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Emblematically Speaking - Shelley
4 Feb 2019 By Malcolm Lumb
By Doug Thompson
We start this week by reference to one of the finest of English poets, William Blake.
A curious opening line for an article destined to be read in the context of football but, as ever, bear with me and we will make the connection – promise!
This is the second verse of a poem written by Blake in the first decade of the 19th century as the preface to the epic work Milton: A Poem in Two Books.
And did the Countenance Divine,
Shine forth upon our clouded hills?
And was Jerusalem builded here,
Among these dark Satanic Mills?
This text will be familiar to many as being a key part of the “Last Night of the Proms” concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London every year.
Our interest in this comes from the use of the term “dark Satanic Mills” in what was, probably, the first usage of the phrase.
The phrase refers to the early industrial revolution and its destruction of nature and human relationships.
With the benefit of the passing of over 200 years since Blake penned these words, we can put a slightly different slant on this by reference first of all to the Luddites and their penchant for destroying industrial machinery for fear that they might be put out of work by automation – a consideration to this day of course with advances in robotics – and the appalling working conditions which were prevalent in some, if not most, 19th century factories (mills).
After this rather long pre-amble, I now invite the reader to have a look at the emblem of Shelley FC, and what do we see at the top of the emblem but a mill which appears to be belching out black smoke.
We have commented on previous articles on the textile industry and, in particular, cotton. But here we are in Yorkshire so, for climatic reasons, it is the woollen industry which predominated in this area.
As many will know, the village of Shelley sits just 6 miles away from Huddersfield, which was one of the major centres of the wool industry so it is not surprising that the village had three major textile mills, of which none survive to this day.
And, indeed, as you sit on the terracing at Shelley’s ground, with a panoramic view of rolling countryside, it is difficult to imagine a landscape dominated by mills – but it was.
Either side of the representation of a mill we see two white roses which immediately tell us that we are in Yorkshire. We could recall at this point the nursery rhyme relating to the Grand Old Duke of York but we will resist the temptation – just for once – and simply comment that the originator of the white rose as a symbol of Yorkshire is said to be the very first Duke of York back in the 14th century.
And now over to Doug Thomson of Shelley CFC who describes the major features of the shield below the scroll carrying the name of the club.
“The club's motto Exsisto Ut Unus (Latin), which can be readily translated into English as Arise As One, features above a pair of griffins, the mythological creatures which combine a lion and an eagle and represent strength and courage in adversity, reflecting the 1980 reformation of the club, which was originally established in 1903 (as the emblem reflects), but lapsed in 1972.
"Griffins also feature on the family crest of club chairman Craig Leslie, who was central in the move to and development of the club's Stafflex Arena ground.”
The use of griffins in heraldry is quite widespread and we have previously seen the use of this device in our feature on the emblem of Vauxhall Motors FC.
It is perhaps relevant in this modern age to record that the most frequently used version of the griffin in heraldry is the female, winged, form as we see here.
This, rather neatly, leads us back to classic poetry where we may recall a line from Rudyard Kipling in his 1911 poem entitled The Female of the Species:
For the female of the species is more deadly than the male.
Updated 15:26 - 4 Feb 2019 by Malcolm Lumb
Cup Draw West Yorkshire Association Football League
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S P A I N
Elena Jáuregui
Born in Madrid, Elena started to play violin at the age of five with Richard Schwabe in the Community School of Performing Arts (now Colburn School) in Los Angeles, California. On her return to Spain, she continued her musical studies in Madrid, Pamplona and Badajoz and finished her degree with a distinction under Professor Olga Vilkomirskaia. In the year 2000 she entered the Guildhall School of Music and Drama where she completed her Master of Music in Performance (MMus, PGDip) with Professor Detlef Hahn. Her studies were generously supported by the Autonomous Government of Navarra, the John Wates Trust and the Newby Trust.
Currently based in London, Elena has performed extensively across Europe and as well in the USA, Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Chile. She has performed as a soloist with several orchestras in Spain in halls like the National Auditorium and the Círculo de Bellas Artes in Madrid. Elena is also a keen chamber musician and has performed in festivals and concert series such as City of London Festival (UK), Música en los Reales Sitios (Spain), Kirkjubaejarklaustur Chamber Music Festival (Iceland) and venues such as St-Martin-in-the-Fields (London), The Purcell Room (London), St-James Piccadilly (London), Fundación Juan March (Spain) or the European Union University Institute in Florence (Italy). Elena has premiered several pieces written for her and her chamber groups by many composers, such as Luke Styles, David del Puerto, Zeltia Montes, Agustín Castilla Ávila, Federico Jusid, Eduardo Morales-Caso, Lauren Redhead, Hugi Gudmundsson, Daniel Molino, Antonio Schneekloth and Hideyuki Takemoto. Current ensembles include the Roncesvalles Duo with her brother, guitarrist Francisco Javier Jáuregui and her duo with pianist Ivana Gavric.
Her CD Secretos Quiero Descubrir, a recording of Spanish music for voice, violin and guitar with mezzo-soprano Gudrún Ólafsdóttir and guitarist Francisco Javier Jáuregui has just been released by ABU Records. Elena´s playing has been broadcast in Spanish National Radio, Onda Madrid, Spanish National TV, Telemadrid, Icelandic National Radio and BBC Radio3. She has also recorded the solo violin part for the film Vilamor and short films Beyond Memories and Keep Dancing.
Elena enjoys improvisation and collaborating with other artists and has performed with world musicians, actors and dancers in the UK, Spain and USA. She is also committed to educational and community projects and regularly works with organisations such as the Wigmore Hall, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Aurora Orchestra and Philharmonia Orchestra bringing live music to different settings.
Elena teaches violin and chamber music at Junior Trinity (Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance).
She is also the co-founder and director of FIMNa (Festival Internacional de Música de Navarra) together with her brother Francisco Javier Jáureguisince 2008.
http://www.elenajauregui.com/
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Weekend Of A Champion - Jackie Stewart and the 1971 Monaco Grand Prix
Hollywood has never really given auto racing it's proper due. A sport with as much drama, action and romance has never translated to the screen in such a way that attracts a mass audience. Unfortunately, Roman Polanski's 'Weekend of a Champion' is no exception. It quietly found its way on to Netflix without a lot of fanfare, even with mainstream mogul, Brett Ratner behind it.
That said, this film deserves more. Not only does it convey the unique landscape of classic racing, but it takes us behind the scenes with one of the greats, Jackie Stewart. Mr. Polanski and Mr. Stewart give us this unique perspective on the world's greatest race. First hand, we hear about Jackie's strategies on the 1971 streets of Monaco and how he attacks the circuit as a champion.
With Formula 1 in its most dangerous era we are given a total fly-on-the-wall perspective as Stewart prepares for the race. We walk with Helen Stewart as she bravely watches her husband suit up after a weekend of rain and approach a sport that had a 1 in 3 chance of surviving.
I won't lie and pretend that the 1971 European lifestyle wasn't an amazing character of the film as well - the elegance of the participants, the beautiful women, the luxurious hotels that lined the circuit. Some of the best scenes in the film are Stewart and Polanski strategizing from his hotel suite that overlooked the circuit.
I've come to know Mr. Stewart over the years as a family friend, but my affection and admiration has tripled since watching this film. Not only did he battle for safety in the sport, but he did so with a severe learning disability. He reveals this at the end of the film in an unexpected and incredible epilogue that features himself and Mr. Polanski in present day, looking back on the history of the sport and the supreme losses of great men that fell to the lack of safety in the 60s - 70s era. He is a true inspiration.
This is a great film - a gripping story with a genuine hero in the lead. I greatly commend Mr. Ratner, who allowed this film a life, 40 years after its original production. 'Weekend of a Champion' is the quintessential race film and Mr. Stewart is, without question, a quintessential gentleman.
#formula1 #jackiestewart #weekendofachampion #romanpolanksi
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Home > Entertainment > This Is Us: What Does Season 3 Have in Store For its Viewers? (Spoiler Warning)
This Is Us: What Does Season 3 Have in Store For its Viewers? (Spoiler Warning)
by thunderbirdhse - December 17, 2018 December 20, 2018
This is Us has become one of the most popular TV shows since it first aired in 2016. The show follows the Pearson family through their emotional lives as they face, and strive to overcome, hardships from the past, present, and future. Every episode leaves you teary-eyed and wanting to know more about the mysterious past, and equally as mysterious future, of the Pearson family. From early on in the show, we have known about the death of Jack Pearson, the father of Kevin, Kate, and Randall. The producers used Jack’s death as a pivotal moment in the main characters’ lives and have clearly shown how this event has shaped them. It also shows the growth of the love story between Jack and his wife, Rebecca. The season 2 finale had many cliffhangers and left us wondering about Kevin’s relationship with Zoe (Beth’s cousin), Toby’s depression, and the cause of Deja’s, Randall’s foster child, extreme outburst.
With the premiere of Season 3 of This is Us, viewers were hoping for answers to their many unanswered questions. As we have worked our way through the first part of Season 3, these episodes have given viewers not only entertainment but also more information about the many mysteries of the Pearson family. The season starts off showing a flashback of Jack and Rebecca’s first date, which did not go so well. However, the end of the episode shows an intense and emotional scene for young Jack, which is very rare as he is a character that is known for not showing fear or angst. Present-day Kate is having trouble becoming pregnant due to health issues, which is taking a deep emotional toll on both her and her husband, Toby. They want to explore all options of how they can have a child, prompting Toby to stop taking his antidepressants as they can lower sperm count. This choice is one that is definitely going to have repercussions in the future, some of which have already been foreshadowed. Randall wants to become councilman of the town where his birth-father lived. This neighborhood is underprivileged, and Randall wants to do everything he can to fix and strengthen the community. However, the people there don’t take too kindly to him as they view him as a wealthy outsider trying to gain power. Kevin and Zoe have a complicated relationship, and despite a few commitment issues here and there, viewers can expect to see a long-term relationship. Lastly, Kevin becomes a star actor as his film becomes a hit. The film, which takes place during the Vietnam War, leads to Kevin’s desire to learn more about his father as he realizes there are still many details he doesn’t know. In the wake of his movie, Kevin decides to travel to Vietnam in order to learn more about his father and what he went through.
Season 3 of This is Us has been very entertaining and captivating for viewers thus far. With many episodes still to come, there are many questions still left to be answered and even more stories to watch unfold. Just make sure you have your tissues handy for the rest of the season.
Photo courtesy of nbc.com
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Home › Tilman › Entrepreneur of the Year 2013
An internationally recognised award
Since 1996, EY has rewarded companies that have shown spectacular growth and distinguished themselves in innovation, an outward looking view of the world, strategy and perseverance.
Once again, the nominees for the eighteenth “l’Entreprise de l’Année” awards were all highly competent, ambitious and successful. But one company in particular really impressed the judges with its skills and ambitions: the Tilman company. We are truly delighted to see a company as successful and dynamic as Tilman crowned “l’Entreprise de l’Année 2013”’, says Philippe Pire, partner at EY.
Tilman succeeds TPF (2012), Hamon (2011), Exki (2010), Proximedia (2009), FIB Belgium (2008), Amtoys/Noukie’s (2007), Concept et Forme (Stûv) (2006), Callataÿ et Wouters (Sopra Banking Software) (2005), Pharmadeal (Pharmexx) (2004), Euroscreen (2003), I.R.I.S. Group (2002), Eurogentec (2001), EVS Broadcast Equipment (2000), IBA (1999), Ariane II (Sogeti Belgium) (1998), Moorkens Projects (1997) et DB Associates (AOS Belgium) (1996).
‘The quality of management, combining mastery of production with research and development and international commercial expansion, coupled with the ethical principles embodied by the company, are the main reasons that led the judges to choose Tilman as l’Entreprise de l’Année 2013’, says chairman of the jury Baron Jean Stephenne.
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Home Page | Corporate Social Responsibility. |Sustainable Development
CSR and Sustainable Development at Titan
Stakeholders Engagement
Collaborative Action
Care for our people
Rehabilitation and biodiversity
Care for society
CSR and Sustainability Report
The environment is not ours to deal with as we wish, we hold it in trust for future generations and have an obligation to ensure that it remains fit for human life. Sustainable Development is a top Group priority at all times and in all circumstances. Our environmental commitment, as reflected in our Group Environmental policy and to the Charter of the CSI aims at doing less harm by mitigating negative operational impacts and doing more good by actively contributing to worthwhile local and International initiatives such as WBCSD and, Global Compact.
Message from Dimitri Papalexopoulos, Chief Executive Officer
“…we remain focused on the long term sustainability of our business - defining sustainability in the broader sense - aiming to improve the triple bottom line: The financial, social and environmental pillars. We aspire to be a meaningful contributor on the global stage, while at the same time we dedicate most of our efforts in engaging locally with our key stakeholders.
Over the years, the Group has enhanced its collaborative action within the framework of the global Cement Sustainability Initiative, under the auspices of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, and the UN Global Compact. In 2015, we have strengthened the social pillar by focusing on sustainable development locally and on initiatives such as the European Pact for Youth.
We also signed the WBCSD’s Low Carbon Technology Partnerships Initiative (LCTPi).
Looking ahead, we have already begun the alignment of the Group’s priorities to the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.”
Source: 2015 Group Integrated Report
WBCSD/CSI
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World Love Foundation founders Tony and Terri-Lynn Kalhagen: Redefining the Non-Profit Foundation
Michael Munkvold | June 18, 2014
The World Love Foundation, run by Tony Kalhagen and his wife Terri-Lynn, raises funds to build water wells in Ghana, where thousands of people die every year from drinking unclean water. They then take their donors to the construction site in Ghana, where for a $4,000 fee they can see firsthand how their time and money has saved and improved entire village communities.
Tony and Terri-Lynn have funded and led three such tours since then, and are planning to have their next one in November.
Tony and Terri-Lynn Kalhagen.
Tony and Terri-Lynn make their primary living running the TV/video production company Makai Ohana, but they put just as much work and passion into their second business. They manage and expand their brand and community through their website, www.theworldlovefoundation.org, promote and network through presentations to Portland’s business community, organize the tours, and arrange the finances for the actual well construction (performed by contractor Rashed Anaba, who is based in Ghana). They have also done projects such as water filtration systems and prosthetic limbs, all designed to improve the quality of life in sub-Saharan Africa.
Eight years after starting the World Love Foundation, Tony and Terri-Lynn have created their own brand of global philanthropy. They not only help poor communities in Ghana, but they enrich their own world back home by creating a network of volunteers and donors who raise funds for and spread awareness about water issues in Africa; two of their donors have even started their own non-profit, Global Wells. Through a combination of networking, word-of-mouth, and social media, the World Love Foundation has made a dent in the water crisis in Africa, and redefined the idea of non-profit charitable foundations.
I sat down with Tony and Terri-Lynn to talk about marketing a charity, creating communities and “experiencing the unimaginable”.
Tell me how you started World Love Foundation.
Tony: In 2006, we went to West Africa to film an international backpacking show for Makai Ohana, and we wound up in the northern part of Ghana. We ran into Rashed, who took us into the bush to a small village. During the course of filming, we noticed that the village did not have a clean water supply – their water was a dried-up mud puddle with animals standing in it, and they used it for everything. We came home, looked at the footage, and decided to try to do something.
What is your marketing model?
Terri-Lynn: A lot of trial and error. We have this TV show, Oregon Lifestyles, and we were able to take our camera over there to film our other show, Overland. A lot of people wanted to see the footage – rotary groups and so on. It’s the footage that got people interested: seeing where the water comes from, seeing animals standing in the water and people digging holes to draw dirty water and walking two miles both ways five times a day to get it. We made a 17-minute film and we would show it to get people interested. We also had a lot of online marketing, articles, and press releases and papers.
What did you do online?
Tony: With our media company, we air most of our footage on five different TV stations, but our online coverage way surpasses that. It’s a lot of metadata, making sure that when people are using a search engine that they will fund our videos first. YouTube videos were a big one for us; YouTube brought in five of the participants in our 2011 tour.
That’s your biggest social media channel?
Tony: I find it to be. When I look at the back end, our analytics are pretty high. This year alone we’ve had close to 700,000 minutes watched. That’s pretty good.
Terri-Lynn: We also made a DVD explaining how we came to drill wells, called “Just a Drop”. We hand those out, free, to everyone we know. That’s how we got a couple of our volunteers. I teach Jazzercise, and at about the time we were doing a fundraiser for one of the trips, a couple of my students watched the video, called us, and said, “We want to go on your trip.”
How do you find and grow your client base?
Terri-Lynn: We did a lot of presentations for rotaries – I’d say about once a week. It’s a combination of presentations, word of mouth and online marketing, especially Facebook and YouTube. We also collect emails and send group emails, send them things here and there.
What’s your process for optimizing the website?
Tony: I try to keep the search engine optimization up as high as I can, and work on the metadata on the back end. We continually load new videos and pictures. If I were Googling some place like Ghana to go on a trip, the first thing I would want to see would be photos, and the photos might inspire me to find out more about the country. That’s exactly what we do with sites like Flickr and YouTube: we make sure that people looking at our photos or videos know where they can see more things, like videos or stories or blogs. We put down a page outlining specifically how you get to Ghana: how you get your visa, what’s the climate like, what are the best times to go? It’s an informational database on how to travel to Ghana.
Tony and Terri-Lynn with their contractor, Rashed Anaba.
What would you say is the brand of World Love Foundation?
Terri-Lynn: We wanted to make it an umbrella to do many things, much more than just wells, so we wanted our name branded that way.
Tony: We’ve done lots of different projects over there: we’ve done prosthetic hand projects that came through a rotary club; 300 Permanets, which are insecticide-treated bug nets to help protect against malaria; Lifestraws, which is a straw filtration system for water; and we’ve given out scholarships for young people from the villages. “World Love Foundation” was an umbrella name, and we thought it was fitting. We can use it anywhere, not just for wells in Ghana.
What is your niche? What services do you provide that other non-profits don’t?
Tony: The cultural immersion and the hands-on approach. When people go on a tour, they are able to participate in something rather than sending in a check; they can actually see what their money is being used for. You really get to see where it’s going, and meet the people you’re helping. You’re surrounded by hundreds of people in a small village out in the bush who know that they’re getting drinking water because of you. You can imagine the gratitude and appreciation – the whole village is crying, the volunteers are crying. It’s amazing.
Terri-Lynn: We’re not a regular tour group. We’re taking people to see villages that never see the outside world at all. It’s an education and a true cultural immersion. It’s a real trip to go from a city with money and cars to villages with no food or water. When people come back, they’re different. Their lives are a little sweeter – they have water.
Tony and Terri-Lynn with volunteers on a tour in Ghana.
How do you use your media company, Makai Ohana, to help out World Love Foundation?
Tony: I don’t think World Love Foundation could do it without Makai Ohana, because we would have no footage.
Terri-Lynn: There’s also fan base. We’ve been producing tourism since 2004, so we’ve already got an established fan base. That helped a lot when we were walking into rotaries – people already knew us from our tourism shows, the most recent being Oregon Lifestyles. Once you have connections to put your shows on the air, you can more easily put foreign footage in, like in our other show, Overland.
Tony: We work with three different stations in three different states: [We’re on in] Seattle, Vancouver, Portland, Eugene, Rogue Valley, Redding, and Sacramento.
How do you see this foundation moving forward, and where would you like to go?
Terri-Lynn: What I would like to see? Once a year, or every other year, we are able to take a small group of people over to Ghana, and that creates a ripple effect. For example, the two people we took on a trip who are now starting a foundation and helping with our mission statement. If you take people there and show the wells to them and let them know they’ve helped, it’s forever in their hearts, so they’re either going to talk about it with friends and family or actually put something into action in their own community, or a community across the world. They’re going to fall in love with the people. My vision is leading a tour a couple times every other year.
How do you see yourself getting there?
Terri-Lynn: Exposure and marketing. We’re not into doing presentations anymore, because sometimes you put a lot of work into it and no one shows up. For this next tour, we’re marketing online with our friends, talking to them about it and getting them out of their own element and across the world to experience something that is unimaginable.
Category: Marketing Innovators Interview Series, Social Business, Social Media, TMMPDX
« News from the Hip Publisher Stephanie Sandmeyer: Selling the Art of Belly Dance
TMM Sponsor Spotlight: RebelMouse – Leading the Industry in “Modern” Marketing! »
http://www.tmmpdx.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/IMG_0266-e1401248138838-150x150.jpg Michael Munkvold Marketing Innovators Interview SeriesSocial BusinessSocial MediaTMMPDX
Michael Munkvold Michael Munkvold michaelmunkvold@gmail.com Contributor Michael Munkvold is a professional writer with a background in journalism, technical writing and copy writing. He has written articles for such publications as Willamette Week, beportland.com and techwhirl.com, and created digital ads for companies such as Beauty and the Beach Swimwear and Northwest Graphic. He studied journalism at University of Oregon and technical writing at Portland State University. Thoroughly Modern Marketing
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Until There's Nothing Left of Us
Kill Hannah
by Sara Farr
The last Kill Hannah record, For Never & Ever , was released in 2003.
In his more cynical moments, group founder and singer/songwriter Mat Devine might say that's a metaphor for how long it's taken to write the band's new record, Until There's Nothing Left of Us , which was released Aug. 1 (Atlantic).
Devine started the band in the early '90s and had nearly 10 years to write that first Kill Hannah record, he said. But it paid off: Those songs — including the radio single "Kennedy" — were the ones that finally got the Chicago-based pop-rock band its record deal with Atlantic .
But after the band recorded For Never & Ever , the label underwent several significant personnel changes, and Devine said he worried daily that his band would be next up on the chopping block.
"Just about everyone we met at the label got fired before our [first] record even came out," he said. "We've always been super aware of that and have done everything possible to keep from being flagged. We're just super lucky to have gotten a second chance, and we're not taking it for granted."
He also made a promise to himself and to his band that he wouldn't fall into the "rock star" trap.
"So many bands, once they get signed, they just want it all right away," Devine said. "They spend their entire budget on a bus, a video, etc., without having a long-term plan. So unless their single goes through the roof, they're bankrupt in six months.
"So we've always, when it comes to anything, looked for creative ways to accomplish the same things in a — I hate to use the word — 'thrifty' manner."
Kill Hannah spent nearly two years on the road to promote For Never & Ever . When the band finally returned to Chicago , Devine was exhausted and creatively sapped. He spent several months writing songs for the new album, and he found himself endlessly tweaking them and going back over ideas with his band.
"With the first record, we had that luxury of time that allows you to write when you're inspired," he said. "Inspiration could come for 18 songs in the course of six months, but it's not likely. It's a lot of pressure."
Until There's Nothing Left of Us marks the first time Devine has felt comfortable enough with his band to actively share songwriting duties. Kill Hannah's current lineup includes Jonathan Radtke (guitar, backing vocals), Greg Corner (bass), Dan Wiese (guitar, backing vocals) and Garrett Hammond (drums).
Devine chose to record the album in Chicago with producer Johnny K, whose previous work with metal rockers Disturbed — also from Chicago — earned him two platinum records. It was a choice the label wholeheartedly backed.
"From a political perspective, Johnny impressed the label because he had two back-to-back No. 1 albums," Devine said. "From more of a philosophical standpoint, I think we liked the idea of this record being all about Chicago ."
Devine said many of the songs on Until There's Nothing Left of Us , such as "Lips Like Morphine" and "Love You to Death," are supposed to emulate the feel of Chicago's bleak winters. Their repetitive, yearning choruses and chunky guitars are mildly reminiscent of the atmospheric rock of HIM, a band that Kill Hannah has toured with, yet the songs on Until There's Nothing Left of Us retain more of a confessional post-grunge angst.
Kill Hannah's sophomore effort is a step forward from For Never & Ever in harnessing the flexibility of the band's sound.
It's neither overtly electronic nor as self-conscious as some of the band's earlier, self-released EPs were. Instead, it mixes the members' diverse influences, from the experimentation of Arcade Fire and Peter Gabriel and the introspection of the Cure to the dance-punk of Billy Idol, whose "Rebel Yell" is covered by the band and available through its Web page on MySpace (www.myspace.com/killhan nah).
As on previous releases, the most distinctive feature of Kill Hannah's music is Devine's voice. Often mistaken for that of a girl, Devine's voice on such songs as "Believer" is light and breathy, almost as though he's lyrically channeling John Cusack's character in Say Anything — one part shy romantic, one part misunderstood artist.
It's a familiar feeling for Devine, whose experiences in college — in, ironically, Normal , Ill. , — left him feeling out of sync with mainstream America .
"Even in college, I never bought into the frat parties," Devine said. "I retreated to my room a lot. I remember at the time dreaming about one day having an army, living on an island and forming my own country."
When Devine moved the band back to Chicago in the late '90s, his music didn't have an initial following. A burgeoning heavy metal renaissance dominated the city's original music venues — perhaps appropriate for a city once known as the "hog butcher for the world" — and Devine's obvious glam and pop influences, shiny shirts, and spangled tank tops weren't getting him anything except a roaring headache.
It didn't help that the Smashing Pumpkins' Billy Corgan dubbed Kill Hannah the "next big thing," a surefire way to earn the jealousy and ire of fellow local bands.
"Back in 1999 or 2000, we'd play a club like the Metro [in Chicago ] once a month or so, and it was the only thing that kept us going," Devine said. "But we kept seeing the reaction, which kept getting bigger and bigger. ... I think we're all aware that there's more happening culturally in other cities, but there was just too much happening [for us] to give it up."
And time may be catching up with the band as well. Bands such as Franz Ferdinand and Louis XIV, both of whom also take an art-school approach to pop music, are blurring the lines between fashion and music, as well as poking at listeners' gender sensitivity.
"To be fair, maybe we did err on the flashy side with our fashion when we first came out," Devine said. "I think we'll always make conscious choices when it comes to our image, but now I think we're just trying to do it more tastefully."
Kill Hannah Web Site
Kill Hannah @ Myspace.com
Interview with Johnny Radtke of Kill Hannah, April 2006
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Battlestar Galactica Vault: The Complete History Of The Series, 1978-2012 by Paul Ruditis
Buy Battlestar Galactica Vault: The Complete History Of The Series, 1978-2012 by Paul Ruditis at Amazon.co.uk or Amazon.com
Reviewer: John Lloyd
Summary: While being perfectly able to preach to the converted, this brilliantly-created book can appeal to the casual fan, although does so in a less than ideal way.
Buy? Yes Borrow? Yes
Pages: 176 Date: October 2014
Publisher: Aurum Press
For those who don't know, or can't remember, Battlestar Galactica was a '70s piece of American sci-fi TV, launched to great acclaim as a parallel to the rather similar Star Wars with a full-on TV movie, then one lengthy season of hour-long adventures, that even had Fred Astaire playing a bit part before audiences dwindled and the show died out. It shot itself in the foot with a sort-of sequel soon afterwards, then languished for decades before two crafty creatives found a way to put more meat on the bones, and to marry the show with much more modern sensibilities. It's not a programme I would necessarily have entered a 'vault' for, as I was only a fan of the original, and possibly only then as opposed to now. I've not seen a BSG entity since my youth – but I know a heck of a lot about what I have pushed to the back of my mind since then, courtesy of these pages.
This book is a 'vault' in that it tries to be all-encompassing, and giving freely of time, knowledge and artefacts, but is in no way an encyclopedia. There are sketches of details and no more at times, such as the identities of the people giving the show the green light then the red way back when, and the decisions of shutting the modern incarnation down after four seasons are not mentioned at all. One of the many things that would make the first series a bit of a no-no these days, the use of chimps to be a sort of furry cyborg pet character, is only in one set of pictures and its caption.
But to repeat, here are artefacts – nicely chosen ones securely attached to the book, which comes brilliantly bound in magnetically-clasped wrap-around hardback form. Here is knowledge – the author certainly seems to have got his details correct and his opinions nicely formed, courtesy of some new interviews from earlier in 2014. Here too are many, copious pictures – not the typical 'appreciation' ones of the cute girls from both series (and all the creators were definitely guilty of casting the females on looks) but real, proper geeky ones – storyboards, spacecraft concept art, etc.
The pictorial element does hide the fact the book has quite a small word count, considering it isn't completely short and flimsy, and is in a large coffee-table format. What also comes out of checking those words is the fact that at times the story is told several ways, which is a little unfortunate. We get the typical and fully expected chronological look at the creation and presentation and cancellation of the two shows, and the same to some extent for the Caprica spin-off and more, then a concentrated look at the mythology of the piece, which can mean the book hits on the same moment and theme more than once.
There are a couple of other flaws to the book. In length it certainly denigrates the original series – as if it doesn't realise that without the original there would be no sequel, and therefore no vault. It raves over the ability of the new series to be serialized as opposed to being built from stand-alone adventures as was the case with the first, when something like Doctor Who had hardly ever had a stand-alone story in its life, and was doing 2-, 4- and even 13-part stories before BSG was ever thought of.
But on the whole the book is perfectly attuned to the fan of the series. It provides just enough suitably fresh voice to the connoisseur, and the artworks will be what sell the vault to many. It knows too how to perfectly pitch the programmes for the browser – it's noticeable that the lack of encyclopedic data means there are a host of spoilers carefully avoided, so the inquisitive would still gain more than enough from getting a download of the programmes. And on that subject, it does rightfully portray the second coming of BSG as being right on the cusp of changes in the entire TV industry – audiences not sharing the water-cooler moment, but absorbing their dramas in their own time and in their own ways at their own conveniences yet supported by an Internet-based fandom such as no prior TV programmes had ever dreamt of.
So webisodes running between seasons, voice-over download commentaries, and the whole novel idea of Sky TV in Britain co-funding the series to make it more appealing to the franchise's American owners yet getting global premier rights – all are aspects of a TV series with an intriguing story to tell, both on screen and off. Paul Ruditis has for many reasons made this a very decent companion to both series, and while not nostalgic enough for the first iteration of BSG, has made something many fans will willingly pore over for years to come. You never know, it may well need an updating to countenance a third version before that time is up.
I must thank the publishers for my review copy.
If more up-to-date TV is your bag, then you would probably need to know about Wanna Cook? The Complete, Unofficial Companion to Breaking Bad by Ensley F Guffey and K Dale Koontz.
You can read more book reviews or buy Battlestar Galactica Vault: The Complete History Of The Series, 1978-2012 by Paul Ruditis at Amazon.co.uk
You can read more book reviews or buy Battlestar Galactica Vault: The Complete History Of The Series, 1978-2012 by Paul Ruditis at Amazon.com.
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Retrieved from "http://www.thebookbag.co.uk/reviews/index.php?title=Battlestar_Galactica_Vault:_The_Complete_History_Of_The_Series,_1978-2012_by_Paul_Ruditis&oldid=141869"
Paul Ruditis
Reviewed by John Lloyd
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Let us praise Sly Stone, while he's still alive
Noah Berlatsky:
Stone may not be much thought about, but his music still sounds startlingly current. More than George Clinton, more than James Brown, more even perhaps than Prince, Sly and the Family Stone’s hits foreshadow the bricolage construction and magpie eclecticism of hip-hop. The first track on Sly Stone’s first album, 1967’s A Whole New Thing, opens with what is effectively a proto-sample: a horn riff from, of all things, Frère Jacques. ...
Maybe Stone would be a little more discussed or acknowledged if his message wasn’t so insistently political and uncomfortable. Still, the real reason there aren’t a bazillion Sly Stone think-pieces whooshing through the net isn’t because of that. It’s just a marketing failure. “Ain’t nobody got the thing I can hear / But if I have to I will yell in your ear,” he sang in one of his 70s tracks, Time for Livin’, but he’s been singularly bad at shouting in anyone’s ear for decades. The media needs a news peg, and when an artist isn’t releasing music, or performing, or maintaining the brand, it’s difficult to generate interest.
The one exception, of course, is that final news peg, death. If you’re not in the spotlight, nobody looks at you – until you die, at which point think piece writers are all given one last chance to consider your legacy. “You only funky as your last cut / You focus on the past your ass’ll be a has-what”, as Sly-and-Prince-disciple Andre 3000 said, back when he was still relevant and people wrote think pieces about him. Time and the media chug ahead, and Stevie Wonder’s career is less important at the moment than whatever Justin Bieber happened to say yesterday on Twitter. That’s pop, and there’s not much point in being bitter about it. Still, it’s worthwhile to take a moment now and then to think about the legends while they’re here, rather than waiting for that arbitrary online instant when everybody all at once will be allowed to remember, after Sly’s left, how important it was for him to have been here all along.
One thing I like about Sirius XM (satellite radio) in the car is that when someone like Bowie or Prince dies they dedicate a channel to his or her music for several weeks playing deep cuts and allowing me to go through the appropriate stages of semi-grieving for a great artist I've never much cared for: indifference, questioning of one's taste, guilt, remembering that 90% of the artist's work is not your thing and the rest mostly sounds dated outside of the handful of cuts you started thinking of in phase 2, smug reassurance.
Anyhow, point is the article in the Guardian is right on -- Sly Stone sounds as current and as perfect as ever. Sign me up for the Praising Sly Before He's Dead movement.
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“Cherish merchandise, keep the Admiralty, That we be masters of the Narrow Sea.”
The Libel of English Policy. Anon. Late 1430s.
There were repercussions to the East coast raid on both sides of the North Sea. Hipper, despite achieving very little, had received a warm welcome from the German populace, but within the naval service there were many critics of Admiral Ingenohl, who was considered to have thrown away a great opportunity to destroy important elements of an enemy force, and to have shown little courage in allowing the High Seas Fleet to be driven back to port by a few destroyers.
The great British public rose in wrath: anger was aimed at the Germans and their dastardly breach of international law, but thousands of people followed the Scarborough coroner in posing the question “ Where was the Navy ? “. The Admiralty struggled to reply. As the First Lord wrote :
“We had to bear in silence the censures of our countrymen. We could never admit, for fear of compromising our secret information, where our squadrons were, or how near the German raiding cruisers were to their destruction. “ (1)
In Whitehall some advantage was squeezed out of the situation as propagandists had posters printed headed “Remember Scarborough” which implored young men to “Enlist Now”. Each version of the poster published, so governmental sources claimed, encouraged 1,000 men to join the armed forces
Inside the Admiralty building a fierce investigation was conducted. “Heads should roll” said “Jacky” Fisher, First Sea Lord, but none did. Vice Admiral Warrender, in charge of the operation performed inadequately, Commodore Goodenough failed to report a significant grouping of enemy ships, Rear Admiral Arbuthnot should have opened fire on the foe without waiting for orders, Beatty’s Flag Lieutenant, Ralph Seymour, misinterpreted an important signal with far-reaching consequences, but all survived. Julian Corbett summed up the operation:
“On our side the disappointment was profound. Two of the most efficient and powerful British squadrons, with an adequate force force of scouting vessels, knowing approximately what to expect, and operating in an area strictly limited by the possibilities of the situation, had failed to bring to action an enemy who was operating in close conformity with our appreciation and with whose close screen contact had been established.” (2)
The Admiral of Patrols did not escape criticism; both he and the Senior Naval officer at Hartlepool were reprimanded for not having the submarine C9 at sea before dawn, although the tone of the rebuke conveyed to Captain Bruce was softened because of the courage he had shown in commanding the scout cruiser Patrol in her brief fight with the German battle cruisers. Rear Admiral Ballard was summoned to the Admiralty and had a tempestuous meeting with the First Sea Lord which started with a discussion about C9 and broadened out into a debate about submarine operations in general. Ballard wrote to Commodore (Submarines) Keyes that Fisher “let me have it up and down because no submarines attacked them off Hartlepool or Scarborough”, adding “I simply shut my mouth and walked out when he had finished as it is futile to argue with him when he is in that frame.” (3)
Roger Keyes, who was to make his name leading the “Oversea” submarines (4) took the threat of invasion seriously, convinced that the government, in believing that the country would be attacked by an amphibious force, must have information that he did not. It fell to Commodore (S) to recommend how the submarines allocated to coastal defence, which were to be under the operational command of the Admiral of Patrols, should be deployed. Keyes thought that the small submarines available should not be used against ships landing infantry, cavalry and light artillery on open beaches but should be held back to attack vessels carrying supplies required for the second phase of an invasion - heavy artillery, means of transport, etc. - all the equipment, in fact which, to be brought into play, had to be unloaded in harbours with quays equipped with cranes, most of which would be defined as “defended ports”. Hence, 10 of the boats of the 6th.Flotilla (5)were concentrated in the Tyne or the Humber and 1 at Hartlepool, (6) all of which, so Keyes proposed, would cooperate with, and extend the range of shore batteries in the event of an invasion.
Like Fisher, Keyes was annoyed that C9 was not at sea when the German battle cruisers arrived off the East coast writing that:
“ -- it was deplorable that the submarine which was stationed at Hartlepool, solely to meet the situation which arose, should have have been in harbour, in a position from which she could not dive to attack.” (7)
The strictures of the First Sea Lord and Commodore (S) were justified to some extent in that the German ships were moving very slowly, and were vulnerable while the brief bombardment was being carried out, but it is doubtful whether C9, a small, solitary submarine with an underwater speed of 5 ½ knots, which was dangerously sensitive to the concussive effects of a near miss from a heavy projectile even when submerged, would have presented a formidable threat in the sea conditions which obtained even if she had been at sea earlier. (8)
Admiral Jellicoe’s report ,which stated that the patrol flotillas should have been informed when the German forces were first engaged, had not been received at the Admiralty when Jacky Fisher met George Ballard and it is extremely unlikely that the First Sea Lord admitted, even to himself perhaps, that the decision to keep the to keep the intelligence gathered by Room 40 so secret resulted in a situation where the first intimation that the Admiral of Patrols had of the size of the German force roaming the North Sea, and its purpose, was the appearance of Hipper’s battle cruisers off Scarborough and Hartlepool when it was far too late to organise any measured riposte.
The raids on the East coast towns eventually had far reaching effects on the future of TB1, the 7th.Flotilla. and the patrol flotillas generally. Fisher lost confidence in Ballard and this allowed Admiral Henry Oliver, the Chief of the Admiralty War Staff, to “gnaw away bits of his command at the north and south ends until there was nothing left.” (9) But it was not solely Oliver’s animosity which led a decline in Ballard’s influence; other factors involved included the diminishing belief in the possibility of invasion, an upsurge in U-Boat activity and the planning and mounting of an operation to force the Dardanelles by Royal Navy ships, all of which moved the interest of the War Group at the Admiralty away from the protection of the East coast by the Patrol Flotillas.
Christmas Day, 1914, was spent by TB1 in Immingham docks. No shore leave was granted and if there was a festive spirit abroad in the ship, as surely it must have been, it was certainly not reported in the log which recorded the great day in the most boring manner imaginable:
“7.0. Call hands. Breakfast. 8.0. Clean ship. 10.0. Divisions. 10.15. Church parties sent to St.George. 12.00. Dinner. 4.0. Tea. 9.30. Pipe down.”
Were there no carols ? Did not a portly Petty Officer, with a naturally flowing beard, make a surprise appearance as Father Christmas bearing presents from Princess Mary’s Christmas Fund ? Did not the skipper tour the mess decks spreading good cheer ? Was not the usual rum ration illegally and secretly supplemented ?
The weather in the North Sea during the months of January and February, 1915, was consistently stormy and TB1 spent many monotonous days and nights patrolling the Humber estuary, perhaps restricted to this duty by the poor sea keeping qualities of the diminutive ex coastal destroyers. There was one bright spot for the members of the starboard watch for they were granted 6 days leave at the end of January whilst the ship was alongside in Immingham; it does not seem that the hard done-by port watch was granted a similar privilege.
Not every day passed without incident. There was the occasion when TB1 took charge of a mine which had become entangled in a Grimsby boat’s trawl and towed it out to sea to be exploded by gunfire. And there was the day when the ship, then lying in Hawke Road, slipped and buoyed her anchor cable to race away to confront a U-Boat reported to be cruising in Bridlington Bay. Of course it was a false alarm and, on returning to the Humber, the seamen struggled to pick up the buoy and cable in a Force 5 wind, cursing the “pulley hauley” involved, their ship not being fitted with the steam capstan which the luckier and younger sister ships of her class possessed. On 5 February TB1, accompanied by TB5, steamed away to Gorleston, to spend a few days patrolling between the small, picturesque port and Cromer. On entering harbour the ship slightly damaged her bows striking the North Jetty and, 4 days later, demonstrated how difficult the ex coastal destroyers were to manoeuvre when going astern by colliding with Motorboat No.36 of the Auxiliary Patrol and a wherry, a local sailing craft, while changing berth. Altogether Gorleston was not a lucky port for TB1 as during her stay there a Stoker Petty Officer fell overboard on returning from a “run ashore” and was swept away by the swirling current, his body never being recovered.
TB1’s return to Immingham was marked by a change in skipper for, while lying in dry dock once again, Lieutenant Meade left the ship bound for the signal school at Portsmouth and was replaced by Lieutenant Chambers, formerly Number One of the destroyer Midge. It was the new commanding officer who was informed that once his ship was “ready for sea in all respects” she would say a last farewell to Spurn Point, leave the mud banks and currents of the Humber behind and make her way south to the English Channel where a new danger threatened.
On 4 August, 1914, the German Navy possessed only 22 submarines whereas the Royal Navy boasted more than 70 boats. But the British superiority in numbers masked a lack of quality. Germany had been slow to adopt the undersea weapon and, in consequence, was able to take advantage of technical improvements made by other nations when building her fleet as well as adding many of her own. In Britain however, of the numerous craft available only the 16 “Oversea” boats of the modern D and E classes were capable of taking the war to the enemy in the Heligoland Bight, the Baltic Sea, and elsewhere while the remainder, short of range and slow of speed, were assigned to coastal defence.
As the German naval staff was convinced that the British would establish a close blockade as soon as war was declared a plan was prepared for the “unterseeboots“, the U-Boats, to be stationed at intervals across the Bight moored to buoys until a retreating destroyer screen lured the British Fleet into range when they would submerge and launch a devastating attack. But no British ships appeared on the horizon and the priority for the U-Boats became searching for the Grand Fleet which, so it appeared to German intelligence, had vanished from the North Sea. On 6 August 10 boats of the 1st Submarine Flotilla were sent to sea to patrol as far as a line joining Scapa Flow to Hardanger Fjord on the Norwegian coast to investigate and appraise British naval dispositions. Only 8 boats returned to base; U.15 was rammed and sunk by the cruiser Birmingham while a flotilla mate disappeared without trace. This was not an encouraging start for the U-Boat fleet but there was one important result: Admiral Jellicoe, surprised that enemy submarines had the range to travel so far north and conscious of the vulnerability of Scapa Flow to enemy attack, moved the Grand Fleet to Loch Ewe on the west coast of Scotland until his main base could be made secure.
The U-Boat attacks gradually gathered momentum. On 9 September the scout cruiser Pathfinder, leader of the 9th.Flotilla in the Forth, became the first British warship to be lost to a submarine and on the 22nd. of that month Kapitanleutenant Otto Weddigen, commanding U.9, brought off one of the most remarkable feats of the naval war by sinking the cruisers Cressy, Hogue and Aboukir, patrolling off the Dutch coast, in little more than an hour; 1459 British officers and men were lost. Three weeks later Weddigen struck again torpedoing the old cruiser Hawke off the Scottish coast and on 22 October the British submarine E3 was torn apart by a torpedo from U27. On 31 October, the same submarine sank the seaplane carrier Hermes, en route from Dover to Dunkirk, and on 11 November the gunboat Niger succumbed off Deal. New Year’s Day, 1915, brought no joy to the Admiralty for it was marked by the destruction of Formidable by U24 when she, with 8 other battleships, was steaming in line ahead west of Portland at the comfortable speed of 10 knots. (10)
The rights of belligerents in relation to merchant ships were enshrined in the “Prize Regulations” or “Cruiser Rules” which had their origins in the 17th.century and had been refined and codified subsequently until in their final form they entered international law in the Declaration of London, 1909. Under the Prize Regulations a ship of a country at war could stop and examine the registration and bills of lading of any merchant vessel and search her for contraband. If prohibited commodities were found then the vessel could be seized and, manned by a prize crew, sent into port where, in the case of Great Britain, the whole matter would be put before the High Court of Admiralty who would decide if the cargo was “absolute contraband”, “conditional contraband”, “free goods” or a combination of all 3 - a legal minefield which had many a lawyer rubbing his hands. (11) If, for acceptable reasons, a prize crew could not be provided then it was lawful to sink the ship, but only after “all persons on board had been placed in safety”, a proviso which did not mean just shepherding everyone into life boats but also ensuring that they could reach land.
Despite the obvious difficulties that the Prize Regulations presented to submarines, which would have to remain on the surface, vulnerable and endangered, whilst a lengthy procedure was followed, most people believed that they would comply with international law or, as the majority saw it, the laws of humanity. When, in 1913, Admiral Fisher, then in temporary retirement, wrote a memorandum for the Admiralty suggesting that the Germans would use submarines for sinking unarmed merchantmen without challenge, the First Lord was appalled and replied:
“I have read and reread with the closest attention the brilliant and most valuable paper on Submarines which you have drawn up - - -
There are a few points on which I an not convinced. Of these the greatest is the question of the use of submarines to sink merchant vessels. I do not think this would ever be done by a civilised power.” (12)
It was not only landsmen for whom Churchill spoke: in 1934 Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes, the former Commodore (S), wrote in his memoirs that Fisher’s memorandum:
“- - - visualised one aspect of submarine warfare which we all discarded as impossible and unthinkable, the indiscriminate sinking by the Germans of British and foreign merchantmen, without any regard for the safety of their crews.”(13)
Those who shared the viewpoint of Churchill and Keyes felt, at first, that their beliefs were had been confirmed because ,for almost 5 months after the declaration of war, U-Boats complied with the Prize Regulations, the occasional infringement being put down to “the perverted zeal of individual officers who had lost their heads”. (14) The launching of an unrelenting submarine attack against allied merchant shipping had been discussed in Germany as early as September,1914 but the idea had been rejected, not only in deference to international law but because it was considered that the number of U-Boats available was too small to bring such a campaign to a successful conclusion and, most importantly, that neutral countries, particularly the USA, would be outraged. However, the dimming of hope of a quick, victorious ending to the war in France led to an increasing emphasis being placed on the war at sea and the Kaiser’s reluctance to risk the capital ships of the High Seas Fleet in a major confrontation turned the thoughts of the Admiralstab once again to the potential of the U-Boat which only now was being fully appreciated and which, unhindered by the Prize Regulations, could be harnessed and launched to devastating effect against commercial shipping in unrestricted submarine warfare.
On 5 February, 1915, a Declaration was issued in Berlin (see appendix IV) under the name of Von Pohl, Chief of Naval Staff, (15) which stated, that the waters around Great Britain and Ireland were now a War Zone and that:
“ from February 18 onwards, every merchant-ship met with in this War Zone will be destroyed, nor will it always be possible to obviate the danger with which crews and passengers are thereby threatened “.
Writing to The Times in July, 1914, Admiral Sir Percy Scott, a gunnery specialist, had pointed out that the submarine had introduced a new method of attacking our supplies from overseas and had finished his letter with the dramatic question “Will the feelings of humanity restrain our enemy from using it ? “ The German Declaration gave a clear answer.
The statement of 5 February was followed by a lengthy memorandum attempting to justify the action taken which began by claiming that Great Britain, in interfering with German commerce, “had made a mockery of all the principles of the law of nations”, a statement which provoked an unexpectedly forceful reaction from the USA. To please neutrals it was decided to postpone the date of the inauguration of the U-Boat assault from the 18 February to one chosen personally by Kaiser Wilhelm but it transpired, unsurprisingly perhaps, that the “All Highest”. wished his submarines to begin their blitz just 4 days later. On 22 February U8 and U30 were already at sea and subsequently were joined by U21 and U27, thus beginning, in modest fashion, a campaign which by 1917 was close to bringing Britain to her knees.
"Buy bonds for the U-Boat war against England." A poster of February, 1915.
On 22 February, at 5.30 a.m., Lieutenant Chambers gave the order “cast off for’ard, cast off aft”, the engine room telegraph moved to “Slow Ahead” and TB1 began to move away from Immingham Dock and out into the stream. Picking up speed to 15 knots and then 20 knots as the little ship left the Humber estuary astern, familiar and unfamiliar sea marks began to flow past and were recorded in the log - Spurn Point, Haisborough Light, Cross Sand Light, Corton Light Vessel and “Buy bonds then South Foreland Elbow Light. “Courses and for the U-Boat speeds as required” were adopted to thread a war against way through the Downs where a 100 or so ships England.” were using the traffic lane or waiting for a visit from c contraband control. The port of Dover, with its ill designed and exposed anchorage, was reached at 5 p.m. and a berth sought amongst the destroyers, submarines, monitors, trawlers and drifters “Buy bonds for which constituted the Dover Patrol. “Pipe Down” the U-Boat war was sounded at 9 p.m. but a lone sailor was left on against England.” watch on deck to hail the Guard Boat each time it A poster of passed by on its regular round. (16).
February, 1915.
But Dover was just an overnight refuge for the following morning TB1 left the port behind and steered south westward along the coast passing the famous white cliffs and the majestic Beachy Head, 500 feet high, where the course was altered to the north east to reach the port of Newhaven which, 58 sea niles from Dover and situated at the mouth of the river Ouse, was to be the ship’s new base. The Sussex Ouse (17), whose tributaries flow through the wooded countryside of the High Weald, is 33 miles long, and, gathering strength, breaks through the chalk escarpment of the South Downs at Lewes, from where it takes a circuitous path to the sea. For centuries the point where the Ouse joined the Channel wandered back and forth according to the vagaries of “longshore drift” but in 1790 the construction of a breakwater and “The Cut”, a short length of canal, gave the river a permanent outlet and allowed access to a sheltered harbour - a “new haven”.
As ports and towns Immingham and Newhaven could not have been more dissimilar, but they shared 2 features - both were built on former Saxon settlements and both owed their modern importance and prosperity to the railways. In 1847 the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway extended the line southwards from Lewes to Newhaven and labourers were soon hard at work building a harbour station and then a wharf, with all the necessary facilities for cargo handling, on the east side of the river. The railway company had a clear view of what the future of the port should be and, in the years following the arrival of the first train, financed many projects which improved the harbour, including extensive dredging, so that in 1863 it was proud to announce that, in partnership with the Chemin de Fer de l’Ouest, a Newhaven - Dieppe ferry service would be in initiated. The new venture thrived; increasing numbers of English men and women wanted to savour the delights of La Belle France while there was a ready market for French merchandise - farm produce, timber, granite, slate - on this side of the Channel.
Soon after the outbreak of war, all commercial activity in and out of Newhaven harbour ceased. The port was now nominated as the principal departure point for general stores and munitions despatched to the Army in France and placed under governmental control: the fast passenger ferries were requisitioned and whisked away to act as troop carriers while the rail sidings and warehousing facilities were rapidly expanded. Eventually, electric lights would be installed around the harbour so that ships could be loaded overnight and the station would be closed for civilian use altogether. During 4 years of war 17,000 crossings of the Channel were made from Newhaven, the ships involved carrying over 6 million tons of stores to French ports. Until TB1 arrived at the port on 23 February, 1915, steaming down between the 2 piers which, together with a strong breakwater to the west, formed the harbour entrance, the supply ships had sailed unescorted. It was to protect them against the U-Boat attacks which must surely follow the German Declaration that TB1, joined by 7th.flotilla mates TBs 2, 3 and 5, was despatched south to the Sussex coast. But there were to be many tasks to be performed by the ex coastal destroyers operating in the sparkling but troubled waters of the English Channel.
The history of the 29,000 square miles of water bounded in the west by a line joining Lands End to Ushant and in the east by the Straits of Dover, is one marked by war and bloodshed, storm and shipwreck:
“Start Point and Beachy Head Tell their tale of quick and dead.
Forelands both and Dungeness See many a ship in dire distress.
The Lizards and the Longships know Oft the end of friend and foe.
And Wolf Rock and Seven Stones Rest their feet on sailors’ bones. (18)
Signal Station, Newhaven
To Admiral Fisher, Dover was “one of the five keys which lock up the world” (the others being, in his view, Singapore, the Cape, Alexandria and Gibraltar) and, once the Navy had adopted the principle of the “distant blockade”, the port became of importance in the plan to close the North Sea exits , north and south, and imprison the High Seas Fleet within what was once known as the “German Ocean”. Yet, notwithstanding its significance, the port of Dover:
“- - - was ill prepared for war, despite work on a great naval harbour being carried out between 1897 and 1909. Neglected in favour of Rosyth as a warship base, it lacked a repair dock and a barracks for sailors.” (19)
Apart from its lack of facilities, not all of which are mentioned in the quotation above, Dover suffered from “double tides”, an arcane natural curiosity which meant that streams flowing in different directions met within the harbour at certain states of tide, making it an uncomfortable anchorage - “the last haven of refuge that the Almighty had ever made” (20) - and leading critics to question why it had been developed as a naval base at all. Certainly, the crews of the ships which were to become part of the famed Dover Patrol had little comfort in their home base as their floating homes plunged and swayed to the uncertain rhythm of the erratic tides.
When war was declared the 6th.Flotilla was already on station at Dover, 12 Tribal class destroyers and 12 old “30 knotters” commanded by Captain (D) Johnson in the scout cruiser Attentive. Also under the command of the Admiral of Patrols were 4 C class submarines assigned to coastal defence. Like the patrol flotillas on the east coast the duty of the 6th.was to harry an invasion force, in this instance in the unlikely circumstance that the enemy attempted to make a landing on the English side of the Channel or on the French coast in the rear of an allied army, but it was also positioned to check the advance of the High Seas Fleet if it attempted to break out of the North Sea, “back up” in strength being provided by the battleship squadron based at Portland. War did not bring an invasion force to the Straits of Dover nor did the ships of the mighty High Seas Fleet make an appearance but ever changing military and naval crises affecting the “Narrow Sea” led to increasing numbers of ships of different types being based on Dover so that in September, 1914, it was made a separate command under Rear Admiral Hood (21). By the end of the war the Dover Patrol consisted of over 400 ships of 27 different categories but with the hard worked 6th.Flotilla still at its heart.
The area which the Dover Patrol covered, some 4, 000 square miles, was bounded on the eastern side by a line from from the North Foreland to the Scheldt and on the western side by a line running due south from Beachy Head to the French coast. As the war progressed the duties of the Patrol became ever more onerous. From the outset all vessels attempting to pass through the Straits were required to anchor in the Downs where they were searched for contraband by men of the Examination Service based in Ramsgate, most of whom had served in the Merchant Navy and soon developed an expertise in identifying smugglers. It was the duty of the 6th.Flotilla to ensure that all passing ships were examined, not always an easy task, particularly at night, as the vessels of several neutral nations, particularly those from Sweden and Holland it seems, objected to their voyages being interrupted and did everything they could to avoid being diverted to the Downs and submitting to humiliating and time devouring searches. With the passage of the BEF to France the protection of the developing supply routes between Dover, Southampton, Folkestone and Newhaven and the French ports of Calais, Boulogne, Le Havre and Dieppe became a matter of prime importance while the slow moving and vulnerable monitors, assigned to the Patrol to support the army by bombarding enemy coastal positions, required the protection of minesweepers and escorting destroyers when at work,
The chief threats to the sea links with the BEF, which by November, 1914, were sustained by an average of 12 ships a day (21), were raids on the Straits by destroyers or submarines and the 6th.Flotilla maintained patrols across the Channel from the Goodwin Sands and along the Belgian coast by day and night with some assistance from French ships based on Dunkirk. The loss of Ostend and Zeebrugge brought “the enemy’s light naval forces within a nights’ steaming of our coast” (22) and it astounded many commentators that it was not until October, 1916, that German surface ships made a serious attempt to destroy our cross - Channel communication system. Post war it was discovered that German Admirals had planned attacks on the ships conveying the BEF to France but had been told by a confident Chief of the General Staff “that this will not be necessary, and it will even be of advantage if the Armies of the West can settle with the 160,000 English at the same time as the French and Belgians.” (23).
The U-Boat threat to ships in the Channel was recognised and countered, it was thought, by the laying of a large minefield in early October 1914,between the Goodwin Sands and a point about 10 miles north of Ostend: in fact, the minefield was ineffective and regarded with contempt by U-Boat captains. At the beginning of the war the men at Dover treated the menace of the German submarine with some insouciance, believing that:
“the enemy had not so many U-Boats to spare in 1914, and I think we expected the Hun to aim for something better, and to play for higher stakes than the somewhat faded vessels of the obsolete Sixth Flotilla. (24)
But this view soon changed after 27 September when a torpedo fired by Von Hennig’s U18 narrowly missed the scout cruiser Attentive, patrolling a few miles from Dover, and inaugurated a period during which periscopes were seen and reported everywhere, each imaginary sighting having to be investigated immediately by a destroyer of the Patrol, perhaps summoned from resting, oiling or coaling. The sinking of the seaplane carrier Hermes, the gunboat Niger (an embarrassing episode witnessed by hundreds of people lining Deal beach) and the battleship Formidable showed that, despite the defensive minefields and the constant patrolling by the 6th.Flotilla, U-Boats were penetrating the Straits. All ships, except destroyers travelling at full speed, were ordered not to cross the Channel in daylight but this could only be a temporary measure; something more needed to be done to halt the advance of the U-Boats which, although few in number, had a greater range than had been thought and now, it was realised, were using the Channel route to reach out as far as the Western Approaches to the British Isles.
Early in the war, the larger destroyers had been issued with a device called the “Modified Sweep” which, towed astern of the ship, was intended to destroy a submerged submarine if it made contact with it, but this was a complicated, unhandy and inefficient contraption which was feared more by the sailors attempting to put it to use than the men who manned the U-Boats. Given the poor quality of British mines, the enemy submarine could only be destroyed with certainty when on the surface by gunfire or by ramming, this last solution often having serious consequences for the attacking vessel (25). Could an appliance be designed which, when used in restricted waters, would make a U-Boat helpless or bring it to the surface where it could be dealt with ? After all fish had been netted in rivers, estuaries and at sea for centuries and what were submarines but huge fishes ? And so it was that the drift net and the “drifter” - the fishing vessel that handled it - came to be adapted and put into use as a defence against underwater mararauders. (26)
The indicator nets, as they were called, were made of light but tough galvanised steel wire and had meshes 10 to 12 feet square. Each net was a 100 yards long and about 60 feet deep, the actual drop depending on the depth of the water in which it was to be used. Normally, a drifter, a much smaller vessel than a trawler and often of wooden construction, was equipped with 10 nets making a “fleet” (a fisherman’s term) 1,000 yards long which it ran out and towed into position. Every net was kept afloat by glass balls and attached to the wire hawser running along the top of the fleet by a metal clip which opened if a pull of more than a 100lb was exerted upon it. Also fixed to the net by a wire lanyard was an indicator buoy filled with chemicals which, when exposed to sea water, burnt furiously. It was thought that when a U-Boat blundered into a net, the metal clips would open and the submarine would be entangled in the galvanised steel wire meshes like a netted fish, while the indicator buoy, pulled beneath the surface, would give off a smoke signal guiding a patrolling destroyer to the spot. A new way of destroying a captive submarine brought to or near the surface was by the use of lance bombs - conical containers fixed to broom handles !
“A strong man could whirl one of them round his head, like a two-handed sword or battle-axe, and, when the momentum was sufficient, hurl it over the water for about seventy-five feet. On nose-diving into the sea and hitting the hull of a submarine in the act of rising or plunging, the little bomb, containing about 7lb. of amatol, was exploded by contact.” (27)
Today, with our lives dominated and buttressed by electronic and digital devices of every nature, we view with incredulity the primitive concept of the indicator net as an anti-submarine weapon, but on 13 February, 1915, 17 miles of the new contrivance were shot by fishing vessels conscripted and brought down to Dover from their home ports in the north east. The fleets of nets, each 1,000 ft. long, were run out on a line joining the Goodwin Sands to the Ruytingen Bank from where they drifted slowly down on a west going tide until they reached positions spanning the Channel from Folkestone to Cape Gris Nez where they were hauled in to await the tide making in the opposite direction when, set once more, they were carried back to their starting positions. Despite the skill of the drifters’ crews and their endurance, which drew the admiration of everybody who came into contact with them, the indicator nets had few successes. In bad weather the nets could not be run out, were carried away or could not be kept in exact alignment, while the detachable clips, the glass floats and the buoys, with their potassium mixture fillings, often malfunctioned. U-Boats evaded the nets by running into the Channel on the surface at night with the conning tower just awash, or by waiting on the sea bottom near the Ruytingen Bank until the currents and weather favoured them.
The exploitation of the Channel route by U-Boats from Heligoland meant that they could spend more time on what became their favoured cruising grounds in the Western Approaches and off Liverpool, where several oversea trade highways met, than if they attempted the longer and somewhat dangerous course around the coast of Scotland. The loss to the enemy of the port of Zeebrugge, so close to the mouth of the Channel, raised fears in the Admiralty that it would become a submarine base, thus increasing the threat to Franco-British communications and cut again the travelling time of U-Boats to and from their chosen fighting arenas. Consequently, on 23 January, 1915, 12 Royal Naval Air Service aircraft, based on St.Pol near Dunkirk, bombed port installations in Zeebrugge and this raid was followed up by others of increasing strength - on 12 February by 34 planes and 4 days later by 48 machines. Although the bombs used were tiny, of only 10 or 20 lbs weight, a fear of the as yet unknown potency of attack from the air, and slight damage to U.14, led to submarines being banned from using the port, as they had done for short periods for maintenance or to take on stores, until effective anti-aircraft defences could be provided.(28) It was not until May, 1915 that Zeebrugge became a permanent submarine base but primarily for the diminutive, but dangerous “tin tadpoles” of the UB and UC type boats.
Early in 1914 a certain Kapitanleutnant Blum had calculated that it would need 200 submarines conforming to the Prize Regulations to conduct a successful underwater campaign against the British (29) and, coincidentally or not, Germany possessed close to this number of boats in 1917 when unrestricted submarine warfare brought Britain to the brink of defeat. In February, 1915, however, when the infamous Declaration was made, allowing for boats sunk and newly commissioned since war was declared, there were still only between 20 and 25 U-Boats with fully trained crews available to mount an offensive and only a maximum of 1/3 of these could be on station at any one time: an average of 6 boats were at sea each day. Admiral Tirpitz complained that the decision to attack was made without consulting him and, like many post war writers, asserted that the campaign was opened prematurely.
When TB1 arrived in Newhaven at 1.15.p.m. on 23 February 2 submarines, U30 and U8, were already on station while 2 more, U20 and U27, put to sea 2 days later:
“With these four boats the great gamble began”.(30).
U30, badly commanded and on her first war voyage, sailed northabout around Scotland and, appearing in the Irish Sea sank 2 just 2 steamers before making for Heligoland and home. U8’s commander, Kapitanleutnant Stoss, already a veteran, was made of sterner stuff and, with his boat propelled on the surface by kerosene fuelled engines which gave off a thick black smoke, decided to dive deep and take his chance with the indicator nets when passing through the Straits. Off the Varne U8 came to a sudden halt with her propellers whirling helplessly and her bows entangled in a drifter’s net; somehow, although attacked by 2 destroyers with their modified sweeps, she struggled free and continued on her way down Channel to wreak destruction.
At 2.15.p.m. on 23 February the Admiralty collier Bramksome Chime from Grimsby was 6 miles West of Beachy Head when she blew up and began to sink, an occurrence reported by wireless to Dover by a passing ship. Soon all the Senior Officers in bases along the Channel coast knew what had occurred and TB1, only 2 ½ hours after her arrival at Newhaven, was ordered to sea once again to steam at full speed for the stricken ship and provide what help she could. Admiral Hood, commanding the Dover Patrol, ordered the destroyer Maori to join TB1 but when, after an exciting run at 30 knots, she arrived off Beachy Head, it was to find a second ship, the Oakby proceeding from London to Cardiff in ballast, in a sinking condition. While TB1 returned to Newhaven with survivors from the Branksome Chine, Maori, soon joined by Ghurka, also of the Dover Patrol, patrolled all night in search of submarines although, as no periscopes had been seen, it was possible to believe that the losses had been caused when the ships wandered into a hitherto unknown minefield . The Admiralty instructed the Senior Naval Officer at Newhaven “ to use any torpedo boats not required for escort duty in patrolling for submarines off Beachy Head” (31) and, in consequence, TB5 linked with the 2 destroyers at about midnight to extend the search.
On the following day, 24 February, TB1 was patrolling between Brighton and the Royal Sovereign light vessel, which was anchored to the east of Beachy Head in waters for which the Dover Patrol was responsible, when at 3.10 p.m. the collier Rio Parana, on passage from Newcastle to the Mediterranean, blew up and sank. A little later S.S. Western Coast, carrying a general cargo from London to Plymouth, sank in sight of TB1 and at 5.10 p.m. Harpalion, travelling from London to the United States, also succumbed. TB1 picked up 31 men from the Rio Parana before returning to Newhaven where her skipper, Lieutenant Chambers, reported to Dover that, in his opinion, all the ships lost had struck mines in a field newly laid off Beachy Head. Neither Admiral Hood nor Admiral Meux, C. in C., Portsmouth, fully believed in the minefield theory, but they were aware that U-Boats often lurked off prominent headlands which vessels closed to take bearings and fix their positions, so 2 destroyers were stationed in the area to warn and divert approaching shipping. It was a case of shutting the stable door after the horse had fled for U8 after torpedoing and sinking all the 5 ships mentioned within 24 hours was on her way back to base and a hero’s welcome. TB1’s log records, with a slightly aggrieved air, that 2 pairs of combination linings and 1 pair of duffle trousers loaned to Rio Parana survivors were not returned.
On the night of 22 February, when TB1 was safe in Dover harbour on passage to Newhaven, men of the North Midlands Division began to cross the Channel from Southampton to Le Havre. Two troopers sailed that night, each accompanied by a destroyer, and 8 the following night similarly escorted. However there was a shortage of the “fast packets ships” (mainly paddle steamers) used as transports and, reluctantly, slow cargo ships were pressed into service to convey soldiers to France. On the night of 24 February 4 transports were due to sail but they were all slow ships, there was a bright moon and, having been informed of the losses off Beachy Head during the day, the Admiralty ordered that no vessel was to sail unless it could be escorted by 3 destroyers. Admiral Meux, C.in C., Portsmouth, and in charge of the Southampton - Le Havre supply route, just did not have enough ships to provide the required number of guardians for all the troopers and 2 of them had to remain in port. Quickly a backlog of 11 ships built up, 3 capable of a top speed of 19 knots and the others only able to steam at 13 knots or less: Admiral Meux’s orders were now that the fast vessels could sail without escort but that the slow craft were still to be detained in port if no protection could be provided. Despite the muddle and the congestion, 18,848 troops, with their equipment and necessary stores, were conveyed to Le Havre between 22 and 28 February - quite a remarkable feat but one which put great pressure upon the escort vessels.
TB1 and her 3 sister ships based at Newhaven were swept up in the new and, as it seemed, ever changing arrangements. On the day after U8 left the Channel after completing her disruptive cruise, TB1 patrolled from Brighton to Beachy Head during the afternoon and early evening but then at 9.20 p.m , as her log records, she “left Newhaven on special duty escorting transports to Le Havre” arriving at the French port at 7.40 a.m. on the following morning. The return trip escorting troop ships, presumably empty, carrying lightly wounded men or those due for a short furlough in Blighty, passed without incident and on arrival at Newhaven shore leave was given to the port watch from 1.30 to 9.30 p.m . The libertymen, however, had little time to savour their temporary freedom for at 2 p.m. Lieutenant Chambers received sailing orders and a naval patrol was despatched to recall the sailors many of whom, with caps “flat aback” and pints in hand, were giving serious consideration to the strength of the local beer and the attractions of the various pubs in the town. The round up obviously took some time to complete because it was 7.10 p.m. before TB1 left port to rendezvous with a steamer off Folkestone which she accompanied to Boulogne. TB1’s log gives no indication why a fast ship on its own should receive special treatment at a time when escort vessels were in short supply, but the probability is that it ferried senior army officers, diplomats, politicians and other luminaries back and forth across the Channel. The Naval Staff Monograph, written in 1922, dealing with Home Waters does not disclose what function the escorted ship had, nor yet it’s identity, but it does give unusual attention to this single vessel and the arrangements made to protect her:
“A packet for military purposes was crossing nightly between Folkestone and Boulogne. This was now to be escorted; at first the intention was to employ Dover destroyers but on the 27th. two destroyers from Newhaven were transferred to Folkestone to run the service while the moon was bright, the storeships from Newhaven on the 27th. having to sail without escort. The torpedo boats were soon found to be too small for such work.” (32)
TB1 arrived in Boulogne harbour at 4.0 a.m. on 28 February in the midst of a howling gale which still persisted when she left for Newhaven 3 hours later. The ship rolled badly as the port was left astern and was soon affected by the design flaw which , as mentioned in Chapter One, all the ex-coastal destroyers inherited and which made them liable to engine failure in adverse weather. As the log put it:
“Slipped and proceeded to sea but lost suction (condenser trouble) 4 cables off breakwater. Ship uncontrollable.”
It must have been a very uncomfortable period for all the ship’s company as the little craft lay pitching and tossing helplessly with the breakwater, originally 800 yards distant, looming ever closer. The log does not describe how control was regained and danger averted but eventually the torpedo boat crawled back into port where she was to remain for another 2 days before the gale blew itself out and she was able to make for home in company with TB3.
The weather at the end of February was extremely bad and the torpedo boats stationed at Newhaven suffered so much that their senior officer reported to Admiral Meux at Portsmouth that they were totally unsuitable for the work they were called upon to do and requested that, if they couldn’t be relieved, 2 more craft should be sent to the port so that 4 vessels could operate while 2 rested and thus always conform with the Transport Officer’s time table for the sailing of transports and store ships. The reply, however, was that nothing could be done and that the 4 ex-coastal destroyers based in Newhaven would just have to manage as best they could.
While TB1 was sheltering in Boulogne an unusual success had been claimed in the Channel. Early in February the Admiralty had sent confidential advice to the masters of merchant ships on how U-Boats could be eluded, which consisted of telling them that if a submarine appeared astern, ring for full speed, steer for shoal water and hope for the best, or if a periscope appeared close ahead steer straight for it causing the boat to dive and then, maintaining the same course, steam over the submerged vessel and make an escape:
“There was no suggestion that they should attempt to destroy an assailant - nothing, indeed, which could be used by the enemy to prejudice their status as non-combatants.” (33)
On 28 February, Captain John Bell, master of the 500 ton coaster Thordis, espied a periscope on his starboard hand while his ship was steaming off Beachy Head. The submarine drew slowly ahead of the ship and crossing to her port bow fired a torpedo which missed. Taking the Admiralty advice Bell immediately swung his ship round and headed for the submarine. Whether the U-Boat was slow in diving, as the official report stated, or whether Captain Bell was too angered to bother about protecting his non combatant status, Thordis rammed the boat at speed and a little later oil began to appear on the surface. When Thordis was docked for examination on returning to port it was found that her keel was torn and dented and that a propeller blade was missing. The damage and the evidence of the escaping oil convinced everyone that an enemy submarine had been destroyed and Captain Bell was rewarded with a gift of £500 from the nautical publication Syren and Shipping, the cheque being presented by the Lord Mayor London at the Mansion House. The U-Boat involved was U6, the destructive U8’s replacement in the Channel, which had passed unscathed through the Dover defences. Although the conning tower was severely damaged with one periscope being torn away and the other bent at right angles, U6 survived and, completely blinded, skilfully threaded her way home through the minefields and indicator nets of the Straits to reach Wilhelmshaven safely.
On returning to Newhaven TB1 was soon again on escort duty accompanying a “transport to Boulogne“, although whether this was the nightly packet the log does not reveal.. Now control of the 4 torpedo boats at Newhaven had passed from the Senior Naval Officer of the port to the C.in C., Portsmouth, to help relieve the pressure on Admiral Meux’s destroyers, 2 of which, so the Admiralty had decreed, should escort slow ships carrying vehicles, horses or small numbers of men on the Southampton- Le Havre supply line while 1 should accompany fast troop transports when the moon was bright. “Some risks”, the Admiralty pointed out, “must be taken to get troops across in sufficient numbers” (34) . In fact no sooner had the conveyance of the North Midlands Division across the Channel been completed than it was the turn of a London Territorial Division to make the passage and then, in the last days of March and the early days of April, the South Midlands Territorials, another division of the New Army, was transported to Le Havre and Boulogne without loss. TB1 was at sea during 17 days of March either escorting a single transport to Boulogne or on patrol.
On 1 March the Admiralty made an official announcement that there was no enemy minefield off Beachy Head but merchant ships were advised to avoid the promontory and keep well out into the channel. In view of the sinkings which had taken place off the headland which marked the boundary of his command (there were 3 more during March, 1915) the C.in C. of the Dover Patrol kept 2 of his destroyers patrolling the area but there was a shortage of these maids-of-all-work throughout the Fleet and Admiral Hood asked that the torpedo boats at Newhaven should relieve them for other duties. The Admiralty, however, preferred to keep the ex-coastal destroyers escorting the fast transports unless the weather was too bad for the little craft to keep up when the merchant ships would sail unprotected. Notwithstanding the Admiralty decision some compromise must have been reached for from the 7 March onwards TB1’s escort duties were interwoven with patrols from Brighton to Beachy Head ; on occasion patrolling in the morning would be followed by an overnight trip to Boulogne. On the morning of 27 March, when returning to Newhaven from the French port, TB1 ran into a Force 5 gale which resulted in “bridge screens and rails broken by heavy weather”. The damage did not prevent the torpedo boat sailing the following evening for one more cross channel journey but, on the way to join the transport, a Dutch ship was encountered less than 2 miles offshore showing lights: could she be set on meeting a U-Boat a or making contact with German spy on land ? Whatever the reason for her behaviour the neutral vessel had to be ushered into Newhaven to be searched and the crew questioned.
From the introduction of unrestricted submarine warfare in late February until the end of March, 1915, 27 allied merchant ships and 1 Armed Merchant Cruiser were sunk but the number of ships sailing to and from British ports had hardly fallen and the strength of the British Expeditionary Force, continually reinforced and supplied, stood at 600,000 men at the end of the period. However, the minefields, the modified sweeps, the indicator nets (35)and the lance bombs were shown to be of limited use in the fight against the U-Boat - enemy submarines were still using the Channel as a highway to killing fields further west - and the search for an effective anti-submarine weapon intensified.
On 4 March U8, the boat which had opened the German campaign so dramatically, returned to the fray after a week spent refuelling, rearming and taking on fresh stores. U8, still commanded by Alfred Stoss, was spotted on the surface in misty conditions by the Dover Patrol destroyer Viking but, after firing a torpedo which missed, the submarine dived and started to feel her way, submerged, through the Straits. As on her first foray, U8 soon became entangled in an indicator net but this time there was no escape. Summoned to the spot by the drifter following the smoking buoy, destroyers hunted the submarine for several hours until Ghurka’s “comical old modified sweep” (36) made contact and exploded driving U8 to the surface where, confronted and shelled by hostile craft, Alfred Stoss surrendered, but not before ordering his crew to open the sea-cocks and drive his stricken vessel to the bottom of the sea. Once back in Dover U8’s captain and officers were entertained aboard the submarine depot ship Arrogant where they were wined and dined by their opposite numbers in the Royal Navy, with whom they shared jokes and reminiscences, an incident which is often quoted as an example of the chivalric attitude often adopted by opponents in the early days of WW1 but one which contrasted sharply with the treatment given to the ratings of U8 who were segregated in detention barracks and treated as pirates rather than prisoners of war, a position which the Admiralty could not maintain when the German government threatened to treat British detainees in the same manner. During the party aboard Arrogant the U-Boat officers were persuaded to sing the “Hymn of Hate”, a rollicking song identifying England as the principal enemy which had been officially printed and distributed:
French and Russian they matter not, A blow for a blow and a shot for a shot; We love them not, we hate them not We have one foe and one alone.
Hate by water and hate by land, Hate of the head and hate of the hand. We love as one, we hate as one, We have one foe and one alone - ENGLAND.
A fuzzy photo of the end of U8 (centre) with her crew on deck to the right awaiting boats from Ghurka and Maori, the ship in the distance.
The loss of U8 was followed 6 days later by that of U12 which was rammed by the destroyer Ariel off Aberdeen after being hunted by trawlers for 4 days. But by far the most serious loss to the U-Boat fleet during the opening weeks of the new campaign was that of U29, commanded by the redoubtable Otto Weddigen, who had despatched 3 Cressy class armoured cruisers off the Dutch coast and had been rewarded with the captaincy of a brand new boat. Weddigen made his skilful way through the defences of the Straits and the Channel to sink 4 ships off the Scilly Isles and 2 more near the Casquets, after ensuring the safety of the crews, for he was a man who, disregarding the views of his superiors, was determined to comply with international law. After reaching as far west as the Fastnet, Weddigen decided to return to Heligoland by the Northern route but after passing the tip of Scotland he found himself in the midst of the Grand Fleet engaged in exercises. U29 fired a torpedo at the battleship Neptune which missed and then, in the confusion which followed, was run down and crushed by Dreadnought. Such was the end of a brave and principled man: “flawless was his starry flight, undimmed by any dishonour.” (38)
Admiral Tirptz, possibly tongue-in-cheek, had assured the Kaiser that the restrictions imposed on German sea-borne trade by the application of British maritime power would be lifted within 6 weeks of the introduction of unrestricted submarine warfare but by the end of March, 1915,it was clear that this objective would not be reached. From the German point of view the results obtained during the first few weeks of the campaign were disappointing; only 28,000 tons of merchant shipping had been sunk and 3 U-Boats had been lost. In London a degree of complacency was mixed with a feeling of foreboding while in Berlin there was discontent with the progress of the offensive and hope for its future. In Newhaven, TB1 and the other little ships , went about their daily business, dangerous and exhausting though as it was, with little time to brood about what the coming months and years would bring.
1. Winston S.Churchill. “The World Crisis.”
2. Julian Corbett. “Naval Operations, Vol.2.”
3. Ed. Paul Halpern. “The Keyes Papers. Vol.1.”
4. These were 16 of the most modern submarines accompanied by the destroyers Lurcher and Firedrake.
5. Submarines were always known as “boats” from their introduction into the RN, although this was normally a term used to describe small craft, often open decked.
6. Keyes had recommended that 2 boats should be stationed at Hartlepool but was overruled.
7. The Naval Memoirs of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes - The Narrow Seas to the Dardanelles, 1910-1915.
8. The C class were of 300 tons displacement but their immediate successors, the D class, were twice as big.
9. Admiral Sir William James. “A Great Seaman”.
10. Admiral Lewis Bayly was ordered to strike his flag for not taking precautions against submarine attack but subsequently made a great name for himself in command of the Coast of Ireland Station.
11. Admiral Sir Dudley de Chair, commanding the cruiser squadron patrolling the northern exit of the North Sea, complained of the number of neutral ships set free after they had been intercepted carrying contraband. 12. Winston S.Churchill. “The World Crisis.”
13. The Naval Memoirs of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes - The Narrow Seas to the Dardanelles, 1910 - 1915.
14. Julian Corbett. “Naval Operations, Vol.2.”
15. This was Von Pohl’s last action as Chief of Staff. He became C.in C. of The High Seas Fleet on the following day.
16. A guardboat was like a police boat. It patrolled the harbour at intervals during the night and had to be hailed “Guardboat Ahoy” by every ship that it passed. A ship from which no hail was forthcoming was boarded and the sailor on watch charged with being asleep or not being attentive to his duties.
17. Ouse is a common name for rivers and stems from the Celtic word for water.
18. From “A Channel Rhyme” by Cicely Fox Smith.
19. Douglas d’Enno. “Fishermen against the Kaiser.”
20. “Taffrail”. “Swept Channels.”
22. Admiral Sir Roger Bacon. “A Concise History of the Dover Patrol.”
23. Quoted by Martin Gilbert in “The First World War.”
24. Captain E.G.R.Evans. “Keeping the Seas.”
25. The depth charge was not introduced until 1916 and was only produced in numbers in the following year.
26. Introduced in the Straits of Dover their use was soon extended to the North and St.George’s Channels.
27. Charles W.Domville Fife. “Submarine Warfare of Today.”
28. Naval Staff Monograph. “Home Waters. Vol.XIII. Part IV.”
29. Paul G.Halpern. “Naval Histrory of World War One” and others.
30. R.H.Gibson and M.Prendergast. “The German Submarine War, 1914-1918.”
31 Naval Staff Monograph. “Home Waters. Vol.XIII. Part IV.”
32. Ditto.
35. A planned extension of the use of these nets in home waters was delayed because many were sent to Gallipoli.
37. R.H.Gibson and M.Prendergast. “The GermanSubmarine War, 1914-1918.”
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YKIGS Live: Eric Benet Talks Signing Calvin Richardson & Goapele, Finding Stars in the Subway, New Music
YKIGS Posted on January 2, 2014
Despite the fact that Eric Benet has been in the music industry for over two decades now, it’s arguable that he’s now at the height of his career. Going independent and starting his own label was the best thing he could have done for his artistry and it’s showing in the success he’s been having with “The One”. This success has led to the expansion of his label and allowed him to sign unheralded artists like Calvin Richardson and Goapele who he can now help win. He’ll also be taking his search for talent to the subways with his newly launched Sub Stars TV show to find artists who many take for granted on a daily basis. All of that, and he’s also finding time to do a European tour and also work on a new album. Exciting times are ahead for Eric Benet and his fans! YouKnowIGotSoul sat down with him recently in NY and he gave us the scoop on his new signings, Sub Stars TV, his new music, the tour and, more.
YouKnowIGotSoul: Your latest album “The One” has been out for more than a year now and it’s still going strong. What’s been the key to the longevity of the album?
Eric Benet: Really, it’s just for the first time being in control of my career and having that kind of autonomy where had I still been at a major label, you’re lucky if you get one single with a decent release. It’s just now being in a position where I have a great family behind me, so that if I want to do something crazy like have three or four singles on a project, it can happen. I look at the whole thing like I’ve spent twenty years of my career in the system of major labels. It’s almost like my college and graduate school so that I can evolve and get to the point where as long I am able to make sure that my creative statement is strong and I know exactly who I want to be as an artist, then I just had to pick up a little bit more knowledge of the actual promoting and marketing of art. Being able to do it now is just an incredible feeling. And yeah, “The One” was a very successful first release for Jordan House and it’s really put us in a position where we felt like we could sign a couple of other artists like me who have a very clear vision of who they are creatively and they just need a strong family behind them to get that statement out there.
YouKnowIGotSoul: You announced that you signed Calvin Richardson and Goapele to your label. Talk about those signings and what it means to you.
