was a copper through and through and was proud to wear the uniform for 32 years. When he retired he was extremely proud.? Born in Dorset, Mr Jeanes moved to Coventry after the Second World War following service as a Royal Air Force flight engineer. In 1946 he joined the then Coventry City Police and two years later became one of the first officers to man the city?s first control room in St Mary?s Street. He later became a sergeant in charge of the city?s Little Park Street control room, co-ordinating officers across Coventry, before moving to the prosecutions department. In 1963 he was promoted to the rank of inspector and moved into the traffic department and was later made chief inspector. He finished his career in command of communications for the east of the city with the West Midlands force. When he bowed out in 1978 he was the city?s longest serving officer - chalking up 32 years. A role as the head of security for Coventry Building Society followed. Mr Jeanes retired to live in Wales with his wife, Megan in 1984. The funeral takes place on Friday at the village church in Caersws in Wales. Mr Jeanes is survived by his widow Megan, aged 83, and leaves two sons, a daughter-in-law, granddaughter and three great grandchildren.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15605
__label__wiki	0.765106	0.765106	7 Insane Easter Eggs Hidden in Movies and TV Shows Marconi Rebus · Maxwell Yezpitelok · M. Asher Cantrell · We've already told you about some of the most mind-blowing Easter eggs hidden in music albums, classic works of art and video games, so it was just a matter of time before we explored our favorite Easter Eggs from the world of television and film. Captain, unleash the list. Hidden Faces and Naked Women in Movie Posters Most of us don't look twice at movie posters, short of muttering under our breath and saying, "Oh fk, they're doing a sequel/remaking/rebooting that st?" So it's easy to miss some of the awesome things artists are hiding in the posters, presumably for the hell of it. For example, check out the poster for the fourth Indiana Jones movie: Now take a really close look between the eyes of the skull and you can see this distinctly alien-looking figure: It's either an alien, or a pumpkin. Well ain't that something? Over a year before the movie actually came out, the film's marketing group must have been trying to secretly warn us not to see it because it's a f***g Indiana Jones movie with goddamn aliens in it. And while the Cloverfield marketing blitz was full of secret codes, alternate-reality games and strange, unwashed people combing every frame of every trailer, it still took people over a year after the movie's release to notice that there's apparently a very well-hidden image of the Monster in the poster. If you look at the smoke in the lower right, you can kind of see half of a face. Stick a mirror image of the poster next to it and it becomes clearer -- you can see it in the middle: Either it's the film's monster, or it's the devil or some st. But neither of those compare to the poster for The Silence of the Lambs. You remember the Death's Head moths that are only in like 10 minutes of the movie but are all over the posters? Sure, they really do have little skull looking markings on their back, and that is totally bitchin'. But they're not as detailed as the one in the poster. Why is that? Stylistic choice, maybe? Why don't we take a closer look? That's not a skull at all. It's seven nude women arranged to look like a skull. It's actually a very, very tiny version of a famous photograph of Salvador Dali taken by Phillippe Halsman. Dali can make anything creepy. The poster for the indie horror film The Descent used the same photo as its inspiration. And now you'll never look at Jodie Foster's mouth the same way again. This is really the only part of the film you need to see. The Next Pixar Movie is Always Hidden in the Previous One It's not surprising that directors will want to give a nod to the past. Whether it's David Fincher setting up a Facebook account for Tyler Durden in The Social Network, or Peter Jackson having his Sumatran rat monkey from Braindead pop up in King Kong, directors love to give little nods to prior films. Jackson's special effects budgets have gone up a bit since Braindead. But leave it to Pixar to take this idea and turn it on its head. Besides the fact that Pixar movies in general are just one big incestuous turducken of in-jokes, they also like to feature characters from movies that haven't even been made yet. Sure, you may have already noticed that Flik says, "Toinfinity and beyond!" in the blooper reel for Bug's Life, or that the Pizza Planet truck appears in pretty much every Pixar movie ... Above: The world's most dedicated delivery boy? ... but did you also spot Mr. Incredible from The Incredibles (2004) in Finding Nemo (2003), or Dug the dog from Up (2009) in Ratatouille (2007)? From what we can gather, these future references only started showing up from Monsters, Inc. onwards, but if you keep your eyes peeled, and you're a very special kind of nerd, you'll find them. Here's Nemo from Finding Nemo (2003) making a few early cameos in Monsters, Inc. (2001)... ... and it seems the Mr. Incredible comic book came out before The Incredibles did ... ... and before he had eyes, Doc Hudson from Cars (2006) enjoyed chilling while superheroes fought robots ... ... and as Remy the rat is running around in Ratatouille, it's Dug the dog from Up who scares him off. Not to mention the fact that Lotso from Toy Story 3 (2010) had his own cameo in Up ... ... or the new character of Finn McMissile from Cars 2 (to be released in 2011) was featured on Andy's wall in Toy Story 3 ... Pixar is currently working on a prequel to Monsters, Inc., which is going to be set in a university, and is imaginatively titled Monsters University. While we doubt it will see Mike and Sulley doing shots and banging drunk coeds, who knows -- if you look close enough, you just might be able to figure out what Pixar's next movie is gonna to be about. Workplace bulletin boards and soul-crushing lighting! There's a Hidden Movie in The Simpsons, and a Hidden Language in Futurama Remember Rainier Wolfcastle, the Schwartzenegger-esque action star who's been showing up in The Simpsons since Season 2? Early appearances feature clips of Wolfcastle playing his most famous character, a loose cannon detective named McBain. You see him for a few seconds at a time as characters watch his movies in the background: He wields the most shoddily drawn machine gun in cartoon history. It turns out that if you put together the various McBain clips aired between 1991 and 1993, they actually form a coherent plot with a beginning, middle and end. Someone took the trouble to edit them together: Simpsons producer Al Jean says, "It was always just conceived as the most melodramatic fragments of a bigger movie where we never really had a big movie in mind." However, when you watch the resulting mini-movie, it totally works. First we see McBain arguing with the police chief because he can't go after Senator Mendoza. Then McBain's partner is killed by Mendoza's goons, prompting McBain to let the Chief know he plans to avenge his death. Then we see McBain infiltrating Mendoza's mansion and getting captured. Finally, Mendoza is assured by his goons that McBain is dead, but the hero makes an unexpected return and pushes the bad guy off a building and into an exploding truck. Like in every 80s action movie worth a damn. But when it comes to unnecessarily complicated yet stealthy animated Easter eggs, you have to tip your hat to Futurama. In many episodes, you can see random icons appearing in the background -- like some sort of alien language -- such as the graffiti you see here: ... and the sign behind Bender here: Guess what? These are all fully translatable. There are actually two alien languages in the show: The first one is exactly like our alphabet only with different symbols, but the second one is a more complex code where the letters have numerical value and the "next letter is given by the summation of all previous letters plus the current letter." If you're surprised that the writers of a comedy show would go through the effort of creating new language just to use it for some background jokes, that's not even the nerdiest/most pointless thing they've done. Futurama writers also invented a new math theorem. In a recent episode, all the characters switch bodies using a body-switching machine, but then it turns out the machine can't switch the same two people more than once. In order to figure out a way to get all 10 or so characters back into their original bodies, one of the writers created a new math formula, and it actually works. They even showed the full formula in the episode, in case you don't believe them: "Ah, yes, I see what they did there. Of course!" Hiding Plot Details in Other Languages At the beginning of Iron Man, when the terrorists who are keeping Tony Stark captive send a video to his business partner, they're heard speaking in their own language without subtitles. And you don't need subtitles, because you can guess what they're saying from the context -- you assume they're just asking for a ransom or whatever. "Please take Robert Downey, Jr. away. He's done all of our heroin and now he's vomiting, just ... everywhere." But an hour into the movie, Tony has the video translated and we find out the movie's big plot twist: The terrorists were working with his business partner and supposed friend. But if you happen to be one of the 65 million people in the world who understand Urdu, the language the terrorists were speaking, you already knew that an hour ago. The