Eric Benet: Both artists are artists who I really respect and I love their creative statement. I remember when Calvin first came out, he just has one of those voices where for me, it’s the perfect combination of vintage soul meets artists that have those vocal acrobatics and certain little ear candy things that today’s audience are going to listen in to and make them relevant for today, but also he has very bit of soulful and musical authenticity in his voice. Honestly he was one of those artists where it was like “If I ever have my own label or situation, he’s that kind of artist that I would want.” You hear a voice like Calvin’s and as a songwriter and producer, it’s like an artist like Michelangelo painting and going “These particular paints look amazing.” When I heard Calvin’s voice, I was like “Damn, I would love to get this cat in the studio.” The songs I hear with his voice are going to be amazing. Goapele is this dope combination of a eclectic soulful and artsy vibe. It’s the same kind of excitement that I had for Calvin, but in a different way. She’s so sure of who she is creatively and what she does and doesn’t want to do. I really respect who she is as an artist and what’s done with her career. People just love her and how left of center she is. It’s just really exciting to be working with her as well. I think with Jordan House, that’s what it’s going to excite everyone because it’s artists who have a clear definition of who they are and they’re just looking for a little help to get that creative message out there. I love the fact that with each artist, they’re going to be a little different and it’s going to give me a chance to, I think creatively in my arsenal I’ve done a lot of things from country, to rock to obviously R&B and soul. I get off on knowing that with each artist, I’m going to be able to pull a little from my arsenal to help to make sure each artist makes their statement come to fruition. That’s really exciting.
YouKnowIGotSoul: Another thing you have going on is the “Sub Stars” TV project. Tell us about that.
Eric Benet: “Sub Stars” is just a dope idea. I can’t take credit for the idea. A friend of mine, Phil Viardo, who is actually part of a very successful television production company called Natural 9. They’ve actually won a few Emmys for some other reality based shows that they’ve done over the years. He had a concept for a show and basically came up with the idea by walking through subways and we all know that people who perform at subways are usually incredible. “Sub Stars” is an opportunity for these artists to have a platform and to have a competition show like no other. When I think of music competition shows today, I think they’re very glamorous and shiny, but it starts to feel like glorified karaoke shows where people are like “Hey let me audition for the karaoke show.” Our show is very much not that. We’re going to what these people call their stage and these are people who didn’t decide “Hey let me audition for a competition show.” These are people who wake up every day and this is their life. This is how they survive or maybe it’s not how they survive. Maybe they are healthy, but this is their passion and I think that’s what’s going to make it so interesting. For whatever reason you’ve chosen, this is your life. Just staying on a street corner or staying in the subway and just giving it your all. I think that’s fascinating and that’s what I came from as an artist. I cut the ties from a day job and college years ago and I was just doing that. I was performing in some of the shittiest places you ever want to imagine, but music was my passion. I really respect that and I think these people just need to be seen, so it’s a really exciting concept. We have a kick-starter campaign because not only do we want the fans to be a part of finding the talent, we’re going to have a “Sub Stars” app for smartphones where people can just film ten minutes and send it back to us. Also we love the idea that the fans can be part of making the show actually happen. Everyone on some level is going to be a producer of the show via the kick-starter. http://www.substarstv.com is a way for people to find out more.
YouKnowIGotSoul: Do you have any new music planned for yourself?
Eric Benet: Yeah, it’s going to be a busy year for Jordan House. We pretty much finished the Calvin Richardson record. I’m just getting into the Goapele record now. I’m starting the next Eric Benet record by the end of this month and hopefully I’ll be finished with it before the end of the first quarter. It’s going to be crazy busy.
YouKnowIGotSoul: You’re also going on tour with Brian McKnight tour in Europe soon. Talk about that.
Eric Benet: We’ve never done a full-fledged promotional campaign of the new album “The One” in Europe until now. I can think of no doper, sexier and prolific artist than Brian McKnight to do this with. The man has written some of the most beautiful songs in R&B over the years and it’s just going to be a crazy show. Go to my website http://www.ericbenet.net to find out more information. This will be the first time that Brian and I have toured in years. Right after my first album came out, Brian and I did a tour way back in the day. This is the first time since then, so that’ll be exciting.
YouKnowIGotSoul: Anything you’d like to add?
Eric Benet: Thanks to everyone for the support over the years. Follow me on Twitter @EBenet.
Tagged:Eric Benet
Great interview,thank you.
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On the Likelihood of a Breakthrough in the Northern Ireland Peace Process
Efforts to broker agreement among political parties in the North are stumbling inexorably towards collapse and all things considered, this need not necessarily be the worst possible outcome.
In truth any agreement that is hammered out would only serve, at the present time, to paper over cracks. Most likely it would amount to a re-run of the previous occasion when the Assembly and Executive was functioning. Constant injections of political support from one or other or both of the two government would be required to keep the it all propped up. The main political forces on the nationalist side see in it anyway merely a stepping stone towards some form of 'united Ireland' - precisely what form deliberately being left vague for the time being. But equally unionist have reached a point where they just cannot bring themselves to do business with Sinn Féin and this clouds their entire political agenda. Paradoxically this is also the reason why their political interests would now best be served within an all-Ireland framework. At least within such a framework they could create a buffer between themselves and republicans. This option is no longer easily available within a six-county or ‘Northern Ireland’ context.
The late Charles Haughey controversially described Northern Ireland as a ‘failed political entity‘. He was probably only echoing the warning of a unionist leader of an earlier era, the Dubliner, Edward Carson who anticipated such an outcome when he turned down overtures to become Prime Minister when Northern Ireland was created. Partition was as much a matter of historical compromise for unionism as it was for Irish nationalism. Exactly where unionist thinking lies isn't always easy to gauge but it's surely apparent to them that their most likely (and reliable) allies in reducing the role and marginalising the influence of Sinn Féin lie across the border and not across the sea. Certainly this is the impression one gets from the ease with which unionist politicians engage and exchange banter with their southern counterparts - Ian Paisley Jnr recent appearance on RTÉ’s Questions and Answers for example.
With strand one of the Good Friday Agreement being put on ice, the public spotlight moving away from the North and relieved of the pressure to reach a settlement, political leaders of the two main traditions will be able to properly engage in dialogue with their respective constituencies on issues like policing, power-sharing etc. In the meantime an opportunity will be opened up to explore other areas of the Good Friday Agreement which have not to date received the same level of (public) attention - what the agreement itself refers to as the ‘totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands’ for example. It is possible that by developing new initiatives in these areas, a momentum could be created to return to the question of government in Northern Ireland at a later date. However it may also prove to be the case that the time for this has passed for reasons already outlined. Cross-border co-operation envisaged in strand two of the agreement may end up superseding those aspects of the agreement outlined in strand one.
The absence of democratic institutions governing Northern Ireland will not of itself lead to a descent back into the violence and anarchy of the past but neither can this be ruled out. Certain measures could be taken now in anticipation of such a scenario. This could entail the Irish government seeking a binding commitment that any future peace-keeping intervention in the North would have an Irish input and dimension. The Irish defence forces could assume responsibilities in areas and communities of the north where their presence would be welcomed over the presence of a British occupying power which would only serve to inflame.
23rd January, 2007
A version of this post was published as a 'Letter to the Editor' in the Irish Examiner newspaper of 31st January, 2007.
Copyright © Oscar Ó Dúgáin, 2007
Labels: Democracy, Good Friday Agreement, Irish Politics
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Posted on January 9, 2017 July 8, 2017 by Robert Daniels
‘Jackie’: A Risk Taking Close-Up of Tragedy
Jackie, starring Natalie Portman (Jacqueline Kennedy), and directed by Pablo Larrain, is the stuff that myths are made of. The re-telling of Camelot (not this Camelot).
When we find Portman’s Jackie, she is reconciling with the loss of her husband, John F. Kennedy (Caspar Phillipson). She is also in the process of planning the most historical myth building in modern history (this is before #fakenews).
When John F. Kennedy took office, he took it under the rays of optimism. He had a young family, John Jr. and Caroline. He had a young wife, Jackie. Charm. Wealth. Youth. Gravitas. And hope. All of that would be washed aside in Dallas by one bullet. Much like today, hope from a young candidate gave way to baser natures, #thanksobama. And mythology of a new Camelot. A land ruled by just laws and men. Of the youngest and the brightest, appeared to fall into storybook lore.
Jackie opens with the former first lady “welcoming” a reporter, Billy Crudup a week following the murder of her husband. In this moment, we are seeing history literally being written. Jacqueline is often aware, even paranoid that some see her as a debutante (an airhead). Never mind that she received a BA from Vassar and took MA classes at Georgetown. She was an editor at Vogue and photographer for the Washington Times-Herald. She is highly conscious of narrative, the power of the press, and the power to write history at will. Crudup is that opportunity.
The ability to write history is presented through the examination of her tour of the White House, a program broadcasted in 1962, often with Portman imposed into the original footage of the documentary. It’s also demonstrated in the planning of her husband’s funeral. From the moment we see her with the casket, she is already planning the burial. She wants to know what Lincoln did as opposed to William McKinley and Rutherford B. Hayes, two Presidents who were assassinated, yet little remembered. The funeral of Kennedy becomes the revitalization of the myth of Camelot. Jackie wants the pomp of a horse drawn carriage. She wants the image of her children immortalized as they gaze upon the passing carriage of their father’s body. She needs to see the dignitaries, heads of state, and everyone who despised her husband, walk down eights blocks of Pennsylvania avenue, even if there is a heightened chance of a sniper’s bullet striking again. Why does she take these chances?
She would have us believe, that it’s due to her vain glory, the same as her opponents think of her. Jackie is aware that her husband was not a perfect man, but she knows her husband did not deserve to die. When Lady Bird Johnson begs her take off her blood soaked pink dress for the cameras, she refuses to, because the cameras are there. She wants them to know, “What they did to Jack.”
Throughout Jackie, the conflict comes down to how one determines legacy. At one point, Bobby Kennedy, Peter Sarsgaard, laments what could have been: civil rights, the Vietnam War, poverty, education. All could have been solved, and now Lyndon Baines Johnson (John Carroll Lynch) will take credit, #thanksobama. Toward the end of the film, Jackie is asked to visit with a priest (John Hurt), for fear that she is falling apart psychologically. These, and the moments with Crudup, are where the film does much of the workload of Jackie’s feelings. Despair. Hurt. Anger. The purpose of his killing, and what her purpose has become since his death.
Wrapped-up in history and lost legacies is the representation given by Larrain. The streaking piercing strings for every cold flashback, the shot, the hospital, the autopsy room. They’re crushing reminders of the surrealism of the moment. Nevertheless, Larrain is not content to solely use crashing strings, he employs an almost absurd and uneasy use of extreme close-ups. Typically, a film may feature only 5-10% of extreme close-up. They’re usually reserved for emotional scenes for the highest dramatic effect. In Jackie, they’re 70-80% of the shots. The audience is left unnerved, and in the same position as Jackie with every extreme close-up and fourth wall breakdown. Larrain doesn’t shy away from the fear that he may be pushing his audience too far or overdoing the dramatic effect. He knows his subject matter. What’s more dramatic than the deluge of an assassinated president? Too far? He wants to push the audience to the emotional and psychological space Jackie was in. The effect is draining, and is the tenor of the film.
As one watches Jackie, it is almost impossible to fathom, in an age of Twitter, her being capable of managing the noise around her husband’s story. His legacy ? That’s usually left for the thin aged hands of history. Jackie places thin female fingers around the pen. No scene is this felt more, than her interactions with Crudup. For every “tantalizing” detail, like the sound as the bullet hit the skull, she redacts it, leaving him without one more “juicy” story, And, as the film begins to draw to an end, it is Jackie who is at the table, with the reporter’s notepad, writing the story. Writing the story of Camelot. With the lyrics: “Don’t let it be forgot/That once there was a spot/For one brief shining moment that was known/As Camelot” refraining over and over again in her head. Her writing a story that will live as long as….
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Tagged with:Billy Crudup, Caspar Phillipson, film, Film reviews, John Hurt, movies, Pablo Larrain, Peter Sarsgaard, reviews
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Tag Archives: Katy Perry
The Idol you should keep an eye on!
Clay Page is a simple country man from Elberton Georgia and man does that shine through. He auditioned on American Idol and walked out with a golden ticket like he was paid to do it. I’m a little biased when it comes to picking a favorite on American Idol. It starts to feel like picking a favorite on Game of …
Dolly Parton Leaves It All On The Stage At The Grammys!
It’s been 18 years since Dolly Parton set foot on the Grammy Stage but that all changed Sunday when she took the stage for a tribute to her career. Dolly changed a lot of people’s lives with her music whether she was putting a smile on your face, making you dance or cry she made you FEEL. That showed Sunday! …
Dolly Parton Returns To The Grammys!
It’s been 18 years since Dolly Parton has performed on stage at the Grammys but all that is changing this Sunday! Dolly will be taking the stage to perform new songs from her hit album ‘Dumplin'(Original Motion Picture Soundtrack). That’s only the start; she’ll also be performing with Little Big Town, Maren Morris, Katy Perry and Kacey Musgraves doing a …
Halloween Fun: Luke Bryan, Katy Perry, and Lionel Richie Dress Up for TV Appearance
As we approach the new season of American Idol, the judges decided to start the fun early. Luke Bryan, Katy Perry and Lionel Richie appeared on Live With Kelly and Ryan, in full costume.
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Things to do around Ann Arbor this week: see Bruce Hornsby, Mayer Hawthorne, fireworks and more
Neo-soul star and Ann Arbor native Mayer Hawthorne will play at the Power Center as part of the Ann Arbor Summer Festival main stage series. (Photo by Jake Michaels)
There are some great ongoing theater productions the area right now, so before we get into events scheduled this week, I’d also recommend checking out Purple Rose Theatre’s phenomenal production of “Morning’s At Seven” (see my review here); Encore Theatre’s terrific staging of my all-time favorite Sondheim musical, “Assassins” (my review); Theatre Nova’s impressive world premiere drama “Spin” (my review); and Penny Seats Theatre’s outdoor production of “The Canterbury Tales” finishes up its run at West Park this weekend (my review).
Plus, Ann Arbor Summer Festival/Top of the Park rolls along this week, with free outdoor movies at dusk on Tuesday-Thursday and Sunday; and free concerts and retreats and kids’ activities starting at 5 p.m. at U-M’s Ingalls Mall, every night except Monday.
For even more event options for this week, keep reading, and thanks for visiting the site! (Plus, since I’ll be vacationing next week, happy 4th of July to you all!) Continue reading →
Things to do around Ann Arbor this week: A2 Book Festival, comic John Heffron and more
Brazilian vocalist Bebel Gilberto has an Ann Arbor Summer Festival main stage show at the Power Center on Saturday.
Theater production runs of Shakespeare in the Arb’s “Love’s Labour’s Lost” and Encore Theatre’s “Assassins” continue this week, as does the Ann Arbor Summer Festival’s Top of the Park at U-M’s Ingalls Mall, with tons of free live music in the evenings on Tuesdays-Sundays, and outdoor movies at dusk on Sundays and Tuesdays-Thursdays.
But this week’s list begins with a community gathering to mourn those murdered in Orlando this past weekend.
Requiem for Orlando. On Tuesday evening, there will be a community performance of Mozart’s Requiem to honor the victims of the shooting at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida. The concert is free; no tickets are required. Through a social media and email campaign launched on Sunday, graduate student Austin Stewart and Kevin Fitzgerald, both alums of the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance, were able to bring together 50 instrumentalists and more than 135 singers to participate in the concert. Fitzgerald will conduct the performers, which include SMTD students, faculty and alumni, as well as representatives of many local orchestras, such as the Ann Arbor, Dearborn and Rochester Hills symphonies, and the Michigan Philharmonic. “In the aftermath of the tragedy in Orlando, there has been a lot of discussion among friends about building sanctuaries,” Stewart said. “We are striving to do that by creating a safe space with music, by creating a tapestry of voices representing every race, creed, sexuality and background. This is a timeless piece that expresses the full range of emotions that come with grief and healing. Our hope is for the concert to build solidarity and strength through music and communal reflection.” Tuesday at 8 p.m. at Hill Auditorium, 825 N. University Ave. in Ann Arbor.
A2SF Main Stage shows. On Wednesday, Gregory Alan Isakov and The Ghost Orchestra take the stage at Ann Arbor’s Power Center. Plaintive and poetic, Isakov crafts stunning, sepia-toned compositions that tell a story of miles and landscapes, captivating and haunting his listeners. With nods to Leonard Cohen and Andrew Bird, his lush arrangements lend themselves to a fuller sound, and he will be accompanied by his band, as well as a mini-symphonic ensemble. In a tour that includes headlining Red Rocks and The Kennedy Center, this is a rare opportunity to see a unique performance with one of indie folk’s most admired new singer/songwriters. Poet Andrea Gibson opens the show, with a set that may include mature themes. Wednesday at 8 pm at the Power Center, 121 Fletcher in Ann Arbor, and tickets cost $27-$40.
On Saturday night, A2SF presents Bebel Gilberto at the Power Center. This popular Brazilian singer, daughter of the legendary Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist Joo Gilberto, weaves sultry pop and soft electronica into her sophisticated bossa nova and samba repertoire. Saturday at 8 p.m. at the Power Center, 121 Fletcher Rd. in Ann Arbor. Tickets cost $30-$35, available in advance at tickets.a2sf.org or 734-764-2538.
Frontier Ruckus plays Sonic Lunch. Popular experimental bluegrass-based folk-rock ensemble from Lake Orion plays a free show on Thursday at noon at Liberty Plaza, near the intersection of Liberty and Division in Ann Arbor. Continue reading →
Things to do around Ann Arbor this week: see A2CT’s ‘The Wedding Singer,’ Sonic Lunch, Cinetopia, Taste of Ann Arbor and more
May 31, 2016 May 31, 2016 / Jenn McKee / Leave a comment
Chip Mezo stars in Ann Arbor Civic Theatre’s production of “The Wedding Singer.” (Photo by Lisa Gavan)
Friday’s Judy Collins show at the Ark may be sold out, but if you look at both sides now (see what I did there?), you’ll see there are lots of other great choices for leisure activities this week. Check out some of your options below.
Aoife O’Donovan at The Ark. The former vocalist of a Boston neo-bluegrass outfit called Crooked Still, O’Donovan is a honey-voiced pop-folk singer-songwriter who’s regularly featured on “A Prairie Home Companion.” Her new CD, “In the Magic Hour,” is a collection of introspective explorations of memory and mortality written in the wake of her grandfather’s death. Tuesday at 8 p.m. at The Ark, 316 S. Main in Ann Arbor. Tickets cost $15 (members, free), available in advance at mutotix.com, theark.org, or by phone at 734-763-TKTS.
The Leastaways’ “West of Elsewhere.” This traveling theater troupe, founded by Ann Arborites, performs its multidisciplinary show that follows the intersecting lives of illegal train-hoppers during the panic of 1893, when a depression drove hundreds of thousands of people to leave their homes in search of a better life. Interwoven with music, the story concerns American idealism, hardship, living in uncertainty, and the pursuit of belonging. Wednesday at 7:30 p.m. at Pointless Brewery & Theatre, 3014 Packard in Ann Arbor. Tickets cost $10 at the door.
Sonic Lunch kicks off Thursday. One of the best things about being around downtown Ann Arbor in the summer is walking to Liberty Plaza on Thursdays at noon to see a free Sonic Lunch show. (In case of rain, the shows are held in the Ark on Main Street.) Performers in Sonic Lunch’s lineup range from local and regional favorites to nationally known acts, and this year’s series kicks off Thursday with Wild Belle. Enjoy seductive, musically sophisticated retro-pop with a reggae groove by this critically acclaimed band, led by the sibling singer-songwriter duo of vocalist Natalie Bergman and saxophonist/keyboardist Eliot Bergman, who founded the popular Afrobeat band Nomo when he was a U-M student. Thursday from noon-1:30 p.m. at Liberty Plaza, located on E. Liberty St. at S. Division. Free. Continue reading →
Things to do around Ann Arbor this week: see Ellie Goulding, Cyndi Lauper, ‘Station Eleven’ author and more
May 9, 2016 / Jenn McKee / Leave a comment
Cyndi Lauper will play a concert at the Michigan Theater on Saturday night!
Ellie Goulding at EMU. Enjoy catchy electronic pop (with elements of dance music and ambient synth-pop) by this young British singer-songwriter who first gained attention with her 2010 hit singles “Starry Eyed” and “Guns & Horses.” She has a new best-selling CD, “Delirium.” Opening acts are Bebe Rexha, an Albanian American electropop singer-songwriter who co-wrote Eminem’s 2013 hit “Monster,” and Years & Years, a London (UK) synthpop trio. Monday at 7 p.m. at EMU Convocation Center, 799 N. Hewitt (north off Washtenaw) in Ypsilanti. Tickets $35-$59.50, available in advance at Ticketmaster.com and (800) 745-3000.
For Pete’s Sake: A Pete Seeger Birthday Tribute and Memorial at The Ark. This celebration of the late folk legend features in-the-round performances, with lots of sing-alongs and between-song stories. The all-star lineup of area singer-songwriters includes Chris Buhalis, Judy Banker, Billy King, Paul Tinkerhess, Matt Watroba, Annie & Rod Capps, and Gemini, an acoustic quartet now that twin brothers Laszlo and Sandor Slomovits have been joined by San’s daughter Emily and bassist Jacob Warren. A benefit for the Ark. Wednesday at 8 p.m. at 316 S. Main in Ann Arbor. Tickets cost $15, available in advance at mutotix.com, theark.org, and 734-763-TKTS.
See “Station Eleven” author Emily St. John Mandel at WCC. Check out this reading by bestselling NYC-based writer whose 2014 novel, “Station Eleven,” was chosen as the 2015-16 Great Michigan Read (and it’s one of my favorite novels of recent years). Set in the aftermath of a future flu epidemic, the novel tells the story of a Hollywood star, his would-be savior, and a nomadic group of actors roaming the scattered outposts of the Great Lakes region. Wednesday at 7 p.m. at WCC’s Morris Lawrence Bldg., in Towsley Auditorium, 4800 E. Huron River Dr. in Ann Arbor. Free. Continue reading →
Ann Arbor Summer Festival announces Top of the Park lineup
Ann Arbor Summer Festival’s Top of the Park features free outdoor concerts, retreats and activities (alongside several food vendors) and is scheduled to happen between June 10 and July 3, 2016. (Photo by Myra Klarman)
Woo-hoo! The Ann Arbor Summer Festival has just announced its outdoor Top of the Park series music performances for the 2016 season. From folk pop ensembles and a rogue marching bands, to the pioneers of Baltic Brass Band, there is something for everyone at Top of the Park.
Air Traffic Controller, Annabelle Road, Barbara Payton and The Instigators, Chris Bathgate, Boogat, Dixon’s Violin, Fanfare Ciocarlia, George Bedard and The Kingpins, Jill Jack Band, Madcat Midnight Blues Journey, Misty Lyn and The Big Beautiful, Son Little, The Infatuations, The Outer Vibe, The Record Co, The Sun Messengers and The Third Coast Kings.
The Top of the Park series runs from June 10th through July 3rd, 6 nights each week for nearly 4 weeks, starting at 5 pm. The entire festival features an eclectic mix of over 150 events showcasing the best in music, dance, comedy, film, spoken word, contemporary circus, street arts, and family entertainment with select events through August. Continue reading →
Things to do around Ann Arbor this week: Water Hill Music Festival, ‘Purple Rain’ and more
April 25, 2016 April 25, 2016 / Jenn McKee / Leave a comment
A special screening of Prince’s film, “Purple Rain,” has been scheduled at Ann Arbor’s Michigan Theater on Saturday.
Several theater productions continue this week, including the world premiere of Matt Letscher’s “Gaps in the Fossil Record” at Chelsea’s Purple Rose Theatre, and the new, original musical “Irrational” at Ann Arbor’s Theatre Nova (housed at The Yellow Barn on Huron St.). At Dexter’s Encore Theatre, “Always … Patsy Cline” continues, and at Huron High, “Drop Dead” finishes its run this weekend. For more entertainment options, read on!
“Rock of Ages” at Pioneer High School Theater Guild. Will Branner directs students in Christopher D’Arienzo and Ethan Popp’s Broadway musical comedy, set in L.A. in the 1980s, about an aspiring rocker who encounters friendship, deception, and love on his road to stardom. The score is comprised of iconic ’80s songs, such as “Hit Me with Your Best Shot,” “We’re Not Gonna Take It,” “The Final Countdown,” and other songs by Journey, Poison, Styx, and Bon Jovi. Friday and Saturday at 7:30 p.m. (through May 7, 2016) at PHS Schreiber Auditorium, 601 W. Stadium in Ann Arbor. Tickets cost $15 (seniors age 65 & over and students, $10), available in advance at showtix4u.com.
Ark highlights. Heywood Banks is the stage name of Howell native Stuart Mitchell, a very animated comedian known for his silly musical spoofs, goofy prop humor, and sight gags. Since adopting the nerdy, quietly psychotic Banks persona in the mid-80s, he has risen from a regional favorite to a national star. Friday at 8 p.m. at The Ark; tickets are $25.
On Saturday night, you can check out The Ben Daniels Band. You’ll hear artful, dynamic rock and roll by this Chelsea quintet, led by singer-songwriter and guitarist Daniels, whose influences range from Robert Johnson to Dylan to Jack White. Saturday at 8 p.m.; tickets cost $15.
Both shows happens at The Ark, 316 S. Main in Ann Arbor, and show tickets are available in advance at mutotix.com, theark.org, or 734-763-TKTS. Continue reading →
Things to do around Ann Arbor this week, April 12-17
April 12, 2016 / Jenn McKee / 1 Comment
Hannah Flam and Joseph Sammour in U-M’s production of “Guys and Dolls.” (Photo by Peter Smith Photography)
Ann Arbor’s Jewish Film Festival continues this week, as does EMU Theatre’s run of “One Man, Two Guvnors” – but there’s tons more on offer, too. Check out all the details below. It’s a little overwhelming. In a good way.
See author Alice McDermott. The U-M English Department Zell Visiting Writers Series presents a reading by this Washington, D.C.-based National Book Award winner (for the 1998 novel, “Charming Billy”). “Someone,” McDermott’s 2013 novel that follows the sharp pains and unexpected joys of an ordinary life, was praised by Booklist as a “keenly observed, fluently humane, quietly enthralling novel of conformity and selfhood.” (McDermott will also be interviewed by author/U-M English professor Peter Ho Davies on Thursday at 5:30 p.m. at UMMA’s Helmut Stern Auditorium.) McDermott’s reading happens on Tuesday at 5:30 p.m. at the UMMA Apse, at 525 S. State St. in Ann Arbor, and the event is free. Continue reading →
Things to do around Ann Arbor this week: FoolMoon & Festifools, Hash Bash, Ani DiFranco and more
March 28, 2016 April 13, 2016 / Jenn McKee / 4 Comments
Mark Tucker, founder of FestiFools, will bring his students’ (and community artists’) giant puppets back to Ann Arbor’s downtown streets on Sunday for a parade. (Photo by Myra Klarman)
Lucinda Williams, Ani DiFranco and more, presented by The Ark. The Monday and Tuesday night Williams shows at The Ark are sold out – sorry to be the bearer of bad news – but 50 year old Ann Arbor folk venue has lots of other great artists on offer this week, including Wednesday’s 8 p.m. Brad Phillips Family Benefit show, featuring “The Voice” finalist Joshua Davis, Brian Vander Ark, Millish, and May Erlewine and Seth Bernard (tickets cost $25). The always-popular RFD Boys on Friday at 8 p.m. (tickets $11); and Ani DiFranco at the Michigan Theater, 603 E. Liberty St., on Saturday at 8 p.m. (tickets $30-$55). The Oh Hellos will play The Ark on Sunday night, but that, like the Williams shows, are already sold out. (Always have to keep your eye on that Ark calendar, folks!) The Ark’s located at 316 S. Main St. in Ann Arbor. To order tickets for shows, visit mutotix.com, theark.org, or call 734-763-TKTS.
See “Yellowman” playwright Dael Orlandersmith. Part of the U-M Institute for the Humanities Living Room Series. Orlandersmith is known for her Obie-winning drama “Beauty’s Daughter,” as well as her 2-actor, multi-character love story “Yellowman,” a 2002 Pulitzer Prize in Drama finalist (staged by Ann Arbor’s Performance Network Theatre in January 2015). This actress, poet, and playwright presents “Forever,” her semi-autobiographical one-woman drama about a pilgrimage to the famed Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris – the final resting place of such artists as Marcel Proust, Oscar Wilde, and Jim Morrison – that prompts a meditation about the relation between the family we are born into and the family we choose. Thursday at 8 p.m. at Kerrytown Concert House, 415 N. Fifth Ave. in Ann Arbor. Free. Continue reading →
My Concentrate feature story: As arts coverage fades, how will local arts organizations attract audiences?
March 2, 2016 March 2, 2016 / Jenn McKee / Leave a comment
The cast of The Purple Rose Theatre’s production of Neil Simon’s “The Odd Couple.” (Photo by Sean Carter Photography)
After having launched my career as an arts reporter at The Ann Arbor News in 2004, I had become, over the course of nearly 12 years, the only long-term staff entertainment writer left standing in Ann Arbor when MLive Media Group announced a round of layoffs on January 6, 2016.
This time, though, my name was on the list, too.
Beyond my own personal circumstances, the layoff meant that artists/local arts organizations would take yet another hit in regard to press coverage, and thus find it even harder to share their triumphs, struggles, ambitions, and events with the community. Yes, the rise of social media has made it possible for arts organizations to be in regular contact with their subscriber list – but how, without minimal press coverage, will they now reach beyond that? READ THE REST HERE
39th Annual Ann Arbor Folk Fest’s second night thrills sold-out crowd
January 31, 2016 February 3, 2016 / Jenn McKee / Leave a comment
STORY BY ROGER LELIEVRE
On night two of the annual Ann Arbor Folk Festival, it was all about the genre’s elders.
The annual musical buffet, held in Hill Auditorium and sold out Friday and Saturday, is the main fundraiser for The Ark, Ann Arbor’s nonprofit home for acoustic music and more.
Sure, the kids impressed during the first part of Saturday’s show, with deserved standing ovations for Michigan’s own The Accidentals, who opened the evening (the audience loved “Michigan and Again and Again”), and Joshua Davis of “The Voice” and Steppin In It fame. He did a fine job with his easygoing band, despite a muddy sound mix, especially on the Detroit/Flint ode “The Workingman’s Hymn.” The vocal quartet Darlingside (four guys gathered around a single mic) offered sweet, spot-on harmonies that pulled from folk, pop and barbershop traditions and earned another standing O.
Alan Doyle, best known as lead singer for Newfoundland’s beloved export Great Big Sea and touring with his more recent band, got the crowd fired up with Celtic-influenced songs like the bluesy “Testify (Take Me To The River)” and the rowdy GBS-style drinking tune “1,2,3,4” which might as well be subtitled “Whiskey Whiskey.” Much to the delight of this Great Big Sea fan, he also included the GBS song “Ordinary Day” as the capstone of his set. The only problem here was over-amplification – the vocals were on the unintelligible side, though part of the problem was probably Doyle’s charming but thick accent.
But after intermission was when the night really began to sound like a good old-fashioned folk music revival. Continue reading →
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Pop Evil’s Leigh Kakaty: ‘We Have Recorded Close to 20 Songs’ for New Album, Band Issues Studio Video
Album number five is in the works for Pop Evil. In a new studio video posted by the band, the group reveals that they've relocated to Nashville to work on their next disc.
"We just wanted a place that was immersed in music. We wanted to be here where all the action is and other genres have really grown here. It's been interesting. I think it's something we wanted to tap into to see if there was something special for us here," says frontman Leigh Kakaty in the clip above.
However, Nashville is just part of the story for the group, who also reveal in the clip that after spending six weeks in Nashville, they'll finish up the process with six weeks in Los Angeles. The band has been working out of Studio A in Sound Emporium Studios with veteran producer Kato Khandwala. Check out more of the new album discussion and hear approximately 10 seconds of driving guitars that will be part of one of the new tracks in the video above.
Speaking further about the progress of the new album, Kakaty says, "The band is in such a great creative groove right now! After taking much-needed time off, we started the writing process in Michigan this past April and May, before heading to the Sound Emporium in Nashville. We have recorded close to 20 songs for the album and are now narrowing down our choices before heading to L.A. to finish the record. Our producer Kato has been a blessing and a pleasure to work with, and he’s the best devil’s advocate we’ve had in the studio!"
He continued, "It’s been the smoothest recording process to date, and we’ve been taking our time and giving each song its due diligence. One thing I can say is you will get a little bit of everything from us on this album. We’re letting all our emotions out on this one. No boundaries. New Pop Evil music is on the horizon!"
But before the band wraps up their still untitled follow-up to the UP album, they'll get in some touring. The group has dates booked in August, September and October, playing a handful of festivals in the midst of their own shows. Check out their tour schedule here.
Pop Evil Play for Kids at St. Jude Children's Center
Source: Pop Evil’s Leigh Kakaty: ‘We Have Recorded Close to 20 Songs’ for New Album, Band Issues Studio Video
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The Great Unease
Posted in Current Affairs, European History, Feminist Issues, History, India, language, Media, politics, Religion by Anuraag Sanghi on February 26, 2008
From the 1954 - 2010 - Indians are the most optimistic. Cartoon by RK Laxman, Times of India.
Global consumer optimism surveys routinely show anxiety, unease, dread in Europe and USA. This sense of unease should be absent considering the prosperity levels, the best health-care systems, a welfare state, guaranteed unemployment benefits, their technology, their currency and their democracy.
The Indians and Chinese routinely are more optimistic – which should not happen considering the low income levels. Fancy theory apart, to my mind, it is the ‘sword fatigue’ in response to constant exposure by Western Governments (to which they are exposed) which causes this low optimism.
Medieval – Renaissance Europe
16th century Europe – specifically, Spain and Portugal. The last of the Moors had been driven out of Spain. The Christian standard was flying high. The Papal Bull divided the Earth (for the Europeans) between Spain and Portugal. White Christian rulers of Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand, set historic standards in persecution and extortion. More than a million Jews were killed, crucified, burnt alive; their properties confiscated and distributed. Columbus returned to enslave the American Natives – and subsequently, work them to death.
New chapters in bloodshed were being written by conquistadors like Vasco Nunez De Balboa, Francisco Pizarro, Juan Ponce de Leon, Hernando de Soto, Hernando Cortez, et al. Not to forget the search for El Dorado led by, “above all, that prince of monsters Lope de Aquirre, colour the pages with the darkest hues of bloody emprise.” In South American memory, Francisco de Carvajal, the “demon of the Andes” remains alive. These real-life monsters set new standards in brutality, slavery and genocide.
Europe in the sixteenth century was “obsessed with questions of language, and especially so in Spain and its recently conquered American Empire“ (emphasis mine). This was driven by
what Marshal McLuhan called “the hypertrophy of the unconscious,” a phenomenon he associated with periods of revolution in media technology: the advent of print in the 16th century created a great need for sensational materials to be broadcast, and this need caused ideas that formerly had been only lurking in the dark recesses of men’s minds to come floating to the surface.
One of the great bestsellers of the 16th century was the Histoires prodigieuses of Pierre Boaistuau (Paris, 1560), a sort of Renaissance Ripley’s Believe-it-or-not containing marvelous tales on everything … Seventeen of the Histoires forty tales are about monsters, a fact that may explain why the book was republished anywhere from ten to twenty two times and translated into Dutch, Spanish and English. (from Popular culture in the Middle Ages By Josie P. Campbell).
Spanish literature of the Renaissance
From this hotbed of ferment, a representative of this period was Calderon de la Barca (1600-1681), the Spanish writer. Growing up in a Spain, a 100 years after the Conquistadors, benefiting from the twin advantages of fresh memory and hindsight – “a century of Janus, facing backward, towards the rise of the Spanish Empire … and forward, toward its decline.” His more than a 100 plays and writings represent significantly, 17th century Spain – and even Europe.
There is probably no word that is more characteristic of Calderon de la Barca’s art than monstruo, “monster.” Rare is the play in which the word does not appear several times … (from Celestina’s brood By Roberto González Echevarría).
Calderon’s play about Semiramis, the Assyrian Empire builder, showed her in a monster mode – her hybrid character the most masculine modes and the most feminine, a monster of destruction and creation”. And Calderon was not alone. The fertile growth of monsters gave birth to a new study – teratology, the study of monsters.
“Monster lore truly becomes “popular culture” only with the Renaissance … Fresh works on the subject of teratology are written by Italians, Germans, and Frenchmen. The foreruuner of the modern newspaper, the broadside were bought at street corners and at fairs by the barely literate masses. The great reformers Luther and Melanchthon used the broadside medium to popularize their propagandistic and anti-Catholic versions of two of the most famous monsters of the Renaissance, the Monk-calf of Freiburg and the Pope-ass of Rome. (from Popular culture in the Middle Ages By Josie P. Campbell).
Some of Calderon’s plays dealt with the proselytization of the Native Americans – like his play, La Aurora En Copacabana (Dawn in the Copacabana), described as a play about “the conquest and conversion of the Indians in Peru”
The success of the conquest, therefore, is attributed to (Christian) faith which is valued as mans greatest gift to the world … Thus (Christian) conquest becomes a form of colonisation with the purpose of imposing religion and culture on a land “que habitan inhumanos” (512) and is in need of redemption and education. Finally, the play tries to harmonise irreconcilable contradictions which lie at the bottom of colonial discourse. (texts in parentheses mine).
With this idea, must be seen something important. That is the important element of “the escape of the monster.” In the … Monster Theory, Joel Cohen has remarked that the monster always escapes. Now combine the three elements – the newly acquired colonies of America, the proselytization (or otheriwse, the genocide) and the escape of the monster. These were the ‘monsters’ of colonialism.
A very interesting play by Calderon was La vida es sueño (Life is a dream). It tells the story of Segismundo, the Prince Of Poland, who was destined to be a monster. To forestall the prophecy, Segismundo was imprisoned by his father from the time of his birth. In adulthood, released from prison to test the prediction, Segismundo fulfills the prophecy. As a analyst of Calderon’s work summarizes,
Affirming a “better reality,” Segismundo’s message speaks as well to all of Europe: the “new European man” is the real monster. (from The subject in question By C. Christopher Soufas).
200 years after Calderon, HG Wells, in the The Island of Doctor Moreau, foretold Joseph Menegle’s experiments rather well.
Onshore genocide – The Roma Gypsies
Apart from the Jewish persecution, less known is the the persecution of the Roma Gypsy, which continues till date. In Europe, kidnapping children was considered legal for most of 1500AD-1750AD. On one condition – you had to kidnap Roma Gypsy children! More than 25,000 children kidnapped. No problem. Everybody sleeps peacefully at night. Switzerland was doing this till 1973!
Roughly, between 1500 to 1750, it was legal in Europe to hunt human beings. Yes! Just like hunting for deer in India, or hunting buffalo in Africa or fox-hunting in Britain. Yes! You could hunt human beings. As long as the humans you hunted were Roma Gypsies. In Europe you could be hung to death if you committed the crime of being born – between 1500AD-1750AD! Born as a Roma Gypsy!
Europeans, in the their age of Enlightenment and Renaissance, (1500-1750) could just pick up human slaves – yes, own them like cattle and furniture, if you found one! As long as they were Roma Gypsies. Later you could also sell them for profit!
Ship owners and captains in Europe’s Golden age, (1500-1750) could arrange galley slaves for free. No wages, no salary. You just had to feed them. Use them, abuse them, flog them, kill them, drown them. You could do anything – as long as they were Roma Gypsies.
What set off the Roma Gypsy Genocide
In 1420, a 60 year old man, blind in one eye took charge – and took on the might of the Roman Church and Roman Emperors.
Jan Zizka.
Over the next 12 months, he became completely blind. In the next 15 years, Zizka (and other Czech generals) defeated, many times, the combined armies of Germany, The Roman Church and others. His military strategy was studied for the next 500 years. Thereafter, the myth of military might of the Church was broken forever.
Jan Zizka allied himself with the Taborites (the radical Hussite wing). Zizka made Tábor in Bohemia into an armored and mobile fortress – the Wagenburgs.
Interestingly, a 100 years after the Hussite Wars, the European persecution of the Roma Gypsies began in full earnest. And during WW2, the Vatican joined with the Nazi collaborators, the Ustashe, to extort gold and the genocide against the Roma Gyspises.
Military success
Zizka ranks with the great military innovators of all time. Zizka’s army was made up of untrained peasants and burghers (townspeople). He did not have the time or resources to train these fighters in armament and tactics of the time. Instead they used weapons like iron-tipped pikes and flails, armored farm wagons, mounted with small, howitzer type cannons.
Roma Gypsy Wagon Caravan
His armored wagons, led by the Taborites, in offensive movements, broke through the enemy lines, firing as they rolled, cutting superior forces into pieces. For defense, the wagons were arranged into a tight, impregnable barrier surrounding the foot soldiers – the Wagenburg (the wagon fort), as they came to be known. The wagons also served to transport his men. Zizka thus fully initiated modern tank warfare. Zizka’s experience under various commanders was useful. At the Battle of Tannenberg (1410), Zizka fought on the Polish side , in which the famed German Teutonic Knights were defeated.
Coming back …
Who were the major users of the wagons in Europe then (and now?) Answer – The Roma Gypsies.
Who were the people who could pose spiritual and ecclesiastical questions to the Vatican? Answer – The Gypsies, with their Indian heritage, were not not new to spiritual dialectics (contests, discourse and debates). For instance, Mani, and his adherents, an Indic teacher of Buddhist thought, known to Christians as Manichean thought, were the nightmare for Christianity till the 15th century. When Mani called for overthrow of slavery, the Vatican at the Council of Gangra, re-affirmed its faith in slavery. European minds were occupied with the questions raised by the Hussite reformers.
Some think they (the Waldensians) had held them for centuries; some think they had learned them recently from the Taborites. If scholars insist on this latter view, we are forced back on the further question: Where did the Taborites get their advanced opinions? If the Taborites taught the Waldenses, who taught the Taborites?
Who were the people who could help the persecuted Waldensians, the Bogomils, the Cathars to escape persecution and spread out across the Europe? Answer – The Roma Gypsies – in their wagons. The same Gypsies, had earlier pioneered the Troubadour culture in the Provence Region, which provoked the Albigensian Crusade by the Vatican.
Prokop Coat Of Arms
And who was the King of the Taborites? Answer – An entire clan of leaders who called themselves as Prokop (The Shaven /Bald; The Little and The Great) were the military leaders of the Taborites.
The word and name Prokop have no meaning in any European language – except in Sanskrit, where it means vengeance, retribution, violent justice.
Mythology as History
Jan Hus initiated the Reformation in the Vatican Church. It was Jan Zizka who broke the back of Papal authority. On the back of these Czech successes, was laid the foundation of 95 Theses by Martin Luther in 1517. The British break (1533-34) with the Holy Roman Church happened due to favors by the Papal office to the Iberian Empires – in matters of trade and colonial expansion, and the impediments to divorce of Henry-VIII at the behest of the Spanish rulers.
Today, the Germans and the British are loath to be reminded about the Czech Church Reform initiatives and the defeats at the hands of the Poles and Czechs. Western historiography about the Enlightenment and Renaissance, in Britain, France and Germany, leading to the reformation is ‘mythology as history’.
Of course, the role of the Greek Orthodox Church, the Byzantine Empire in the entire Czech saga is also worth re-examining. Were the Hussite Wars, a proxy war waged by the Eastern Church against the Vatican?
Dracula, Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr.Hyde
In the 19th century came the monster story was dubbed as Gothic – and this form of story-telling matured as a craft.
A significant array of Gothic writers emerged from Ireland (from Charles Maturin, Sheridan Le Fanu, Bram Stoker, and Oscar Wilde to the contemporary writer Patrick McGrath), in a colonial situation where a Protestant minority was the colonial occupier. (from Late Victorian Gothic tales By Roger Luckhurst)
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797–1851), wife of Percy Bysshe Shelley started writing Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, at the age of 18, and completed it one year later. First published in London, anonymously, in 1818 by small London publishing house of Harding, Mavor & Jones – after previous rejections by bigger publishers like Charles Ollier (Percy Bysshe Shelley’s publisher), and John Murray (by Byron’s publisher). The writer’s name started appearing from the second edition of 1823 onwards. The interesting aspect, lost in popular usge, is that the monster is not named – and Frankenstein was the scientist, who brought the monster to life.
In 1886, Robert Louis Stevenson’s book, The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde was first published. This explored how ‘normal’ (Dr.Jekyll) human beings could become ‘evil’ (Mr.Hyde).
And in 1887, Bram Stoker, an Irish writer published his Dracula. The character of Dracula is based on Emperor Sigismund and his Order of the Dragon, who waged war against the Hussites – led by Jan Zizka. Infamous for his betrayal of Jan Hus, he sparked of the Hussite Wars, in which the Taborites (the Roma Gypsies) used wagons and gun powder for the first time in Europe. He founded a secret sect, the “Dracul” called the Order of the Dragon.
Of course, these three are the most famous – but not the only ones. Sheridan Le Fanu’s 1871 “Carmilla“, about a lesbian vampire was another monster book of its time. An associate of Mary Shelley, John Polidori created the character of the “The Vampyre” in 1819 – on which possibly Dracula was based.
Most significantly, in 1896, was HG Well’s The Island of Doctor Moreau, which presaged Joseph Mengele – when Joseph Mengele had not even started on his higher education. A good 50 years before Joseph Mengele’s experiments were discovered by a shocked world.
The wellspring of these works is H.G. Wells’ The Island of Dr. Moreau. In this 1896 novel, a vivisectionist attempts to transform animals into men until the misshapen creatures revert and kill him, the forces of nature overcoming man’s civilizing artifices. From The Boys From Brazil (Auschwitz doctor Josef Mengele, alive and well and cloning Hitlers at a secret lab in the Brazilian Amazon) to Jurassic Park (Richard Attenborough alive and well and cloning velociraptors), Wells’ basic formula has become familiar: an island; a Frankensteinian experiment; a Faustian scientist; something gone terribly, terribly wrong. (from Requiem for the Mad Scientist By Arthur Allen, in Slate).
From the 1700-1800, while Spain was in decline, for about a 100 years, Western literary field did not see too much action on the monster front. The main action was in Haiti, where zombies, the ex-murderers, the living dead became a part of the voodoo cult.
The late Victorian era was one of the most expansive phases of the empire. Britain annexed some thirty-nine separate areas around the world between 1870-1900, in competition with newly aggressive America in the Pacific or the European powers in the so-called ‘Scramble for Africa’ after the continent was divided up at the Berlin conference of 1885. (from Late Victorian Gothic tales By Roger Luckhurst)
The last of the true great monster in popular culture came from the East. Soon after WW2, as tales of Japanese atrocities started coming out and as American atrocities in Vietnam started, Godzilla came out of Japan. But a different pressure head was building up, which gave rise to a new genre – detective fiction.
Euro-Pessimism
Between 1800-1950, Western powers killed (directly or otherwise) more than 50 million people in America (the Native Americans), Africa (the Native Africans and Afro-Americans), Asia (Indians, Chinese, Arabs). This led to a situation that every other person in the West had participated in murder or massacre. Western ambiguity towards Soviet Russia on one side, Hitler on the other – and to that add, Gandhiji’s resolute opposition to colonialism – and you have a inflammable situation.
The deluge of blood and murder caused moral anxiety and was a matter of ethical dilemma amongst common folks. The pressure valve for this was popular fiction. Identifying murderers became a form of proxy, vicarious entertainment for ordinary folks. Enter the super detectives, who pick out the murderer from a room full of ordinary people. Enter detectives like Auguste Dupin, of ‘The Purloined Letter‘ fame, who “investigates an apparently motiveless and unsolvable double murder in the Rue Morgue.”
Murder in Popular Image
A trend started by Edgar Allan Poe, whose first detective novel, Murders In Rue Morgue (1841) soon became an avalanche. Writers like Agatha Christie (Hercule Poirot, Miss Marple solving murders happening by the second), Georges Simenon (and his Inspector Maigret investigating brutal crimes), Ngaio Marsh (Roderick Alleyn), GK Chesterton (Father Brown), Raymond Chandler (Sam Spade and Phillip Marlowe) dealt with murder. Alfred Hitchcock made horror thrillers in similar themes.
Agatha Christie’s book filmed as Ten Little Indians, based on the book, initially released (the book) in Britain as Ten Little Niggers (later renamed as Then There None) gives the game away. Agatha Christie probably pre-saged the White desire to ensure that there should be none of the Native Americans left to tell the tale. The overt racism in Herge’s ‘Tintin in Congo’ made the world sit-up and note the pervasiveness of racism in detective fiction.
Jerome Delamater, Ruth Prigozy, in an essay compilation, ‘Theory and Practice of Classic Detective Fiction’, observe that Jane Marple, along with Hercule “Poirot becomes an equal opportunity detective who really believes that anyone might commit murder”. Dismissing the jaundiced view of human nature,” the writers of this book, while commenting about the detective fiction genre, do not mention slavery at all – and mention colonialism and racism once each.
The Mystery of the Dying Detective
After de-colonisation, as mass murder went underground, the detective-murder mystery books genre faded. This category was replaced by a new theme – the axis of corporation-government international conspiracies.
Conspiracy Theory – Full Steam Ahead
The new category of popular fiction are represented by Ian Fleming, Arthur Hailey, Frederick Forsyth, Irving Wallace, Robert Ludlum, Graham Greene, John Le Carre, et al. More and more contrived, each conspiracy theory writer has been ‘inspired’ by real life incidents.
While Ludlum’s international-conspiracy-plot-CIA-FBI-KGB series have worn thin, the spookiness of Le Carre’s Absolute Friends and Constant Gardner still work as novels representing the West.
Western Twins – Anxiety and Paranoia
To develop this understanding further, there are two classes of films that I wish to draw attention to.
Malignant Nature
Jaws (the shark that eats humans), Jurassic Park (mad scientists, conspiring technicians let loose man eating dinos) Gremlins and Poltergiest (things that go bump in the night). This paranoid fear of nature (and natural laws) seems to be a result of the subterranean knowledge of the way in which ecological damage and pollution is happening. These films produced /directed by Steven Spielberg (who is incomparable because as Time Magazine says, “No one else has put together a more popular body of work”)
Vindictive Humans
The other is the thinly disguised hate and prejudice films against the poor and the victimised. ‘Aliens’ needs just one small change for the films idea to become clear. Instead of LV-426, Nostromo the space ship, receives a distress call from some country in South America or Africa (or India, if you prefer). The meaning is clear when you see the movie while conscious of the fact that alien is is the word the US Government uses for people from other countries.
What Does This Mean
A US commentator Robert Putnam says that
“… We don’t trust each other as much as we used to. Trust in other people has fallen from 58 percent in 1960 to 35 percent in the mid-1990s. Our less trusting atmosphere has led us to recoil from civic life and social ties. We belong to fewer voluntary organizations, vote less often, volunteer less, and give a smaller share of our gross national product to charity (Putnam, 1995a, 1995b; Knack, 1992; 1986; Uslaner, 1993, 96-97). People who trust others are more likely to participate in almost all of these activities, so the decline in trust is strongly linked to the fall in civic engagement (Putnam, 1995a; Brehm and Rahn, 1997; Uslaner, 1997) …”
Elephants in the room
Most critics and commentators write about the phenomenon of detective fiction devoid of context – and the detective fiction as entertainment only.
One writer, Franco Moretti did half the job in book Signs Taken for Wonders: On the Sociology of Literary Forms By Franco Moretti. He writes,
“The perfect crime – the nightmare of detective fiction – is the feature-less, deindividualized crime that anyone could have committed because at this point everyone is the same.” He further writes,“Yet, if we turn to Agatha Christie, the situation is reversed.Her hundred-odd books have only one message: the criminal can be anyone …”
In his entire book he does not use the words like slavery, racism, genocide, bigotry even once. The 19th century, which was based on Western bigotry, White racism, Black slavery, and assorted genocides is unrecognised in Moretti’s books.
Running or hiding? Or it a case of feeling squeamish? Perhaps, a case of queasy stomach, Franco?
Another book, The Detective as Historian: History and Art in Historical Crime Fiction, by Ray Broadus Browne, Lawrence A. Kreiser does a better job. This book examines, the detective fiction genre, with some references to slavery and child prostitution.
How was this explained away
As the monsters increased, both in real life and literature, rationalizations were required. A person no less than Immanuel Kant, was pressed into service to deconstruct the ‘monster’, re-invent it and give it a positive spin.
The monster taken up by Kant in an aesthetic sense to refer to those things that exceed representation considers that the monstrous describes an entity whose life force is greater than the matter in which in which it is contained. Thus rather than something that malfunctions during the course of its production, monstrosity is associated during romanticism with “over-exuberant living matter” that extends itself beyond its natural borders in order to affect a much wider sphere. ((from The subject in question By C. Christopher Soufas).
In the twentieth century, Kant’s hypothesis finds an echo when Lord Randolph William Churchill, the ‘Bulldog’ declared
“I do not agree that the dog in a manger has the final right to the manger even though he may have lain there for a very long time. I do not admit that right. I do not admit for instance, that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to these people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher-grade race has come in and taken their place. (from Minorities, peoples, and self-determination By Nazila Ghanea-Hercock, Nazila Ghanea, Alexandra Xanthaki, Patrick Thornberry)
In another instance, Churchill wrote how ’superior’ Arabs, imposed on the ‘inferior’ negroes.
The stronger race imposed its customs and language on the negroes. The vigour of their blood sensibly altered the facial appearance … (from The River War By Winston Churchill).
Tagged with: Africa, Agatha Christie, Albigensian Crusade, Aleins the movie, Alfred Hitchcock, America, Anglo Saxon legal system, Anxiety and Paranoia, Arabs, Arthur Conan Doyle, Arthur Hailey, Assyrian Empire, Australia, Balboa, Battle of Tannenberg, Bogomils, Bram Stoker, Britain, Byzantine Empire, Calderon, Cathars, China, Chinese, Christopher Columbus, colonialism, common folks, Conquistadors, Conspiracy Theory, conspiracy theory writer, consumer confidence surveys, Cortez, Council Of Gangra, Crime, currency, Czechoslavakia, De Soto, de-colonisation, de-colonization, death of detective fiction, decline in trust, deluge of blood and murder, democracy, demon of the Andes, Desert Religions, detective novel, detective-murder mystery books, distress call, Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde, Dracula, dread, ecological damage, Edgar Allan Poe, El dorado, Emperor Sigismund, english language, ethical dilemma, Euro-Pessimism, Europe, Father Brown, first detective novel, France, Francisco de Carvajal, Francisco Pizarro, Franco Moretti, Frankenstein, Frederick Forsyth, Full Steam Ahead, Gandhi, genocide, Georges Simenon, German Teutonic Knights, Germany, GK Chesterton, Godzilla, Gothic, Graham Greene, Gremlins, gross national product, guaranteed unemployment benefits, Haiti, hate and prejudice films, health-care systems, Henry VIII, Hercule Poirot, Herge, Hernando Cortez, Hernando de Soto, HG Wells, Hitler, Hollywood, Horror films, horror thrillers, Hussite Wars, Ian Fleming, Immanuel Kant, India, Indians, inflammable situation, Inspector Maigret, inspired by real life incidents, investigating brutal crimes, Irving Wallace, Jan Hus, Jan Zizka, Jaws, John Le Carre, Joseph Mengele, Juan Ponce de Leon, Jurassic Park, Lope de Aguirre, low income levels, low optimism, LV-426, mad scientists, Malignant Nature, man eating dinos, Mani, Manichean, Marshal McLuhan, Mary Shelley, mass murder went underground, Miss Marple, monsters, Moors, moral anxiety, murder in popular image, murder or massacre, murderer from a room full of ordinary people, Murders In Rue Morgue, mystery of the dying detective, Native Americans, natural laws, Nature, Ngaio Marsh, Nostromo the space ship, optimistic, paranoid fear, Percy Shelley, Phillip Marlowe, Pizzaro, Poland, pollution, Poltergiest, poor and the victimised, popular fiction, portugal, pressure valve, Prokop, prosperity levels, Rabindranath Tagore, Ramsay Brothers, Raymond Chandler, Red Indians, Reformation, Robert Louis Stevenson, Robert Ludlum, Robert Putnam, Roderick Alleyn, Roma Gypsies, Sam Spade, Semiramis, sense of unease, slavery, Soviet Russia, spain, Steven Spielberg, subterranean knowledge, super detectives, sword fatigue, Taborites, Technology, teratology, the Blacks, The Great Unease, things that go bump in the night, Third World, Time Magazine, Tintin, TinTin in Congo, Troubadour, unease, US Government, USA, Vasco Nunez De Balboa, Vatican, vicarious entertainment, Vietnam War, Vindictive Humans, Vodoo, voluntary organizations, Waldensians, welfare state, Western Governments, Western powers, Western Twins, Winston Churchill
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Tag Archives: incidents
The Writer Postponed
Posted on August 30, 2015 by agallix
This appeared in The Los Angeles Review of Books on 23 August 2015:
The Writer Postponed: Barthes at the BnF
The BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) exhibition is one of numerous events commemorating the centenary of the birth of the author of “The Death of the Author” (1967). The exhibition is a rather modest affair compared with the grand 2002–03 retrospective at the Centre Pompidou — one that is far more in keeping with its subject’s endearing reticence. Curated by Éric Marty (who edited the complete works) Les écritures de Roland Barthes, Panorama is divided into two distinct parts. The first one consists of a series of white canvas wall panels, like the Chinese posters called dazibao, teeming with quotations, reproduced manuscript pages, and outsize photographs — including an inevitable Paris Match cover shot of the iconic Citroën DS, which the author of Mythologies famously likened to a Gothic cathedral. These dazibao conjure up Barthes’s 1974 trip to China (Carnets du voyage en Chine, 2009), his Zen inclinations, and his fondness for a partly fantasized Japan — a country he visited three times and wrote about, most famously, in Empire of Signs (1970). The use of fabric in lieu of paper could be construed as a nod to The Fashion System (1967) and, beyond that, to the semiologist’s dapper drapery metaphors. Stage curtains also spring to mind, of course. Barthes was deeply influenced by Bertolt Brecht in the 1950s, a period when his criticism revolved around drama: mostly avant-garde plays at first (until alternative theater was co-opted by Malraux and the Gaullist regime), but soon extending to canonical works. On Racine (1963) even became a cause célèbre, pitting the youngish bucks of la nouvelle critique against the academic establishment. Barthes would later reflect that theater — the personae of “life writing” and the performance of performativity — stood at the crossroads of his entire work. As a student, he dabbled in amateur dramatics, and he was always mesmerized by the manner in which the tragedian’s voice seceded into autonomous acting. Those who visited Barthes frequently fell under the spell of his voice. Chantal Thomas recalls that his speech rendered the silence it sprang from audible (Pour Roland Barthes, 2015). Philippe Roger mentions a sentence that still rings so distinctly in his ears that he could turn it into sheet music — despite having no recollection of what was actually said (Roland Barthes, roman, 1986). Barthes, who cherished “The Grain of the Voice” (1972) — “the body in the voice as it sings” — would no doubt have approved of his words time-lapsing into pure sound.
I walked the length of these gauzy panels, repeatedly, to ensure I had not missed the entrance to some occult gallery room. En route, I spotted several other mildly bemused visitors doing likewise, l’air de rien. Just as the art of striptease conceals nudity (Mythologies, 1957), everything here is hidden in plain sight. The author is ubiquitous, but atomized; splintered into myriad shards of text. In her monumental new biography, Tiphaine Samoyault demonstrates how his fragmentary, aphoristic, and self-referential style resists analysis, often leaving commentators no other option but to paraphrase or quote. This, she says, is how he inhabits his texts. Barthes himself goes back to the etymology of the word “text,” which, in Latin, refers — precisely — to tissue. This tissue, he avers, has traditionally been regarded as a “ready-made veil” concealing meaning (which can only be unveiled through interpretation). Instead of prêt-à-porter, he suggests we consider text as a piece of material that is constantly in the process of being woven — he compares Proust’s work to that of a seamstress. In this “making” of the text, “the subject unmakes himself, like a spider dissolving in the constructive secretions of its web” (The Pleasure of the Text, 1973). However, it is also through these very secretions that the subject resurfaces, albeit in disseminated form, “like the ashes we strew into the wind after death” (Sade, Fourier, Loyola, 1971).
Roland Barthes was not averse to biography per se. In fact, he even toyed with the idea of writing one himself (on his beloved Schumann). Besides, the intersection between life and literature was arguably his central concern throughout his career. Samoyault traces his penchant for self-portraiture back to his sanatorium days, the diseased body being his first object of investigation. She goes on to claim that his main achievement was to take reading out of the book and into the world: to decipher, as it is now, post-Barthes, common to say, the world like a text. For Barthes, however, reading literature was a highly personal pursuit: it meant “rewriting the text of the work within the text of our lives” (Le Nouvel Observateur, 1979). Textual pleasure reaches its climax when a book “transmigrates into our life, whenever another writing (the Other’s writing) succeeds in writing fragments of our daily lives” (Sade, Fourier, Loyola). As Susan Sontag shrewdly observed, Barthes started off discussing Gide’s journal (which, in his view, turned the life and work into “a creative whole”) and ended up reflecting upon his own. During one of his last lectures, he even confessed (citing Kafka’s Diaries and Tolstoy’s Notebooks) that he had “sometimes come to prefer reading about the lives of certain writers to reading their works” — an admission that would have been anathema in the days of high post-structuralism. Indeed, diaries are repositories of what he had previously described as the “fantasy” of the writer figure, that is to say “the writer minus his work”. Readers often suspect novels of being thinly disguised biographies; Barthes believed, contrarily, that biographies were novels that dare not speak their name. Put bluntly, a writer cannot dissociate him or herself from the act of writing, just as it is impossible to discuss language in nonlinguistic terms. Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes (1975) is thus prefaced with the following caveat, which, significantly, appears in the author’s own elegant script: “It must all be considered as if spoken by a character in a novel”. The fragmentary memoir that ensues is narrated in the first and third (he, R.B.) persons singular: Barthes, in effect, becomes a character — several characters — in what he describes as “almost a novel: a novel without proper names”. The subject (himself, his life) is real, but the narrative voice belongs (of necessity) to the realm of fiction. A clear line is drawn between the “unproductive” time of childhood — depicted in the first pages through a series of captioned snapshots — and the “productive” time of writing that endures in textual form, rather than as memory. Since the text dispossesses the writer of his “narrative continuity” — “it takes my body elsewhere” — only the “unproductive life” can be presented in chronological (albeit pictorial) fashion. Much of the author’s work, from Empire of Signs onward, can be read as a quest for a biography of the productive life.
Barthes felt that lives should not be written in stone. After all, the past never stands still: memories are always being reimagined and reshuffled; identity is open to constant recomposition. If someone were to write his life, Barthes remarked, anticipating his own memoir, he hoped it would be limited to a few “biographemes” — “a few details, a few preferences, a few inflections” — which, “like Epicurean atoms,” would perhaps touch “some future body, destined to the same dispersion” (Sade, Fourier, Loyola). As Paul Valéry put it, in a letter he quotes, “It is strange how the passage of time turns every work — and so every man — into fragments. Nothing whole survives — just as a recollection is never anything more than debris, and only becomes sharper through false memories”. In his lectures on The Preparation of the Novel (1978–1980; published in 2003), Barthes establishes a distinction between two literary Platonic ideals: the Book and the Album. The former is the ultimate Gesamtkunstwerk — an instantiation of the Absolute in codex form. The latter (aphorisms, pensées, fragments, collages, journals, scrapbooks) stands at the other, resolutely immanent end of the spectrum. Given that nothing whole ever survives, Barthes draws the conclusion that “the future of the Book is the Album, just as the ruin is the future of the monument”: “What lives in us of the Book” — a quotation, for instance — “is the Album”. (Éric Marty recently edited a collection of the author’s miscellanea under that very title.) Similarly, what lives in us of the biography is the biographeme, that textual snapshot: “Photography has the same relation to History that the biographeme has to biography” (Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, 1980). Barthes’s oeuvre is dotted — punctuated — with prefigurations or echoes of the biographeme, which attests to the centrality of this concept. There is the gaping garment, for instance, pinpointed in The Pleasure of the Text as the scintillating locus of eroticism. There is “the Surprise, the Incident, the Haiku” — presented as near synonyms — which Mao’s China famously failed to deliver (Travels in China). And then there is the punctum: the accidental detail in a photograph (as opposed to the studium, its ostensible subject), which moves the observer to the poignant point where his or her involvement becomes intensely personal. One thinks of that passage in Empire of Signs where the author recalls that he never took any pictures of Japan. Quite the contrary, he explains: it is Japan that constellated him with flashes, as though from a camera not loaded with film. In her biography, Samoyault insists that, even at its most theoretical, Barthes’s criticism is never solely (soullessly) analytical. We always perceive the flash of the author’s desiring gaze.
The first part of the BnF exhibition illustrates Barthes’s definition of the “Album”. As its title indicates, it provides us with a panoramic view of the polymath’s multifaceted career. This dizzying, kaleidoscopic portrait of Roland Barthes — dissolved in the constructive secretions of his web — highlights his engagement with the world. The second part, tucked away in a room at the far end of the busy wall panels, is far more intimate. The dimmed lights instantly instill a quasi-religious ambience. The only audible sound comes, muffled, from headphones resting on black seats at the back. Enshrined in glass display cases, the manuscript of A Lover’s Discourse: Fragments (1977) and related relics (letters, index cards, artworks) take center stage. “So it is a lover who speaks and says:” — the magic Open Sesame formula — is inscribed on a blue wall, reminiscent of an Yves Klein monochrome or a manuscript illumination by the Limbourg brothers. Everything here represents the autobiographical, and indeed literary, turn in Barthes’s career: “It is the intimate which seeks utterance in me, seeks to make its cry heard, confronting generality, confronting science” (“Longtemps, je me suis couché de bonne heure …,” 1978).
One of the major lessons of Mythologies is that the world is always already written. Language — as Barthes put it, somewhat provocatively, during his inaugural lecture at the Collège de France in 1977 — is “fascist”. It speaks us, compels us to think and talk along certain lines. The task of literature is thus “to unexpress the expressible,” to take the intransitivity of writing to its logical conclusion by relinquishing meaning altogether: “For writing to be manifest in its truth (and not in its instrumentality) it must be illegible” (Critical Essays, 1964). In his memoir, Barthes writes that “he dreams of a world which would be exempt from meaning“. On several occasions, he praises the haiku for managing to “achieve exemption from meaning” whilst remaining perfectly intelligible. The arch-interpreter dreamt, paradoxically, of signifiers without signifieds. What attracted him to Japanese calligraphy was the interface between writing and painting. He was fascinated by the artistic tradition of “illegible writing” (linked to Chinese characters in the case of André Masson’s semiograms) that he studied in essays devoted to the likes of Bernard Réquichot or Cy Twombly. He even produced some elegant doodles of his own: an instance of what we would now call asemic writing is reproduced on one of the wall panels. The BnF exhibition also showcases several artworks (although that is perhaps too grand a word). The most interesting are multicolored squiggles that resemble a preliterate child’s impression of writing: writing as ludic abstraction.
Barthes never considered himself as a visual artist, and rightly so, but he derived a great deal of pleasure — “a kind of innocence” — from the sheer physicality of drawing or painting. The care with which he fashioned the file boxes for his famous index cards indicates that he also considered writing as a handicraft, as do the corrected proofs of A Lover’s Discourse, with their neatly redacted lines in blue felt-tip that look like erasure poetry. The author’s beautiful handwriting is as distinctive as the grain of the voice, where sound and meaning merge. Barthes, it is often said, wrote from the body. He sought to inscribe “the hand as it writes” — his very desire for writing, rather than his psychological subjectivity — into the body of his texts, thus substituting an erotics for hermeneutics. There is indeed a “return of the author” in Barthes’s work, but the author who returns is not the “Author-God” of realist fiction: “The author who leaves his text and comes into our life has no unity […] he is not a (civil, moral) person, he is a body”. It is through the body that the intimate makes its cry heard on the page.
Writing as pure gesture was, of course, only a fantasy. On this side of “the Utopia of language,” Barthes came to identify what he called “life writing” as a viable way of voicing the intimate. Simply put, life writing is writing as a way of life, whereby life becomes the text of the work — a text to be produced, not deciphered. In “The Death of the Author,” of all places, Barthes had already highlighted the “radical reversal” operated by Proust: “instead of putting his life into his novel, as is so often maintained, he made of his very life a work for which his own book was the model”. Despite disavowing that polemical essay in The Preparation of the Novel — as though he could hear time’s winged laundry van hurrying near — he reprised his assessment of Proust, going as far as to claim that: “the positioning of the life as work is now slowly emerging as a veritable historical shift in values”. In Search of Lost Time is “entirely woven out of him [Proust], out of his places, his friends, his family; that’s literally all there is in his novel” — and yet it is not an autobiography.
Whether Barthes would have written a novel — had he not been knocked over by that van in 1980, dying a month later at the age of 64 — remains a moot point. In an interview, given in 1977, he announced his intention to write a “real novel”. However, he then went on to explain that he was looking for a form that would enable him to detach the “novelistic” (le romanesque) from the novel — which no longer really sounds like a “real novel”. The following year, in his conference on Proust, he mentioned his “fantasized and probably impossible” book. The lectures on The Preparation of the Novel did nothing to clear up the ambiguity; au contraire: “Will I really write a Novel? I’ll answer this and only this. I’ll proceed as if I were going to write one”. Samoyault argues, in her biography, that he probably would have done so. Although he only left an eight-page outline for his projected “Vita Nova,” she believes that much of the material that has been published posthumously (Incidents, Mourning Diary, et cetera) along with vast swaths of the unpublished archives, would eventually have been integrated into some grand magnum opus.
There are numerous counterarguments. Even though he had his ear to the ground and finger on the pulse — championing some of the most cutting-edge artists of his day — Barthes considered himself as a man of the 19th century: the rearguard of the avant-garde, as he once put it. Samoyault highlights the fact that he felt far more at home with Schumann or Chateaubriand than Messiaen or Robbe-Grillet, hence his deep-rooted fear of being an impostor. Proust — whose innovative work also retained a strong traditional Human Comedy dimension — probably represented his beau idéal of literary modernity. For Barthes, however, being modern also meant knowing “what cannot be started over again,” and that kind of monumental novel belonged to the past. At the beginning of The Preparation of the Novel, he suggests that “The Impossible Novel” could have been a good alternative title for these lectures, echoing one of the central themes of Writing Degree Zero: “Modernism begins with the search for a Literature which is no longer possible”. This general cultural crisis was echoed by his own abandonment of novel-writing as a teenager. In a letter to a friend, explaining why he had given up his bildungsroman — a satire of social conventions in provincial France — he described the novel as an “anti-artistic genre” in which aesthetics is stifled by psychology, and form a mere accessory. He then spoke of his conception of an “artistic form of literature,” which he would go on to seek out through his criticism in later years. When he died, he was preparing a conference on Stendhal’s switch from diary to fiction, which had finally allowed him to express his love of Italy. Evidently, Barthes was hoping that “Vita Nova” would likewise enable him to express his love of his mother, with whom he had lived almost all his life, and whose death in 1977 had left him devastated. The title — a quote — was “One Always Fails to Speak of What One Loves”. He may have sensed that his novel would never get as close to the “impossible science of the unique being” as he wished.
In fact, Barthes had already written a fitting, at times heart-rending, tribute to his late mother in the shape of the second part of Camera Lucida. He was too modest and racked by doubts — “I am not fully a writer” — to gauge the importance of his own work. As Philippe Sollers noted, his reading of Balzac’s “Sarrasine” in S/Z (1970) had rewritten a competent story into a veritable masterpiece. Michel Foucault pointed out that his criticism had a prophetic quality: it actually shaped the course of contemporary literature, rather than merely reflecting it. Alain Robbe-Grillet, whom Barthes had championed in his early days, claimed that A Lover’s Discourse may come to be regarded as the nouveau nouveau roman. He believed that the future of the novel lay in the hands of someone, like Barthes, who was not a professional novelist. A Lover’s Discourse was published in 1977, the year Serge Doubrovsky coined the term “autofiction”: it is now obvious that Barthes was one of the originators of this genre. It is equally obvious that most of his books, starting with Empire of Signs (when he began speaking in his own name), could now be labeled novels. Unknowingly, he had redefined what fiction could be.
In his Critical Essays, Barthes describes the critic as a writer, “but a writer postponed,” whose goal — to write a novel — remains tantalizingly on the horizon, like abstract squiggles: “the critic is the man who is going to write and who, like the Proustian narrator, satisfies this expectation with a supplementary work, who creates himself by seeking himself and whose function is to accomplish his project of writing even while eluding it”. While dreaming of the Book, Barthes produced the Album.
Posted in Non-fiction / Tagged a lover's discourse, alain robbe-grillet, andré gide, andré malraux, andré masson, andrew gallix, asemic writing, autofiction, balzac, bernard réquichot, bertolt brecht, biographemes, bnf, camera lucida, carnets de voyage en chine, chantal thomas, christine schutt, critical essays, cy twombly, empire of signs, eric marty, gide, haiku, incidents, kafka, larb, limbourg brothers, los angeles review of books, michel foucault, mourning diary, mythologies, nouveau roman, nouvel observateur, on racine, paul valéry, philippe roger, philippe sollers, pour roland barthes, roland barthes, roland barthes by roland barthes, s/z, sade fourier loyola, sarrasine, semiograms, serge doubrovsky, the fashion system, the human comedy, the pleasure of the text, the preparation of the novel, the writer postponed, tiphaine samoyault;, tolstoy, travels in china, writing degree zero, yves klein / Leave a comment
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« Quote of the day: MARRIAGE COUNSELING
In this week’s New Yorker »
Performance diary: WE’RE GONNA DIE
8.16.13 — I think Young Jean Lee is one of the bravest and most talented young(-ish) artists on the New York theater scene. She challenges herself relentlessly, never works in the same genre more than once, and collaborates with artists from other forms and aesthetics all the time. I was delighted when Lincoln Center Theater scheduled a return engagement of We’re Gonna Die, a piece Lee first performed at Joe’s Pub and then brought to Lincoln Center last year at this time to inaugurate LCT’s new tiny black box space, the Claire Tow Theater. Just before We’re Gonna Die, Lee created a stylized costume drama kinda-but-not-really-adapted-from-Shakespeare called Lear at Soho Rep; just after WGD, she made Untitled Feminist Show, a (mostly) wordless dance piece featuring all naked women, which was performed at the Kitchen, where she’d also presented The Shipment, a play in which an ensemble of black actors played white characters. Unlike any of those, of course, We’re Gonna Die is staged as a rock concert, in which Lee fronts a band of nerdy boys called Future Wife.
I expected much more rock ‘n’ roll, but there’s quite a lot of stand-up storytelling about family and boyfriends – at heart, it’s an emotional account of Lee’s father’s recent attempt to participate in an experimental cancer treatment. The band is great, but Lee’s songs and performance are flat and mundane, intentionally so but not especially interesting (in the direction of Jonathan Richman, but not even that witty). Nevertheless, I admired her courage in getting up and doing it – I can’t think of too many other contemporary playwrights with the guts to live out their singing-with-a-band fantasies (although it’s fun to imagine: Adam Bock? Richard Greenberg? Annie Baker? David Mamet?) – and the band is terrific. (They are Tim Simmonds, Mike Hanf, Nick Jenkins, and Benedict Kupstas.) And she does get the audience to sing along on the title song, which closes the show – feel-good existentialism? Future Wife has just released an album of the show with a stellar array of guests, including David Byrne, Laurie Anderson, and Adam Horovitz of the Beastie Boys. You can hear the studio version of that song (overproduced if you ask me) below:
This entry was posted on August 18, 2013 at 4:48 pm and is filed under performance diary.
Tags: we're gonna die, young jean lee
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Home » Products » Kissing the Knight Limited Edition Giclee on Paper by Jim Lee
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Kissing the Knight Limited Edition Giclee on Paper by Jim Lee
AI-5749
Jim Lee Original and Limited Edition Art
Batman v Superman Collection, DC Universe Original and Limited Edition Art
Limited Edition Giclee on Paper
Edition Size
Batman Original and Limited Edition Art, Catwoman Original and Limited Edition Art
DC Special Event, Limited Edition Giclee on Paper, Love is Everywhere, Studio Art
Kissing the Knight Limited Edition Giclee on Paper by Jim Lee quantity
This dramatic image of Batman and Catwoman demonstrates the tension and desire between the Caped Crusader and Cat Thief hinted in both the comic books and animated series. Rendered by Jim Lee, Lee’s style is noted for the definition and detail he incorporates into his superhero images. Lee’s cross-hatched style adds dimensional qualities to Kissing the Knight as it appears Batman and Catwoman are actually moving closer and embracing within their kiss. This edition is hand-signed by Jim Lee.
Jim Lee (born August 11, 1964) is a Korean American comic book artist, writer, editor, and publisher. He entered the industry in 1987 as an artist for Marvel Comics, illustrating titles such as Alpha Flight and The Punisher War Journal, before gaining popularity on The Uncanny X-Men. X-Men No. 1, the 1991 spin-off series premiere that Lee penciled and co-wrote with Chris Claremont, remains the best-selling comic book of all time, according to Guinness World Records.
In 1992, Lee and several other artists formed their own publishing company, Image Comics, to publish their creator-owned titles, with Lee publishing titles such as WildC.A.T.s and Gen¹³ through his studio Wildstorm Productions. Eschewing the role of publisher in order to return to illustration, Lee sold Wildstorm in 1998 to DC Comics, where he continued to run it as a DC imprint until 2010, as well as illustrating successful titles set in DC's main fictional universe, such as the year-long "Batman: Hush" and "Superman: For Tomorrow" storylines. On February 18, 2010, Jim Lee was announced as the new Co-Publisher of DC Comics with Dan DiDio, both replacing Paul Levitz.
He has received a Harvey Award, Inkpot Award and three Wizard Fan Awards in recognition for his work.
Tags: Batman, catwoman, DC Comics, jim-lee, Kissing the Knight, romance
HUSH Batman and Catwoman limited edition giclee on paper by Jim Lee
$450.00 More DetailsAdd to cart
× Wonder Woman Goddess of Truth Giclee on Paper by Jim Lee
Subtotal: : $450.00
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Architect's Newspaper
Posts written by this author:
Balti-less is more
Courtesy Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development
Early this January on a cold Tuesday, the governor of Maryland stood at a podium in the middle of a street full of vacant row houses in Baltimore. On the left of Governor Larry Hogan was Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, and on his…
Where My Comsat?
Courtesy Preservation Maryland
One of architect Cesar Pelli’s best-known works, the former Comsat building in Clarksburg, Maryland, has been sold to a developer and faces an uncertain future.
Pelli’s building is part of a 204-acre tract that was purchased by Lantian Development, a real estate investment and development company based…
Waterfrontin'
A view along the planned pedestrian walkway designed by AECOM. Courtesy AECOM
Greenpoint and Williamsburg waterfront advocates recently celebrated two small, but pivotal, victories in a decades-long battle for walkways along the East River in North Brooklyn and 28 acres of waterfront parkland that were promised but never delivered by…
Cabinet Fever: Sleek Kitchen Designs
Courtesy Italia Pvd
Life After Wartime
If the plan is built to full capacity, new VA housing could support up to 2,500 homeless vets. Courtesy HOK
Covering 388 acres of prime real estate, the West Los Angeles Veterans Administration campus could, in its crudest configuration, give every one of the 4,500 homeless veterans in Los Angeles…
BIG in the Bronx
Courtesy BIG
New York’s Finest will soon have BIG digs in the Bronx. Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) is designing a three-story, 59-foot-tall, 43,500-square-foot station house for the 40th Precinct in the Bronx’s Melrose neighborhood.
The 40th Precinct includes three South Bronx neighborhoods: Mott Haven, Port Morris, and Melrose. The squad…
Zoning Out?
NYC Planning contends that ZQA will fight bland streetwalls and create more lively streetscapes, as seen here in the East Village. Simon Collison / Flickr
In November and December, all five of New York City’s Borough Boards, and 50 of 59 Community Boards, voted against one or both of two…
Montana Brainstorm
Experimental venues dot the plains, including Ensamble Studio's forthcoming Domo (shown). Courtesy Ensamble Studio
Montana has long been mythologized for its wide-open spaces and stunning vistas. Starting this summer, one of its most remote corners will be home to a unique cultural venue: the Tippet Rise Art Center.
Female-ness, Corb, and Contraband
Andreas Angelidakis and Juliana Huxtable kick off the first in a series of partnerships between AN and Façadomy, a contemporary journal that reflects on issues of identity through the lenses of art and architecture.
The portmanteau of…
Turn Up the Base
Janet Cardiff's installation, The Forty Part Motet on view at Gallery 308 in the renovated Fort Mason Center for Arts & Culture. JKA Photography
One voice out of forty emerged from the speaker installed in the recently renovated Gallery 308 at Fort Mason Center for Arts & Culture as part…
Natural Order
The proposed interior of the Gilder Center Central Exhibition Hall in the Museum of Natural History. Courtesy Studio Gang Architects
On November 4, the American Museum of Natural History Board of Trustees approved Studio Gang Architects’ conceptual design for its $325 million, 218,000-square-foot Richard Gilder Center for Science, Education and…
DDG reinterprets cast iron facades of Soho
Courtesy DDG Partners
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Label: WARNER BROS / WEA
Artist: Prince
1. Sex Shooter
2. Jungle Love
3. Manic Monday
4. Noon Rendezvous
5. Make-Up
6. 100 MPH
7. You're My Love
8. Holly Rock
9. Baby, You're a Trip
10. The Glamorous Life
11. Gigolos Get Lonely Too
12. Love... Thy Will Be Done
13. Dear Michaelangelo
14. Wouldn't You Love to Love Me?
15. Nothing Compares 2 U
This June, The Prince Estate, in partnership with Warner Bros. Records and TIDAL, will release Originals, a 15-track album featuring 14 previously unreleased recordings that illuminate the vital, behind-the-scenes role Prince played in other artists' careers. The tracks were selected collaboratively by Troy Carter, on behalf of The Prince Estate, and JAY-Z.
By the mid-1980s, Prince was dominating the charts even as a writer/producer with songs he'd composed and recorded for others. In addition to releasing nine of his most commercially successful full-length albums, he also wrote and recorded endless reels of material for proteges The Time, Vanity 6, Sheila E., Apollonia 6, Jill Jones, the Family, and Mazarati. Occasionally, Prince's original demo recordings would be used as master takes on their albums, with only minor alterations to the instrumentation and a replacement of the vocal tracks. Other times, artists would rely on his demos to guide them through their own recording process, with Prince's initial take informing their final version of his song. The aggregate effect was a complete saturation and transformation of the pop music landscape, with Prince both leading and subverting mainstream culture.
Several of the iconic songs found on Originals were considerable hits for the artists who recorded them. Sheila E.'s "The Glamorous Life" reached #1 on the dance charts in 1984, while the enormous success of "Manic Monday" propelled the single and its accompanying album, The Bangles' Different Light, to the #2 spot on the pop charts. The Time's Ice Cream Castle, featuring the top 20 "Jungle Love", spent a whopping 57 weeks on the Billboard 200. And in 1991, Martika enjoyed international success with "Love... Thy Will Be Done", a top 10 hit in France, Australia, the UK and the USA.
Originals pulls back the curtain to reveal the origins of these familiar songs, in addition to deeper album cuts such as Vanity 6's "Make-Up," Jill Jones's "Baby, You're a Trip," and Kenny Rogers' "You're My Love." The album also features Prince's majestic original 1984 version of "Nothing Compares 2 U," released in 2018 as a standalone single.
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Search Online Archive
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Files from concentration camps can now also be accessed online. The new online archive was created in partnership with Yad Vashem.
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Our first permanent exhibition is dedicated to the history of the International Tracing Service, now known as the Arolsen Archives.
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13 million documents are now online! You can search for the names of victims of Nazi persecution in our portal. However, please remember that this is not a full search, because many of the documents held in the Arolsen Archives are not yet accessible in the online archive.
Personal possessions of concentration camp prisoners: The #StolenMemory campaign has been running since 2016. With the support of volunteers, we are searching for the relatives of victims of National Socialist persecution. We are only looking after the personal possessions in our care; they do not belong to the archive.
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Who are the Arolsen Archives and what do they do?
The Arolsen Archives are an international center on Nazi persecution with the world’s most comprehensive archive on the victims and survivors of National Socialism. The collection has information on about 17.5 million people and belongs to the UNESCO’s Memory of the World. It contains documents on the various victim groups targeted by the Nazi regime and is an important source of knowledge, especially for younger generations.
To this day, the Arolsen Archives answer inquiries about some 20,000 victims of Nazi persecution every year. For decades, clarifying fates and searching for missing persons were the central tasks of the institution, which was founded by the Allies in 1948 as the “International Tracing Service”.
Research and education are more important than ever to inform today’s society about the Holocaust, concentration camps, forced labor and the consequences of Nazi crimes. The Arolsen Archives are building up a comprehensive online archive so that people all over the world can access the documents and obtain information.
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Anyone who is looking for information on the victims of National Socialism, former inmates of concentration camps or forced laborers, or for information on displaced persons during the period following 1945. The Federal Republic of Germany finances our work to help enable individuals to come to terms with the consequences of Nazi persecution. This means we can offer our services free of charge to survivors and to victims’ relatives: we conduct research and search for traces which can help them to come to a better understanding of their family history. We also offer a range of services for other interested parties from the fields of education, research or archiving.
Has the International Tracing Service ceased to exist?
Since May 2019, we have been operating under the new name Arolsen Archives – International Center on Nazi Persecution. The institution itself has not changed and we continue to do the same work, of course, just as we did in the past. The archive was created to document the crimes of the National Socialists and the fates of the victims. Current social developments show that it is becoming more and more important to awaken interest in these topics in order to keep knowledge about the crimes perpetrated by the Nazi regime and the inhuman ideology behind it alive. The new name and the move to become an international center on Nazi persecution is a logical consequence of this development. By the way, International Tracing Service will be preserved as a legal name because the international agreements with the member states use this name.
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Tag: The Regulators
My top 10 Stephen King books.
I’ve been a reader of Stephen King books for about 30 years – his first book Carrie was written even longer ago, back in 1973. It was a book that may have never seen the light of day. He threw the first draft of the book into the bin. It was retrieved by his wife…..he persevered with the story and sold it to Doubleday. His advance was a miserly $2,500 and he later earned over $400,000 for the paperback rights alone. Not bad for a book that had been thrown in the garbage.
I have seen numerous top ten lists for King’s books, but mine is purely based on the books that I have personally read. I don’t pretend to have read all 59 of his novels plus other short story collections. These books are all on my bookshelf.
Counting down in reverse order…..
10. The 1992 thriller Gerald’s Game is my choice for number 10 on my top 10 Stephen King books list. I just enjoyed the twisted mind of King in this one. The idea that a married couple go away to a remote cabin by a lake in the back of beyond for a weekend of kinky sex. What could possibly go wrong??? Well, how about as soon as the husband has handcuffed his wife to the bed head ready for a little debauchery….he drops dead from a heart attack. What happens to the wife? Does she get out or does she lay there until she starves to death? Does someone else find her there helpless – if so do they set her free or have their wicked way with her? Is she attacked by wild animals? Read the book and all will be revealed.
9. Cell – written in 2006. This book is a story about an apocalyptic event, caused by a pulse sent through the cell phone network, that turns cell phone users into rabid monsters. Far fetched yes…..but what King book isn’t. Most of his books are written starting with the idea of “what if?” And through the actions of the primary characters he lets the story pretty much write itself. It’s a return to King’s horror roots after years of dabbling in other things. Some of his stories up to this point had seen him wallowing in elaborate character building and long drawn out scenes that have you screaming “GET ON WITH IT!” – but not in this book. He grabs you by the balls in the first few pages and drags you screaming all the way to the end. An homage to the old Zombie movies!
8. The Dark Half – 1990. I just had to include The Dark Half as it was the first King novel that I ever read, so has a special place in my literary heart. Without this book I may never have read or collected as many of King’s works as I have. It’s a story of a writer, who creates an evil, wicked character for a story he’s writing……but the character manifests itself, turns up on the writers door step and begins to take over his life. He creates mayhem in the small town where writer Thad Beaumont resides. Murder after murder follows and Beaumont realises that things have gone way out of control. How does he put the character of George Stark back into Pandora’s box once he’s released him? Is there any way back? Great story – Really enjoyed it.
7. Thinner – written under the name of Richard Bachman in 1984 as a stand alone novel. BUT I recall first reading it as part of a collection of stories… Any story that begins with the main character, a very overweight guy, getting – how can I put this tactfully? – sexual gratification, from his wife, while driving a car should probably make this list. It’s what happens while his wife is “busy” and HE is distracted that sets the scene for the incident that really starts the story. While distracted by his wife he accidentally runs over an old gypsy woman. He goes to court but gets off the charges (pun intended!) because he knows the judge. Case dismissed! BUT as he leaves the courthouse an old gypsy man walks over to him, taps him once on the arm and says the word “thinner”. Just that one word. Initially puzzled by this, the very next day our “hero” realizes that he’s lost weight. At first he’s quite happy about it – he could do with losing a few pounds…But the next day he’s lost more and continues to lose weight at an alarming rate – victim of a gypsy curse. Can he track down the old gypsy and get the curse removed before he disappears completely?
6. Dream Catcher 2001 – a story about 4 friends who head off to a cabin in the woods for some R & R but end up encountering an alien invasion and a crazy – I mean really really crazy – military man. Covering eliments of horror, suspense and alien invasion/abduction….not to mention a fair chunk of lavatorial humour…..and an unlikely hero who has Down’s Syndrome. As I look at what I’ve just written it sounds like a ridiculous story but King has a way of carrying the plot along and to make you believe in what you’re reading. King himself was recovering from a life threatening traffic accident when he wrote this book…so maybe the plot line had something to do with the pain killer medication? Ha-ha! It made the list at number 6.
5. The Regulators – again written as Richard Bachman.
In the beginning, we learn about the residents of Poplar Street, a normal Ohio block. There is a singular “token” black couple, another guy who is an alcoholic, his wife is the local busy body who no one can abide. Another lady lives with her autistic nephew, who’s family was murdered in a drive by shooting……and then a newspaper delivery boy is murdered by a mysterious shooter in a van. It seems that maybe Poplar Street isn’t quite as normal and idyllic as it first appears. Death and destruction follow at an alarming rate.
And 4. Is the sister book to the Regulators – Desperation. The two novels represent parallel universes relative to one another, and most of the characters present in one novel’s world also exist in the other novel’s reality, albeit in different circumstances. Desperation is a story about several people who, while traveling along the desolate highway 50 in Nevada, get abducted by Collie Entragian, the deputy of the fictional mining town of Desperation. Entragian uses various pretexts for the abductions, from an arrest for drug possession to “rescuing” a family from a nonexistent gunman. It becomes clear to the captives that Entragian has been possessed by an evil being named Tak, who has control over the surrounding desert wildlife and must change hosts to keep itself alive. They begin to fight for their freedom, sanity and lives before realizing that if they are ever to escape Desperation, they must trap Tak in the place from which he came. But do they????
3. Number 3 in my list is the JFK book – 11/22/63. A high-school teacher is a regular at a run down diner in small town America. One day the owner of the diner reveals a supernatural secret to the teacher…..in the back of the diner is a kind of time portal – a worm hole if you like – back to the late 1950’s. If that’s not weird enough, Al, the diner owner, tells Jake, the teacher, that no matter how long you stay in the 1950’s world at the other side of the portal you are only away from the current world for a maximum of 2 minutes. You can be gone for days or years, but pop back to the side you came from and poof only 2 minutes have passed. There are other rules relating to this “time travel system” – but you’ll have to read the book to find out about them. The whole pretext of the book is the idea of going back in time to change a vital event. If you could go back and alter one thing that could change history, what would it be? King in this book chooses the assassination of John F Kennedy. Can Jake, under Al’s guidance save Kennedy…..starting a change of events that could then also save Kennedy’s brother Robert, save Martin Luther King, prevent the race riots, maybe even prevent the Vietnam war?
2. Number 2 is the extended/uncut version of the dystopian novel “The Stand”. It’s an interesting book to read from a modern day “Prepper” point of view. Would you react the same way as the lead characters in this story if faced with a similar situation? The scenario is that a strain of influenza, which has been modified as a biological weapon, is released, by accident, into the atmosphere causing an apocalyptic pandemic killing off most of the human population and causing a complete breakdown of society. It’s an epic story with a stellar cast of characters, who are for the most part quite believable – in such an horrific situation. Human frailties are highlighted by King – as is the tendency of “man-kind” to repeat the same mistakes over and over without learning from them. It is without doubt one of Kings finest stories. The only reason I have not made it number 1 is that I feel, after the wonderful work done throughout the story – it’s as though he had to hurry the end – which incidentally I think was a very weak and disappointing ending. I read later – years later – that King admitted having writers block while writing The Stand – which could account for the ending. It’s still an amazing book though – a MUST READ!
Fanfare and drum roll please…………..
NUMBER 1. On my list the top spot goes to King’s classic ‘bump in the dark’ novel “IT”, which reminds all of us of our childhood fears of bumps in the night and monsters under the bed. King first had the idea of IT in 1978, started to write down notes in 1981 and published in 1986…..so it was a long time coming. BUT worth the wait. IT is a classic horror story and one that deals with themes that have become in many of his books King’s staples…..I’m talking about the power of memory, childhood trauma and its recurrent echoes in adulthood, the ugliness lurking behind a facade of small-town quaintness, and overcoming evil through mutual trust and sacrifice. The evil being in this story appears in the guise of Pennywise the Clown who preys on small children…..and hides in the storm drains under the streets of small town America. This is only one of IT’s manifestations however, as it shape-shifts and feeds off the children’s fears. Our heroes in the story are a bunch of 7 misfit kids nicknamed the LOSERS. Of course where there are misfit kids there are also the town bullies – who add another dimension to the story. The timeline of the tale runs over many years and follows the Losers into adulthood – where they re-unite in a bid to rid the town of IT forever. It’s just a classic scary novel and I absolutely loved it. If you haven’t read IT, you’re missing a treat.
Other novels that could have made my list but just missed out are the serialised novel “The Green Mile” and another epic story “Under the Dome” (which like The Stand – I feel had a very weak ending).
aliterarybent Authors, Books, Reviews Leave a comment December 9, 2018 December 9, 2018 8 Minutes
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All Politics All The Time
Politics, Analysis, Opinion
Hacks, Inc
The Trump Crime Family Strikes Again
New reporting from the New York Times tonight:
Trump Ordered Officials to Give Jared Kushner a Security Clearance
Jared Kushner, President Trump’s son-in-law and senior adviser, received a top-secret security clearance despite concerns from intelligence officials.
By Maggie Haberman, Michael S. Schmidt, Adam Goldman and Annie Karni
WASHINGTON — President Trump ordered his chief of staff to grant his son-in-law and senior adviser, Jared Kushner, a top-secret security clearance last year, overruling concerns flagged by intelligence officials and the White House’s top lawyer, four people briefed on the matter said.
Mr. Trump’s decision in May so troubled senior administration officials that at least one, the White House chief of staff at the time, John F. Kelly, wrote a contemporaneous internal memo about how he had been “ordered” to give Mr. Kushner the top-secret clearance.
The White House counsel at the time, Donald F. McGahn II, also wrote an internal memo outlining the concerns that had been raised about Mr. Kushner — including by the C.I.A. — and how Mr. McGahn had recommended that he not be given a top-secret clearance.
The disclosure of the memos contradicts statements made by the president, who told The New York Times in January in an Oval Office interview that he had no role in his son-in-law receiving his clearance.
Mr. Kushner’s lawyer, Abbe D. Lowell, also said that at the time the clearance was granted last year that his client went through a standard process. Ivanka Trump, the president’s eldest daughter and Mr. Kushner’s wife, said the same thing three weeks ago.
Asked on Thursday about the memos contradicting the president’s account, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, the White House press secretary, said, “We don’t comment on security clearances.”
Peter Mirijanian, a spokesman for Mr. Lowell, said on Thursday: “In 2018, White House and security clearance officials affirmed that Mr. Kushner’s security clearance was handled in the regular process with no pressure from anyone. That was conveyed to the media at the time, and new stories, if accurate, do not change what was affirmed at the time.”
The decision last year to grant Mr. Kushner a top-secret clearance upgraded him from earlier temporary and interim status. He never received a higher-level designation that would have given him access to need-to-know intelligence known as sensitive compartmented information.
It is not known precisely what factors led to the problems with Mr. Kushner’s security clearance. Officials had raised questions about his own and his family’s real estate business’s ties to foreign governments and investors, and about initially unreported contacts he had with foreigners. The issue also generated criticism of Mr. Trump for having two family members serve in official capacities in the West Wing.
Mr. Kushner has spent this week abroad working on a Middle East peace plan. Among his meetings was one with Mohammed bin Salman, the crown prince of Saudi Arabia.
While the president has the legal authority to grant a clearance, in most cases, the White House’s personnel security office makes a determination about whether to grant one after the F.B.I. has conducted a background check. If there is a dispute in the personnel security office about how to move forward — a rare occurrence — the White House counsel makes the decision. In highly unusual cases, the president weighs in and grants one himself.
In Mr. Kushner’s case, personnel division officials were divided about whether to grant him a top-secret clearance.
In May 2018, the White House Counsel’s Office, which at the time was led by Mr. McGahn, recommended to Mr. Trump that Mr. Kushner not be given a clearance at that level. But the next day, Mr. Trump ordered Mr. Kelly to grant it to Mr. Kushner anyway, the people familiar with the events said.
The question of Mr. Kushner’s access to intelligence was a flash point almost from the beginning of the administration. The initial background check into Mr. Kushner dragged on for more than a year, creating a distraction for the White House, which struggled to explain why one of the people closest to the president had yet to be given the proper approval to be trusted with the country’s most sensitive information.
John F. Kelly, while he was White House chief of staff, kept contemporaneous documentation about Mr. Trump’s handling of Mr. Kushner’s security clearance, people briefed on the matter said.
The full scope of intelligence officials’ concerns about Mr. Kushner is not known. But the clearance had been held up in part over questions from the F.B.I. and the C.I.A. about his foreign and business contacts, including those related to Israel, the United Arab Emirates and Russia, according to multiple people familiar with the events.
During the 2016 presidential campaign, Mr. Kushner was part of a group that met with a Russian lawyer who went to Trump Tower claiming to have political “dirt” on Hillary Clinton. And during the presidential transition, Mr. Kushner had a meeting with the Russian ambassador at the time, Sergey I. Kislyak, and the head of a Russian state-owned bank. When he applied for a security clearance, he did not reveal those meetings.
He later made several amendments to that section of his application, known as an SF86. His aides at the time insisted he had omitted those meetings inadvertently.
Mr. Kushner initially operated with a provisional clearance as his background check proceeded.
In an entry to Mr. Kushner’s personnel file on Sept. 15, 2017, the head of the personnel security division, Carl Kline, wrote, “Per conversation with WH Counsel the clearance was changed to interim Top Secret until we can confirm that the DOJ or someone else actually granted a final clearance. This action is out of an abundance of caution because the background investigation has not been completed.”
In a statement to The Times when Mr. Kushner received the clearance last year, Mr. Lowell said that “his application was properly submitted, reviewed by numerous career officials and underwent the normal process.”
During a review of security clearances in February 2018 that was prompted by the controversy surrounding Rob Porter, then the White House staff secretary, who had been accused of domestic abuse, Mr. Kushner’s clearance was downgraded from interim top secret to secret, limiting his access to classified information. At the time, Mr. Kelly wrote a five-page memo, revoking temporary clearances that had been in place since June 1, 2017.
That affected both Mr. Kushner and Ms. Trump, who told friends and advisers that they believed that Mr. Kelly and Mr. McGahn were targeting them for petty reasons instead of legitimate concerns flagged by officials.
Mr. Kushner and Ms. Trump both complained to the president about the situation, current and former administration officials said. In Mr. Kushner’s case, Mr. Trump would often turn to other aides and say in frustration, “Why isn’t this getting done?” according to a former administration official. On at least one occasion, the president asked another senior official if the person could sort out the issue. That official said no, according to this account.
Mr. Kelly did not believe it was appropriate to overrule the security clearance process and had brushed aside or avoided dealing with Mr. Kushner’s requests, a former administration official said. Mr. Kelly did not respond to a request for comment.
House Democrats are in the early stages of an investigation into how several Trump administration officials obtained clearances, including Mr. Kushner.
Mr. Trump’s precise language to Mr. Kelly about Mr. Kushner’s clearance in their direct conversation remains unclear. Two of the people familiar with Mr. Trump’s discussions with Mr. Kelly said that there might be different interpretations of what the president said. But Mr. Kelly believed it was an order, according to two people familiar with his thinking.
And Mr. Trump was definitive in his statements to The Times in the January interview.
“I was never involved with the security” clearances for Mr. Kushner, the president said. “I know that there was issues back and forth about security for numerous people, actually. But I don’t want to get involved in that stuff.”
A recent report by NBC revealed that Mr. Kline had overruled two career security specialists who had rejected Mr. Kushner’s application based on the F.B.I.’s concerns. A senior administration official confirmed the details laid out in the NBC report.
Mr. Kline was acting on the directive sent down by the president, one of the people familiar with the matter said.
The day that Mr. Lowell described Mr. Kushner’s process as having gone through normal routes, aides to Mr. Kushner had asked White House officials to deliver a statement from Mr. Kelly supporting what Mr. Lowell had said. But Mr. Kelly refused to do so, according to a person with knowledge of the events
Lindsey Graham Unmasked
If you didn’t already hate Lindsey Graham, you will now:
by Heather Digby Parton
This profile of Lindsay Graham in the New York Times Magazine doesn’t fully answer all the questions people have about why he’s decided to ecstatically lick Trump’s boots and attack Democrats like a feral dog but it does exlpain some of it. It starts off with a political appearance in South Carolina where he gives Trump a run for his money in sheer, right wing viciousness. Then it wonders how he got there:
What did happen to Lindsey Graham? I raised the question directly to him the following afternoon in his Senate office in Washington. Graham was collapsed behind a cluttered desk, sipping a Coke Zero and complaining of exhaustion.
“Well, O.K., from my point of view, if you know anything about me, it’d be odd not to do this,” he said.
I asked what “this” was. “ ‘This,’ ” Graham said, “is to try to be relevant.” Politics, he explained, was the art of what works and what brings desired outcomes. “I’ve got an opportunity up here working with the president to get some really good outcomes for the country,” he told me.
An outcome of particular interest to Graham, at the moment, is getting re-elected to a fourth Senate term in South Carolina, where Trump owns commanding approval numbers, especially among the hard-core Republicans who in the past questioned Graham’s devotion to their conservative cause. Sure, Graham allowed, you might emphasize some things more than others when you’re trying to appeal to the party base. “You just showcase your issues, right?” he said. During his last re-election campaign, in 2014, Graham asserted his base bona fides by railing against President Barack Obama’s White House “scumbags” and warning that “the world is literally about to blow up.” He has always been conservative, he emphasized. “But in our business, you’re not defined by the 80 percent agreement. You’re defined by the 20 percent” that the base might object to. (His relatively liberal position on immigration once led Rush Limbaugh to dub him “Lindsey Grahamnesty.”)
Graham reminded me that when McCain was facing re-election in 2010, he turned himself into “the most conservative member of the U.S. Senate.” That was the race in which McCain claimed that he never embraced the “maverick” label, and people were asking, “What happened to John McCain?” Graham chuckled at the memory.
In acknowledging this, Graham was speaking to me as a fellow creature of Washington, fully versed in the election-year “showcasing” he is now engaged in — one of the “people who are so smart” that he derided the day before. “If you don’t want to get re-elected, you’re in the wrong business,” he said.
Graham would shortly head over to the Capitol for Trump’s State of the Union address, about which the president called him a few hours earlier, seeking input. “Should I go conciliatory or to-hell-with-it?” Trump asked him, according to Graham. “What kind of tone should I take?” In recounting this latest exchange, Graham shook his head and half shrugged. “I have never been called this much by a president in my life,” he told me. His tone reflected a mixture of amazement and amusement, with perhaps a dash of awe. “It’s weird, and it’s flattering, and it creates some opportunity. It also creates some pressure.”
The price of relevance, for Graham, has been a willingness to defend the president on television and speak out on issues that he knows might be of minor consequence in the scheme of things but clearly animate Trump. In recent weeks, for instance, Graham — in his capacity as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee — has demanded a briefing on such Fox News snack food as whether the F.B.I. acted with too heavy a hand in its arrest of the longtime Trump political adviser Roger Stone. Graham also vowed to investigate a claim made by Andrew McCabe, the former deputy director of the F.B.I., that top Department of Justice officials had discussed circumstances in which Trump could be removed from office via the 25th Amendment. “An administrative coup,” Graham said ominously on CBS’s “Face the Nation.”
When I asked Graham whether he ever worried about being seen as a toady to Trump, his voice assumed a slightly clipped edge. “No, here’s what I worry about,” he told me. “That we’re going to get it wrong in Syria and Afghanistan. I worry more about the policy stuff. And I have more influence than I’ve ever had.”
Graham credits his relationship with Trump with the president’s slowing down his decision to withdraw from Syria. He noted that Trump asked him whether the United States should use force in Venezuela. Graham said that he preached caution and that Trump became exasperated, or pretended to be. “He said to me, ‘You want to invade everywhere except where I want to invade,’ ” Graham said, laughing. And Trump, he insisted, knew where he stood on the special counsel’s Russia investigation. “I told the president that if you colluded with the Russians, if your campaign sat down and worked with foreign intelligence operatives to manipulate the results of the election, that’d be the end of us, ” Graham said.
Notice that his criteria is extremely narrow — they had to sit down and work with foreign intelligence operatives to manipulate the results of the election. I’m guess that’s unlikely so Lindsay won’t be out there condemning the president for what he knows very well that he did.
But it’s worth it because Trump likes to call him:
Graham says he has achieved graduating levels of relevance with Trump. “I went from, ‘O.K., he’s president’ to ‘How can I get to be in his orbit?’ ”— “orbit” is another favorite Graham word — “to ‘How can I have a say in what’s going to happen today, tomorrow and next week?’ ” he told me.
I asked Graham if he considered himself part of the wider Trump orbit or the more select one. “Well, I’m getting into the smaller orbit now,” he said. I asked him who else was in that precinct of the Trump solar system. He mentioned Melania, Ivanka, Jared. “He’s got a bunch of old friends that still have a say, New York types,” Graham said. “But the circle is small.”
Trump is an entertainer and an agitator, which Graham says he can relate to, in a way. “The point with Trump is, he’s in on the joke,” Graham said. I asked Graham if he is in on the joke, too. “Oh, 100 percent, 100 percent.” He laughed. “Oh, people have no idea.” I asked him to explain the joke to me. “If you could go to dinner with us. … ” he said, shaking his head.
At the end of our second interview, in mid-February, I asked Graham if he trusted Trump. Graham’s eyes seemed to bulge for a split second. He sat back in his chair and paused. “That’s a good question,” he told me.
He paused some more. “Do I trust him?” he said at last. “I trust the president to want to be successful,” he said. The president’s mercurialness, he acknowledged, could be a problem. “He will change his mind in a New York minute,” Graham said. “You never know where he’ll be. I mean, I woke up one day, and we’re pulling out of Syria.”
But to this point, he and Trump have been able to work together. “He’s asked me to do some things, and I’ve asked him to do some things in return,” Graham said. Then, as if looking wistfully over his shoulder at his old maverick-sidekick days, he offered, “There’s sort of a Don Quixote aspect to this.” It was an odd thing for a man who was espousing the median Republican-circa-2019 position to say.
“At the intersection of all this theater is that he wants to be a successful president,” Graham said of Trump, “and I want him to be successful under terms that I think are good for the country.” Understood, but unspoken, was that these terms would also be good for Lindsey Graham.
Well, yeah. But the truth is that it’s only the latter. Nothing Trump does is good for the country on anyone’s terms and Graham knows it.
This is about Huckleberry being a star. But if he thinks Trump actually cares about what he thinks, he’s barking up the wrong tree.
I would just note this little “joke”
He noted that Trump asked him whether the United States should use force in Venezuela. Graham said that he preached caution and that Trump became exasperated, or pretended to be. “He said to me, ‘You want to invade everywhere except where I want to invade,’ ” Graham said, laughing.
Awww. They are both inveterate warmongers but they just want to kill different people. How nice.
A Warning From Sen. Chris Murphy
Things seem to be taking a turn for the worse in Venezuela. Venezuelan opposition lawmaker ‘POISONED’ at Colombian border – ‘It’s a GRAVE situation’ According to BNO news, Freddy Superlano was poisoned at a restaurant in Cucuta, a city near the country’s border with Venezuela. His party, which is led by Juan…
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Marcy Wheeler Thinks it’s True
She has been right on just about everything regarding Trump/Russia/Muller. One of the few experts on this topic. She doesn’t post clickbait and doesn’t make gutsy predictions. Wheeler is calm, measured, knowledgeable. Her record on all-things-Muller has been impeccable.
emptywheel @emptywheel
We almost certainly are NOT getting The Mueller Report next week. But we are likely to get a pretty damning report about “collusion” this week.
A report talking about “collusion” is coming this week
But maybe NBC’s sources are speaking metaphorically, and mean something else that isn’t the conclusory report but that will more closely resemble what everyone thinks of when they talk about The Report.
That’s likely to happen, but if it does, it’ll just be a partial report.
That’s because both Mueller and the defense have to submit a sentencing memo in Paul Manafort’s DC case Friday. As I noted back in November when Mueller’s prosecutors declared Manafort to have breached his plea agreement, this sentencing memo presents an opportunity for Mueller to “report” what they’ve found — at least with respect to all the criminal actions they know Manafort committed, including those he lied about while he was supposed to be cooperating — without anyone at DOJ or the White House suppressing the most damning bits. DOJ won’t be able to weigh in because a sentencing memo is not a major action requiring an urgent memo to the Attorney General. And the White House will get no advance warning because Big Dick Toilet Salesman Matt Whitaker is no longer in the reporting chain.
So, as noted, Mueller will have an opportunity to lay out:
The details of Manafort’s sleazy influence peddling, including his modus operandi of projecting his own client’s corruption onto his opponents
The fact that Manafort already pled guilty to conspiring with a suspected Russian intelligence asset
The details about how Manafort — ostensibly working for “free” — got paid in 2016, in part via kickbacks from a Super PAC that violated campaign finance law, possibly in part by Tom Barrack who was using Manafort and Trump as a loss-leader to Middle Eastern graft, and in part by deferred payments or debt relief from Russian-backed oligarchs
Manafort’s role and understanding of the June 9 meeting, which is a prelude of sorts to the August 2 one
The dates and substance of Manafort’s ongoing communications with suspected Russian intelligence asset Konstantin Kilimnik, including the reasons why Manafort shared highly detailed polling data on August 2, 2016 that he knew would be passed on to his paymasters who just happened to be (in the case of Oleg Deripaska) a central player in the election year operation
The ongoing efforts to win Russia relief from the American Ukrainian-related sanctions by pushing a “peace” plan that would effectively give Russia everything it wants
Manafort’s ongoing discussions with Trump and the Administration, up to and including discussions laying out how if Manafort remains silent about items two through six, Trump will pardon him
Because those items are all within the substance of the crimes Manafort pled guilty to or lied about during his failed cooperation, they’re all squarely within the legitimate content of a sentencing memo. And we should expect the sentencing memo in DC to be at least as detailed as the EDVA one; I expect it, like the EDVA one and like Manafort’s plea deal, will be accompanied by exhibits such as the EDVA one showing that Manafort had bank accounts to the tune of $25,704,669.72 for which suspected Russian intelligence asset Konstantin Kilimnik was listed as a beneficial owner in 2012. Heck, we might even get to see the polling data Manafort shared, knowing it was going to Russia, which was an exhibit to Manafort’s breach determination.
The only thing limiting how much detail we’ll get about these things (as well as about how Manafort served as a secret agent of Russian backed Ukrainian oligarchs for years) is the ongoing sensitivities of the material, whether because it’s grand jury testimony, SIGINT collection, or a secret Mueller intends to spring on other defendants down the road.
It’s the latter point that will be most telling. As I noted, thus far, the silences about Manafort’s cooperation are — amazingly — even more provocative than the snippets we learned via the breach determination. We’ll likely get a read on Friday whether Mueller has ongoing equities that would lead him to want to keep these details secret. And the only thing that would lead Mueller to keep details of the conspiracy secret is if he plans to charge it in an overarching conspiracy indictment.
We may also get information, however, that will make it far more difficult for Trump to pardon Manafort.
So, yeah, there’s a report coming out this week. But it’s not The Report.
Any overarching conspiracy indictment will not be coming this week
It’s possible Mueller is close to charging an overarching conspiracy indictment, laying out how Trump and his spawn entered into a quid quo pro with various representatives of the Russian government, getting dirt on Hillary and either a Trump Tower or maybe a bailout for the very same building in which Manafort met with Konstantin Kilimnik on August 2, 2016. In exchange for all that, Trump agreed to — and took steps to deliver on, with some success in the case of election plot participant Deripaska — reversing the sanctions that were such a headache to Russia’s oligarchs.
Such an indictment, if Mueller ever charges it, will look like what Trump opponents would like The Report to look like. In addition to naming Don Jr and Jared Kushner and Trump Organization and a bunch of other sleazeballs, it would also describe the actions of Individual-1 in adequate detail to launch an impeachment proceeding.
But that indictment, if Mueller ever charges it, won’t be coming on Friday or Monday, as Williams predicts, because it likely requires whatever it is Mueller is trying to parallel construct from that foreign-owned company. And even if SCOTUS denies its appeal today, it’s unlikely that evidence will be in hand in time for a Friday indictment.
Mueller could ensure a report gets delivered to Jerry Nadler next week … but that’s unlikely
There’s one other possibility that would make Williams’ prediction true: if Mueller deliberately triggered the one other way to deliver a report, by asking to take an action William Barr is unlikely to approve, and if Mueller was willing to close up shop as a result, then a report would go to Congress and — if Barr thought it in the public interest — to the public.
Upon conclusion of the Special Counsels investigation, including, to the extent consistent with applicable law, a description and explanation of instances (if any) in which the Attorney General concluded that a proposed action by a Special Counsel was so inappropriate or unwarranted under established Departmental practices that it should not be pursued.
The Attorney General may determine that public release of these reports would be in the public interest, to the extent that release would comply with applicable legal restrictions.
The only thing that Mueller might try to do that Barr would not approve (though who knows? maybe what Mueller has is so egregious Barr will surprise us?) is to indict the President.
I think this is unlikely, for all the reasons the first possibility laid out here is unlikely: that is, Mueller is still waiting on two details he has been chasing for quite some time, and I doubt he’d be willing to forgo that evidence just to trigger a report. It’s also unlikely because Mueller is a DOJ guy, and he’s unlikely to ask to do what he knows OLC says he should not do.
Still, it’s hypothetically possible that Mueller believes Trump is such an egregious criminal and national security risk he needs to try to accelerate the process of holding him accountable by stopping his investigation early (perhaps having the DC AUSAs named on the Miller and Mystery Appellant challenges take over those pursuits) and asking to indict the President.
But if that’s what Williams is reporting, he sure as hell better get more clarity about that fact, because, boy would it be news.
All of which is the lesson of this post: If you’re being told — or telling others — that Mueller’s report is imminent, then you’re either being told very very big news, or bullshit. Do yourself and us a favor of learning the base level regulations to understand which it is.
She went on to write a follow-up:
The Significance of the Rod Rosenstein / William Barr Window
As I noted here, CNN has a report that not only backs NBC’s report, but provides flesh to the logic that Mueller is providing his report to DOJ next week. That would mean several things I said in this report are incorrect — mostly that Mueller would wait until the Andrew Miller and Mystery Appellant challenges are resolved (remember, as I noted, he knows what both of those challenges will get him).
I don’t know what to expect next week. I have suspicions but won’t share them because I don’t want people to treat my suspicions with any more weight than suspicions deserve, which is not much.
I do, however, want to talk about the timing.
This is happening in the window of time when Rod Rosenstein is still around and — because William Barr has presumably not been through an ethics review on the investigation — presumably back in charge of sole day-to-day supervision of the investigation. But it is happening after Barr has been confirmed, and so any problems with the investigation that might stem from having an inferior officer (an unconfirmed hack like the Big Dick Toilet Salesman) supervising Mueller are gone.
I’m fairly certain the concerns about Barr coming in and forcing Mueller to finish this are misplaced. I say that, in part, because Mueller seemed to be preparing for this timing. I say it, too, because Barr is too close to Mueller to do that to him.
That says that Mueller is choosing this timing (and choosing not to wait for the appeals to be done). Whatever reason dictates this timing, by doing it in this window, Mueller can ensure the legitimacy of what happens, both legally (because Barr will be in place) and politically (because it will be clear Rosenstein presided over it).
So whatever comes next week, people on both sides should accept that it is the outcome of the investigation that Mueller deemed appropriate.
Good Anne Applebaum Piece
Apologies for the light blogging this week. I started a new job and am working crazy hours until the end of this week. I’m currently working on the second part of my Watergate series during the little time I have to myself.
In the meantime, I’m posting a piece from the foreign-policy-centric Anne Applebaum of WaPo. In case you missed it, Pence had quite the awkward time this weekend in Munich. Here he is telling the audience he brings greeting from Donald Trump.
*crickets*
Speaking to a security conference in Munich, Pence tells his audience he brings greetings from President Trump… and not a single person claps. #awkward pic.twitter.com/JkFpsKqfgk
An off-key Pence sings from the Trump hymnal to a stony European reception
By Anne Applebaum
MUNICH — Even inside a hotel so secure that it has body scanners at the entrance and snipers on the roof, Vice President Pence travels with a vast security detail. Its main function, it seems, is to elbow people out of the way so that the vice president and his unsmiling wife can walk through a lobby, crowded with European officials and military brass, and speak to no one. Which is perhaps unsurprising, for Pence was heading to the main forum of the Munich Security Conference on Saturday — an annual event whose origins lie deep in the Cold War — to make statements so tone-deaf and, frankly, peculiar that their intended audience could not have been the one in the room.
Part of his problem is the new context. Two years ago, when Pence spoke at the same forum, many in Europe were still hoping to work with the Trump administration. His speech was banal and uninspiring — it was “an entirely conventional restatement of American commitment to Europe,” I wrote at the time — but Europeans were so relieved to hear it that they decided, on balance, to believe him. Now they don’t. At a side event honoring the late senator John McCain, who had been the moving spirit of the Munich conference for decades, Pence announced that “I bring greetings from the 45th president of the United States of America, President Donald Trump.” He then waited for applause. None came.
But Pence’s keynote speech was more than merely embarrassing. It was awkwardly worded and stiffly delivered. It was sycophantic: Over and over again, he repeated the words “under President Trump’s leadership,” referring to the president as “a champion of freedom” and the “leader of the free world.” It was hypocritical: Pence’s voice seemed to crack when he spoke of the suffering of Venezuelan refugees — “We hugged their children. We heard of their hardship and their plight” — as if his administration hadn’t inflicted plenty of hardship on migrant children wrenched from their parents at the U.S. border with Mexico.
Pence’s speech was also ahistoric, even nonsensical. In one hard-to-follow chain of connections, he bundled together Auschwitz and Iran, somehow implying that Europeans who still back a deal designed to deprive Iran of nuclear weapons were supporting anti-Semitism. In a room full of people working for the European Union and NATO, institutions that were explicitly created, decades ago, to prevent another Auschwitz, this would have been offensive if anybody had actually understood what Pence was trying to say.
That, plus the undertone of maudlin religiosity — “I also have that faith, in those ancient words, that where the spirit of the Lord is, there’s liberty” — made it clear that this speech was not, as I say, directed at the Europeans in the room. It was made for the benefit of Trump, or maybe Pence’s evangelical friends and supporters back home.
And that isn’t surprising, for this administration’s foreign policy has long ceased to have much to do with people who are actually in the room. Just before Pence visited Munich, he and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo attended a surreal Middle East conference in Warsaw whose main purpose, as far as anyone could tell, was to boost Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s reelection campaign ahead of an April 9 vote. White House senior adviser Jared Kushner is allegedly hard at work on an equally surreal Middle East “peace plan,” which the president’s son-in-law is devising in secret and apparently without Palestinian input.
These peculiar efforts by Kushner, Pompeo and Pence keep them inside the president’s inner circle, and perhaps they cheer up a few donors and boosters. Meanwhile, the U.S. embassy appeared set on preventing the congressional delegation from encountering too many Germans in Munich, canceling members’ attendance at annual meetings and dinners that they have traditionally attended. Conference attendees didn’t know whether to feel insulted or to just laugh.
Certainly they have stopped paying lip service to an administration that has showed it prefers its authoritarian friends to its oldest allies. There is no point in nice state visits or in trying to cultivate Ivanka Trump. It’s better to speak bluntly, and on Saturday morning, German Chancellor Angela Merkel certainly did. She mocked the idea that German cars made in South Carolina could be a “security threat” to the United States, as the tariff-minded Trump administration has suggested. She said the removal of U.S. troops from Syria will not spread freedom, but will “strengthen Russia and Iran’s hand.”
And, like other Europeans, she refused to heed Pence’s call to reimpose sanctions on Iran. European leaders have learned that there is no point in seeking agreement with Trump, for he doesn’t respect those who do. And this, in the end, is why Pence’s pseudo-patriotic speech sounded so off: America cannot be the champion of “liberty” or the “leader of the free world” if the free world — insulted by the U.S. president, snubbed by his surrogates — refuses to follow.
Elliott Abrams, parasite
Apologies for the lack of posts this week. I started a new job and have been working crazy hours. This week will be just as bad. Luckily, mi padre is going to write a few pieces to keep things moving. I’m working on part two of Watergate which I hope to have done soon.
In the meantime, I found a thread from historian and writer from the New Republic, Patrick Iber, concerning Iran-Contra and Elliott Abrams:
I don’t have time to do a proper Elliot Abrams thread but here is the issue as I see it: Abrams in the 1980s was not just an ordinary Reagan administration official, he was an especially hard-line Reagan administration official. We must remember that Reagan was facing an opposition Congress, which tried to cut off aid to forces that were using repression and murder as tools to achieve their political ends.
Abrams would say these were terrorist guerrilla forces. Alas, the peaceful, non-violent activists had mostly been killed by that point. Remember, in El Salvador they killed Oscar Romero, a mainstream social justice Catholic (not even a liberation theologian) while he said mass. When four U.S. churchwomen were murdered, Al Haig* tried to say there may have been an “exchange of gunfire.”
And all of this behavior, which brought so much suffering to El Salvador, to Guatemala, to Honduras, to Nicaragua, was seen by Abrams and his allies within the administration as the fault of international Communism. Now of course there was aid to guerrilla groups from Cuba and so on, nor were they perfect. But the truth commission reports put around 90% of the extrajudicial killings on government forces. And this was clear throughout the conflict.
And people who tried to make clear that the US-backed side of the conflict was committing serious human rights abuses and hold them accountable were seen by Abrams as doing the work of Communism. He saw advocates of dialogue as enemies. Here are a couple of paragraphs from William LeoGrande’s “Our Own Backyard,” the definitive book on U.S. politics in Central America in the 1980s. Abrams made targets of human rights advocates, not just guerrillas.
And, for example, he tried to use blackmail to make sure Costa Rica’s Oscar Arias (recently disgraced by allegations of sexual assault but a Nobel laureate for his role facilitating negotiations that led to peace) would cooperate with the illegal US war in Nicaragua.
Not to mention the lying to Congress, which, let’s remember, happened because the Reagan administration wanted to back an illegal war after having been specifically prohibited from doing so by law. Democracy promotion indeed! Look: I know the journalist who broke the El Mozote story, Alma Guillermoprieto. We’ve been friends for years. She is still traumatized by what she saw there. The US embassy officials in El Salvador, meanwhile, didn’t venture out. They didn’t want to see. They didn’t even want to understand what they were complicit in. To them it was just Commies and their allies over there and freedom-fighters on the other side.
Democracy promotion as Abrams understood it has a particular pedigree in Cold War anti-Communism. In my work I look at CIA democracy promotion through culture in the 50s/60s. After that got exposed in 1967, it was revived in the National Endowment for Democracy under Reagan. The longtime head of the NED, just like those Cold War anti-Communists, began as a socialist. The “State Department socialists” people sometimes call them, although Abrams is not that, he began his political life as a Scoop Jackson/Moynihan hawk.
And they’re both anti-dictatorship and anti-Communist. But when they’ve got a left-wing dictatorship on their hands, that’s when they really start salivating. And, like it or not, NED support has been there in Venezuela for the opposition for years. I’m not going to defend Maduro, and for someone on the left I have been publicly critical of not only Maduro but also of autocratic aspects of Chavismo over the years. Nor am I even going say that these connections to the US make Guaidó or his demands illegitimate.
But the very legitimate worry is that by having Abrams prominently involved in Venezuela will empower hard-liners in the opposition, who have their own problems with “democracy”. I’m not trying to make an equivalence here, but you can’t look at his record and think that this would be a person who will support a negotiation that could lead to a peaceful resolution to the crisis. Maduro has also an obstacle to that, no doubt.
But having Abrams involved sends the worst kind of signals about the intentions of the U.S., and about the frame of mind of those who are seeking to intervene. In my opinion Venezuela’s next leader should be elected in free and competitive elections, and be able to speak both to the legitimate concerns and needs of chavista voters as well as supporters of the opposition.
I don’t see why Abrams should have any role to play in this, and I don’t see why we should rehabilitate someone who, in my estimation, is guilty, has not paid for his crimes, and has not accepted that he is guilty.
*Al Haig served as Nixon’s Chief of Staff after H.R. Handleman was fired for the Watergate burglary. He also served as Reagan’s Secretary of State.
The Golden Era of Corruption
Yes, that is how historians will describe the Trump Years. It’s so bottomless that not even people who cover this stuff for a living can keep up with it.
Just as an example, here are the myriad stories that broke about – just about the Trump Organization – over a 24 HOUR PERIOD this week:
1)Trump’s nonprofit Inaugural committee paid the Trump Hotel DC $175,000 per day for event space – that could violate tax laws prohibiting self-dealing.
by Ilya Marritz of WNYC and Justin Elliott of ProPublica
https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/new-evidence-emerges-possible-wrongdoing-trump-inaugural-committee
2) Sixteen men and women from Costa Rica and other Latin American countries said they were employed at Trump Bedminster. All said they worked without legal status – and their managers knew.
by Joshua Partlow, Nick Miroff, and David Farenthold of WaPo
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/my-whole-town-practically-lived-there-from-costa-rica-to-new-jersey-a-pipeline-of-illegal-workers-for-trump-goes-back-years
3) Since he took office, Trump has appointed at least eight people who identified themselves as current or former members of Mar-a-Lago to senior posts in his administration.
by Brad Heath of USA Today
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2019/02/08/donald-trump-picks-ambassadors-golf-club-mar-lago-members/2748260002/
4) Rep. Jackie Speier (D–CA) told CNN’s New Day she thinks President Trump’s real estate dealings violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which governs U.S. businesses’ dealings with foreign investors.
“I have thought for a very long time that the President, as a real estate developer, had violated what’s called the Foreign Corrupt Practices act.”
Speier says she’s focusing on three Trump hotel projects: Toronto, Soho and Panama.
http://cnn.it/2DgxCU3
5) Trump’s inauguration planner got a discount at the Trump Hotel DC, yet was told to submit her receipts to Reince Preibus (for reimbursement). Meaning the RNC is funneling money directly into Trump’s pocket!
by Emily Jane Fox of Vanity Fair
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/02/behind-the-scenes-of-trumps-107-million-inauguration
6) Citizens For Ethics (CREW) leaned that Ivanka Trump’s business picked up a new trademark in Canada.
So Ivanka now has trademarks for passport organizers in both Canada and Mexico even while her father tries to revise NAFTA.
7) The president’s businesses received nearly $3.8 million from political committees during the two-year 2018 campaign cycle, The top political customers: Trump’s re-election campaign and the Republican Party.
by Megan R. Wilson of Bloomberg News
https://about.bgov.com/news/trump-businesses-get-a-boost-from-republican-party-patronage/
8) The RNC has paid a firm owned by former Trump Org employee, and Donald Trump’s body guard, Keith Schiller, $225,000.
by Christina Wilkie of CNBC
https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/08/firm-owned-by-trumps-longtime-bodyguard-has-received-225000-from-rnc.html
9) A U.S. Army regiment held its annual ball last night at the Trump Hotel DC- so soldiers were potentially sending money up the chain of command. Pictures of them in uniform in front of the hotel’s logo made it to social media.
by Zack Everson of 1100 Penn
https://zacheverson.substack.com/p/old-guard-parties-commander-in-chief
10) Senator Warren wrote a letter to three Mar-a-Lago members who’ve been influential in V.A. decisions. She does not believe any of the three are V.A. employees or contractors. She doesn’t believe they ever received VA ethics training. And she wants to find out what companies they’ve invested in.
https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2019.02.6%20Letter%20to%20Mar-a-Lago%20Trio%20re%20Personally%20Profiting%20from%20VA%20Interference.pdf
11) The Trump campaign spent nearly $100K of donor money on the law firm representing Kushner.
by Soo Rin Kim, Katherine Faulders, and Matthew Mosk of ABC News
https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/429172-trump-campaign-spent-nearly-100k-of-donor-money-on-law-firm
John Dingell, American Treasure
I’m posting John Dingell’s final words, which he submitted to the Washington Post.
This was a public servant who truly made America great.
John D. Dingell in 2014. (Jeff Kowalsky/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock)
By John D. Dingell
February 8 at 4:03 PM
John D. Dingell, a Michigan Democrat who served in the U.S. House from 1955 to 2015, was the longest-serving member of Congress in American history. He dictated these reflections to his wife, Rep. Debbie Dingell (D-Mich.), at their home in Dearborn, on Feb. 7, the day he died.
One of the advantages to knowing that your demise is imminent, and that reports of it will not be greatly exaggerated, is that you have a few moments to compose some parting thoughts.
In our modern political age, the presidential bully pulpit seems dedicated to sowing division and denigrating, often in the most irrelevant and infantile personal terms, the political opposition.
And much as I have found Twitter to be a useful means of expression, some occasions merit more than 280 characters.
My personal and political character was formed in a different era that was kinder, if not necessarily gentler. We observed modicums of respect even as we fought, often bitterly and savagely, over issues that were literally life and death to a degree that — fortunately – we see much less of today.
Impoverishment of the elderly because of medical expenses was a common and often accepted occurrence. Opponents of the Medicare program that saved the elderly from that cruel fate called it “socialized medicine.” Remember that slander if there’s a sustained revival of silly red-baiting today.
Not five decades ago, much of the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth — our own Great Lakes — were closed to swimming and fishing and other recreational pursuits because of chemical and bacteriological contamination from untreated industrial and wastewater disposal. Today, the Great Lakes are so hospitable to marine life that one of our biggest challenges is controlling the invasive species that have made them their new home.
We regularly used and consumed foods, drugs, chemicals and other things (cigarettes) that were legal, promoted and actively harmful. Hazardous wastes were dumped on empty plots in the dead of night. There were few if any restrictions on industrial emissions. We had only the barest scientific knowledge of the long-term consequences of any of this.
And there was a great stain on America, in the form of our legacy of racial discrimination. There were good people of all colors who banded together, risking and even losing their lives to erase the legal and other barriers that held Americans down. In their time, they were often demonized and targeted, much like other vulnerable men and women today.
Please note: All of these challenges were addressed by Congress. Maybe not as fast as we wanted, or as perfectly as hoped. The work is certainly not finished. But we’ve made progress — and in every case, from the passage of Medicare through the passage of civil rights, we did it with the support of Democrats and Republicans who considered themselves first and foremost to be Americans.
I’m immensely proud, and eternally grateful, for having had the opportunity to play a part in all of these efforts during my service in Congress. And it’s simply not possible for me to adequately repay the love that my friends, neighbors and family have given me and shown me during my public service and retirement.
But I would be remiss in not acknowledging the forgiveness and sweetness of the woman who has essentially supported me for almost 40 years: my wife, Deborah. And it is a source of great satisfaction to know that she is among the largest group of women to have ever served in the Congress (as she busily recruits more).
In my life and career, I have often heard it said that so-and-so has real power — as in, “the powerful Wile E. Coyote, chairman of the Capture the Road Runner Committee.”
It’s an expression that has always grated on me. In democratic government, elected officials do not have power. They hold power — in trust for the people who elected them. If they misuse or abuse that public trust, it is quite properly revoked (the quicker the better).
I never forgot the people who gave me the privilege of representing them. It was a lesson learned at home from my father and mother, and one I have tried to impart to the people I’ve served with and employed over the years.
As I prepare to leave this all behind, I now leave you in control of the greatest nation of mankind and pray God gives you the wisdom to understand the responsibility you hold in your hands.
May God bless you all, and may God bless America.
#NeverBernie (or Tulsi Gabbard)
This piece from The Atlantic sheds light on why Joe Kennedy III endorsed Elizabeth Warren today. My thoughts on Sanders are well known. He’s an awful candidate, a divisive figure, and a sketchy politician.
The more I think about it, the more I realize there is NO WAY I would vote for Sanders or Tulsi Gabbard. Both are completely unfit for the highest office in the land – just a tiny bit better than Trump. Speaking of which, expect Putin’s army of trolls and bots to descend on social media like locusts once again. These two will become the beneficiaries for 2020.
There are still a ton of unanswered questions about Sanders’ votes on Russia and his 2016 campaign manager’s ties to Russia.
Bernie Sanders Is Ready to Rumble
The senator from Vermont thinks he can prevail against the crowded Democratic field and then beat Trump for president in 2020.
Edward-Isaac Dovere
Bernie Sanders has seen himself as on a mission since he started running for office in the 1970s, and he sees no reason to stop now. He thinks he’s dramatically changed the conversation over the past three years, and he feels like he’s close to achieving his ultimate goal.
Plus, there’s Donald Trump.
When the president used his State of the Union speech on Tuesday to preview his own reelection campaign and warn against creeping socialism, Sanders was only encouraged. He’d love to take on Trump directly, and people around him think he’ll be able to use Trump’s threat to coalesce support in the primaries.
“Nothing unifies Democrats like being made a villain by Trump,” said one Sanders ally.
The senator from Vermont has been huddling with staff in meetings and brainstorming on phone calls over the past few weeks, chewing over plans. Barring a surprise, last-minute change of heart, he will jump into the 2020 race, convinced he can win, according to people familiar with his plans. His spokeswoman, Arianna Jones, did not return a request for comment on Sanders’s plans.
Last time, he didn’t get in until the end of April 2015. This time, the launch will be in February. He sees advantage in a much more crowded 2020 field. The left-leaning politics he campaigned on in 2016 have been broadly embraced in a progressive surge among Democrats, and Sanders has succeeded in diminishing the nominating power of so-called super delegates, the elected officials and party elders who help consolidate establishment power within the Democratic National Committee.
Sanders will likely announce an exploratory committee in the coming weeks, followed by a rally. One major early focus will be finding a campaign manager and other top-level staffers who are not white, and preferably not male, in light of his problems appealing to minority voters in 2016 and recent revelations of sexual harassment by lower-level staffers on the 2016 campaign. Staff interviews have been quietly under way.
But a core team of advisers will return from 2016, spearheaded by Sanders’s wife and closest adviser, Jane O’Meara Sanders.
His aides know this race will be different from his 2016 run against Hillary Clinton, when he surprised even himself with how close he came to knocking her off. Democratic leaders have been impressed by the extent to which the ideas from his campaign have carried forward, injecting far-left populism into the mainstream of Democratic politics—even as many in the party still bitterly point to his candidacy as weakening Clinton to the point that Trump was able to win.
Sanders has heard the argument that his stature would be diminished by running again if he doesn’t end up winning the nomination. He’s heard the argument that he might split the progressive vote and allow a more moderate candidate to win, but that hasn’t moved him either. That’s not how Sanders thinks, people who know him point out.
“He understands what happens in the streets is what prompts actions in Washington,” said Vincent Fort, a former Georgia state senator who supported the last campaign and has been in touch with Sanders’s team about this campaign.
There are also the nuts-and-bolts political considerations that Sanders doesn’t focus as much on, but that his team pays close attention to: He’s the one with the massive email list. Alone among those eyeing the Democratic nomination, he’s the one who had 40,000 people watching various live-streams of his State of the Union response. He’s the one whose team thinks he could, on day one, raise more money online and get more attention than any of the other candidates.
Sanders believes that he continues to have the strength in Iowa and New Hampshire to either win or come close there—especially with other candidates fragmenting support and lowering the bar for what it will take to win. Likewise, in a South Carolina primary that has both Cory Booker and Kamala Harris competing for African American votes and, likely, Joe Biden drawing on his own decades of connections there, Sanders sees a path to slip through and win.
Biden in the race, after all, would make it so that the senator isn’t the only white man in his 70s in the field.
If the early states all come together, Sanders would be positioned to power through the front-ended primary calendar that has California, Texas, and several other big states voting on the first Super Tuesday, March 4, just a month after Iowa. No one else in the field has anything like his proven success with both grassroots supporters and the small-dollar online fundraising that it will take to fund the kind of massive national operation any 2020 campaign will require.
“With all the other people in, the fact is, Bernie is the one whose ideas everyone else is ‘borrowing,’ whether it be Wall Street reforms, or Medicare for all, or free college. These are all ideas that Bernie came up with first and best,” Fort said. “I’m a little bit skeptical of the sincerity of some of the latecomers.”
Changes to DNC procedures, which Sanders and his team fought for, have diminished the role of the caucuses where Sanders ran the strongest in 2016, but they have also taken power away from the elected officials and party elders who might, for example, help tilt a tight race to Biden or another candidate who isn’t an outsider insurgent.
Sanders’s team has been eyeing Beto O’Rourke nervously, given the former Texas congressman’s strong online presence and appeal with many of the same types of voters that Sanders taps into. O’Rourke also drew significant support from young former Sanders staffers who helped build the 2016 campaign into what it was. But there’s a sense that O’Rourke’s support is flagging, as he continues to talk about running without making a decision.
Now a Sanders candidacy would seem to be the biggest threat to Elizabeth Warren, who’s been campaigning on her own anti-corporate platform, with proposals such as a new tax on the ultrarich. Aides to the senator from Massachusetts have been preparing her on how to respond. But though they will clearly compete for some of the same voters, Sanders and his aides have always seen him as a greater threat to her than she is to him, and have been encouraged by the continuing problems she’s facing from the controversy over her claims of Native American heritage. He’s the one with the devoted followers, Sanders and his aides believe, and some of them are still angry at Warren for deciding to sit out the 2016 primary race rather than endorsing him.
What a Sanders candidacy may do for Warren, though, is enable her not to seem as radical as his democratic socialism. It might also enable her to note that she’s a generation younger than Sanders, as opposed to currently being the oldest Democratic candidate in the field. And a Sanders candidacy might allow Warren to argue that she’s largely in line with him politically, but the one who could actually win.
A Warren spokeswoman declined comment on how Warren would position herself if Sanders runs.
Sanders boosters note that with a field this big, coming in first in Iowa might take only about 30 percent of the vote, and that he came just shy of 50 percent of the vote there against Clinton. Rules changes to the caucuses might also play to Sanders’s favor, clarifying an arcane process that weighs votes in a way that can make the final results not fully representative of the number of people who actually show up on caucus night.
But Sanders skeptics doubt that he fully appreciates how much of the approximately 45 percent of the primary vote he received in 2016 was fundamentally an anti-Clinton vote, and doubt that he realizes how many of those people might leave him once they realize how many other choices they have. Unlike in his last run, he will start right away with the spotlight of a presumed front-runner on him, and issues involving his background and record that were overlooked in 2016 will likely receive new scrutiny. Warren, Biden, and Harris have been the focus of most of the Republican attacks and reporters’ digging so far, but that dynamic may shift if Sanders continues to run as strong as public polling suggests.
There’s the potential that once he’s in, any stumbles will be higher profile, and any drop-off in the polls could suggest he’s leaching support. Already, in the past week he waited until after all the declared Democratic candidates to call for Virginia Governor Ralph Northam to resign over the blackface/Ku Klux Klan–hood photo. He also faced outrage for doing his own State of the Union response for the third year in a row; this year’s followed Stacey Abrams’s official Democratic response. Some griped that he was being disrespectful, a charge that Sanders and his team found ridiculous, even as they dealt with the fallout.
He spent most of his response explaining how Trump’s supposed economic miracle hasn’t reached many people in the country.
“I know that this will probably not shock you—I hate to say this—but not everything Donald Trump said tonight was true or accurate,” Sanders said immediately after the president’s address in a live video on social media. “For many of President Trump’s billionaire friends, the truth is, they have never, ever had it so good. But for the middle class, and for the working families of our country, the truth is that the economy is not so good.”
A Crazy Day
The Associated Press reports:
Federal prosecutors in New York are probing whether the National Enquirer’s parent company violated a cooperation agreement in its handling of the story regarding Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos.
Bezos claims American Media Inc. threatened to publish intimate photos of him unless he stopped investigating how the tabloid obtained his private exchanges with his mistress.
Two people familiar with the matter tell The Associated Press that prosecutors are looking at whether an email exchange Bezos published shows AMI violated an agreement it struck to avoid prosecution for alleged campaign finance violations. The people were not authorized to speak publicly and spoke on condition of anonymity.
The agreement requires AMI commit no crimes for three years. AMI did not respond to requests for comment.
It was a safe assumption this would happen after last night’s bombshell development.
What seems like a slam dunk – that David Pecker and AMI voided the plea agreement with the FBI’s Southern District of New York branch – I’m not entirely convinced the SDNY can prove AMI committed a crime.
Here’s Renato Mariotti, a former federal prosecutor:
Did the National Enquirer and its parent company commit a crime or otherwise break the law in its recent actions towards Jeff Bezos?
In the Medium post contained in the tweet above, Amazon founder (and Washington Post owner) Jeff Bezos explains how the parent company of the National Enquirer engaged in what Bezos characterizes as “extortion and blackmail” towards him. It is worth reading.
In the Medium post, Bezos explained that he hired someone to conduct an investigation of the National Enquirer and its parent company. He notes that there are “now several independent investigations looking into this matter,” suggesting there are criminal investigations. To be clear, if the National Enquirer or its parent company caused someone to hack into Bezos’ computer, server, or smart phone, that is a crime. (The National Enquirer’s parent company claims it did not do so.) The subject of Bezos’s post is something that happened after.
Specifically, the parent company of the National Enquirer told Bezos that it had many compromising photos and texts that it had not published but would publish if he did not agree to certain terms, which it sent to Bezos, who included them within the Medium post. The terms were written by a Deputy General Counsel for AMI (the parent company), and they were sent *after* a descriptive email from AMI’s Chief Content Officer describing in graphic detail the private photos and messages that AMI had in its possession.
In the proposed terms, among other things, both sides (Bezos and AMI) agreed to release each other of any legal claims, Bezos agreed to state that AMI’s coverage of Bezos was not politically motivated, and AMI agreed not to publish any of the private material. The terms explicitly stated that if Bezos didn’t abide by the deal, AMI could publish the material. To be clear, when I say “terms,” I’m using a legal word–this is drafted as if they are terms in a settlement agreement between AMI and Bezos. That is important.
So is this extortion or blackmail, as Bezos claims?
Yes, given the ordinary meaning of those terms. But whether this is actually a *crime* is much more complicated than that. Situations like this are common and I have represented clients in a situation similar to Bezos.
What is extortion? Typically it’s when someone demands money in exchange for keeping something embarrassing private. While we ordinarily have a First Amendment right to say whatever we please, it can be a crime to threaten to say something unless money is paid.
This situation is more complex than that. Bezos has potential legal claims against AMI, if AMI engaged in wrongdoing against Bezos. Also, the AMI Chief Content Officer hinted that they believe the Washington Post will publish a false story about AMI. AMI would surely argue that this is a legitimate settlement of its dispute with Bezos. They realize that Bezos has claims against them, and perhaps they could make claims against Bezos or the Washington Post. The agreement would release those claims.
AMI would also argue that the agreement calls for both sides not to publish damaging information about the other side, and that the descriptive email from the Chief Content Officer was merely part of its settlement negotiations, to show Bezos that their offer had value.
Was AMI’s action slimy? Yes.
Is it consistent with some of the questionable practices that AMI engaged in on behalf of Trump and others? Yes.
But is this the sort of case federal prosecutors would charge as extortion? No.
To make this out as an extortion case, prosecutors would have to argue that the claims Bezos had against AMI constituted “money or property” of Bezos and that the whole settlement proposal was merely window dressing for the extortion of Bezos by AMI. You can make those arguments, but it would be a very hard trial to win. And that’s without considering a potential First Amendment defense. AMI would also have an advice of counsel defense, because those terms appear to have been drafted by a lawyer.
So what about the AMI Non Prosecution Agreement with the Southern District of New York federal prosecutors? (Link below.) The agreement would obligate AMI to fully cooperate with a SDNY investigation of this matter. But if this wasn’t a crime, it doesn’t violate the agreement. It does shift things to an extent because prosecutors could claim that this was a crime and use that to void the Non Prosecution Agreement.
AMI would certainly challenge that in court, but the standard would not be the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard that they would be entitled to in a criminal trial. That said, for the reasons above, I don’t think federal prosecutors will go down that road. (If they did, they would spend a lot of resources fighting with AMI just to have the right to bring criminal charges against individuals at AMI that they were willing to forego bringing in the first place. Not a good use of prosecutorial resources.) As I mentioned earlier, moves like this are fairly common when there are legal disputes between people or companies as a way for one side to gain leverage over the other. It is despicable but I have had no success convincing federal prosecutors to bring charges.
Okay, so again, it’s unclear where the law stands with regard to what AMI and David Pecker attempted to do to Jeff Bezos.
But there’s much more going on here than just whatever happened with these two. I posted some of the things Will Bunch brought up earlier.
But there’s also this development: Ronan Farrow, one of the preeminent investigative journalists of the #MeToo era, posted the following statement today:
I and at least one other prominent journalist involved in breaking stories about the National Enquirer’s arrangement with Trump fielded similar “stop digging or we’ll ruin you” blackmail efforts from AMI. (I did not engage as I don’t cut deals with subjects of ongoing reporting.)
This prompted Ted Bridis, a former editor at the Associated Press, to reply:
We were warned explicitly by insiders that AMI had hired private investigators to dig into backgrounds of @AP journalists looking into the tabloid’s efforts on behalf of Trump. Never saw evidence of this either way, and it didn’t stop our reporting.
I’d just like to remind people that this blackmail technique is very popular in Putin’s Russia. It’s used against political opposition, journalists, and probably even allies.
Julia Ioffe has been covering and reporting from Russia for a long time. She wrote an excellent piece about Kompromat for the Atlantic a couple years ago.
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/kompromat-trump-dossier/512891/
Rectal Bern
Crack Software Download} on Lindsey Graham Unmasked
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writing services on Lindsey Graham Unmasked
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The ALSternative
Johnny, be good. Or else.
Posted on September 18, 2018 September 18, 2018 by Cliffy D. Pine
The Canadian Football League is a haven for those in search of a second chance after the National Football League deems a player unworthy.
Football players with varying degrees of success come up north to either prolong or resurrect a career that may have held much promise but never quite reached its full potential. Usually these players are former college stars that were simply overlooked the first time around and are eager for the chance to shine on a professional stage.
But occasionally, you will find a former superstar that was given every chance to become that household name, only to squander it away and be forced to accept reality and come to Canada to reclaim that fleeting glory.
Johnny Manziel is the latest of those particular football players. He came into the CFL with much hype and fanfare, just as he has at every football stop since winning the Heisman trophy in his freshman year. After saying all the right things and doing what he could to prove to the football world that he was contrite about his squandered opportunities, Manziel eagerly awaited his opportunity to play in Hamilton. Aside from a limited number of snaps in the pre-season, that opportunity never came in his first CFL stop.
Thankfully for Manziel, there was a team out there that was just as desperate as he was. The Montreal Alouettes and their never-ending quarterback carousel would surely be just what the doctor ordered for Johnny’s foundering football hopes. By trading some star players and a pair of first round draft picks to Hamilton for his services, the Alouettes pretty much told Manziel what he needed to hear; We want you. We want to give you every opportunity to succeed at quarterback. This will be your team to lead.
The ink was barely dry on Johnny’s paperwork when he was thrown into an Alouettes uniform and shoved out onto the field to lob the ball around in practice. That simple gesture sent many Montreal fans in a tizzy and in a dash to the souvenir stands to snap up Alouettes jerseys with Manziel’s signature #2 on the back. The team itself did nothing to suggest that Manziel wouldn’t be a part of that ensuing game, only to happy to rake in the extra revenue that seems to come along with the former NFL first round draft pick’s name.
Manziel stood on the sidelines of that first game, helmet on and hoping for the nod from the head coach to go in. That nod never came despite the Alouettes losing by a considerable amount. That only served to draw the ire of those fans who just shelled out hundreds for game tickets plus that new jersey because they now realized that they were taken for the suckers they truly were.
Cries of “WE WANT JOHNNY!!” filled the summer air, over and over to the delight of the opposing team’s players who had a front row seat to the circus that played before them. Real football fans in attendance cringed, knowing that inserting a quarterback that had only a handful of practices under his belt would be just as disastrous as the game they saw being played already.
In essence, the Alouettes lost a lot that night but the real trainwreck was coming ’round the bend, full steam ahead.
Fast forward past Manziel’s first start (which was as horrific as one could have possibly imagined it would be when you insert a quarterback that doesn’t know the playbook at all) and the concussion he suffered during his second outing all the way to the Alouettes’ return from their bye week:
This is a far different Alouettes team than the smoldering wreckage that Johnny Manziel was a part of during his first go-around as QB1. With Manziel going through concussion protocol, the Alouettes had repatriated a young quarterback named Antonio Pipkin who had been let go during 2018 training camp. Injuries to the other QBs forced Montreal to bring back this young signal-caller as he knew the system well enough to lead the team.
And lead Pipkin did, as he managed to guide Montreal to TWO of their three total wins this season. With a cannon arm and the ability to remain calm under pressure, Pipkin was able to do something no other starting Alouettes quarterback could do; he was able to command the huddle and look like a leader for this once-proud franchise.
As the bye drew to a close and the Alouettes reported back to work, many wondered if there would be a quarterback controversy in La Belle Province. Would the Alouettes stay with Pipkin, who actually won games for the team? Or do they go back to Manziel, the guy they paid a king’s ransom to go get?
At first, the controversy was settled quickly. The practice sessions were led by Pipkin while Manziel was not even on the field for most of the week, felled by a supposed stomach flu. With each passing day, the same scenario played out that Pipkin was leading the Alouettes and Manziel had a bad tummy, allegedly far too bad for him to attempt throwing a football.
Yet somehow Manziel was able to record his weekly podcast, leading to further speculation about the severity of his illness. While recording a podcast isn’t as physically taxing as playing football, it certainly seemed that Manziel wasn’t nearly as ill as initially presented by the Alouettes.
Perhaps realizing that the jig was up, Manziel did take the practice field for the team’s walkthrough and then spoke with the media afterwards. His comments were not exactly what you’d wanted to hear from the now-backup QB. Johnny suggested out loud that he didn’t expect to lose his starting job due to injury and was disappointed that the team traded a lot to get him only to not use his talents as they should be.
This set off a firestorm of online activity and got the talking heads going, as a great many folks felt that Manziel was out of line and showing his privilege. Instead of being a team player and supporting the team that finally looked to have turned a corner for this season, Manziel’s comments came across as inflammatory and self-serving. This team was starting to come together in a positive way before the bye week, but that didn’t appear to be good enough for Johnny Football.
The biggest fear for Alouettes fans was that when the Pipkin bubble started to deflate, the vociferous and mostly uneducated Manziel fans would turn and demand that Manziel be given back the starting job. Because they only come out to see him and to them, Johnny Football = wins.
As Pipkin and the Alouettes fell to the BC Lions last Friday, those same chants of “WE WANT JOHNNY!!” rang through Percival Molson Stadium. Disregard that Manziel hadn’t practiced nearly all week and he even appeared to be caught on camera laughing on the sidelines as one of Pipkin’s passes was intercepted for a touchdown.
For the record, I haven’t seen any concrete proof that Manziel was laughing aside from some still frames that look more like he was cringing, but even that alone is a very telling sign. There’s a big part of me (and many others who follow this team) that believe these were all calculated moves on Manziel’s part to revert the spotlight back on him so that he can get his “Comeback SZN” back on track.
In a normal world, such aberrant behaviour would earn you a demotion at the very least. Football is a team sport and ideally, no one player is bigger than the team. But the Montreal Alouettes have proven to be far from normal when it comes to their decisions, both on and off the field.
It was announced this past Monday, after the first practice of the week was done, that Johnny Manziel would indeed be the starting quarterback as the Alouettes face the Winnipeg Blue Bombers this Friday. Sometimes, the squeaky wheel does get the grease.
Alouettes head coach Mike Sherman stated that the decision to start Manziel wasn’t based on that media outburst last week. I want to believe that but quite frankly at this point, this football team’s leaders could all tell me that 2+2=4 and I would break out a calculator just to be sure. It was easy to not play Manziel when he was going through a concussion protocol. Now that he’s healthy, his presence on the sidelines would unfairly hang overhead like the sword of Damocles of whomever is the quarterback.
But instead of giving Manziel a dose of humility by benching him and showing that no one is above the team dynamic, the Alouettes’ coaching staff are instead rewarding Johnny’s bad behaviour by allowing him to start in Winnipeg. I can’t imagine his fellow teammates being too impressed by this turn of events.
I certainly can’t imagine Antonio Pipkin is too pleased either at losing out at his post for having one bad day at the office. But football is not the playground for the fair. There’s potential money to be made if Manziel can finally find success. Thus the Alouettes seem to have no choice but to go down that road and hope that the pot of gold will truly be there at the end.
This is how I see it; It’s been 41 days since Johnny Manziel last participated in a football game. In that amount of time, along with the 20 additional days that he’s been a Montreal Alouette, Johnny Manziel better have the offensive playbook down to a science. If he’s the gamer and fiery competitor that his fans paint him to be, then he better be more than prepared to go out and win handily this Friday.
Because as far as I am concerned, he hasn’t done anything to earn the benefit of the doubt any longer. No more excuses. I’m weary of hearing about the “potential” that Johnny Manziel has to be a star in this league. He’s been given far more opportunities in football than many others that are more deserving have; it’s time to see some actual results from this alleged superstar.
If Johnny Football doesn’t start winning, he can kiss his already fading NFL aspirations good-bye permanently. Already, I have a hard time believing that any of the NFL’s 32 head coaches would tolerate such shenanigans from any of their quarterbacks. I also can’t imagine any NFL scout or general manager reading up on Johnny Manziel in 2018 and saying, “Man, we have GOT to get this guy here!!”.
Like it or not, the Alouettes’ slim chances for success now lie on the shoulders of this still-young Texan and barring injury, that’s where they will stay, warts and all. Johnny can talk a good game when you shove a microphone in his face; now let’s see if he can back it up where and when it counts; on the football field.
I said it before and I will say it again: Good luck, Johnny. You’re truly going to need it.
Posted in Alouettes
Can the Alouettes keep on streaking?
Two desperate teams face off in the ‘Peg
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Who is Cliffy D?
Just a Montreal born and bred football fan that strives to be a positive yet objective voice online for the Alouettes of the Canadian Football League.
Not a paid spokesman for the team but if they offer me enough money, I am open to the idea of it :)
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Mr. Amin Ahmad
A visionary entrepreneur with a span of 30 years of professional business career,
Mr. Amin started with a small dream which now covered full of diversity of business in the fields of Construction, Real Estate, International Trading, Hotels and Resorts in Hospitality Sector, Agriculture, Food processing and ICT Sector.
His ideas, vision and strategies contributed significantly to set up a milestone in Hospitality and Service sector. He is the proud owner of country’s most Luxurious 5-Star Hotel the Le Meridien Dhaka.
In the construction sector he made significant contributions in building all large modern bridges, roads, expressways, highways and buildings in Bangladesh.
In Infrastructure Sector his contribution is much appreciated where he has established an Exclusive Private Economic Zone (EZ) for Local and Foreign Investors for setting up of new types of industries like Specialized Textiles, Electrical & Electronics, Footwear, Sportswear, Pharmaceuticals (API), Automobiles, World Class Educational Institutions, and Centre for Skill Development and Luxury Resorts.
Mr. Amin holds a challenging personality and applies to implement his ideas of business before he promotes to others. His ideas for production of organic foods, vegetables and meat to cater the needs of domestic as well as international market which will be implemented in over 680 acres of land in Noakhali area. This would be another milestone and a revolution in Bangladesh Agriculture and Food sector.
Mr. Amin is the owner and promoter of diversified enterprises such as Chairman of Best Holdings Group, Best Services Limited, Best Hotels Limited, Dhamsur Economic Zone and Niloy Agro Limited.
He is the member of Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Association of Construction Industry, Lifetime Member of Dhaka Club, Gulshan Club, Banani Club and Army Golf Club.
A philanthropist and a social activist, Mr. Amin involves him-self in many CSR Activities including providing hundreds of land loss underprivileged families with food, shelter, employment, education and healthcare facilities for make them self-sufficient.
Mr. Hasan Ahmad
Hasan Ahmad is one of the young business leaders in the country by initiating various innovative projects. Mr. Ahmad completed his High School Diploma from Canada and Bachelor of Electronics Engineering from Multimedia University of Malaysia.
Mr. Ahmad is the President of Best Holdings Limited-the owning company of Hotel Le Meridien Dhaka, the most prestigious hotel in Bangladesh, Chairman of Capital Banani One Limited, Managing Director of Best Services Limited, and Niloy Agro Limited- one of the pioneer projects in Bangladesh.
A sporty personality Mr. Ahmad always finds himself associated with many philanthropist and sports organizations, clubs and association. He is the Life Member of The Institution of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB), Life Member of Gulshan Club, and Baridhara Diplomatic Club.
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Home > Textbooks > Dark Star Safari: Overland From Cairo To Cape Town
Dark Star Safari: Overland From Cairo To Cape Town
by THEROUX, PAUL
Condition: Softcover. Good condition
Ad Infinitum Books
Mount Vernon,New York
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston: 2003. Softcover. Good condition. Takes us the length of Africa by rattletrap bus, forgotten train, and rusting steamer. Beginning in Cairo and ending in Cape Town, Theroux goes on the ultimate safari to the true heart of Africa, not the lavish games parks with overfed guests but the small villages of the bush and the filthy, chaotic cities that define this forgotten continent. ISBN: 0618134247.
In the travel-writing tradition that made Paul Theroux’s reputation, Dark Star Safari is a rich and insightful book whose itinerary is Africa, from Cairo to Cape Town: down the Nile, through Sudan and Ethiopia, to Kenya, Uganda, and ultimately to the tip of South Africa. Going by train, dugout canoe, chicken bus,” and cattle truck, Theroux passes through some of the most beautiful and often life-threatening landscapes on earth. This is travel as discovery and also, in part, a sentimental journey. Almost forty years ago, Theroux first went to Africa as a teacher in the Malawi bush. Now he stops at his old school, sees former students, revisits his African friends. He finds astonishing, devastating changes wherever he goes. Africa is materially more decrepit than it was when I first knew it,” he writes, hungrier, poorer, less educated, more pessimistic, more corrupt, and you can’t tell the politicians from the witch doctors. Not that Africa is one place. It is an assortment of motley republics and seedy chiefdoms. I got sick, I got stranded, but I was never bored. In fact, my trip was a delight and a revelation.” Seeing firsthand what is happening across Africa, Theroux is as obsessively curious and wittily observant as always, and his readers will find themselves on an epic and enlightening journey. Dark Star Safari is one of his bravest and best books.
Bookseller: Ad Infinitum Books (US)
Bookseller Inventory #: 12965X1
Title: Dark Star Safari: Overland From Cairo To Cape Town
Author: THEROUX, PAUL
Book condition: Used - Softcover. Good condition
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston: 2003
This edition first published: 2003-03-23
Keywords: (Key Words: Travel, Paul Theroux, Africa, Cairo, Egypt, Cape Town, South Aftica, Sudan, Safaris, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Kampala, Ethiopia)
Bookseller catalogs: AFRICA;
Subjects: TRAVEL / Africa;
Countries & Cultures > Africa
Travel & Exploration > Travel
Travel & Exploration > Travel > African Travel > African History
Don't Let's Go To the Dogs Tonight
Alexandra Fuller
Alexandra Fuller was born in England in 1969. In 1972 she moved with her family to a farm in Rhodesia. After that country’s civil war in 1981, the Fullers moved first to Malawi, then to Zambia. Fuller received a B.A. from Acadia University in Nova Scotia, Canada. In 1994, she moved to Wyoming, where she still lives. She has two children. From the Hardcover edition. ...
Stones Into Schools
Greg Mortenson
From the author of the #1 bestseller Three Cups of Tea, the continuing story of this determined humanitarian's efforts to promote peace through educationIn this dramatic first-person narrative, Greg Mortenson picks up where Three Cups of Tea left off in 2003, recounting his relentless, ongoing efforts to establish schools for girls in Afghanistan; his extensive work in Azad Kashmir and Pakistan after a massive earthquake hit the region in 2005; and the unique ways he has built relationships with Islamic clerics, militia commanders, and tribal leaders even as he was dodging shootouts with feuding Afghan warlords and surviving an eight-day armed abduction by the Taliban. He shares for the first time his broader vision to promote peace through education and literacy, as well as touching on military matters, Islam, and women-all woven together with the many rich personal stories of the people who have been involved in this remarkable two-decade humanitarian effort.Since the 2006 publication of Three Cups of Tea, Mortenson has traveled across the U.S. and the world to share his vision with hundreds of thousands of people. He has met with heads of state, top military officials, and leading politicians who all seek his advice and insight. The continued phenomenal success of Three Cups of Tea proves that there is an eager and committed audience for Mortenson's work and message....
The Long Way To Los Gatos
Verne R Albright
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Subscribe to our Politics & Current Affairs newsletter
Should ‘ultra-processed’ foods include health warnings?
New research on the devastating health effects of ultra-processed foods has some saying yes.
A growing body of research, including two recent studies, shows how ultra-processed foods can lead to multiple diseases and shorten lifespan.
Ultra-processed foods include soft drinks, packaged snacks, reconstituted meat, pre-prepared frozen meals, and more.
Other research suggests that warning labels on food can affect what people choose to eat.
The U.S. government requires sellers of cigarettes and alcohol to include health warnings on the labels of their products. Should vendors of "ultra-processed foods" be required to do the same? New research has some saying yes.
This week, the BMJ published a pair of studies that show how diets high in ultra-processed foods are linked to significantly higher rates of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and death. The findings build upon decades worth of evidence showing that processed foods can be devastating to long-term health.
In the four groups that make up the NOVA food classification system, ultra-processed foods are ranked as the unhealthiest. They include "soft drinks, packaged snacks, reconstituted meat, pre-prepared frozen meals," with ingredients like "sweeteners, colors, preservatives, and food-derived substances like casein, lactose and gluten."
These foods are unhealthy not only because they contain bad ingredients or lack nutrients, but also because they undergo processes like extrusion, molding, and milling.
"The nature of the cause is associated with the physical and chemical changes that happen to the food as a result of this high degree of industrial processing," Mark Lawrence, who co-wrote an editorial on the pair of recent studies, told Australia's ABC News. "It's an independent risk factor irrespective of the presence of, say, sodium or added sugar in the food."
Lawrence said the recent studies, along with the solid body of research on ultra-processed foods, have multiple implications for policy.
"I think the front of pack labelling is the most tangible one at the moment," Lawrence said. "It could be something as simple as, is this an ultra-processed food or not."
Junk food warnings
Would requiring makers of ultra-processed junk foods to include such labels on food be government overreach? Provided that you're okay with the warnings the U.S. government currently puts on tobacco and alcohol, there seems to be little reason why we shouldn't place the same labels on ultra-processed food. In fact, there may even be more reason to include warnings on junk food, as noted by David Katz for Time:
". . . unlike tobacco or alcohol, food is supposed to be good for us. It is supposed to be sustenance, not sabotage. You can't smoke tobacco and avoid tobacco. You can't drink alcohol and avoid alcohol. But you can eat food and avoid junk. There is, in fact, an impressive range of overall nutritional quality in almost every food category — so we could abandon junk food altogether, and quickly learn not to miss it."
There's some reason to think junk-food warning labels would be effective in affecting what people choose to eat. In a 2018 study from the University of Melbourne, researchers found that warning labels — particularly graphic, negative warnings — encouraged people to exercise self-control when selecting meals.
"We can really see a signature of deploying this self-control to resist unhealthy choices," study co-author Stefan Bode of the University of Melbourne told Australia's ABC News. "This is something we're really excited about to follow up and see how this happens."
Ultra-processed food link to disease and death grows — so do we ... ›
Cancer warning over processed foods that make up half of UK diet ›
Study: your body doesn't know the difference between junk food and ... ›
health government food
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Entrepreneurship 101: How to dream big—with your feet on the ground
Hertz Foundation Fellow Dr. Christopher Loose sold his first startup for $80 million. His advice is probably the kind you want to hear.