entire twist is revealed right there in that opening scene, in Urdu. At which point the Urdu speakers at the theater presumably then spoiled the movie for their English-speaking friends. But no movie has been more likely to make bilingual people yell at the screen than John Carpenter's The Thing. Remember the foreign dudes who show up along with the dog in the very beginning, shouting gibberish? They're not drunk, they're merely Norwegian. And it's not just gibberish: It's the entire plot of the film. Never trust dogs. In the context of the story, it makes perfect sense -- They're shouting, "Get the hell away! It's not a dog! It's a thing! It's imitating a dog! It's not real! Get away idiots!" Obviously, the characters didn't understand a word of it. "NO I AM NOT LOOKING TO PURCHASE A DOG THANK YOU." So if you happen to know Norwegian, the movie's more about heroic, alien-hunting Norwegians who get killed by dumbass Americans because they can't understand other languages without subtitles. The Hidden Madness in Apocalypto The only background information you need about this Easter egg is this: Mel Gibson is insane. He may also be Snidely Whiplash. Got it? OK, we're good to go. After the success of The Passion and faced with the impossibility of doing a sequel without pissing off the movie's considerable fanbase, Gibson decided to direct another long, violent film set hundreds of years in the past and spoken in an ancient language: Apocalypto. It's a very serious, very tragic film about the last days of the Mayan civilization. However, as soon as the movie's teaser trailer was released, some people noticed something ... disturbing about it. Check out the rapid sequence of shots near the end of the trailer, starting at around 1:45. Don't see it? It's a single frame, so you have click and pause very fast to catch it. It's around 1:46. If you do it right, you'll be rewarded with this: Yes, apparently, Mel Gibson slipped a subliminal image of his crazy beard in the trailer for his movie. As we mentioned, this isn't some wacky comedy -- it's about as dramatic as The Passion, only with more pounding drums and chase sequences. OK, so this Easter egg isn't technically in the movie, and it isn't really that crazy, but the next part is. Searching for Easter eggs in a movie is a little like playing Where's Waldo -- you know, those books about a guy dressed in red and white stripes with a tendency to get lost in large crowds of people. "I like groping people." In the theatrical cut of Apocalypto it's literally like that, because as the camera pans over a massive pile of dead bodies in a particularly grisly scene... you can see a single frame of Waldo lying among the corpses. OK, that has to be a hoax, it was probably shot by some bored guy in his backyard or some- Nope, that doesn't look like someone's backyard. That's either: A) the set of a big budget Hollywood movie, or B) an actual mass grave. It doesn't look like a Photoshop either, and there are half a dozen other sightings on YouTube. The frame was removed from the DVD version of the film, but the theatrical cut still survives thanks to the thousands of pirated copies going around online. If you still think it's a hoax, ask yourself this: Do you seriously think this is too crazy for Mel Gibson? Didn't think so. John Landis Really Wants to See You Next Wednesday 2001: A Space Odyssey is arguably one of the greatest movies ever made, even if no one has any idea what the fk it's actually about. It has influenced directors for almost half a century, but even Kubrick could not have predicted that a throwaway line from the film that isn't even in the script would lead to one of the longest running Easter eggs in cinematic history. ... and we're fairly sure Kubrick could see into the future. The line is simply "See you next Wednesday" and it's spoken by the father of one of the astronauts on a videophone. That's it. But that one line had such a huge impact on John Landis that he wrote a screenplay called See You Next Wednesday in honor of the movie. By all accounts it was terrible (yes, even worse than Blues Brothers 2000), and he decided never to use it. However, even in a pile of st you can find nuggets of perfectly good corn, so in all the movies Landis made where he pinched a line, character, theme or whatever from the SYNW script, he would give a little nod to it. Everything from a porno to a prehistoric epic. Makes you wonder what Landis' screenplay was about. We'd like to see her next Wednesday, if you catch our incredibly subtle drift. Many have jumped on the SYNW bandwagon, and the phrase can be found in all kinds of stuff, from the video game classic Deus Ex to Hellboy II. Inception's Hidden Soundtrack The plot of Inception is all about sneaking an idea into somebody's mind without the person even realizing it. Turns out that while you were watching the movie, Chris Nolan was totally doing the same thing to you. And that's why you've been dreaming about those piercing eyes for the past year. More specifically, the "idea" that Nolan secretly inserted into your mind is this: A French lady singing. Some context: In the movie, whenever DiCaprio and his gang are about to wake up, they hear the song Non, je ne regrette nien by Edith Piaf. But you knew that part -- they never hide the fact that they're using that particular song as part of the plot. What you might not have realized is that you're hearing it even when you think you aren't. We're just going to assume there are still two or three more mindfucks hidden inside this thing. Remember that ultra-dramatic instrumental theme you hear over and over for the last 45 minutes of the movie? It sounds like a typical summer movie soundtrack meant to let you know that st's getting real ... but it's actually that same Edith Piaf song, slowed down almost beyond recognition. The really cool part is that it makes perfect sense. The Edith Piaf song is a way for the characters to know they're about to wake up -- but since time passes more slowly inside dreams, what seems like two minutes and 23 seconds in reality can last a lot longer for them. While the song is playing at normal speed in the waking world, the characters should hear it all slowed down. And possibly in zero-gravity. Hans Zimmer, the film's composer, said that in order to achieve this, they actually went to France and extracted two notes from the original master of the song. Apparently those two notes went a long way, because he also said that "all the music in the score is subdivisions and multiplications of the tempo of the Edith Piaf track." So basically, old song + math = Oscar nomination. Find out more about Marconi in his Twitter account. Maxwell Yezpitelok lives in Chile and makes comics. Ashe recently wrote a short story for a charity book that you can buy here. For more of his stuff, check out Weird st Blog and Bad Metaphors. And see what Easter eggs we hid in our book. For more things that'll make your favorite movies ever better, check out 6 Insane Fan Theories That Actually Make Great Movies Better and The 6 Most Psychotic Rip-Offs of Famous Animated Films.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15608
__label__cc	0.534271	0.465729	Home » Uncategorized » On Being a Rebel On Being a Rebel 61 31 Oct, 2017 in Uncategorized by craig The Francoist ultras of the Spanish government have gone the whole hog, and are charging Puigdemont and his colleagues with sedition and rebellion. And before anyone can interject with any nonsense about prosecutorial independence, let me assure you that in no country, ever, in the history of the world, has anybody been tried for sedition or rebellion without the explicit approval of the political rulers. Puigdemont is in excellent company. Gandhi was jailed for ten years for sedition in 1922 for seeking Indian independence from Britain. He served two years in dreadful conditions in jail. As Gandhi stated in his defence speech, he certainly was guilty under the law, and proud of it. Here is an extract from Gandhi’s speech: Affection cannot be manufactured or regulated by law. If one has no affection for a person or system, one should be free to give the fullest expression to his disaffection, so long as he does not contemplate, promote, or incite to violence. But the section under which mere promotion of disaffection is a crime. I have studied some of the cases tried under it; I know that some of the most loved of India’s patriots have been convicted under it. I consider it a privilege, therefore, to be charged under that section. I have endeavored to give in their briefest outline the reasons for my disaffection. I have no personal ill-will against any single administrator, much less can I have any disaffection towards the King’s person. But I hold it to be a virtue to be disaffected towards a Government which in its totality has done more harm to India than any previous system. India is less manly under the British rule than she ever was before. Holding such a belief, I consider it to be a sin to have affection for the system. And it has been a precious privilege for me to be able to write what I have in the various articles tendered in evidence against me. In fact, I believe that I have rendered a service to India and England by showing in non-co-operation the way out of the unnatural state in which both are living. In my opinion, non-co-operation with evil is as much a duty as is co-operation with good. But in the past, non-co-operation has been deliberately expressed in violence to the evil-doer. I am endeavoring to show to my countrymen that violent non-co-operation only multiples evil, and that as evil can only be sustained by violence, withdrawal of support of evil requires complete abstention from violence. Exactly as I predicted, the Spanish governments imposition of elections is a ruse that was never in good faith, with the Catalan leaders exiled (and two of them imprisoned) and the main pro-Independence parties, and the act of seeking Independence itself, banned. The continued endorsement of all this by Western states, Western politicians and corporate and state media has become so self-evidently hypocritical that the tactic is now simply to relegate Catalonia right down the news bulletins and pretend it is all over and nothing much is happening, just as they ignored the violence and fascism around Sunday’s Spanish nationalist march. But you would have to be extremely foolish to believe this extreme state repression has killed off the Catalan cause. It will backfire spectacularly, in due course. 