Christopher Loose
Hertz Foundation Fellow Dr. Christopher Loose sold his first startup for $80 million in 2012, and co-founded his second startup, Frequency Therapeutics Inc., in 2015, which is developing methods to restore hearing loss, with greater applications in human regenerative medicine. Even if you aren't in the field of medicine, innovators of any kind looking to found their first startup will benefit from his experience and advice on mentorship, building a balanced team, consulting experts, and how to develop the right first product—one that the rest of your career might be valued on. The Hertz Foundation mission is to provide unique financial and fellowship support to the nation's most remarkable PhD students in the hard sciences. Hertz Fellowships are among the most prestigious in the world, and the foundation has invested over $200 million in Hertz Fellows since 1963 (present value) and supported over 1,100 brilliant and creative young scientists, who have gone on to become Nobel laureates, high-ranking military personnel, astronauts, inventors, Silicon Valley leaders, and tenured university professors. For more information, visit hertzfoundation.org.
startup advice entrepreneurship young innovators Christopher Loose Hertz Foundation Semprus Frequency Therapeutics medicine innovation success videos
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Make Your Voice Heard
Last week the Government caused uproar by announcing plans to scrap the automatic entitlement to a medical card for all over-70’s. Having lulled the elderly into a false sense of security that they would be entitled to free healthcare until the end of their days, they are now trying to claw back on this commitment. There is no denying that this country is facing a serious economic downturn and that harsh cutbacks are required to sustain public finances but this callous plan to target the elderly, is despicable.
Enough has already been said about the bungled campaign to introduce a ‘means test’ for the over-70’s medical card. I have never felt so angry and frustrated by the gross incompetence shown by our Government in their handling of this issue. They are guilty of causing great fear and anguish to those most vulnerable in our society. The comments made over the weekend by our Minister for Health, Mary Harney and our Taoiseach, Brian Cowen have done nothing to allay the fears of the elderly. Now the Government is floundering around trying to find a way out of the controversy created. Our health service is no longer alone in it’s descent into chaos.
A public rally has been organised outside the Dáil at lunchtime on Wednesday to protest against this Government’s attempt to mug the elderly. If you too have been outraged by this medical card débâcle, I would urge you to show solidarity with the elderly and support this protest.
Assemble @ 1pm on Wednesday 22 October in Kildare Street, outside the Dáil.
9 Comments | cut backs, government, health, Health Service, healthcare, medical, Minister for Health | Tagged: Brian Cowen, health protest, Mary Harney, medical card, Taoiseach | Permalink
Tomorrow, Saturday, a health protest is due to take place in Dublin and I’m in need of your help.
The main objective of the MARCH & RALLY is to have a large gathering of trade unionists, patients, health campaigners and the general public to demand:
– an end to privatisation of the Health Service
– an end to cutbacks
– a first-class, equitable Health Service
The protest has been organised by the Public Health Service Campaign (PHSC) group which is an alliance of the Dublin Council of Trade Unions, the Youth Committee of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions and Patients Together. The campaign is supported by the Health trade unions and a wide range of patients, hospital and medical campaigners.
In the run up to the imminent budget, the campaign aims to put a stop to the underfunding of our Health Service. In recent years, we’ve seen chaos in our A&E Departments, a shortage of hospital beds, reduced services for the elderly, cutbacks in funding for disability services, the misdiagnosis of cancer patients, and an alarming rise in the rate of hospital acquired infections such as MRSA and C. difficile.
“On October 11, we will demand not only that the cutbacks end, but that we get the first class health service we deserve. The PHSC is calling on all trade unions, patient and hospital campaigns, community organisations and the general public to get out on the streets on the day, to achieve the loudest possible protest,” said Patients Together spokesperson, Janette Byrne.
YOUR HEALTH – YOUR PROTEST.
Assemble 2.00 pm, Saturday, 11th October 2008.
Garden of Remembrance, Parnell Square, Dublin, 1.
Speakers at the rally will include:
Prof John Crown, Consultant Oncologist
Liam Doran, Irish Nurses Organisation General Secretary
Janette Byrne, Spokesperson for Patients Together,
Conor Seville, brother of Beverly.
Kevin Callinan, National Secretary, IMPACT
Audrey Deane, Social Policy Advisor, St. Vincent de Paul Society,
Peadar McMahon of the Health Services Action Group and the Monaghan Hospital Community Alliance,
Louise O’Reilly, National Nursing Official, SIPTU,
Dr. Teresa Graham, (SIN) Stop Infections Now Campaign, (MRSA),
Walter Cullen, Unite Trade Union
Live music will be provided by ASLAN members and other artists.
Please spread the word about this protest and if you can support the march & rally, all the better.
Now, this is where I need your help. What wording do you think I should use on my placard?
UPDATE: No placard was needed as I joined-up with the S.I.N. (Stop Infections Now) campaigners who had produced their own teeshirts and placards for the march and rally. I am very proud to be a SINNER!
This peaceful protest was better organised than the last one in March but I suspect the numbers were down by comparison. For me personally, the highlight of the day was to witness two consultant doctors represent the rights and interests of patients and advocate for a better health service. I admire them both hugely for publicly taking this stance and for not being afraid to speak out about the faults within the system. If only their colleagues would follow suit.
5 Comments | A&E, Clostridium difficile, HCAI, health, Health Service, MRSA | Tagged: health protest, march & rally | Permalink
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Hexion Holdings – Court Confirms Second Amended Chapter 11 Plan, Debtors Expect to Emerge From Chapter 11 in Early July in Hands of First Lien and Junior Noteholders
by New Generation Researchon June 25, 2019 June 26, 2019
June 24, 2019 – The Court hearing the Hexion Holdings cases has confirmed the Debtors Second Amended Chapter 11 Plan (confirmation order subsequently filed at Docket No. 920 on June 25th). In a rather bare bones press release, the Debtors announced that they expect to emerge from Chapter 11 in early July. That may have something to do with the fact that the Debtors (and their communications teams) still remain for a few more weeks under the control of Apollo Global Management, LLC; whose 15 year relationship as the Debtors' sponsor is about to come to an inglorious end.
On April 1, 2019, Hexion Holdings LLC and 17 affiliated Debtors (f/k/a Momentive Specialty Chemicals and Borden Chemicals; and now together “Hexion” or the “Debtors”) filed for Chapter 11 protection with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in the District of Delaware, lead case number 19-10684. The Company, a global leader in thermoset resins, is represented by Michael J. Merchant of Richards, Layton & Finger. Further board-authorized engagements include (i) Latham & Watkins as counsel, (ii) Moelis & Company LLC as financial advisor, (iii) AlixPartners, LLP, as restructuring advisor and (iv) Omni Management Group as claims agent. Hexion has been (since a series of 2004/2005 corporate transactions) controlled by investment funds managed by affiliates of Apollo Management Holdings, L.P. (together with Apollo Global Management, LLC and its subsidiaries, “Apollo”).
At the time of filing, the Company’s petition noted between 1,000 and 5,000 creditors; estimated assets between $1bn and $10bn; and estimated liabilities between $1bn and $10bn.
Plan Summary
The memorandum in support of confirmation provides the following Plan overview:
“The Plan, which delevers the Debtors’ balance sheet by over $2 billion, embodies a consensual resolution of a panoply of litigable issues that could have sidetracked these cases, driving up their expense by multiples and damaging the Debtors’ business. The product of a restructuring support agreement to which over 90% of Debtors’ noteholders are party, the Plan maximizes creditor recoveries, including by providing for unimpairment of the Debtors’ trade and other unsecured creditors, and meets all confirmation requirements. It is, then, unsurprising—but validating—that the Plan enjoys overwhelming support from the Debtors’ noteholders, the voting creditors here. More than 1,000 creditors holding nearly $3.0 billion in claims across the Debtors’ capital structure cast votes on the Plan, and the results speak for themselves: 98% of those voting, holding more than 99% in amount of claims voted, chose to accept the Plan. With these votes in hand, the Debtors seek confirmation of the Plan. And with confirmation obtained, the Debtors intend to consummate the Plan and emerge from chapter 11 swiftly, so that they can continue their focus on being a worldwide market leader in the broad array of adhesive resins and related products they manufacture, but with a leaner, more sustainable capital structure… By developing and agreeing to the global compromise and settlement set forth in the Plan, including the treatment of noteholders and unimpairment of general unsecured creditors set forth therein, the Consenting Noteholders spared the estates from this value depletion. And the nearly unanimous support the Plan enjoys among the Debtors’ creditors evidences the reasonableness of that global compromise and settlement.
The Consenting Noteholders also made valuable financial contributions to these cases, backstopping almost $2 billion of new capital for the Debtors, including a $300 million equity rights offering and more than $1.6 billion of debt financing. As of this filing, the rights offering has been significantly oversubscribed and the Debtors are nearing completion of their new credit facilities and unsecured notes. Thus, the collective goal of the Debtors, Noteholders and key constituents has come together as envisioned when the Plan was filed on April 1, 2019.”
Summary of classes, claims, voting rights and projected recoveries (defined terms are as defined in the Plan and/or Disclosure Statement):
Class 1 (“Other Secured Claims”) is unimpaired, deemed to accept and not entitled to vote on the Plan. The estimated aggregate amount of claims is $4.0mn and the estimated recovery is 100%.
Class 2 (“First Lien Notes Claims”) is impaired and entitled to vote on the Plan. The estimated aggregate amount of claims is $2.425bn (including interest) and the estimated recovery is 84.6% – 89.3%. Each Holder of an Allowed First Lien Notes Claim shall receive its Pro Rata Share of the 6.625% First Lien Notes Ration, the 10.000% First Lien Notes Ration or the 10.375% First Lien Notes Ration, as applicable, of the First Lien Notes Recovery (the latter being Cash in the amount of $1.45bn, less the aggregate amount of Adequate Protection Payments made to the Holders of First Lien Notes Claims during the Chapter 11 Cases, (ii) 72.5% of New Common Equity (subject to the Agreed Dilution), and (iii) 72.5% of the Rights). Range represents recoveries in the absence of Rights Offering participation (84.6%) through full Rights Offering Participation (89.3%).
Class 3 (“Junior Notes Claims’) is impaired and entitled to vote on the Plan. The estimated aggregate amount of claims is $1.061bn and the estimated recovery is 23.1% – 27.1%. Each Holder of an Allowed Junior Notes Claim shall receive its Pro Rata Share of (i) 27.5% of New Common Equity, subject to the Agreed Dilution, and (ii) 27.5% of the Rights. Range represents recoveries in the absence of Rights Offering participation (23.1%) through full Rights Offering Participation (27.1%).
Class 4 (“General Unsecured Claims”) is unimpaired, deemed to accept and not entitled to vote on the Plan. The estimated aggregate amount of claims is $228.0mn and the estimated recovery is 100%.
Class 5 (“Subordinated Securities Claims”) is impaired, deemed to reject and not entitled to vote on the Plan. The estimated aggregate amount of claims is $0 and the estimated recovery is 0%.
Class 6 (“Intercompany Claims”) is impaired or unimpaired, deemed to accept or reject, and not entitled to vote on the Plan in either instance. The estimated aggregate amount of claims is N/A and the estimated recovery is N/A.
Class 7 (“Intercompany Interests”) is impaired or unimpaired, deemed to accept or reject, and not entitled to vote on the Plan in either instance. The estimated aggregate amount of claims is N/A and the estimated recovery is N/A.
Class 8 (“Equity Interests”) is impaired, deemed to reject and not entitled to vote on the Plan. The estimated aggregate amount of claims is $0 and the estimated recovery is 0%.
Plan Voting
On June 20, 2019, the Debtors' claims agent notified the Court of the results of Plan voting [Docket No. 848]. There were two classes that were entitled to vote on the Plan and each voted overwhelmingly to accept.
The voting results were as follows:
Class 2 (“First Lien Notes Claims”): 587 claims holders, representing $2,089,481,540.00 (or 99.99%) in amount and 98.82% in number, accepted the Plan. 7 claims holders, representing $159,000.00 (or 0.01%) in amount and 1.18% in number, rejected the Plan.
Class 3 (“Junior Notes Claims”): 507 claims holders, representing $915,757,000.00 (or 99.90%) in amount and 96.39% in number, accepted the Plan. 19 claims holders, representing $943,000.00 (or 0.10%) in amount and 3.61% in number, rejected the Plan.
All American Oil & Gas Incorporated – Files Chapter 11, Accuses New Senior Lenders of Forcing Bankruptcy with “Loan to Own” Strategy
Morrison & Foerster Announces London Hire of Senior Finance Lawyer Christopher Kandel
Sure Winner Foods – Maine Frozen Food Distributor Files Chapter 11 As Relationship with Nestlé USA Goes (Very) Cold
Joerns WoundCo Holdings, Inc. – Leading Medical Equipment Supplier Files Prepackaged Chapter 11 as Post-Acute Sector Continues to Struggle, Announces RSA and DIP Financing
New Generation Research/ June 25, 2019 June 26, 2019
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Tag: diaspora (page 1 of 7)
Faculty News 2017: William Douglass
October 26, 2017 / mvaczi / 0 Comments
On February 8 and 9, 2017, William Douglass presented public lectures in Boise, Idaho. The first day he gave a seminar on the Basques in Cuba & Beyond in a Basque Culture Class at Boise State University and that afternoon he addressed a University-wide audience on the subject of “Migration and Identity.” The following evening his talk at the Boise Basque Museum was entitled “A Basque Author’s Reflections.” All three events were well attended and were followed by lively public discussion. Before returning to Reno Douglass enjoyed a lunch with the Goitiandias–his Boise Basque “family.” All are descendants of the baserri Goitiandia of Aulestia, Bizkaia, where Bill and his family lived for about a year (1964) while he conducted his anthropological field research for his doctoral dissertation. He subsequently presented his Cuba lecture at the Center for Basque Studies and his “Migration and Identity” one in a seminar at the University of Nevada-Reno Knowledge Center.
Young Basques making sports careers for themselves in the United States
September 11, 2017 / katu / 0 Comments
The Basque-language daily Berria included an interesting report in its Sunday edition yesterday on three young Basques forging sports careers in the United States.
Jagoba Nabarte (Errenteria, Gipuzkoa, 1992) is a professional jai-alai player. In 2015 he received an offer to play at the Dania Jai-Alai fronton in Dania Beach, Florida, and in his own words, he didn’t have to think much about accepting because since the age of fifteen he’d had the goal of going to the US one day to play jai-alai: “On more than one occasion, someone who’d played in America showed up at one of my training sessions, and told me about how it was over there, and I was a little envious.” Although he was supposed to go to Florida in 2015, visa problems delayed the trip. He’d already quit his day job and wasn’t sure if he’d be able to fulfill his dream, and in the end, he had to wait until February this year to make the journey. He recently returned to the Basque Country after a six-month stay in Florida, but will shortly return to Dania Beach, where he finished in the upper half of the final classification table during his previous time there; not bad for a rookie pelotari. He observes that the courts are different in the US and the balls faster, two technical differences that he had to learn about quickly and the hard way. It goes without saying, too, that, as he notes, the bets are larger too in the US!
Uxoa Bertiz (Elizondo, Nafarroa, 1997) has been attending Drury University in Springfield, MO, on a soccer scholarship for the last three years and plays for the Drury Panthers. It has always been her dream to be a professional soccer player, and she did play for Real Sociedad in Donostia as well as the Basque national team. But as she says, she always thought she may go to the US one day: “Soccer in the United States has always attracted me.” Finding it hard to balance her passion for soccer with her studies back home, she applied to several US universities, where she knew the school system made it easier to continue her education while developing as a soccer player. Ultimately, Drury made her an offer and she traveled to Missouri to further her career: “For me, it was the best option, and I didn’t think twice.” She’s now studying computer engineering at Drury and has a busy schedule, getting up at 5 am every day for early morning training before attending class between 9 am and 3 pm, finishing up with more gym work in the afternoon. While it’s been tough to uproot from her family and friends and move thousands of miles away, she’s proud of what’s she’s achieved. And so she should be!
Eneritz Larrañaga (Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, 1998) plays for the Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College women’s basketball team in Miami, Oklahoma. She’s been in Oklahoma since August 2016 and, as she herself says, while it was tough to make the transition at first, once she made some friends, that helped a lot. In her own words, the “most difficult thing has been adjusting to the US style of basketball, because it’s a lot more individual and physical.” She didn’t get a lot of game time during the first few months there, but has gradually adapted to the style of play. She’s also studying International Business, while training five days a week (starting at 6 am before class and then again in the evenings). And if that were not enough, she also works part time in a coffee shop. As she says, she really values getting to know lots of people from different countries but, naturally, she also misses her family and friends. Still, she’s happy to be getting a good education and achieve a good level of English, while also being able to play the sport she loves.
Read the full report (in Basque) here.
Cecilia García de Guilarte: The First War Correspondent on the Northern Front
March 21, 2017 / katu / 0 Comments
Cecilia García de Guilarte (1915-1989). From ‘Un barco cargado de…’ [A Boat Laden With…], a blog devoted to her life.
It’s a real pleasure to come across the life stories of people who don’t typically make it into the history books, as happened recently when I discovered the figure of Cecilia García de Guilarte. Born in Tolosa, Gipuzkoa, in 1915, she was the first journalist to cover the Northern Front after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936.
García de Guilarte was the oldest of four children born into a working-class family originally from Burgos. Her father worked at the paper mill in Tolosa, one of the most important companies in the town. Indeed, she also started her working life in the mill. There, influenced by her father’s labor union activities for the CNT, the confederation of anarcho-syndicalist labor unions, she took to writing for union publications. Her facility for writing led her, at age 20, to publishing articles for a Madrid weekly, Estampa, signing her name, as she would do thereafter, “Cecilia G. de Guilarte.”
With the outbreak of the war, she continued her work as a journalist, writing for the union’s official publication CNT Norte and becoming the de facto first correspondent to cover the Northern Front (Gipuzkoa, Bizkaia, Santander, and Asturias), between 1936 and 1937. During this time she secured exclusive stories, such as her interview of the German pilot Karl Gustav Schmidt, who had crashed after the aerial bombardment of Bilbao by Nazi planes in the service of Franco in January 1937. At the same time she met and married Amós Ruiz Girón, the former chief of municipal police in Eibar, Gipuzkoa, who was at the time in the Cuerpo Disciplinario de Euzkadi, a policing force created by the Basque government during the war.
Following the fall of the Northern Front to Franco’s rebel forces, García de Guilarte escaped to Catalonia, from which fled fled to France in 1939 after it, too, fell. While in exile in France she wrote briefly for the newspaper Sud-Ouest before crossing the Atlantic to escape World War II and settling in Mexico with her husband. There she embarked on a productive career in journalism, writing for several journals and newspapers, including many connected to the community of Basque exiles. She was also editor of El Hogar and Mujer. She combined all this with a similarly active political life as a member of the Izquierda Republicana de Euskadi, and she also taught classes in art and theater history at the University of Sonora. As well as all this, she also published voraciously: novels, essays, biographies, and plays.
She was able to return to Tolosa in 1964, although she would have to wait over another decade, and the death of Franco in 1975, before he husband could rejoin her in the Basque Country. Back home, she became the theater critic for the Voz de España, a newspaper published in Donostia-San Sebastián, until it closed in 1979. She died in 1989, having taken an active part in the social and cultural life of Donostia both before and after Franco’s death.
See the bilingual Spanish/English blog Un barco cargado de…’ [A Boat Laden With…], which covers all aspects of her life and includes numerous photos and interviews: https://unbarcocargadode.wordpress.com/
See, too, an excellent blog post about her life at the following site: http://monografiashistoricasdeportugalete.blogspot.com.es/2014/02/celia-g-gilarte-periodista-de-guerra.html
War, Exile, Justice, and Everyday Life, 1936-1946, edited by Sandra Ott. This multi-authored work traces the impact of both the Spanish Civil war and World War II on people’s everyday lives, with a special focus on (but not limited to) the Basque Country. This work is available free to download here.
Expelled from the Motherland, by Xabier Irujo. This is a book that, while taking as its central subject matter the life and work of the exiled Basque president or lehendakari, Jose Antonio Agirre, also explores the stories of many other Basque exiles in Latin America and beyond.
Teresa de Escoriaza: A Pioneering Basque Woman Journalist, Broadcaster, Author, and Teacher
March 1, 2017 / katu / 0 Comments
March is Women’s History Month, a celebration that traces its roots back to the first International Women’s Day in 1911 (check out this article by Time to see how this annual event all came about). We at the Center are delighted to be able to share stories of women’s experiences in both the Basque homeland and diaspora, especially in light of the fascinating, important, and often hidden tales such stories reveal. That’s why we’re dedicating special attention this month to recounting some of these stories. Keep checking in with us here at the Center’s website, or via our Facebook page, to read about these amazing women.
Teresa de Escoriaza (1891-1968) during her time as a radio broadcaster.
Today we’re going to talk about Teresa de Escoriaza (1891-1968), a pioneering journalist, broadcaster, writer, translator, and college professor, who–on becoming a naturalized US citizen in 1938–we may reasonably and proudly also celebrate as an influential Basque-American woman.
Teresa de Escoriaza y Zabalza was born in Donostia-San Sebastián on December 7, 1891. She studied in both Madrid and Bordeaux, obtaining a primary education teaching certificate, before going on to attend the Universities of Madrid and Liverpool in the UK (interestingly, another Basque connection with this great port city, as covered in a previous post here). Thereafter, she first embarked to the US in 1917 as an independent woman traveler, aged 25, to teach Spanish and French in schools in Connecticut and Pennsylvania. Staying in the US, between 1919 and 1921 she took up a position as the New York-based foreign correspondent for the Madrid daily La Libertad, tellingly at first under the male pen name Félix de Haro. Having established her reputation, though, from 1921 onward she wrote under her own name.
During this time, she reported back on multiple facets of American life: women’s participation in US elections, the incessant activity and movement she observed in the great New York train stations, the different laws on marriage and divorce in different US states, religion in the US, prohibition, stores and shopping American-style, the freedom of American women compared to their counterparts in Spain, and the burgeoning flying craze that would sweep the US and Europe in the 1920s.
Returing to Madrid, she then wrote for both the Women’s section of the same newspaper and took on another pioneering role: that of war correspondent during the Rif War of the early 1920s between Morocco and Spain, in a series of articles that would later be published in book form as Del dolor de la guerra (Crónicas de la campaña de Marruecos) (On the pain of war (Chronicles from the campaign in Morocco)), published in 1921. Thereafter she continued to write on women’s issues and in the mid-1920s began a radio broadcasting career, exploring many of the same topics on Radio Ibérica. Indeed, she has been described as imparting the first feminist discourse on Spanish radio, a medium that she saw as a liberating vehicle for women’s education, and this during the era of the conservative dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923-30). If that were not enough, she shared these labors with an intense period of publishing books: specifically, the translation of a French novel, an anthology of women poets, and a short novel of her own.
A US passport photo of “Scory” in 1960. From the Montclair State University website.
In 1929 she moved to the US once more to take up a position as a professor of Spanish and French at Montclair State Teacher’s College (now Montclair State University) in New Jersey, where she taught there for 30 years until 1959. The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and the ensuing triumph of Franco meant that she would remain in the US for most of the rest of her life, becoming a US citizen, as noted above, in 1938. She never married, preferring an independent lifestyle, and after retiring in 1959 she moved to California. Right at the end of her life, she returned home, to the Basque Country and Donostia-San Sebastián, where she died in 1968.
Affectionately known as “Scory” at Montclair, her legacy there was celebrated in May 2012 with the dedication of the Teresa de Escoriaza Seminar Room in honor of her enduring legacy at the university. Quoting the Montclair State University article celebrating this dedication:
“There was something about her that commanded your attention and respect,” says her former student John T. Riordan ’59. “She was a larger than life person who played an important role in inspiring people. Her former students had enormous impact on the teaching of foreign languages in the United States, not just in New Jersey. Every publishing house was full of Montclair State alumni from the late 1940s and 1950s, as well as the New Jersey and national Departments of Education.”
Note: Much of the information here was collected from an excellent article by Marta Palenque, “Ni Ofelias ni Amazonas, sino seres completos: Aproximación a Teresa de Escoriaza,” in Arbor: Ciencia y Cultura 182, no. 719 (May-June 2006): 363-376. Available at: http://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/view/36/36
December 21, 1946: First broadcast by Radio Euzkadi, the voice of the Basque Underground
December 23, 2016 / katu / 0 Comments
Established by the Basque government-in-exile and conceived as a means of resistance against the Franco regime, on December 21, 1946, Radio Euzkadi, “the voice of the Basque Underground,” broadcast its first words from Mugerre (Lapurdi). On February 24, 1947, it began broadcasting its first full programs as a means to expose the Franco regime. It lasted eight years, during this initial phase, at its headquarters in Donibane Lohitzune, Iparralde, before pressure from the Franco government–gradually being accepted by the Western powers within the new Cold War context–on its French counterpart forced the closure of the radio station in 1954 by the French authorities. A new incarnation of Radio Euzkadi was created in Venezuela in 1965, which broadcast until 1977. Click here to listen to the Radio Euzkadi station ID, in Basque, Spanish, and English, recorded in 1969.
Don Jensen, “The Mysterious Radio Euzkadi.”
Xabier Irujo, Expelled from the Motherland.
Some Basque-American traditions during the Holiday Season
With the holiday season here, most of you out there will know that this is a time typically embraced by Basque-Americans to have a good old time, Basque-style, with plenty of eating, drinking, dancing, and general bonhomie. One only need check out Astero to get a flavor of all the events going on during the holiday season, but it’s worth recalling that all these Christmas parties, the lunches and dinners, as well as the New Year’s celebrations, are rooted in a long tradition stretching back many years. This custom–which in academic terms we could say was based on a drive to cement community and cultural ties, to keep those bonds strong, and maintain and pass on traditions, often in the face of adverse wider social conditions–has in recent years changed significantly, but I think it’s interesting to consider how and why these gatherings came about.
For those that could, Christmas was one of the few opportunities for Basque-Americans to let their hair down a little. Picture from the Jon Bilbao Basque Library.
As Bill Douglass and Jon Bilbao point out in Amerikanuak (p. 386), such events were in former times typically less public than they are today. In their words, as regards the winter events (p. 388):
These Basque get-togethers all shared the characteristic of being closed ethnic affairs. With the exception of the Boise Sheepherders’ Ball, they were unheralded, inconspicuous events on the local social calendar. They were often held at some distance from the local population centers. None of this is surprising when we consider that the dates coincide with the periods of tension between the Basques and their neighbors … In such a climate, the Basques were not prone to display their ethnic identity publicly. If the Basque hotel and the private picnic or dance served as an ethnic refuge, where the immigrant could enjoy Basque cuisine, conversation, and company, he attempted in his dealings with the wider society to remain as inconspicuous as possible.
Even the origins of the famed Sheepherders’ Ball, perhaps the most famous of all Basque winter social events, recall an altercation between different Basque insurance groups in the late 1920s. As John and Mark Bieter note in An Enduring Legacy: The Story of Basques in Idaho (p. 100):
Both organizations scheduled Christmas dances for herders in town on the same night. The influential sheepman John Archabal mediated the controversy and convinced the two sides to organize one dance with a lamb auction for charity. Both parties agreed, and the annual Sheepherders’ Ball became a mainstay in Boise and, later, in other southern Idaho towns.
The Sheepherders’ Ball became known as an “apron and overalls” dance, because admission required sheepherder garb or traditional Basque costumes. Sometimes a stand was set up near the door, where any partygoers who arrived inappropriately dressed could buy jeans on the spot. Although it was reserved for Basques and their guests, the Sheepherders’ Ball attracted the attention of the general public. On December 19, 1936, the Boise Capitol News wrote: “Black-eyed sons and daughters of the Pyrenees danced their beloved ‘jota’ with snapping fingers and nimble feet Friday evening at the annual Sheepherders’ Ball held at Danceland, to the music of Benito Arrego’s accordion and pandareen.”
Nowadays, these holiday season get-togethers are more open affairs, with everyone welcome, as noted in our recent post on the Basque Ladies’ Lagunak Christmas Luncheon in Reno. But it’s good to see that this great tradition of holiday season lunches, dinners, and dances continues to bind the Basque-American community together.
Besides these events, there is also a tradition of Basque-American participation in Christmas parades, as Nancy Zubiri writes in her invaluable book, A Travel Guide to Basque America:
On Christmas Eve for several years local Basque Children traveled down the usually snow-lined main street of Gardnerville in hay-wagons, displaying the Nativity scene, signing gabon kantak (Christmas carols) and playing instruments–an Old Country tradition. Their procession would end at the Overland, where they received gifts and [Elvira] Cenoz served them the traditional hot chocolate. But the custom ended when the number of children dwindled.
Nowadays, the Garnerville Basque Club, Mendiko Euskaldun Cluba, usually takes part in the town’s annual festive Parade of Lights.
Christmas was also an occasion for family gatherings of course, as the stories collected in Portraits of Basques in the New World, edited by Richard W. Etulain and Jeronima Echeverria, testify to. For example, Ysidra Juanita “Jay” Arriola Uberuaga Hormaechea, born in Boise in 1908, recalled the holiday season of her youth (pp. 194-95):
We never knew what Christmas was until I was grown up, went to work, and earned some money. I brought in a fresh Christmas tree to our home at 310 Grove, in Boise. It was the first tree that our family ever had. Christmas day for us people was shared big suppers, dancing, and enjoying ourselves, in that way … Maybe, a little package for the kids. That was it … That’s the way it was when I was a girl.
Similarly, and in the Old Country tradition, Marjorie Archabal remembered (p. 91) Christmas Eve meals at which some thirty people gathered, women on one side of the table, men on the other, with the Archabal family patriarch and matriarch at the head. These meals took days to prepare, with the menu consisting of tongue, tripe, and codfish, among many other dishes. Meanwhile, growing up in a Basque home in northeastern Montana in the 1940s and 1950s, Rene Tihista recalled a blend of Basque and American traditions, with turkey making appearance at the family table (p. 121):
When I was a kid all the holiday gatherings with my uncles and cousins were held at our place. Mom raised a huge turkey for Thanksgiving and one for Christmas. Dad played the accordion and violin and sang Basque songs. Of course wine flowed freely during our get-togethers. I would sit on dad’s knee and sing “Uso Zuria,” a song he taught me about a white dove that travels to Spain. It was the only Basque song I knew, but it must have been a hit because the grown-ups made me sing it over and over.
And no doubt many of you out there, if you are part of a Basque-American family, will be enjoying similar kinds of celebrations this holiday season.
If you do have any stories you’d like to share with us about your own Basque-style holiday celebrations, we’d be pleased to hear from you!
Prestigious award for great friend of the Center
December 6, 2016 / katu / 0 Comments
As part of the ongoing celebrations held in conjunction with the unique experience that is the annual Durangoko Azoka, the Basque Book and Record Fair held in Durango, Bizkaia, the prestigious Argizaiola Award is presented to people who, in the bleakest of moments, have managed to bring light and warmth to Basque culture; to keep the culture going, in other words, when the chips are down. In 2013, for example, our very own Bill Douglass received the award.
Five of the recipients of the 2016 Argizaiola Award, L to R: jaime Albillos Arnaiz, Kepa Mendia Landa, Carmen Belaza, Jose Ramon Zengotitabengoa, and Justo Alberdi Artetxe. Image taken from the Durangoko Azoka website.
This year, the award has been given to six people to represent the hundreds of individuals who have over the years carried out inurri-lana (literally “ant work”) in favor of Basque culture. In sum, this is public recognition for the often overlooked tireless efforts, long hours, and great personal investment of so many people to keep Basque culture alive and thriving. The six individuals were chosen to represent specific geographical areas – five in the Basque Country itself: Kepa Mendia Landa (Araba), Justo Alberdi Artetxe (Bizkaia), Jaime Albillos Arnaiz (Gipuzkoa), Patxika Erramuzpe (Iparralde), and Carmen Belaza (Nafarroa); and one to represent the Basque Diaspora: our great friend Jose Ramon Zengotitabengoa, whose son Sam now represents the family on the Center’s Advisory Board.
Examples of an argizaiola, or “board of wax,” a kind of coiled ornamental candle. In many traditional cultures, any light-giving source, anything to keep darkness at bay, holds a special place in the human imagination. Photo by Juan San Martin, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
Jose Ramon, a Bizkaian born in Zaldibar in 1938 and raised in the Durango district, has certainly had an eventful life involving much traveling. At age fifteen he left home to pursue his studies. He went to university in Liège, Belgium, for five years before moving to England, where he lived and worked for nine years, followed by a two-year stay in Germany. Eventually, he moved to the United States, where he enjoyed a successful thirty-five-year business career in Chicago as well as raising a family before retirement. Through his and others’ efforts, the Society for Basque Studies in America was established, which served as a catalyst for numerous academic initiatives to promote and study Basque culture in the US. He also played a prominent role in establishing Nestor Basterretxea’s Basque Sheepherders’ Monument in Reno and served on the Center’s advisory board for many years.
Zorionak, Jose Ramon, and all the other “ants” who have done so much for Basque culture over the years!
Senegal TV network reports from Basque Country
November 29, 2016 / katu / 0 Comments
The Senegal online TV network Diaspora 24 recently included a short report on Senegalese people residing in the Busturialdea region of Bizkaia. Senegalese make up the most important Sub-Saharan African community in the Basque Country, many first coming to fill positions in the Basque fishing industry and as a result settling in towns and villages along the Basque coastline. However, now the approximately 3,500 people of Senegalese origin reside throughout the country and have their own organization to help represent their interests: the Mboolo Elkar association.
As part of the report, carried out by Gernika-resident Fadima Faye, originally from Senegal, there was a visit to the Urdaibai Bird Center, “An International Airport for Birds,” as one of the emblematic sites of interest in the region. Interestingly, a migrating Osprey named “Cousteau,” which was tagged this year and left the center in September, has been located recently in its winter habitat along the Casamance River in Senegal.
See some pictures of the visit here: http://www.birdcenter.org/en/news/news/643-2016-11-16-16-49-44
Arbasoen Ildotik: 6th Grade Students from Baigorri visit Far West to learn about Basque settlement there
October 13, 2016 / katu / 0 Comments
A group of 6th grade students from Baigorri in Lower Navarre are on the trip of a lifetime to the American Far West in a quest to understand what it meant for Basques to uproot and make new lives for themselves across the Atlantic. Titled “Arbasoen ildotik” (On the trail of our ancestors), the expedition is made up of the following students who all attend the Donostei school in Baigorri: Laina Aizpurua, Alaia Arangoits, Maialen Innara, Enaut Gorostiague, Ana Gouffrant, Iñaki Hualde, Morgan Labat, Mathias Lallemand, Leatitia Oronos, Pauline Perez, Céline Séméréna, and Viktoria Toro. Accompanying them are four teachers: Amaia Castorene, Danielle Hirigaray, Xantxo Lekumberry, and Christine Paulerena. During their stay they will visit several locations in California and Nevada, where they will study first-hand the Basque emigrant/immigrant experience in the US.
For more information, see their Facebook page here.
And to get in contact with them send an email to slobasque@aol.com
There is a comprehensive list of Basques who emigrated from Lower Navarre to the United States in the Center’s Basques in the United States, volume 2, Iparralde and Nafarroa, with principal research by Koldo San Sebastián, with the assistance of Argitxu Camus-Etxekopar, Joxe Mallea-Olaetxe, Jone Laka, and José Luis Madarieta and more.
Center mourns death of Juan Zelaia
August 17, 2016 / katu / 0 Comments
Juan Zelaia, photo via Euskal Kultura.
Juan Zelaia, an honorary member of the Center’s Advisory Board, passed away on August 10 at the age of 95. Born in Oñati, Gipuzkoa, in 1920, Zelaia was a towering figure of the Basque business world, but also renowned for his many and varied philanthropic endeavors in support of Basque culture in general and the Basque language in particular.
After completing a doctorate in industrial engineering from Bilbao’s School of Engineering in 1947, Zelaia went on to head several different companies.The battery company Cegasa, founded in 1934 thanks to the technical inspiration of a Basque-Chilean relative, was the family starting point from which he developed his later industrial initiatives. These included Tuboplast Hispania (plastic packaging for cosmetics, chemists, etc.: Vitoria-Gasteiz and Vichy, 1964) and Hidronor (recuperation, treatment, and management of industrial waste, 1973). He was Executive President of all three, and actively participated in industries in other sectors such as food and drink, commercialization, cartridges, etc.
Zelaia was a well-know benefactor for numerous Basque cultural initiatives such as the ikastolas or Basque-language medium schools, the terminology and lexicography center UZEI, and the Tximist Expedition to Everest. In 2000 he was awarded both the Sabinio Arana Prize and the Basque government’s Lan Onari award for his lifetime committment to Basque business. Likewise, he received both the Antton d’Abbadia Award (2002) and the Gold Medal of Gipuzkoa (2003) from the Provincial Council of Gipuzkoa for his services to Basque culture, as well as the Argizaiola Award from the Durango Book Fair (2008) and the Nabarralde Prize (2014).
Linked personally by family ties to the Basque-American diaspora, he always encouraged the meeting of both Basque Countries (the one on European soil and the one found throughout the world). As promoter and president of K.A. Euskal Fundazioa, he sought to make this a cultural meeting place for all Basques.
Here at the Center we would like to express our deepest sympathy to his family.
Goian bego.
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Home 10 Tesla Powerwall Competitors Review
10 Tesla Powerwall Competitors Review
Nowadays, more and more homeowners are installing home energy storage systems. With these energy storage systems, they can store extra energy either from the grid or from their solar power systems. Arguably, the most popular provider is Tesla with its Powerwall. But there are also Tesla Powerwall competitors if you’re looking for other options when it comes to home energy storage systems.
Having these energy storage systems is a practical means of saving electricity, and consequently, money as well. Ever since these have become available, more people are becoming more interested in this technology. Tesla is among the pioneering companies that developed batteries for home energy use.
The Tesla Powerwall has made its name in the industry as an innovative and effective home energy storage system. The Powerwall is a 264-pound lithium battery. Its cells are designed and manufactured through the partnership of Panasonic and Tesla. Many brands are following the direction of Tesla in providing homes with this kind of option for energy storage.
The first generation Powerwall was introduced in 2015. The newest version, the Powerwall 2.0 was released the following year. The cost of these batteries can range around $3,000 to $3,500. The installation of the system can be at around $5,000. These home energy storage systems can be expensive but the savings you will get in the long run balances out the initial cost.
Also, there are alternatives to the Tesla Powerwall. Prices, capacity, as well as warranties may vary from brand to brand, but they are still good options for energy storage for home use. Here are some of them.
List Of Tesla's Competitors
LG Chem RESU
LG is a leading electronics manufacturer that is based in South Korea. Last October 2016, LG Chem began a partnership with Sunrun to bring its energy storage to the United States. Sunrun is a company that manufactures solar panels to be used in homes. Its estimated price range is from $4,000 to $7,000. Homeowners can get 6.5kWh unit of energy storage with the LG Chem RESU. The RESU battery is known in Europe and Australia for use in solar storage systems. It comes in different sizes: 3.3 kWh, 6.5kWh, and 10kWh. All types come with a 10-year warranty with a minimum of 60 percent guaranteed capacity.
Sunverge
Sunverge can store between 6kWh to 20kWh of energy. It weighs 500 pounds so it’s quite heavy and it is a must to have a trained Sunverge expert technician to install the said energy storage device. You can connect your system to a smartphone app. This will let you monitor the energy flow and the latest price of the electricity at different times. The unit has an estimated cost of $8,000 to $20,000. The price depends on what size of the battery you are interested in.
Nissan XStorage
A giant in automobile producer, Nissan also has an energy storage system called XStorage. It has a capacity of 4.2 kWh and is considered as one of the most sustainable home energy storage. This rechargeable battery has an estimated cost of $4,500 which includes the installation. The unique feature of this battery is it’s made of recycled battery cells which makes it an environmentally-friendly product.
Orison At-Home Battery
Orison batteries have a capacity to store 2.2 kWh. Orison developed a technology that is intelligent and completely networked. Each unit is connected to the Orison Cloud. It’s an integrated network that uses data in demand charges, utility rates, blackout alerts, peak demand charges, usage profile and the most advantageous operating schedule that you can access on your device. The Orison Cloud functions by making the energy grid efficient in handling the flow of irregular energy.
Panasonic Home Energy Storage
The cell of the Tesla Powerwall was made in partnership with Panasonic. The company itself has its own home energy storage system. It has a capacity of 8kWh of energy storage. Their product is available in Australia and soon in Europe as well. However, the selling price of Panasonic is not yet disclosed to the public.
The PowerVault is a home battery storage that is currently available in the United Kingdom. It has a capacity of 6 kWh. The selling price is $3,000 which includes the inverter and the installation process. However, it is a must that an expert technician from PowerVault will be the one to install the unit.
Sonnen is a German company that sells home energy storage systems. The capacity of the batteries starts at 4 kWh to 16 kWh. It is a lithium-ion battery with a solar panel system. The battery has its very own solar panel system that is connected to the power source. This helps in managing the consumption of energy. Its price is at $5,950 which also includes the inverter. It comes with 10-year warranty and 70 percent storage capacity. This product will soon be available in Italy, the United States, and Australia.
ElectrIQ is a home energy storage system that is available in the United States. The battery has a storage capacity of 10 kWh. It has an estimated price of $13,000 to $16,000, including the inverter which must be installed by an expert technician.
Aquion Aspen
The battery from Aquion Aspen has a 2.2 kWh capacity. The price of this system starts at $1,000. Aquion Aspen uses saltwater technology for its battery. It comes with 8-year warranty with 70 percent storage capacity. It is one of the more affordable options for home energy storage systems.
BMW has found a great solution to recycling the old batteries that come from their i3 cars by converting them for use in home energy storage systems. The units have capacities of 6.4 kWh and 22 kWh. The selling price is not yet disclosed to the public as of the moment.
These are your options when it comes to Tesla Powerwall competitors. Having a home energy storage system at home is ideal. The initial cost of the product, inverter, as well as the installation, can really be quite expensive. However, if you think about it, you can save a lot of money in the long run, and you will be able to get back your investment and more. This is the future of energy use for homes. This should be something that homeowners should think about and consider.
Click back to Main Battery Man Guide Page.
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Collins' Crypt
Collins’ Crypt: How JAWS Spawned TWO Sub-Genres
The JAWS blueprint has informed more horror movies than any other.
By Brian Collins Aug. 14, 2012
There are few movies I would consider perfect; where personal taste and nostalgia have no bearing whatsoever - you either like (even love) these movies or you simply have bad taste. Objectivity has no place in the equation. And on that note I should point out two things: 1. None of them are among my five favorite films (all of which I can perfectly understand not liking) and 2. Only one of them is a horror film - and that film is Jaws.
I've watched the movie three times in the past couple months (once on glorious 35mm, twice on its glorious new Blu-ray transfer), putting my total at around twenty or so, and if anything I just love it more every time. Little things resonate more on repeat viewings, like the quiet shot of the three men building Hooper's cage - the only time on the Orca that they seem to be in sync when it came to their defense against the shark. Or I (shockingly enough) notice them for the first time - it was only during that last 35mm viewing that I noticed Ms. Kintner is the only one who doesn't instantly react to the shark attack that claimed her son's life (probably because I'm usually too preoccupied worrying about poor Pipit; I think I've finally accepted the poor mutt's demise).
It even still gets me scared a bit. Sure, the "shovel some of this shit" bit isn't as effective as it was when I was new to the flick, but damned if Ben Gardner's head doesn't give me a jolt EVERY. SINGLE. TIME. And every time the shark dips under the water with those barrels, it's like I get amnesia - I can never remember when/where he resurfaces. Also, no matter how many times I watch the film, I hope that Quint manages to hold on to Brody, or successfully brace his legs against the shark's mouth to keep from getting chomped. It didn't happen any of these times, but maybe the next time I give it a spin...
Part of the reason I appreciate it more every time I see it is likely due to the fact that I've had usually seen a few films that ripped it off in between viewings. In the 37 years since the film's release, there have been countless knockoffs or "homages", as it spawned TWO sub-genres. First is basically the killer shark movie, of which there are so many I could probably watch nothing but such films for a month's worth of Horror Movie A Day and still not run out: Shark Attack, Shark Zone, Mega Shark, Sharktopus, 2 Headed Shark Attack... they're all in some way just copying what Spielberg did perfectly the first time out (and if there was a killer shark movie before Jaws I apologize; I looked for a while, and while I found a few with killer shark SCENES, I couldn't find one that featured it as its main plot), and it's almost a law that they have to pay their respects in some way - copying John Williams' music is common, or having a variation on a key line like "You're going to need a bigger boat." Deep Blue Sea had one of my favorite little nods - the license plate that they find has the same number as the one Hooper pulls out of the tiger shark.
Then there's the "Nature Run Amok" series, which transplants the basic idea of Jaws but swaps out the animal, and often sets it on land (non "mad science" or prehistoric water entries are rare, Orca is one such exception). William Girdler was the king of such films, helming one of the first (Grizzly, or "Jaws with a bear") and one of the most insane (Day Of The Animals, which must be seen to believed). Incidentally, Girdler was also behind Abby, one of the most notorious Exorcist ripoffs, and to this day I am saddened by his early death in 1978 (due to a helicopter crash; he was only 30 years old) as he surely would have had entertaining responses to the slasher and zombie crazes that would come along in the immediate years after his death. As with the water-based films, pretty much every large animal you can think of got their own movie, not to mention smaller predators like snakes (Jaws Of Satan - they weren't even TRYING with that title), bats (Nightwing), and, er, worms.
Yes, worms. Jeff Lieberman's Squirm had the worm population of a southern town turning aggressive as a result of an electric storm, and its up to hero Don Scardino to stop them. As with Grizzly, this was one of the earlier copycats, coming along just a year later, so you gotta appreciate the idea to go in the complete opposite direction for a villain. Seriously, what's scary about a worm? Nothing. But TONS of worms? That can be scary, I guess (especially when Lieberman just tosses any worm-like thing into the mix, including snakes). Incidentally, Lieberman claims he was more inspired by The Birds, which is one of the few films that can be seen as a precursor to Jaws, but Spielberg's own Duel was closer in tone than Hitchcock's Psycho followup, in my opinion.
After all the animals were used up, the sub-genre(s) kind of died out for a while; only Jaws' own sequels kept the water-based version alive, and on-land films like Tremors or Arachnophobia either tanked or were flukes, with no resulting copycats. It wasn't until Anaconda and the advent of CGI that really ushered in the sub-genre's second life, as that film's success paved the way for things like Lake Placid and Bats, which tackled previously used monsters but with modern flair. Ironically, the thing that made Jaws such a classic - not seeing the monster too much, was due to the fact that their practical shark didn't work half the time. Now they had CGI, which always worked - but often didn't look very good. However, that didn't stop filmmakers from showing off their monster(s) as much as possible, which is why none of those films have even come close to matching Jaws' lasting appeal. Or even the less significant box office, for which you don't even have to factor in inflation to see how the public felt about these wannabes: Jaws remains on top, with Jaws 2 in the pole position (furthermore, only Deep Blue Sea and Anaconda managed to outgross Jaws 3, which was a relative disappointment). Unsurprisingly, the genre mainly lives on in DTV releases and Syfy original movies, as they seem to find a way to do a "new" killer shark film every other month or so (the recent Shark Week was basically a Saw film but with sharks).
And it's not just the idea of pitting a big animal against some regular folk after it kills some townspeople, there are specific beats that these movies all seem to carry over from Carl Gottlieb's script (from Peter Benchley's novel). The Quint like hunter character and/or Hooper esque nerdy expert are pretty common archetypes, and you gotta have a Chief Brody just trying to protect his town. Just take a movie like Lake Placid. You have Bill Pullman in the Roy Scheider role, Oliver Platt as Richard Dreyfuss, and Brendan Gleeson as Robert Shaw. The head law enforcement guy usually has some sort of personal trauma to deal with as well, and a slimy mayor/real estate tycoon/company man type is usually around mucking up the works.
Then there's what's affectionately dubbed the "close the beaches" subplot. In Jaws, things get out of hand and more people die because the town was opposed to closing the beaches down due to the tourist money that they relied on, and similar (in some cases, exact) subplots are featured more often than not in all of the above films and their ilk. Some are downright ridiculous - Jaws of Satan's big fear was delaying the opening of a dog track (!), but they all have the same basic plot function. The only difference is when they occur - does it happen halfway through so that the tragedy can inspire a new plan for the 3rd act? Or does it actually HAPPEN in the 3rd act, providing a big buffet and maximum carnage potential for the climax. The latter happens more often than the former, particularly on the Syfy channel, where a big finish is necessary in order to keep people from flipping the channel when the next one begins. The recent Jersey Shore Shark Attack wins points for novelty, as the main event occurred on a pier, where the big Ferris Wheel was knocked loose and begins rolling people over as the sharks attack nearby.
Some even go deeper to show their love of Jaws (or at least, their acknowledgement that its ideas are better than doing their own). I recently saw The Crater Lake Monster, which is the rare mid/late 70s Jaws knockoff that DIDN'T have a "close the beaches" subplot, but it inexplicably had a reprise of the bit where Roy Scheider mocks the sign-making skills of his deputy (here the sign is spelled wrong as a result of the guy doing it). Of Unknown Origin has a sequence that's almost shot for shot copying the fun bit where Scheider looks through a book of sharks and shark injuries, except here its of the rats that serve as (Origin hero) Peter Weller's nemesis. And Giant Spider Invasion directly mentioned the film, a bold move for a 70s audience since they could probably just go to the next drive-in and see it still playing. Hell, just today I watched a movie called Boogeyman, a new Syfy original, and while it was more of a Jeepers Creepers style slasher, it had an early bit that seemed to be referencing Jaws' opening with the kids on the beach, except this time the drunken male has a surprise when he catches up with his would-be conquest.
Needless to say, the Jaws blueprint has informed more horror movies than any other. Halloween is probably the only one that even comes close, but that film's nearly plotless nature makes it harder to tell. Plus, there were a number of "proto-slashers" before Halloween, whereas Jaws really only has two possible influences: Duel (from the same director) and The Birds, which shares only the basic idea of animals turning against us for no reason. For better or worse, a sizable chunk of the horror genre's offerings probably wouldn't exist if not for the adventures of Brody, Hooper, and Quint. Thanks, or "Thanks", Jaws!
For my thoughts on the new Blu-ray (the transfer, the bonus features, etc), read my full review at Horror Movie A Day.
Collins’ Crypt: Happy Birthday To BLAIR WITCH’s Unseen Terrors
Collins’ Crypt: SILENT HILL Perfected The “Video Game Movie”
Collins’ Crypt: Fewer Franchises, More Metaphors!
Brian, aka BC, has been watching horror movies since the age of 6, and twenty years later decided to put it to good use, both as a writer for Bloody-Disgusting as well as launching his own site, Horror Movie A Day, which Roger Ebert once read and misunderstood the points that were being made.
By Brian Collins, Jul 16, 2019
Two decades of imitators and almost none of them figured out that simplicity was the key to BWP's success.
Christophe Gens' film gave BC all the highs and lows of a modern gaming experience, hands-free!
BC thinks it's time we see some of the world's anger reflected in big-screen horror releases.
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That Rope around the High Priest’s Ankle
It’s a myth. Sorry to ruin such a good story for you.
The notion that the high priest would tie a rope around his ankle before entering the Holy of Holies on Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement) so that his body could be pulled out should he be struck down is not found in any ancient source, including the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Josephus, the Apocrypha, the Mishnah, the Babylonian Talmud, or the Jerusalem Talmud.
The earliest reference that I know of is in a 13th century A.D. Jewish work, the Zohar:
A knot of rope of gold hangs from his leg, from fear perhaps he would die in the holy of holies, and they would need to pull him out with this rope.
The Zohar says a lot of other things that are not trustworthy. In fact, wearing such a rope would probably be a violation of Leviticus 16:3-4, which gives clear directions on what the high priest is to wear on Yom Kippur:
But in this way Aaron shall come into the Holy Place: with a bull from the herd for a sin offering and a ram for a burnt offering. 4 He shall put on the holy linen coat and shall have the linen undergarment on his body, and he shall tie the linen sash around his waist, and wear the linen turban; these are the holy garments. He shall bathe his body in water and then put them on. (ESV)
John Gill cites this story in his Exposition of New Testament, published in 1746-48. Concerning Hebrews 9:7, he cites “Zohar in Lev. fol. 43. 3. & Imre Binah in ib”:
The Jews say, that a cord or thong was bound to the feet of the high-priest when he went into the holy of holies, that if he died there, the rest might be able to draw him out; for it was not lawful for another priest to go in, no, not an high-priest, none besides him on the day of atonement.
There are many websites and other sources that perpetuate this legend (including the NIV Study Bible on Exodus 28:35).
Another webpage that discusses this myth is located at ChristianAnswers.net.
UPDATE (8/27/09): Rabbi Dr. Ari Z. Zivotofsky has written a lengthy article refuting the claim in the Zohar.
Labels: Analysis
You Don't Mess with the Zohar
coming to theaters near you
By A.D., at Tue Jan 13, 07:40:00 AM
If there is no basis to the custom, what's the rationale in bringing it up (creating it) nearly 13 centuries after the Second Temple had already been destroyed?
By Ze'ev, at Tue Jan 13, 11:16:00 AM
John Gill was a hyper-Calvinist.
By EW Zeller, at Tue Jan 13, 11:22:00 AM
wow, that is weird...i always thought it was in there...this reminds me of what CW always told us to just stop reading what others told us was there and just read what it says...wow!
i am kinda sad, but no reason i guess
By DellaRose, at Tue Jan 13, 02:32:00 PM
Ze'ev - I haven't spent much time reading medieval Jewish (or Christian) works, but based on other studies, it's easy to see how traditions evolve or are created. This one certainly seems logical. One only has to ask the question, what would happen if the high priest died when he was in a place no one else could go. Someone theorized that if a rope was tied on his ankle, that would solve the problem. Over time, a theory became a reality.
By Todd Bolen, at Tue Jan 13, 04:34:00 PM
Todd, perhaps that could be the explanation, however in the face of the fact that there seems to be explicit guidelines as to exactly what the High priest can wear, and nothing else - how something would get added to the list.
It's as if the Biblical commandments were put aside to come up with a "cute" idea to answer some hypothetical question...
By Ze'ev, at Tue Jan 13, 09:23:00 PM
>It's as if the Biblical commandments were put aside to come up with a "cute" idea to answer some hypothetical question...
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
That said, look at all the crazy stuff that gets invented in the Middle Ages about Christianity.
You could ask "Why would anyone make up St. George killing a dragon if he didn't?"
It appears that lots of stuff gets made up for all sorts of reasons all the time, expecially in religion.
I agree with the criticism. If the 13th C AD is the first mention of this, I would tend to assume it not true until an earlier source is found.
BTW, this sounds like the kind of fact that Josephus would have loved to recount if it was true (if fact, even if it wasn't).
By Al Sandalow, at Tue Jan 13, 09:32:00 PM
Ze'ev, who knows what was in the heads of the authors of the Zohar?! That book is, essentially, nuts.
By Kevin P. Edgecomb, at Tue Jan 13, 10:48:00 PM
I see that the Aramaic of the Zohar does not match the English. This portion is an interpolation of the Kabbalah Center:
FROM FEAR PERHAPS HE WOULD DIE IN THE HOLY OF HOLIES, AND THEY WOULD NEED TO PULL HIM OUT WITH THIS ROPE.
I am trying to find out if these words are based on an authoritative commentary, or are just a totally imaginative idea to try to explain the original text, which only says:
a knot of gold hangs from his leg...
By JesusOverIsrael, at Mon Feb 09, 03:19:00 PM
I have always understood Ex 28:33-35 to mean that God promises that the high priest will not die whilst carrying out this most holy task.
By Roland Ramsdale, at Thu Apr 09, 06:37:00 AM
If the high priest did die in the holy of holies, everyone knew who the next high priest was, and presumably he could enter the holy of holies and retrieve the body.
By Edward, at Sun Aug 02, 05:18:00 AM
Are we to understand, if we believe this myth, the Almighty GOD, who created man out of the dust of the Earth, could not:
1.) Foresee that the High Priest should be struck down by HIMSELF, thus making sure he didn't go in?
2.) That if the High Priest dies a natural death that the Almighty couldn't raise him again?
3.) That our eternal Father, who knows all and sees all, would be caught by surprise concerning the health of the High Priest?
4.) Wouldn't there have been provisions made in the Levitical law addressing such a mishap?
By zertndo, at Wed Sep 21, 02:01:00 PM
Sorry gang, this is a long response!
I’d like to offer a passage from the book In Quest of the Historical Pharisees, edited by Jacob Neusner and Bruce D. Chilton. (2007) Waco, Baylor University Press.
From the chapter titled “Paul and Gamaliel” by Chilton and Neusner.
Here is a teaching purported to be from Gamaliel (20-50 AD) which says:
(from Sheq. 6:1-2…I’ll put just the verses in question)
A. M’SH B: A priest was going about his business and saw that a block of the pavement was slightly different from the rest.
B. He came and told his fellow.
C. He did not finish telling [him] before he dropped dead.
D. Then they knew without doubt that there the ark had been stored away.(page 217)
But this example was in the Temple and no-one had a rope around his leg.
Another example is an appendix of a chapter written by Jack N. Lightstone, titled “The Pharisees and Sadducees” and I will preface this by saying that the whole point of his text is to show the possible use of some of Mishnaic writing by later compilers who were possibly strengthening the rabbinic traditions said to come from the Pharisees after the destruction of the temple.
What he offers starting at page 291
In t.Yoma 1:8 (tractate by Yoma) the story goes:
1. A certain Boethusian [Sadducee high priest] prepared the incense while he was outside[ the Holy of Holies] and the cloud of the incense went forth and shook the Temple.
2. For the Boethusians say: He shall prepare the incense while he is outside[the Holy of Holies] as it is said: and the cloud of the incense shall cover the ark cover(Lev. 16:13)
3. Said to them the sages: Has it not already been said: and he shall put the incense upon the fire before the Lord (Lev. 16:13)? If so, why is it said: and the cloud of the incense shall cover? It teaches that he puts in them [i.e., the ingredients of the incense] a smoke-producing substance, he is deserving of death.
4. When he emerged, he said to his father: All of your days you interpreted [the scriptural injunction in accordance with my behavior] and you did not do [thus], until I came and did [so]myself.
5. [His father] said to him: Although we interpret [the Scripture thus], we do not do [thus]. We obey the words of the sages. You will astonish me if you do not last [more than a few] days.
6. […]
7. It was not [but] three days until they placed him in his grave
Now the author of this is the ‘Tannaitic’ translator and the actual point of this is to teach adherence to Scripture and how the Sadducees mess up…but here’s evidence from pre-70 AD of someone messing up and “placed in the grave” for making a mistake in the Temple...but not dying on the spot.
This may be a ‘possible’ source of the much later ‘gloss’ by the 13th century teacher.
By Lisa Guinther, at Fri Oct 21, 08:55:00 PM
Amen to this . No need for ropes
By irma roman, at Tue Oct 27, 12:13:00 PM
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What's the best country for women entrepreneurs?
By Lindsay Van Thoen
https://blog.freelancersunion.org/2014/06/09/whats-best-country-women-entrepreneurs/
“The world cannot prosper without the economic participation of women.”
-Charlotte Deal, Director Women’s Initiatives, Dell
Last week, Dell released their annual report on the state of women entrepreneurship around the world. While there is cause for optimism -- there have been improvements in conditions around the world -- there is also much room for improvement.
The researchers examined 30 countries, measuring entrepreneurial environment, ecosystem and individual aspirations, and scoring nations on a scale ranging from 0 to 100.
Here’s how we stacked up:
Source: Dell-GEDI study 2014
This is the second year that the U.S. has ranked #1.
What made countries like the U.S. rank higher?
According to the report, they “provide a good enabling environment for female entrepreneurship development both in terms of the business context as well as equal legal rights, access to resources such as SME training programs, access to leadership roles, and favorable attitudes towards women as executives.” But as the researchers point out, even the highest ranking countries have some room for improvement.
So how do we improve women entrepreneurship around the world?
+ Give women access to capital. In 14 of the 30 countries, 50% or more of the female population doesn’t use banks, and gender disparities between males and females with bank accounts is high.
+Give women the same legal rights. In 22 of the 30 countries, married women have fewer rights than married men and 21 lack the same employment access. Countries must address these challenges first before other improvements can be made.
+Decrease “macho lab-coat, hard hat and geek” workplace cultures to be more inclusive to women and increase number of female executives. This is a problem even in the U.S., but in India, just 18% of women feel that women executives are just as good as male executives.
**It's great to know that American women are leading the way in entrepreneurship. In your opinion, what else should we be doing? **
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Invisible Marketing and the Hidden Drivers That Make Us Buy
Marketing Strategy, Invisible Marketing
Several years ago, a home security company ripped the tops of their envelopes before sending them to non-customers.
To evoke an emotional reaction.
Each envelope was marked “Private & Confidential”, and people panicked when they thought someone had tried to open it.
Godrej Security Solutions, photo credit: adeevee.com
Of the 6,000 envelopes mailed on the first week, the company received 4,212 enquiries — a response rate of 70%. Extraordinary, considering many of us don’t bother opening our junk mail at all.
So, why did torn envelopes get such a big response?
Because it was confronting. The company had shown people how they would feel if their privacy was invaded.
Inside each envelope was the message, “For an experienced burglar, breaking into your home is as easy as this.”
Suddenly, people who didn’t own home security systems were considering them. The company hadn’t even sold the features of their product yet — they’d only evoked a negative emotional reaction from people and presented themselves as the solution.
This is one clever example of invisible marketing.
What Is Invisible Marketing?
As the name suggests, invisible marketing is the messaging we don’t see. It’s what’s received by the customer, rather than what’s said by the company. It’s the emotional response we feel toward a product during a certain time of day or the desire to purchase something without feeling like we’ve been sold anything.
Invisible marketing isn’t guesswork. It’s driven by the principles of behavioural economics. This video explains more about the two decision-making sides of everyone’s brain.
Invisible marketing has three elements:
(We’ve named the elements based on the concept of a marketing rocket.)
Let’s start with an explanation of triggers. Have you ever craved a midafternoon coffee break and suddenly felt the need for something sweet to go with it?
That’s a trigger.
A good example is KitKat by Nestlé. It uses trigger marketing in the tagline: “Have a break. Have a KitKat.” The tagline and the snap sound effect of the chocolate bar breaking has successfully linked the ubiquitous “coffee break” with thoughts of a well-deserved KitKat.
With this tagline, the company has enjoyed significant market share for over 50 years.
KitKat is also a good example of what happens when leading companies deviate from their successfully implemented triggers.
In the 80s, they suddenly launched “The chocolate for active people”. It was a financial flop. Similarly, in the 90s, “Chocolate so good it’ll make you roar” had a negative impact on sales.
Why? Because the new taglines attempted to create entirely new triggers, connecting the brand with different daily activities. Essentially, the company was starting from scratch.
To save themselves, they kept reverting back to the original slogan in order to reactivate the existing trigger and reconnect with long-time customers.
This refers to frame of reference. How you frame your message — the context you surround it with — influences how customers receive it.
For example, one US environmentalist group attempted to reduce shark hysteria by publishing the number of shark attacks that occur annually. They wanted to highlight how small the number is.
That failed to reduce hysteria because the audience wasn’t given any frame of reference; the environmentalist group hadn’t converted the abstract into an actual. After all, when compared to nothing, the number of shark attacks sounded significant.
Later, they introduced a frame of reference by converting the abstract number into an actual example. They asked, “What’s more likely to kill you: a shark or a deer?”
Nobody viewed deer as particularly deadly — but the facts showed that people were 300x more likely to die as a result of a deer-related accident than a shark attack.
The frame of reference was clear, and suddenly, shark hysteria subsided.
Fuel refers to removing obstacles in the way of a customer’s path to purchase. (In other words, adding fuel to the marketing rocket so it reaches its destination faster.)
Simplifying the path to purchase is important because, when presented with steps that involve decision making, people nearly always choose not to do something.
Why? Because decision making requires brainpower. It’s easier to do nothing.
Here’s the perfect real-life example of decision avoidance: Germany and Austria sit side by side in Europe and speak the same language. Despite their similarities, Germany’s organ donation rate is 12% while Austria’s is a massive 99%.
Why such polar opposites?
The answer is absurdly simple. On each country’s driver’s licence application/renewal form, one question is worded slightly differently:
“Tick this box if you want to be an organ donor.” (Germany)
“Tick this box if you don’t want to be an organ donor.” (Austria)
Nearly everyone leaves the box blank.
Why? Because it’s easier to do nothing.
Let’s look at one more example. In Europe, car company Audi took advantage of this concept and reaped the rewards. Rather than introducing customers to their midrange cars and then trying to upsell additional features, they started with the highly customised versions.
Then, it was up to the customer to decide whether or not to remove certain features in order to get a simpler, cheaper model.
Audi’s sales increased by an average of €1500 per car — proof that customers nearly always avoid making decisions, even if it means paying more.
Effective marketing is no longer in-your-face. Trigger, frame, fuel — quiet and calculated.
Just think torn envelopes.
“Be so subtle that you are invisible... Then you will control your rivals’ fate.”
— Sun Tzu, The Art of War, 5th Century BC
Written by Ashton Bishop, CEO at Step Change
Tagged: Marketing Strategy, Invisible Marketing
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Newer PostFriday Finds: Vision Van, Jigsaw’s Strategy to Divert Would-Be ISIS Recruits, and Generation Z
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Broadway Buzz: How to Succeed Star Beau Bridges Reawakens His Musical Theater Senses
January 20th, 2012 | By Lindsay Champion
Beau Bridges may be new on the Broadway musical scene, but this show-biz vet has more than a few theatrical productions under his belt. Bridges debuted on the Great White Way 45 years ago in William Inge's Where’s Daddy? and made a foray into musicals in the 2009 Hollywood Bowl production of Guys and Dolls. He co-starred with his brother Jeff in the 1989 hit The Fabulous Baker Boys and won Emmy Awards for Without Warning: The James Brady Story, The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom and The Second Civil War. Now featured as George Clooney's hippie relative in the Oscar-bait drama The Descendants, Bridges is making his Broadway musical debut as big boss J.B. Biggley in the hit revival of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. Broadway.com recently chatted with Bridges about being in charge, keeping in shape, and turning a new generation onto Broadway.
What did you think of J.B. Biggley, the character you play, when you first saw the show?
Rudy Vallee played [J.B. Biggley] both in the original play and in the movie, and I just remember really loving him.
What appeals to you about the character?
That he’s the boss! He’s a hard-working man, and he believes that that’s what it takes to have success. He thinks he’s got it pretty well figured out, and then here comes this young man [Finch] who just turns his world upside-down [laughs.]
How did you get involved with How to Succeed?
The producers had seen me in Guys and Dolls at the Hollywood Bowl with Jessica Biel and Brian Stokes Mitchell. I played Arvide, the minister. And that, of course, was also written by Abe Burrows and Frank Loesser. Abe Burrows is my favorite writer of musical comedy in America. But it’s a daunting challenge to jump into something like this. I haven’t done a musical since college.
You also played basketball in college. Has your sports experience helped you adjust to the dancing you’ve been doing?
I’ve always enjoyed athletics and that helps me. I’ve worked really hard to get in shape physically for this experience. My daughter Emily is a Pilates instructor, so she helped me get ready.
What has the energy from the audience been like?
Oh, they eat it up, they really do. I think the same thing was happening when Daniel [Radcliffe] and John [Larroquette] were in it. It’s just a wonderful story. One of the big plusses for all of us performers is knowing that we’re turning on a new generation of people to Broadway. People love it, and so they come.
Tags: Q&A
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How Gary Shteyngart Reset My Readerly Sights
Josh Corman 01-14-14
The first book I read in 2014 was Gary Shteyngart’s memoir Little Failure. It’s a wise, funny examination of immigrant life, family dynamics, and writerly ambition. I loved it. I recommend it, even if you’ve never read any of Mr. Shteyngart’s fiction. In fact, I can’t think of a better book with which to have kicked off my reading year, because Little Failure – in my hands, especially – is a picture of what books are all about.
We bookish types are, unsurprisingly, quick to point out the many virtues of reading. We point to studies that show readers as more empathetic than non-readers. We extol the benefits of reading to children from as young an age as possible. We yammer on about unique and powerful intellectual stimulation reading offers. Sometimes, though, it’s easy, in the midst of all this evangelizing, to momentarily lose sight of the many ways in which books continue to do work on those of us who are already converts to their particular sort of magic. Little Failure recalibrated my sights.
Let me explain: I have nothing – outside of an interest in books and writing – in common with Gary Shteyngart. He’s a first-generation Russian immigrant; I’ve never lived more than twenty miles from the hospital in which I was born. He’s Jewish; I’m Christian (and, living in semi-rural Central Kentucky, very homogenously so). He’s bilingual, he spent most of his college years stoned, and he’s had tremendous success as an author. Me: not so much.
The point is that we’re different. Wait, no, actually, that’s not the point. The point is that, no matter how different we are, reading Mr. Shteyngart’s book provided a link between me and these experiences that I have never had (and will never, can never have). ‘Well, duh,’ you’re thinking. Or maybe something more hip than ‘duh,’ because no one probably says ‘duh’ anymore. (Do people even say ‘hip’? Oh Lord.) Maybe you’re thinking, ‘Well, obvs.’ Yes, alright. Fine. Obvs. Books are magical and transport us in all manner of ways, yada yada yada. But that’s just it. The obviousness of it all allows us to miss it, even when it’s happening to those of us who’ve been shouting on about the magic for years, to everyone within earshot. Little Failure reminded me of it in a big way. I teach students who have come from other countries, after all. Former Soviet states, Asia, Africa, Central America, the Middle East. I have very little in common with them, too, but they were in my head almost every step of the way as I read Little Failure.
Do they struggle, as Shteyngart does, with the nature of their cultural identities? Was their transition into school life difficult? How many of them want to tell their stories, but lack a ready audience?
These questions are windows into that oh-so-obvious truth that slipped my mind somewhere along the way: I want books that push me into different places, be they geographic, ideological, or experiential, that help me think about and understand lives that have looked different than my own. Because books are great for a million different reasons, but their capacity to show us something we didn’t understand before (and maybe most importantly, that we didn’t even know we needed to understand) by placing inside someone else’s life, real or fictional, tops the list for me. In fact, if I was the sort to make reading resolutions for a new year, I would probably say that I need to be more intentional about reading books likely to push me in all these ways, more books by writers of color, writers from other countries, writers whose lives and experiences don’t look exactly like mine.
Book number one in 2014 was a great start. Here’s to keeping it rolling.
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#Nonfiction#Gary Shteyngart#Little Failure#memoirs
Buy, Borrow, Bypass: January 14, 2014
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REVIEW: Keeper of Light and Dust by Natasha Mostert
A supernatural thriller with a twist, The Keeper of Light and Dust blends martial arts with science and magic to create a story that is unique and different, intriguing and compelling.
Mia Lockhart is a Keeper who uses special protection tattoos of her own making combined with out-of-body experiences to protect the fighters in her keep. Nick Duffy is a long time friend of Mia's and fellow martial artist who has returned to London to start fighting again, and has high hopes of finally starting up a romantic relationship with Mia. But not if Adrian Ashton has anything to do with it!
Adrian is an oddly brilliant scientist recently arrived in London as well who's very interested in the martial arts and other Chinese medicine and practices. With the help of several ancient texts combined with his own studies, he's discovered a way to cheat death by draining the chi life energy from his victims without their even knowing it. He's particularly drawn to boxers and other martial artists because of the strength of the life force they carry within them, especially during a fight. But with Adrian in town, things may not turn out too good for Nick and Mia.
Most of the concepts used in this book are indeed based on actual practices in use today, particularly in Eastern civilizations, but the author is able to seamlessly bring it all to the next level to give the story it's otherworldly and supernatural slant. Though it was immediately apparent from the beginning who "the bad guy" was, along with his motives, it's the how and why behind those motives that drive the story forward. Overall, a very good read and I look forward to reading more from this author.
Tags: mystery/thriller, paranormal/occult
REVIEW: The Paladin Prophecy by Mark Frost
Will West has lived his life under the radar, doing all he can not to call attention to himself at his parent's request. Having moved around all his life, he's used to being the new kid at school so this has worked out well for him so far, until one day...
Now Will's on the run from who-knows-what from the Never-Was, and seeks solace at a very secretive, very private school in Wisconsin called the Center for Integrated Learning. But why are these monsters after Will and his parents in the first place? And just how much does the school really know about it all? Will can only hope that with the help of his new friends, they have what it takes to defeat them and escape with their lives.
Will's story is intriguing and moves along at a good pace. The author uses lots of description and imagery to bring everything to life, though I never found it excessive or slowing the story down. That's good because at 560 pages, it took me nearly the entire three weeks of my library's eBook rental term to finish it.
Yes, there are some things you don't quite understand for much of the first half of the book, but I didn't find that the least bit frustrating, instead it piqued my interest and kept me reading well into the night. Once the main story line is wrapped up at the end, the author leaves you with a little bit of a cliffhanger which will have you looking forward to the next book in the series.
This is Mark Frost's first foray into the young adult fantasy genre. Though I haven't read any of his other books yet, I have The List of Seven on my TBR which I acquired in a swap or book box over at BookObsessed some time ago, so now I'm looking forward to reading that while I wait for the release of Alliance: The Paladin Prophecy Book 2. Mr. Frost was also involved in two successful television series: Hill Street Blues and Twin Peaks.
Tags: fantasy, young adult
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Arts & Humanities /
Humanities /
Roman History /
Rome: An Empire's Story
Author: WOOLF, GREG
Quick overview The story of the Roman empire, from the beginnings to the crisis of the Middle Ages: why it was so large, why it was so durable, and why it was different from any other empire before or since.
The idea of empire was created in ancient Rome and even today the Roman empire offers a powerful image for thinking about imperialism. Traces of its monuments and literature can be found across Europe, the Near East, and North Africa - and sometimes even further afield. This is the story of how this mammoth empire was created, how it was sustained in crisis, and how it shaped the world of its rulers and subjects - a story spanning a millennium and a half. Chapters that tell the story of the unfolding of Rome's empire alternate with discussions based on the most recent evidence into the conditions that made the Roman imperial achievement possible and also so durable, covering topics as diverse as ecology, slavery, and the cult paid to gods and men. Rome was not the only ancient empire. Comparison with other imperial projects helps us see what it was that was so distinctive about ancient Rome. Ancient Rome has also often been an explicit model for other imperialisms. Rome, An Empire's Story shows quite how different Roman imperialism was from modern imitations.
The story that emerges outlines the advantages of Rome had over its neighbours at different periods - some planned, some quite accidental - and the stages by which Rome's rulers successively had to change the way they ruled to cope with the problems of growth. As Greg Woolf demonstrates, nobody ever planned to create a state that would last more than a millennium and a half, yet the short term politics of alliances between successively wider groups created a structure of extraordinary stability. Rome's Empire was able, in the end, to survive barbarian migrations, economic collapse and even the conflicts between a series of world religions that had grown up within it, in the process generating an imagery and a myth of empire that is apparently indestructible.
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In view of his strategic role in 1MDB scandal, why was Najib not summoned or himself volunteer to testify at the PAC Inquiry in 2015/6 into 1MDB?
Posted by Kit in Financial Scandals, Najib Razak on Saturday, 30 June 2018
The fourth instalment of the exclusive interview of former Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak with Malaysiakini has raised even more questions than his three previous instalments.
Najib admitted that he should have been more open on the Auditor-General’s Report on 1MDB instead of placing it under the Official Secrets Act and on hindsight, he would have also implemented 1MDB in a different manner.
According to Najib, Pakatan Harapan had exploited the 1MDB issue against BN leading up to the national polls with a “negative” campaign involving character-smearing. Read the rest of this entry »
Public Accounts Committee committed one of its greatest national disservice in six decades in allowing its 1MDB Report to be distorted as exonerating Najib from any wrongdoing in the 1MDB scandal
Posted by Kit in Financial Scandals, UMNO on Saturday, 30 June 2018
One of the highlights of the “live” UMNO Presidential candidates’ debate last night was the admission by Khairy Jamaluddin that one of his regrets in life was to accept the explanation of the 1MDB scandal.
Although he felt there were holes in the explanation provided on 1MDB, Khairy said he accepted the explanations as the investigations that was conducted by the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) did not implicate the prime minister at that time.
This is in fact the greatest disservice of the Public Accounts Committee in six decades where, instead of revealing cover-ups, it helped to cover up the greatest financial scandal in the land. Read the rest of this entry »
What supreme irony – Najib trumpets his achievements for UMNO while Syed Hamid bids farewell to UMNO as it has betrayed its founding principles
Posted by Kit in UMNO on Friday, 29 June 2018
What a supreme irony -Datuk Seri Najib Razak trumpets his achievements for UMNO while another famous son of UMNO, Syed Hamid Albar, bids farewell to UMNO as it has betrayed its founding principles.
In an exclusive interview with Malaysiakini, Najib said that his successor must be someone who is able to regain the confidence of party members and Malaysians.
He stressed: “This is an opportunity for us to regain the trust, so the person must be someone who can do that so that Umno can emerge as a stronger party.” Read the rest of this entry »
UMNO should be encouraged to become an effective and constructive Opposition and there should no notion of deregistering UMNO or declaring it illegal
UMNO has clearly acted against the Societies Act 1966 requirements.
Under the UMNO constitution, Umno is required to hold supreme council elections once every three years, but it has the power to give an 18-month extension under special circumstances, like preparing for the 14th general election.
The last Umno triennial elections were held on Oct 20, 2013, which means that Umno supreme council elections should have been held by Oct 19, 2016, to comply with the three-year requirement, or by April 19, 2018, if an 18-month extension was decided upon by the UMNO supreme council. Read the rest of this entry »
Have UMNO leaders learnt the right lessons from UMNO’s electoral disaster in the 14th General Election?
Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah has joined his rival Datuk Seri Zahid Hamidi in “whistling in the dark”, expecting UMNO to be back in power before the 15th General Election by 2023.
Four days ago, Zahid said he expects an implosion of the Pakatan Harapan coalition and the fall of the Pakatan Harapan government in Putrajaya before the 15th General Election.
Both Zahid and Razaleigh are entitled to their fantasies although both should realise that the Pakatan Harapan coalition parties are committed to make the Pakatan Harapan government a success not only at the national level, but also in the states where the Pakatan Harapan is the government – not just for one term, but in the subsequent general elections as well. Read the rest of this entry »
Najib should conduct a “1MDB Tell-All” special session for UMNO delegates at the UMNO General Assembly this week
Posted by Kit in Financial Scandals, Najib Razak, UMNO on Thursday, 28 June 2018
During the 14th General Election campaign, the 1MDB Chief Executive Officer Arul Kanda Kandasamy toured the country on a national “Tanya Tanya” roadshow, covering over 30 locations, even challenging DAP leaders to ask him questions about what the government claimed was the fake news about the 1MDB international money-laundering scandal.
I said at the the time that nobody was interested in Arul’s fairy tales about the 1MDB scandal, unless the then Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Razak, stepped forward to account fully for the 1MDB “kleptocracy at its worst” which had landed Malaysia with the ignominy, infamy and iniquity as a global kleptocracy!
When he was Prime Minister, especially in the past three years since July 2015 when information about the RM2.6 billion 1MDB monies went into his personal banking accounts first became interntional news, Najib had avoided the subject of the 1MDB scandal like a plague, sub-contracting it to Arul, probably with the highest remuneration the Malaysian government had ever paid to a private person, all at the taxpayers’ expense!
But the 1MDB scandal was no fake news, which the Najib government had tried to make it into one with the Anti-Fake News Act passed hurriedly before the dissolution of Parliament. Read the rest of this entry »
KPMG’s declaration that no 1MDB accounts are “true and fair” since its formation in 2009 should be the last straw that breaks the camel’s back and make the 1MDB scandal the single biggest issue in the UMNO Assemblies this week
Posted by Kit in Financial Scandals on Wednesday, 27 June 2018
Never before in the history of UMNO Assemblies are there so many elephants in the room which every UMNO leader is strenuously trying to ignore in the UMNO Assemblies this week.
The biggest elephant is undoubtedly the international 1MDB money-laundering scandal, which brought infamy and ignominy to Malaysia as a global kleptocracy, but there are also other elephants in the shoal of mini-1MDB scandals like those affecting MARA, Felda and Tabung Haji.
The 1MDB elephant has continued to grow in size since UMNO/BN was evicted from Putrajaya in the 14th General Election on 9th May 2018, and the UMNO Assemblies this week will be doing UMNO and the nation the greatest disservice if the charade to ignore the 1MDB elephant is continued.
This charade cannot go on, especially after the shocking revelation by one of the Big Four auditors in Malaysia, KPMG, that the accounts of 1MDB cannot be relied on from the time of its inception in 2009 – as it should be the last straw that breaks the camel’s back and make the 1MDB scandal the single biggest issue in the UMNO Assemblies this week. Read the rest of this entry »
UMNO Assemblies this week present an unbelievably fertile ground for the writing of Greek tragedies and even comedies
Posted by Kit in Financial Scandals, UMNO on Wednesday, 27 June 2018
The UMNO Assemblies this week beginning tomorrow present an unbelievably fertile ground for the writing of Greek tragedies and even comedies!
Yesterday, the incumbent contender for the post of UMNO President, Datuk Seri Zahid Hamidi forecast that Pakatan Harapan will implode before the 15th General Election by 2023 and that UMNO will return to Putrajaya soon without the hassle of having to go through a general election.
This is a revised timeline as earlier UMNO leaders were comforting themselves about the disintegration of the Pakatan Harapan government in one or two years’ time. Read the rest of this entry »
Lawyer Siti Kasim’s wrongful arrest and police abuse of powers have catapulted the issue of IPCMC to the forefront of agenda for institutional reforms in a New Malaysia
Posted by Kit in Police on Monday, 25 June 2018
Lawyer Siti Kasim’s wrongful arrest and the police abuse of powers have catapulted the issue of Independent Police Complaints and Misconduct Commission (IPCMC) to the forefront of the agenda for institutional reforms in New Malaysia.
Malaysians are not interested in any police-bashing as the police play a vital and essential role in any ordered and civilized society. Read the rest of this entry »
MALAYSIA’S MORNING BREAKS
Posted by Kit in Post-GE14 on Sunday, 24 June 2018
By Pauline Fan | May 23, 2018
If politics is ‘the art of the possible’, Malaysia’s 14th General Election has reignited a call for a politics of hope, what Václav Havel – dissident playwright turned President of the Czech Republic – beautifully termed ‘the art of the impossible’.
In the two weeks since GE14, the impossible has become reality. Malaysians have witnessed changes we never imagined we would see in our lifetime – the fall of the ‘invincible’ Barisan Nasional, Mahathir Mohamad’s return as prime minister, the release and royal pardon of Anwar Ibrahim, former political prisoners sworn in as top cabinet ministers.
Like the Velvet Revolution of Czechoslovakia, Malaysia’s historic yet peaceful transition of power unseated a regime that ruled for decades and saw a people’s movement swept into government. Yet our ‘revolution’ was won quietly through the ballot box as much as through people power campaign rallies throughout the country. What impelled most Malaysians to bring down the old regime was the need to restore the rule of law and reform systems of governance plagued by corruption. In essence: a yearning to return to a Malaysia that could have been. Read the rest of this entry »
Will the UMNO Assemblies this week make serious amends on three major issues confronting the nation?
Posted by Kit in UMNO on Sunday, 24 June 2018
There are at least three things to look for in the upcoming UMNO Assemblies to be held this week beginning from Wednesday.
1. 1MDB and global kleptocracy
First is whether UMNO will embrace, ignore or repudiate the Najib legacy in particular with regard to the 1MDB international money-laundering scandal and the infamy, ignominy and iniquity of a global kleptocracy.
When Tunku Abdul Rahman took over the UMNO leadership from Onn Jaafar in 1951, he had to sell his house in Penang to fund the running of UMNO. Contrast this with the Prime Minister-cum- UMNO President rejected by the electorate in the 14GE – the nearly 300 boxes of designer handbags and dozens of bags filled with cash and jewellery among the items taken away by police in raids at properties linked to the former Prime Minister’s family, which contained RM114 million in cash in 26 currencies and Birkin handbags each worth up to hundreds of thousands of dollars! Read the rest of this entry »
After 67 years, the great difference between the first-generation and present-generation UMNO leaders
Posted by Kit in Gerakan, UMNO on Saturday, 23 June 2018
UMNO veteran and political secretary to the first Penang Chief Minister, Tan Sri Yusoff Latiff is fond of reminiscing that when the late Tunku Abdul Rahman took over the UMNO leadership from Onn Jaafar in 1951, the party had no money, and Tunku sold his house in Penang to fund the running of UMNO.
Sixty-seven years later, we do not have an UMNO President who had to sell his house to fund the running of UMNO, but instead, there was the international spectacle of nearly 300 boxes of designer handbags and dozens of bags filled with cash and jewellery among the items taken away by police in raids at properties linked to the former Prime Minister’s family – which contained RM114 million in cash in 26 currencies and Birkin handbags each worth up to hundreds of thousands of dollars! Read the rest of this entry »
Three camps on 1MDB scandal and Malaysia as global kleptocracy in the UMNO elections
Posted by Kit in Financial Scandals, Najib Razak, UMNO on Friday, 22 June 2018
Former Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak is so predictable but he is getting to be slow-witted and slow-paced.
I told my staff yesterday that Najib was sure to come out with a clarification of his Reuters interview on Wednesday and sure he did – but very much later than I had expected. He seems to have become slow-witted and slow-paced, as I had expected his clarification by mid-day yesterday and not till the evening at 6 to 7 pm.
And what a clarification – one of its kind, for it is a clarification which does not clarify but further obfuscates!
Najib denies blaming the 1MDB board for the financial scandal that plagued the state development fund.
His spokesman said Najib was not shifting the blame to the board as reported in the Reuters interview, and “clarified” that what he said was any board had a fiduciary duty to act in best interests, and that the 1MDB board had a duty and responsibility to advise him on the running of the investment fund.
His faceless and nameless spokesman said: “He did not at any time during the interview said that the 1MDB board was to be blame for what had happened.”
Najib should stop going round in circles and get to the point. Read the rest of this entry »
Let the opening of the 14th Parliament in July make history for democracy by amending the Constitution to lower the voting age to 18
Posted by Kit in Election, Youth on Friday, 22 June 2018
In my first year in Parliament 47 years ago in 1971, (Parliament was suspended for 18 months after the 1969 General Elections because of the May 13 riots and the declaration of emergency), I made three proposals for electoral reforms, viz:
– Lowering the voting age to 18 years;
– Automatic registration of eligible voters; and
– Compulsory voting.
I therefore welcome almost half a century later the proposal by the Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad that the Pakatan Harapan government lower the voting age from 21 to 18.
In fact, since my suggestion for the lowering of the voting age from 21 to 18 in 1971, the majority of the countries in the world have adopted this electoral reform but Malaysia seemed to be frozen in time as far as democratic and electoral reforms are concerned. Read the rest of this entry »
Najib has not only failed to clear his name, he has impaled himself on the 1MDB scandal
Posted by Kit in Financial Scandals, Najib Razak on Thursday, 21 June 2018
Former Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Razak has not only failed to clear his name but has instead impaled himself on the 1MDB scandal with his Reuters interview.
He said he should’nt be blamed for the 1MDB scandal and declared that he knows nothing about money from 1MDB appearing in his personal account.
He claimed that his advisers and the management and board of 1MDB had wrongly kept the alleged embezzlement of funds a secret from him.
If so, he is the most incompetent head of government in the world! Read the rest of this entry »
The day when a 12-year-old primary school kid showed an ex-Prime Minister the true meaning of patriotism
Posted by Kit in Financial Scandals, nation building, Youth on Thursday, 21 June 2018
At 9 a.m yesterday, I officiated the opening of the constituency centre of the new DAP MP for Segambut Hannah Yeoh at Taman Tun Dr. Ismail in Kuala Lumpur yesterday and received the DAP membership application from 24-year-old activist Heidy Quah, who received the prestigious Young Leaders Award from Queen Elizabeth II in London last year.
Heidy had been involved in advocacy work from a young age, having set up an NGO at age 18 to help refugees from Myanmar, forming the NGO Refuge for The Refugees (RFTR), which she founded with her friend Andrea Prisha.
There was a third item. Standard Six pupil Ervin Devadasan was at the centre with his father Ernest to donate the money he had been saving for months in his piggy bank to purchase a drum set to Tabung Harapan Malaysia.
I was very touched and moved – a 12-year-old primary school kid demonstrating by deed his deep love for the country!
Later that evening, I received a call from a reporter for my reaction to a very unfriendly attack on the boy’s donation, describing Tabung Harapan as a “politically-charged fund” and deploring Ervin’s donation as “ridiculous”, “exploitative”, “a gimmick” and “a pretty cheap stunt”. Read the rest of this entry »
Malaysians must dare to “reach for the sky” to achieve big dreams to fulfill Tunku Abdul Rahman’s Malaysia Dream for Malaysia to be a “beacon of light in a difficult and distractred world”
Posted by Kit in nation building, Youth on Wednesday, 20 June 2018
It is a special occasion to be here to receive the DAP membership application of award-winning activist Heidy Quah, 24 who received the prestigious Young Leaders Award from Queen Elizabeth II last year.
Heidy had been involved in advocacy work from a young age, having set up an NGO at age 18 to help the refugees from Myanmar, forming the NGO Refuge for The Refugees (RFTR), which she founded with her friend Andrea Prisha.
Twenty-four was also the age when I dedicated myself to Malaysian politics to create a better Malaysia for all Malaysians, which have occupied me for 53 years culminating in the historic and watershed 14th General Election of May 9, 2018.’
Despite all the forecasts that the corrupt and decadent UMNO/BN regime would win the 14GE, Malaysian voters regardless of race, religion or region, showed that they were more intelligent and mature than the government or mainstream analysts and pollsters and created a political earthquake which sent tremors worldwide by effecting a peaceful and democratic transition of power at the federal level.
On 9th May, Malaysians fulfilled Bapa Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman’s Malaysian Dream to became a “beacon of light in a difficult and distracted world”, renewing the hopes not only of Malaysians but of the world, for worldwide we are seeing a decline of democracy and the rise of authoritarian and undemocratic regimes. Read the rest of this entry »
The press must play creative and important role in building of New Malaysia to be a “beacon of light to a difficult and disturbed world”
Posted by Kit in Media on Tuesday, 19 June 2018
Re-visiting Tamil Malar with the DAP National Vice Chairman and the Minister for Human Resources, M. Kulasegaran, DAP Deputy Secretary-General and MP for Batu Gajah V. Sivakumar and the Pahang DAP State Assemblywoman for Sabai, Kamache Doray Rajoo is like a home-coming for me.
Last September, I visited Tamil Malar to show support and solidarity to the Tamil Malar Chairman Oms Thiagarajam and legal advisor K. Sarawathy, two of the three victims of gangsterism, thuggism and assault instigated by powerful “political” personalities who were against Tamil Malar practising independent and professional journalism.
The Tamil Malar executive editor S. M. Periasamy explained to us the assault and the thuggish incident against Tamil Malar.
I also saw the 10-minute long video CCTV footage showing the brawl and assault against Sarawathy, Oms P Thiagarajam and another Tamil Malar staff at Tamil Malar, which tallied with the Sarawathy’s account of the assault.
Since then, Tamil Malar had been at the receving end of powerful “political” personalities as Tamil Malar refused to be cowed from continuing its independent and professional journalism.
In fact, Tamil Malar journalists were warned that immediately after the 14th General Election, the newspaper licence of Tamil Malar would be withdrawn on May 10, 2018.
Despite these threats, Tamil Malar journalists soldiered on unfazed and they should be an example to all Malaysian journalists who were often threatened or browbeaten to sacrifice their journalistic ethics and principles by powerful “politicians” in pre-14GE. Read the rest of this entry »
Has UMNO become an illegal political party?
Posted by Kit in DAP, Fake News, UMNO on Tuesday, 19 June 2018
How low and quick the mighty have fallen.
It was only six months ago that the 71st UMNO General Assembly was held in jubilation and hubris that UMNO was the only political party in the world that continued to rule and had never been defeated in elections since 1955, and was set to retain power not only in the imminent 14th General Election, but virtually to be the perpetual government of Malaysia!
But the nursery rhyme which my generation learnt in primary school in the fifties came to pass, viz:
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.
All the king’s horses and all the king’s men
Couldn’t put Humpty together again.
The fall had been so decisive and categorical that no UMNO leader dare to contradict or countermand the pronouncements of a headless, faceless and soulless creature, the self-proclaimed UMNO strategic media unit.
Are current UMNO leaders so ashamed of UMNO that they have to depend on a faceless, headless and soulless UMNO Strategic Media Unit to speak for them?
The faceless, headless and soulless UMNO Strategic Media Unit said in a statement yesterday that neither former Prime minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak nor the former director of the Barisan Nasional Strategic Media Unit controlled it. Read the rest of this entry »
All MPs regardless of political party should show their commitment when Parliament meets from July 16 to transform Malaysia from a global kleptocracy into a leading nation of integrity in the world
Posted by Kit in Financial Scandals, Parliament, UMNO on Tuesday, 19 June 2018
Malaysia is now in the “eye” of the world to demonstrate how a global kleptocracy can be transformed into a leading nation of integrity.
In the past few years, the opinion leaders and makers of the world must have shaken their heads in sorrow as to how Malaysia – a nation with so much promise, and in the words of Bapa Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman, should become “a beacon of light in a distracted and disturbed world” – had failed the Malaysian Dream and taken the wrong turn in nation-building to become a global kleptocracy, where Malaysians in the Malaysian Diaspora worldwide are ashamed to acknowledge that they are Malaysians and the then Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak was spoken in the same league as notorious kleptocrats in the world – like Suharto of Indonesia and Marcos of Philippines.
It is to the eternal shame of Malaysia that a Wikipaedia search will find Najib Razak named as the latest new entry of a “kleptocrat”!
Is this why Merdeka was achieved in 1957 and Malaysia was formed in 1963?
In the historic watershed 14th General Election on 9th May, 2018 where Malaysian surprised the world with the first peaceful and democratic transition at a time when democracy throughout the world is suffering a decline, Malaysians have two world historic roles to perform.
Firstly, give confidence to the struggling peoples of the world not to give up hope in the battle for democracy; secondly, to show the world how a global kleptocracy can transform itself into a leading nation in integrity in the world.
Members of Parliament elected on 9th May 2018 have received notification from Parliament that the first meeting of Parliament will be for 20 sittings from 16th July to August 16; that the 30-day 2019 Budget meeting of Parliament will be from Oct.15 to Dec. 11, 2018 with the Finance Minister, Lim Guan Eng, presenting the 2019 Budget in Parliament on Friday, 2nd November 2018.
Before the budget debate, nine days have been set aside for debate on the Mid-Term Review of the 11th Malaysia Plan.
All MPs regardless of political party should show their commitment when Parliament meets from July 16 to transform Malaysia from a global kleptocracy into a leading nation of integrity in the world.
Will all the MPs from UMNO/BN and PAS support a motion so that all the 222 MPs in Parliament can act in unity and unanimity giving support to the Pakatan Harapan Government’s agenda to transform Malaysia from a global kleptocracy into a leading nation of integrity in the world?
Will all those contesting for posts in the UMNO General Assembly this month, whether for President, Deputy President, Vice President; Youth, Wanita or Puteri leader; or for UMNO Supreme Council or executive council positions in the various UMNO wings, make a public commitment to support Pakatan Harapan Government’s national programme to transform Malaysia from a global kleptocracy into a leading nation of integrity in the world?
(Media Statement in Penang on Tuesday, 19th June 2018)
You are currently browsing the archives for June, 2018
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Watching Treme from Seattle
Episode 29: Don’t You Leave Me Here
By watchingtreme on November 12, 2012 at 12:00 AM
Two steps forward and one step back. Or maybe one step forward and two steps back. Annie is getting the recognition she has worked so hard for at the cost of all of her time and her relationship. Antoine takes the advice to try his hand at modern jazz only to find it’s not a natural fit. Terry’s struggle against his sloppy coworkers is vindicated for him only to find there’s no real repercussion. Poor Sofia enjoys herself at an age appropriate party only to get busted again and shipped off to her grandma’s house. LaDonna gets a trial date only to find her harassers know where she lives. Written by Tom Piazza, story by Eric Overmyer, and directed by Ernest Dickerson.
The emotional weight of the episode was carried by Albert. He’s still busting his kids’ chops, but on the evening before his first chemo treatment he’s in Gigi’s flirting with LaDonna and getting his drink on. It’ll be his last hangover for a while, he explains to her, and he’ll be sporting that Montel Williams look before too long. His honesty allows her to open up about her problems with the intimidation, and he tells her not to be afraid. “Easy for you to say,” she retorts, only to have him confess, “No, no it isn’t.” He’s more afraid than he has ever let on. In fact, the treatment seems to go well, without side effects. In time, though, he can’t stay well by sheer force of will and he gets sick. “Happy?!” he shoots at Davina, who had prepared in advance for that eventuality.
Terry’s situation is increasingly precarious. His coworkers are giving him the evil eye, and he explicitly calls for more punishment for the detective who wasn’t working his shift, even though that was status quo. He told Tony last week that “something big” was coming, and this week the supervisor is saying that “somebody’s talking out of school.” Seems like word gets around. In addition to that mess, Toni has found his signature on the Abreu and Seales cases. Remember when he played a little sleight of hand with the casings as his own experiment to see if officers were disappearing evidence? Well, now Toni thinks he’s part of the cover up.
Toni pulls an excellent bit of lawyering in order to get those investigative files to begin with. She knows that she can’t get a pending file, so she maneuvers the burden of proof to the PD to show what work has been done on the cases. She knows full well that nothing has been done. LP, however, runs into a problem when the DHS decides not to go along with the story he’s constructing about the Glover case. The officer there implies that it would be dumb for the NOPD to dump a car and a body so close to the 4th district and the DHS office (and that NOPD wouldn’t be that dumb) and that Glover was a career criminal. They’re constructing their own story to counteract what he’s going to publish, even before he publishes it.
Davis, rather than being thrilled about the “Old Cats Who Ain’t Been Paid” album, is devastated that this case is closed. He thought it would just be an amuse bouche for his opera, but Aunt Mimi says in no uncertain terms, and in her inimitable way, that it is not going to happen. As well pickled as she is, she’s an excellent businesswoman, and knows how to keep expenses within the reasonable range of what might be recouped by sales. She finally calls Davis out on his petulance, but is out drinking with him not long after. There’s a lot of love there.
Sonny pawned most of his music stuff, moved out of New Orleans to Chalmette, and asked Linh to marry him. I’ve not had as much antipathy toward him as some, but this had no resonance for me at all. Part of it is that Linh is not very well developed as a character, certainly not as well developed as her dad. We have no idea what she cares about, what she wants out of life, or what she means for Sonny other than a cute smile and stability (although that stability is still more well represented by Mr. Tran.) Congratulations, you crazy kids, I guess.
I am terrified for LaDonna. Thank goodness she told Larry about what was going on. (A lesser show would have dragged that out, I think.) He’s going to make sure it’s documented. But like I said, “He lit a match at me” is not much of an accusation. It’s like a DV case–perpetrators know what they can get away with, know how to manipulate fear, and are careful not to cross the line and leave proof. I’m starting to wonder if the match is significant. Is it like “sleeping with the fishes?” Is it a threat to burn down Gigi’s?
I saved the best for last. Annie playing with Sonny Landreth. Holy camoley cow did she get that violin to wail. In my opinion that was one of the best musical numbers of the season. I am staggered as to why there is not more of that, and why we spend so much time listening to her try to sing. She’s fine, but turn her loose as an instrumentalist and she is phenomenal. More of Annie the violinist please.
“A triumph! Superb! Really yummy!”
“My opera is Moby Dick and this is farm-raised salmon!”
If Your Name Is Davis McAlary (Rogan) Please Leave
Nelson does indeed successfully make an end run around Liguori with his DC money and lo and behold, he’s at the Jazz Center meeting.
You go, Desiree. She might not use the same words as LP, but she’s doing the same thing.
Derrick indeed comes to work for Janette, and might singlehandedly keep the floor together. Anthony Anderson begins doing penance for K-Ville. (Yes, I know it wasn’t his fault.)
This week I’m worried. Sofia has to leave town in her senior year and miss all the rites of passage that entails. Albert is not well, and the treatment might not even be effective due to the delay. I wonder if Terry, Toni and LP aren’t too far away from being in physical danger. Antoine’s dissatisfied, and it’s too bad because he had been doing so well in his teaching and gigging. Annie’s working really (and perhaps too) hard, and Davis is at another crossroads with his purpose in life. I’m even worried about Delmond’s involvement with the Jazz Center boondoggle, especially now that Nelson’s involved too. And of course: “He gave me that look, you know. He lit a match.”
Machelle Allman
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How Did You Get Your Placement Sean Matsukawa Ep. 14
February 27, 2019Anton
Sean Matsukawa, music producer from North Torrance, CA, who worked with Boogie, BROCKHAMPTON, Skrillex, Lido Lido, Kaiya Crawford, and Patrick Paige II, tells us the story on how he managed to work with such famous artists.
What’s your name? Where are you from?
Hi, my name is Sean Matsukawa, also known as Sean Santana, and I’m from North Torrance, CA.
Who have you worked with?
I have worked with Boogie on his latest project called “Everythings For Sale”, I have worked with BROCKHAMPTON on a record called “DON’T BE FAMOUS”, Skrillex, Lido Lido, Kaiya Crawford, and Patrick Paige II.
How exactly did you get those artists to hear your instrumentals? How did they contact you, letting know they were going to be using your instrumental(s)?
I’ve met artists through different walks of life — whether it was through going to school with them, whether it was having a friend of a friend refer them to me, or somebody came across my stuff through Twitter or Instagram, or I contacted somebody via Twitter or Instagram as a fan — very different ways. For Boogie at least, I met him on Twitter and I produced for some people in his circle including artists like EPICMustDie and A$ton Matthews and for A$ton — A$ton had a big amount of buzz locally at the time and a lot of people had their eye on him and I got kinda lucky with that placement and Boogie & I have been in contact since “Thirst 48” part one, before that album actually, so we’ve known each other for awhile. We kind of lost touch, just given you get older, you grow apart — you know he signed his deal and got bigger and I was doing other stuff with other artists and I accidentally ran into him at the park and we exchanged phone numbers and he started hitting me up to come to the studio to work on this latest project and yeah, that’s kind of how it came about.For the Boogie situation, I was contacted by Boogie to start coming to the studio to help work on this album and ironically none of the work I did coming over to the studio got placed on the record — it was all the work I did away from the studio. So what happened was, for “Skydive” at least, “Skydive” — the guitar parts and the bell part — the main parts in that song, the melody, the melodic elements that I contributed to derive from a beat that I made for my album, my solo album initially that got scrapped but I still used it for background for a skit on my project. Boogie’s engineer Dart — shoutout to Dart — listened to my project and asked me what that beat was in the background of the skit and I told him “It’s this beat I scrapped, I couldn’t really write lyrics to it, nothing popped up in my head but I still used it for the skit” and I was like “You think Boogie would like it?” and he’s like “Yeah” and I’m like “Okay” so I sent over the stems for that beat and they took what they wanted to take; it was the two guitars, the bell — the synth bell melody on it and they put their drums on it and other elements and that became “Skydive”.
For the BROCKHAMPTON record, it was a little bit different. I’ve worked with them in person, I’ve known some of the guys for awhile. I found out that that record was coming out the day of when it came out. One of the producers Jabari, contacted me telling me that they planned to use it for the Beats1 Radio show that day — they had like a compilation of songs that they weren’t going to put out officially, like through distribution and stuff but they just wanted to put them out somehow, and “DON’T BE FAMOUS” happened to be one of the songs on the episode.
When and how did you hear the record on your instrumental?
The first time I heard parts of “Skydive” were through Boogie’s story and his live Instagrams where he would be in the studio, he’d be playing some records and stuff — this is probably a year and a half before the album came out. So, that was like the first time I actually heard him on the record, like I could hear my guitar part in the back and I was like “Oh okay that’s it — that’s tight”. I heard the final version of the record about two months before the album came out.
As for “No Warning” that situation came about because Dart, again, asked me if I could play some bass parts on the song — they pretty much had the record done already and they just asked me to add some bass parts to it, I did some passes and then I added some guitar parts too that didn’t make the cut and then I found out — well the first time I actually heard the record in its entirety was when it came out, so I didn’t really know which parts were going to make it and which parts weren’t, but that’s the first time I actually heard the record.
“DON’T BE FAMOUS” again, I heard the final version of the record the day of on the Beats1 show so that was kind of exciting.
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Tag: Hip Hop
Back at the beginning of the year, Ikarus shot me a heads up that Wellington and Aotearoa hip hop legend Juse1 (TS crew) was in town for the second annual New Zealand International Tattoo Expo and suggested I try and interview him. Much like Ikarus, Juse has a lengthy history in graffiti, but his exploits also spread across the realms of hip hop, notably as an MC. On his last day in town we finally got to sit down and have a chat, grabbing a coffee while local artists VROD and Sewer prepped a wall for a colab in the Hereford Street space. Not only is Juse a dope artist, with a can, a microphone or a tattoo needle, he is also a thoughtful figure whose experience has given him insight into graffiti writing, hip hop culture, the relativity of creative processes, and the importance of learning throughout life. Sitting down for a while and listening to him talk, it was clear that he has a lot of wisdom to pass on to the upcoming generations, much like he acknowledges having learnt from his influential mentors…
I know it’s your last day in town, but I will still say welcome to Christchurch! I was looking through your Instagram feed, and one of the things that I got to thinking about was the idea of tradition. Not in a regressive way, your work is always fresh, but there is a clear respect and reverence of the traditions of a lot of the different realms that you occupy, right? Is that a big thing for you?
Yeah, not always consciously pushing it as tradition, but I guess it’s my foundation and it’s something that I have learnt. I always found that when you plant a foundation and you decide to build from it, it is always going to influence some way or another the work you might be doing ten years, thirty years later. I guess in a way, I’ve never been one to drastically jump, whether it be my [graffiti] style or my rhymes. I guess it’s me as a person as well, I kind of tie that not only within hip hop, but also being of Samoan culture as well, it does play as an influence into my creative aspects. The culture is something that is sort of engrained in me, so it comes through. Learning history for me has always been really important, and I guess the more knowledge you gain from history, it influences what you do and how you go about doing things, and how you approach it from all the different perspectives you have, you know what I mean?
You mention those two elements: graffiti writing and rhyming. I have recently been reading a lot about pre-hip hop New York graffiti, the early seventies and the guys who were just as much listening to psychedelic rock, soul and disco, stuff like that, and I was thinking, New Zealand’s possibly a bit different. Because of the time graffiti arrived, you almost can’t remove it from hip hop, right? Hip hop and graffiti are so tightly entwined. Did you get into writing through hip hop as a culture, or did graffiti provide a pathway to the other elements of hip hop?
For me, it came with hip hop. Visually I saw graffiti first, like in the eighties, around my neighbourhood. There were dudes getting up and doing full pieces when I was a kid, but I didn’t know what it was because I was a kid. But when I actually started to get into it, and found out what it was, it was through hip hop, through early Source magazines, through album covers, stuff that my older brother would bring home. I was young so I couldn’t access it at all. Everyone caught a tagging buzz in like 1990, and from there, we just kind of grew. Like you were saying, it is linked with hip hop, but graffiti in itself, the energy of it, can relate to so many things and I guess that’s why so many people who don’t necessarily come from a hip hop background can relate to it just as well. It’s kind of universal in that way. The energy of graffiti is to get busy, it’s a movement in itself, but it can attach itself to all these different genres…
Juse1 on the mic at the Villains hip hop show in Hamilton
It has all these off-shoot variations…
Yeah, but personally, it was through hip hop for me. It was through the album covers and the magazines…
When people think about your hometown, Wellington, nowadays they probably think of the trendy hipsters…
The cafes! There’s a lot of coffee there, bro! (Laughs)
But Wellington is also such a key place for hip hop in Aotearoa; the Upper Hutt Posse, DLT… When you look back, do you appreciate that importance?
Yeah, I really do man. Growing up there, before I started travelling around and meeting other scenes, I took it a bit for granted. But going away and coming back, I realised that the city and the scene itself was special. I mean the city, in terms of the environment, allows for people to see each other often. It’s not a big city, but geographically it is centralised, and if you have got to do something, you all come to town. You can stand in the middle of Wellington and guarantee you are going to see at least three people you know. In regard to the hip hop scene, that was a real way for people to link, because everyone could get to one point, and just share whatever they had. I think with the hip hop scene in Wellington, I’m lucky enough that generations before me are still active and are still around, you know what I mean? It’s something I’ve noticed a bit more than in other cities. When I say generations, I mean people who go way back, watching That’s Incredible! [An American television show from the early eighties that became an important early influence on New Zealand hip hop due to performances by b-boy crews] There are still dudes that turn up to the graf walls, or the MC jams or battles, and you still see them. The benefit of having these local pioneers around is that the knowledge is shared, and the scene just grows from generation to generation…
That must be important due to the fact that comparatively, New Zealand has a smaller cultural history in that regard, right? Even looking at those older scenes around the world, many of the older participants kind of disappear and then pop back up, especially now that there are more platforms of exposure, if you think again about the figures from the early New York scene…
The guys who disappeared and then popped back up…
Yeah, like all the photos of Taki 183 at different events over the last few years. I think there was even a photo of Taki and Cornbread meeting for the first time not too far back…
That’s crazy! (Laughs)
So, in places where there is an older culture, those figures can ghost away and become legends, but when they are still around, as you say, it helps feed the culture, the traditions, but it also helps people develop because they can see that historical lineage, right there…
Yeah, if you ever had questions, they were around. The thing Wellington was known for across all the realms, was a being a little bit hard-headed in regard to teaching. If you weren’t doing it right, you were told you weren’t doing it right, you know what I mean? It wasn’t necessarily, do it like me, but just that you’re not doing it right, if that makes sense. It was a harder form of guidance and if you got shut down, you weren’t expected to stop and disappear, you were expected to go work on your shit and come back better. That was kind of the teaching through all of the elements of hip hop, from DJ’ing to b-boying, to writing and MC’ing. Even fashion sense, like if you were trying to rock some new shit and nobody was feeling it, you got told: ‘That’s just wack, bro, don’t come back to the gig looking like that!’ (Laughs) In a way a lot of people, from outside the scene, thought that it was quite snobby, or kind of elitist, but to me it was just a firmer hand to teaching, you know? It wasn’t as cutthroat as people thought it was, but it appeared that way. I definitely see why people can see it that way…
‘Cake’ piece by Juse1, 2016
Does that approach help crystallise your own views? That hard-headed-ness, as you say, it’s not, ‘do it this way’, it’s just, you’re not doing it correctly, and surely that helps crystallise an approach in your own head because you are being forced to think about it more and more….
Yeah, it does…
So, did that ensure that you developed a strong, enduring philosophy about letterforms, and how you make letters? Obviously for a lot of people, there’s a science behind their construction of letters, and some people talk in great detail about how they build depth and use negative space, those sorts of things. Is that something that you have developed through that expectation of having to go away and perfect something?
Yeah, definitely, like not just in the elements of hip hop, but life in general, you’ve got to keep learning and studying, especially if you love what you do, and you want to rock it for a while. You should take your own time and discipline to really break down exactly what you are doing, why you are doing it, and yeah, it definitely relates to that teaching that if I wasn’t doing this right, how do I make it right? Not just to please someone else, but for yourself. How can you get the best out of every letter for example? Like, if you’re doing a five letter wildstyle, one letter itself has to be dope before you start doing the next letter, then the next letter, then the whole thing is going to be dope. So, stripping away all the bells and whistles of a letter really helps. For me, each letter, each angle, each arrow, has to be on, you know what I mean? That teaching definitely helped with that, you can’t just be throwing shit around, because it doesn’t really have a foundation or a sense of why it comes from there…
Semi wildstyle by Juse1, 2018
The other aspect is that when it comes to things like composition, colour, balance, those formal aspects, the beauty of graffiti is that it’s not beholden to established ideas that that they would teach in painting classes, right?
Yeah, like red and pink don’t go together, that sort of shit?! (Laughs) Graffiti writing is anti-establishment in most ways…
Yeah, so in graffiti you can find any sort of combination that pops or reflects some idea or reality, or is simply created out of necessity, right? You had these colours, it was what you could get, so that’s what your painting…
That’s it, that’s what you had. But also, the drive was to be seen, to be noticed, so smashing together colour combos was how you achieved that.
At the same time, because you’re not necessarily subject to the normal expectations, you do need that kind of guidance I guess in some way, but you’ve also got that freedom to experiment within all of those things as well…
Yeah, that’s it. You need some knowledge of foundations in all aspects of life.
‘Juser’ piece by Juse1
Having been active for quite a while, what’s your take on Wellington’s, and more broadly New Zealand’s, graffiti scenes at the moment? Can you define scenes from city to city anymore, or is it becoming too difficult?
Nah, it’s muddy! I’m not saying that it’s wack, but in previous eras you could see definite influences from prior writers instantly. Nationwide you could see it, from generation to generation to generation. You could almost see what the writers were doing at the time, and who they were looking at around the local scene. I’m not saying they were biting, but the influence was there, the style was there. You could define writers from Auckland, Wellington or Christchurch, all quite clearly. I’m just talking about New Zealand at the moment, but on a global scale, I think now, you can’t really tell who is from where, because people take influences from everywhere, and put it into one piece, which again isn’t a bad thing, because everything changes and everyone experiments, and with graffiti, it opens up. It’s a realm where there are no rules. I suppose, it’s like, you could do what you want, just make it look dope, you know what I mean? I guess for me though it started changing, and the internet has had a huge influence. You have more access to stuff than ever; you can see shit from anywhere. But the other thing, the biggest thing, is that people stopped learning from other writers, and started self-teaching. To an extent that can be detrimental because you don’t really find out the whole knowledge on it…
Things aren’t just done for one singular reason, right? There’s always more going on as to why something is the way it is, and you need that depth of knowledge to really push it further, otherwise you are only getting that first layer…
And even on top of that, it had a wider effect on crews, because people were going out and learning from pictures, they didn’t really need other people to bounce ideas off or get energy from. I notice a lot of writers are solo these days, they don’t really roll as big crews anymore. Crews had heaps of roles back in the day, like for protection, if you go to a wall in numbers and shit, it became about strength in numbers to a certain extent. But at the same time, the unity of writers is kind of breaking down, it’s more about: ‘I’m doing this’, ‘I’m going to do that…’ So yeah, it’s kind of muddy in the sense of style and influence…
There’s possibly also more mobility as well, right? Like, going back to that global scale, it’s easier to travel now. Also, while it is still a youth culture, it’s not only a youth culture, because you now have people who make their life travelling and painting, right? So, there is definitely a different sense of fluidity and the flow of information and influence is making it all a different game… What about Christchurch and what’s going on here in terms of what you have seen over the last few days?
I’ve been here for a few days, and it’s been a while since I’ve been down, like four years I think, so having a look around is good. I was talking to Ikarus, who obviously is one of the main dudes here, and the older guys in the scene are doing a good job from what I can see, because there is a lot of influence. There’s a range of styles around which is cool as well. But also, people are putting a bit of effort into their burners. When you see people getting down next to each other they make the whole piece work, and you can tell there’s a bit of teamwork going in there, there is a shared understanding. I also haven’t seen much crossing out or capping. You guys have got way more walls than ever now, so there’s probably no reason to cross out people! (Laughs) But I like what I see in the Christchurch scene, there are dudes that just specifically do characters and do them well, there are guys that do backgrounds, and then there are guys rocking letters. There are still a lot of hits around too, which I like, even though there are a lot of legal spaces, people are still bombing and tagging. It looks healthy…
Because of the story here, the murals get all the attention, but of course, when you are thinking about the scene from within the culture, that whole spectrum is important, right? There are the hits, as you say, the handstyles, as well as the throwies and rollers, and when your eyes are open in a certain way, you get as amped seeing a nicely executed throw-up as you do a massive piece…
Yeah, for sure. A throwie, man, if the flow is all there, if you can tell they did it all in one line, man! One-line throwies, whoever masters that shit, that’s hard to do! Especially depending on your name. So, yeah, the scene here looks healthy, man. I guess on the flip side, compared to Wellington, there are dudes who are definitely in the scene, bombing and tagging, but not really pushing it much further, if that makes sense. And of course, not everyone wants to. Some people just want to fuck shit up, and that’s cool, that’s the energy of hip hop. There were a few crews coming through a few years ago, but they all seem to have stopped for some reason, and it makes me wonder why? I’ve been talking to Ikarus about what he’s been doing here, and it’s been good knowledge, it’s been good bouncing energy off someone who has been around the same time as me and has seen everything.
I was talking to Berst a while ago, and he said he found over time that there is this kind of five-year cycle for crews to blow up, to become really prominent, and then disappear, and a new crew comes up. I found that interesting because it is sort of indicative of a certain age range, of ‘growing up’…
Yeah, life comes up! Families and shit, jobs, and then people either stop or they keep pushing. I’ve known some real dope writers, from all ends of the scale, some real style masters, and they just stopped, they don’t paint anymore, and again, it makes you kind of question, why?
Changing direction a little bit, you are down here for the Christchurch International Tattoo Expo, which is another of your creative outlets. There is a strong relationship between graffiti and tattoo. In my mind at least, there are several things that suggest why that relationship was fostered; there’s sort of an outsider quality to both, there’s the idea of that alternative canvas, although in each case very different canvasses or spaces to master, and then there are skills you learn writing graffiti that translate into tattoo, like that certainty of line and mark-making. I’m always fascinated watching someone write a tag to see the refined and certain flow of movement of their hand and arm, how almost intuitive or engrained that movement is. Does that relate as a big part of that transition between graffiti and tattooing?
That definitely does, that fluidity of line and being sure of it, because especially when you’re painting you’ve got to know your start and stops and techniques, and so that mindset comes into play. I say mindset because the physical aspect of it is different, with tattoo you have a 3D surface, so a straight line is no longer a straight line, it’s a curve, and its permanent! (Laughs) It moves, and it cries, and it bleeds, it does all that shit! (Laughs)
Custom freehand tatau by Juse1
It also has a different scale, right?
That’s the other thing, going from painting something humungous to miniscule, that’s kind of a mindfuck at first! But composition is important for a writer anyway. You’ve got to transform your outline from an A4 sketch to a painting a couple of metres wide, so you’ve already got that transition of blowing shit up. The same mindset applies to bringing it back down. I feel like it doesn’t take too long to adjust if you have a writing background, because tattooing is a natural progression for a lot of graffiti writers. But I also think tattooing, like graf, allows all walks of life into it, you can come from any background and make something dope. Definitely, the technical side of things, drawing and just being active, in that sense, translates really well into tattooing. Even the idea that when you are bombing, or painting, you don’t actually touch the wall, you don’t touch the surface, and in a way when you are tattooing you don’t really touch the skin, the needle does, but you do float a bit. So, there are those elements that translate as well. People bug out about how you can go from a fat cap to a fine round liner, but it’s good, I find it really good for me in the sense of balance. If I’ve been tattooing all day, I find it relaxing to go out and bomb something big. It’s different. Switching energies is good. Then vice-versa, before I was tattooing, I was actively doing a lot of painting, commissioned works were my day to day, and to sort of swap that for day to day tattooing, it was a nice shift, you know…
‘Tiger Style’ custom Wu Tang ink by Juse1
Is the blackbook work the middle ground that sits between the two?
Yeah, that’s the grey area! Fuck, that’s a good way to put it…
What about that flow of influence? Do you now find that one influences the other more, or is it quite an equal flow? Does what you are doing tattoo-wise start to influence more of your writing, or does what you are painting influence the tattooing?
It hasn’t yet. For me, with writing, I’m still pushing my own development in letter style. I’ve always been a fan of wildstyle, like well-balanced interlocking, overlapping, twisting around wildstyle. That’s something that even though I’ve been doing it for twenty years, I still don’t feel like I’m mastering what I want to do in my head, so every piece I do I’m pushing a little bit toward that. When it comes to tattooing influences, I guess, the only part that has come through in my writing has been my Samoan background and adding elements of that to my graffiti, and there are a couple of reasons. I was doing that before I was tattooing. Guys like DLT, Daniel Tippett, Opto, Agent and also the legendary FDKNS crew, and for a while, Phat1, they were using moko within their work, and I started using tatau and elements of the Pacific. Dyle was another cat rocking his Tongan patterns in there too. This was in letters and not just in backgrounds and stuff. What I noticed was that nobody puts the Pacific on the map in regard to writing. We could rock letters all we want, but if you put it up next to another piece, you are not going to necessarily say these guys are from Aotearoa or the South Pacific. So, it was more about claiming our identity of who we are. Our original influence was from New York in a big way, but it was important for us to put our hands up and say we love to do this too, how can we make it our own? Not through style necessarily, but by adding what we know is who we are to our work, and I don’t mean just putting some island background, or some trees, I mean adding to the letters, adding to the piece, creating something out of that…
Juse1 in mid-burner action, tatau forming the fill…
Actually changing the letterforms, because the letters become the vessel, right? They are a form to subvert, so by making those relate specifically to that cultural influence is important and unique…
Like having a taiaha for an ‘I’, or a hook or a weapon as a letter, because letters are symbols, alphabets are full of symbols, and the way they can interrelate like that is awesome. And it actually works, I’ve had people from New York, pioneers of the game, say: ‘I really like what you guys do…’ They don’t understand it at first, but they like it. (Laughs) But once we told them, they would be like: ‘Oh shit, amazing!’ So yeah, we are adding an older artform on top of an artform, to grow and create something new, which I think is dope…
Absolutely, and there is a rich visual culture to draw on from Polynesian culture. You also just touched on something that I have to ask about, looking through your Instagram feed, there are pictures with Crazy Legs and members of the Wu Tang Crew, in hindsight, is it hard to believe some of the people you’ve met?
Everyone! I count myself blessed in many ways, in that not only through the graffiti side, but also through the MC side, I’ve met a lot of people I’ve literally learned from, through their albums, through their artworks. I never ever imagined that one day I’d be touring with Ghostface [Killah] or having a cipher with the RZA, or one with the GZA, on separate occasions, smoking a joint with Method Man, meeting KRS One, Nas, all these cats bro. Then on the graf side, and even the other elements, I’ve met Mr Wiggles, kicked it with Crazy Legs. There’s too many to name. I kind of forget, and I’m like, fuck that actually happened! But one of my mentors, Kerb1, he told me many, many, many years ago that real hip hop is a small world. I didn’t really get what he meant by that. But now, twenty years later, I think it means that the energy that is shared amongst like minds, means names and fame don’t really come into it, because real recognises real. If you can get on a certain level, and connect on a certain level with that person, it’s good…
‘Style So Sick’ TS Crew colab, Juse1, Ceaper, Kerb1 and Reakt
Do you think that is partly because hip hop was born, specifically in Washington Heights, but in those neighbourhoods, those boroughs, and that mentality of small scenes, even though it went global, hasn’t really changed in terms of understanding or connecting with people…
That’s what it’s about. The elements are tools, and the tools connect communities and people. When people say hip hop, they think of the music of course, because that’s the most commercially recognised thing. But when you break it right down, hip hop is about community, and it’s about people, without people there’s no hip hop, you know what I mean? Hip hop was the tool to help celebrate people being together, or how to connect with another person. So that mentality, from a small borough, no one thought it was going to go worldwide when they started it, but the energy that was created is recognised throughout the world because it happens everywhere, and like you say, that’s what brings people together…
The need for connection is universal. Nearly every subculture has that power to a degree, but for hip hop it is so holistic, because it combines music, dance, visual arts… It takes all the cultural ideas you need to make a deep, sustainable culture, rather than just one primary aspect. Having those four elements makes it so cohesive and inclusive…
It makes it accessible to everyone too, like if you can’t dance, you might be able to paint, if you can’t paint, you might be able to scratch…
I think I remember reading in a Source magazine article years ago a description of the four elements, with the MC as the bratty little sibling who makes all noise…
The loud one! (Laughs)
The DJ was the quiet studious middle child…
The watcher, the observer.
Then graffiti was the black sheep, the older one who left home…
The one who bailed! The rebel who leads everyone else astray! That’s sounds about right! I like that description!
Juse1 character next to VROD piece, New Brighton, Christchurch, 2019
Thanks for sitting down, it’s been awesome to get some insight from your long involvement in the game, and across different realms too…
It’s not as long as some people, but I’m still there! (Laughs)
Sure, but for some people five years is an age…
For sure, I never thought our crew would hit the twenty-year mark, but we did, and we are looking at thirty years soon. Three of us started the TS crew back in 1996, and I never thought it would develop into what it is now, so yeah, it’s a good thing. But like I said, having those pioneers still around has been important. My bro Kerb, he’s been around since 1983 and he’s still writing to this day, he is still a huge influence in what our crew do. So yeah, I guess it is a long time! (Laughs) I’ve been around a bit, but it’s a crack up, these young cats that Ikarus hooked me up with while I’m here [Sewer and VROD], I was telling them about some of the history here, and they were like: ‘Oh, have you been to Christchurch before?’ Twenty years ago was my first time here in Christchurch, I was here in 2000 for the Hip Hop Summit. They were like: ‘I was born then!’ (Laughs) It’s good though, to meet the next generation and kick it with them, to see where they are coming from. I need to do more of it in Wellington…
Make sure to follow Juse1 on Instagram and Facebook …
Author Reuben WoodsPosted on June 26, 2019 Categories InterviewTags Christchurch, Culture, Graffiti, Hip Hop, Ikarus, Juse1, Kerb1, letterforms, MC, Pieces, Realms, Tags, Tattoo, Throwies, TS Crew, WellingtonLeave a comment on Juse1 – Elemental Tools
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Digital Technology is a Game Changer for Education Worldwide
3 Likes 4,499 Views 1 Comment
When you listen to experts in the field, it is easy to conclude that digital technology is transforming education as much as Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press did nearly 600 years ago.
The talk is not all hyperbole.
The impact of these technologies goes far beyond smart boards in classrooms and learning games in computer labs. Many advocates believe digital technology has the potential to dramatically expand access to education to underserved children worldwide.
Table Stakes for the 21st Century
In a speech delivered as part of the annual South by Southwest family of conferences in Texas, U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan called technology the new platform for learning.
“Technology isn’t an option that schools may or may not choose for their kids,” says Duncan, “technological competency is a requirement for entry into the global economy . . . ”
Indeed, technology-enabled education seems like a natural fit for a generation of tech-savvy school children raised on video games and text messaging. One survey found that 53% of American children already have their own a cell phone by the time they reach seven years old.
Duncan Clark, a British tech investor and founder of e-learning company Epic Group, sees educational value in this kind of ubiquity.
Clark believes that mobile phones will be “the single most important factor in increasing literacy on the planet.” As he explains, “Every child is massively motivated to learn to text, post and message on mobiles. The evidence shows that they become obsessive readers and writers through mobile devices.”
Beyond Familiarity
But familiarity is only part of what is driving the technology revolution in education.
Secretary Duncan also expressed his belief that technology is the game changer we desperately need to improve achievement and increase equity for historically underserved children and communities.
Digital technologies, for example, offer unique opportunities to many millions of children who are underserved by traditional educational programs.
Educators Ted Hasselbring and Candyce Williams Glaser write that computer technology has enhanced the development of sophisticated devices that assist “in overcoming a wide range of limitations that hinder classroom participation––from speech and hearing impairments to blindness and severe physical disabilities.” These aids include word-prediction software, live-speech captioning, and control devices based on voice recognition.
The authors note that “computer technology has the potential to act as an equalizer by freeing many students from their disabilities.”
The Promise of Education for All
Educational equity fueled by technology is a global phenomenon.
Andrew Dunnett, director of the Vodafone Foundation, recently described the digital school in a box that his organization is currently using to benefit 15,000 young people in the Kakuma refugee settlement in Kenya. Each of these instant classrooms is a single case containing a laptop and 25 tablets pre-loaded with educational software aimed at children aged 7 to 20.
The kits also contain a projector, a speaker, and a hotspot modem with 3G connectivity. The tablets can connect to the laptop locally, enabling teachers to deliver content and applications to the students. All of the components can be charged simultaneously from a single power source while the case is locked. Once charged, the kits can be used for a full day in a classroom without access to electricity.
“There are over 50 million refugees and displaced people worldwide,” writes Dunnett. “Half of the world’s refugees are under the age of 18 and are displaced from their homes for an average of 17 years with little or no access to education.”
The Vodafone Foundation story is perhaps the best example of the transformative power of digital technology. It has the ability to provide access to education for children around the world who are limited by socioeconomics, geography, different abilities, or world politics.
It’s interesting. In many respects, isn’t this exactly what the printing press did in its time?
You can hear more about technology and education by tuning in to the “Meet the Visionary Game-Changers” radio episode on July 23 at 10:00AM ET/7:00AM PT. Oisin Walton, Instant Network Programme Manager at Vodafone Foundation; Karim Ramji, Senior Advisor, Consulting at Deloitte Canada; and Alicia Lenze, Head of Global Corporate Social Responsibility at SAP SE; will be part of a live panel discussion titled, Technology and Education: Empowering Youth Worldwide.
You can also follow the conversation on Twitter via #SAPRadio. And if you miss the live episode, be sure to click on the link above anytime to hear a recording of the show.
Why not join me on Twitter at @JohnGWard3.
Harish Nayak
What is worrying is that Technology is moving fast, we might not be able to catch up.
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LearnChinesewith Us!
Chinese Language Blog
Why Spring Festival Sucks Posted by sasha on Feb 19, 2015 in Uncategorized
It’s that time of year again – fireworks are going off everywhere, auspicious couplets are hanging outside of doors, children are counting up their lucky money, and millions of people are moving around the country to see their loved ones. Ah yes, it’s Spring Festival (春节 – chūn jié) in China once more. It’s both a happy and stressful time here. People enjoy having time off, but hate having to fight the crowds to get home. While it’s great to get back to your 老家, it’s tough if you come home empty handed – that is without any gifts or a significant other to introduce. We’ve covered many aspects of the Chinese New Year here over the years, but one thing we’ve never really touched on are the downsides of this important holiday. While I hate to be a Debbie Downer, it’s important to tell both sides of the story. That being said, here are a few reasons why Spring Festival sucks:
Spring Festival Rush
Image by Remko Tanis from flickr.com.
As the holiday approaches, millions upon millions of people move around the country trying to get home in time to pass the year (过年 – guò nián). These days, most people live in the mega-cities of China (think Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, etc.), but they still return to their much smaller hometowns for the Spring Festival. The result is an absolute clusterf**k at train and bus stations, airports, and on highways all over China. Although the holiday itself only lasts for 15 days, the Spring Festival rush (春运 – chūn yùn) lasts for 40. Last year, Chinese people made 3.6 billion combined trips during this intense travel period. On the first day of chun yun this year, over 1 million flights were taken. Stop and think about those numbers for a minute, and then picture yourself trying to push through those kinds of crowds. It’s the biggest mass migration of people on planet Earth every year, and it only gets bigger.
Chun Yun has begun!
While numerous changes have been made in recent years in an attempt to make this travel period less terrible for all, it’s still pretty awful. Ticket offices stay open longer and start selling tickets much earlier than usual. Online ticketing has taken off as well, so there’s no need to line up in a ticket office. In an effort to curb scalpers (黄牛 – huáng niú – lit. “yellow bull”), people must now present a valid ID when buying a ticket and then show the same ID at the station. Extra trains and flights have also been added to handle the demand. All of these measures have indeed helped, but the situation is still far from desirable. Even if you do get a ticket, you might end up standing on a crowded train car for over a day. Imagine how cheery and pleasant you’d be when arriving home after 30+ hours of being vertical on a Chinese train, especially when considering that you’ll have to do the same thing a week later to get back. Chun Yun is so intense, in fact, that a movie was even made about it. It’s called “Last Train Home” (归途列车 – guī tú liè chē), and it’s a fantastic film that shows how China is a nation caught between its rural past and industrial future.
The trailer for “Last Train Home.”
If you’re interested, we’ve got more information on the Spring Festival rush.
Airplane Incidents
The People’s Daily Weibo page shows an incident on an Air China flight.
In recent years, there have been many well-documented incidents on airplanes involving Chinese passengers. There was that woman who threw hot water on an AirAsia flight attendant after her boyfriend demanded it so he could get going on his instant noodles before takeoff. Then there were the two guys on separate flights who decided to open the emergency exits – one to get fresh air and one to beat the crowd getting off the plane. Then there were the ladies who literally started a brawl on an Air China flight over a crying baby. Such behavior has “severely damaged the overall image of Chinese people,” according to the China National Tourism Administration. With huge crowds and lots of potential delays looming during the Spring Festival rush, it would be very surprising if there weren’t more similar reports in the weeks to come. Perhaps it’s behavior like this that has helped the Chinese dethrone Americans as the world’s most hated tourists. As an American, this is one instance where I’ll happily chant, “We’re number two!”
A Chinese airplane fight with hilarious subtitles.
Pressure to Impress
For young Chinese who have migrated to the big cities to work, there’s a certain amount of pressure that comes along with returning home for the New Year. It’s pretty bad to not make it back for the Spring Festival; it’s almost worse to show up empty-handed. If you’ve left the village to make it big in a place like Shenzhen, it’s embarrassing returning home without gifts to prove you’re living a successful life. Red envelopes need to be stuffed, huge dinners need to be had, fireworks need to be blasted off, and of course copious amounts of smoking and drinking need to be done. All of these things come at a price – one which many migrant workers simply cannot afford. Rather than lose face by showing up with nothing, many people choose to make up excuses as to why they can’t get home for the big day. In the run-up to the holiday, you have to be extra careful with your belongings when out in public as bag-snatching and pick-pocketing incidents skyrocket with desperate people trying to fund their trip home.
It’s not just gifts that you’re expected to bring home, though. Especially for young Chinese, there’s a lot of pressure from parents to show up with a significant other in tow. Casual dating is not big amongst the old-school class in China, and most expect a daughter to come home with a future husband for the New Year. Of course, not everyone finds love in the city – work dominates life and there’s little time left to socialize and date. Ever the entrepreneurs, many young Chinese men have even taken to renting themselves out as fake boyfriends for the holiday. That’s right, plenty of young Chinese women actually pay guys to come to their hometowns and pretend to be a boyfriend for a few days.
Rent-a-boyfriend.
Non-Stop Fireworks for 15 Days
Image by Benjamin Linh VU from flickr.com.
Don’t get me wrong, I love fireworks (烟花 – yān huā). The 4th of July is one of my favorite holidays, partly because of the grand fireworks displays that go on across the US. I also love a good Friday night baseball game followed by a colorful display of fireworks. We have China to thank for the gunpowder that powers them, but we also have China to hate for blowing them up non-stop for 15 entire days. Whether it’s early in the morning or late at night, there’s sure to be a string of firecrackers going off somewhere in China. The smog in cities like Beijing only gets worse with all of the smoke, and the usual cacophony of noise is only increased. It’s fun for a few days, but it gets old pretty fast. By the time the Lantern Festival (元宵节 – yuán xiāo jié) rolls around, everyone heads out to set off their remaining fireworks before they become illegal in the city. Sitting in my Beijing apartment one year, it seemed a warzone just outside of my door. See for yourself…
The warzone – AKA my apartment complex – on Lantern Festival.
There you have it, folks. While the family reunion, dragon dances, and CCTV New Year’s Gala may be great and all, there are quite a few reasons why Spring Festival sucks.
Tags: Chinese airplane fight, Chinese airplane incident, Chinese New Year, chun yun, Chunjie, fireworks, Lantern Festival, rental boyfriend in China, Spring Festival, Spring Festival rush, why Spring Festival sucks
About the Author: sasha
Sasha is an English teacher, writer, photographer, and videographer from the great state of Michigan. Upon graduating from Michigan State University, he moved to China and spent 5+ years living, working, studying, and traveling there. He also studied Indonesian Language & Culture in Bali for a year. He and his wife run the travel blog Grateful Gypsies, and they're currently trying the digital nomad lifestyle across Latin America.
Nadezhda:
Thanks for such an interesting article!
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Research note | Open | Published: 28 February 2019
The association between hypoglycemia and hospital use, food insufficiency, and unstable housing conditions: a cross-sectional study among patients with type 2 diabetes in Sudan
Hyder Osman Mirghani ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5817-61941,2
BMC Research Notesvolume 12, Article number: 108 (2019) | Download Citation
Hypoglycemia is associated with mortality and healthcare utilization. We aimed to assess hypoglycemia risk and Hospital use among Sudanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
One hundred and fifty-nine patients with type 2 diabetes attending a diabetes center in Omdurman, Sudan during the period from June to September 2018were approached. A structured questionnaire based on hypoglycemia risk and Hospital use, Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to interview the patients. Participants (age 58.13 ± 9.96 years), 4.4%, 14.5%, and 81.1% were at high, moderate, and low hypoglycemia respectively, 66% reported food insufficiency, while 15.1% had unstable housing conditions. No relationship was evident between the hypoglycemia risk, gender, unstable housing conditions, food insufficiency, fasting plasma glucose,HbA1c, and the duration since the diagnosis of diabetes. A considerable number (18.9%) of Sudanese patients with diabetes were at moderate/high risk of hypoglycemia and Hospital use, including hypoglycemia risk and hospital use assessment in the holistic care of diabetes are recommended.
Diabetes mellitus is a global health burden causing a lot of mortality and morbidity; the disease has attained an epidemic proportion. Currently, 285 million are affected, and this number is projected to reach 438 million by the year 2030, in Sudan 10.9% are affected by the disease [1].
Hypoglycemia is the most common serious complication of diabetes medications and may be a treatment-limiting factor. Hypoglycemia although preventable could incur a substantial burden on the patients, healthcare systems, and the community as a whole [2].
The American Diabetes Association recommended glycated hemoglobin of < 7 to reduce microvascular complications [3]. A J-shaped relationship was found between the glycated hemoglobin and all-cause mortality with an increasing death at both high and low HbA1c [4], a recent study showed an inverse or U-shaped relationship between the HbA1c and death among patients with diabetes and heart failure especially among patients who were on insulin, sulphonylureas and thiazolidinediones [5]. Hypoglycemia among patients with diabetes is associated with an increasing health-related expenditure and healthcare resources utilization [6]. In the United state a single episode of hypoglycemia requiring a healthcare provider assistance is estimated at $1161 and 160 for direct and indirect costs respectively, a study conducted in Korea found that, the cost of a single hypoglycemic attack ranged from $17.28 to $1857.09 for secondary and tertiary hospitals. Thus hypoglycemia is a serious costly complication of diabetes and has a substantial economic burden. Furthermore, hypoglycemia is a principal obstacle to adherence to medications, poor glycemic control, and diabetes complications including microvascular complications [7,8,9], even a symptomatic Hypoglycemia is a cause of serious cardiac arrhythmias including long Q-T interval.
Lifestyle management including physical activity and adherence to a friendly healthier diet is an integral part of diabetes care. Nutrition therapy plays an integral role for every patient with diabetes mellitus [3].
Food insufficiency and unstable housing are associated with both diabetes risk, poor glycemic control, and hypoglycemia [10, 11].
Sudan is a vast country, the healthcare system is not well-established and centered mainly in large cities, diabetes care is lacking in rural areas if at all present with great difficulty in transportation. The total expenditure on health per capita is 282 US Dollars and may constitute 8.4% of gross domestic product [12]. Assessment of hypoglycemia risk and Hospital use in a country with limited resources and relating it to food insufficiency and poor housing condition is relevant and help the policy makers to directing the limited resources in the term of management and preventive strategies.
To our best of knowledge, this is the first study to assess the hypoglycemia risk, Hospital use and its related factors among patient with diabetes in Sudan. Thus we conducted this research to assess hypoglycemia risk, Hospital use, food insufficiency, and unstable housing condition among patients with type 2 diabetes in Sudan.
This cross-sectional study was conducted at a diabetes center in Omdurman, Sudan during the period from June 2018 to September 2018. Alnour center is a public Clinic in Omdurman, Sudan accepting a wide range of patients under insurance cover and others who are not medically insured with minimal charges. The clinic was randomly chosen from twelve similar clinics. One hundred and fifty-nine consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes were approached. Those who were newly diagnosed (less than 1 year) were not included because they are expected to be younger [13]. Furthermore they may be taking only metformin, unlikely to be on insulin or sulphonylyureas [3], and may have lesser microvascular complications, so they are less prone to hypoglycemia.
Sample size calculation
The sample size was calculated using the following formula: n = Z2 P-Q/d2 where Z = 95% confidence (1.96), P = rate of diabetes mellitus Hospital admission in Sudan [14].
All the participants were invited to sign a written informed consent, then interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The English version questionnaire has been previously validated to assess the risk of hypoglycemia Hospital use with good discrimination in both the internal and external validation [15]. The questionnaire was translated to Arabic by the researcher and an expert translator because it is newly developed [15] and not validated in Arabic. A facilitator (a co-patient) was present during the interview to assist if any difficulties raised during the interview to be sure that the patients understand the different components of the questionnaire. The questionnaire had two parts, the first part is the hypoglycemia hospital use score (six components) which asks about total number of prior hypoglycemia-related healthcare use episodes (three choices, zero, 1–2, and > 2), number of emergency-department encounters for any reason in the prior 12 months (two choices, < 2, ≥ 2 times), insulin use (yes/no),sulfonylurea use (yes/no), presence of severe or end-stage kidney disease (yes/no), age younger than 77 years (yes/no). Hypoglycemia risk calculator [16] was used to assess the risk of hypoglycemia.
The predicted 12-month risk of any hypoglycemia-related utilization was categorized as:
High (> 5%).
Intermediate (1%–5%).
Low (< 1), with observed 12-month hypoglycemia-related utilization rates of 6.7%, 1.4%, and 0.2%, respectively.
Taking the wrong insulin or confusing the dose or units to be used and cigarettes smoking were also reported, the food insufficiency was tested using the following question: “are there times in the past 3 months when the food for you just did not last and there was no money to buy more?”, the second part constitutes the demographic data, access to exercise and a healthy diet. Unstable housing conditions as measured by having no money to buy (yes/no), or renting a house (yes/no) or moving two times/year (yes/no). Fasting plasma glucose and the glycated hemoglobin were taken from the patient’s records to assess the degree of glycemic control. The ethical committee of the Medical College, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia and Elnoor Polyclinic, Omdurman, Sudan approved the research.
The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20, New York) was used for data analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between hypoglycemia risk and different patient’s characteristics. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant.
Basic characteristics of the study group
There were 159 patients with diabetes (65.4% females), their ages ranged from 30 to 81 with a mean of 58.13 ± 9.96 years, the duration since the diagnosis of diabetes was 10.84 ± 8.41 years, the glycated hemoglobin was 9.98 ± 2.58, the mean fasting blood glucose was 178.05 ± 65.61 mg/dl, and 3.8% were cigarettes smokers. Table 1.
Table 1 Basic characteristics of the study group
Hypoglycemia risk score and its related factors
In the present study, access to a healthy diet and exercise were observed in 39% and 40.3% respectively, hypoglycemia necessitating hospital admission in the last 12 months was reported by 9.4%, emergency hospital visits due to high plasma glucose in the previous year was found in 27.3%, 27.3% were on insulin and nearly two-thirds were on sulphonylureas, 81.1% of the study sample were at low risk of hypoglycemia, 14.5% had intermediate risk, while 4.4% were at a high risk of hypoglycemia. Food insufficiency was reported in 66% of patients, and unstable housing was found in 15.1%. Table 2.
Table 2 Hypoglycemia risk score and its related factors
The relationship of hypoglycemia risk to, gender, food insufficiency, unstable housing conditions, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, and the duration since diabetes diagnosis
In the current study, no relationship was evident between hypoglycemia risk and gender, P-value = 0.287, 95% CI (0.003–5.849), food insufficiency, P-value = 0.122, 95% CI (0.392–2811.343), and unstable housing conditions, P-value = 0.999, 95% CI (0.000). The relationship of hypoglycemia risk to glycemic parameters and duration of diabetes are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 The relationship of hypoglycemia risk to, gender, food insufficiency, unstable housing conditions, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, and the duration since diabetes diagnosis
In the present study, the risk of hypoglycemia was high in 4.4%, intermediate in 14.5%, and low in 81.1% which is higher than a recent study conducted in the United States of America [17] and showed that 2.0%, 10.7%, and 87.3% were categorized as high, intermediate, and low risk, respectively, a study published in Korea [18] showed a prevalence of 0.96% for severe hypoglycemia which was lower than the current findings, the explanations could be the heterogeneity in hypoglycemia definition [19] and the high use of insulin in the present sample. The present findings necessitate the adoption of an interventional program to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia in our country by adherence to the guidelines and reduction of sulphonylureas and insulin prescription when not necessary to prevent its deleterious consequences in term of hospital use, cost, and cardiovascular mortality. The current data showed that 27.3% and 61.6% of patients were using insulin and sulphonylureas and were higher than a study conducted in Colombia [20] in which sulphonylureas use was found in 23.4%, and insulin in 20.7% this could in part explain the high risk of hypoglycemia in the current sample. Food insecurity has been shown to be associated with hypoglycemia and diabetes complications [21], in the present study, 66% of patients reported food insufficiency and was higher than rates reported in Kenya [22] (32%), and lower than a study conducted in three states in the United States [23] (84%), it is important to note that the US study was conducted among food pantry client, furthermore 50% of patients had mild food insecurity. The American Diabetes Association recommended physical activity and adherence to a healthy diet. In the present study, 59.7%, and 61% were not adherent to exercise and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, the present findings were higher than Ghimire et al. [24] who reported that 41% and 46% of the participants were noncompliant to exercise advice and diet, another study [25] found that only 26% of individuals ate five or more servings of fruits and vegetables, and 33% met exercise recommendations and is in similarity to the present findings. It is prudent to raise awareness about the importance of physical activity and adherence to exercise in the management of diabetes mellitus. In the present study, no association was found between hypoglycemia risk, HbA1c, and fasting plasma glucose, the present findings were inconsistency with a previous study [26] who found that severe hypoglycemia in the previous year was common across all levels of glycemic control with the highest level observed among patients with near-normal or very poor glycemic control. Another study [17] concluded the association of poor glycemic control and severe hypoglycemia in contradiction to the present findings. Previous researches [22, 27] observed higher severe hypoglycemia among patients with foods insecurity especially among patients with household income below the national income, furthermore, the highest rate of hospital admission with hypoglycemia was commoner during the last week of the month due to exhaustion of food budget. In the current study, no relation between food insufficiency and hypoglycemia risk, a plausible explanation may be the difference in income and other socio-demographic characteristics or the small size of the present sample. In the current study, hypoglycemia risk and hospital use was not different among patients with unstable housing compared to those without in contradiction to a recent study [28] published in the US and found that unstable housing condition is common and is associated with increased risk of diabetes-related emergency department and inpatient use, a plausible explanation may be the small sample size in the current study. Malkani and Katwal [29] found that the duration of diabetes predicts hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes, while young age predicted the same in type 2 diabetes. In the present study, no association was found between hypoglycemia risk and the duration of diabetes, the current finding of no differences between hypoglycemia risk and hospital use across gender is in line with Lipska et al. [30]. who concluded similar observation.
Nearly one in five of patients with type 2 diabetes in the current sample were at risk of moderate/severe hypoglycemia (and thus healthcare utilization), and more than two-thirds had food insufficiency, furthermore, the majority of patients were not practicing exercise, and they were not adherent to a healthy diet. No relationship was found between hypoglycemia risk, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, food insufficiency, sex, unstable housing conditions, and diabetes duration. Incorporating hypoglycemia risk estimation in the holistic care of patients with diabetes is highly needed to reduce its fatal complications and emergency department and hospital admission and hence the cost of diabetes management. A comprehensive approach by the health care providers and adherence to the standard guidelines regarding lifestyle modifications and avoiding medications with high risk of hypoglycemia is highly recommended.
Study limitations
The limitations of the study were the reliance of a self-reported interview which is prone to subjectivity, and the fact that the study was conducted at a single diabetes center, so generalization cannot be insured. The small size of the study sample is another limitation of the present study.
FPG:
fasting plasma glucose
HbA1c :
the glycated hemoglobin
SPSS:
the statistical package for social sciences
International Diabetes Federation, Middle East, and North Africa. 2017.
Silbert R, Salcido-Montenegro A, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Katabi A, McCoy RG. Hypoglycemia among patients with type 2 diabetes: epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(8):53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-018-1018-0.
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Packer M. Higher mortality rate in patients with heart failure who are taking commonly prescribed antidiabetic medications and achieve recommended levels of glycaemic control. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(7):1766–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13265.
Arnold LW, Wang Z. The HbA1c and all-cause mortality relationship in patients with type 2 diabetes is J-shaped: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014;11(2):138–52. https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2014.11.138.
Yi Y, Li Y, Hou A, Ge Y, Xu Y, Xiong G, et al. Retrospective cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes in china: associations of hypoglycemia with health care resource utilization and associated costs. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9(3):1073–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0409-1.
Foos V, Varol N, Curtis BH, Boye KS, Grant D, Palmer JL, et al. Economic impact of severe and non-severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the United States. J Med Econ. 2015;18(6):420–32. https://doi.org/10.3111/13696998.2015.1006730 (Epub 2015 Feb 11).
Kim G, Lee YH, Han MH, Lee EK, Kim CH, Kwon HS, et al. Economic burden of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Korea. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0151282. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151282.
Adolfsson P, Rentoul D, Klinkenbijl B, Parkin CG. Hypoglycaemia remains the key obstacle to optimal glycaemic control—continuous glucose monitoring is the solution. Eur Endocrinol. 2018;14(2):50–6. https://doi.org/10.17925/EE.2018.14.2.50 (Epub 2018 Sep 10).
Berkowitz SA, Karter AJ, Corbie-Smith G, Seligman HK, Ackroyd SA, Barnard LS, et al. Food insecurity, food “Deserts”, and glycemic control in patients with diabetes: a longitudinal analysis. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(6):1188–95. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1981.
Tait CA, L’Abbé MR, Smith PM, Rosella LC. The association between food insecurity and incident type 2 diabetes in Canada: a population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(5):e0195962. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195962.
World Health Organization. Global health expenditure database, sudan-health expenditure. http://apps.who.int/nha/database. Accessed 5 Jan 2019.
Sosale A, Prasanna Kumar KM, Sadikot SM, Nigam A, Bajaj S, Zargar AH, et al. Chronic complications in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18(3):355–60. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.131184.
Noor SK, Elmadhoun WM, Bushara SO, Ahmed MH. The changing pattern of hospital admission to medical wards: burden of non-communicable diseases at a hospital in a developing country. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2015;15(4):e517–22. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2015.15.04.013 (Epub 2015 Nov 23).
Karter AJ, Warton EM, Lipska KJ, Ralston JD, Moffet HH, Huang ES, et al. Development and validation of a tool to identify patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of hypoglycemia-related emergency department or hospital use. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(10):1461–70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.3844.
Hypoglycemia risk calculator (Predicts 12-month risk of hypoglycemic episodes in T2DM patients. https://www.mdcalc.com/hypoglycemia-risk-score. Accessed 21 Nov 2018.
Park SY, Jang EJ, Shin JY, Lee MY, Kim D, Lee EK. Prevalence and predictors of hypoglycemia in South Korea. Am J Manag Care. 2018;24(6):278–86.
Silbert R, Salcido-Montenegro A, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Katabi A, McCoy RG. Hypoglycemia among patients with type 2 diabetes: epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies. CurrDiab Rep. 2018;18(8):53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-018-1018-0.
Machado-Duque ME, Ramírez-Riveros AC, Machado-Alba JE. Effectiveness and clinical inertia in patients with antidiabetic therapy. Int J ClinPract. 2017;71:6. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12954.
Waitman J, Caeiro G, Romero Gonzalez SA, Ré DP, Daghero A, Gonzalez CD, et al. Social vulnerability and hypoglycemia among patients with diabetes. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2017;64(2):92–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.
Cheng S, Kamano J, Kirui NK, Manuthu E, Buckwalter V, Ouma K, et al. Prevalence of food insecurity in patients with diabetes in western Kenya. Diabet Med. 2013;30(6):e215–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12174.
Ippolito MM, Lyles CR, Prendergast K, Marshall MB, Waxman E, Seligman HK. Food insecurity and diabetes self-management among food pantry clients. Public Health Nutr. 2017;20(1):183–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016001786.
Ghimire S. Barriers to diet and exercise among nepalese type 2 diabetic patients. IntSch Res Notices. 2017;2017:1273084. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1273084.
Campbell HM, Khan N, Cone C, Raisch DW. Relationship between diet, exercise habits, and health status among patients with diabetes. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2011;7(2):151–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2010.03.002.
Lipska KJ, Warton EM, Huang ES, Moffet HH, Inzucchi SE, Krumholz HM, et al. HbA1c and risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: the diabetes and aging study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3535–42. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0610.
Yun JS, Ko SH. risk factors and adverse outcomes of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(6):423–32. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.6.423.
Basu S, Berkowitz SA, Seligman H. The monthly cycle of hypoglycemia: an observational claims-based study of emergency room visits, hospital admissions, and costs in a commercially insured population. Med Care. 2017;55(7):639–45. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000728.
Berkowitz SA, Kalkhoran S, Edwards ST, Essien UR, Baggett TP. Unstable housing and diabetes-related emergency department visits and hospitalization: a nationally representative study of safety-net clinic patients. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(5):933–9. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1812 (Epub 2018 Jan 4).
Malkani S, Kotwal A. Frequency and predictors of self-reported hypoglycemia in insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:7425925. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7425925 (Epub 2017 Aug 20).
Lipska KJ, Ross JS, Wang Y, Inzucchi SE, Minges K, Karter AJ, et al. National trends in US hospital admissions for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia among Medicare beneficiaries, 1999 to 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1116–24. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1824.
HM, designed the study, recruited the patients, drafted the manuscript, and revised it critically before submission.
I would like to acknowledge Dr. Yassin Ibrahim, assistant Prof. of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia for data analysis.
The author declares that they have no competing interests.
All the data of the current project were presented within the manuscript.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
The ethical committee of the Medical College, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia approved the research (ref: 38), an approval letter was obtained from Elnour Polyclinic, Omdurman, Sudan. All the participants signed a written informed consent.
The research is self-funded and not supported by any organization or institute.
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
Hyder Osman Mirghani
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, PO Box 3378, Tabuk, 51941, Saudi Arabia
Search for Hyder Osman Mirghani in:
Correspondence to Hyder Osman Mirghani.
Hypoglycemia risk
Food insufficiency
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O'Hara tops Sacred Heart; Hawks' O'Neil plans to step down
O’Hara’s Angel Parker scores two points over Sacred Heart’s Anna Unger in the first half at Villa Maria College, (James P. McCoy/Buffalo News)
By Budd Bailey|Published Sat, Mar 3, 2018 |Updated Wed, Apr 11, 2018
The beat goes on and on for the Cardinal O’Hara girls basketball team, but it may be coming to an end for their coach, Nick O’Neil.
The Hawks won the Class A title of the Msgr. Martin Athletic Association for the fifth straight year on Saturday night. They beat Sacred Heart, 62-46, at Villa Maria in Cheektowaga. It’s the longest such run in the MMAA since Holy Angels won six straight from 1988 to 1993.
The game was Cardinal O’Hara’s 89th straight win over competition from Western New York. It looks as if future wins will be credited to some other coach, as O’Neil said after the game he expects to step down from the position after the current season.
“This one was a special one for me, because it’s probably my last season for coaching this basketball team,” he said. “This (championship) means the most.”
O’Neil has been the head coach of the Hawks since 2014, when he took over for Dan McDermott. O’Neil said he wanted to leave when his successor still would have some talent on the roster.
“I thought about it going through the year, the close games and all that,” he said. “It’s an incredible thing for a team, when everyone comes out gunning for you every game, and you get everybody’s best in every game, and we still come out on top.”
The Hawks certainly faced a team that was ready to try to end the long O’Hara win streak against local teams. The Sharks hit some shots and took good care of the basketball in the early going. They had a surprise 18-11 lead with two minutes gone in the second quarter.
“I told the girls before, they know they are already going to a playoff game,” said O’Neil, as both Cardinal O’Hara and Sacred Heart had qualified for a trip to New York next week to play in the Catholic state championships. “I said, ‘They have nothing to lose. They’re going to come out and play a very good game.’ That’s exactly what they did in the first half.”
The Hawks ran off nine straight points in a little more than three minutes to take the lead, but Sacred Heart remained competitive through the opening 16 minutes. The Sharks trailed by only three points at halftime, and an upset seemed possible.
“The first half played out the way we prepared for the game, the way we thought we could play all along,” Sacred Heart coach Carrie Owens said. “We handled their pressure. We had a couple of press-breakers to stifle them, and they worked. We did have some turnovers that led to their scores. It was 30-27 at the half, and I was pleased with that.”
Then the third quarter started, and everything changed. Cardinal O’Hara ran off the first 18 points of the period, with six players scoring. The Hawks’ defensive pressure jumped by a couple of notches, as sometimes it looked as if they had seven players on the court.
“I was thinking, we needed to speed up,” Cardinal O’Hara’s Angel Parker said about her halftime thoughts. “We knew they would come in and play well. We had to come more prepared. In the locker room we were like, we’ve got to pick it up.”
Owens added, “In the third quarter, they turned it up. They really did. Instead of our girls responding like they did in the first half, we fell back. We got away from our game plan. We continued to turn the ball over, and our turnovers created more offense for them.”
After that 22-4 third quarter, it was just a matter of running out the clock for Cardinal O’Hara. Parker turned in a typically excellent performance, leading the team with 18 points. She often split the Sharks’ defense to score easy layups.
“I can’t say enough about Angel Parker,” O’Neil said. “She’s been sick, real sick the last two weeks – in and out of the hospital. For a kid to come out and play like this for two weeks, that’s why I say she’s the best player in Western New York.”
Micaela Ryan led Sacred Heart with 14 points, while Siobhan Ryan added 13.
Both teams now head to New York City. They will play in separate divisions of the state finals, starting on Friday night. The Sharks are happy to keep playing despite the loss.
“It is weird,” Owens said. “It’s hard to motivate the girls. They know they are going on to States. So I said, no one really knows what you guys will go in states. But here you have an opportunity to make history. They were well on their way. … Again, we do continue to play in States in Class A, and I think we will do well there.”
Story topics: Cardinal O'Hara
Budd Bailey – Budd Bailey is a retired reporter and editor from The Buffalo News. He has served in a variety of roles in Buffalo sports in the past 40+ years, including reporter, talk-show host, baseball announcer, and public relations staffer. Budd has had 11 books published.
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Castle Hill Musings
Reflections on Life, Faith and Books
Outstanding Books #1
On June 23, 2019 By ronjhay
To my mind, there are few more satisfying reads than a well-written biography of a great life. Two of the best I know are Roy Jenkins’ biographies of British Prime Ministers William Gladstone and Winston Churchill. Each appeared to great critical acclaim: Gladstone won the Whitbread Prize for biography in 1995, and Churchill, which appeared in 2001, was quickly recognised as the outstanding one-volume biography of its subject.
In this blog I want to major on the first of the two since Gladstone is a more distant and less well-known figure than Churchill. By any reckoning, William Gladstone (1809 – 1898) was one of the outstanding figures of the Victorian Age. He was a Member of Parliament for sixty-three years and Prime Minister four times, an achievement never repeated. He was a person of prodigious energy, both physical and intellectual. He graduated from Oxford with a double first degree and was a voracious reader; he read over 20,000 books in the course of his life and could converse in most of the main European languages. He walked vast distances in Snowdonia and the Scottish Highlands, and, while at Oxford, several times did the seventy kilometre walk to his family home.
During his political career he became the outstanding orator of the Victorian era. He could hold his parliamentary audience through speeches lasting 3 – 4 hours. His longest, the famous budget address as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1853, lasted four and three-quarter hours and occupied seventy-two columns of Hansard. Jenkins writes of it being an oratorical triumph which “reverberated throughout the political world.”
His political judgement was not flawless, but Gladstone was undoubtedly the most impressive politician and statesman of his era. He showed a remarkable generosity of spirit which enabled him to put the good of the country before self-interest or even the interests of his party. Also impressive was his readiness to change and his growth in true liberalism as he got older – for instance, his acceptance of Catholic emancipation and promotion of Home Rule for Ireland. Roy Jenkins says of him, “I have no doubt that he was the most remarkable specimen of humanity of all who have so far held the office of British Prime Minister.”
Besides being a political colossus of his age, he was also a man of deeply committed faith. He grew up in a Low Church evangelical family of totally Scottish descent and maintained the habit of reading the Bible every day, often in the Greek text. While he retained much of the spirit and language of evangelicalism throughout his life, he later became more at home in High Church Anglicanism. Looking back on his early life, Gladstone made the challenging comment that “The Evangelical movement … did not ally itself with literature, art and general cultivation; but it harmonized well with the money-getting pursuits.” It’s an assessment that evangelicals today would do well to ponder. Roy Jenkins makes this comment: “Evangelicals provided much of the energy and of the enthusiasm of the Church of England. They sustained the Biblical Societies and the Protestant Missions throughout the world. Most of the great practical reformers and philanthropists – William Wilberforce or Shaftesbury – were evangelicals. It was a form of religion which released energy rather than satisfied intellectual sophistication” (p. 31). The evangelicalism of the last century has been marked by a growth in scholarship and theological sophistication, but it hasn’t always embraced the worlds of art and literature as readily as it might.
Another dimension to Gladstone was his writing. Jenkins says, his “outpouring of written words … was on a scale which no other Prime Minister except Churchill has ever rivalled” (p.625). He made new translations of classical poets, wrote a three-volume study of Homer, published political pamphlets and theological treatises as well as maintaining his personal correspondence.
Gladstone: a Biography brings vividly to life an extraordinary human being. It also is a rich education in nineteenth century social and political history. It is a scintillating book from an author who was himself a significant political figure in the twentieth century. Roy Jenkins served as Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer in Labour governments and later became president of the European Commission, and in 1987 Chancellor of Oxford University. He is a gifted literary stylist who produces some memorable bon mots. Recounting one of Gladstone’s speeches, he comments, “the subordinate clauses hung like candelabra throughout his oration”; and of a politician, “he was a sheep in sheep’s clothing.” Gladstone is an absorbing and richly rewarding read.
Why celebrate Easter?
4 thoughts on “Outstanding Books #1”
Lynette Brook
Hi Ron, I really enjoyed your enthusiastic review of the biography of Gladstone. He was a remarkable man who lived in a remarkable age. I was trying to think how such a PM would get on today in the UK or indeed anywhere else. I doubt that twitter would enable him to leave such a legacy!
Reading this reminded me of another book you might like on the Victorian period. The Call to Seriousness The evangelical impact on the Victorians. by Ian C Bradley Macmillan 1974. Peter Skegg gave it to me. He knew the author when he was a Oxford and I found the book fascinating, seeing the huge influence of the a ’serious’ Christian faith on politics and reform of the society in the 19th century.
I hope Liz’s foot continues to improve
Love to you both,
ronjhay
Thanks, Lynette, for your comments and the recommendation of the Bradley book. I’ll have to follow up on that. Liz’s foot is much better.
GLENDA HICKS
Thanks for drawing this book to our attention Ron.
I wonder if and when Gladstone might appear in the “Victoria” series…?
I am avidly into Churchill books myself. Another very good one-volume effort is Martin Gilbert’s “Churchill: a Life” – a kind of themed summary of his multi-volume official biography.
I understand that some of Roy Jenkins’ Labour colleagues were upset that he was so positive about Sir Winston! Another interesting read is Winston and Clemmies letters, edited by Mary Soames.
I think I shall need to ‘retire’ properly before I get into these 1,000 word tomes!
You raise some interesting thoughts about the ‘energy’ of evangelicals and contribution to mission at home and overseas, yet the lightness in areas of the creative arts.
Thanks for your comments, Glenda, and good to find another Churchill reader and fan.
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‘I don’t judge politicians’: Pope Francis skirts Trump question
By Raphael Benedict November 12, 2016 No Comments
The Pope said he simply wanted to understand the suffering that politicians ’cause to the poor’
Pope Francis has declined to offer any comment about Donald Trump in a new interview, but said he was concerned about how political policies may affect the lives of the poor.
The interview with Eugenio Scalfari, the founder of Italian newspaper La Repubblica, was conducted on November 7, prior to the US election.
When asked for his opinion on Trump, the Pontiff said: “I don’t judge people and politicians, I simply want to understand what kinds of suffering they cause to the poor and the excluded through their way of doing things.”
Pope Francis added that his major concern at the moment was for the ongoing refugee and migrant crisis.
He said: “We need to knock down the walls that divide us, try to boost wellbeing and make it more widespread, but in order to achieve this, we need to knock down walls and build bridges that can lessen inequality and boost freedom and rights.
“What we want is a fight against inequality – this is the biggest evil that exists in the world today. Money is what causes this and it goes against measures that aim to even out wellbeing and thus favour equality,” he concluded.
In February Pope Francis had criticised Trump’s stance on immigration. He was particularly concerned about the president-elect’s campaign pledge to build a wall at the Mexican boarder.
At the time the Pope said: “A person who thinks only of building walls, wherever they may be, and not building bridges, isn’t Christian.”
A Vatican spokesman later said this was not a personal attack.