61 thoughts on “On Being a Rebel” Isabel Cooney November 1, 2017 at 12:43 I hope you are right. Charles Bell November 1, 2017 at 13:25 As usual you are right on the money short term gain, long term pain. freddy November 1, 2017 at 17:20 Axed Catalan leader spurns Spanish court summons http://www.france24.com/en/20171101-catalonia-leader-puigdemont-spanish-court-summons-madrid “He will not go to Madrid” Well if Carles will not go to Madrid, will Madrid go and get Carles and drag him back in chains? Nine Catalan officials, have turned up at the court in Madrid for questioning. But Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont and four others have ignored the order. Prosecutors could order their arrest. Mr. Carles Puigdemont, who is now in Belgium, said earlier: “This is a political trial.” http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41840070 The Dream goes on. Spain / Catalonia crisis: Spain’s prosecutors call for Puigdemont’s arrest Spain’s state prosecutor has requested a European arrest warrant for ousted Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont and four others over their role in a disputed independence referendum. All five failed to show up at Spain’s high court on accusations of rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds. Mr Puigdemont’s lawyer said the climate was “not good” for him to appear. Spain is ramping this up to the rafters. I wonder when Nicola Sturgeon will declare ian C November 2, 2017 at 18:54 Ten political prisoners in a European country. More to come. Europe’s response – silence, Democracy RIP Walter Cairns November 3, 2017 at 16:02 On the one hand, the EU suspended Austria when its citizens voted for people it didn’t like. On the other hand, it has failed to react to the Rajoy government’s tactics in responding to the Catalonian crisis. This is not to claim that the EU was wrong in each of these cases. It merely shows that the EU is experiencing a serious identity crisis. It simply cannot make up its mind whether it is to (a) become a mere confederation, (b) become a federation, (c) recast itself as an inter-governmental organisation on the lines of the Council of Europe, (d) muddle along as “neither fish nor fowl”, or (e) disappear under the weight of its inherent contradictions. Take your pick. ← ‘Twas on the Good Ship Venus The Intellectual Dishonesty of the Guardian → As Netanyahu and May Chat, a Large Nest of Israeli Spies in London Exposed New applicant for Novichok?	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15609
__label__cc	0.681815	0.318185	Viva La Isla Fuerteventura! - Island of the Eternal Spring Images courtesy of Patronato de Turismo de Fuerteventura Rebecca Underwood Fuerteventura, located only one hundred kilometres from the coast of North Africa, covers 640 square miles and is the second largest of the ‘Islas Canarias’. Recognised as a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 2009, Fuerteventura attracts visitors keen to explore its protected area and hordes of outdoor sports enthusiasts’ take advantage of the year-round favourable climate. Known as the ‘island of the eternal spring’, Fuerteventura is not as developed as the other Canary Islands and has retained its charm and natural volcanic beauty. This island may be rather small but it offers more than one hundred kilometres of pristine coastline. Water babes will be rewarded with gorgeous white sandy beaches, tranquil spots for uninterrupted leisurely dips in the briny, and it’s a surfer’s paradise due to the Atlantic Ocean’s considerable swells reacting to the summer Trade Winds. For golf fans, the Salinas de Antigua 18-hole golf course, designed by world champion Manolo Piñeiro, is a popular attraction, and the surrounding hills and winds demand a tactical approach to the round. Volcanic and sand bunkers, lakes, natural vegetation and areas of desert will surely challenge the most experienced, and the par-4 11th hole tests the player’s skills as the ball must be played over the water. For those seeking another serene setting, La Oliva, in the northern sector, is a charming village, and was Fuerteventura’s political centre from the 17th to the mid 19th century. Fabulous beaches, turquoise blue seas and a slow, sedate, pace of life beckons. Art lovers will be enchanted by La Oliva’s Casa de los Coroneles, a traditional stately home, which was once the residence of the island’s colonel. Thought to have been built in 1740, the property has been sensitively restored and reflects the Andalusian-Canarian architectural style perfectly. Admire the imposing façade of the upper floor, which features eight windows with intricately carved wooden balconies. Such extravagance in bygone days confirms the wealth and power of the property’s original owner and above the main entrance there is a plaque adorned with a fine coat of arms. Although today the interior is sparse, the ceilings are a work of art and visitors are welcome to view the photographs showing how the property looked prior to restoration and there are a number of elaborate and colourful portraits of past residents. To view examples of local art take a leisurely stroll to the nearby Centro de Arte where spacious exhibition halls house contemporary works by local artists and for those in need of a breather there is a rather lovely shaded courtyard with a cacti garden surrounded by a selection of interesting sculptures. Betancuria, around 36 kilometres from La Oliva, is another delightful small town, which lies in a scenic valley and offers a fascinating glimpse into local culture. The town was once the island’s capital and is named after Jean de Béthencourt, the French explorer who led an expedition to the Canary Islands in 1402. Invaded by marauding pirates in 1593, Betancuria was destroyed and although it remained the capital, the residents eventually moved away in search of more fertile land. In 1834 La Oliva was declared the first city until 1860 when Puerto del Rosario emerged as the new capital. To learn more, visit the town’s Casa Museo Arquebiologico and then wander around the ruins of the 15th century Franciscan convent of Saint Buenaventura. Be sure to visit the adjacent Church of Santa Maria de Betancuria and appreciate the elements of Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Mudéjar architectural styles. Fuerteventura’s main attraction, along with its beaches, is the Corralejo Nature Reserve. Located on the north eastern end of the island the area is made up of golden, rolling, sand dunes, shimmering in the sunshine. Stretching out for around ten glorious kilometres, this is the ideal spot for an afternoon picnic followed by a prolonged snooze. For those seeking ample space in which to reside and keen to take advantage of the freedom that renting a privately owned property provides, Wimdu.co.uk offers more than 300,000 properties worldwide. I selected a two bedroom apartment, located in Corrolejo, and only 35 metres from the Nature Reserve. Covering an area of 50 square metres, the apartment is set in a peaceful and private residential complex and it provided a welcome retreat after long arduous days of exploration. The south facing terrace and direct access to two spacious swimming pools, surrounded by palm trees swaying in the breeze, was just the ticket. Fuerteventura, which translates to ‘strong fortune’, is, quite simply, a Spanish treasure. For more information on Wimdu properties worldwide including Fuerteventura visit www.wimdu.co.uk/fuerteventura. Featured property reference - ELYDBCCS. ‘Thomas Cook Airlines, recipient of the 2016 World Travel Award for ‘Europe’s Leading Charter Airline, offers low fares, simple check-in procedures and a high level of on board comfort and service. For more information visit https://www.thomascookairlines.com	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15610
__label__wiki	0.81026	0.81026	Research reveals social network peaks By Creative Bloq Staff (netmag) 2012-12-07T15:57:38.341Z Web design Twitter busy at lunch but Facebook builds at home-time Intelligent advertising company RadiumOne has revealed the results of some number-crunching that explored the times people are most active on various social networks. A press release said this had "strong implications for businesses" through dictating the "optimal time to reach their respective audiences". The data was taken from over 10,000 publishers, using RadiumOne's own po.st tool, and it found social networks mostly peaked in the two hours before noon and between 8 and 10 p.m. Additionally, the UK "showed itself to be unusual" in having a sharing spike at 6pm, presumably coinciding with people either about to head home, or commuting home and using social tools on public transport. The research also showcased that different networks each have their own peaks: Google+ peaked at 10 a.m., Twitter at around 1 p.m., and Facebook at 