On Wednesday Cardinal Pietro Parolin, the Vatican’s Secretary of State, said it was “too premature to make judgments” about Trump’s stance on immigration. He added that he would pray for the president-elect’s “enlightenment”.
Donald TrumpEugenio ScalfariLa RepubblicaMigrantsPope FrancisRefugee crisisUS election
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Ask the Doctors – How contagious is bacterial meningitis?
By Ask the Doctors
Dear Doctor: One of the schools in my area has been the focus of news reports about a bacterial meningitis case. How contagious is this disease?
Dr. Robert Ashley
Bacterial meningitis cases in school-age children, adolescents and college students are predominately caused by two different organisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitides. Streptococcous causes nearly 50 percent of meningitis between the ages of 2 and 18, while people in their teen and college years face an increased risk of meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitides. In fact, 45.9 percent of meningitis cases between ages 11-17 are due to N. meningitides.
The Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium is spread by close contact with people who cough or sneeze the bacteria. Upon inhalation, the bacteria adhere to the back of the nasal passage in an area called the nasopharynx. Normally, there the bacteria sit, colonizing the nasopharynx without causing any problems. A study of 2,799 Italian children less than 7 years of age found that 8.6 percent had S. pneumoniae colonizing the nasopharynx; the biggest risk factor for colonization was a sinus infection over the last 3 months.
In most people with this colonization, the immune system keeps the bacteria from invading the cells of the body. However, when the immune system is weakened or when the body is fighting a viral infection, such as influenza, the bacteria can then invade the cells. From there, the bacteria can enter into the bloodstream and cross through the blood-brain barrier. When that happens, the bacteria replicate readily in the cerebrospinal fluid, leading to the symptoms of meningitis.
The Neisseria meningitides bacterium is passed from one person to the other by secretions from coughing or by saliva from kissing. It’s also passed easily among people in close contact. Like Streptococcus, Neisseria also settles in the nasopharynx, where the immune system similarly keeps the bacteria from invading into the cells of the body. People can carry the bacteria for several months within their nasopharynx and unwittingly pass it on to others. In fact, 5-10 percent of people in the United States carry this bacteria in the nasopharynx. Military recruits in closed quarters can have carrier rates up to 40 percent. College students in dormitory situations have carrier rates of 14-34 percent. If one person develops meningitis from N. meningitides, other people with whom they are in close contact are at greater risk.
Again, the bacteria that cause meningitis are quite contagious, but a person’s general risk of developing the illness is very low. In addition, children and adolescents are vaccinated for three types of bacteria that can lead to meningitis: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides and Haemophilus influenzae b. These vaccinations have significantly decreased the rates of meningitis, so make sure that your child gets these vaccinations. Lastly, if your child has been exposed to somebody with meningitis, watch for fever, neck stiffness and lethargy. If he or she begins to exhibit these symptoms, all potential signs of meningitis infection, take him or her to a doctor as soon as possible.
Robert Ashley, MD, is an internist and assistant professor of medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Ask the Doctors is a syndicated column first published by UExpress syndicate.
Tags: Ask the Doctors, Ask the Doctors, bacterial meningitis, Children’s Health, Dr. Robert Ashley, Healthy Living, Infectious Diseases, meningitis, Neisseria meningitides, Pediatrics, Streptocooccus pneumoniae, vaccinations, Wellness
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New Clues to How Gastric Bypass Surgery Combats Diabetes
Levels of amino acids linked to insulin resistance drop right after procedure
By Kathleen Doheny
WEDNESDAY, April 27, 2011 (HealthDay News) -- Gastric bypass surgery has been known to improve blood sugar control, often sending people with type 2 diabetes into remission, but experts have long wondered exactly how that happens.
Now, a new study provides some clues.
Circulating amino acids linked with insulin resistance decline dramatically in those who have the bypass surgery, the researchers discovered. They compared 10 obese people with diabetes who had the surgery with 11 who lost weight through dieting.
Tongue, Lip Snip Surgeries May Be Overused in U.S. Newborns
Surgeons Give 13 Paralyzed Adults Hand, Arm Movement
"Something happens after gastric bypass that does not happen as much after the diet-induced weight loss," said Dr. Blandine Laferrere, an associate professor of medicine at St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center and Columbia University, both in New York City.
The study is published in the April 27 issue of Science Translational Medicine.
The surgery, which reduces the stomach to the size of a small pouch, also modifies the junction between the stomach and small intestine. It leads to a dramatic reduction in the level of circulating amino acids that have been linked with diabetes.
"The fact that gastric bypass results in the remission of diabetes in the majority of patients is not new," said Laferrere. According to background information in the study, 50 percent to 80 percent of diabetes cases go into remission after the surgery.
What doctors have been trying to figure out, she said, is why the bypass surgery is so good at making the diabetes disappear. "The diabetes improves almost immediately, before a significant amount of weight loss occurs," she said. "That points out it is something other than the weight loss."
In the new study, the researchers evaluated biochemical compounds involved in metabolic reactions in the participants. Each group had lost about 20 pounds.
The investigators found that the bypass patients had much lower levels of amino acids known as branched-chain amino acids, and the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.
"Those changes in the amino acids could be implicated in the mechanism of diabetes remission after gastric bypass," Laferrere said.
Experts know the amino acids are linked with insulin resistance partly due to animal studies, she said. "If you supplement the diet of rats with branched-chain amino acids, you can induce more insulin resistance," she explained.
However, Laferrere said, the finding does not mean all obese people with diabetes should pick surgery over dieting. The surgery is highly invasive, she noted, and not everyone is a candidate.
While the findings are intriguing, she said, it's too early to apply them to diabetes treatment. Eventually, she added, after experts understand more about how the surgery affects the amino acids, it may be possible to apply the findings to develop better diabetes treatments or a less invasive surgery.
The new study adds weight to other research finding a link between thedecline in branched-chain amino acids and the decline in insulin resistance,said Dr. Thomas J. Wang, associate professor of medicine at HarvardMedical School, and a coauthor of the perspective accompanying thestudy.
"It's known that gastric bypass rapidly reverses insulin resistance,which is one of the principal biochemical abnormalities that precedesdiabetes," Wang said.
"This study really does help to confirm that hypothesis thatbranched-chain amino acids do go down more in people who have weight losssurgery," he said. While it lends support to the idea that there is a linkbetween the reduction in the amino acids and the decline in insulinresistance, it does not yet prove cause and effect, Wang added.
"It shows people who get weight loss surgery have a bigger drop in theirbranched-chain amino acids. What is not yet proven is whether that reductionin branched-chain amino acids is the reason their insulin resistancedeclines," he pointed out.
Wang and his coauthor, Dr. Robert Gerszten, are co-inventors on patentapplications related to metabolite predictors of diabetes.
Wang and Gerszten also pointed out that the number of obese people with type 2 diabetes was 171 million worldwide in 2000. By 2030, that number is expected to double. Therefore, they wrote, a detailed understanding of the role of the amino acids in diabetes would be valuable.
To learn more about gastric bypass surgery, visit the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
SOURCES: Blandine Laferrere, M.D., associate professor, medicine, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University and New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center; Thomas J. Wang, M.D., associate professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston; April 27, 2011, Science Translational Medicine
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Joe Moorhead John Cohen Johnathan Abram Keytaon Thompson Montez Sweat Tommy Stevens Jeffery Simmons Sports Coaching Football College sports College football Sports team management compensation Sports business
Mississippi State SEC Georgia Penn State
Mississippi State extends Moorhead's contract through 2022
By DAVID BRANDT - May. 21, 2019 03:38 PM EDT
FILE - In this Oct. 27, 2018, file photo, Mississippi State head coach Joe Moorhead chews on a sharpie while watching the video board during the second half of their NCAA college football game against Texas A&M, in Starkville, Miss. Moorhead has received a contract extension through the 2022 season that will pay an average base salary of $3.2 million. The school announced the extension on Tuesday, May 21, 2019. (AP Photo/Jim Lytle, File)
Mississippi State football coach Joe Moorhead has a little more job security now.
The school announced Tuesday that he has signed a contract extension through the 2022 season that will pay an average base salary of $3.2 million. Moorhead originally signed a four-year deal worth an average of $2.75 million when he was hired following the 2017 season.
Moorhead's new deal is also four years, which is the longest allowed by state law.
He will earn a base salary of $3.05 million next season and that number will increase by $100,000 in 2020, 2021 and 2022.
Mississippi State is coming off an 8-5 season, including a 4-4 mark in the Southeastern Conference and a loss to Iowa in the Outback Bowl. The Bulldogs had one of the nation's best defenses but struggled at times on offense.
"For me, it's about building a championship program our Bulldog fans can be proud of and helping our players maximize their potential on and off the field, while walking away with a meaningful degree from Mississippi State University," Moorhead said in a statement released by the school. "Our team is excited about the season ahead, and I look forward to continuing to elevate our program in everything we do."
Mississippi State's problems on offense were somewhat surprising considering Moorhead's background is on that side of the ball. He led Penn State's offense to two successful seasons before becoming Mississippi State's head coach.
Moorhead said he's hopeful the offense will improve next fall since players have had more time to learn his system. The Bulldogs recently added Penn State transfer Tommy Stevens to compete with Keytaon Thompson for the starting job at quarterback.
The defense must rebuild after three players — defensive linemen Jeffery Simmons and Montez Sweat and safety Johnathan Abram — were selected in the first round of the NFL draft in April.
Mississippi State athletic director John Cohen said he's been pleased with Moorhead's leadership.
"He is driven by elevating our program to a championship standard on and off the field," Cohen said. "We look forward to watching the continued growth of our football program under his watch."
More AP college football: https://apnews.com/Collegefootball and https://twitter.com/AP_Top25 .
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Posted on January 15, 2019 January 15, 2019 by gskaye
For British citizens living in the EU-27, Brussels is negating one of the fundaments of its own Union – freedom of onward movement – after Brexit. The UK appears to be turning a blind eye – at least for now.
The Netherlands has become the latest EU-27 member state to offer reassurances to British citizens. In a letter sent to all 45,000 British expats, the Dutch immigration service explains, in detail, what will need to be done after Brexit – deal or no deal – and gives assurances that British citizens living in the Netherlands before the UK leaves the union, will be guaranteed the right to stay, as long as an administrative procedure goes according to plan, and a fee is paid.
Although this will come as a great relief to many, it does pose the question regarding the nature of the reaction of all concerned. Were the Dutch really going to kick us out? Should we find it normal that fundamental rights, such as freedom of movement, that co-existed with a union of countries, be maintained for those who exercised these rights, in good faith? Should we be outraged that such rights could ever have been questioned? Or should we be grateful to a government who has just done “the bleeding obvious thing to do?”
Freedom of movement of people, is one of the four fundamental freedoms of the EU, together with free movement of goods, services, and capital. Free onward movement, i.e. the possibility for British citizens residing in one EU-27 member state to move to another, has not only been negated by Brussels and ignored by London, but will probably serve as bait for future trade negotiations between the UK and EU.
As part of the future relationship with the EU, the UK will also seek to secure onward movement opportunities for UK nationals in the EU who are covered by the citizens’ rights agreement.
Even though the “nothing is agreed, until everything is agreed,” adage has been watered down by individual member states guaranteeing the right to residence for their Briitish citizens, it does appear for now at least, that we are being ring fenced in the country of residence, at the time of Brexit. The EU citizens residing in the UK are not much better off, being allowed to return to the UK after an absence of no more than 5 years.
The treatment of 1.7 million UK citizens living in the EU-27 and 3.5 million EU citizens living in the UK, by denying or curtailing onward movement, represents a disrespect of the very thing that the EU is supposed to represent – European Citizenship. I ask myself if this citizenship, associated with freedom of movement, was only permitted as part of EU membership, as local “courtesy”, but was not a black and white piece of legislation. On the European Parliament website, one reads,
The Treaty of Maastricht introduced the notion of EU citizenship to be enjoyed automatically by every national of a Member State. It is this EU citizenship that underpins the right of persons to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. The Lisbon Treaty confirmed this right, which is also included in the general provisions on the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice.
Is our European citizenship being downgraded or stripped by the Brexit deal? It certainly seems like it, and it is happening whether we like it or not. It is not we who are renouncing our citizenship, but our citizenship that is renouncing us. But is this citizenship really a citizenship, or simply synonymous with acquired rights?
Several cases emanating from international law demonstrate that the notion of acquired rights being untouchable in the face of radical external changes, is a fallacious one and, “as a rule, once the act or legal situation from which the subjective rights stem is terminated, those rights expire.” 1 That individuals may be adversely affected by the loss of these rights does not change the fact that the rights may be legally annulled. Unless, of course, that the rights become independent of the treaties that created them. In other words, “once the period of validity of a European regulation for a state ends, the rights created by it must end.” 1
Whether EU rights will cease for EU citizens in the UK and British citizens in other member states, will depend on (i) the UK’s legislation and judges and (ii) the EU’s legislation and judges, respectively. It is theoretically conceivable that British citizens living in other member states end up in a more favourable position, concerning EU rights, than their EU counterparts living in the UK, who would have to defend their current status against UK legislation – something that has already been condemned by Swedish minister Ann Linde.
We can argue all we like, about citizenship and citizens’ rights. The fact remains that, concerning our rights and Brexit, the EU could have sent out a clear message to all its citizens, that EU citizenship was synonymous with freedom of movement among its states and that once bestowed, it could not be removed without the individual citizen’s consent. The EU had something special – dignity and a respect of humanity. In literally jailing some of its citizens – considered as former citizens – it runs the risk of losing both.
I am lucky – my French citizenship makes up for the shortcomings of my British one. I can still benefit from the freedom of movement that I have always cherished and have long exercised. But the EU has lost an opportunity to show what European values really are.
Yes, the Dutch government allows me to stay and work, by recognizing my professional qualification. But for others, the freedom of onward movement has been taken away. How then, can I be grateful?
1 Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs
Brexit Negotiations EU European ideals UK
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CVGN
PS3 Pre-Orders: Gone in 60 Seconds
by Kaleb Rutherford 10/10/2006
When Sony first showed off the PlayStation 3 at E3 2005, the world was in awe. Since then, Sony has seen its share of ups and downs. We have gone through delays, Executives inciting the rage of Internet Bloggers with their comments, shortages of product, rumors of high-priced games, the reality of the most expensive console since the 3DO, and still somehow the industry still feels the console will end up with the number one console in the video game world. So how does a company release the most expensive game console of this generation, upset Developers, anger the gaming population, lower the price of the console in Japan only, and still come out smelling like roses? It must be the power of the PlayStation brand. Any other console would never have survived. The recent pre-orders taken for the PlayStation 3 are an indication that while many feared Sony was possibly going to tank this generation, they may just win the war once again.
At 6:25 PM Central Time, I received an e-mail from GameStop.com stating that their limited pre-orders for PlayStation 3 would begin promptly at 10 AM the following morning. The pre-order would only take place on Tuesday, October 10, 2006, and there was a snowballs chance in hell that they would get further consoles in stock during 2006. At 6:40 PM, a manger from a local GameStop called and left me a message about the pre-orders. Then a clerk from that store called me 15 minutes after that. Reports are coming in that most GameStop stores were this active in trying to reach their “regular customers” in hopes of securing a PlayStation 3 for them at launch. However, I am unable to confirm with one hundred percent certainty outside of the Dallas/Ft Worth area.
Shortly thereafter the Internet was alive with talk of the PlayStation 3 pre-order campaign with multiple websites posting actual number of units available at stores and getting the hardcore gamers ready to go out and stand in line for a chance to pre-order a PlayStation 3. In years past, one would stand in line for a ride at an amusement park or to see a hit movie. However, it wasn’t until the release of games like Halo 2 and the Xbox 360 where we saw people line up for a system or game. Now with the excitement over the PlayStation 3, people will now get in a line for a chance to possibly be able to pre-order a console.
GameStop and EB Games stores all opened up across the US at 10 AM to pre-order PlayStation 3 units to those waiting in line. Each store was allowed to have four units held for managers or employees of each store. These units were grabbed at virtually all stores to be sold on Ebay. Several stores told me off the record their plans to Ebay units. While there is no crime in doing this, I would rather see the store employees only pre-order a console if they plan on actually playing it.
Most stores had lines beginning early in the morning–some as early as 4 AM–and the lines continued to grow until the store opened. Most of the people in line–including the Editor of EGM–were turned away at the doors when the last pre-order unit was sold. This caused many people to go away unhappy and frustrated. But unlike the Xbox 360 pre-order campaign, GameStop and EB are promising that the consoles will be guaranteed… at least they are doing so off the record. The officially company line is that they do not promise or guarantee delivery of consoles on November 17, 2006. This is probably a smart thing to do just incase there are any shortages.
The main store I visited in my area, which I would prefer not to name directly due to the Store manager wishing to remain anonymous, did not have a huge crowd lined up before the store opened. However, by 11 AM, all but one pre-order spot was taken. This particular store was given the highest number of PlayStation 3 units to pre-order.
While there are many disappointed people that were unable to pre-order units, this is a sign of things to come on November 17, 2006. Expect the PlayStation 3 to sell out all across the US within a few hours of each store opening. It is unclear how many units GameStop has been able to secure for their stores… but just be ready for even longer lines and high prices on Ebay if you want a PlayStation 3 this holiday season.
By Kaleb Rutherford – 10/10/06
Screenshots for PS3 Pre-Orders: Gone in 60 Seconds
Kaleb Rutherford
Kaleb Rutherford has had a passion and love of Games and Technology since he came out of the womb. From his earliest memories, he has always loved using the latest technologies and have been gaming since the Commodore 64.
In 1997, Kaleb started CVGames and since then ttended and covered a variety of different events for the public including PAX, QuakeCon, E3, and many others. With over 20 E3 events covered, there isn't much that surprises Kaleb anymore in the industry as he has seen it all.
Kaleb is married to Emily and they have been together over 20 years. They have 4 boys who share a passion and love for technology and gaming as well.
Kaleb started Parents Press Play to begin podcasting and reaching a more casual segment of the world that tends to have coverage dominated by by "Hardcore," or "Core players. CVGames still exists to cover that section of users.
Combining CVGames and Parents Press Play together, Kaleb created CVGN: The Covering Video Games Network. While world domination is unlikely, our passionate team continues to strive to inform the different audiences with content we are passionate about.
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Bios back to list
Arrow -- Image: AR02_MY_Stephen_1336r -- Pictured: Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen -- Photo: Mathieu Young/The CW -- © 2013 The CW Network, LLC. All Rights Reserved
Oliver Queen/Arrow
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Oliver Queen/Green Arrow on “Arrow”
Stephen Amell plays Oliver Queen/Green Arrow in The CW’s series “Arrow.” Joined by his team, Oliver protects the streets of Starling City as the Green Arrow.
Amell starred opposite Megan Fox in the feature film “Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows,” which hit theatres in June 2016.
Amell played the role of Joran Van Der Sloot in Lifetime’s “Justice for Natalee Holloway,” which told the true story of Beth Holloway’s quest to bring Joran, the presumed killer of her daughter, to justice. Amell received praise for his chameleon-like role as the Dutch sociopath.
On the small screen, Amell appeared opposite Zooey Deschanel on “New Girl,” and had a recurring arc as EMT Scotty on the series “Private Practice.” In the final season of the series “Hung,” Amell joined the cast as Jason, a young gigolo who becomes the competitor of Thomas Jane’s character, Ray.
Other notable guest star appearances include “CSI: Miami,” “NCIS: LA,” “The Vampire Diaries” and “90210.” In the fall of 2007, Amell won a Gemini Award for Best Actor in a Guest-Starring Role for his work in “Regenesis,” a dramatic series on Canada’s The Movie Network.
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Submitted by William Finck on Sat, 06/09/2012 - 02:10
The Gospel of Luke, Chapter 3 – Christogenea on Talkshoe, June 8th, 2012
Last week we demonstrated that the οἰκουμένη, the inhabited world, was the living space of the civilized White races in the eyes of the Greeks and Romans. The κόσμος was the order or arrangement, and therefore the society of the οἰκουμένη – which in the time of Christ never included the alien races. Therefore understanding that the alien races were never meant to be a part of the Biblical context, there is no impetus, and certainly no Biblical commission, to extend the grace of Yahweh our God to alien races today. It is actually detrimental, as recent history certainly proves, to the health and security of our κόσμος to do so. It is even suicidal of our race to insist upon including these aliens.
It was argued here last week, that Christ was most likely born in the late fall or early autumn of 3 BC. That argument is for the most part based upon Luke's opening statement in this chapter, that Yahshua's ministry began around His thirtieth birthday, which was in the fifteenth year of Tiberius. Many modern commentator's actually go so far as accusing Luke of error here, as if they themselves can actually know better from the incomplete records which we can muster today. A 3 BC registration, in time for the celebration of Rome's 750th year, and Augustus' 25th as emperor, coincides with this fifteenth year of Tiberius and the fact that Christ is now thirty years of age, the age when a Hebrew man may begin serving his people publicly. We should insist that Luke is true, and that the modern commentators are in error.
1 Now in the fifteenth year of the emperorship of Tiberios Caesar...
ἡγεμονία (2231), appears only here in the N.T. In its other forms (ἡγεμονεύω, ἡγεμών) the word is used frequently, and the verbal form of this same word is used to describe the governorship of Pilate later in this same verse. Here referring to Tiberius it is emperorship, although the word can have a more general meaning as it is applied to governors and those holding other lesser offices, and therefore the context is important to determine its usage. Liddell & Scott define it: “a leading the way, going first...chief command...hegemony... = Roman imperium...the reign of the Emperor...”.
Tiberius Caesar assumed the Roman emperorship in August of 14 A.D., after the death of Augustus, and so August of 28 A.D. would have marked the beginning of his 15th year, and also the beginning of of John’s ministry, which must have started during this same year. On the 18th of September, 14 A.D., the Roman Senate officially confirmed Tiberius' position as Princeps, and therefore the beginning of Tiberius' fifteenth year as it was reckoned by Luke may not have begun until September of 28 A.D. As it can be seen in Numbers chapter 4, service to the congregation was begun by a Levite at age 30. This age was made the age that was acceptable for men to begin duties such as ministering. As it is evident from the circumstances of his birth illustrated in Luke chapter 1 (see 1:24), John being about five or six months older than Christ, he would have been born about March or April of 3 B.C., and would have turned 30 in that season, in 28 A.D. If Christ’s ministry began just after His 30th birthday, in the early Autumn of this same year, then John’s baptizing must have begun by the fall of 28 A.D., near the start of Tiberius’ 15th year.
3 B.C.
John born in March or April, Christ born in late September or early October.
14 A.D.
Tiberius comes to the hegemony in August upon the death of Augustus.
15th year of Tiberius begins in August or September, Christ turns 30 shortly thereafter and is baptized by John who had turned thirty in March.
Crucifixion in the Spring of 32 AD, after 3 ½ year ministry of Christ.
Many commentators insist that John turned 30 by 26 A.D., and that Christ also was born in 4 B.C., and so they either blame Luke for being inaccurate, or they attempt to rectify Luke by conjecturing that perhaps the first year of Tiberius’ emperorship had somehow begun a couple of years earlier than 14 A.D. So to support their contentions, those commentators claim that Luke was referring to Tiberius' association on the throne with Augustus before his death, in 12 A.D. These claims have no merit. Tiberius' position was virtually assured from 4 A.D., when he was adopted by Augustus and named as Augustus' successor, making him second-in-command in the empire at that time. Whether Tiberius was named co-princeps with Augustus in 12 A.D., or 13 A.D. as it is variously argued, he was never Emperor and never had the ἡγεμονία, until Augustus died in 14 A.D. Luke’s “fifteenth year” must surely be counted from 14 A.D., the year when Augustus died.
1 Now in the fifteenth year of the emperorship of Tiberios Caesar, Pontios Pilatos being governor of Judaea, and Herodas being Tetrarch of Galilaia, and Philippos his brother being Tetrarch of Itouraia and the land of Trachonitis, and Lusanios being Tetrarch of Abilene,
The Codex Bezae (D) has “Pilatos being administrator”. Pontius Pilate is mentioned on several occasions in events described in Josephus’ Antiquities Book 18 and Wars Book 2. Tacitus also mentioned him, and called him a procurator of Judaea. His name is found on an inscription dated from the first century and discovered at Caesarea Maritima in Palestine in 1961, which is detailed in Biblical Archaeology Review, September-October 2004, p. 27. That inscription is a tribute made to Tiberius Caesar, and on it Pilate is called the Prefect of Judaea. In the early empire, a Prefect had more authority than a procurator, one office being military in nature and the other administrative and usually connected with financial administration.
The title “Tetrarch” is but a transliteration of the Greek τετράρχης, “the ruler of a fourth part of a country” (Strong’s, 5076), as Judaea was divided not long after the death of the first King, the Edomite Herod, and the banishment of his successor Archelaus, in 6 A.D. Philippos is mentioned often in Josephus. Lusanios is mentioned by Josephus in Antiquities, 19.5.1 (19:275).
2 in the high priesthood of Hannas and Kaïaphas, the Word of Yahweh had come upon Iohannes the son of Zacharias in the wilderness.
“High priest” in the Old Testament is an office held by a single individual for life, and so only one man at a time bore the title. Yet as Josephus attests on many occasions, in both his Antiquities in Book 19 [19:298 (19.6.2)] and throughout Wars [2:566 (2.20.4), 4:151-153 (4.3.7), 5:527 (5.13.1) and 6:114 (6.2.2)], first Herod and then later the Romans appointed and removed high priests often, so that the office was no more than a political tool. Here and throughout the New Testament we see multiple men associated with the term, or the term appearing in the plural, because more than one man having once held the office was alive and active at any given time, yet even after removal men seem to have retained the title, or at least were still referred to as such. Likewise men today after retirement retain titles such as “Doctor” and “Professor” or titles related to judgeships or military rank in much the same manner, although often they are qualified with distinctions such as “retired” or “emeritus”. Additionally, at least on one occasion multiple men in the same family held the post of High Priest, as had the five sons of Ananus which is related by Josephus in Antiquities Book 20 [20:197 (20.9.1)].
3 And he had gone into all the region of the Jordan proclaiming an immersion [or baptism] of repentance for a remission of errors, 4 as it is written in the book of the sayings of Isaiah the prophet: “A voice crying in the wilderness: prepare the way of the Prince, make straight His paths! 5 Every ravine shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be made low, and the crooked paths shall be into straight ones, and the rough ways into smooth roads. 6 And all flesh shall see the salvation of Yahweh!”
Isaiah 40: “3 The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the LORD, make straight in the desert a highway for our God. 4 Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: 5 And the glory of the LORD shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken it.”
Josephus, in Antiquities Book 18 [18:116-118 (18.5.2)], tells us at length of John the Baptist and how John was esteemed by the people, and how Herod had John slain. Herod had lost a battle in a dispute which he had with one Aretus, an Arabian king. Here are his comments: “116 Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod's army came from God, and that very justly, as a punishment of what he did against John, that was called the Baptist; 117 for Herod slew him, who was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue, both as to righteousness toward one another, and piety toward God, and so to come to baptism; for that the washing [with water] would be acceptable to him, if they made use of it, not in order to the putting away [or the remission] of some sins [only], but for the purification of the body: supposing still that the soul was thoroughly purified beforehand by righteousness. 118 Now, when [many] others came in crowds about him, for they were very greatly moved [or pleased] by hearing his words, Herod, who feared lest the great influence John had over the people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion, (for they seemed ready to do anything he should advise,) thought it best, by putting him to death, to prevent any mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties, by sparing a man who might make him repent of it when it would be too late. 119 Accordingly he was sent as prisoner, out of Herod's suspicious temper, to Macherus, the citadel I before mentioned, and was there put to death. Now the Jews had an opinion that the destruction of this army was sent as a punishment upon Herod, and a mark of God's displeasure to him.” (Bracketed comments in the quote from Josephus belong to his editors and are not always appropriate. - WRF)
7 Then he said to a crowd coming out to be immersed by him: “Race of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the coming wrath?
The verb translated as “warned” here, ὑποδείκνυμι (5263), implies that the warning was done surreptitiously.
The Pharisees did not come to John because they believed him. They really came in order to see what he was doing. Christ later challenged them concerning this, as it was recorded at Matthew 21: “25 The baptism of John, whence was it? from heaven, or of men? And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say unto us, Why did ye not then believe him?” Luke tells us later, in Luke chapter 7: “29 And all the people heard, and the tax-collectors deemed Yahweh just, being immersed in the immersion of Iohannes. 30 But the Pharisees and the lawyers rejected the counsel of Yahweh in regard to themselves, not being immersed by him.” So we see that these men were certainly not baptized by John.
John was sent “to cleanse the sons of Levi”, as it is evident at Malachi chapter 3: “1 Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall prepare the way before me: and the Lord, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant, whom ye delight in: behold, he shall come, saith the LORD of hosts. 2 But who may abide the day of his coming? and who shall stand when he appeareth? for he is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers' soap: 3 And he shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver: and he shall purify the sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver, that they may offer unto the LORD an offering in righteousness.”
John's having called certain of the Judaeans a “race of vipers” by itself indicates that they are certainly not Levites. The answers to their identity and the reasons for his accusation are supplied later in Luke's gospel, in chapters 10 and 11, among other places.
In Luke chapter 10 we see the following account after the apostles whom Yahshua had sent out to announce His presence had returned: “17 Then the seventy-two returned with great joy saying: 'Prince, even the demons are subjected to us by Your Name!' 18 And He said to them 'I beheld the Adversary falling as lightning from heaven! 19 Behold! I have given to you authority to tread upon serpents and scorpions, and upon all the power of the enemy, and no one shall by any means do you injustice. 20 But in this you must not rejoice: that spirits are subject to you. Rather, rejoice that your names are inscribed in the heavens.'”
In Luke chapter 11, we learn the race of those who disputed with Christ: “45 Then replying one of the lawyers said to Him “Teacher, saying these things You also insult us!” 46 So He said “And to you lawyers, woe! Because you load men with burdens hard to bear, and these burdens you touch with not one of your fingers! 47 Woe to you! Because you build the monuments of the prophets, and your fathers killed them! 48 Therefore you are witnesses and you consent to the works of your fathers, because they killed them, and you build. 49 For this reason also the wisdom of Yahweh says: ‘I shall send to them prophets and ambassadors, and some of them they shall kill and they shall persecute’, 50 in order that the blood of all the prophets spilled from the foundation of the Society should be required from this race, 51 from the blood of Abel unto the blood of Zacharias who was killed between the altar and the house. Yeah, I say to you, it shall be required from this race! 52 Woe to you lawyers! Because you have taken the key of knowledge, you do not enter in yourselves, and you prohibit those who are entering in!””
Only Cain killed Abel, and therefore these men who are in opposition to Christ must be of the race of Cain, and could not be purely of the race of Seth, as are the Israelites. It is learned from Jeremiah chapter 2, Ezekiel chapter 16, and many other places in Scripture that the remnant of Judah in Jerusalem had been infiltrated by Canaanites even before the deportations of the Assyrians and Babylonians. It is evident in Josephus that Jerusalem was further infiltrated and virtually taken over in the second century B.C. by Edomites, and that Herod the king was an Edomite by blood, as were many of his associates and appointees. The race of Cain, the Kenites, can be traced down through their admixture with the Canaanites, Edomites, and with many of the people of Jerusalem, all the way to the time of Christ.
The statement which Christ made in Luke chapter 10 connects Satan to demons, and also connects them to serpents and scorpions, which here are being used as symbolic allegories for people. There He has this exchange with His disciples, where Luke wrote: “17 Then the seventy-two returned with great joy saying: 'Prince, even the demons are subjected to us by Your Name!' 18 And He said to them 'I beheld the Adversary falling as lightning from heaven! 19 Behold! I have given to you authority to tread upon serpents and scorpions, and upon all the power of the enemy, and no one shall by any means do you injustice. 20 But in this you must not rejoice: that spirits are subject to you. Rather, rejoice that your names are inscribed in the heavens.'”
The Revelation, in chapter 12, also describes the fall of Satan: “7 And there was a war in heaven, Michael and his messengers fighting with the dragon. And the dragon fought, and his messengers, 8 and they did not prevail, nor was their place found any longer in heaven. 9 And the great dragon had been cast down, that serpent of old, who is called the False Accuser and the Adversary; he who deceives the whole inhabited earth had been cast into the earth, and his messengers had been cast down with him.”
That Satan which fell from heaven is also “that old serpent”, which must refer to the serpent of Genesis chapter 3. These are the fallen angels, the “angels that left their first estate”, and the “tree of the knowledge of good and evil”. The common thread that ties them to these Judaeans of Christ's time, is the blood of Cain, who was a devil and a murderer from the beginning (John 8:44), and who was the son of the wicked one (1 John 3:12). This “race of vipers” which John addresses are their descendants. That they are a race, a mixed and corrupt race, and that they can be identified as Edomites is proven by John's statements which follow.
8 You should really make fruits worthy of repentance, and do not begin by saying among yourselves ‘We have Abraham for a father’. For I say to you that Yahweh is able to raise up children for Abraham from these stones!
John knows that these people are evil, where he says “who warned you to flee from the coming wrath?” He is challenging them to do good, as Yahweh challenged Cain to do good. Cain was told “If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted?” (Genesis 4:7) and immediately he went out and killed his brother. Of course Yahweh knew that Cain could not do well, just as he knew that Esau would be a sinner from the womb. In His ministry, Christ always challenged those who opposed Him to do good, even knowing full well that they could never do good.
John's statement, “and do not begin by saying among yourselves ‘We have Abraham for a father’”, reflects a legitimate claim by the Edomites, or by the Canaanite children of Shelah, that they were children of Abraham. The claim is seen again in John chapter 8, where certain of the Judaeans claimed to be children of Abraham, but Christ told them that they certainly were not children of God. They were children of Abraham, but they were not the children of the promise – and especially since they were all bastards. That Yahweh could raise up children to Abraham from stones is true, but the universalists wrongly use this verse in their vain attempts to corrupt the covenants of God with Israel. While God could indeed raise up children to Abraham from stones, that would still not make them children of Jacob, who alone are the heirs of the covenant as Paul also explains in Galatians chapter 3.
9 But already even the axe is laid to the root of the trees: surely any tree not producing good fruit is cut down and cast into the fire!”
Trees are very often used to represent races in Scripture. In the Garden of Eden, there was the “tree of life” and the “tree of the knowledge of good and evil”. These are not fruit trees, but allegories for races of people. Christ said to His disciples, who were also of His own nation, in John 15: “5 I am the Vine, you are the branches. He who is abiding in Me and I in him, he bears much fruit, for apart from Me you are not able to do anything.” Yahshua is “the root and the offspring of David” (Revelation 22:16), meaning that He created the tree, being Yahweh, and He is one of its branches, as He came as one of His Own children. When we race-mix, we no longer abide in Him, and therefore Christ tells us at Matthew 15:13 that “Every plant which My heavenly Father has not planted shall be uprooted!” Jude, referring to “some men [that] have stolen in, those of old having been written about beforetime for this judgment, godless men”, as he tells us in verse 4 of his epistle, calls them “late-autumn trees without fruit, twice dead being uprooted”. These are the Canaanites and Edomites of Judaea. These are the people which Yahweh referred to in chapter 2 of Jeremiah: “ 21 Yet I had planted thee a noble vine, wholly a right seed: how then art thou turned into the degenerate plant of a strange vine unto me?”
The words of Christ, at Matthew chapter 7: “15 Keep away from the false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are rapacious wolves. [These are Jude's 'some men that have stolen in' and the subjects of Paul's warning concerning 'oppressive wolves' in Acts chapter 20.] 16 You shall know them from their fruits. Does anyone gather grapes from thorns or figs from thistles? 17 Thusly every good tree produces fine fruit, but the rotten tree produces evil fruit. 18 A good tree is not able to produce evil fruit [all Israel shall be saved], nor is a rotten tree [able] to produce fine fruit. 19 Each tree not producing fine fruit is cut down and cast into the fire! 20 Indeed from their fruits you shall know them.” Note that it is not the bad fruit which is destroyed, but the entire tree which produces bad fruit which is cast into the fire, and no bad fruit comes from a good tree. The judgement of eternal life, therefore, is along racial lines, and it is not merely along behavioral lines. The reward of the children of God once that eternal life is attained is another matter. The tree is good, and its fruit is good. These are the words of Yahshua Christ Himself.
10 Then the crowd questioned him, saying “So what should we do?” 11 And replying he said to them: “He having two shirts must share with he who has not, and he having food must do likewise.”
The χίτων (5509), is properly “the garment worn next to the skin” (Liddell & Scott), and therefore it is shirt here, and not coat, as the King James has it.
From Exodus chapter 16, which Paul also later quotes in 2 Corinthians 8:14: “17 And the children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less. 18 And when they did mete it with an omer, he that gathered much had nothing over, and he that gathered little had no lack; they gathered every man according to his eating.” The gifts which come to us in life rain down from heaven, and with our excess we should see to it that the poor of our kin are not wanting.
From James chapter 2: “14 What is the benefit, my brethren, if one should claim to have faith, but does not have works? Is faith able to save him? 15 If a brother or sister becomes naked and lacking daily food, 16 and one from among you should say to them: “Go in peace, be warm and fed”, but you would not give to them the provisions for the body, what is the benefit? 17 Thusly also faith, if it should not have works, is by itself dead.”
12 Then also the tax-collectors came to be immersed, and they said to him “Teacher, what should we do?” 13 And he said to them “Do not exact any more than that which is appointed to you.”
The apostle Matthew was a tax-collector, as it is evident in Matthew chapter 9: “9 And Yahshua passing from there sees a man sitting at the tax office, called Maththaios, and says to him 'Follow Me', and arising he followed Him.” While it cannot be proven with certainty, it was traditional for men to follow after the vocations of their fathers. Therefore it is evident that the Levites, the tax collectors and administrators of the ancient kingdom, resumed those vocations in the second temple period, and that many of the tax-collectors and administrators of the time of Christ were also Levites. It was said of the Levites, in Malachi chapter 3 in the very prophecy concerning John the Baptist: “3 And he shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver: and he shall purify the sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver, that they may offer unto the LORD an offering in righteousness.” Here we see them coming to be baptized by John, and they were a class despised by the Pharisees. Yet the Pharisees refused to be baptized by John, as it is recorded in Luke chapter 7:29-30.
14 So those who were soldiers also asked him, saying: “And what should we do?” And he said to them: “You should not cause any agitation, nor make false accusations, and be satisfied with your provisions”.
“You should not cause any agitation”: the word διασείω (1286) is only here in the New Testament. The King James has it “extort from no man by violence” Liddell & Scott [L & S] define the word: “...to shake violently...to wag...to confound, throw into confusion, Herodotus.... 3. to extort money from a person, N.T.”, and this last definition I must call into question since the context does nothing to support it, and since it is not defined or used in that manner in any secular writer or authority. The prefix διά is often used simply to strengthen the sense of another word when used in a compound (L & S, διά V.). The root word σείω (4579) is “to shake, move to and fro...metaphorically to shake, agitate, disturb...” (L & S), and so διασείω is “to cause agitation” here.
For one example of such agitation, although it occurred some time later, here is Josephus’ Wars, 2.223-227 (2.12.1): “223 Now after the death of Herod, king of Chalcis, Claudius set Agrippa, the son of Agrippa, over his uncle's kingdom, while Cumanus took upon him the office of procurator of the rest, which was a Roman province, and therein he succeeded Alexander; under which Cumanus began the troubles, and the Jews ruin came on; 224 for when the multitude were come together to Jerusalem, to the feast of unleavened bread, and a Roman cohort stood over the cloisters of the temple, (for they always were armed and kept guard at the festivals, to prevent any sedition which the multitude thus gathered together might make,) one of the soldiers pulled back his garment, and cowering down after an indecent manner, turned his breech to the Jews, and spoke such words as you might expect upon such a posture. 225 At this the whole multitude had indignation, and made a clamour to Cumanus that he would punish the soldier; while the rasher part of the youth, and such as were naturally the most tumultuous, fell to fighting, and caught up stones, and threw them at the soldiers. 226 Upon which Cumanus was afraid lest all the people should make an assault upon him, and sent to call for more armed men, who, when they came in great numbers into the cloisters, the Jews were in a very great consternation; and being beaten out of the temple, they ran into the city; 227 and the violence with which they crowded to get out was so great, that they trod upon each other, and squeezed one another, till ten thousand of them were killed, insomuch that this feast became the cause of mourning to the whole nation, and every family lamented [their own relatives].” Cumanus was procurator of Judaea just before Felix, whom we know from Acts chapters 23 through 25. So we see that from one episode of agitation by a Roman soldier, a tumult occurred and ten thousand people perished.
15 And with the people supposing, and all reasoning in their hearts concerning Iohannes, that perhaps he may be the Christ, 16 Iohannes replied saying to all: “Indeed I immerse you in water, but He comes, who is more powerful than me, of whom I am not worthy to loosen the straps of His sandals. He shall immerse you in the Holy Spirit, and in fire!
The people were expecting a Messiah, and they thought that John was Him. The Magi arrived in Jerusalem announcing the birth of the Messiah, as we see in Matthew chapter 2, and it is possible that the account of them had spread throughout Judaea, although there is no certainty that it did. In John chapter 1, where some of the first apostles meet Christ for the first time, they exclaimed without hesitation that “We have found the Messiah!” The woman at the well in John chapter 4, who was called a Samaritan, said to Christ, unaware of whom she was speaking to: “I know that Messiah comes, who is called Christ. When He should come, He shall announce to us all things.” Many people were later disappointed in Christ, because their expectation was that He would emancipate them from the Romans, and restore the glory that was the Old Kingdom of David and Solomon. This attitude prevailed so far as Acts chapter 1, before the final ascension of Christ, where Luke writes “6 So then they who were gathered [meaning the apostles] asked Him, saying “Prince, then at this time shall You restore the Kingdom to Israel?”
John says here, which Matthew chapter 3 also records: “Indeed I immerse you in water, but He comes, who is more powerful than me, of whom I am not worthy to loosen the straps of His sandals. He shall immerse you in the Holy Spirit, and in fire!” In Acts chapter 1 Luke also records these words of Christ: “Iohannes immersed in water, but you shall be immersed in the Holy Spirit after not many days hence”. Those who cling to the water baptism ritual, cling to the baptism of John. They are like that man whom Priscilla and Aquila met in Acts chapter 18: “24 And a certain Judaean name Apollos, an Alexandrian by birth, a learned man, arrived in Ephesos, who was capable in the writings. 25 He was instructed in the way of the Prince and being fervent in spirit he spoke and taught precisely the things concerning Yahshua, knowing only the immersion of Iohannes. 26 And he began to speak openly in the assembly hall. And Priskilla and Akulas hearing him took him aside and more precisely exhibited the way of Yahweh to him.” Priscilla and Aquila did not take him aside and baptize him in water again, but in the name of Jesus. Rather, they took him aside and “more precisely exhibited the way of Yahweh to him”! There is, as Paul wrote, one baptism, and Christians are to be baptized in the death of Christ, as Paul explains in Romans chapter 6. Therefore Christ explains to the apostles in Matthew chapter 20: “22 But Jesus answered and said, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye able to drink of the cup that I shall drink of, and to be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? They say unto him, We are able. 23 And he saith unto them, Ye shall drink indeed of my cup, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with: but to sit on my right hand, and on my left, is not mine to give, but it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared of my Father.” To be baptized in the death of Christ is to understand why He died for Israel, and once we do that, we immerse ourselves in the Holy Spirit: the spirit of separation which Yahweh requires for Israel if they are to be restored to the position of His children. Therefore, Come out from among them, and touch not the unclean!
17 Of whom the winnowing fan is in His hand, to purge His threshing-floor, and to gather together the wheat into His storehouse, but the chaff He shall burn with unquenchable fire.”
In most Bibles and commentaries one may be hard-pressed to find a relevant Old Testament reference to the things which John says here. However, there is a parallel found in Isaiah chapter 21: “9 And, behold, here cometh a chariot of men, with a couple of horsemen. And he answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen; and all the graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground. 10 O my threshing, and the corn of my floor: that which I have heard of the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, have I declared unto you. 11 The burden of Dumah. He calleth to me out of Seir, Watchman, what of the night? Watchman, what of the night? 12 The watchman said, The morning cometh, and also the night: if ye will enquire, enquire ye: return, come. 13 The burden upon Arabia. In the forest in Arabia shall ye lodge, O ye travelling companies of Dedanim. 14 The inhabitants of the land of Tema brought water to him that was thirsty, they prevented with their bread him that fled. 15 For they fled from the swords, from the drawn sword, and from the bent bow, and from the grievousness of war. 16 For thus hath the Lord said unto me, Within a year, according to the years of an hireling, and all the glory of Kedar shall fail: 17 And the residue of the number of archers, the mighty men of the children of Kedar, shall be diminished: for the LORD God of Israel hath spoken it.” The people of Dumah, Seir, Arabia, Kedar and the other places mentioned here represent the Arab peoples and the Edomite jews. In this passage of Isaiah, the threshing-floor of Yahweh is associated with the fall of Babylon and the destruction of the Edomite and related peoples.
Another parallel with John's reference to the purging of the threshing-floor is seen where the first altars David made to Yahweh in Jerusalem were built upon a threshing-floor, and the temple was later built in that same place. This is evident in 2 Chronicles 3:1: “Then Solomon began to build the house of the LORD at Jerusalem in mount Moriah, where the LORD appeared unto David his father, in the place that David had prepared in the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite.” The story of David's having bought the threshingfloor of this Jebusite by the commandment of Yahweh, as the place to build an altar for Him at Jerusalem, is told in both 2 Samuel chapter 24 and 1 Chronicles chapter 21. If, in the parable of the wheat and the tares, the field is the world, and the wheat are the children of the kingdom, then this reference to the threshingfloor by John has great significance.
18 So then also many other things exhorting he had announced to the people. 19 But Herodas the Tetrarch, having been reproved by him concerning Herodia the wife of his brother, and concerning all of the evil things which Herodas had done, 20 added even this upon all: he had shut Iohannes up in prison.
The Codices Alexandrinus (A), Ephraemi Syri (C) and Washingtonensis (W) have “...Herodia the wife of Philippos his brother...” For this unlawful (that is, contrary to Biblical law) marriage of Herod to Herodia, here is Josephus’ Antiquities 18:134-138 (18.5.4): “134 Aristobulus left these infants when he was slain by his father, together with his brother Alexander, as we have already related. [The first Herod had killed two of his own sons. - WRF] But when they were arrived at years of puberty, this Herod, the brother of Agrippa, married Mariamne, the daughter of Olympias, who was the daughter of Herod the king, and of Joseph, the son of Joseph, who was brother to Herod the king, and had by her a son, Aristobulus; 135 but Aristobulus, the third brother of Agrippa, married Jotape, the daughter of Sampsigeramus, king of Emesa; they had a daughter who was deaf, whose name also was Jotape; and these hereto were the children of the male line. 136 But Herodias, their sister, was married to Herod [Philip], the son of Herod the Great, who was born of Mariamne, the daughter of Simon the high priest, who had a daughter, Salome; after whose birth Herodias took upon her to confound the laws of our country, and divorced herself from her husband while he was alive, and was married to Herod [Antipas], her husband's brother by the father's side; he was tetrarch of Galilee; 137 but her daughter Salome was married to Philip, the son of Herod, and tetrarch of Trachonitis; and because he died childless, Aristobulus, the son of Herod, the brother of Agrippa, married her; they had three sons, Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus; 138 and this was the posterity of Phasaelus and Salampsio; but the daughter of Antipater by Cypros was Cypros, whom Alexas Selcias, the son of Alexas, married; they had a daughter, Cypros; but Herod and Alexander, who, as we told you, were the brothers of Antipater, died childless.” John criticized Herod for marrying his brother Philipp's wife, and therefore Herod shut him up in prison for his criticism. Luke's statement here is parenthetical. John the Baptist appears in Luke's gospel again in chapter 7, where he sends his disciples to enquire about Christ.
21 Then it happened as all the people were being immersed, Yahshua also was being immersed and praying, the heaven opened 22 and he had seen the Holy Spirit descending bodily as a dove upon Him, and a voice coming from heaven: “You are My beloved Son. In You I am satisfied.”
The Codex Bezae (D) has verse 22 where the voice comes from heaven as saying: “You are My Son, today I have begotten You”. Psalm 2:7, which is quoted at Acts 13:33, and at Hebrews 1:5 and 5:5, says: “I will declare the decree: the LORD hath said unto me, Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee.” The text of Matthew agrees with Luke, where at Matthew 3:17 it records this voice as saying at Christ's baptism “He is My beloved Son, in whom I am satisfied!”
2 Peter 1, from the King James Version: “17 For he received from God the Father honour and glory, when there came such a voice to him from the excellent glory, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. 18 And this voice which came from heaven we heard, when we were with him in the holy mount.”
Isaiah 42: “21 The LORD is well pleased for his righteousness' sake; he will magnify the law, and make it honourable.”
In the Old Testament, washing of the body is seen of the priests before they enter into the temple to do service and to make sacrifice. From Leviticus 8:4-6: “4 And Moses did as the LORD commanded him; and the assembly was gathered together unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. 5 And Moses said unto the congregation, This is the thing which the LORD commanded to be done. 6 And Moses brought Aaron and his sons, and washed them with water.” And from Numbers 8:21-22: “And the Levites were purified, and they washed their clothes; and Aaron offered them as an offering before the LORD; and Aaron made an atonement for them to cleanse them. 22 And after that went the Levites in to do their service in the tabernacle of the congregation before Aaron, and before his sons: as the LORD had commanded Moses concerning the Levites, so did they unto them.” All of Numbers chapter 8 describes the cleansing of the Levites. Aside from these passages concerning the priests, or certain occasions where people are instructed in what to do upon exposure to diseases or corpses, or certain other circumstances, there is no other ritual cleansing of the body required by the law. Remember the words of Yahweh in the prophecy of Malachi chapter 3, “and he shall purify the sons of Levi”: John the Baptist was also a Levite, so he could fulfill the priestly role of cleansing which Moses the Levite had done first, long before him.
Like the priests were cleansed before entering the temple to sacrifice, the sacrifice itself was also washed beforehand. From Leviticus 1:1-13: “1 And the LORD called unto Moses, and spake unto him out of the tabernacle of the congregation, saying, 2 Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man of you bring an offering unto the LORD, ye shall bring your offering of the cattle, even of the herd, and of the flock. 3 If his offering be a burnt sacrifice of the herd, let him offer a male without blemish: he shall offer it of his own voluntary will at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD. 4 And he shall put his hand upon the head of the burnt offering; and it shall be accepted for him to make atonement for him. 5 And he shall kill the bullock before the LORD: and the priests, Aaron's sons, shall bring the blood, and sprinkle the blood round about upon the altar that is by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. 6 And he shall flay the burnt offering, and cut it into his pieces. 7 And the sons of Aaron the priest shall put fire upon the altar, and lay the wood in order upon the fire: 8 And the priests, Aaron's sons, shall lay the parts, the head, and the fat, in order upon the wood that is on the fire which is upon the altar: 9 But his inwards and his legs shall he wash in water: and the priest shall burn all on the altar, to be a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD. 10 And if his offering be of the flocks, namely, of the sheep, or of the goats, for a burnt sacrifice; he shall bring it a male without blemish. 11 And he shall kill it on the side of the altar northward before the LORD: and the priests, Aaron's sons, shall sprinkle his blood round about upon the altar. 12 And he shall cut it into his pieces, with his head and his fat: and the priest shall lay them in order on the wood that is on the fire which is upon the altar: 13 But he shall wash the inwards and the legs with water: and the priest shall bring it all, and burn it upon the altar: it is a burnt sacrifice, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.”
It is apparent, that Yahshua coming to be the final ritual sacrifice for the children of Israel, the prophecy and baptism of John – for the sons of Levi – was also symbolic of the Old Testament law. That is why John was sent to baptize the sons of Levi – so that Christ could be properly sacrificed, and it is also why Christ Himself was baptized, so that the sacrifice could be properly cleansed! Now Israel has been cleansed of all their sins by Christ Himself, as foretold by the prophets, and they have no need of any further cleansing.
23 And this was Yahshua, beginning at about thirty years old, being a son, as was believed, of Ioseph, the son of Eli,
Here Luke testifies that Yahshua began His ministry “at about thirty years old”, and at the opening of this chapter, in the fifteenth year of Tiberius, which began in August of 28 A.D. It is apparent from scripture that Yahshua’s ministry was to last about three and a half years, as it is evident from Daniel 9:27 (“in the midst of the week” the Messiah would be cut off, a prophetic week being seven years), from the parable of the fig tree at Luke 13:6-9, and from counting the Passover feasts mentioned in the gospel of John (seen at 2:13, probably at 5:1, at 6:4, and 11:55, which was the Passover of the Crucifixion). If this is so, then the Crucifixion would be in 32 A.D., and Yahshua would have turned 30 in September of 28 A.D., right around the time when He was baptized. Daniel’s 70-weeks prophecy (Daniel 9:24-27) foretells a 69-week period, or 483 years, between “the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem” and the appearance of the Christ at the beginning of His ministry. While the temple at Jerusalem was rebuilt in 516 B.C., the city was not. Ezra the prophet received a commission from Persian king Artaxerxes in the seventh year of that king (I Esdras 8:1; Ezra 7:1), “that they may look unto the affairs of Judaea and Jerusalem”. Artaxerxes’ reign began in 465 B.C., by popular chronologies, and so his seventh year began in 457 B.C. Ezra’s return trip to Jerusalem upon his commission took over seven months to prepare for and complete. 483 years from 28 A.D. puts one at 456 B.C., very reasonably the time when Ezra began the rebuilding of the city. Now many may say that Nehemiah, who was in Jerusalem from 502 to 490 B.C., the “Arthasatha” of Nehemiah 5:14 being Darius I of Persia, had rebuilt the city then, which is partially true. Nehemiah rebuilt the city walls (i.e. Ecclesiasticus [Σοφία Σεῖραχ] 49:13), but the buildings expected to inhabit the city were very few (Nehemiah 7:4, 11:1-2). Again, the Fall of 28 A.D., being the fifteenth year of Tiberius and Yahshua Christ’s 30th year, places His birth in 3 B.C. The reason for such a long gap between the rebuilding of the walls and the rebuilding of the city which they were to protect is readily understood, once we see that the Persian empire, which Judaea was certainly subject to, was engaged in far more serious matters at this very time. The year 490 B.C., when Nehemiah’s tenure at Jerusalem ended, was the very year that the Greeks defeated an army of invading Persians at the Battle of Marathon. The next 10 years saw all of the empire’s resources directed towards preparations for Xerxes’ invasion of Greece, far larger in scope than the small army defeated at Marathon. For the participation of the Judaeans in war with the Persians, one may see the reference by Herodotus to the “Syrians of Palestine” (7.89.i), which was the name by which he called the Judaeans (cf. Herodotus 2.104 and the note by Rawlinson in his edition, 2.159 compared with Josephus’ Antiquities 10.5.2 and II Chr. 35:20, and Herodotus 3.5). While a perfect chronology seems impossible to attain, one that is accurate within reason may indeed be established.
To repeat verse 23: “And this was Yahshua, beginning at about thirty years old, being a son, as was believed, of Ioseph, the son of Eli...” The actual word for “son”, υἱός (5207) appears in this section only this one time, where it says “being a son, as was believed, of Ioseph”. All other occurrences of “son” here are only inferred in the use of the Genitive Masculine singular Article, τοῦ, before the respective name. The 9th edition of the Liddell & Scott Greek-English Lexicon says of the Article (ὁ, ἡ, τό) at B. II. 1. “before the genitive of a proper name, to express descent, son or daughter...” giving examples much like those found here.
The Codex Washingtonensis (W), from the fifth century, wants the entire genealogy found in Luke, from the phrase “the son of Eli” through to the end of the chapter. The Codex Bezae (D) has verses 23 through 31 here as follows: “And this was Yahshua, beginning at about thirty years old, who was supposed to be a son of Ioseph, son of Iakob, son of Maththan, son of Eleazar, son of Elioud, son of Iachin, son of Sadok, son of Azor, son of Eliakim, son of Abioud, son of Zorobabel, son of Salathiel, son of Iechonias, son of Ioakim, son of Eliakim, son of Iosia, son of Amos, son of Manassa, son of Ezekia, son of Achas, son of Ioathan, son of Ozia, son of Amasias, son of Ioas, son of Ochozias, son of Ioram, son of Iosaphad, son of Asaph, son of Abioud, son of Roboam, son of Solomon, son of David”. This list is quite similar to that found at Matthew 1:6-16, in the reverse order.
24 the son of Maththat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Iannai, the son of Ioseph, 25 the son of Mattathias, the son of Amos, the son of Nahoum, the son of Hesli, the son of Naggai, 26 the son of Maäth, the son of Mattathias, the son of Semeïn, the son of Iosach, the son of Ioda, 27 the son of Iohanan, the son of Resa, the son of Zorobabel, the son of Salathiel, the son of Neri, 28 the son of Melchi, the son of Addi, the son of Kosam, the son of Elmadam, the son of Er, 29 the son of Iasous [the transliterated Greek form of the name Yahshua], the son of Eliezer, the son of Iorim, the son of Maththat, the son of Levi, 30 the son of Sumeon, the son of Iouda, the son of Ioseph, the son of Ionam, the son of Eliakim, 31 the son of Melea, the son of Menna, the son of Mattatha, the son of Natham, the son of David, 32 the son of Iessai, the son of Iobel, the son of Boos, the son of Sala, the son of Nahasson,
From Acts 13:20 we see that it was roughly 450 years from the Exodus until the time when Israel was given a king. The records show that Sala the son of Nahasson was in the Exodus. Therefore the genealogies show only 5 generations in a period of over 450 years from Sala to David, and it is evident that the records are almost certainly incomplete. By contrast, the prior 430 years, as we know from Galatians 3:17, which are found in the verses that follow cover the period from Nahasson all the way back to Isaac, and we see 9 generations over that period.
Verses 31 and 32: David, Iessai, Iobel, Boos, Sala = 450 years (Acts 13:20). Verses 32 to 34: Nahasson, Adam, Admin, Arni, Hesrom, Phares, Iouda, Jakob, and Isaak = 430 years (Galatians 3:17)
33 the son of Adam, the son of Admin, the son of Arni, the son of Hesrom, the son of Phares, the son of Iouda, 34 the son of Jakob, the son of Isaak, the son of Abraham, the son of Thara, the son of Nachor, 35 the son of Serouch, the son of Ragau, the son of Phalek, the son of Eber, the son of Sala, 36 the son of Kaïnam, the son of Arphaxad, the son of Sem, the son of Noah, the son of Lamech, 37 the son of Mathousala, the son of Henoch, the son of Iaret, the son of Maleleäl, the son of Kaïnam, 38 the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of Yahweh.
We had also discussed the several apparent flaws – when compared to the Old Testament as we have it today – which exist in the genealogy of Christ as recorded by Matthew in his gospel, when that gospel was presented here last year. At that time it was said that“ The apostles were not handed the genealogies of the Christ by an angel. Neither were they recited to them by Yahweh Himself. The gospels were written by human eyewitnesses, in the case of Matthew and John, or the recorders of eyewitnesses, in the case of Luke and Mark. They themselves had to rely on very incomplete records in order to chronicle the events surrounding the coming of Christ in perspective with Hebrew history. These records were pieced together as best as their writers could do so. They were probably pieced together at least in part from unofficial sources, since Herod had long before destroyed the genealogies in the temple (which is reported by Eusebius at 1.7.13 of his Ecclesiastical History from earlier sources and which even the Talmud admits, Kiddushin 75a), and since the Christian gospel writers were – as it is apparent - not welcome around the public offices anyway, even if they could investigate the records. There are many marvels about Scripture that prove that God is true. But the Gospels – and the ancient chronicles which the gospel writers relied upon – are far from complete.” I then proceeded to describe some of the flaws of the genealogy in Matthew's gospel, which are also apparent in the Old Testament records as we currently have them, and which I have just illustrated above. It is not that the records are to be accused of being wrong, it is only that they are obviously incomplete in many respects.
In Matthew's genealogy, there are 26 generations between David and Yahshua. It can be demonstrated that at least four generations are plainly missing, which are indeed listed in the records of the Old Testament (Ahaziah, Joash, Amaziah and Jehoiakim). In Luke's genealogy, there are 41 generations listed between David and Yahshua, many more than Matthew's even if the apparently missing generations are supplied.
Two men are included in both genealogies, about halfway both in generations and in years between David and Yahshua Christ. These two men are Salathiel and his son Zorobabel, who led the first return from Babylon and who oversaw the building of the second temple at Jerusalem (cf. Ezra 3:2 and 5:2). In Matthew's genealogy, it is seen that Jeconiah (who is also called both Jehoiachin and Coniah in Scripture) is listed as the father of Salathiel. In Luke's genealogy, Neri (evidently the Greek form of the Hebrew name Neriah) is listed as Salathiel's father. After Zorobabel, the genealogies again diverge, to his son Abioud in Matthew, but to Resa in Luke. The Resa of Luke seems to be the Rephaiah who is a son of Zorobabel mentioned in 1 Chronicles 3:21 and again in Nehemiah 3:9. Aside from these three, the ancestors of Christ as listed by Luke following the time of David and Nathan are virtually unknown anywhere in scripture. To add to the confusion, in the book of 1 Chronicles, at 3:16-17, Zorobabel is listed not as the son of Salathiel, but as the son of Pedaiah his brother.
Additionally, Jeconiah himself was cursed, where it says at Jeremiah 22:29-30: “29 O earth, earth, earth, hear the word of the LORD. 30 Thus saith the LORD, Write ye this man childless, a man that shall not prosper in his days: for no man of his seed shall prosper, sitting upon the throne of David, and ruling any more in Judah.”
There are many reasons which are often conjectured for the differences in Matthew's and Luke's genealogies. From the earliest Christian writers, debate has been made concerning the reasons for these differences, and a book could be written explaining all of them. It is also conjectured today in Christian Identity, as it had been in ancient times, that perhaps Matthew gives us Joseph's genealogy, while Luke really may have recorded that of Mary. This is of course alluring, and makes for an easy explanation, however it is not in any way supported by the manuscripts themselves.
We see in Mark chapter 12 an account also given in the other gospels: “18 And the Sadducees come to Him, who say there is not to be a resurrection, and they questioned Him saying: 19 'Teacher, Moses wrote for us that if a brother of one should die and leaves a wife and should not leave a child, that his brother should take the wife and raise up offspring for his brother....'” This is a part of the laws of Kinsman Redemption which is evidenced in the history of the sons of Judah, and again in the redemption of Ruth by Boaz, the grandfather of David.
The only way in which it can be imagined, believing the texts of both genealogies as they are written, that both genealogies are true, is if Matthew's account is seen as explaining the official line of succession of the throne itself, but if Luke's account is seen as explaining the line of actual physical descent. The departures in the two genealogies can only be explained if on at least two occasions a man raised up seed for a brother who did not leave a male heir to succeed him, one just before the time of Zorobabel and another just before the time of Joseph. However, because the records from the two periods in which that must have happened are not available in Scripture, none of this is recorded. Any other theory that I have witnessed so far, which attempts to explain these differences, denies plain statements made in the gospels themselves, and cannot be explained by known Hebrew laws and customs.
Among the various manuscripts, there are several minor differences in the genealogy as it is listed here in Luke, which shall be published below in the notes for this presentation at Christogenea but which shall not be discussed here.
Other notes on the genealogy as it is listed in Luke chapter 3:
In verse 28, P4 has “Elmasam”; Codex A the MT “Elmodam”; “Elmadam” in the text follows !, B, and 070.
In verse 31 Codex A wants “the son of Menna”; Codex A and the MT have “Nathan”; “Natham” in the text follows P4, א, and B.
In verse 32 the NA27 follows Codex A which has “Iobed”; Codex D has “Obel” while the MT has “Obed”; “Iobel” in the text follows א and B, in spite of the fact that the LXX has “Obed”, as does the English of the A.V.; for Boos the MT has “Booz”; the text follows א, A, B, and D. Also in verse 32 Codices A and D and the MT have “Salmon”; the text follows P4, א, and B.
From the beginning of verse 33, Codices A and D have “the son of Aminadab, the son of Aram, the son of Hesrom”; Codex B has “the son of Admin, the son of Arni, the son of Hesrom”; the NA27, following a 7th century revision of Codex א, and later mss. L 019 (8th c.), X 033 (10th c.), Γ 036 (10th c.), and others even later, has “the son of Aminadab, the son of Admin, the son of Arni, the son of Hesrom”; the text follows P4 and א. Also in verse 33, Codex A wants “the son of Phares”.
In verse 35, Codex A has “Phaleg” for “Phalek”.
In verse 36, P75 and Codex D want “the son of Kaïnam”; Codex A and the MT have “...the son of Kaïnan...”; the text follows Codices א and B.
In verse 37 Codex A has “Iareth”; Codex D and the MT have “Iared”. The text follows P4, P75, and Codices א and B. Also in verse 37, Codices A, B, D, and the MT have “Kaïnan”; see the note at v. 36. The text follows P75 and א.
The chronologies of Matthew and Luke:
Roboam
Mattatha
Menna
Asaph
Melea
Iosaphat
Eliakim
Ioram
Ionam
Ozias
Ioseph
Ioatham
Iouda
Sumeon
Hezekias
Manassa
Maththat
Iorim
Iosias
Eliezer
Iechonias
Iasous
Elmadam
Kosam
Salathiel
Ezra 3:2, 5:2
Zorobabel
Abioud
Resa appears to be the Rephaiah of 1 Chronicles 3:21 and Nehemiah 3:9
Iohanan
Ioda
Iosach
Semeïn
Elioud
Mattathias
Maäth
Matthan
Naggai
Iakob
Hesli
Nahoum
Iannai
Yahshua
Generations between David and Yahshua
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David H. Dean, EdD.
David H. Dean, EdD., 85, passed away peacefully on June 12, with his wife Peg and other family members nearby. David and Peg lived in Globe for 41 years and in 2018 moved to the Las Vegas area to be near their grandson.
David was born in 1934 in Bowie, Texas. He met Peg at Hardin-Simmons College, where they both earned their bachelor’s degrees. They married in 1954 and had two sons, Brett David and Blair Alan.
David went on to earn a masters from the University of Texas El Paso and a doctorate in education from Michigan State University, where he also taught for several years. He and Peg moved to Globe in 1978, where David served as principal of Copper Rim Elementary School for many years. He also taught several community college classes and enjoyed being a referee for regional sports. They were members of First Presbyterian Church of Globe. David is remembered by family and friends as a loving, kind, funny and talented man who loved his family and enjoyed good conversation and good food. He and Peg traveled many places around the world, but always enjoyed coming back home to the southwestern desert.
David is survived by his wife, Peg, sister Betty (Obie) Coker and his grandchildren, Lindsey Dean, Sarah (Chris) McConn, Austin (Elizabeth) Dean, Margaret Ann (Kevin) Konwinski and Joseph Dean. He was thrilled to get to meet his two great-grandchildren Thompson Brett Dean (11 months) and Olivia Jean McConn (9 months). David was preceded in death by his parents, three brothers and his two sons, Brett and Blair.
A family service was held in Las Vegas. David requested that friends who wish to remember him “go out for some good Mexican food and get on with enjoying life.” Any donations desired could be made to the UNICEF Children’s Fund.
More In Obituaries
Kathleen Rose Personey,
Darlene Lynn Peden
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Evonik worldwide
English 简体
Evonik Greater China [en]
Barbara Müller
Head of Corporate Press
barbara.mueller@evonik.com
Corporate Press
Key Financial Data January 1 – March 31, 2009
“On Track” efficiency program steers Evonik through the economic crisis
Sales down 19 percent, EBITDA contracted by 49 percent,
EBITDA margin still in double-digit range at 10.3 percent
Significant rise in cash flow; reduction in net financial debt
Cost-saving program is moving ahead rapidly
Outlook for 2009: still no sign of a broadly based upturn in the Chemicals Business Area
Essen. "The global economic crisis once again left a deep mark on our operating business in the first quarter, especially in chemicals," commented Dr. Klaus Engel, Chairman of the Executive Board of Evonik Industries AG today, when the Group published its key financial data for the first three months of this year. Evonik has introduced the "On Track" efficiency enhancement program to address the challenges imposed by the crisis. "All activities being undertaken by the Evonik Group to improve efficiency still further are bundled in the "On Track" program," announced Engel. "Tough cutbacks, for example in our cost structures, are necessary to strengthen the Group and place it on a sound footing for the future. We are on schedule with all of these measures."
"On Track" is designed to make the Evonik Group even more competitive so it will be emerge stronger at the end of the crisis. The three main elements of the program are active portfolio management, systematic reorganization of administrative structures and leveraging both shortterm and sustainable earnings potential. "In this way, we are improving the basis for meeting our mid-term value creation goals with a view, among other things, to meeting future capital market requirements," said Dr. Engel. Evonik introduced an extensive cost-saving program at the start of this year: the aim is to make sustained savings of around €500 million p.a. worldwide by 2012. This year the Group intends to reduce costs by €300 million, although some of these savings will be one-off and thus temporary.
Impressive progress has already been made: on the basis of the achievements to date, Evonik is very confident that it will be able to meet its goal of making savings of €300 million in 2009. Two-thirds of the savings are expected to come from scaling back outsourcing and reducing travel and other operating expenses. A further third will come from employees, who are making an important contribution through a 50 percent cut in bonus and similar variable payments this year. A further contribution to this component comes from the decision not to raise the basic pay of managerial staff this year. In parallel with this, Evonik is working hard to achieve its goal of cutting costs by €500 million. Measures defined in the initial phase already secure savings amounting to around 25 percent of the target.
Substantial drop in sales and earnings due to economic conditions
In the first three months of this year, the Evonik Group’s sales contracted by 19 percent to €3,205 million (Q1 2008: €3,939 million). In the Chemicals Business Area sales receded by 24 percent to €2,212 million (Q1 2008: €2,906 million). This was attributable to a sharp drop in volumes (minus 27 percentage points) and changes in the scope of consolidation (minus 1 percentage point). Positive factors were higher prices (1 percentage point) and exchange rate movements (3 percentage points). The Energy Business Area increased sales by 1 percent to €873 million (Q1 2008: €862 million). Sales slipped 2 percent to €81 million in the Real Estate Business Area, down from €83 million in the first three months of the previous year.
The Group’s EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) dropped 49 percent to €331 million (Q1 2008: €651 million) as a result of one-off operating expenses, especially impairment losses on inventories in the Chemicals and Energy Business Areas following a further drop in raw material prices. The Chemicals Business Area reported EBITDA of €233 million in the first quarter of 2009 (Q1 2008: €461 million). Another major downward factor on earnings in this business area was the sharp drop in demand, which led to far lower capacity utilization. The Energy Business Area’s EBITDA was €100 million in the first three months of this year (Q1 2008: €193 million). The downtrend here was mainly due to one-off operating effects resulting from far lower coal prices, which had a negative impact on coal trading. The Real Estate Business Area posted a good operational performance, with EBITDA of €39 million. The high year-back figure of €69 million was boosted by gains from real estate sales in connection with withdrawal from the commercial property business.
Owing to the poor business trend resulting from the economic situation, net income was minus €46 million in Q1 2009 compared with a profit of €284 million in Q1 2008.
Action to protect liquidity is bearing fruit
In view of the present economic crisis, Evonik is giving priority to protecting liquidity and earnings. The Group therefore reduced investment in property, plant and equipment by 30 percent to €159 million in the first quarter of 2009, compared with €226 million in the first quarter of 2008. It also cut net working capital considerably. This improved the cash flow from operating activities significantly to €441 million (Q1 2008: €265 million) in spite of a poorer operating performance in the first quarter of 2009. This was sufficient to finance investment and reduce net financial debt to €4,374 million, a drop of €209 million compared with year-end 2008.
The outlook for 2009 remains very uncertain. Consequently, a reliable quantitative forecast is not possible. The Chemicals Business Area, which accounts for around 75 percent of Evonik, is still facing very difficult economic conditions. Engel: "Although we registered a slight recovery in some areas of our chemicals business in March, there is still no sign of a broadly based upturn."
In view of the Chemical Business Area's dominant position within the Group's operations, Evonik still anticipates that sales and earnings will be considerably lower in 2009.
Evonik Group: Excerpt from the income statement
Performance of the business areas
Employees by business area
About Evonik
Evonik Industries is the creative industrial group from Germany which operates in three business areas: Chemicals, Energy and Real Estate. Evonik is a global leader in specialty chemicals, an expert in power generation from hard coal and renewable energies, and one of the largest private residential real estate companies in Germany. Our strengths are creativity, specialization, continuous self-renewal, and reliability. Evonik is active in over 100 countries around the world. In its fiscal year 2008 about 41,000 employees generated sales of about €15.9 billion and an operating profit EBITDA of about €2.2 billion.
In so far as forecasts or expectations are expressed in this press release or where our statements concern the future, these forecasts, expectations or statements may involve known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results or developments may vary, depending on changes in the operating environment. Neither Evonik Industries AG nor its group companies assume an obligation to update the forecasts, expectations or statements contained in this release.
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October 18, 2018 Leigh Thelmadatter
Art and craftsmanship
While I understand Género Alejandro Moreno Ramirez’s need to be taken seriously as an artist, it is a shame that his chosen media makes him a bit defensive.
Many artists and artisans cross the very fuzzy lines among fine art, folk art and handcraft, often enriching all of the various pursuits. Famous examples include Diego Rivera’s inclusion of folk art images in his paintings as well as patronizing several artisans whose work he admired.
Many artisans take artistic training as part of their professional development. And there are many who consider themselves to be both artists and artisans both for artistic as well as economic reasons.
But there is tension between the idea of “serious art” and “just handcraft.” It is even worse when said handcraft is associated as women’s work, especially that of housewives.
Textile art is nothing new. The fine tapestries of the Middle Ages are considered to be art with no discussion. But it is true that the Western concept (at least) of true art is intimately tied with painting and sculpture in stone or wood.
Fine art, folk art, and handcrafts all have elements of creativity and craftsmanship to them. Artists need to master technique as much as cabinet makers do. Fine furniture makers, whether consciously or not, need to have an aesthetic sense. The distinction among the three is how it is judged by the culture… focusing on a message or feeling or more focused on execution of technique.
In cases where both become important, we get the concept of folk art. There are cases in Mexico where handcraft designs make their way to a two-dimensional “canvas.” The best example of this is the amate paper paintings done by the Nahua people of Guerrero, who took traditional designs from their pottery to develop intricate works of art on a new medium.
The problem for textile techniques is that 1) it is associated with women at home “wasting time” and 2) the resulting work of art is not as durable as paintings. Many paintings centuries old survive to this day. The same cannot be said for tapestries, no matter how well valued. Time is not kind to plant fibers without layers of paint to help preserve them.
Be this as it may, textile is a fascinating medium which invites the study of how technique and imagination interact. Paint has limited variables, allowing for artists to tame it readily. The same cannot be said for fibers and dyes (especially natural ones). Even the best of weavers and dyers will have imperfections in their work. Those imperfections can be seen as a defect in the medium or an opportunity.
Only a true artist can see opportunity.
Moreno is not from an artist or artisan family, but like most artists discovered his passion for drawing and other creating in early childhood. However, his road to his artistic vocation has been somewhat convoluted. He is currently finishing his studies in visual arts at the local university, but he studied and experimented with various paths before then. These included traditional painting, graphics and fashion design, found that none of them suited his talents and interests exactly. There is absolutely no tradition of textile arts in Durango, but Moreno was fortunate enough to discover the field in Guadalajara.
He was worked with various techniques but has settled to two main ones, the dying of fabrics with natural materials and embroidery. Much of his inspiration comes from a number of Japanese textile techniques as well as western ones. Dying is with a heavy cotton material called manta, which is colored with natural materials specifically to create “imperfections.” The main technique is to take materials found in Mexico such as marigolds and cochineal insects, press them into the fabric and prompt the dying through the use of steam. This creates a series of stains in subtle colors. These stains become the basis and guide for the embroidery that is then applied. He mostly uses commercial embroidery thread for this, most likely because it provides a counter to the unconstrained coloring of the background. The goal is to create an image that is both expressive and harmonious.
What is fascinating about Género’s work is that it is indeed art. However, its artistic value comes from both expression and fine craftsmanship. It would not work any other way. It straddles the world of arte and artesanía in a way that the amate paintings cannot. In Genero’s work, all the media used is respected. In the case of the amate paintings, the paper is dominated by the painting. The paper is not respected in the same way. The initial idea to use it came from its ease in transportation and sale of such painting to tourist markets. The paper does give the paintings a folk art and ancient feel, but it appears more as a frame for the painting, rather than an integral part of the work.
Género’s work has value for both art and handcrafts, giving both new directions to explore. It brings back the artistic element of the tapestry to needlework.
The artist can be reached at https://www.facebook.com/genaromorenor or through https://www.instagram.com/gen.genaro.gen/
(Photos from the artist’s Instagram account used with permission)
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One thought on “Art and craftsmanship”
spixl says:
Muchisimas gracias. Género’s work is indeed “art” in my book. Living in Oaxaca, thankfully, local artists such as Franciso Toledo, Arnulfo Mendoza, and others have contributed to the respect and blurring of lines between arte y artesania.
Beyond copying
Art dolls on the border
Weaving art
New muralism in my backyard, part 2
New muralism in my backyard
Peggy Stein on Pine needles
David Stokes on Sarapes
Leigh Thelmadatter on Melted handcrafts
Leigh Thelmadatter on Sarapes
cartonería
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David Galbraith
galbraithstudio.com
David Galbraith is an artist and composer based in Brooklyn, New York. Galbraith explores the couplings between art, music, technology and the body through his installations, compositions, sound works, and performances featuring live electronics and custom software. Galbraith completed a single-channel video work using the first version of his custom software for realtime sound and image in 2006. Since then this software has been his primary tool for creating installation, video, and sound works. Galbraith’s work has been presented internationally at P.S.1/MoMA, The New Museum of Contemporary Art, and KW Institute of Contemporary Art (Berlin), among others.
What Does Blue Sound Like? Mid-Manhattan Library
Stronger Together (Evening Performance & Exhibition Preview) - The Arts Hub at Creative Tech Week 2017 - Friday, May 12, 2017 CTW Arts Hub at the Knockdown Center
hacek, A Generative and Continuous Media Art Installation at Knockdown Center CTW Arts Hub at the Knockdown Center
Brooklyn Gaze Edition 1: Erasure and Revelation Brooklyn Central Library Plaza
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NHS buckling under mismatch of demand and funding, says report
Posted on 20th December, 2016
The NHS in England is buckling under a mismatch between soaring demand for care and levels of funding, a thinktank has warned. The King’s Fund said the number of admissions to hospital were rising steeply and were outstripping increases in the health service budget.
Hospital admissions have increased 3.6% a year since 2003-4. A&E attendances, referrals to outpatient services and diagnostic tests have also increased, it added. But since 2010, this increased activity has coincided with a prolonged funding squeeze, a the King’s Fund report states.
Between 2010-11 and 2014-15, funding increases “slowed significantly”, averaging 1.2% each year, compared with average increases of 4.8% a year between 2003-04 and 2010-11, the authors said. As a result of this mismatch between funding and activity, plans for the health service in the coming years could be in jeopardy, the report warns.
The NHS Five Year Forward View sets out a plan for meeting the projected gap between funding and demand – but the authors said: “Failure to moderate the rise in demand for hospital care … highlights the challenges in delivering the Forward View.”
It also warned that the “squeeze on spending” is set to tighten further over the coming years, with 1.1% growth in 2017-18, no growth in real terms funding in 2018-19 and only 0.4% in 2019-20.
Chris Ham, chief executive of the King’s Fund, said: “The NHS is treating more patients than ever before, which is a tribute to the hard work and commitment of its staff.
“However, our analysis provides more evidence that the health system is buckling under the strain of trying to meet rising demand and maintain standards of care within constrained resources.
“With the gap between funding and hospital activity set to grow over the next few years, the NHS needs to do everything it can to moderate demand for hospital care.
“We know that some of this demand can be avoided if alternative services are available – the challenge is to provide the right care in the right place at the right time, and to ensure hospitals are only used when necessary and appropriate.
“This means increasing investment in community services to provide more care closer to people’s homes and focusing on prevention to reduce the need for treatment in the first place.”
Wear Pink Charity EventResolutions you can keep in a few minutes
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Asking God for His will, local convert was surprised by answer: Take up iconography
By Karla Dorweiler
Jul 8, 2019 Local
Clare O'Reilly, a parishioner at Our Lady of Good Counsel in Plymouth and a convert to Catholicism from the Anglican faith, demonstrates some of the techniques used in “writing” icons at her home. O'Reilly says her passion for iconography came from a sudden — and unexpected — answer to prayer. (Photos by Valaurian Waller | Special to Detroit Catholic)
Former Anglican says art of 'writing' icons allows her to incorporate prayer into her work
PLYMOUTH — Claire O’Reilly didn’t imagine she would ever become Catholic, much less an iconographer whose very work would inspire Catholics in their faith.
O’Reilly grew up in England. Though she wasn’t catechized by her parents, her grandmother was a devout Catholic. At age 8, she was sent to a Catholic boarding school after her mother left the family. Catholic nuns ran the school, and O’Reilly took comfort in the Catholic traditions that her grandmother held dear, especially spending time in adoration.
“I had grown up with the Eucharist meaning something,” O'Reilly told Detroit Catholic. “I would sit there during the consecration and I just knew what was happening, even though it wasn’t explained to me.”
After college, O’Reilly was confirmed in the Church of England, then moved to the United States as an engineer with General Motors. She married a fellow Episcopalian, had two children, and became a freelance artist in order to be home with them.
O'Reilly holds an icon of Jesus she wrote. Though she's been writing icons for many years, O'Reilly says she's still a novice compared with other iconographers who have perfected the craft over decades.
In time, she began to question some of the practices of her Episcopal church. Tensions in the marriage grew — in part due to her issues with their church — and eventually, they divorced.
As O’Reilly was adjusting to her new life working full time and being a single mother, she discovered Mother Angelica on EWTN television. A co-worker gave her a rosary from Medjugorje, a purported Marian apparition site in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which O’Reilly learned to pray from watching Mother Angelica.
She enrolled in the Rite of Christian Initiation for Adults (RCIA), and though she was unable to attend the evening classes, she followed along with the studies at home. Each night, she and her 10- and 13-year-old children would read their RCIA books and study together to prepare to enter the Church in 2002.
Several years later, O’Reilly remarried a Catholic man, who, along with her father, encouraged O’Reilly to pursue art again. In adoration one day, she asked God what He wanted for her life.
O'Reilly flips through some of her icons -- the inspirations for which come from Scripture and the saints.
“He told me, clear as a bell, that I should take up iconography,” O’Reilly said. “I didn’t even know what iconography was. So I Googled it right then and said to myself, ‘I could do this! I could really do this!'”