5 p.m. Pinterest was reportedly "for night owls," with sharing highest at 11 p.m., and email was for "early birds," with most shares happening at 7 a.m. Further complicating matters for anyone keen to target specific users, devices also showed big variations, with mobile usage peaking at 10 p.m., tablet users most active at 1 p.m., and computers most-used at 9 p.m. There was, however, one common figure across the bulk of the research: on mobile, tablets and computers alike, the lowest 'share count' time happened at 4 a.m., presumably on account of the majority of people being asleep. See more Web design netmag Everybody hates new Twitter The best graphics cards deals on Prime Day 2019 The 10 best point-and-shoot cameras on Prime Day 2019	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15612
__label__wiki	0.568436	0.568436	Geschrieben von Fr. Peter Hocken Kategorie: Israel und die Kirche Supersessionism Presentation at UMJC Conference, Baltimore: July 17, 2015 I was very happy to accept this invitation to come and share about TJCII (Toward Jerusalem Council II) at this UMJC conference. First, because there were strong UMJC connections in the birth of TJCII. Marty Waldman was president at that time, and one of his first supporters was Dan Juster. But a second reason was my appreciation for the work of Mark Kinzer with which you will be familiar. One reason for this appreciation is my perception that Mark is in a key way the theologian of TJCII – a role so far not yet understood by all involved in the initiative! It is Mark who has articulated most clearly a bipartite ecclesiology, the vision of the Church made up of Jews and non-Jews, retaining their distinctiveness, but made one through the blood of the cross. But this bipartite ecclesiology is in effect the theological foundation of Toward Jerusalem Council II. For the TJCII vision is one of the restoration of this one Church of both Jew and Gentile, with a second Jerusalem council being a coming together in unity of both expressions of the Church in full mutual recognition and rightful honoring. The rightful honoring is a work of restitution. The past injustice of scorn and contempt was the exact opposite of honoring. Another reason why Mark Kinzer is a key theologian for TJCII is his recognition of the necessary role of the Catholic Church, with his knowledge of the Catholic tradition gained especially during his years working with Steve Clark at Ann Arbor. I was the only Catholic among the original members of the TJCII committee (a second, Johannes Fichtenbauer from Vienna, Austria, was added two years later). I have been aware from the beginning that the involvement of Catholics in this initiative is a stumbling block for many – both Evangelical Christians with no love for Rome and Messianic Jews who are very conscious of the sufferings of the Jewish people at the hands of Catholics and of the Catholic Church. The Jewish memories of Catholic oppression through the centuries are often for Messianic Jews fortified by Evangelical antipathies to Catholicism. The Messianic opposition to Catholic participation in TJCII has increased again with the recent official Vatican recognition of “the state of Palestine.” The first reason why it is essential for Catholics to be involved in TJCII is for the full confession before the LORD of the sins of 2,000 years against the Jewish people, and particularly against any Jewish expression of faith in Yeshua. Since the Catholic Church bears a major responsibility for this history, the Catholic confession of this sin is essential for full healing, and restoration to take place. That is why prayer journeys of confession of these sins have played an important part in the story of TJCII. This process began in the first years of TJCII with the TJCII leadership accompanied by intercessors praying in Spain, in Rome, at Nicaea, and in Israel (Yavneh and Jerusalem). This confession of the Christian sin has concentrated on the replacement teaching and the evil fruits that resulted. As an ordained priest I have often had to lead the way in the Catholic confession of sin. In Nicaea, we confessed three things: 1. The marginalization of the Jewish believers that resulted in their having no representation, no voice, at the Council of Nicaea in the year 325. 2. The decision of Constantine, accepted by the bishops, to impose a Gentile calendar on the whole Church, that prevented Jewish believers from keeping the feasts of Israel within the communion of the Church. This was the beginning of the ban on all Jewish practices by the baptized. 3. The third sin confessed was the excommunication in the year 787 at the Second Council of Nicaea of those Christians who attended the synagogue. Already in Spain, we had confessed the horrors of the Spanish Inquisition, for the worst part of the whole history was that of the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions. Through the Inquisition, much violence was inflicted upon the Jewish people, leading to forced baptisms and then punishment for practising Judaism in secret. A deeper Catholic humbling took place during two visits to Latin America, where in Argentina (2005) and in Brazil (2013) Johannes Fichtenbauer and I confessed the sins of the Catholic Church against the Jewish people and the conversos or Marranos. These developments show the essentially spiritual – prophetic character of TJCII. There is a paradox here in TJCII. The initiative arose in a charismatic way, a form of vision received by Marty Waldman, and most major decisions of the leadership followed words or pictures from the Lord, for example the initial prayer journeys to Spain, Rome, Nicaea, and Jerusalem followed a vision of four historic gates received by Rick Ridings. A paradox arises here in that TJCII that has had a clearly charismatic character seeks to convinced church leaders of all kinds and patterns of spirituality of the One New Man vision. This poses a dilemma. How to present the vision to those not moving in the charismatic realm, while knowing that as a prophetic – charismatic initiative that is something unprecedented and totally pioneering it has to be dependent at all points on the leading of the Holy Spirit. Another important development in TJCII that followed a word from the Lord occurred in 2005-06. In 2005, the leadership was preparing a major international conference in Jerusalem for the fall of 2006, to reflect on the first ten years of TJCII and to prepare for the next ten. During our fall meeting in 2005, we received a prophetic word that we had to go to Antioch before we went to Jerusalem. So we changed our plans moving a spring meeting in 2006 from Nairobi to Antioch (present-day Antakya in Turkey). In Antioch, we were some 30 people, with some other leaders and intercessors besides the TJCII committee. I was expecting another session of confessing the replacement theology of the Church of the first centuries. But that was not what happened. The first morning began with a reading aloud of all the passages in the New Testament that mention Antioch. The Messianic leaders present then pointed out that three conflicts were all connected with Antioch and all three involved Jewish believers: the disturbance caused when believers from Jerusalem demanded the circumcision of the Gentile converts, the dispute that led to the council of the apostles and elders in Jerusalem described in Acts 15; the dispute between Paul and Peter described in Galatians 2; and the conflict between Paul and Barnabas over John Mark that led to the breakup of their missionary partnership. The Messianic leaders were led to a repentance for divisions and quarrels in the Messianic community and prayer for unity in the movement. There was a sense of the terrible example given to the Gentile believers. In Antioch it was made clear to us that the vision for a bilateral ecclesiology came from Antioch, not from Jerusalem. Paul was only able to formulate his teaching on the church in the first half of Ephesians because of his experience in Antioch, where for the first time there was a church of Jew and Gentile together. It was in Antioch that “For a whole year they [Barnabas and Paul] met with the church, and taught a large company of people” (Acts 11:26). The restoration for which TJCII prays and works requires the restoration of the right relationship between Antioch and Jerusalem. For TJCII, this experience reinforced our sense that this vision concerns every expression of the Church of the nations, including therefore all the Churches of the East, both Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox. It is an illustration of something that has happened several times in TJCII, how the prophetic prayerful initiative causes something to be opened up which then requires theological analysis and reflection. In Antioch we had present a Greek Catholic sister who had founded a monastery in Syria for the unification of the church of Antioch, and a brother from the Syrian Orthodox Church. [Today there are 5 Patriarchs of Antioch, two Orthodox (Greek and Syrian, not in communion with each other) and three Catholic (Maronite, Melkite, and Syrian).] The Antioch experience brought TJCII face to face with the ancient churches of the Middle East, several of which are Arabic-speaking and which are deeply entrenched in replacement teaching and largely hostile to Israel. When we left Antioch, one group went eastwards in Turkey to Mardin, an historic center of the Syrian Orthodox Church, and another group went to Egypt where their message was well received at a Coptic Orthodox monastery. It is the Vatican’s concern for the Catholic churches in the Middle East that is a driving element in Vatican diplomacy and has played a role in the recent recognition of a Palestinian “state.” For Messianic Jews, it is hard to understand how the Catholic Church can teach the unrevoked covenant with Israel in Nostra Aetate and the Catechism and then conclude this agreement with the Palestinians. How is this possible? It is not duplicity. It shows the depth of the penetration of replacement thinking on the whole theology of the Church over so many centuries. Some years ago a Methodist scholar, R. Kendall Soulen, described three forms of replacement theology or as he termed it supersessionism. The first two are fairly obvious. First, punitive supersessionism holds that God rejected the Jewish people because of their sin and unbelief, especially for not accepting Jesus. Second, economic supersessionism is the view that the covenant with Israel ended when it was fulfilled by and through Jesus. What was most original and important in Soulen’s analysis was his third category, that he calls structural supersessionism. Structural supersessionism is the form of theology that leaves Israel, its election and history, out of its presentation of Christian faith. Christian theology has been massively affected by structural supersessionism: when its presentation of salvation jumps from Genesis 3 to Matthew 1; when it hardly mentions that Jesus is a Jew, or that the Twelve were Jews; when there is no difference between evangelizing Jews and evangelizing pagans; when Jerusalem is treated just as any other city or as a holy city of the three main monotheistic religions (the latter view characterizes the diplomatic policy of the Vatican). This form of replacement thinking, the absence of Israel and the Jewish people, is harder to combat. It is not obviously anti-Semitic; it is not saying bad things about the Jewish people. It is simply ignoring them. This is the bad fruit of 1,700 or 1,800 years of distancing from one another of the Jewish and Christian traditions, a distancing accompanied by growing ignorance, disrespect, and caricaturing, especially on the Christian side. Here it is important to mention the Catholic – Messianic Jewish dialogue, in which Mark Kinzer and I have been participants since its beginning in the year 2000. I see the dialogue as totally complementary to TJCII. The two initiatives are both necessary and essential, but they are different and complementary. TJCII is primarily a prophetic initiative, seeking to be led at each stage by the Holy Spirit, whereas the dialogue is fundamentally a theological enterprise. From one angle, TJCII is the more important. Following the centuries of separation, the work of reconnection, of new encounter, requires both the prophetic – spiritual and the theological. The prophetic – spiritual helps to clear the polluted air, it provides an inspiring vision capable of producing passionate commitment among the ordinary people. But without the scholarly work of exegetes, theologians, and historians, there is nothing to replace the distorted teaching of the past, nothing that will lead to changes in church teaching and policy. This rethinking of the teaching of the Church, this purification of the understanding of the Church, is a theological task, for which TJCII is not equipped. From this angle of changing church thinking, the dialogue is more important. An important element in the dialogue is its quasi-official character: being started by the theologian to the papal household, Fr Georges (later Cardinal) Cottier, op, virtually certainly with the approval or at the suggestion of Pope John Paul II. For this reason it has always had a bishop participants and since 2003, a Cardinal participant (currently Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, op, archbishop of Vienna, Austria). So far, the dialogue has had minimum effect on Catholic theologians. One reason has been the confidentiality we were asked to observe at the beginning – because of the Catholic concern that the dialogue with the mainline Jewish community would be endangered if the existence of this dialogue were revealed. In 2006, this secrecy was lifted, but with discretion. Now there is a freedom to make known its existence and its discussions. Mark’s new book Searching Her Own Mystery, is in fact the publication with some modifications and additions of the papers he had prepared for the dialogue. In my view it was providential that TJCII began first, as the ground has to be cleared and prepared by spiritual means, by prayer and repentance, constant features in TJCII. From its nature, TJCII had to be open to all Christians and all Christian churches. The dialogue is only between Messianic Jews and Catholics, though in the last three years the Catholic team now has two Jewish Catholic members, both of them involved with Mark in the Helsinki Consultations. TJCII has been helping here to sow the seed for other theological encounters, for example a Messianic Jewish – Anglican dialogue. The serious interaction between Messianic Jews and Catholics embodied in the dialogue is important because of the preponderant role played by the Catholic tradition in the formulation of Christian theology through the ages. This task can also only be fulfilled by those for whom their continuous tradition is foundational. In fact, it is due to the Catholics and an Anglican in TJCII that Marty Waldman’s original vision changed from being a Jerusalem Council made up of Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and Messianic Jews to be held at Pentecost 1997 to becoming a long-term initiative Toward Jerusalem Council Two working for a gathering of the leaders of all Jewish believers in Yeshua and all Christian confessions, possible only after much work by the Holy Spirit on all sides. This necessary interaction of the whole Jewish heritage with the whole Christian heritage cannot take place simply between Messianic Jews and Evangelical Christians. It has to be a healing of the wounds resulting from eighteen hundred years of hostility. The Jewish and the Christian traditions became separate and in conflict with each other in the early Christian centuries, and decisively from the fourth century. The rejection of the Jewish believers from what became the Church of the Gentiles was perhaps foreseen by Paul when he warned against the arrogance of the Gentile believers toward their Jewish brothers: “If you do boast, remember that it is not you that supports the root, but the root that supports you.” (Rom. 11: 18). The result of this separation of the Church from its roots in Israel has been: on the Jewish side, a Jewish tradition distorted by the rejection of Yeshua; and on the Christian side, a Christian heritage distorted by the exclusion of Israel. The correction of these distortions is needed for the coming of Messiah Jesus in glory. It is only as this serious encounter takes place that the structural supersessionism can be removed that blinds the Church from even considering the lasting promises concerning the land of Israel and the city of Jerusalem. Both TJCII and the Catholic – Messianic dialogue are addressing the consequences of this history. TJCII addresses the issues most fully by insisting that every Christian tradition has a role to play, including the Catholic and the Orthodox. A statement in the year 2000 from the Gentile members of the TJCII committee stated: “We recognize that for such a Council to take place, all the Gentile Churches and traditions must be led by the Holy Spirit into a process of prayer and purification” I should mention that early on in TJCII we realized that a presence was needed from the Orthodox Church. So we reserved a place on the leadership team for an Orthodox when we found the right person. Fr Vasile Mihoc of the Romanian Orthodox Church joined the committee in 2005. I want to move now to what I think is the deepest reason why the participation of the Catholic Church (and of the Orthodox Churches) in TJCII is absolutely necessary. The ancient Churches require the deepest work of purification, and at the same time are bearers of the deepest treasures in Christ. The ancient Churches need the deepest purification, because in them the replacement or supersessionist virus has been at work the longest, and became “quasi-canonical” in the writings of the Church fathers. This tradition is an even bigger obstacle for the Orthodox Churches than it is for the Catholics with the great Orthodox reverence for the Church fathers and for whom there is not as yet any equivalent to Vatican Two. At the same time, the ancient Churches in their origins received their faith from the Jewish root, which is the source of their hidden riches. These riches are to be found above all in the liturgies of the ancient churches, whose roots are older than the supersessionist virus. For the early Christian church was a worshipping community long before it began to formulate creeds. So the eschatological orientation of the first Church is preserved more strongly in the liturgies than in the theology. So a key area for study is the process of transition in worship from the all-Jewish community of the first generation to the virtually all-Gentile church of the fourth century. This encounter of the Jewish and the Christian heritages is a massive task, much greater than we usually assume at the outset. The Jewish participants have to scrutinize the Jewish history and heritage to sift out what results from the Jewish rejection of Yeshua. The Christians have to sift every aspect of their specific traditions to sift out whatever comes from a replacement-supersessionist hermeneutic. We then have to be fully open to the Holy Spirit’s cleansing work on both sides. In fact, the challenges posed by the other are a key