Iconography dates back to St. Luke the Evangelist, who “painted” the face of the Blessed Mother; artists “write” icons rather than paint them because the images are intended to be visual Scripture. The Catechism of the Catholic Church says that “Christian iconography expresses in images the same Gospel message that Scripture communicates by words. Image and word illuminate each other” (CCC 1160).
Icons are typically written with many layers of paint in tandem with prayer and fasting. O’Reilly prays novenas or other prayers between layers, and sometimes writes the prayers of friends and family into a layer of her icons.
There are no classes to learn how to become an iconographer; rather, artists learn by working side-by-side with other iconographers. Artists are not considered iconographers until they have been writing for many years; after nine years, O’Reilly is still considered a student of iconography.
An icon of St. Nicholas sits on a shelf in O'Reilly's home.
O'Reilly adds some detail to an icon she's currently writing.
In 2016, O’Reilly was asked to create a Divine Mercy icon, which was used for banners in churches around the Archdiocese of Detroit during the Year of Mercy. Most people who have the icon in their home or parish don’t know who wrote it; iconography is not to be signed, as “the Holy Spirit is the author,” O'Reilly said.
O’Reilly feels blessed that God ushered her into this new life.
“I’m really just going along with what God wants me to do,” she said. “It’s so strange — it’s like God hasn’t wasted any of my past because I use it all in my iconography — my engineering background, working at home after I had my children, working for a doctor. I always tell people that God will use everything if you let him.”
O’Reilly would like to teach others one day, just as people have taught her the art and spirituality of iconography, including Fr. Damian Higgins of Holy Transfiguration Monastery in northern California. For now, she says, she feels she still has much to learn.
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Archive for the 'Excess' Category
Categories: 1960s, Excess, explanations, Frightening, Imortality and Uncategorized
Tags: gospel, JIM records, Jimmy Swaggart, mauve
I used to have a lot of Jimmy Swaggart albums, believe it or else, because they were easy to find at the thrift-store, and I can listen to them. It’s solid gospel music with—as I hear it—an interesting edge. This record’s official title is: “I’ve Got Nothing To Lose Featuring Jimmy Swaggart and His Golden Gospel Piano.” On a lot of these songs it sounds like Brother Jimmy is barely reigning it in, about one shot of rye away from transforming into his cousin, Jerry Lee Lewis, right before our eyes. Good and Evil, or “two sides of the same coin?”—I say the latter. This is not meant, at least in this context, to be an indictment—I’m just saying there’s some hot music on Swaggart albums, and there’s a lot of them. I lost all mine—in the move, the flood, the bankruptcy. I think all or most of his records are on JIM records, one of my favorite label names. (Maybe I should start a record label called Randy. Wait, someone already did.) They all have pretty good covers, too, but maybe I managed to hang onto this one because it’s just the best. A fairly young Jimmy (no date can be found, but I’m guessing it’s got to be near 1960) is sitting at the piano, on a little raised stage protected by a tacky wrought iron railing, no doubt in a church. Behind him is an enormous, floor to ceiling, shimmering mauve curtain. And below him, and WAY in front (it’s framed as if by someone who loved this carpet more than Jimmy) is kind of a ratty looking (at least in the photo) carpet—in the identical shade of mauve! There seems to be a lot of disagreement over what is the color mauve, and it’s often used incorrectly, but if you want to see mauve, this is fucking mauve, baby! (Obviously I feel kind of strongly about it.)
This might be a good time to bring this up. A number of years back, like a pretty big number (I’m guessing 25 yeas ago, but I’m not even sure), someone anonymously mailed to me a videotape that was simply titled “Camp Meeting” and on it was the most amazing segment of Jimmy Swaggart’s television gospel ministry that I’ve ever seen. This is the one where he goes on a long tirade about, who else, The Lord, that ends with the claim, “He can unscramble scrambled eggs!” Why I didn’t immediately market a T-Shirt, I have no idea. There still may be time. The segment was featured in my 6 hour epic video, Seafood, so you may (not) have seen it there. It’s probably on youtube—I guess there’s very little that isn’t. But anyway, if it was you who sent me this gem, now’s the time to own up! That was pretty much the best mystery mail I’ve ever received (not counting the videotape of The Sweet Ride (1968), that arrived at Franklin Street, in Kent, that historic autumn of 1987 (homebrew, The Sweet Ride, MAMA art movement, the Browns were watchable). Could it be possible the same person sent The Sweet Ride and “Camp Meeting?” Lot’s of questions, and as time passes there will be more, like What’s videotape, and What’s mail?
Categories: brain/insane, Excess, Frightening, groove, Guitar Gods, Imortality, My Favorte Record, Speenish, Stoner Album Covers, sublime and Uncategorized
Tags: 1993, Art, Bill Weita, Father Yod, Fuzzhead, LSD, Questions, Rock'n'roll Hall o' Fame
Due to my “Speenish” reputation, readers might expect me to express my opinion about whether this 1993 LP, provocatively titled LSD, in some way portrays or evokes an “acid trip”—and you know what, I’m not going to do it, because that’s your trip, I mean if you want to go there, and you can decide that for yourself. This isn’t an educational record, it’s an album of music, broken into songs, and it does that very well, with primarily guitars, bass, drums, and voices. These few elements are far from sparse, as there are a lot of them, going on at the same time. Listening to this again, I had a bit of an impression that it could have been quadraphonic sound—that is, if I had four speakers—so I’m almost getting the impression of four speakers coming out of two, or even two different stereos playing almost the same two records at almost the same time. Which probably makes it sound more chaotic than it is… it’s actually quite coherent, compelling, easy on the ears, brain, nose, throat, what have you. There is no centrally defined singer, but multiple ones coming in from here and there, one of them a woman’s voice that makes me think of Grace Slick enough to make me think of Jefferson Airplane, as well. Not that that is a comparison, I’m not doing that, and other comparisons would be more apt, but I’m not going there, and I’m not going to use the word “psychedelic” more than once, and I just did it.
The cover of this record is all white except for an enlarged typewriter font “lsd” and “fuzzhead” and a large gray hand (bigger than actual size) protruding from the left, holding what one presumes is some kind LSD delivery device on the end of the middle finger. For some reason the hand makes me think of a squid, probably one big enough to destroy cruise ships. The acid makes me think of an impossibly small drive-in movie theater screen. Small movies for small people. It seems like yesterday when this record came out, yet it was like a quarter of a century ago. And what’s a quarter of a century?—besides the time it took for the drive-in theater on the end of the finger to become a reality.
Fuzzhead is a band started by Bill Weita—though I suppose I could be wrong—it could have been started by any number of the names equally divided in the album credits. But I think it was Bill Weita, a guy I lived in the same house with, in Kent, Ohio, 1987 into 1988. There were six or seven of us in that house and WE ALL GOT ALONG. We made homebrew in the basement, started an art movement, and watched a videotape of The Sweet Ride on TV. Bill would disappear into the basement for hours, weeks at a stretch, make a lot of noise that could only be described as repetitive and annoying. Then he’d eventually come out with cassette tape with music that might have come from Berlin in the Seventies, or a basement in Kent. He’d make a finished product, on cassette, with a typewriter and crude drawings. This record is much along the same lines, though it’s vinyl and on someone else’s label (Father Yod). I moved away, never to return, and Fuzzhead was born, not, I don’t think, long after. When I lived there, however, we, the roommates, called Bill “The King of Rock’n’Roll”—he didn’t self-apply that name, in case anyone is wondering. But I’m here to say, that R&R museum up north on Lake Erie is necessarily a failure and travesty until Bill has been at least asked to be freeze-dried and on permanent display.
Virgil Gonsalves Big Band Plus Six “Jazz at Monterey”
Categories: Bad Paste-up Job, cool jazz, Excess, Growing On Me, Instrumental, jazz, large collars, Lycanthropic and Uncategorized
Tags: baritone sax, cool, Horns, jazz, Liner Notes, Monterey, Questions, sex, Soundtrack, Virgil Gonsalves
For one thing, if you see this 1959 album cover somewhere, like at thrift-store prices, you can’t NOT buy it, with the monochrome, crude pasteup of Virgil Gonsalves and an enormous baritone sax perched death-defyingly on a cliff overlooking the Pacific, facing a witch-like wind-blasted tree. He looks kind of like the guy who does your taxes or fixes your porch, but that horn is no joke. The bold red letters, JAZZ AT MONTEREY—irresistible. If I was starting a record company, I might steal the Omega Records label design outright—it’s one of the coolest I’ve seen. I’m not sure if this is considered “cool jazz” or what—someone correct me. I mean, it is cool, very cool, cool as a cadet blue DeVille—but I’m not sure if it’s/he’s the official member of any movement. In the first song (and all of them) you can imagine soundtracks—to stuff like a guy wearing sunglasses driving a convertible really fast, somebody standing on a corner, two scientists making love, captains of industry eating whole fish, dentists at war with each other, the city of tomorrow, a really good poetry reading—I don’t know. Mostly, what I am thinking about this record is that I like it.
On back, there’s really long and extensive liner notes by Johnny Adams, Jazz DJ at KIDD in Monterey—way too much to paraphrase here—I didn’t even read it all! I’ll get to it some day, because he’s going into great detail, and ends by saying: “SO… bend an ear and listen!” And this is a listening record for me, meaning I’m going to put it on again, just to listen to it, see? I also like how he says that Virgil Gonsalves “has not one direction, but many.” I feel like I can hear that in the music. I believe there is a six piece band playing on some songs and a band twice that size on other songs… but it all sounds simultaneously minimal and maximal, subtle and complex. Virgil Gonsalves, besides being the bandleader, also plays the baritone sax, which is a very cool instrument. The lineups here are pretty much piano, bass, drums, and then horns, and more horns—saxophones and trumpets. Horns, lots and lots of horns. And more horns. Did I say horns?
Julie London “Calendar Girl”
Categories: Excess, Imortality, mellow, Nostalgia, Novelty Record and Uncategorized
Tags: Calendar, Julie London, love, pin-ups, pop, Richard Breen, sad, sex
This is one of the best theme records of 1956, if not ever, as each song represents a month of the year. Naturally, some months have more than one song written about them, while others needed an obscure song dug up, or a new one composed for this record, I’m guessing—so a lot of work had to be done and hard decisions had to be made. Like, it starts out with “June in January”—representing the first month of the year. The other aspect of this theme thing is that the album cover, both the front and back, are each decorated with six calendar style pinup photos of Julie London in skimpy costumes. Older people reading this might have an indelible image of Julie London in a nurse’s uniform, from the TV show, Emergency! in which she convincingly played a nurse, and about which I have no nostalgia. Her husband, Bobby Troup, played a doctor, but in real life he wrote “Route 66” as well as some of the songs on this album.
The best way to approach this record, then, is song by song, with visual accompaniment of the cheesecake photos—and to make matters richer, there are liner notes by Richard Breen (screenwriter of Tony Rome 1967), a man who needs no introduction, as I’m not going to paraphrase any, busy as I am writing my own. “June in January” is a song I’m well-acquainted with, and JL’s calendar photo is with balloons and a noisemaker, presumably after hours of the New Year’s party. February is a valentine, naturally, a big heart and a bear-skin rug, but a sad song, “February Brings the Rain.” “Melancholy March” is another sad one, the bear rug again, a see-through nightie, a feather duster, and green telephone (reminding me of how sad it is that cell phones will never be cool or beautiful objects). “I’ll Remember April” (especially this one) and she’s donning a polka-dot bikini and a parasol. “People Who are Born in May” is a goofy song that I’m not going to try to make sense of. JL is wearing a gingham bikini and is posing with basket of flowers. “Memphis in June” has some really nice imagery, and the pic is of her wearing a wedding dress, but one that wouldn’t be appropriate at a first wedding, a church wedding, or really any wedding, outside of the Playboy Mansion.
Side Two: “Sleigh Ride in July” is a nice compliment to the first song on the record, and the Preston Sturges movie, maybe, but it’s a weird song—the expression “I’ll take you on a sleigh ride in July” sounds at best too aggressive, and possibly felonious. In the picture she’s holding a firecracker big enough to destroy a house. Also, what this reminds me of is when, in grade school, I mixed up the spelling of the month of July and the name Julie (who I had a crush on), and I never got over being mortified. “Time for August” is a sultry song, and the pic is JL in a very small bikini sitting on some tangled fish nets, holding some kind of a large ball which I have no idea what that is! “September in the Rain” is about springtime, which for some reason feels like September? Another fishing theme, and this time she looks like Mary Ann on Gilligan’s Island. “This October” is another Bobby Troup song, and she’s wearing probably the most sexy Devil Halloween costume ever attempted, and of course there’s a pumpkin. “November Twilight” is a beautiful, melancholy song, and JL is wearing tasteful black lingerie and sitting on satin draped over something, maybe a large compost bin? Finally, she’s a scantily dressed Santa Claus with wrapped presents, and tells us that she’ll keep us warm in “Warm December.” Wait, but there’s one more, “The Thirteenth Month,” the “month of remember”—a very sad tune—perhaps she’s a ghost—but the picture—(this one full-size, on the inside as the cover opens, facing the liner notes) is flesh and blood—but especially flesh, as there is no costume to speak of, this time, just some tastefully draped ermine.
Lambert, Hendricks & Ross “The Best of Lambert, Hendricks & Ross”
Categories: 1960s, 1970s, A New Beginning, brain/insane, cool jazz, Excess, explanations, Greatest Hits Records, groove, Imortality, jazz, mellow, sublime and Uncategorized
Tags: 1959, 1974, Annie Ross, Dave Lambert, Jon Hendricks, Lambert Hendricks & Ross, Liner Notes, Questions, Summertime, Toledo, Twisted
I feel like I had another record by them awhile back, and I feel like I wrote about it, but I can’t find it. I picked up this one fairly recently—a little against my better judgment because it’s a “best of” record—and the cover (a stylized silhouette drawing of three howling cats) made me think this was released like, yesterday. Also because it’s a very clean copy. It’s also on that most common of all labels, the red Columbia one. So I was kind of shocked to see the record came out in 1974—that’s 45 years ago! Oh, now looking at the small print… this record was previously released as their record, “The Hottest New Group in Jazz” in 1959—so it’s essentially a re-release. So, as an object, it’s brand new—that is, if 1974 was now, but, well, the music… that makes more sense to me… it sounds like 1959.
The music on this is all good, I like every song, and I can listen to this at every meal. Lambert, Hendricks & Ross are—well, you know—a vocal group consisting of Dave Lambert, Jon Hendricks, and Annie Ross. (I’m not sure if they considered calling themselves: Annie, Jon & Dave.) I first heard one of the songs from this record, Annie Ross’ song, “Twisted,” when Woody Allen used it as the title song in his movie, Deconstructing Harry (1997)—along with jump cuts of Judy Davis in a murderous rage. It’s the best opening of any of his movies (well, except for maybe Manhattan). Though the very first place I ever saw her was acting, playing a singer in Robert Altman’s Short Cuts (1993). I believe you can find some old footage of her, maybe on YouTube (I’ll look), yeah, on some kind of old TV show that is made to look like a casual party, where you know, Count Basie happens to be playing and people (Annie Ross, then Lambert and Hendricks and Joe Williams) break out into some jazz singing. I’ve already said something else is the “best thing on the internet”—but really, this may be. It’s great. And this album’s not bad, either—like I said, all the songs here are good—they’re fun, and all pretty unique while fitting together like anything. My favorites here being Cloudburst, Twisted, and, really, just all of them. And Summertime (some day I will make a mix tape of all the versions I can find, and this is a particularly killer one).
I just noticed that there are some extensive liner notes on the back cover, written by Jon Hendricks, which I failed to read before, so I will now—written for this re-release in 1974 (he mentions Watergate)—really good liner notes, kind of a poetically conveyed history of the band, ending with his poem (“the shortest jazz poem ever heard.”) “Listen.” I’m going to steal that. That’s perfection, poetry-wise. But where do you go from there? I guess imperfection, which is also beautiful, and contained in all my favorite stuff. As part of his brief history of each of them, and them getting together, he tells us that he’s from Toledo, Ohio (interesting to me since I’m from non-literally a stone’s-throw from there), home of Art Tatum, among others, and also the expression “Holy Toledo”—which he says: “derives from the fact that there are only two bad weeks in show business: Holy Week and a week in Toledo. And if you happen to be booked in Toledo during Holy Week, well—’Holy Toledo!’”
Pete Rugolo “The Sweet Ride”
Categories: 1960s, Excess, explanations, groove, Imortality, Instrumental, Soundtrack, sublime and Uncategorized
Tags: 1968, Art, Dusty Springfield, Lee Hazlewood, love, Movie, Pete Rugolo, Soundtrack, The Sweet Ride
You might expect that the soundtrack of my favorite movie of all time would not be my favorite record of all time. Of course it isn’t. But part of my love for this the movie, The Sweet Ride (1968), is that the score is pretty great, as is the opening title song (which is also the end credits music). The score is by Pete Rugolo, who did tons of great scores, was an arranger and composer, made lots records, was all over the place. I’ll pick up any record I see his name remotely on. Also, this record is kind of two-for-one, because the title song (which sounds nothing like the score music) is by Lee Hazlewood and sung by Dusty Springfield—it would be worth buying even if the rest of the record was unlistenable, which it’s not. It’s a great title song, with really funny lyrics, and has been running a loop in my brain for the last 50 years. I mean that in a good way. The score has, what seems like, a deliberately trashy feel, which is appropriate, since it’s an exploitation movie. It kind of sounds like the score for one of those 1960s Tony Curtis movies where he plays a major sleaze, like one of those stories where a character from the Fifties rubs up against characters from the Sixties, and kind of comments on both eras, and the changing times, while trying to simultaneously sell itself with sex. But the score also rises above that—to a great degree, too—almost sounds experimental at times and, I think, is great art. This is appropriate because, in my opinion, the movie does the same thing. I mean, it rises above the exploitation movie, the trash movie, and is great art. Did I say it was my favorite movie of all time? (It isn’t, really, but it’s definitely tied for first.) It’s impossible to listen to this record without it recalling scenes from the movie—which is fine, and maybe it makes me like it more. But I would also say, as groovy as this record is, I might like it even more if I had never seen the movie. There’s my one word review: groovy.
Mountain “Flowers of Evil”
Categories: 1970s, Bands with a white guy with a huge afro, Excess, Guitar Gods, heavy metal, Stoner Album Covers and Uncategorized
Tags: 1971, CorkyLaing, Felix Pappalardi, guitar, Leslie West, Mountian, Steve Knight, Windfall Records
The guitars on this record just won’t quit. They may well outlast the demise of almost everything else on the Earth. In some future time, just after the cockroaches have even finally all died out, those guitars might still be going. But it’s just one guitar, right? Do I have to look this up? Sometimes I want to deal with a record just at face value, which is why I so enjoyed staying at various cabins in the “North Woods” where the internet is just a rumor, yet they have an old hi-fi and a stack of moldy LPs. This one has everything you need, pictures of the four guys in the band and simple descriptions of the instruments they play (guitar, vocals, bass, drums, keyboards), songwriting credits, some lyrics, but like a lot of older records, no date. (It’s from 1971.) Great front cover black and white band photo—the guys wearing their best stuff, but trying to look casual, and like the photographer was able to expend exactly one photo. On one guy’s shirt it says “Gerken”—but I think that was written there by the former owner of this LP—Gerken is a company that moves dirt from point A to point B. Or it could be a misspelling of gherkin, a type of pickle. Or it could be an obscure weed reference. Or the former owner’s name. At any rate, any of those things could explain the condition of this record (dirt, weed, pickle juice)—it’s close to unplayable. There are also liner notes explaining how side two—which is live—is really long (almost half an hour) which—considering that it was not really recommended making LPs that long due to diminishing sound quality— is really not all that bad sounding.
There has been nearly a half century of guitar heavy rock played, recorded, performed, and practiced by too-loud-neighbors since this record came out, which is a staggering amount, enough to sink the world and float the Titanic. So it’s kind of hard to appreciate what was likely the mind-blowing and groundbreaking nature of the hard rock this band was playing—but it’s just really difficult to put into perspective. I could probably enjoy it more if the record didn’t sound like it was being simultaneously murdered as it played. To be fair, I looked for some stuff on the internet, and there is some really great old footage of them playing live, and I very much enjoyed that. The guitar player and singer, Leslie West, is a big, sweaty guy, and really fun to watch play. I always love when a guitar player makes his guitar look like both a toy, a weapon, and an unwanted growth he’s trying to eradicate. I also really like certain guy’s names that are more often women’s names—not the unisex names, but the ones that kind of throw you off, like Leslie and Tracy. I don’t know why that’s important—and why names are important—but it is and they are.
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Posts Tagged ‘The Band
The Band “Music from Big Pink”
Categories: 1960s, Frightening, My Favorte Record, sublime, Uncanny Ability and Uncategorized
Tags: 1968, Big Pink, Dylan, Questions, The Band
I can never keep track of the relationship of this record and The Basement Tapes—which came first, or why—which songs are on both records—I think exact same versions, right? It’s way too tiring to look it up and read about it all, even if I did have use of the internet, but I believe this is their first record, and it’s maybe their best—even though I think they were incredibly young at this time—in the pictures on the inside cover they look like teenagers (except for Garth Hudson, who was probably born looking old)—they sound like mature old-timers, which I think was kind of their thing—and they kind of are taking on that look, too—not quite pulling it off—which was kind of the hippie thing of the time.
Anyway, every single song on this record is so incredibly strong that it’s kind of mind-blowing; could these guys possibly have come from another planet, or just Canada? The playing is pretty amazing, too, and the way it’s recorded. It’s one of my favorite records ever for the drum sound. The singing is otherworldly. What did people think when this album came out? Did they think it was put on Earth by angels? I bet it was not thought of highly enough… I bet decades had to pass for it to be fully appreciated. I bet it’s still not fully appreciated. I bet it’s terminally underrated. Not by me. On a list of the 10 best rock and roll records of all time, this one comes in at like number one.
Yet, in spite of having the most pretentious band name of all time, they are terminally under-appreciated—why? I have a few theories. One is: they forever have confused people; they are all from Canada, except for one guy, who is from the South. They are all songwriters, but you can’t really guess which songs they wrote, because they’re not necessarily the ones they’re singing. Three of them are good enough singers to front their own band, but maybe the best songwriter, Robbie Robertson, can’t sing (yet, there was an Andy Warhol 15 minutes there, at some point, where he was the coolest person on Earth). They are more known for being Dylan’s backup band than they are for being “The Band” (but every time I see old Dylan footage, I’m always looking for the fleeting images of these guys). On one hand, it’s a HUGE plus to have songs written and co-written by Dylan on your debut album (not to mention the cover painting)—but as well, they’ll always be in the shadow of Dylan. I’ll always be in the shadow of Dylan. You, reader, despite your lofty aspirations, will always be in the shadow of Dylan. That motherfucker casts a bigger shadow than Jesus and Godzilla combined.
The Band “Islands”
Categories: 1970s
Tags: 1977, The Band, The Honkies
Even though I’m a HUGE fan of The Band I know very little about their records except “Music from Big Pink” which is my favorite, though I didn’t listen to it until decades after it was released. It wasn’t until the movie “The Last Waltz” that I really knew anything about The Band, but that movie is one of my favorite music documentaries ever; I’ve probably watched it a dozen times and will hopefully watch it a dozen more. Sometimes when I think about The Band I wish they had called themselves “The Honkies” (as Richard Manuel, in that movie, said they’d considered)—I don’t know why, the name “The Band” always seemed kind of unfortunate to me, but then, I guess most band names seem a little silly for anyone over 12 years old. The Honkies, though, that would have been kind of amazing. Maybe I’ll just call them that from now on, and anyone who knows me will know what I’m talking about.
It always impressed me how much these guys were ahead of their time, though in this case it’s not necessarily a good thing; I can often predict the general date of a record by looking at the album art, and I was thinking this nailed the dreaded 80s, but no, it’s 1977. If you didn’t see the words on the cover you’d guess it’s sunburned margarita sipping easy listening from the Miami Vice era, and in the picture on the back, the guys look like they all just had their hair styled. This very much sounds like a record recorded to fulfill a record company contract, especially the instrumental, “Islands.” Still there are some really good songs here that you would not get confused with anyone but The Band. The thing I always liked about them is their three singers. I’m always happy hearing Levon Helm sing, even on not that great songs. I like Rick Danko even more, and just because of his singing and some nice accordion I was really enjoying the last song on the first side until I actually listened more closely to the lyrics. And I like Richard Manuel most of all—there’s a special quality to his voice, and I hate to think it has anything to do with pain. Maybe it’s just that he really loves singing. I love him in “The Last Waltz”—he seems like this grizzled old-timer, but he was what, like 33? What’s really shocking is that he died when he was only 42. I’m kind of getting depressed. Time to move on to something else.
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Posted on May 13, 2019 May 13, 2019 by DJ Rob
Stuck in the Beatles’ Tracks – The No. 2 Songs They Blocked from the Top
(May 13, 2019). Everyone who knows anything about the Beatles knows that they hold the record for having the most No. 1 songs in American chart history with 20.
Their most ardent fans – or Billboard chart geeks in general – can cite each and every one of those twenty Hot 100 No. 1 songs, maybe even in chronological order.
But few people talk about or even recall the unfortunate artists and songs the Beatles prevented from hitting No. 1 during their phenomenal chart run, the tunes that forever languished as runners-up because they couldn’t overcome hits by the biggest band of all time.
The fourteen songs the Beatles prevented from hitting No. 1 on the Hot 100. Their stories are featured in this tribute.
Heck, before now, you probably never even cared. But now that I’ve put the thought in your head, you’re gonna want to read on to see just who and what those luckless artists and songs were.
To be accurate, not every No. 2 on a chart where the Beatles were No. 1 was so unfortunate. Some of them eventually made it to the top – or had been No. 1 already before the Beatles took over. That nuance explains why there are only 14 songs that earned the dubious distinction of being prevented from hitting the pinnacle while the Beatles racked up 20 No. 1 singles during their six-and-a-half year chart reign.
Djrobblog pays tribute to all 14 of those songs in this first article in a series focusing on the No. 2 position. These 14 hits span the Beatles’ entire chart-topping period, from their first No. 1 “I Want To Hold Your Hand” in 1964 to their last “The Long And Winding Road” in 1970.
The No. 2 songs are listed in chronological order, with the Beatles song that prevented them from reaching the top in parentheses for each entry. There are even a couple of Beatles “twists” to this story, which you’ll see as you continue reading.
DJ Rob
14 items 1 followers 4 votes 4.81k views
“You Don’t Own Me” - Lesley Gore (“I Want To Hold Your Hand”).
May 12, 2019 - youtu.be - 169
The first artist to be stung by the Beatles was American singer Lesley Gore, whose “You Don’t Own Me” has been a symbol of feminism, emancipation and self-assertiveness for more than 55 years.
The Beatles were virtually impenetrable in those early months, but Lesley’s ascension to No. 2 was noteworthy for the fact that she was still only 17 when the song was a hit, plus she had already been No. 1 the year before with the pre-Beatles era “It’s My Party.” Were it not for the Fab Four’s “I Want To Hold Your Hand,” Gore’s second-biggest hit would have been her second No. 1, but as fate would have it, the song never got past runner-up.
“You Don’t Own Me” was the last top ten single of Gore’s career, but it’s attained iconic status through various remakes and features in movies and commercials.
Gore died of lung cancer in 2015. Her original version of “You Don’t Own Me” was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame a year later.
React with Emoji
“Twist And Shout” - Beatles (“Can’t Buy Me Love”)
May 12, 2019 - youtu.be - 49
The Beatles were so popular during their initial invasion of the U.S. that they even at one point stopped themselves from reaching No. 1.
In April 1964, after various record labels had capitalized on the band’s success by purchasing the U.S. rights to their earlier British releases, John, Paul, George and Ringo were racking up chart hits left and right. They famously occupied the entire top five positions on the Hot 100 during the first week in April, with “Twist and Shout” - their remake of the old Isley Brothers hit - sitting firmly in the No. 2 slot for four weeks behind their third straight No. 1, “Can’t Buy Me Love.”
“Twist” (released on the Tollie label) became the first of three No. 2 hits for the Fab Four, with all three being on different labels and the other two having interesting stories of their own (we’ll get to those later). And do we feel sorry for the Beatles with “Twist” being relegated to runner-up status?
Not hardly.
“Like A Rolling Stone” - Bob Dylan (“Help!”)
How does it feel...to be stuck behind the Beatles?
Bob Dylan became the second act - aside from the Beatles themselves - to know that feeling when “Like A Rolling Stone” gathered no moss as it rolled up the charts 91-76-44-26-16-6-2-2... getting stuck behind the Beatles’ “Help” in September 1965 before falling to No. 3 and eventually off the chart.
Not many artists could piece together a six-minute opus in the mid-1960s (one that rhymed words like “kiddin’ you” and “didn’t you”) and get a major hit record from it. Pop radio programmers, who preferred songs with less than half the duration of “Rolling Stone,” likely didn’t play the song as much as they would have a much shorter version. Still that didn’t stop it from becoming a No. 2 smash (including No. 1 in regional markets like Los Angeles and Miami, as Billboard reported back then) or from being the classic it is today.
Okay, I’m gonna start the debate now: Is “Like A Rolling Stone” the one No. 2 song that is actually more iconic than the Beatles hit that kept it from the top? Keep reading and then provide comments with your opinion.
“Treat Her Right” - Roy Head and the Traits (“Yesterday”)
Three weeks after the Beatles were No. 1 with “Help,” they were back at the top again with the follow-up, “Yesterday.” Left in that fast-rising ballad’s wake were two soulful No. 2s.
First up was “blue-eyed soul” artist Roy Head and his group the Traits with “Treat Her Right,” a song that was originally an ode to... cattle.
That’s right, the farm animal. Initially titled “Talkin’ ‘Bout A Cow,” the song underwent title and lyric changes centered on giving advice to men about how to get lovin’ from their women. This decision probably saved it and made “Treat Her Right” the crossover smash it eventually became.
The funky, brass-heavy song also peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard R&B chart (behind Joe Tex’s “I Want To (Do Everything For You)”), with Roy Head being one of several white artists featured in a special Billboard article that October on the emerging trend of blue-eyed soul acts.
Interestingly, the Beatles (specifically Paul McCartney’s “soulful” rendering of “Yesterday”) were mentioned in that same article. Hmmm...
“A Lover’s Concerto” - The Toys (“Yesterday”)
The second soulful pop single that “Yesterday” held from the top was by a black female trio from Jamaica, New York - The Toys. Their “A Lover’s Concerto” (also a top-5 R&B hit) probably has the most unorthodox set of credentials of any song on this list.
First, the song’s melody is based on Johann Sebastian Bach’s “Minuet In G Minor” from his “Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach” (the wife with whom he had 13 children), with the minuet later discovered as being written by German composer Christian Petzold, not Bach.
Secondly, in the Toys’ hit, the classic melody was set to a Motown-esque beat (its instrumental intro even liberally borrowing a musical bar or two from the Supremes’ earlier 1965 No. 1 smash, “Stop In The Name Of Love”). ”Concerto” has four key modulations throughout its 2:38 length, similar to the Supremes’ later 1965 No. 1 hit, “I Hear A Symphony.” The Toys were not on the Motown label and they were likely inspired by the Supremes’ huge success. Not to be outdone, the Supremes even recorded their own version of “A Lover’s Concerto” later that year, although it was (thankfully) never released as a single.
And in the biggest twist of all, The Toys were among the many acts that helped “Yesterday” become one of the most covered songs in pop history when they recorded their own version of the very hit that prevented theirs from reaching No. 1. Not to be outdone (again), the Supremes also recorded their own version of “Yesterday,” (and, again, Motown spared us a single release).
And finally, The Toys had a chance to hit No. 1 after the Beatles’ “Yesterday” ran its course, but they were leapfrogged by that other legendary British band, the Rolling Stones (“Get Off My Cloud”), making The Toys the only act with the dubious distinction of having the same song blocked from the top by (arguably) the two greatest rock bands ever. Whew!
“Barbara Ann” - Beach Boys (“We Can Work It Out”)
The legendary Beach Boys, who were the Beatles’ Capitol Records label mates at the time, released three studio albums in 1965, which gives you an indication of just how prolific they were in those days.
The third of the LPs was ‘Beach Boys Party!,’ an album the band kinda threw together at the label’s request after having released their previous album just four months earlier. ‘Party!’ contained mostly remakes of songs by other groups (including the Beatles), and included a remake of a 1961 hit by The Regents called “Barbara Ann.” The label released the Beach Boys’ version as a single in November 1965 (after several radio stations pushed the issue) and it flew up the charts, peaking at No. 2 behind the Fab Four’s “We Can Work It Out” in January 1966.
The Beach Boys, who’d hit No. 1 before with “I Get Around” and “Help Me, Rhonda,” would eventually reach No. 1 again with “Good Vibrations,” which came after the critical success of yet another album released just months after ‘Party!’ - the landmark LP ‘Pet Sounds.’ The Beach Boys, who during the recording of ‘Pet Sounds’ stated that they were inspired by the Beatles’ evolving sound, achieved something the Beatles didn’t after their 1970 breakup: a No. 1 tune in the ‘80s (1988’s “Kokomo”), giving the good-time American group a total of four No. 1s to go with their lone No. 2 hit.
“Red Rubber Ball” - Cyrkle (“Paperback Writer”)
As the story goes, the American pop/rock group The Cyrkle got its name from Beatle John Lennon. Their biggest hit, “Red Rubber Ball,” was co-written by Paul Simon.
So when “Red Rubber Ball” climbed to No. 2 behind the Beatles’ “Paperback Writer” in June 1966, it was the fifth week during that year in which songs written by Simon and Lennon/McCartney occupied the No. 1 and No. 2 positions simultaneously on the Hot 100. Earlier in the year, the Beatles’ “We Can Work It Out” (see “Barbara Ann” in previous entry) alternated the No. 1 and 2 positions with Simon & Garfunkel’s “The Sounds of Silence.”
The Cyrkle’s connection to the Beatles went beyond being named by John Lennon or being relegated to runner-up status behind one of the Fab Four’s hits. The band was managed by Beatles manager Brian Epstein and even opened for the Liverpool Lads on 14 dates of their 1966 US tour.
Fast fact: the Cyrkle’s guitarist Tom Dawes later wrote the “plop-plop-fizz-fizz, oh what a relief it is” jingle for Alka Seltzer, something that was probably in short supply when his band suffered their No. 2 chart fate at the hands of the group who was somewhat responsible for The Cyrkle’s success.
“I Heard It Through The Grapevine” - Gladys Knight & the Pips (“Hello Goodbye”)
Not many people remember that Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded “I Heard It Through The Grapevine” BEFORE Marvin Gaye did - by a whole year. And while Marvin Gaye’s No. 1 pop chart version is still considered the most iconic one some 50 years later, the only thing that prevented Ms. Knight & Co. from getting to No. 1 with their original was the Beatles’ “Hello Goodbye” at the end of 1967.
Ironically, Knight’s version of “Grapevine” is the only Motown single on this list. Conversely, five Beatles No. 1 songs were displaced from the top by Motown hits, including “I Feel Fine,” “Eight Days A Week,” “Hey Jude,” “Let It Be” and “The Long and Winding Road.” The first three were knocked out by the Supremes while the latter two were dealt by the Jackson 5.
Gladys and the Pips would eventually get to the pinnacle six years later (three years after the Beatles broke up) with their “Midnight Train To Georgia,” but they’d left Motown by then and ironically were in a much better place - musically speaking - with Buddah Records, where they racked up most of their biggest hits.
Gladys - without the Pips - would hit No. 1 again in 1986 as part of Dionne & Friends on “That’s What Friends Are For.”
“Fire” - The Crazy World of Arthur Brown (“Hey Jude”)
“I am the god of hellfire, and I bring you fire!”
That’s the opening proclamation of Arthur Brown’s weird, semi-psychedelic “Fire,” the song that was the first of three No. 2 casualties to the Beatles’ “Hey Jude” in October and November 1968.
Interestingly, “Fire” got its jump-start in popularity when rock god Jimi Hendrix took it to some US R&B stations and said “Play this!” without telling them that Brown was white. It ultimately got picked up on pop stations and, boom, a No. 2 Hot 100 hit was born!
Not surprisingly, the organ-driven tune’s popularity was enhanced by Arthur Brown’s crazy stage show, where he would perform the song while covered in flames - either through a specially made suit or a burning helmet, improvised to keep the singer himself from being scorched. Ironically, while Arthur Brown’s “Fire” was charting, a totally different song called “Fire” - written by Hendrix and recorded by a rock group named Five By Five - hit the charts... an uncanny coincidence indeed.
Just one week after “Fire” tried to unseat the Beatles from No. 1, Arthur Brown relinquished the runner-up position to the next song on this list.
“Little Green Apples” - O. C. Smith (“Hey Jude”)
Three different versions of “Little Green Apples” reached the Hot 100 in 1968, a feat that was not that uncommon in the cover-happy 1960s. The biggest of them was O.C. Smith’s, which in October became the second of the three songs held at bay by the Beatles’ iconic “Hey Jude.”
O. C. Smith’s “Little Green Apples” was preceded by Roger “King of the Road” Miller and the 1950s’ biggest female artist, Patti Page’s versions. The three collectively reached the top ten on all four of Billboard’s major singles charts (pop, soul, country and adult contemporary). It was no surprise then that “Apples” and its songwriter Bobby Russell won Grammys (for Song of the Year and Best Country Song).
O. C. Smith’s more soulful “Little Green Apples” also peaked at No. 2 on the R&B chart, stuck behind James Brown’s “Say It Loud - I’m Black and I’m Proud.”
And no, the irony is not lost on me that “Little Green Apples” was relegated to No. 2 on the pop chart by one of the first singles released on the Beatles’ own new label, Apple Records, which prominently featured an image of a big green apple on the imprint.
Ahh, it’s trivia like that that makes me love doing this stuff!
“Those Were The Days” - Mary Hopkin (“Hey Jude”)
Eleven different No. 1 Beatles songs held 14 other tunes to a No. 2 Hot 100 peak, but the Fab Four hit that proved to be the biggest blocker, not surprisingly, was “Hey Jude,” with three different runners-up to its credit.
The last of those was, ironically, a recording by newcomer Mary Hopkin, which was inspired by a Russian folk song and produced by Beatle Paul McCartney himself, and one that was recorded on the Beatles’ new label Apple Records.
“Those Were The Days” was released around the same time as “Hey Jude” in 1968, but by the time “Days” entered the chart at No. 70, “Jude” was already No. 1. When “Days” finally caught up to attain its No. 2 peak, “Hey Jude” was in its sixth, seventh and eighth weeks at the top.
After “Days,” the next No. 2 song the Beatles faced was the Supremes’ “Love Child,” but unlike its three predecessors, the Motown classic had no problem knocking the nearly three-month-old “Hey Jude” from No. 1 the following week.
When all was said and done, Mary Hopkin’s “Those Were The Days” ended up as yet another song with significant Beatles connections that ran up against the group when it mattered most, but couldn’t overcome their juggernaut.
“Love (Can Make You Happy)” - Mercy (“Get Back”)
Hmmm, Mercy. What an appropriate name for a band that became another casualty of a merciless Beatles No. 1 in May and June 1969.
And equally as fitting was the title of the Beatles song that provided the dagger: “Get Back,” featuring unofficial “5th Beatle” and keyboard wizard Billy Preston.
“Get Back” is exactly what happened to Mercy’s “Love (Can Make You Happy)” when it began its pursuit of the chart’s top spot, only to be denied by the Fab Four’s third-biggest No. 1 single (based on number of weeks at the top).
The slow and dreamy “Love” had an interesting history, first being recorded on the fledgling Sundi record label by the song’s writer Jack Sigler, Jr. and some band mates he had recruited, before being re-recorded and picked up for national distribution by Warner Bros. Records as the song grew in popularity. “Love” was also included on the soundtrack to the 1969 film, Fireball Jungle, a cult favorite about a stock-car racer seeking revenge on the gangster that killed his brother and who began wreaking havoc on racetracks across the southern US.
The film’s cheesy plot seemed oxymoronic to the tune’s more love-and-happiness focused theme, but then “Love (Can Make You Happy)” wasn’t exactly the fun-sounding, happy-go-lucky song its title might imply.
As with ten of the other acts on this list, Mercy would never come this close to No. 1 again.
“And When I Die” - Blood, Sweat & Tears (“Come Together”/“Something”)
Two bands racked up three No. 2 songs each in 1969: Creedence Clearwater Revival and Blood, Sweat & Tears, neither group ever achieving No. 1 status.
But only one of the six songs involved was stopped by the Beatles.
Interestingly, it was the last No. 2 single of the 1960s - Blood Sweat & Tears’ “And When I Die.” That tune was held out of No. 1 by the Beatles’ last No. 1 single of the ‘60s, “Come Together”/“Something” - a double-sided hit that itself might not have hit No. 1 had it not been for a convenient change in Billboard’s policy that combined points for both sides of a 45 and made them a single chart entry.
Both “Come Together” and “Something” were plateauing in the weeks leading up to the policy change, with each having apparently reached their peaks in the top ten. Then Billboard combined them and boom, the Beatles had their 18th No. 1 “single.”
The biggest casualty? “BS&T’s “And When I Die.”
If it’s any consolation, BS&T did top the pop chart in Cashbox Magazine, which at the time was an equal competitor to Billboard. It knocked “Come Together” from the top spot of that publication’s Top 100 singles list on December 13, 1969.
“Which Way You Goin’, Billy” - The Poppy Family (“The Long And Winding Road”)
The last No. 2 peaking song to a Beatles No. 1 happened to be the tune that was stopped by the Fab Four’s 20th and last No. 1 hit, “The Long And Winding Road.”
The Poppy Family, which consisted of husband-and-wife team Terry and Susan Jacks and two other members, had the unfortunate fate of going against the sentimental “farewell” tune by the Beatles in 1970 with their “Which Way You Goin’, Billy?,” itself a poignant tune about a drifter who could have been traveling on his own long and winding road.
As it was, Terry Jacks would have No. 1 success as a solo artist with a hit single four years later, the ubiquitous “Seasons In The Sun,” yet another goodbye tune that has reportedly sold 14 million copies worldwide since its release.
Interestingly, neither Terry nor the Beatles would ever hit No. 1 again, but the Canadian singer still holds the distinction - along with his band Poppy Family - of having the last No. 2 single to be stopped from reaching the top by the Fab Four.
Dubious, yes. But it’s not a bad distinction to have in one’s career.
And that’s it music fans – djrobblog’s tribute to the No. 2 hits that had the misfortune of going against the most popular band of all time.
But that’s not the end of the story involving The Beatles and No. 2.
The Beatles weren’t always the victor in two-song battles for the top spot. In a case of turnabout being fair play, twice their songs were relegated to No. 2 peaks by other artists (in addition to the time they held themselves at bay in 1964 when “Twist and Shout” was blocked by “Can’t Buy Me Love.”). That rare second-place status was dealt to them by two acts who factor pretty heavily in the Beatles-era history:
“Do You Want To Know A Secret” (blocked by Louis Armstrong’s “Hello Dolly”). As Beatles fans know, it was Louis Armstrong’s “Hello Dolly” that finally ended the Beatles’ 14-week reign atop the Hot 100 in May 1964. During its reign, “Dolly” held the Beatles’ “Do You Want To Know A Secret” to the runner-up slot, making it the second such Beatles record after “Twist and Shout” a few weeks earlier.
“Yellow Submarine” (blocked by the Supremes’ “You Can’t Hurry Love”). While the Beatles were making their record-breaking 20 No. 1 hits, the Supremes were the group with the second-most Hot 100 chart-toppers with twelve. One of them, 1966’s “You Can’t Hurry Love,” got the better of the Beatles when it held their “Yellow Submarine.” The Beatles and the Supremes clashed several times at the top of the charts, but this was the only instance in which one of the act’s singles held the other to a No. 2 peak.
You can hear all fourteen of the No. 2 songs blocked by the Beatles in this special Spotify playlist.
DJRob
DJRob is a freelance blogger who covers R&B, hip-hop, pop and rock genres – plus lots of music news and current stuff! You can follow him on Twitter @djrobblog.
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Johann Sebastian Bach’s “Minuet 3” from “Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach,” as played by 5-year-old Jennifer Lui. The Toys’ “A Lover’s Concerto” was based on the original melody.
CategoriesFeatured Artists, My Lists, Pop Stuff, Trivia You Can Use, Uncategorized TagsBeatles, Billboard Hot 100, Number Two, trivia
4 Replies to “Stuck in the Beatles’ Tracks – The No. 2 Songs They Blocked from the Top”
Curtis Lieneck says:
Great post! Never realized how close they came to total chart domination and what songs kept them from the top at times.
DJ Rob says:
There weren’t many who succeeded.
toddleopold says:
I love reading this stuff! What’s amazing to me is realizing how close Roy Head, the Toys, the Cyrkle and Mercy — all of whose songs don’t sound like “Number One material” (whatever that is, I know) — came to claming the top spot.
Great job, DJ Rob!
You’re absolutely right about those four songs! I had no idea “A Lover’s Concerto” was a No. 2 song – and had never even heard “Treat Her Right” before I researched this! Oh, but for those damn Beatles! Lol. Thanks, Todd!
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Macchi and El Espartano at San Gimignano
The rug developed by Argentine artist Jorge Macchi in collaboration with El Espartano is now on exhibition at the Galleria Continua in San Gimignano, Italy.
The picturesque Italian town of San Gimignano rises above a hill in Tuscany to the south of Florence, with its historic murals and towers unspoilt. At the same time, it’s the unusual home of a renown international contemporary art gallery named Galleria Continua, which from October 2018 to January 2019, the gallery will house the work of Argentine artist Jorge Macchi.
His exhibition, titled “Puntos de Suspensión” (Points of Suspension), consists of pieces that blend references to cinema, literature, music, and art history; it pushes the boundaries, in order to merge art with objects of reality. Featured at the Night of the Museums in Buenos Aires, this work was originally created as a site-specific installation for the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes within the framework of a retrospective exhibition in 2016. The centerpiece of the work is a rug — developed by Macchi and El Espartano — where four spotlights have “fallen” and yet seem to cast light on the red and black patterns of the rug. It highlights the contradiction between the past and the present, as well as seeks to reflect on the notion of linearity. The edges of these patterned circles of light fade into the absence of color that makes up the rest of the rug, which is flat and restrained in contrast.
This challenging project was made possible through El Espartano. Working with Macchi, they developed a weaving technique that would allow the desired images to have an illusion effect that simulates the play of light and shadow with a gradual color gradation. Extensive research and testing was involved in order to achieve the fade effect, in addition to working with natural wool in the sharp reds and blacks that make up the design. A sophisticated digital weaving system was used that allowed the combination of up to twenty colors.
The artist, who collaborated with El Espartano on an earlier work in Bogotá, is fascinated by the creative possibilities that this technique allows: “This project has inspired me to keep working with this medium, in order to make the design more intricate and incorporate even more colors”.
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List of Star Wars planets and moons
(Redirected from Ithor)
"Star Wars galaxy" redirects here. For the video game, see Star Wars Galaxies. For the comic series named Star Wars Galaxy, see Star Wars (UK comics).
Remains of the film set for the Lars Homestead on the Planet Tatooine at Chott el-Jerid, Tunisia (pictured in 2010)
The fictional universe of the Star Wars franchise features multiple planets and moons. While only the feature films and selected other works are considered canon to the franchise since the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, some canon planets were first named or explored in works from the non-canon Star Wars expanded universe, now rebranded Star Wars Legends.
In the theatrical Star Wars films, many settings for scenes set on these planets and moons were filmed at real-world locations on Earth. For example, the resort city of Canto Bight located on the planet Cantonica, seen in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, was filmed in Dubrovnik, Croatia.[1]
CanonEdit
The following list names prominent planets and moons from the Star Wars films or other canon media.
Fictional description
Abafar Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2012 TV series A desert planet located in the Outer Rim with a completely white surface. Known as The Void, the planet is barely populated but is home to massive amounts of rhydonium, a scarce and volatile fuel. [2]
Ahch-To Star Wars: The Force Awakens 2015 Film Oceanic planet on which Luke Skywalker has been hiding for six years, and the location of the first Jedi Temple and the Tree Library of sacred Jedi texts. [3]
Akiva Star Wars: Aftermath 2015 Book Jungle planet and home of Norra and Temmin Wexley, and a primary setting in Aftermath. [4]
Alderaan Star Wars 1977 Film Forests, mountains; home planet of Princess Leia and the House of Organa. Destroyed by the first Death Star as punishment for involvement in the Rebel Alliance and also as a demonstration of power. [5]
Ando Star Wars Rebels: Head to Head 2014 Book A water-covered planet located in the Outer Rim, it is home to the amphibious Aqualish species and endures great turmoil during the Separatist Crisis. [6]
Anoat The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Film (mentioned) Polluted; A nearly inhospitable planet used by the Empire. [7]
Star Wars Legends:
Star Wars: Dark Forces 1995 Video game
Atollon Star Wars Rebels 2016 TV series Desert covered planet, site of Phoenix Squadron Rebel base. Home of the spider-like hexapods known as the Krykna, and the powerful force-wielder Bendu. [8][9]
Batuu Star Tours – The Adventures Continue 2017 Theme park A remote frontier outpost and old trading port [10][11][12]
Thrawn: Alliances 2018 Book
Bespin The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Film A gas planet with a thin layer of habitable atmosphere where Cloud City was located. The planet's gas layers were a source of rare tibanna gas which was harvested and refined at mining complexes like Cloud City. [13][14]
Cantonica Star Wars: The Last Jedi 2017 Film An arid planet where the resort city of Canto Bight, home of the Canto Casino and Racetrack, is located. [15][16]
Castilon Star Wars Resistance 2018 TV series An ocean planet located in the Outer Rim near Wild Space. Home to the aircraft refueling station Colossus, as well as a destination for racers. [17]
Cato Neimoidia Star Wars Legends:
Darth Maul: Saboteur 2001 Short story The site of battles throughout the Clone Wars, notable for its "Bridge Cities". Also the site of Plo Koon's death during the Great Jedi Purge. [18]
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film
Chandrila Star Wars Legends:
The Truce at Bakura 1994 Book Homeworld of Mon Mothma, it serves as the first capital of the New Republic. Serene planet known for calm seas and rolling hills. [19]
Star Wars: Aftermath 2015 Book
Christophsis The Clone Wars 2008 Film During the Clone Wars, the Battle of Christophsis occurs here, serving as an introduction to Ahsoka Tano. [20]
Concord Dawn Star Wars Legends:
The Last One Standing: The Tale of Boba Fett 1996 Short story Home planet of Jango Fett. Habitable planet that is surrounded by a large amount of debris from many vicious wars. Formerly controlled by the Mandalorians. [21]
Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2012 TV series (mentioned)
Star Wars Rebels 2016 TV series
Corellia Star Wars 1977 Film (mentioned) Homeworld of Han Solo. An industrial planet with a strong culture of training pilots. [22]
The Corellian Trilogy 1995 Book
Solo: A Star Wars Story 2018 Film
Coruscant Star Wars Legends:
Heir to the Empire 1991 Book Cosmopolitan urban world consisting of one planet-wide city. Governmental center of the Galactic Republic and later the Galactic Empire. [13][23]
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace 1999 Film
Crait Leia, Princess of Alderaan 2017 Book Small mineral planet located in a remote section of the galaxy, its surface is covered with a layer of white salt over its red-colored soil. In Leia, Princess of Alderaan it is the location of an early Rebel Alliance outpost. Leia and her remaining Resistance forces flee there in The Last Jedi, where they face off with the First Order. [24]
Star Wars: The Last Jedi 2017 Film
D'Qar Star Wars: The Force Awakens 2015 Film Site of a Resistance operations base led by General Leia Organa. [25]
Dagobah The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Film Swamp planet and Yoda's residence after the fall of the Jedi. [5]
Dantooine Star Wars 1977 Film (mentioned) Rural planet and the former site of a Rebel base. [26]
Jedi Search 1994 Book
Dathomir Star Wars Legends:
The Courtship of Princess Leia 1994 Book Han Solo wins the planet in a card game and lures Princess Leia there to stop her from marrying someone else, and Luke Skywalker discovers that the infamous Nightsisters live there. [23]
Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2011 TV series Homeworld of the Force-sensitive Nightsisters, including Asajj Ventress. Darth Maul's training ground. [27][28][29]
Devaron Star Wars Legends:
Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina 1995 Book Forest planet with an ancient Jedi Temple. [30]
Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2009 TV series
Eadu Rogue One 2016 Film Rocky, mountainous planet beset by constant severe storms. Home to an Imperial weapons research facility. Its appearance was partly inspired by the fictitious planet LV-426 from the Alien franchise. [31]
Endor Return of the Jedi 1983 Film Forest moon that the second Death Star orbits. Inhabited by Ewoks. The location of the battle between the Rebel Alliance and the Empire leading to the destruction of the second Death Star. [32]
Felucia Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Jungle planet teeming with plants but little animal life. Aayla Secura is assassinated here during the Jedi Purge. [33]
Florrum Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2009 TV series Sulfurous desert planet. Hondo Ohnaka is the leader of a pirate gang based on the planet. [33]
Fondor Star Wars Battlefront II 2017 Video game Imperial manufacturing center with large shipyards. [34]
Geonosis Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones 2002 Film Rocky desert planet where battle droids are manufactured, and the site of the opening battle of the Clone Wars. All life on the planet is presumed destroyed by the Empire in Star Wars Rebels, with two exceptions, Klik-Klak and his offspring.[35] Primary construction site of the first Death Star orbital battle station. Close to Tatooine. [36]
Hosnian Prime Star Wars: The Force Awakens 2015 Film Urban planet and capital of the New Republic.[37] Destroyed by the First Order's Starkiller Base. [25]
Hoth The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Film Desolate ice planet and base for the Rebel Alliance. [13]
Iego Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace 1999 Film (mentioned) A planet located on the fringes of the Outer Rim, its desert surface is covered with basaltic spires and canyons which are home to reeska, large carnivorous plants whose roots are used to create the only known cure for the deadly Blue Shadow virus, and are inhabited by flying four-winged xandu. Iego is surrounded by a 1000 moons and at least one of these, named Millius Prime, is home to a race called the Angels. [38][2]
Ilum Star Wars Legends:
Path to Truth 2001 Book Remote ice planet where the crystals that focus lightsabers are mined. [39]
Iridonia Star Wars Legends:
Star Wars Episode I Journal: Darth Maul 2000 Book Rumored birthplace of Darth Maul. [40]
Jakku Star Wars: The Force Awakens 2015 Film Desert planet. Site of a "graveyard" of ships damaged during the Battle of Jakku, the final battle between the New Republic and the Galactic Empire.[41] [25]
Jedha Rogue One 2016 Film Cold desert moon, and a sacred place for believers in the Force. A source of kyber crystals, which are used to power lightsabers and the Death Star's primary weapon. It is also the first location on which the Death Star's destructive capability is tested. [42]
Kamino Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones 2002 Film Ocean planet where cloning technology is developed and the Clone Army is created and trained. Obi-Wan Kenobi discovers that the planet is missing from the Jedi archives; it is later revealed to have been deleted as a part of Darth Sidious' plot to start the Clone Wars. [5][14]
Kashyyyk Star Wars Legends:
Star Wars Holiday Special 1978 TV film Forest planet and home of the Wookiees. Also the site of one of the final battles of the Clone Wars. [43]
Kessel Star Wars 1977 Film (mentioned) A mining planet which has been fought over by crime lords for its valuable Spice. A fissure vent beneath the spice mines served as a source of astatic coaxium, an element that could be refined into hyperfuel for starships. [44]
Kuat Star Wars Legends:
Wedge's Gamble 1996 Book Industrial planet home to Kuat Drive Yards, the manufacturer of Star Destroyers. [45]
Lah'mu Catalyst: A Rogue One Novel 2016 Book A remote planet with black sands, where Jyn Erso and her parents go into hiding. [46]
Rogue One 2016 Film
Lira San Star Wars Rebels 2016 TV series The original homeworld of the Lasat, according to Zeb Orrelios, member of the Spectres. [47]
Lothal Star Wars Rebels 2014 TV series Remote farm planet and birthplace of Ezra Bridger. [48]
Tarkin 2014 Book
Lotho Minor Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2011 TV series A planetary junkyard and hiding place of Darth Maul after his presumed death. [49]
Malachor Star Wars Rebels 2016 TV series Desolate Sith temple world and site of two major battles thousands of year apart: one involving the Scourge of Malachor, the other between Darth Maul, several Rebels, Darth Vader, and several Inquisitors. [50]
Malastare Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace 1999 Film (mentioned) Forested planet where podracing is popular. Birthplace of Sebulba and homeworld of the Dug. [51]
Mandalore Star Wars Legends:
Marvel Star Wars 1982 Comics Formerly habitable planet and the subject of legends due to its history of Mandalorian warriors. [52]
Maridun Star Wars Legends:
Star Wars: Empire 2004 Comics Grassy planet remaining undiscovered until the Clone Wars. [53]
Mimban Star Wars Legends:
Splinter of the Mind's Eye 1978 Book Swamp planet with perpetual fog and overcast sky. [54]
Mon Cala Star Wars Legends:
Dark Empire 1991 Comics Ocean planet, home to the Mon Calamari and Quarren species. Also known as Mon Calamari, or Dac. [14][55]
Moraband Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2014 TV series Home planet of ancient Sith lords. Known as Korriban in Legends. [56]
Mortis Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2011 TV series Planet with a wall surrounding it, home to the three omnipotent Force wielders known only in the Jedi Archives as the Mortis Gods. [57]
Mustafar Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Volcanic planet, former stronghold of the Confederacy and the location of a duel between Darth Vader and Obi-Wan Kenobi. Later became the site of Vader's sanctuary. [58][59]
Mygeeto Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Cold, urban planet where Ki Adi Mundi is killed. [60]
Naboo Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace 1999 Film Home planet of the Gungans, including Jar-Jar Binks, and various humans, who comprise a civilization called the Naboo, which include Padmé Amidala and Emperor Palpatine. [58]
Nal Hutta Star Wars Legends:
Dark Empire 1991 Comics Home planet of Jabba and other Hutts. Close to the urban moon of Nar Shaddaa. [59]
Onderon Star Wars Legends:
Tales of the Jedi 1994 Comics Jungle planet where Anakin Skywalker leads a revolt against its monarchy; birthplace of Saw Gerrera. [61]
Ord Mantell The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Film (mentioned as Ord Mandell) A planet where Han Solo tells of having a run-in with a bounty hunter. [62]
The Bounty Hunter of Ord Mantell 1981 Comics
Polis Massa Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Outer Rim planetoid within an asteroid field of the same name; birthplace of Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa. [63]
Pillio Star Wars Battlefront II 2017 Video game Uncolonized aquatic planet with over 3 million species, and the location of one of Palpatine's observatories. [64][65]
Rishi Star Wars Legends:
Dark Force Rising 1992 Book Tropical planet used by the Republic to monitor the nearby cloning facility on Kamino. [66]
Rodia Star Wars Legends:
Shadows of the Empire 1996 Book Home planet of the Rodians, including Greedo. A remote swampy, jungle planet, it was represented by Onaconda Farr in the Galactic Senate during the Clone Wars. [67]
Ruusan Star Wars Legends:
Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II 1997 Video game Barren planet housing the Valley of the Jedi. Site of a great battle between the Sith and the Jedi. [68]
Ryloth Star Wars Legends:
Tales from Jabba's Palace 1995 Book Dry, hot home planet of the Twi'leks, including Hera Syndulla. [69]
Saleucami Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2010 TV series Primary terrain deserts and swamps. Home of the Clone Trooper deserter Cut Lawquane. [70]
Savareen Star Wars Legends:
Star Wars Adventure Journal 9 1996 Comics Desert and ocean planet. where destitute villages farm wind and refine coaxium. In Solo: A Star Wars Story, the Millennium Falcon arrives there after Han and his crew steal coaxium from Kessel, and Dryden Vos and Tobias Beckett die there. [71]
Scarif Rogue One 2016 Film Oceanic "paradise world" with tropical islands. Location of a high security Imperial database; a repository of valuable resources, including a cache of refined coaxium hyperfuel; and the primary shipyard and construction facility for the Imperial military forces, which included final construction of the first Death Star after principal building at Geonosis. [72]
Shili Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2012 TV series Home planet of the Togruta, including Jedi Council member Shaak Ti and Ahsoka Tano. [73]
Starkiller Base Star Wars: The Force Awakens 2015 Film Snowy planet of forested mountains converted by the First Order into a super weapon. Destroyed by the Resistance. [25]
Subterrel Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones 2002 Film (mentioned) Mining planet mentioned by Dexter Jettster who spent time prospecting there. Located near Kamino, beyond the Outer Rim. [74]
Sullust Return of the Jedi 1983 Film (mentioned) A volcanic planet whose atmosphere was highly toxic forcing the native Sullustans to build technologically advanced subterranean cities. It was the base of Imperial factories and the SoroSuub corporation employed roughly half the population. [14][75]
Star Wars: Battlefront 2015 Video game
Takodana Star Wars: The Force Awakens 2015 Film Forest planet and site of Maz Kanata's castle. Neutral territory between First Order and Resistance.[76] [25]
Tatooine Star Wars 1977 Film Desert planet and childhood home of Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader) and Luke Skywalker. Location of Jabba's palace. [13]
Toydaria Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2010 TV series Home planet of Watto and other Toydarians. Close to Nal Hutta. [77]
Trandosha Star Wars Legends:
The Mandalorian Armor 1998 Book (mentioned) Homeworld of the Trandoshan hunters. Close to Kashyyyk. [78]
Umbara Star Wars: The Clone Wars 2011 TV series Planet with a thick, foggy atmosphere. Home to the Umbarans. [79]
Utapau Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith 2005 Film Remote planet, covered in deep sinkholes and home to the Utai and Pau'ans. Site of General Grievous' defeat and a separatist base during the Clone Wars. [36]
Vandor-1 Solo: A Star Wars Story 2018 Film Icy, mountainous planet that is the site of a Crimson Dawn train heist led by Tobias Beckett in Solo: A Star Wars Story. [80]
Vardos Star Wars Battlefront II 2017 Video game Imperial stronghold and home to Iden and Garrick Versio. One of the first targets of Operation Cinder. [64][81]
Wobani Rogue One 2016 Film A desolate wasteland and the site of an Imperial penal labor colony. [82]
Yavin Star Wars 1977 Film Gas planet with several moons, including Yavin 4. [13]
Yavin 4 Star Wars 1977 Film Forest moon and base for the Rebel Alliance. [13]
Star Wars LegendsEdit
These are planets with multiple appearances in the Star Wars Expanded Universe, now rebranded as Star Wars Legends. The accompanying works were declared non-canon by Lucasfilm in April 2014, following its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in October 2012.[83]
Abregado-rae Heir to the Empire 1991 Book The base of operations for the smuggler Talon Karrde. [84]
Alzoc III The Truce at Bakura 1993 Book (mentioned) Snowy moon of Alzoc containing slave labor camps run by the Empire. [85]
Star Wars: Empire At War 2007 Video game
Ambria Tales of the Jedi 1991 Comics The site of an ancient battle between Jedi and Sith. [86]
Anoth Dark Apprentice 1994 Book Rocky planet used to conceal the newly born Solo children. [87]
Arkania Tales of the Jedi 1994 Comics Gem mining planet with humanoid inhabitants. [88]
Bakura The Truce at Bakura 1993 Book Peaceful planet which issues a distress call when invaded by the Ssi-ruuk. [89]
Bonadan Han Solo's Revenge 1979 Book Corporate sector planet which lures a young Han Solo into a trap. [90]
Borleias Rogue Squadron 1996 Book Planet used as a stepping-stone for the New Republic to retake Coruscant. [91]
Byss Dark Empire 1991 Comics Planet chosen as the base of operations for a clone of Emperor Palpatine. Located very close to the center of the galaxy. It is destroyed by the Dark Empire's weapon, the Galaxy Gun. [92]
Carida Jedi Search 1994 Book Planet destroyed by the vengeful ex-Jedi Kyp Durron. [93]
Da Soocha V Dark Empire 1991 Comics Moon in Hutt space housing a provisional Rebel base under siege from the Palpatine clone. Capital of the New Republic between the Dark Empire recapture of Coruscant and its destruction. It is destroyed by the Galaxy Gun. [94]
Drall Ambush at Corellia 1995 Book A planet in the Corellian system whose inhabitants, the Drall, try to keep a low profile. [95]
Dromund Kaas Star Wars Jedi Knight: Mysteries of the Sith 1998 Video game A planet of the Sith Empire, having fallen to the Republic at one point. [96]
Dxun Tales of the Jedi 1993 Comics Largest of the four moons of Onderon. Covered in dense jungles teeming with predatory animals. The location of Mandalore the Indomitable's death near the end of the Great Sith War. [97][98]
Hapes The Courtship of Princess Leia 1994 Book Planet whose prince tries to marry Princess Leia. [23]
Honoghr Dark Force Rising 1992 Book Planet whose warrior race is recruited by Grand Admiral Thrawn. [99]
Ithor Children of the Jedi 1995 Book Forest planet inhabited by pacifists who run a tourism industry. [100]
J't'p'tan Before the Storm 1996 Book A planet where Luke Skywalker tries to learn the identity of his mother. [101]
Khomm Darksaber 1995 Book Planet home to an insular society of clones. [102]
Korriban Tales of the Jedi 1994 Comics A planet used by generations of Sith lords. Known as Moraband in canon works. [103]
Kothlis Shadows of the Empire 1996 Book Bothan colony with a facility housing the second Death Star's plans. [104]
Lwhekk The Truce at Bakura 1993 Book (mentioned) Home planet of the Ssi-ruuk military society. [105]
Muunilinst Star Wars: Clone Wars 2003 TV series Capital of the Intergalacting Banking Clan and homeworld of the Muun race, which includes Separatist leader San Hill and Sith Lord Darth Plagueis. [106]
Myrkr Heir to the Empire 1991 Book Treacherous swamp planet used by Talon Karrde and Mara Jade. [107]
N'zoth Before the Storm 1996 Book Desert planet home to a violent and genocidal species. [108]
Nkllon Heir to the Empire 1991 Book Barren planet, home to a mining venture by Lando Calrissian. [109]
Ralltiir Star Wars (radio) 1981 Radio drama Core world and galactic trading centre, occupied by Imperial forces under Lord Tion. [110]
Rattatak Star Wars: Clone Wars 2003 TV series Outer Rim planet and former home to Asajj Ventress. Homeworld of the white-skinned Rattataki. Ruled by various warlords. [111]
Sacorria Ambush at Corellia 1995 Book Planet near Corellia which attempts a coup against the New Republic. [112]
Selonia Assault at Selonia 1996 Book Ocean planet and the original home of many who reside on Sacorria. [113]
Thyferra The Bacta War 1997 Book Rainforest planet controlled by the Bacta Cartel. [114]
Toprawa Star Wars (radio) 1981 Radio drama Imperial security facility and source of the first Death Star plans (supplanted by Scarif in Rogue One). [115]
Vortex Dark Apprentice 1994 Book A planet disrupted by an accidental crash of Admiral Ackbar's ship. [116]
Wayland Heir to the Empire 1991 Book Planet where Grand Admiral Thrawn gains access to one of Palpatine's stockpiles. [117]
Zonama Sekot Rogue Planet 2000 Book A living, sentient world capable of traveling through space; source of the fastest ships in the galaxy. It is the seed of Yuuzhan'Tar, the Yuuzhan Vong homeworld. [118]
Similarities to real-world planetsEdit
See also: Physics and Star Wars
ESO artist's impression of OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, an exoplanet compared to the ice planet Hoth
The discovery of exoplanets in the real-world universe gained pace in the early 21st century. In 2015, the US space agency NASA published an article which stated that many of the newly discovered astronomical bodies possessed scientifically confirmed properties that are similar to planets in the fictional Star Wars universe.
Kepler-452b, a rocky super-Earth-type planet, is said to be similar to the Star Wars planet Coruscant. Likewise, the planets Kepler-16b and Kepler-453b, planets discovered orbitting binary stars probably resemble the desert world Tatooine. The hot, molten worlds of Kepler-10b and Kepler-78b are comparable to the volcanic planet Mustafar. OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, a cold, remote exoplanet, is like the ice planet Hoth. Kepler-22b, thought by scientists to be an ocean planet, is compared to the planet Kamino.[119] According to NASA, there are also similarities to Alderaan and Endor in the real-world universe.[119]
Solar SystemEdit
Two non-canonical works also feature the real-life Solar System's planets. Monsters and Aliens from George Lucas (1993) contains a feature, presented as a clip from a gossip column, in which a pair of Duros are abducted by humans and taken to "Urthha" (Earth), where they create havoc by misunderstanding human objects and food. In issue #19 of the comic series Star Wars Tales (2004), the story "Into the Great Unknown" finds Han Solo and Chewbacca in the Millennium Falcon, fleeing the Imperial Navy. They jump to hyperspace without doing calculations and find themselves in the middle of our Solar System, overpassing Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars while decelerating and landing in Northern America. Han is killed by Native Americans, and a mourning Chewbacca leaves the Falcon to live in the trees, where the natives believe him to be a sasquatch. In an epilogue set 126 years later, archaeologist Dr. Jones and his sidekick Shorty, searching for the sasquatch, find the Falcon and Han's remains.
Star Wars portal
List of Star Wars filming locations
Planets in science fiction
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^ Hidalgo 2015, p. 9.
^ "Databank: Iego". StarWars.com. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
^ Goldman, Eric (2012-11-03). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "The Gathering" Review". IGN. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Goldman, Eric (2011-01-21). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "Witches of the Mist" Review". IGN. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Hidalgo 2015, pp. 34–35.
^ Breznican, Anthony (August 8, 2016). "Rogue One director reveals new details on Force-sacred world Jedha". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
^ Taylor, Chris (2015). How Star Wars Conquered the Universe: The Past, Present, and Future of a Multibillion Dollar Franchise. Basic Books. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-465-04989-9.
^ Wallace p. 108
^ Newbold, Mark (13 December 2016). "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story – these are the new worlds you need to know about". Metro. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
^ "Lira San". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
^ Day, Patrick Kevin (October 3, 2014). "Star Wars Rebels: Ralph McQuarrie legacy on view in animated series". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 27, 2015. The heroes of Rebels hail from a backwoods planet called Lothal, which bears a close resemblance to McQuarrie's vision of Alderaan.
^ Goldman, Eric (2012-03-09). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars - "Brothers" Review". IGN. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
^ Nelson, James (February 16, 2016). "Star Wars Rebels is secretly making the Old Republic canon". Nerd Union. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
^ Walters, Samuel (2010-08-18). "2.18 — The Zillo Beast — Clone Wars Review". Dauntless Media. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Blauvelt, Christian (2010-10-09). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars recap: White lies, black markets". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
^ Walters, Samuel (2009-01-17). "1.13 — Jedi Crash — Clone Wars Review". Dauntless Media. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Breznican, Anthony (2018-02-07). "9 new images and insights from Solo: A Star Wars Story". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
^ Blauvelt, Christian (September 16, 2011). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars: Check out the season premiere's underwater action". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
^ Hide, Viral (February 27, 2014). "Officially the name of the Sith homeworld is Moraband". Star Wars News Net. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
^ Blauvelt, Christian (2011-01-29). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars recap: Liam Neeson strikes back". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ a b Staff (October 28, 2010). "The Worlds of Star Wars". National Geographic. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
^ a b Blauvelt, Christian (November 13, 2010). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars recap: Some like it Hutt". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
^ Brogan, Jacob (February 18, 2015). "Han Solo Shot First". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
^ Goldman, Eric (2012-10-06). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars — "A War on Two Fronts" Review". IGN. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Sciretta, Peter (22 December 2016). "46 Rogue One Easter Eggs: How Many of These Did You Catch?". /Film. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
^ "Databank: Polis Massa". StarWars.com. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
^ a b "Become the Hero in Star Wars Battlefront II, Launching Across the Galaxy Today" (Press release). Business Wire. November 17, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Pillio". StarWars.com. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ Skye, Lillian (2014-03-12). "Clone Wars Review: "Order 66" Arc". Star Wars Underworld. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Goldman, Eric (November 24, 2008). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars - 'Bombad Jedi' Review". IGN. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
^ Weller, Scott (2013-08-08). "'The Clone Wars' Season One. Aficionado's Top 5 Episodes Number 4. Duel of the Droids". Star Wars Aficionado. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Goldman, Eric (January 20, 2009). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars - 'Jedi Crash' Review". IGN. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
^ "Saleucami". StarWars.com. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
^ Commandeur, Jordan (May 26, 2018). "Every Legends element Solo reintroduced to Star Wars canon". CBR. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
^ Skrebels, Joe (July 15, 2016). "Star Wars Celebration 2016: New Rogue One Planet, Scarif Revealed". IGN. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
^ Fessler, Mike (2012-11-06). "Verse's Review: The Clone Wars 5.6 The Gathering". Versifier Unleashed. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Bibbiani, William (February 6, 2013). "Nine Star Wars Characters Who Deserve Their Own Movie". Crave Online. Archived from the original on 2017-01-13. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
^ Chalk, Andy (May 3, 2015). "Star Wars: Battlefront has 12 multiplayer maps including the planet Sullust". PC Gamer. Retrieved October 27, 2015. Even with the Icelandic footage, it was more work creating the in-game environment for Sullust than for other planets, like Tatooine, Hoth, and Endor, all of which had real-world counterparts seen in the films.
^ Blauvelt, Christian (2010-09-25). "'Star Wars: The Clone Wars' recap: It's 1999 all over again!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Blauvelt, Christian (2011-04-02). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars season finale recap: I am Wookiee, hear me roar!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Jones, Jason (October 28, 2011). "This week in The Clone Wars: The shadow planet of Umbara". Wired. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
^ Liptak, Andrew (April 28, 2018). "A new featurette for Solo: A Star Wars Story shows off a reckless Han Solo". The Verge. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
^ "Vardos". StarWars.com. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ Hutchinson, Sean (2016-12-08). "Leaked Rogue One soundtrack listing reveals the plot". Inverse. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). "Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
^ Wallace p. 2
^ Malin, Ryan (16 December 2014). "Video Game Review: Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Mysteries of the Sith". Mynock Manor. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
^ "Star Wars: The Essential Atlas Online Companion" (PDF). Retrieved 11 April 2016.
^ Thompson, Rodney; Cagle, Eric; Stutzman, Patrick; Wieland, Robert (19 May 2009). Jedi Academy Training Manual. Wizards of the Coast. ISBN 978-0786951833.
^ "Databank: San Hill". StarWars.com. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
^ Witsaman, Joshua (July 30, 2011). "Listening to Star Wars". Mindless Philosophy. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
^ Embra and Joris DeSmet (2005). "Special Report: Clone Wars Volume 1 DVD Review". Jedi Temple Archives. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
^ Koch, Cameron (8 April 2016). "Before 'Rogue One,' This Was The Star Wars Story About How The Death Star Plans Were Stolen". Tech Times. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Hansen, John (2016-06-02). "Star Wars flashback: 'The Final Prophecy' (2003)". Retrieved 2016-12-19.
^ a b Brennan, Pat; Clavin, Whitney (December 15, 2015). "Meanwhile, in a galaxy not so far, far away..." NASA. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
Hidalgo, Pablo (2015). Star Wars: The Force Awakens: The Visual Dictionary. New York, N.Y.: DK. ISBN 978-1-4654-3816-4.
Hidalgo, Pablo (2017). Star Wars: The Last Jedi: The Visual Dictionary. New York, N.Y.: DK. ISBN 978-1-4654-5551-2.
Luceno, James (2005). Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith: The Visual Dictionary. New York, N.Y.: DK. ISBN 0-7566-1128-8.
Wallace, Daniel (1998). Star Wars: The Essential Guide to Planets and Moons. Del Rey. ISBN 0345420683.
Galaxy Building, from Alderaan to Utapau at StarWars.com (official)
Star Wars Canon: Just How Realistic Are the Single-Biome Planets? at The Escapist
List of planets on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
Interactive map of Star Wars galaxy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_Wars_planets_and_moons&oldid=906260408#Star_Wars_Legends"
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Pacific Quay
Find sources: "Pacific Quay" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The final few boats departing Pacific Quay in Glasgow after the Glasgow 2014 flotilla
Pacific Quay is an area south of the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland. It is located at the former Plantation Quay and Princes' Dock Basin. The Princes' Dock Basin was the largest on the River Clyde when it was opened by the Clyde Navigation Trust in 1900. It ceased to be used as a commercial dock by the Clyde Port Authority in the 1970s as the volume of Shipping using the Upper Clyde declined with the onset of containerization. The site was later used for the Glasgow Garden Festival in 1988. The former electric generating station and pumping house, "Four Winds" which was used to pump water between the rotundas and generate power for the electric cranes still stands and is now home to a consultant engineers and radio station. The name 'Pacific Quay' has no historical significance, as it was created simply as a marketing enterprise following the land being reclaimed for commercial use after the Garden Festival closure. It did not reflect the site as a departure point for ships bound for the Pacific Rim.
NowEdit
Today Pacific Quay includes:
Glasgow Science Centre
BBC Pacific Quay, BBC Scotland headquarters and studios.
STV Group, headquarters and studios for the Scottish ITV network.
Capital Scotland, radio station.
Buro Happold, consultant engineers.
ChoiceQuote Insurance Services, taxi insurance broker.
Digital Design Studio, research and commercial centre of Glasgow School of Art
Govan Graving DocksEdit
Admiralty plan of the Govan Graving Docks from 1909.
The derelict Govan Graving Docks complex.
To the immediate west of Pacific Quay lies the former Govan Graving Docks. The Clyde Navigation Trust (now Clydeport) opened its first Graving Dock at Govan in 1875 and a second in 1886. The third and largest, at 880 ft in length, was opened in 1897. The facility was operated by the Clyde Navigation Trust until 1967, when it was taken over by Alexander Stephen and Sons as a ship repair yard, which lasted until 1976. This was subsequently taken over by Clyde Dock Engineering Ltd in 1977 and continued to operate before eventually closing in 1987. Despite forming the proposed site for a new Clyde Ship Trust Maritime Museum, site for the preservation of the City of Adelaide and later Glasgow's failed bid to host the Royal Yacht Britannia as a museum ship in the late 1990s, the site has been derelict for 28 years in the hands of various connected property development companies. Residential regeneration schemes have been repeatedly put forward for the site over the years and then shelved.
Planning permission for a residential and commercial development of the docks was refused by Glasgow District Council in 1990.
In 2002-03 Glasgow City Council was unsuccessful in a bid for European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) funding from the Strathclyde European Partnership to subsidise the cost of a proposed major private sector development of the docks for private housing, a hotel and offices.
There is currently a campaign for the Graving Docks and the only remaining pump house building to be restored to create a maritime heritage park and the petition has so far attracted more than 8,300 signatures.[1] The Clyde Docks Preservation Initiative Limited was incorporated as a non-profit company in June 2015 to establish a lead organisation in efforts to protect the future of Govan Graving Docks (and potentially other maritime sites on the Clyde) as a maritime heritage asset. Early in 2016 the organisation ran an online consultation survey on the future of the Govan dry dock site in which 92% of respondents expressed opposition to housing development.[2]
A detailed report produced by the Clyde Docks Preservation Initiative in November 2016 clearly demonstrates that proposals to redevelop the Govan Graving Docks for primarily housing are not viable on grounds of desirability/popularity, financial viability, technical viability, industrial/maritime heritage concerns and the A-listed status of the site.[2]
Campaigners have called for a compulsory purchase order (CPO) of the Govan graving docks site.
Clyde Waterfront Regeneration
^ "Glasgow Shipbuilding Heritage Park Campaign". Glasgow Shipbuilding Heritage Park Campaign.
^ a b "Report on the Planning History of Govan Graving Docks" (PDF). cdpi.org.uk. Glasgow: The Clyde Docks Preservation Initiative Limited. November 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Media related to Pacific Quay at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 55°51′28″N 4°17′34″W / 55.85778°N 4.29278°W / 55.85778; -4.29278
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Quay&oldid=884636801"
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Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War
For the incursion of Turkey's military into Syria that began in August 2016, see Operation Euphrates Shield. For the incursion of Turkey's military into Syria that began in January 2018, see Operation Olive Branch. For the occupation of northern Syria by Turkey, see Turkish occupation of northern Syria.
Turkey, which had had a relatively friendly relationship with Syria over the decade prior to the start of the civil unrest in Syria in the spring of 2011, condemned the Syrian president Bashar al-Assad over the violent crackdown on protests in 2011[52] and later that year joined a number of other countries demanding his resignation.[53] In the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, Turkey trained defectors of the Syrian Army on its territory, and in July 2011, a group of them announced the birth of the Free Syrian Army, under the supervision of Turkish intelligence.[54] In October 2011, Turkey began sheltering the Free Syrian Army, offering the group a safe zone and a base of operations. Together with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, Turkey has also provided the rebels with arms and other military equipment. Tensions between Syria and Turkey significantly worsened after Syrian forces shot down a Turkish fighter jet in June 2012, and border clashes erupted in October 2012.[55] On 24 August 2016, the Turkish armed forces began a declared direct military intervention into Syria pursuing as targets both ISIL and the Kurdish-aligned forces in Syria.
Part of Foreign Involvement in the Syrian Civil War
Turkey (orange) and Syria (green)
5 December 2011 (2011-12-05) – present
(7 years, 7 months, 1 week and 4 days)
Ongoing[11]
Turkey experiences clashes between Syrian border troops, ISIL militants and SDF.
Turkish aid to the Syrian Opposition, and protection to Syrian Turkmen Brigades.
Turkey–Russia tensions rise as Turkey shoots downs a Russian Sukhoi S-24 on Syria
Syrian government forces capture most of the Turkmen Mountain with Russian military aid.[12]
Normalisation of Russia–Turkey relations, following Erdoğan expressing regret to Vladimir Putin for the Su-24 shoot-down and apologizing to the pilot's family.[13][14]
Turkish recognition of Bashar al-Assad in part of the political solution to the conflict.[15]
Turkish military intervention in Syria directed at the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as well as against the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) until 29 March 2017.
Turkish military intervention in Afrin directed against the SDF starting 20 January 2018.[16]
Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate to install 12 military observation posts along the rebel pocket in Idlib Governorate.