element in the purification. My impression is that many people committed to the mutual belonging of Jew and Gentile in Messiah have not yet understood the depth of this challenge to both sides. The Catholic presence is a constant reminder. Human beings, even believers in Jesus Christ, often do not like big challenges. So there is constantly the temptation of the short-cut, that may seem to promise big things, but in fact achieves very little. Permit me to indicate some of the short-cuts that can be quite popular: First, that the Gentile believers simply need to abandon their Gentile ways, abandon the special honoring of Sunday, abandon the Christian feasts and simply keep the feasts of Israel. This is in effect another variation on the position of the Jewish visitors from Jerusalem to Antioch, ”Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved.” (Acts 15:1). It fails to see that there is something of God in the historical Christian pattern, in particular that Sunday is privileged because it is the day of the resurrection of Yeshua. It is hardly compatible with the decision of the first Jerusalem council in Acts 15. Second, the argument of some Messianic Jews who want nothing to do with historic Judaism arguing that theirs is a biblical Judaism so they do not need to pay any attention to rabbinic Judaism. This can often be accompanied by a mentality that assumes Hebrew good, Greek bad. Both these positions are naïve! Third, the position of those Gentile Christians who want to have the Messianic Jews accepted as part of the body of Christ, and affirm their right to existence, but don’t want any of their own beliefs and practices to be challenged. It is vision for acceptance of an unreconciled diversity. Fourth, the argument of some Hebrew Catholics that all that is needed is for the Catholic Church to provide a Jewish option within the communion of the Catholic Church, i.e. a Hebrew liturgy for Jewish Catholics. This option totally ignores the first place of the Jew. It is in fact a form of assimilation, friendly and not coercive, but nonetheless received within an overall church framework totally shaped by the Gentile world. The vision of TJCII when fully understood rejects these short cuts. For the vision includes at its heart a restitution – of the proper place of the Jewish ekklesia as the elder brother. I want to move toward a conclusion by highlighting what I see as the major areas for this Jewish – Christian discussion. First, the Jewish avoidance of dogmatic definition, being at ease with contradictions, contrasts strongly with the Christian love of definition, harmonization, and systematization. The Jewish tradition instinctively leaves open, where Christians seek closure. This is most obvious in the huge difference between rabbinic discourse and Christian theological methods. Walter Brueggemann sees in the Christian theological reading of the Old Testament a deep manifestation of supersessionism. “It is not only a pre-emption of the substantive claims of the text, but also a preemption of the style and mode of the text that invite a distorted reading.” This point is closely related to the relationship between the Hebrew and the Greek. Second, eschatology. There is a strong contrast between the Jewish messianic hope oriented to a fulfilment within this creation as a climax of history and the Christian placing of final fulfilment outside and over history in heaven. When I encountered Messianic Jews, I saw immediately how the hope for the Messiah’s return to take up his throne in Jerusalem is central to their identity. This awareness showed me how small a place eschatology plays in Catholic identity, even though we profess in the Nicene Creed that He will come again to judge the living and the dead. So I attempted to raise this issue in the dialogue through presenting a paper on Emmanuel Lacunza. But the initial attempts to raise this issue in the dialogue were a failure, as the senior Catholics on the team dismissed Lacunza as a marginal figure with bizarre ideas. But at a TJCII consultation hosted by the Messianic congregation in Kiev, Ukraine, in May 2014, I gave a teaching on this theme arguing that at present it is impossible to come up with a fully satisfactory eschatology because the Jewish and the Christian traditions each carry something essential that has to be discerned through study and the Holy Spirit and then integrated also through the Holy Spirit. When I read Mark’s new book, I saw I had been operating according to his recommended hermeneutic. Third, the anchoredness of the Jewish heritage in the physically embodied, which contrasts with the strong Christian tendency to overspiritualize, which was necessitated by the impossibility of understanding the fulfilment of the Messianic promises within a replacement framework. This issue shows up in the difficulty many Christians have in receiving the promise of the land as having any validity after the first coming of the Messiah. In principle, this issue of the physical and the spiritual should be easier for Catholics and Messianic Jews to discuss, because of the Catholic understanding of the sacramental, in which the physical is the vehicle of the spiritual. Restitution for the Past Injustices I conclude by asking the question that Messianic Jews sometimes put to me: when is the Catholic Church going to make restitution for this history of injustice? One person who has put this challenge very forcefully is Joseph Shulam, who has his eye on a big Catholic property in Jerusalem that was built by Hebrew Catholics and today is under-used and not being used for its original purpose. His vision is for this building to become a retirement home for Messianic believers. The idea of the Catholic Church making restitution for past wrongs is not unthinkable for Catholics. The Catholic Church has already made some acts of restitution in regard to the Orthodox Churches. At present some form of restitution to the Jewish community in general is more likely than a restitution to Messianic Jews. First, there has to be a Catholic recognition of some kind of the Messianic movement. This is one question – recognition – on which the dialogue has focused. Then there needs to be a grasp at the level of Pope and bishops of the evil effects of replacement teaching, and particularly of structural supersessionism that just took Israel out of the story after the cross and the resurrection of Yeshua. The Catholic authorities will only act differently towards the Jewish people as the Israel-honoring and Israel-affirming teaching of Nostra Aetate from Vatican Two and the Catechism takes root and becomes instinctive thinking throughout the Catholic world. This is why Mark Kinzer’s contribution to the dialogue, and his new book are so important. May the book be translated into many languages. Englishlanguage books are not enough to shift Catholic thinking, as it is not the dominant language in the Catholic world. On the Diverse Realities that go under the name "Israel" Vatican Note on Bishop Williamson	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15615
__label__wiki	0.657388	0.657388	April 2, 2018 3:58PM “There Is Nothing Right or Just under the Law about This” By Jonathan Blanks Qualified immunity is a doctrine that can shield police officers and other public officials from civil suits when they violate individual rights in the course of their official duties. According to the doctrine, courts are supposed to first determine whether an individual’s right was violated and then proceed to determine whether the violation was “clearly established” in the jurisdiction—that is, whether the circumstances had happened before. This can lead to perverse outcomes in which a court can find an officer violated someone’s rights, but if the officer did so in a way completely novel, then the officer cannot be held liable for the violation. In other cases, courts can find that similar sounding circumstances aren’t the same and thus officers may prevail because those differences render the right not “clearly established.” This morning, the Supreme Court ordered a summary reversal of a Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals opinion that had denied qualified immunity to an officer for shooting and injuring a woman. The woman, Ms. Amy Hughes, had a knife at her side and she posed no immediate threat to the officers or the person she was speaking to at the time she was shot. Other officers on the scene held their fire and were trying to gain Hughes’ cooperation before Officer Andrew Kisela shot at her four times. Unfortunately, such decisions have become all too familiar at SCOTUS. Justice Sonia Sotomayor, joined by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, wrote a scathing dissent of the per curiam order: If this account of Kisela’s conduct sounds unreasonable, that is because it was. And yet, the Court today insulates that conduct from liability under the doctrine of qualified immunity, holding that Kisela violated no “clearly established” law. I disagree. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Hughes, as the Court must at summary judgment, a jury could find that Kisela violated Hughes’ clearly established Fourth Amendment rights by needlessly resorting to lethal force. In holding otherwise, the Court misapprehends the facts and misapplies the law, effectively treating qualified immunity as an absolute shield. This Court’s precedents make clear that a police officer may only deploy deadly force against an individual if the officer “has probable cause to believe that the [person] poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or to others.” It is equally well established that any use of lethal force must be justified by some legitimate governmental interest. Consistent with those clearly established principles, and contrary to the majority’s conclusion, Ninth Circuit precedent predating these events further confirms that Kisela’s conduct was clearly unreasonable. Because Kisela plainly lacked any legitimate interest justifying the use of deadly force against a woman who posed no objective threat of harm to officers or others, had committed no crime, and appeared calm and collected during the police encounter, he was not entitled to qualified immunity. In sum, precedent existing at the time of the shooting clearly established the unconstitutionality of Kisela’s conduct. The majority’s decision, no matter how much it says otherwise, ultimately rests on a faulty premise: that those cases are not identical to this one. But that is not the law, for our cases have never required a factually identical case to satisfy the “clearly established” standard. It is enough that governing law places “the constitutionality of the officer’s conduct beyond debate.” Because, taking the facts in the light most favorable to Hughes, it is “beyond debate” that Kisela’s use of deadly force was objectively unreasonable, he was not entitled to summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity. [The majority’s] decision is not just wrong on the law; it also sends an alarming signal to law enforcement officers and the public. It tells officers that they can shoot first and think later, and it tells the public that palpably unreasonable conduct will go unpunished. Because there is nothing right or just under the law about this, I respectfully dissent. (Citations omitted) Today’s order was disappointing, but not surprising. Regular readers know that Cato’s Project on Criminal Justice is now dedicating resources to fighting the doctrine of qualified immunity, and it’s clear that most of the sitting justices support the doctrine. But the fight is worth it because qualified immunity effectively guts the best civil rights protection in federal law and, more broadly, police officers must be held accountable for their unconstitutional actions. If you’re interested in learning more, you can view the launch event of our qualified immunity effort here. You can read our first amicus brief in the effort here. You can also read Will Baude’s excellent law review article that Justice Sotomayor cited in her dissent, “Is Qualified Immunity Unlawful?” here, (spoiler alert: Yes it is!). And more here, here, and here.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15616
__label__wiki	0.897829	0.897829	A future for drones: Automated killing September 20, 2011 / 10:19 AM / Washington Post By Washington Post writer Peter Finn One afternoon last fall at Fort Benning, Ga., two model-size planes took off, climbed to 800 and 1,000 feet, and began criss-crossing the military base in search of an orange, green and blue tarp. The automated, unpiloted planes worked on their own, with no human guidance, no hand on any control. After 20 minutes, one of the aircraft, carrying a computer that processed images from an onboard camera, zeroed in on the tarp and contacted the second plane, which flew nearby and used its own sensors to examine the colorful object. Then one of the aircraft signaled to an unmanned car on the ground so it could take a final, close-up look. Target confirmed. This successful exercise in autonomous robotics could presage the future of the American way of war: a day when drones hunt, identify and kill the enemy based on calculations made by software, not decisions made by humans. Imagine aerial "Terminators," minus beefcake and time travel. The Fort Benning tarp "is a rather simple target, but think of it as a surrogate," said Charles E. Pippin, a scientist at the Georgia Tech Research Institute, which developed the software to run the demonstration. "You can imagine real-time scenarios where you have 10 of these things up in the air and something is happening on the ground and you don't have time for a human to say, 'I need you to do these tasks.' It needs to happen faster than that." GTRI Demonstrates How Autonomous Vehicles Work Together GTRI: Unmanned and Autonomous Systems team The CUSTD system's unmanned aerial vehicles can carry up to seven pounds-worth of scientific instruments, including chemical and infrared sensors, cameras, and signal- and data-processing tools. Georgia Tech Research Institute The demonstration laid the groundwork for scientific advances that would allow drones to search for a human target and then make an identification based on facial-recognition or other software. Once a match was made, a drone could launch a missile to kill the target. Military systems with some degree of autonomy - such as robotic, weaponized sentries - have been deployed in the demilitarized zone between South and North Korea and other potential battle areas. Researchers are uncertain how soon machines capable of collaborating and adapting intelligently in battlefield conditions will come online. It could take one or two decades, or longer. The U.S. military is funding numerous research projects on autonomy to develop machines that will perform some dull or dangerous tasks and to maintain its advantage over potential adversaries who are also working on such systems. The killing of terrorism suspects and insurgents by armed drones, controlled by pilots sitting in bases thousands of miles away in the western United States, has prompted criticism that the technology makes war too antiseptic. Questions also have been raised about the legality of drone strikes when employed in places such as Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia, which are not at war with the United States. This debate will only intensify as technological advances enable what experts call lethal autonomy. The prospect of machines able to perceive, reason and act in unscripted environments presents a challenge to the current understanding of international humanitarian law. The Geneva Conventions require belligerents to use discrimination and proportionality, standards that would demand that machines distinguish among enemy combatants, surrendering troops and civilians. "The deployment of such systems would reflect a paradigm shift and a major qualitative change in the conduct of hostilities," Jakob Kellenberger, president of the International Committee of the Red Cross, said at a conference in Italy this month. "It would also raise a range of fundamental legal, ethical and societal issues, which need to be considered before such systems are developed or deployed." Drones flying over Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen can already move automatically from point to point, and it is unclear what surveillance or other tasks, if any, they perform while in autonomous mode. Even when directly linked to human operators, these machines are producing so much data that processors are sifting the material to suggest targets, or at least objects of interest. That trend toward greater autonomy will only increase as the U.S. military shifts from one pilot remotely flying a drone to one pilot remotely managing several drones at once. But humans still make the decision to fire, and in the case of CIA strikes in Pakistan, that call rests with the director of the agency. In future operations, if drones are deployed against a sophisticated enemy, there may be much less time for deliberation and a greater need for machines that can function on their own. The U.S. military has begun to grapple with the implications of emerging technologies. "Authorizing a machine to make lethal combat decisions is contingent upon political and military leaders resolving legal and ethical questions," according to an Air Force treatise called Unmanned Aircraft Systems Flight Plan 2009-2047. "These include the appropriateness of machines having this ability, under what circumstances it should be employed, where responsibility for mistakes lies and what limitations should be placed upon the autonomy of such systems." In the future, micro-drones will reconnoiter tunnels and buildings, robotic mules will haul equipment and mobile systems will retrieve the wounded while under fire. Technology will save lives. But the trajectory of military research has led to calls for an arms-control regime to forestall any possibility that autonomous systems could target humans. In Berlin last year, a group of robotic engineers, philosophers and human rights activists formed the International Committee for Robot Arms Control (ICRAC) and said such technologies might tempt policymakers to think war can be less bloody. Some experts also worry that hostile states or terrorist organizations could hack robotic systems and redirect them. Malfunctions also are a problem: In South Africa in 2007, a semiautonomous cannon fatally shot nine friendly soldiers. The ICRAC would like to see an international treaty, such as the one banning antipersonnel mines, that would outlaw some autonomous lethal machines. Such an agreement could still allow automated antimissile systems. "The question is whether systems are capable of discrimination," said Peter Asaro, a founder of the ICRAC and a professor at the New School in New York who teaches a course on digital war. "The good technology is far off, but technology that doesn't work well is already out there. The worry is that these systems are going to be pushed out too soon, and they make a lot of mistakes, and those mistakes are going to be atrocities." Research into autonomy, some of it classified, is racing ahead at universities and research centers in the United States, and that effort is beginning to be replicated in other countries, particularly China. "Lethal autonomy is inevitable," said Ronald C. Arkin, the author of "Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots," a study that was funded by the Army Research Office. Arkin believes it is possible to build ethical military drones and robots, capable of using deadly force while programmed to adhere to international humanitarian law and the rules of engagement. He said software can be created that would lead machines to return fire with proportionality, minimize collateral damage, recognize surrender, and, in the case of uncertainty, maneuver to reassess or wait for a human assessment. In other words, rules as understood by humans can be converted into algorithms followed by machines for all kinds of actions on the battlefield. "How a war-fighting unit may think -- we are trying to make our systems behave like that," said Lora G. Weiss, chief scientist at the Georgia Tech Research Institute. Others, however, remain skeptical that humans can be taken out of the loop. "Autonomy is really the Achilles' heel of robotics," said Johann Borenstein, head of the Mobile Robotics Lab at the University of Michigan. "There is a lot of work being done, and still we haven't gotten to a point where the smallest amount of autonomy is being used in the military field. All robots in the military are remote-controlled. How does that sit with the fact that autonomy has been worked on at universities and companies for well over 20 years?" Borenstein said human skills will remain critical in battle far into the future. "The foremost of all skills is common sense," he said. "Robots don't have common sense and won't have common sense in the next 50 years, or however long one might want to guess." First published on September 20, 2011 / 10:19 AM The Washington Post. All rights reserved.	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15617
__label__wiki	0.940513	0.940513	Sex assault and lavish spending: More soldiers behaving badly February 16, 2014 / 8:57 AM / AP WASHINGTON -- The number of U.S. soldiers forced out of the Army because of crimes or misconduct has soared in the past several years as the military emerges from a decade of war that put a greater focus on battle competence than on character. Data obtained by The Associated Press shows that the number of officers who left the Army due to misconduct more than tripled in the past three years. The number of enlisted soldiers forced out for drugs, alcohol, crimes and other misconduct shot up from about 5,600 in 2007, as the Iraq war peaked, to more than 11,000 last year. The data reveals stark differences between the military services and underscores the strains that long, repeated deployments to the front lines have had on the Army's soldiers and their leaders. It also reflects the Army's rapid growth in the middle part of the decade, and the decisions to relax standards a bit to bring in and retain tens of thousands of soldiers to fill the ranks as the Pentagon added troops in Iraq and continued the fight in Afghanistan. The Army grew to a peak of about 570,000 soldiers during the height of the wars, and soldiers represented the bulk of the troops on the battlefields compared with the other services. "I wouldn't say lack of character was tolerated in (war) theater, but the fact of the last 10 or 12 years of repeated deployments, of the high op-tempo - we might have lost focus on this issue," Gen. Ray Odierno, the Army's top officer, told the AP last week. "Sometimes in the past we've overlooked character issues because of competence and commitment." His comments mirror concerns aired by Army Gen. Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, several times in recent months. The ethical lapses, Dempsey said, can be attributed in some ways to 10 years at war when the military failed to properly balance character and competence. "It is not the war that has caused this," Dempsey said. "It is the pace, and our failure to understand that at that pace, we were neglecting the tools that manage us as a profession over time." Over the past year, a series of high profile scandals - from sexual assault and damaging leadership to mistreatment of the enemy and unauthorized spending - has dogged the military, leading to broad ethics reviews and new personnel policies. Those scandals included the demotion of Army Gen. William "Kip" Ward for lavish, unauthorized spending; sexual misconduct charges against Brig. Gen. Jeffrey Sinclair; and episodes of gambling and drinking by other general officers. Air Force cheating scandal leaves cloud hanging over missile force More recently, there have been cheating allegations against Air Force nuclear missile launch officers and a massive bribery case in California that has implicated six Navy officers. Examples of troop misconduct include Marines urinating on the corpses of Taliban fighters and soldiers posing with body parts of Afghan militants. As a result, Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel and other leaders say ethics is a priority about which they now routinely lecture troops and officers. They also have undertaken initiatives aimed at identifying and dealing with problem service members. "We're paying a lot more attention to it now. We are not tolerant at all of those showing a lack of character," Odierno said. "We have to refocus ourselves so we get to where we think is the right place." In 2010, 119 Army officers were forced to leave the service because of misconduct; that number was fairly consistent with the annual totals since 2000. Last year the number was 387. For enlisted soldiers, the numbers have seesawed over the past 13 years, hovering near 9,000 at the start of the decade and falling to 5,706 in 2007. Since then, the number has climbed again. When the country needs a lot of troops on the front lines, more people with behavioral problems are allowed to come in and stay. When the military begins to shrink, commanders can be much more selective about who is kicked out and who is allowed to stay. As the Army began to reduce its ranks in recent years toward a goal of 490,000 in 2015, leaders have been more willing and able to get rid of problem soldiers. That is likely to escalate because the latest plan would reduce the Army to 420,000 later in the decade if deep, automatic budget cuts continue. The Navy went through a similar process. When the decision was made to cut the size of the 370,000-strong naval force in 2004, the number of sailors who left due to misconduct and other behavior issues grew. In 2006, more than 8,400 sailors left due to conduct issues. As the size of the Navy began to stabilize - it's now at about 323,000 - the number of problem sailors leaving also began to decline steadily, dropping each successive year to a new low of about 3,700 in 2013. In nearly one-third of the cases each year over that time period, the problems involved drug and alcohol use. More than 1,400 cases each year involved a "serious offense" or civil or criminal court case. The Navy has become known as the most transparent service, often quicker to publicly fire commanders for misconduct or poor leadership. But the number of Navy officers forced out has remained relatively constant, ranging from 84 to 107 annually for the past eight years. The bulk of those were for what the service calls "unacceptable conduct" or unfitness for duty. The Air Force, which is smaller than the Navy and Army, reported far fewer cases of airmen leaving for misconduct, both for officers and enlisted service members. The number of officers separated from service since 2000 due to a court-martial ranged from a low of 20 in 2001 to a high of 68 in 2007. For enlisted airmen, the number ranged from a high of nearly 4,500 in 2002 to a low of almost 2,900 in 2013. Data for the Marine Corp, the military's smallest service, was not broken out by officers and enlisted personnel. Overall, it showed that Marines leaving the service due to misconduct was about 4,400 in 2007, but has declined to a bit more than 3,000 last year. Those forced to leave for commission "of a serious offense" has nearly doubled from about 260 to more than 500 over the past seven years. The number of Marines who left after court-martial has dropped from more than 1,300 in 2007 to about 250 last year. The Marine Corps also grew in size during the peak war years, and is now reducing its ranks. Across the services, leaders are trying to deal with complex questions about how to identify and correct the problems. "I don't think there is one simple answer to the issue of ethics, values, a lapse in some of those areas," said Hagel during a recent briefing. "Was it a constant focus of 12 years on two long land wars, taking our emphasis off some of these other areas? I don't know." He said he is appointing a top officer to work with the services on the problem, and he will be addressing the topic at regularly scheduled meetings with his military leaders. The military services have been adding more lectures on ethics in their schools, and are also targeting top officers. "We are talking to senior leaders about the consequences of power and how that changes somebody's personality," said Odierno. "Some don't realize it's happening to them." Lower-ranking service members are being asked to evaluate their higher-ranking superiors as part of the annual performance reviews. That process is slowly being expanded. "As we conduct operations around the world we represent the United States with our moral and ethical values," said Odierno. "We believe we should be held to a higher standard." First published on February 16, 2014 / 8:57 AM	cc/2019-30/en_head_0013.json.gz/line15618

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.