Grey Wolves[1]
Alperen Ocakları
In support of:
Syrian National Army (since 2016)
Syrian Turkmen Brigades (since 2012)
United States (2011–17)
United Kingdom (2011–18)
France (2011–18)
Saudi Arabia (until 2017)
Tahrir al-Sham (since 2017)[2][3]
Syrian government
Syrian Democratic Forces
YPJ
Jaysh al-Thuwar[4]
Various military councils
MLKP
TKP/ML TİKKO
United Freedom Forces
United States (since 2014)
Egypt (since 2016)[5]
United Arab Emirates (since 2017)[6][7][8][9]
Saudi Arabia (since 2018)[9][10]
Russia (sometimes)
Syrian National Resistance (2016–17)
İsmail Metin Temel
Hulusi Akar
Ebu Bekir Muhammed Abbas
Ömer Abdullah
Alparslan Çelik
Albay Ahmed Berri
Abu Ala al-Afri †
Abu Ali al-Anbari †
Yunus Durmaz †
(ISIL leader in Turkey, Gaziantep)[17]
Abu Ansari[18] †
(Emir of al-Bab)
Abu Hussein al-Tunusi[19] †
(ISIL southern Raqqa field commander)
Abu Khalid Urduni[20] †
(Amir of al-Bab)
Abu Ibrahim Al-Faransi (POW)[21]
(French emir of al-Bab)
Abu Ja'fr Dagestani † (ISIL emir)[22]
Maher al-Assad
Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
Hediya Yousef[23]
Mansur Selum[23]
Adnan Abu Amjad[24] (Manbij Military Council & Northern Sun Battalion commander)
Anwar Khabat[25](Euphrates Liberation Brigade commander)
Talal Silo (spokesperson for the Syrian Democratic Forces) (POW)[26]
Abdulsettar Al-Cadiri (Jarabulus military council commander) †[27]
685,862 servicemen
668 aircraft 31,500–100,000 militants
320 aircraft
185 servicemen killed
1 F-4 shot down
1 T129 ATAK shot down
1 Bayraktar Tactical UAS shot down
TFSA ~1,191 killed[29][30][31][32][33][34][35] 3,000+ killed[36] (Turkish claim)
Syrian:
1 pilot killed[37]
113 soldiers killed[38][39][29]
20 captured.[40]
1 Mi-17 shot down
1 MiG-23 shot down
1 Mohajer-4 drone shot down
(SAA troops killed directly by Turkish Armed Forces only)
Russian:
2 servicemen killed
1 SU-24 shot down
1 CSAR helicopter shot down
1 Orlan-10 drone shot down[41]
1,789+ killed (SOHR and SDF claims)[42][43]
[44][45][46] 5,238 killed, 53 captured (Turkish claim)[30][47][48]
4 killed[49][50]
1 killed[51]
Turkey also provided refuge for Syrian dissidents. Syrian opposition activists convened in Istanbul in May 2011 to discuss regime change,[56] and Turkey hosts the head of the Free Syrian Army, Colonel Riad al-Asaad.[57] Turkey has become increasingly hostile to the Assad government's policies and has encouraged reconciliation among dissident factions. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has been trying to "cultivate a favorable relationship with whatever government would take the place of Assad."[58] Beginning in May 2012, some Syrian opposition fighters began being armed and trained by the Turkish National Intelligence Organisation.[59]
Human rights groups, including the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and Human Rights Watch have reported that Turkish troops have killed hundreds of civilians fleeing the civil war in Syria.[60] This includes 76 children and 38 women killed by Turkish border guards.[61]
Turkey and anti-government forces in SyriaEdit
See also: Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army
Turkish soldiers and TFSA fighters at the building in Afrin that had hosted the PYD-led government of the region, 18 March 2018
Since 1999, when Bashar al-Assad's father Hafez al-Assad expelled Kurdish leader Abdullah Öcalan, relations between Syria and Turkey warmed.[62]
In the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, Turkey trained defectors of the Syrian Army on its territory, and in July 2011, a group of them announced the birth of the Free Syrian Army, under the supervision of Turkish intelligence.[54] In October 2011, Turkey began sheltering the Free Syrian Army, offering the group a safe zone and a base of operations. Together with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, Turkey has also provided the rebels with arms and other military equipment.
Al-Qaeda and the Army of ConquestEdit
Turkey, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia have supported the Army of Conquest.[63] The coalition includes the al-Nusra Front (the Syrian affiliate of al-Qaeda) and Ahrar al-Sham, but it also included non-al-Qaeda-linked Islamist factions, such as the Sham Legion, that have received covert arms support from the United States.[64] According to The Independent, some Turkish officials admitted giving logistical and intelligence support to the command center of the coalition, but denied giving direct help to al-Nusra, while acknowledging that the group would be beneficiaries. It also reported that some rebels and officials claim that material support in the form of money and weapons to the Islamist groups was being given by Saudis with Turkey facilitating its passage.[65] Al-Ahram reported that President Obama of the United States chose not to confront Saudi Arabia and Qatar over the issue at a May 2015 meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council, although al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham troops made up 90% of the troops in the Idlib region, where they were making substantial gains against the Assad government.[66]
Turkey had reportedly criticised designation of the Nusra Front as a terrorist organisation. Feridun Sinirlioğlu had reportedly told his American interlocutors that it was more important to focus on the "chaos" that Assad has created instead of groups such as al-Nusra.[67] Al-Monitor claimed in 2013 that Turkey was reconsidering its support for Nusra. Turkey's designation of the Nusra Front as a terrorist group since June 2014 was seen as an indication of it giving up on the group.[68][69] Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, Leader of the Opposition in Turkey has alleged that Erdogan and his government have supported terrorism in Syria.[70][71] In June 2014, İhsan Özkes, a parliamentarian from CHP, claimed that a directive had been signed by Turkish Interior Minister Muammer Güler, ordering the provision of support to Al-Nusra against PYD. Güler denied this claim and argued that a directive with the letterhead of the Governor's Office of Hatay could not be possibly signed by a minister, which is a direct proof of the document's inauthenticity.[72][73] Former United States Ambassador to Turkey, Francis Ricciardone claimed that Turkey had directly supported and worked with Ahrar al-Sham and al-Qaeda's wing in Syria for a period of time thinking that they could work with extremist Islamist groups and push them to become more moderate at the same time, an attempt which failed. He said that he tried to persuade the Turkish government to close its borders to the groups, but to no avail.[74] Seymour Hersh in an article published on London Review of Books on April 17, 2014 claimed that senior US military leaders and the intelligence community were concerned about Turkey's role and stated that Erdogan was a supporter of al-Nusra Front and other Islamist rebel groups.[75]
RT reported in March 2016 that al-Nusra had pitched their camps along the Turkish border and regularly receives supply from the Turkish side near the border town of Azaz. While filming a number of vehicles coming from the Turkish side through the Bab al-Salam crossing to Azaz, the RT crew reported that Turkish military vehicles were at most a kilometre away from them. Abdu Ibrahim, head of YPG in Afrin claimed that Turkey was definitely providing support to al-Nusra. Some Syrian rebels also told RT that Turkey was providing support to ISIL and al-Nusra.[76] This claim was branded "an ugly lie" by the Turkish media and attributed to the impaired relationship between Russia and Turkey after the 2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown incident and to the fact that RT is a Russian state agency.[77] In October 2016, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, the Turkish foreign minister, called on the al-Nusra Front to withdraw from Aleppo and called on other Syrian rebel groups to split from Nusra.[78]
On 5 May 2017, Mehmet Görmez, the Turkish president of religious affairs, met with Harith al-Dhari,[79] an Iraqi Sunni cleric who was designated by the Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee as an "individual associated with al-Qaeda" in 2010. Al-Dhari was reported to have "provided operational guidance, financial support, and other services to or in support of al-Qaeda in Iraq."[80]
Turkistan Islamic PartyEdit
Arab media claimed that the village of Az-Zanbaqi (الزنبقي) in Jisr al-Shughur's countryside has become a base for a massive amount of Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party militants and their families in Syria, estimated at around 3,500. They further accused the Turkish intelligence of being involved in transporting these Uyghurs via Turkey to Syria, with the aim of using them first in Syria to help Jabhat Al-Nusra and gain combat experience fighting against the Syrian Army before sending them back to Xinjiang to fight against China if they manage to survive.[81][82] Arab news agencies reported that the Uyghurs in the Turkistan Islamic Party, the Chechens in Junud al-Sham, Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham are being coordinated by Turkish intelligence to work with the Army of Conquest.[83] Turkish media agencies, on the other hand, denied this and claimed that it was a scheme of the Chinese government to promise a holy cause and new lands to Uyghur forces with Islamic tendencies, which would eventually be cited by the government as the reason for more oppressive policies towards the Uyghur people.[84] The validity of the Chinese claims had also been challenged by Sean Roberts of Georgetown University in an article on global terrorism.[85] Conversely, other reports emphasized on the Uyghur fighters' ties with ISIL, which lead to the 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting against Turkey.[86]
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)Edit
Main article: Turkey–ISIL conflict
See also: 2014 National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey
Allegations of Turkish cooperation with and support for ISILEdit
Ever since the formal founding of ISIL from its Islamist predecessor groups in June 2014, Turkey has faced numerous allegations of collaboration with and support for ISIL in international media.[87][88][89][90] Several of the allegations have focused on Turkish businessman and politician Berat Albayrak, who has faced calls for his prosecution in the United States.[91][92]
Turkey has, despite national and international criticism, largely refused to directly engage militants of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), despite continued threats from ISIL to pursue more operations on Turkish soil. The Turkish response to the ISIL-led Siege of Kobanî as well as a series of terrorist attacks on Turkish soil allegedly linked to ISIL perpetrators, was largely subdued apart from a series of incidents on the Turkish–Syrian border. On 23 July 2014 one Turkish sergeant was killed by fire from ISIL forces in Syria, and four Turkish tanks returned fire into ISIL held territory in Syria.[93] The following day ISIL and Turkish soldiers actively engaged in the Turkish border town of Kilis, marking a dangerous new escalation in the ties between Turkey and ISIL.[94] Turkish F-16 Fighting Falcons struck ISIL targets across the border from Kilis Province with smart bombs, the Turkish government announced.[95]
The Turkish government claimed that this was to prevent an attempted invasion by ISIL troops.[96]
On August 25, 2015 the Turkish newspaper Bugün ran a front-page story, illustrated with video stills, about what it said was the transfer, under the observation of Turkish border guards, of weapon and explosives from Turkey to ISIL through the Akcakale border post. Bugün reported that such transfers were occurring on a daily basis and had been going on for two months. In response, a couple of days later offices of Koza İpek Media Group, the owner of the newspaper, were raided by Turkish police.[97][98] In October 2015 control of Koza İpek Media Group was seized by the Ankara Chief Public Prosecutor's Office which then appointed new managers with links to the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), and in July 2016 Bugün was closed down on the orders of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[99][100]
In late November 2015, Turkey started tougher controls to stop ISIL militants crossing on a 60-mile stretch of the border with Syria where ISIL had control of the Syrian side. The crossing was used for smuggling and for arms transfers. This followed Russian President Putin directly accusing Turkey of aiding ISIL and al-Qaeda, and pressure from the U.S.[101]
In April 2018 an article was published by Foreign Policy in which it was stated that In 2013 alone, some 30,000 militants traversed Turkish soil, establishing the so-called jihadi highway, as the country became a conduit for fighters seeking to join the Islamic State. Furthermore it was claimed that wounded Islamic State militants were treated for free at hospitals across southeastern Turkey. Among those receiving care was one of the top deputies of Islamic State chieftain Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, Ahmet el-H, who was treated in a private hospital in Sanliurfa in August 2014.[102]
From July 2015: Alleged ISIL terror attacks in TurkeyEdit
On 7 July 2015, reports surfaced that Turkish security forces seized a truck bound for Syria loaded with 10,000 detonators and explosive primers with total length of 290,000 metres (950,000 feet) in Akcakale, Sanliurfa province, southeastern Turkey. Five people were arrested. The detainees admitted attempts of crossing the border from the village of Aegean into Tal Abyad city in the Al-Raqqah Province.[103]
Main article: 2015 Suruç bombing
On 20 July 2015, a cultural center in Suruç was bombed by a 20-year-old male Turkish ISIL member.[104] 32 people were killed in the town of Suruç's municipal culture center in the southeastern province of Şanlıurfa, and at least 100 people were hospitalised.[105]
Main article: 2015 Ankara bombings
On 10 October 2015 at 10:04 local time (EEST) in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, two bombs were detonated outside Ankara Central railway station. With a death toll of 103 civilians,[106] the attack surpassed the 2013 Reyhanlı bombings as the deadliest terror attack in modern Turkish history.[107] Another 500 people were injured.[108][109]
Main article: March 2016 Istanbul bombing
On 19 March 2016, a suicide bombing took place in Istanbul's Beyoğlu district in front of the district governor's office. The attack occurred at 10:55 (EET) at the intersection of Balo Street with İstiklal Avenue,[110] a central shopping street.[111] The attack caused at least five deaths,[112] including that of the perpetrator. 36 people were injured, including seven whose injuries were severe.[110][111] Among those injured were twelve foreign tourists.[111] Among those killed, two were of dual Israel-US nationality.[113] On 22 March, the Turkish interior minister said that the bomber had links with ISIL.[114]
Main article: 2016 Atatürk Airport attack
On 28 June 2016, ISIL militants attacked Istanbul's Atatürk Airport. The three suicide bombers opened fire at passengers before blowing themselves up.[115] The attacks left 45 dead and 230 wounded.[116]
From April 2016: Cross-border confrontationsEdit
Turkish artillery strikes killed over 54 ISIL militants on April 2016,[117][118][119][120] whilst 5 people were killed and 22 others were wounded by ISIL rocket projectiles hitting the border province of Kilis.[121][121][122]
The Turkish Foreign Ministry has demanded raising awareness on the Kilis to the U.S. Department of State. Turkey also demanded the deployment of High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) rocket launchers at Turkey's Syria border. According to Turkey, such moves would push ISIL militants southwards, leaving the border province of Kilis out of battery ranges.[123]
From 3 May 2016 to 6 May rocket fire struck the Turkish city of Kilis from ISIS controlled territory with the Turkish Army responding with fire at every attack.[124][124][125][126]
On 6 May the governor's office in Kilis released an official statement declared the province a "special security area," effective for 15 days until 5:00 p.m. on May 20.[126]
Also, in the morning hours, the Turkish military carried out four separate air strikes against ISIL positions in northern Syria, as part of a joint effort and intelligence with the U.S.-led coalition forces. Two Katyusha rockets were fired from ISIL positions in Syria on the southeastern province of Kilis following the air strikes. Turkish armed forces responded to the attack by shelling ISIL targets with howitzers from the border.[127]
In the evening hours, reconnaissance and surveillance vehicles spotted ISIL positions in the Suran region north of Aleppo and the Baragidah and Kuşacık regions northeast of Tal el Hişn. Army shelled them. A total of 55 ISIL militants were killed in the shellings, while three vehicles and three rocket launchers belonging to the jihadist group were also destroyed.[127]
From 11–15 May a total of 55 ISIL militants were killed by Turkey and U.S.-led coalition in operations targeting positions belonging to the jihadist group in Syria, Turkish security sources have said.[128][129]
Turkey and Syria's governmentEdit
Main article: Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian Civil War
Numerous incidents along the Syrian–Turkish border have taken place during the Syrian Civil War, straining the relations between the countries and resulting in dozens of civilians and military personnel killed. Syria has repreatedly urged UN Security Council action to "put an end to the crimes of the Turkish regime".[130]
Turkey and RojavaEdit
See also: Rojava, Rojava conflict, Foreign relations of Rojava, and Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)
Turkey has received the co-chair of Rojava's leading Democratic Union Party (PYD), Salih Muslim, for talks in 2013[131] and in 2014,[132] even entertaining the idea of opening a Rojava representation office in Ankara "if it's suitable with Ankara's policies."[133] Nonwithstanding, Turkey is persistently hostile, because it feels threatened by Rojava's emergence encouraging activism for autonomy among Kurds in Turkey and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, and in this context in particular Rojava's leading Democratic Union Party (PYD) and the People's Protection Units (YPG) militia being members of the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK) network of organisations, which also includes both political and militant assertively Kurdish organizations in Turkey itself, including the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Turkey's policy towards Rojava is based on an economic blockade,[134] persistent attempts of international isolation,[135] opposition to the cooperation of the international Anti-ISIL-coalition with Rojava militias,[136] and support of Islamist Syrian Civil War parties hostile towards Rojava,[137][138] in past times even including ISIL.[139][140][141] Turkey has on several occasions also been militarily attacking Rojava territory and defence forces.[142][143][144] The latter has resulted in some of the most clearcut instances of international solidarity with Rojava.[145][146][147][148]
In the perception of much of the Turkish public, the Rojava federal project as well as U.S. support against ISIL are elements of a wider conspiracy scheme by a "mastermind" with the aim to weaken or even dismember Turkey, in order to prevent its imminent rise as a global power.[149] Opposition leader Selahattin Demirtas has argued for Turkey and other countries to recognize Rojava and work with it as a partner.[150][151]
From fall 2014: Kobanî in focusEdit
See also: Siege of Kobanî, People's Protection Units, and Women's Protection Units
With the Turkish government thinking that a declaration was enough, and with only a minimum of western airstrikes helping the defenders of Kobanî, ISIL troops edged closer to the city, eventually entering it from the south and east.[152] Feeling betrayed by the Turkish government and hearing that Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu's previous vow not to let Kobanî fall was in fact a lie, refugees on the border and citizens in the cities of Istanbul, Ankara, Antakya, Antalya, Eskişehir, Denizli, Kocaeli, Diyarbakır, Siirt, Batman, and elsewhere began to protest. Turkish police responded with tear gas and water cannons, and live fire in the southern province of Adana, killing protestors.[153][154]
By 7 October, ISIL militants and Kurdish defenders were fighting in the streets of Kobanî, with many dead and scores wounded on both sides.[155][156] As the battle for Kobanî continued to rage, rioting continued in Turkey, and almost 40 people were killed in street clashes by mid-October. In late October, ISIL began shelling the border post near Kobanî.[157] On 11 October, Turkish President Erdogan denounced the protests, claiming that they were attacking Turkey's "peace, stability, and environment of trust." He stated that the government was already caring for 200,000 Kurdish refugees from the Kobanî area and asked, "What does Kobanî have to do with Turkey?"[158] By mid-October, fighting had also renewed between Turkish military forces and Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) elements in southeastern Turkey.
On 29 November 2014, ISIL fighters began attacking YPG fighters in Kobanî from Turkish territory.[159] Kurdish sources in Kobane said that on November 29 ISIL fighters attacked Kobane from Turkish territory, and that the assault began with a vehicle driven by a suicide bomber coming from Turkish territory. During the attack, a group of ISIL fighters were seen atop granary silos on the Turkish side of the border.[160][161] According to the German news outlet 'Der Spiegel', ISIL fighters also attacked YPG positions near the border gate from Turkish soil.[162] According to the SOHR, YPG fighters crossed the Turkish border and attacked ISIL positions on Turkish soil, before pulling back to Syria. Soon afterwards, the Turkish Army regained control of the border crossing and silos area.[163]
On 25 June 2015, fighters from ISIL launched an attack against Kobanî, detonating three car bombs.[164] The ISIL fighters were reported to have disguised themselves as Kurdish security forces, before entering the town and shooting civilians with assault rifles and RPGs.[165][166] Over 164 people were killed and 200 injured.[165] Kurdish forces and the Syrian government claimed the vehicles had entered the city from across the border, an action denied by Turkey.[167] ISIS also committed a massacre in the village of Barkh Butan, about 20 kilometres south of Kobanî, executing at least 23 Syrian Kurds, among them women and children.[168]
From summer 2015: Rojava expands, Turkey becomes openly hostileEdit
See also: Tell Abyad offensive and Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)
On 24 and 25 October 2015, Kurds accused the Turkish military of opening fire at its forces in Tal Abyad after the majority Arab town was included into Kobanî Canton. The Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu confirmed it, saying "we hit it twice,".[169][170] There were no casualties in the shooting and the Kurdish forces didn't return fire.[171] On October 25, Turkish forces also attacked the village of Buban. During the attack two civilians wounded.[172]
On 15 February 2016, Turkey hit again Kurdish forces in Syria. A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman said the strikes came after a border security outpost in the Hatay area was attacked.[173] In addition, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that Turkish troops were shelling the road to the west of the town of Tal Rifaat and also the region to the west of the Syrian border town of Azaz, but failed to stop the advance of the Kurdish forces.[174] On 16 February 2016, Turkish forces continued to shell the positions of Syrian Kurds in northern Syria for the fourth day. Turkish military said that it was retaliating to fire coming from the region.[175] On 17 February 2016, in Ankara, a car bombing attack happened at night. The attack targeted a convoy of military vehicles. Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu and President Erdogan blamed a Syrian Kurdish militia fighter working with Kurdish militants inside Turkey for a suicide car bombing, and vowed retaliation in both Syria and Iraq.[176] However the Kurdistan Freedom Falcons (TAK) took responsibility for the attack and said they targeted security forces.[177]
On February 22, 2016, U.S.–Russia joint cease-fire deal announced to take effect in Syria on Feb. 27, but the "cessation of hostilities" does not include ISIL and the al-Nusra Front, the main jihadist factions. On Feb. 24, Turkish president, Erdoğan, during a speech said that "The PYD and the YPG need to be out of the scope of the cease-fire, just like Daesh (ISIL) is,".[178] Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan said that Turkey would continue shelling Kurdish militants across the border in Syria, despite calls from Washington and other Western capitals to halt the attacks.[179] On 19 February Turkish artillery units shelled again PYD targets in northern Syria.[180] Opposition groups reported that over the previous few days they had brought over 2,000 reinforcements with heavy equipment from the Idlib area, through Turkey assisted by Turkish forces, to fight against Kurdish militias north of Aleppo and to support rebels in Azaz.[181] Pentagon Press Secretary Peter Cook said that Turkey's shelling of YPG forces in northern Syria would be an "ongoing topic of conversation" between USA and Turkey.[182]
On 4 March 2016, the YPG militia said that Turkey's tanks had fired dozens of shells at its positions in the area of Afrin in northwest Syria.[183] Russia's Defense Ministry reported that Turkey continues to shell Kurdish forces in Syria, hampering their operations against Al-Nusra, and at the same time funneling supplies to the militant-controlled areas at the border.[184] The Ministry also claimed that jihadists and Turkish trucks supplying them continued to freely cross the Turkish-Syrian border.[184][185] On 6 March, jihadists shelled Turkish areas from Syrian territory in an attempt to provoke a response that could lead to Ankara sending troops into the neighboring country.[186] On 8 March, Mortar shells fired from Syria in Turkey and killed 2 civilians, the Turkish military returned fire into Syria. According to Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu, Islamic State militants were responsible for the attack.[28]
From spring 2016: Manbij and international solidarity with RojavaEdit
See also: Syrian Democratic Forces, Manbij offensive, Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016), and Battle of al-Bab (2016)
In December 2015, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), the newly founded umbrella for Rojava-affiliated militias, captured the Tishrin Dam and crossed the Euphrates, capturing the town of Tishrin and other nearby areas from ISIL, paving the way for a future offensive toward Manbij. In April 2016, factions of the SDF formed the Manbij Military Council.[187][188] The U.S. asked for Turkey's support for the Manbij offensive, but Turkey had two demands that were rejected, namely that the forces in the offensive should leave the secular SDF umbrella, and that the U.S. should increase its airstrikes for jihadist groups Turkey supports.[189][189][190][191] When the offensive started, the Washington Post reported it under the headline of "Ignoring Turkey, U.S. backs Kurds in drive against ISIS in Syria".[192]
During the late summer 2016 Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War in Shahba region, U.S. Special Operations Forces embedded with SDF forces, to successfully deter Turkey and Turkish-backed jihadi rebels from attacking SDF forces south of the Sajur river.[146] Further, the United States Department of Defense confirmed that U.S. Special Operation Forces were flying U.S. flags in the town of Tell Abyad in Kobanî Canton to deter Turkish harassment shelling or attacks against SDF forces there.[193]
Turkey's military intervention in SyriaEdit
2014 invasion plansEdit
Further information: Tomb of Suleyman Shah § (Rumoured) threats of ISIL
On 27 March 2014 an audio tape recording of high-level Turkish officials discussing Turkey's Syria strategy was released on YouTube.[194] The officials discussed a false flag operation that would lead to an invasion of Syria. YouTube was subsequently blocked in Turkey.
A vote in the Turkish Parliament was scheduled for October 1, 2014 on whether or not to invade Syria as part of the war on ISIL.[195] while preparations for a possible invasion were made.[196] It was later delayed a day.
The de facto "declaration of war" is to take the form of two separate motions—one on Iraq and one on Syria, which would authorize Turkish troops to invade those countries.[197] the opposition said they hadn't been able to read either motion, as the exact text had been delayed.
Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç said that the gist of the resolutions was to extend the current mandate for "hot pursuit" against the PKK and Syrian Army into Syria and Iraq, which was to end the second week in October, and to add ISIS to the list and set up a buffer zone on the Syrian side of the border.[198]
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan opened the parliamentary session by saying that Turkey would fight against so called Islamic State and other "terrorist" groups in the region but it would stick to its aim of seeing Bashar al-Assad removed from power.[199]
After two days of heated debate, the motion passed 298–98.[200]
With the governing party losing its majority in the Turkish general election on 7 June 2015, rumors began to circulate that President Erdoğan would order an invasion of Syria to prevent the creation of a Kurdish state straddling northern Syria and Iraq.[201]
On June 26, Erdogan said he would "never allow the establishment of a Kurdish state in northern Syria".[202] By the end of June, a number of Turkish newspapers reported that Ankara was considering a ground operation to establish a buffer zone in Northern Syria to prevent Syrian Kurds from declaring an independent state,[203] a zone 110 km long and 33 km deep along the Turkish border.[202]
The military demanded legal backing for such a move,[204][205] and on 29 June 2015, Erdoğan chaired a meeting of the National Security Council to provide just that.[206]
Leaked plans stated that, sometime during the first couple of weeks of July, up to 18 thousand troops would invade Syria via the Jarablus and Aazaz border crossings, areas in the hands of ISIL and the Free Syrian Army, respectively, and set up a buffer zone to which refugees could be repatriated.[207]
Limiting intervention to airstrikes has also been discussed.[208] The idea of going into Syria proved extremely unpopular with most sections of Turkish society, dissuading the government from invading.[209]
2016–17 military interventionEdit
Further information: Operation Euphrates Shield
In the wake of the major military advances that Syrian government forces and Syrian Democratic Forces made against jihadists during the Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016), Ankara called for a safe zone and "No-fly zone", "free from clashes", in northern Aleppo governorate.[210] The proposal did not garner any real support from Washington or NATO allies who fear it would require an internationally patrolled no-fly zone and potentially put them in direct confrontation with Assad and his allies. Only, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said, that such a "safe zone" would be "helpful in the current situation."[210] Russia with dominance over Syria's skies, came out against the idea and, also, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said: "This is not Merkel's initiative, this is a Turkish initiative." In addition, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Gennady Gatilov said that any decision to create a no-fly zone over Syria cannot be made without the approval of the government in Damascus as well as the UN Security Council.[210]
In February 2016, Turkey and Saudi Arabia were pressing for ground operations in Syria, hoping for the involvement of the U.S. and the other allies.[211] Hezbollah said Turkey and Saudi Arabia were using the Islamic State group as a "pretext" to launch a ground operation in Syria.[212]
On 22 August 2016, Turkey fired artillery at ISIS in Jarablus, and it also shelled YPG fighters north of Manbij.[213] A spokesperson for the Kurdish-Arab Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) said: "The Turkish state officially supports Daesh (ISIS) and bombs the positions of the Manbij Military Council and its countryside in the northern axis of the defense positions at Sajur River,"[214] The SDF is dominated by the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD).[215]
On 24 August 2016, the Turkish armed forces, supported by the U.S., began a declared direct military intervention into Syria.
On 24 August 2016, after 2 days of artillery bombardment[213] and airstrikes, the Turkish Land Forces launched an attack on the ISIL-held town of Jarabulus, followed by hundreds of FSA fighters.[216] They were backed by planes from the U.S.-led coalition, launched their first co-ordinated offensive into Syria.[217] Turkey′s president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on the first day of the operation, called Euphrates Shield, that it was aimed against both the ISIL and People's Protection Units (YPG), a major component of the SDF, allegedly both ″terror groups that threaten our country in northern Syria″.[218][219] The immediate goal of the invasion was the capture of the Syrian town of Jarabulus from the ISIL, which was accomplished on the first day of the operation. The SDF managed to take the town of Amarinah from the FSA after a brief firefight.[217][220][221] It was the first time Turkish warplanes have struck in Syria since November 2015, when Turkey downed the Russian warplane, and the first significant incursion by Turkish special forces since a brief operation to relocate the tomb of Suleyman Shah, in February 2015.[217]
Turkey shelled Syrian Kurdish forces in the region during all the week before the attack, determined not to let them fill the vacuum if ISIS leaves.[222]
Turkey said the operation was an act of self-defence, in response to Isis shelling of Turkish border towns and suicide bombings and attacks targeting Turkish nationals.[217] Also, the Turkish foreign minister, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, said that YPG (Kurds) should return east of Syria's Euphrates River. Both Manbij and Jarablus are west of the river.[213]
Syrian Kurdish forces said that the Turkish operation is motivated more by the desire to stop their advance at Jarablus than by anti-ISIS sentiment.[223]
On 29 November, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the President of the Republic of Turkey, said that the Turkish military launched its operations in Syria to end the rule of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.[224] Days later Erdogan sought to retract his statement; media observers attributed his outburst to frustration due to failure of his government's Syria policies.[11]
2017 Idlib operationEdit
On 7 October 2017, Turkish forces launched an operation in the northern Idlib Governorate,[225] in coordination with Russia.[226]
2018 Afrin OperationEdit
Main articles: Turkish military operation in Afrin and Turkish occupation of northern Syria
Turkish military vehicles on the Syria–Turkey border, 16 January 2018.
On 9 January 2018, while giving a parliamentary address to his ruling AKP, president Recep Tayyip Erdogan said that Turkey will continue its military operation in Syria's Afrin and Manbij regions.[227]
On 20 January 2018, the Turkish military began an intervention in the Afrin region of Syria, code-named by Turkey as Operation Olive Branch (Turkish: Zeytin Dalı Harekâtı).
Statements about further intentions of Turkish military actionEdit
Against the Syrian Democratic ForcesEdit
Further information: Syrian Democratic Forces
Turkish Army artillery bombard a SDF position in the northern Aleppo countryside in July 2017
The Turkish government promotes a narrative according to which the Democratic Union Party (PYD), the leading political party of the Democratic Federal System of Northern Syria, and the People's Protection Units (YPG) militia, the leading component group of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), were allegedly "seizing and ethnically cleansing territories which don't belong to Kurds." Turkish President Erdoğan on 19 September once more promoted this narrative on a press conference, claiming that "these events are what also made it a necessity for us to start this intervention."[228][229]
The United States Department of Defense on 20 September confirmed that U.S. Special Operation Forces were flying U.S. flags in the town of Tell Abyad in Kobanî Canton to deter Turkish harassment shelling or attacks.[193] On 21 September, The New York Times reported that the U.S. administration "is weighing a military plan to directly arm Syrian Kurdish fighters combating the Islamic State, a major policy shift that could speed up the offensive against the terrorist group but also sharply escalate tensions between Turkey and the United States."[230] Reacting to these reports, Turkey President Erdoğan on 23 September claimed that "arming another terrorist group for fighting another terrorist group is not acceptable."[231] Following these statements, Turkish army shelled two YPG targets in the Tell Abyad area.[232] On 25 September 2016, the U.S. spokesman for the Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF–OIR) confirmed that the SDF, including the YPG, were also part of the "vetted forces" in the train and equip program and will be supplied with weapons. The President of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, condemned this and claimed that the SDF were "endangering our future".[233]
Turkey's Deputy Prime Minister Numan Kurtulmuş on 26 September claimed that a significant portion of YPG units within the SDF in Manbij would have started moving to the east of Euphrates river and appreciated it.[234] On 27 September, Turkey sent military units to the border region of Tell Abyad.[235] Same day Turkish FM Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu claimed that YPG units had not withdrawn from Manbij and its countryside and stated "this means USA either is not capable of influencing YPG or they do not want to influence them."[236] The Turkish government on 3 October once again claimed that fighters of YPG were still present to the west of Euphrates and called on the U.S. to hold its alleged promise that they withdraw to the east of the river.[237] The following day, Yıldırım claimed that Turkey could use force to expel YPG from Manbij.[238] As a consequence of continuing Turkish verbal aggressions, the SDF spokesman on 4 October explicitly ruled out any Turkish participation in the upcoming joint military operation of the SDF and the CJTF–OIR to capture Raqqa from ISIL.[239] Later an Obama administration official said that at this point the administration's plan to "retake Raqqa by arming the Kurds" was triggered as a plan B, after the initial plan of using Turkish forces in the Raqqa offensive became unattainable.[240]
Protest in London against Turkish military operation in Afrin, 31 March 2018
President Erdoğan stated on 18 October that the YPG would be removed from Manbij after ISIL is driven from al-Bab.[241] In a 21 October report from Jarabulus, the Financial Times assessed Turkish aims towards the SDF and as a conclusion quoted that "Mr Erdoğan is very good at perceptions. It is not important what reality is: people [in Turkey] love hearing Mr Erdoğan's ambitions on the eight o'clock news when they come home."[242] On 25 October, Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu stated that Turkey would dislodge "PYD/PKK" from Manbij if it did not leave the city.[243] On 26 October 2016, president Erdoğan said: "We are determined to clear the PYD from Manbij."[244][245] On 27 October 2016, Erdoğan said he told U.S. President Barack Obama that Free Syrian Army labeled rebels would advance on ISIL-held Al-Bab and then march on to SDF-held Manbij and then toward ISIL-capital Raqqa.[246] On 11 November, Erdoğan stated the goal and roadmap of the intervention as "expanding the controlled area to cover 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) including Bab, Manbij and Tell Rifaat, creating a national structure and army for this expanded area to provide solid control and to allow the refugees return to these areas jointly with EU, and after these, focusing on IS's de facto capital Raqqa and PYD."[247] On 22 November 2016, Erdoğan said with respect to Manbij that "we want the place to be totally emptied of the PYD and YPG."[248]
Acting U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Elissa Slotkin, on 16 January 2017 said the only target for the US-led coalition is ISIL, and not the city of Manbij that has been cleared from ISIL by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). "We are all about hitting ISIS where there is ISIS. If there's no ISIS, that's not our mandate. So that is an important distinction. We have always made it in any kind of conversation we've been having with any ally on Syria."[249] On 27 January 2017, after the multilateral peace talks in Astana, the President of the Republic of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, said that "we should not go deeper than Al-Bab" and Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu stated that "there are different opinions about YPG and Hezbollah. So an agreement can not be reached about struggle against them".[250] The Germany Defence Ministry on 31 January ruled out giving Turkey unfiltered access to imagery gathered by Tornado fighter jets operating out of Incirlik air base in southern Turkey as part of the Anti-ISIL coalition, out of concern that Turkey might abuse the high-resolution aerial imagery for military action against the SDF.[251]
Turkish soldiers conduct patrol outside Manbij within Turkish-occupied Northern Syria, 11 September 2018
On 24 April 2017, the Turkish Air Force conducted several airstrikes on YPG and YPJ positions near al-Malikiyah, killing at least 20 fighters.[252] On 28 October 2018, one day after a summit with the heads of state of France, Germany, Russia and Turkey,[253] Turkey started shelling targets in northern Syria.[254]
In 12 December 2018, the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, said during a televised speech that Turkey will launch a military operation against the Kurds east of the Euphrates river in northern Syria within days. He added that since the US-backed Kurdish fighters in Syria had not left the town of Manbij yet, as agreed in a US-Turkish deal and the Americans doesn't remove them, Turkey will do it.[255] The United States responded that such actions would be unacceptable and that "coordination and consultation between the U.S. and Turkey is the only approach to address issues of security concern in this area."[256] Turkish President also said that Turkey's "anti-terror" operations in northern Iraq will continue.[257] Following a January 2019 attack which killed four U.S. service members in Manbij, Erdogan told Trump that Turkey was ready to take over security in the town of Manbij and blamed the attack on ISIS.[258]
Against the Syrian governmentEdit
On 29 November 2016, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the President of the Republic of Turkey, said that the Turkish military launched its operations in Syria "to end the rule of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad".[224] Days later, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan sought to retract his statement; media observers attributed his comment to frustration "due to failure of his government's Syria policies".[11] In an interview with the state-run Syrian Arab News Agency on 8 December, Syria President Bashar Assad challenged Erdoğan's mental sanity.[259] On 20 January 2017, the Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey, Mehmet Şimşek, said that "we can't say that Assad must go anymore. A deal without Assad isn't realistic."[260]
On 9 January 2017, Turkey summoned Russian and Iranian ambassadors to express its disturbance over ongoing military operations of the Syrian Army in the Idlib Governorate.[261]
Against IraqEdit
On 1 November 2016, the day Iraqi forces entered Mosul in the Battle of Mosul (2016–17) against ISIL, Turkey announced it was sending tanks and artillery from Ankara to Silopi near the Iraqi border. Turkey's Minister of Defense Fikri Işık said the deployment was a move to "prepare for "important developments" in the region and stated that "further action can be taken if Turkey's red lines are crossed".[262][263][264] Iraqi Prime Minister Al-Abadi warned Turkey not to invade Iraq, predicting war if they did. Al-Abadi, addressing journalists in Baghdad, said, "We warn Turkey if they want to enter Iraq, they will end up becoming fragmented. ... We do not want to fight Turkey. We do not want a confrontation with Turkey. God forbid, even if we engage in war with them, the Turks will pay a heavy price. They will be damaged. Yes, we too will be damaged, but whenever a country fights a neighboring country, there will be no winner, both will end up losing."[265]
On 5 April 2017, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan suggested that future stages of the – recently proclaimed concluded – Euphrates Shield Operation would be broader, suggesting that Turkey would also seek to occupy territory of Iraq. Erdogan said that "a future operation will have not [only] a Syrian dimension, [but] also an Iraqi dimension. There are the Tal Afar and Sinjar situations [in Iraq]. We also have kin in Mosul."[266]
Turkey and other external state actorsEdit
Main article: American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War
Incirlik Air BaseEdit
On October 13, 2014 Turkey denied the United States to use Incirlik Air Base for attacking ISIS militants in Syria.[267] The US has been frustrated that its efforts to build an international coalition to tackle ISIS forces from the air have been partly hobbled by the difficulty of getting Turkey engaged.[268] Later, on July 23, 2015 after long negotiations with USA, Turkey has agreed to allow U.S. planes to launch air strikes against Islamic State militants. The U.S. officials declined to give details of the agreement with Turkey.[269] On February 25, 2016, Saudi Arabian war planes began arriving at the base as part of an anti-Isis build-up being deployed over Syria. The Saudi deployment added to US, German and British aircraft already using the base.[270][271][272]
On April 2 and 3, 2016, the families of U.S. troops and civilian personnel stationed at İncirlik Air Base left the base after an order by the Pentagon and the U.S. State Department to leave several areas of Turkey for their security.[273]
On August 2016, four Danish F-16 fighter jets have entered combat in Syria for the first time, hitting targets in Raqqa. The four jets, which have been stationed at the İncirlik airbase since June 17, 2016, have been flying surveillance and reconnaissance missions over Syria with combat missions limited to Iraq until then.[274]
United States role in Syrian Civil WarEdit
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2018)
Turkish and U.S. soldiers conduct the joint patrol outside Manbij, 1 November 2018
In May 2016 Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu was very angry because of some photos which showed US special forces in Syria wearing insignia of Kurdish militia (patch of the YPJ), during joint operations against Islamic State (IS). He called the US "two-faced" and said the practice was "unacceptable". Pentagon press secretary Peter Cook said it is common for US soldiers to attempt to blend in with local partners.[275]
According to Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, Turkey has proposed to USA a detailed plan for joint military operation against jihadists inside Syria with the Americans and other allied troops. But U.S. officials denied it and said that Turkey had not offered a detailed plan but only a few basic concepts which involved joint efforts only to support non-Kurdish forces.[276]
Russian FederationEdit
Main article: Russo-Turkish confrontation in Syria
The Turco-Russian confrontation took place between Turkey and, initially, the Syrian government which turned into a military crisis between Turkey and Russia after the November 2015 shoot-down of a Russian Air Force Su-24 by the Turkish Air Force after an alleged airspace violation. Increased Russian military intervention on behalf the Syrian Government and hostile Turkish territorial responses have all contributed to increasing escalation. Aerial confrontations between two nations have grown more common. Turkey accuses Russian Forces of violating Turkish sovereign airspace and war crimes against Syrian Turkmens.[277] The Russian military has accused Turkey of illegal economic ties with ISIS and planning a military intervention in Syria.[278][279][280][281]
On 22 February 2016, U.S. and Russia announced a deal for a truce to take effect in Syria on 27 February, referred to as "cessation of hostilities". On 24 February, Turkish president, Erdoğan, during a speech said that "The PYD and the YPG need to be out of the scope of the cease-fire, just like Daesh (ISIL) is."[178]
On February 25, Turkish prime minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said that Turkey would not comply with the truce: "This deal is not binding for us when a party is of threat to Turkey, when Turkey's security is at stake".[282]
November 2015 Turkish shootdown of Russian Su-24Edit
Main article: 2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown
Turkish F-16s shoot down a Russian Su-24 operating in Northern Latakia. Both occupants ejected successfully. The pilot was shot and killed by Syrian Turkmen rebel ground fire while descending by parachute.[283] The weapon systems officer was rescued two days later.[284] A Russian naval infantryman from the search-and-rescue team launched to retrieve the two airmen was also killed when a rescue helicopter was shot down by the rebels.
Turkey and Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalitionEdit
On December 2015, Turkey rejected to join the anti-ISIL quartet of Syria, Iran, Iraq and Russia. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that he rejected it due to the presence of Syria's president Bashar al-Assad.[285]
During an International Syria Support Group (ISSG) meeting in Vienna on May 17, 2016, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu told his Russian counterpart Sergei Lavrov that if Moscow has any evidence that shows Turkey helping the ISIL then he would resign.[286]
Russian General Staff Lt. Gen. Sergey Rudskoy told journalists that Al-Nusra Front is receiving daily arms shipments across the border from Turkey and that Al-Nusra Front remains a major destabilizing factor in Syria. He also added that Al-Nusra Front often attack the Syrian Government forces despite the cease-fire and that the attacks are confirmed by other nations as well.[287]
In 13 March 2016, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said Russia has evidence of Turkey's "creeping expansion" in northern Syria. He accused Turkey of fortifying positions hundreds of metres from the border, inside Syria and also sending its military across the Syrian border for Operation Against Kurds and to prevent Kurdish groups there from consolidating their positions.[288][289] Turkey denied the Russian claims.[290]
Russo-Turkish regularization of diplomatic tiesEdit
Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in November 2017
On 26 June 2016 Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan writes Russian President Vladimir Putin to offer condolences to the family of the deceased Russian pilot of the Sukhoi Su-24 warplane shot down last November. The Kremlin has insisted on a personal apology for months. A Turkish spokesman says this is a step toward improving bilateral relations between the two countries.[13]
On 1 July 2016, Turkish and Russian foreign ministers said that the two countries will "coordinate" their policies over Syria.[291]
On 14 July 2016, Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım has said that al-Assad must go before any change in Turkey's stance regarding Syria. He added that between al-Assad or ISIL, Turkey cannot choose either of them and that the main reason things have come to this point is because of al-Assad.[292]
RefugeesEdit
Main article: Refugees of the Syrian Civil War
Satellite images confirmed that the first Syrian camps appeared in Turkey in July 2011, shortly after the towns of Deraa, Homs and Hama were besieged.[293] By June 2013, Turkey has accepted 400,000 Syrian refugees, half of whom are spread around a dozen camps placed under the direct authority of the Turkish Government.[294] In 2014, the number swelled over a million, as some 200-300,000 Syrian Kurds streamed into Turkey in September alone, upon the Siege of Kobane.
The population of Syrian refugees in Turkey has 30 percent in 22 government-run camps near the Syrian-Turkish border.[295] The rest do their best to make ends meet in communities across the country.
Turkey has accepted over 3.5 million Syrian refugees since the beginning of the Syrian Civil War.[296] Turkey has accommodated most of its Syrian refugees in tent cities administered by the country's emergency management agency.[297]
Related criticism of TurkeyEdit
Further information: Human rights violations during the Syrian Civil War
Criticism of Turkish support for jihadists, including ISIL, and of targeting KurdsEdit
Turkey has been accused of supporting or colluding with ISIL, especially by Syrian Kurds.[298][299] Syrian Kurds and the Turkey's main Kurdish party, HDP, accused Turkey of allowing ISIL soldiers to cross its border and attack the Kurdish town of Kobanî in late 2014. They also claimed that Islamic State snipers were hiding among grain depots on the Turkish side of the border and firing on the town.[300][301] In addition, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that the vehicle which is used in a car bombing attack at Kobanî had come from Turkish territory.[301] According to journalist Patrick Cockburn, writing in late 2014, there is "strong evidence for a degree of collaboration" between the Turkish intelligence services and ISIL, although the "exact nature of the relationship ... remains cloudy".[302] David L. Phillips of Columbia University's Institute for the Study of Human Rights, who compiled a list of allegations and claims accusing Turkey of assisting ISIL, wrote in late 2014 that these allegations "range from military cooperation and weapons transfers to logistical support, financial assistance, and the provision of medical services".[303] Several ISIL fighters and commanders claimed in this period that Turkey supported ISIL.[304][305][306] A former ISIS member mentioned that the ISIS groups were essentially given free rein by Turkey's army. He said: "ISIS commanders told us to fear nothing at all because there was full cooperation with the Turks. ... ISIS saw the Turkish army as its ally especially when it came to attacking the Kurds in Syria."[307] Within Turkey itself, ISIL is believed to have caused increasing political polarisation between secularists and Islamists.[308] A video taken in October 2014 shows Turkish soldiers fraternising with Isis fighters near Kobane.[309] Turkish security forces dispersed Kurds who had gathered at the Turkish border with Syria to cross into Syria and fight with Kurdish militants against ISIS.[310] Oliver North tweeted a photograph which he claimed that it shows a Turkish soldier talking friendly with an ISIS anti-aircraft unit.[311][non-primary source needed] Sadi Pria, a top Iraqi Kurdish official in Irbil said: "Turkey shamelessly and openly backs IS and al-Qaeda terrorists against Kurdish freedom fighters,".[312]
U.S. Vice President Joe Biden accused Turkey of supporting jihadis in a speech at Harvard's Kennedy School on October 2, 2014.[313]
Russian media reported that authorities in Turkey confirmed social media reports that an injured ISIL commander, identified as Turkish citizen Emrah Cakan, was being treated in a Denizli hospital in May 2015, saying the militant has every right to receive medical care as he is a Turkish citizen.[314]
Kurds accuse Turkey of using the US-led coalition against IS as a cover to attack the Kurdish PKK in both Turkey and Iraq, and now against the YPG in northern Syria. The Kurds say that Turkey 's bombardment of their positions is helping IS to attack Kurdish-held frontline areas in Syria and Iraq. IS militants attacked Syrian Kurdish villages south of Kobane a day after Turkey began shelling the YPG.[312]
Turkey was further criticized in this period for allowing individuals from outside the region to enter its territory and join ISIL in Syria.[315][316] With many Islamist fighters passing through Turkey to fight in Syria, in August 2014 Turkey was accused by the Daily Mail of becoming a transit country for such fighters; the mail labeled Turkey the "Gateway to Jihad".[317] Turkish border patrol officers are reported to have deliberately overlooked those entering Syria upon the payment of a small bribe.[317] A report by Sky News exposed documents showing that passports of foreign Islamists wanting to join ISIL by crossing into Syria had been stamped by the Turkish government.[318] American website Al-Monitor stated in June 2014 that Turkey, during the Syrian Civil War, by "ignoring its own border security", had allowed its Syrian border to become a "jihadist highway" for ISIL to let thousands of international jihadists, and other supplies, reach Syria.[319][320] British newspaper The Guardian stated that Turkey late 2014 "for many months did little to stop foreign recruits crossing its border to Isis".[321] An ISIL commander stated that "most of the fighters who joined us in the beginning of the war came via Turkey, and so did our equipment and supplies",[306] adding that ISIL fighters received treatment in Turkish hospitals.[306] After the 2015 attacks at Paris, President Barack Obama administration told the Turkish government to close its borders to ISIS fighters. A USA senior official said in the Wall Street Journal "The game has changed. Enough is enough. The border needs to be sealed," "This is an international threat, and it's coming out of Syria and it's coming through Turkish territory."[322]
Francis Ricciardone, United States Ambassador to Turkey from 2011 to 2014, told in an interview at 2014 that Turkey has directly supported al-Qaeda in Syria. Turkish authorities supported and helped extremist Islamist groups like al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham. He also added that he tried to persuade the Turkish government to close its borders to the extremists, but to no avail. He accused Turkey that allowed its borders to be used as a conduit for aid, weapons and volunteers and did nothing to distinguish between "moderate" groups and extremists.[323]
Turkey has openly supported jihadi groups, such as Ahrar ash-Sham, which espouses much of al-Qaida's ideology, and Jabhat al-Nusra, which is proscribed as a terror organisation by much of the US and Europe,.[324]
Turkey reported that between 1957 and 1998, Turkish forces laid 615,419 antipersonnel mines along the Syrian border "to prevent illegal border crossings," These mines are killing Syrians stuck on the border or trying to cross near Kobani. Turkey is required under the Mine Ban Treaty, to destroy all antipersonnel mines, but has missed deadlines. Human Rights Watch claims in its report that as of November 18 over 2,000 civilians were still in the Tel Shair corridor section of the mine belt due to the fact that Turkey had been refusing entry for cars or livestock, and the refugees did not want to leave behind their belongings.[325]
In late 2015, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said "Turkey's actions are de facto protection of Islamic State," Medvedev said, calling the group formerly known as ISIS by its new name. "This is no surprise, considering the information we have about direct financial interest of some Turkish officials relating to the supply of oil products refined by plants controlled by ISIS."[326] Around the same time, Russia Today reported that Russia said that for a long time it had been aware of oil going from Syria under the control of "terrorists" to Turkey, alleging that the money finances "terrorist groups". Vladimir Putin said that "IS has big money, hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars, from selling oil. In addition they are protected by the military of an entire nation. One can understand why they are acting so boldly and blatantly. Why they kill people in such atrocious ways. Why they commit terrorist acts across the world, including in the heart of Europe,".[327] Western intelligence officials said that they can track the ISIS oil shipments as they move across Iraq and into Turkey's southern border regions.[328] The Obama administration was struggling to cut off the millions of dollars in oil revenue made by ISIS, but they were unable to persuade Turkey.[328][verification needed] In addition, the former Iraqi member of Parliament Mowaffak al-Rubaie has accused Turkey of turning a blind eye to the black market ISIS oil trade. He said that there is "no shadow of a doubt" that the Turkish government knows about the oil smuggling operations. "The merchants, the businessmen [are buying oil] in the black market in Turkey under the noses – under the auspices if you like – of the Turkish intelligence agency and the Turkish security apparatus."[329] In June 2014, a member of Turkey's parliamentary opposition, Ali Edibogluan, claimed that IS had smuggled $800 million worth of oil into Turkey from Syria and Iraq.[330] Sadik Al Hiseni, the head of the security committee in the city of Diyala in Iraq, says they have arrested several Turkish tankers trying to take ISIS oil out of the province of Salahuddin.[331]
In late 2015, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi said that most of the oil produced in Islamic State-held territory in Iraq and Syria was being smuggled through Turkey.[332] He also mentioned that he sees no evidence that Turkey wants to fight ISIS.[333] In addition he told that Turkey wants to revive the Ottoman Empire.[333] Vladimir Putin also accused the Turkish government that it is purposely leading the country toward Islamization.[334]
Israel's defence minister, Moshe Ya'alon, has accused Turkey of buying oil from the ISIS and funds ISIS militants. He, also, said that Turkey had "permitted jihadists to move from Europe to Syria and Iraq and back".[335]
The Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper, said in 2015 that he was not optimistic that Turkey would do more in the fight against the Islamic State. "I think Turkey has other priorities and other interests." He also cited public opinion polls in Turkey that show Turks do not see the Islamic State as a primary threat.[336]
US Vice President, Joe Biden, during a speech at Harvard accused Turkey and the Gulf countries of funding, supplying and supporting ISIL.[337] Later, he forced to apologize over his remarks.[338] Donald Trump on Breitbart's TV show,[when?][339][better source needed] and in late 2015 the Minister of Defense of Armenia, Seyran Ohanyan, accused Turkey of supporting ISIS.[340]
In early 2016, the King of Jordan, Abdullah, said that the Turkish president "believes in a radical Islamic solution to the problems in the region" and the "fact that terrorists are going to Europe is part of Turkish policy, and Turkey keeps getting a slap on the hand, but they get off the hook".[341]
In September 2014, Egypt's foreign ministry under President Sisi accused the Turkish president of being a supporter of terrorists who seek to "provoke chaos" in the Middle East.[342]
In 2014, Cypriot Foreign Minister Ioannis Kasoulidis, questioned Turkey's determination to fight ISIS.[343] In 2015, Greek Cypriot Intelligence Agency chief asserted that people in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus could be helping members of the ISIL militant group travel between Europe and Syria. He added that the Greek Cypriot Intelligence Agency had received intelligence of a group of ISIL sympathizers who were traveling to the Greek Cypriot-controlled south of the island and had blocked their entry before sending them back.[344]
In a 2015 interview on Russian state media, Eren Erdem, member of the main opposition at Turkey, CHP, accused the Turkish Government of failing to investigate Turkish supply routes used to provide ISIL with toxic Sarin gas ingredients.[345] Because of this statement, he faces treason charges at Turkey.[346] The CHP's Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu warned the Turkish government not to provide money and training to terror groups. He said, "It isn't right for armed groups to be trained on Turkish soil. You bring foreign fighters to Turkey, put money in their pockets, guns in their hands, and you ask them to kill Muslims in Syria. We told them to stop helping ISIS."[347] He also said after the 2015 Ankara bombings that the Turkish Government is "protecting" the ISIL and that "the police department knows all", "the only reason for not having security measures taken or for not having them [suspects] detained is the absence of an instruction from the political authority to fulfill whatever was required. That's to say, its [the political authority's] protection of ISIL."[348] In February 2016, Kılıçdaroğlu repeated accusations that the Turkish government has sent arms to jihadist groups in Syria and built jihadist training camp in Turkey.[349]
A Russian anti-drug chief asserted that ISIS is using Turkey for trafficking heroin to Europe. He, also, believes that ISIS makes about $1 billion from Afghan heroin trade.[350][351]
Turkey's state intelligence agency, MIT was accused by Turkish judicial sources talking to Reuters of helping to deliver arms to parts of Syria under Islamist rebel control during late 2013 and early 2014.[352] Turkish journalists who reporting this were charged with spying and "divulging state secrets" from the Turkish court.[353][354] One of the journalists claimed:"Those who sent the convoy from Turkey knew that the weapons were "heading to end [up] in ISIS hands".[354] Also, Turkish officers, who intercepted some of the intelligence agency's weapons-filled trucks, have faced spying charges, according to Russian reports.[354] Furthermore, the Turkish government have given orders to the officers to let the trucks pass into the Syria. In June 2019, a Turkish court convicted the group officers and prosecutors, who stopped the MIT trucks, of at least two decades behind bars for obtaining and disclosing confidential state documents. They were also accused as FETÖ members.[355] In addition, Turkish newspaper, Cumhuriyet, published video footage which it said showed security forces discovering weapons parts being sent to Syria on trucks belonging to the MIT state intelligence agency.[356]
Syria's president Bashar al-Assad during an interview at 2015 mentioned that military and logistic support from Turkey was the key factor in ISIL takeover of Idlib (2015 Idlib offensive), he also blamed Turkey for the failure of a humanitarian ceasefire plan in Aleppo. He said that: "The Turks told the factions – the terrorists that they support and they supervise – to refuse to cooperate with de Mistura".[357]
In 2015, Syria's antiquities chief has accused Turkey of refusing to return looted objects from ancient heritage sites in Syria or to provide information about them.[358] Also, Turkey have been accused that she lets ISIL smuggles Syrian antiquities through her.[359] In an official letter to UN, the Russian envoy Vitaly Churkin stated that antiquities from Syria and Iraq are exported to Turkey. The main center for the smuggling of cultural heritage items is the Turkish city of Gaziantep, where the stolen goods are sold at illegal auctions. According to the envoy, new smuggling hubs are popping up on the Turkish-Syrian border, with the "bulky goods" being delivered by the Turkish transport companies. Smuggled artifacts then arrive in the Turkish cities of Izmir, Mersin and Antalya, where representatives of international criminal groups produce fake documents on the origin of the antiquities.[360]
According to Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) and Südwestrundfunk (SWR), ISIS was selling women and children in Turkey. Also, Consortium of Public Broadcasters in Germany (ARD) produced a footage documenting the slave trade being conducted by the Islamic State (ISIS) in Turkey. After these reports the Gaziantep Bar Association filed a criminal complaint against "Turkey's National Intelligence Organization (MIT) and law-enforcement officers that have committed neglect of duty and misconduct by not taking required measures, and not carrying out preventive and required intelligence activities before the media covered the said incidents."[citation needed]
Iran accused Turkey that she is the main culprits in supporting the terrorist movements of ISIL.[361]
Katrin Kunert, a German Parliamentarian from the Green Party leaked a classified document which showed that Turkey was delivering arms to Syrian rebel groups.[362]
On July, 2016, a leaked confidential report produced by the German Interior Ministry accused Turkey of supporting terrorist groups across the Middle East including various Islamist groups fighting in Syria.[363] The report showed that Germany sees Turkey as platform for Islamist groups in the Middle East.[364]
Hezbollah Chief, Hassan Nasrallah, accused Turkey and Qatar for supporting ISIS.[365]
Hamas, justified the killing of Muath Al-Kasasbeh and said that Jordan should have adopted a similar position with Turkey and not fight ISIS. "IS members are, in one way or another, considered Muslims and we must not stand with the enemies of Allah against the people of Allah (the IS)." "It (Jordan) should have adopted a similar position to Turkey."[366][367][368]
A US-led raid, at which the ISIS official responsible for oil smuggling Abu Sayyaf was killed, produced evidence that Turkish officials directly dealt with ranking ISIS members. Senior Western official familiar with the captured intelligence told the Observer that "There are hundreds of flash drives and documents that were seized there,". "They are being analysed at the moment, but the links are already so clear that they could end up having profound policy implications for the relationship between us and Ankara."[324]
Serena Shim, a journalist of Press TV was killed at a car crash with a heavy vehicle in Turkey in what are claimed, by her employer and her parents, to be suspicious circumstances. The car crash happened just days after she claimed that the Turkey's state intelligence agency, MIT, had threatened her and accused her of spying, due to some of the stories she had covered about Turkey's stance on ISIL militants in Kobane. She also claimed that she had received images of ISIL militants crossing the Turkish border into Syria in World Food Organization and other NGOs trucks.[369][370][371][372]
At January 2016, The Guardian obtained documents which show that ISIL ran a sophisticated immigration operation through the Syrian border town of Tell Abyad with Turkey until its defeat by Kurds. The border crossing remained open until Kurdish forces took control of the town (Tell Abyad offensive), at which point Turkey promptly sealed it. David Phillips, an academic at Columbia University and author of two recent research papers into links between Turkey and ISIS, alleges that the country "knows the movements of all persons and can control the flow across the border if it chooses". He said there was "a steady stream of vehicles, individuals, weapons, financing, oil going back and forth", adding: "It's not like people are putting on their hiking boots and crossing over rough terrain. There's an extensive surface transport network which is highly regulated and controlled ... on both sides of the border." Academic researcher Aymenn al-Tamimi, an expert on examining Isis documents, said he had no doubt about the authenticity of the manifests. "The documents ... coincide with other documents illustrating daily bus routes within Islamic State territory. Though private companies provide the actual transportation, the Islamic State bureaucracy is responsible for authorising and overseeing the routes," he said. A senior Turkish government official, in response to the Guardian's claims, said that Turkey was doing everything it could to stop the influx of foreign fighters, including cracking down on recruitment and logistic networks such as travel agents mentioned in the documents.[373]
Anonymous launched Cyber-attacks on Turkey after accusing it of supporting ISIS by buying oil from them and treating their wounded in hospital. They have also told that they will continue the attacks as long as Turkey is supporting ISIS.[374]
Columbia University assigned a team of researchers in the United States, Europe, and Turkey to examine Turkish and international media assessing the credibility of allegations and published a research paper entitled "ISIS-Turkey Links". The report draws on a variety of international sources and present many allegations that appeared in the media.[347]
In an email to The Guardian, Noam Chomsky accused Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of hypocrisy. He said: "Turkey blamed Isis (for the attack on Istanbul at 2016), which Erdoğan has been aiding in many ways, while also supporting the al-Nusra Front, which is hardly different."[375]
Jacques Behnan Hindo, the Syrian Catholic Archbishop of Hasakeh-Nisibi, accused Turkey of preventing Christians from fleeing Syria while allowing jihadists to cross its border unchecked. He said on the Vatican Radio, "In the north, Turkey allows through lorries, Daesh (ISIS) fighters, oil stolen from Syria, wheat and cotton: all of these can cross the border but nobody (from the Christian community) can pass over.". He claimed it a day after ISIL abducted more than 90 Assyrian Christians from villages.[376][377]
Transcripts of telephone calls between IS jihadists and Turkish officers has been revealed.[378][379]
Members of the Democratic Union Party (Kurds) accused the Turkish military of opening fire at its forces in Tal Abyad after the majority Arab town was included into a Kurdish enclave after fights with ISIS soldiers. The Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu confirmed it and he said that Turkey had warned the PYD not to cross to the "west of the Euphrates and that we would hit it the moment it did. We hit it twice".[169]
Turkey, at January 2016, didn't allow Kurdish groups from northern Syria to take part in peace talks in Geneva. Turkish PM said that the participation of YPG represents a 'direct threat' to his country.[380]
On February 2016, US urged Turkey to stop the shelling of the Kurds and focus on fighting the ISIL.[381]
On February 2016, Syria and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights accused Turkey of allowing Islamist fighters to travel through Turkish territory to reinforce Islamist rebels in Azaz and Tal Rifaat.[130]
On February 2016, Hezbollah said Turkey and Saudi Arabia were using the Islamic State group as a "pretext" to launch a ground operation in Syria, after Turkey's suggestion to the U.S. and other allies in an international coalition against the Islamic State group for ground operations in Syria.[212]
On 10 February 2016, Russian Ambassador Vitaly Churkin sent a letter to the UN Security Council. He said in the letter that recruiters from ISIL had reportedly established a network in the Turkish city of Antalya for foreign fighters from the former Soviet Union. He also said in the letter that, in September, a group of 1,000 IS fighters from Europe and Central Asia were taken from Turkey to Syria through the border crossing at Gaziantep. In addition, he claimed that in early 2015, Turkish intelligence services reportedly helped move ethnic Tatars who were fighting for the Al-Qaeda aligned Nusra Front from Antalya to Eskişehir and, also, that it was helping to fly ISIL militants from Syria through Turkey to Yemen using Turkish military air transport, or by sea to Yemen's port of Aden.[382]
On 17 February 2016, at least 500 armed fighters crossed the Turkish border heading for the Syrian town of Azaz to fight against the Kurdish forces according to the head of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.[383]
After the February 2016 Ankara bombing the head of the Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) denied any involvement and said that Turkey is using this attack as a "pretext" to intervene in Syria.[384]
The Syrian branch of the Turkistan Islamic Party uses the Turkish Postal Service and Turkish banks to solicit donations via the organization "Türkistan İslam Derneği" through the website "Doğu Türkistan Bulenti".[385]
In 18 March 2016, Russia's UN Ambassador Vitaly Churkin sent a letter to the UN Security Council saying that three Turkish humanitarian organizations (NGOs) sent weapons and supplies to extremists in Syria on behalf of Turkey's MIT intelligence agency. The three NGOs were the Besar Foundation, the Iyilikder Foundation and the Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms (IHH).[386][387] In addition, in an interview at 2018, the former Turkish National Police official, Ahmet Yayla, said that the MIT has used Turkey’s IHH as an intermediary to arm Islamist terrorists.[388]
In 2016, the reporter Lizzie Phelan spoke at Karkamış with locals residents, refugees and militants, who told her that Turkey was supporting both "moderate" and extremist rebels. A rebel fighter who was fighting for the Jabhat Al-Shamiyah, the Sultan Murad Division, the Sham Legion and Ahrar al-Sham groups told her that “Turkey is the only one supporting us. We are very grateful for their help,” and that he is crossing into Syria from Turkey every two weeks. In addition, the Turkish journalist Fehim Tastekin told her that Al-Nusra uses other groups, such as Ahrar al-Sham, as proxies to distribute weapons “coming from Turkey” and that “they also share money in the same way.”[389]
In 2018, Bassam Ishak, member of the Syrian Democratic Council, said that the Turkish military support Syrian and foreign jihadis to conquer Syrian land.[390]
In 2018, Turkey was accused, by an ex-Isis source, of recruiting and retraining Isis fighters in order to participate in the Turkish military operation in Afrin against the Kurds.[391] In addition, in a statement carried by Al Jazeera Arabic, The Pentagon said that Turkish military operations in Afrin are impeding the task to eliminate ISIS.[392]
Criticism of maltreatment of refugees and of other humanitarian misconductEdit
According to Amnesty International, Turkish guards routinely shoot at Syrian refugees stranded at the border,[393] also, Turkey has forcibly returned thousands of Syrian refugees to war zone since mid-January 2016.[394]
On May 10, 2016, Human Rights Watch said Turkish border guards were shooting and beating Syrian refugees trying to reach Turkey, resulting in deaths and serious injuries.[395] Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan denied it.[395]
On May 18, 2016, lawmakers from the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI) have said that Turkey should not use Syrian refugees as a bribe for the process of visa liberalization for Turkish citizens inside the European Union.[396]
Syrian Observatory for Human Rights and National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces stated that 8 or 11[397] Syrians refugees were killed by Turkish security forces on the night of June 18, 2016, as they attempted to cross the border into Turkey. The Turkish Foreign Ministry denied the claims.[397][398]
Turkish journalist Arzu Yildiz was sentenced to 20 months in jail and lost her parental rights after exposing a video related to a weapons-smuggling scandal denied by the Turkish government, in what her lawyer said was "an act of revenge" by Recep Tayyip Erdogan.[399]
Syria–Turkey relations
2014 military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2014 American-led intervention in Iraq
American-led intervention in Syria
Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War
Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War
Levant Quartet
Timeline of the Syrian Civil War (August 2014–present)
Turkey-ISIL conflict
Operation Martyr Yalçın
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^ Tomson, Chris (9 March 2017). "Syrian Army, Kurdish forces team up against Turkish troops in Aleppo province".
^ "The Turkish Air Force has shot down an unidentified drone in Turkish airspace. Known and unknown facts". 16 October 2015.
^ For Euphrates Shield: 4 killed (28 August),[6] 6 killed (7 September),[7] 22 killed (20–23 October),[8] 6 killed (25 October),[9] Archived 2016-10-28 at the Wayback Machine 9 killed (27 October),[10] Archived 2016-11-16 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (8 November),[11] Archived 2016-11-13 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (10 November),[12] Archived 2016-11-17 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (11 November),[13] Archived 2016-11-26 at the Wayback Machine 6 killed (12–19 November),[14] Archived 2016-11-23 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (20 November),[15] Archived 2016-11-21 at the Wayback Machine 8 killed (21 November),[16] Archived 2016-11-21 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (22 November),[17] Archived 2016-11-24 at the Wayback Machine 6 killed (23 November),[18] 7 killed (27 November),[19] Archived 2016-11-29 at the Wayback Machine 4 killed (29 November),[20] Archived 2016-11-30 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (1 December),[21] Archived 2016-12-04 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (2 December),[22] Archived 2016-12-02 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (7 December),[23] Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (9 December),[24] Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (14 December),[25] Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (10 February),[26] Archived 2017-02-11 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (11 February),[27] 1 killed (16 February),[28] Archived 2017-02-18 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (19 February), [29] Archived 2017-02-21 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (21 February), [30] Archived 2017-02-22 at the Wayback Machine 4 killed (1 March), [31] Archived 2017-03-03 at the Wayback Machine 5 killed (3 March), [32] Archived 2017-03-04 at the Wayback Machine 4 killed (6 March), [33][permanent dead link] 5 killed (9 March), [34] Archived 2017-03-12 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (11 March), [35] Archived 2017-03-12 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (14 March), [36] Archived 2017-03-15 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (16 March), [37] Archived 2017-03-17 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (18 March), [38] Archived 2017-03-20 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (23 March), [39] Archived 2017-03-24 at the Wayback Machine total of 131+ reported killed
^ For Olive Branch: About 40 members of the “Olive Branch” Factions were killed and injured in a mine explosion on the first day of their control of Afrin with the Turkish forces, and the looting operations continue in the city. 1,500+ YPG killed.
^ http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/7540fde9-cade-4fa7-b4e4-ce9011091ff3
^ https://www.euronews.com/2019/05/04/turkish-soldier-killed-by-ypg-in-northern-syria-defence-ministry
^ Cite error: The named reference TSK was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ 3 captured (20-21 Jan), [40] 3 captured (21 Jan), [41] 1 killed (22 Jan) [42] 10 captured (22 Jan), [43] 287 killed (20-24 Jan), 1 killed (23 Jan), [44] [45] 3 killed (24 Jan), [46] 1,028 killed (20 Jan-Feb), [47]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War&oldid=906210267"
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Great Use essays
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home>History
That Time a Marine Convinced 1,500 Japanese Troops Not to Fight to the Death
Corporal Guy Gabaldon was able to talk troops into surrendering.
By David Grove, We Are the Mighty
If you've read the book Saipain: Suicide Island, watched the movie Hell to Eternity, or you're a World War II buff, then you may have heard of the heroic actions of Corporal Guy Gabaldon (pictured above right).
However, there are many who don't know about the remarkable, true story of Corporal Gabaldon, a U.S. Marine who earned the Navy Cross after single-handedly capturing around 1,500 Japanese soldiers during the Battles of Saipan and Tinian.
Related: Léo Major: The "One-Eyed Ghost" Who Single-Handedly Liberated a Dutch Town
Here is his full story:
Born in Los Angeles, California to a Mexican family, Gabaldon was one of seven children. At the age of 10, he helped his family by shining shoes and also got involved in a local, multi-cultural gang known as the "Moe Gang."
At the age of 12, he moved to live with the Nakanos, a Japanese-American family he considered an extension of his own. He couldn't have known at the time, but the experience of growing up in a Japanese household would later serve him well during his time as a U.S. Marine.
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While he lived with the Nakano family, he learned about Japanese language and culture, gaining knowledge that would later give him a unique advantage in war. Unfortunately, the Nakanos were relocated to the Heart Mountain Relocation Center in Wyoming at the outbreak of World War II, forcing Gabaldon to move to Alaska and work in a cannery until his 17th birthday, when he joined the Marine Corps.
In 1943, Gabaldon signed up to fight in the Pacific and was assigned to Headquarters and Service Company, 2nd Marine Regiment, 2nd Marine Division to be a scout and observer and when the United States began their invasion of Saipan. Gabaldon would soon prove that Marines are badasses, even without weapons.
On his first night on Saipan, Gabaldon put what he had learned from the Nakono family to use. First, he went out on his own and convinced two Japanese soldiers to surrender and return to camp with him.
Related: Moe Berg: The Boston Red Sox Catcher Who May Have Changed the Course of World War II
Despite capturing two prisoners without firing a shot, he was reprimanded and threatened with court-martial for abandoning his post. That didn't stop him from going back out that night and doing it again. This time, he found a cave where the Japanese were hiding. Gabaldon killed one of the guards and yelled into the cave (speaking Japanese), convincing the others to surrender peacefully. He returned with 50 prisoners the next morning.
Now, instead of being chewed out by his superiors, they decided to authorize him to capture more soldiers, operating as a "lone wolf." He then captured two more guards, sending one back to his hiding spot to convince others to surrender as well. Soon enough, a Japanese officer showed up to talk with Gabaldon. They would negotiate for a time before agreeing to terms of surrender, taking more than 800 soldiers and civilians out of the fight against the Americans.
He didn't stop there.
Guy Gabaldon (right) with a few of the Japanese soldiers and civilians who surrendered to him in 1944.
Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons
During the battle for the Tinian Islands, Gabaldon continued to persuade Japanese soldiers to surrender. Eventually, his negotiations resulted in the surrender of approximately 1,500 soldiers and civilians across both Saipan and the Tinian Islands.
For his actions, he was recommended for a Medal of Honor. This request was denied, and he was instead awarded a Silver Star, which was elevated to a Navy Cross in 1960.
Related: 9 Essential World War II Books That Examine Every Angle of the Conflict
In 2005, the Pentagon honored Gabaldon and other Hispanic Americans who fought in World War II. In 2006, he passed after a battle with heart disease.
Currently, the Department of Defense is reviewing his case to see if his Navy Cross is to be upgraded to a Medal of Honor.
More from We Are The Mighty
How General Patton's granddaughter is honoring his legacy
This is why the returned Korean War troops were draped in a UN flag
Why the 'Good Cookie' isn't a guaranteed medal
5 things Maverick would actually be doing after 32 years of service
Some veterans went balls out and made a Jurassic Park fan film
This article originally appeared on We Are The Mighty.
Featured photo: Alchetron
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We Are the MightyWar HistoryWWIIworld war II
Published on 02 Aug 2018
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Set Roster
HBSL Rules
What is the HockeyBuzz SuperLeague?
It's the best fantasy game every created. Of course, we're a little biased. The HBSL is a hybrid between a salary cap game and a head-to-head fantasy game.
Each week you create your 20 man roster based on the actual NHL salary cap and the actual salary cap hits. You then face-off with a fellow hockey fan. At the end of the regular season, we throw the best 128 teams into a 7-week playoff.
Each HockeyBuzz user is allowed one entry into the HockeyBuzz SuperLeague. To be eligible for the grand prize, you must be a HockeyBuzz Season Ticket Holder when the NHL season begins. To play, you must be signed up and have a completed roster by the start of the 1st game of the season.
Shortly after the beginning of the first NHL game on the opening night of the NHL season, all of the entered teams will be broken up into leagues with 18+. At that time, your regular season schedule will be created and you will know who you are playing in advance. Each weekly matchup you win is worth 2 points in the standings while a tie is worth one point.
Two seperate 128-team playoff brackets will be created at the conclusion of the HBSL regular season. One bracket will be reserved for HB Season Ticket Holders while the other will be for those who weren't HB Season Ticket Holders at the start of the NHL season. The highest ranking STH team and the highest ranking free team in each league will earn a playoff berth. The remaining spots will be filled based on the highest points scored throughout the course of the season (wins is the first tiebreaker followed by goals scored and then saves). In the event of a tie during the playoffs, the tiebreakers are 1) Goals scored, 2) Saves, 3) Shots on goal.
Forwards Points
Plus Minus 1
Penalty Minutes 1
Defense Points
Goaltenders Points
Saves 0.5
Goals Against -2
Shutouts 7
* Shootout goals are no longer included in scoring calculation!
Building your Team
Salary Cap - Team salary cap for the this season is $79,500,000 You must choose four (4) left wings, four (4) right wings, four (4) centers, six (6) defensemen, and two (2) goaltenders to build a full team.
Players - Player salaries used in the fantasy game are the salary cap hits for the current season. Only players listed in Cap Central will be included for selection when building your roster.
Weekly Deadline - Rosters run from Monday until Sunday. The deadline to enter your team for the week is the start of the first game for the week. Typically the deadline will fall on Mondays.
To make the game as accurate as possible, we reserve the right to alter the finalized scoring statistics, schedule, and format when needed.
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by fantasycongressJanuary 22, 2017no comment
Most Americans can still remember when Obama accepted the challenge of running for presidential position. His party, the democrats, did not fail in choosing him, as he won the elections and served as president of the United State for two terms.
During his campaign, Obama made promises regarding his aims to heal the planet. However, it seems that two terms are not enough to achieve such goals. Still, the former president should be commended for exerting so much effort.
On the other hand, though Obama attained some of his goals, these achievements are in danger of being banished by Donald Trump.
One of Obama’s achievements during his terms was his campaign on climate change. He appealed to world leaders to take action on the harmful changes that are currently happening in the world. He was supported in his action on controlling greenhouse gas emissions, but his battle ended in the senate.
Obama also approved federal funding for polishing America’s standards in renewables and use of fuel and focused on increasing production of domestic oil and gas production to lower fuel prices.
He worked with Environmental Protection Agency in hunting polluters and committing to a major international climate deal. These things can be considered as two his most prominent legacies, but they are in danger of being laid to waste as the next president of America is very intent of revoking the environmental regulations that Obama implemented.
Remarkably, Obama’s presidency was one of the hottest seasons in world’s history. A small Australian rodent became extinct because of climate change after resettlement of first climate refugees from southeastern Louisiana. Meanwhile, cities from New York to Miami Beach are predicted to be submerged in water in the near future.
According to Bob Inglis, a former Republican congressman and climate change action supporter, the problem in climate change is inevitable, as proven by flooded streets during storms.
In 2007, Obama presented an aggressive energy plan centering on cap-and-trade system. The goal of this system was to cut carbon emission by 80% by 2050. The resulting level was said to be sufficient for scientists take actions in curbing global warming.
The plan will also set limits for carbon emissions, whereas companies will be provided with permits to buy and sell carbon allowances. Known as American Clean Energy and Security Act, the plan was expected to reduce aggregate emissions by 2020.
The legislation reached the House of Representatives in 2009, but it lost the battle because of various issues surrounding the Democrats and Republicans,
Former Colorado governor Bill Ritter thinks that Obama might have focused too much on Affordable Care Act, spending most of his political capital and not leaving some for American Clean Energy and Security Act.
On the other hand, some people think that Obama was too safe and never provided Republicans with enough opportunities to work with him in his reform actions. According to Inglis, Obama should have offered Republicans something in return for their support.
Though he made effort through finding environmental causes and clean energy, cap and trade did progress, and that was considered a loss during Obama’s first term. However, he promised to redeem himself when he run for a second term.
As he continued his battling climate change, Obama used executive action as beacon.
There were to great obstacles in reaching his goals. The first is increase in people who deny the truthfulness of climate change. On the other hand, some countries, such as India and Saudi Arabia, are worrying about the impacts on their economics in case actions against climate change, including fossil fuel, are implemented.
During his first term, Obama focused on implement various policy goals, including promotion of clean energy use in agriculture and carbon sequestration, and increase in energy efficiency of appliances, vehicles, and establishments. He achieved these goals through different federal agencies.
When he won another election, he added more strength in implementation of such strategy.
In 2013, Environmental Protection Agency present the first draft of Clean Power Plan. It was followed by the release of final revision in 2015. The final revision centered on coal-power plants, and it aimed at reduction of emissions by 32% after 25 years starting from 2005.
However, the US Chamber of Commerce and the American Petroleum Institute did not take this well.
Meanwhile, some environmentalist still criticized Obama for allowing drilling in Gulf of Mexico and neglecting the issue on fracking.
Obama also supported expansion of hydraulic fracturing to lessen carbon footprint, though this practice results in large emissions of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. This solicited another bashing from climate change campaigners.
On another matter, it was remarkable that oil production increased in US. In fact, it doubled from under 5 million barrels to 8.7 million barrels in November 2016.
TRUMP’S FORECASTED ACTIONS
Meanwhile, as the new president of the United States, Trump vows to reverse the regulations implemented by Obama. He can work his way around by not implementing Clean Power Plan and ignoring the Paris agreement.
On the other hand, Trump will find hard time battling Obama’s December 20 drilling moratorium thanks to the 1953 law does not include any clause that may allow other presidents to withdraw. However, the drilling moratorium can be challenged in court.
However, no one is unsure regarding Trump’s intentions, though experts claim that oil industry will surely prosper under his presidency. Meanwhile, it is certain that the economy will not approve all of Trump’s plans. In addition, warriors against climate change can only hope that the Clean Power Plan survives ruling in DC Court of Appeals.
Term Loan vs. Line of Credit: Which One Is Better for Your Business
by Lucio Merlini5 days agono comment
by Lucio Merlini2 months agono comment
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The Tech Baby Book
by fantasycongress4 weeks agono comment
Most millennials and even baby boomers might have their baby book. And why wouldn’t they? Baby books were the newest thing for their parents. Recording every ‘first’ of babies was the newest thing back then. In the modern world, everything is digitized.
Of course, parents take pictures of their parents these days (meaning?). However, there are so many different apps that make for a great virtual photo album. Let us look at a few of them.
Momentpin
Peekaboo Moments
23 snaps
Momentpin is not exactly a baby book kind of app, but the features make it usable in that sense. The app allows the posting of pictures and data so that it reaches only the selected people. The selected people may comment, like, and even share them in their circle. The timeline feature allows the memories to be stored chronologically. A unique feature that this app has is that all the data is saved into the child account. The created account and all its information will revert to the child in the future when it is age appropriate.
Momentpin is quite a user-friendly app. This app allows people to connect to people that they love and trust. The child account feature creates a full life timeline of the child and is forever.
Peekaboo moments is the perfect app for new parents. It is an amazing way to store your child’s memories in a digital and safe platform. The app allows users to store voice notes, videos, pictures, and all other kinds of media forever. Users have the option to make groups to share it with family and friends only. A unique feature that you will find in this app is that you can write a letter. Simply date it to the future and write a letter to your baby. The app also allows users to track weight, height, vaccination schedules, and doctors’ appointments.
Overall, this app is a digitized version of baby books. It has everything including safety features.
23 Snaps is a private photo sharing app. The app mimics the traditional baby photo books to make it more suitable to the modern world. This app allows families to keep tabs on the baby moments even when they are miles apart. The app is very user-friendly. This feature is so that even grandparents and fewer tech people can enjoy the pictures.
One of the best things about this app is that it is user-friendly. This feature is highly needed for apps of this sort so that even the least tech-savvy people can enjoy pictures. However, ‘23 snaps’ has a paid version that is better.
If there had to be a winner amongst all these apps, then it would be Momentpin. It is the best of both worlds. It is a social media which can be started at a young age by the parents. The app is perfect to gradually let the child in the virtual world. Eventually, the child will always be safe because only selected people will be able to view their presence on social media.
Make your marketing campaigns as simple as possible
Best Portable Projectors
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Advertising column
A Morris column in front of the Palais Brongniart
Colonne Morris, Paris 1910
Advertising columns or Morris columns (French: colonne Morris, German: Litfaßsäule) are cylindrical outdoor sidewalk structures with a characteristic style that are used for advertising and other purposes. They are common in the city of Berlin, Germany, where the first 100 columns were installed in 1855. Advertising columns were invented by the German printer Ernst Litfaß in 1854. Therefore, they are known as Litfaßsäulen (Litfaß columns), and can be found all over Germany.[1]
In France, the columns are called colonnes Morris after Gabriel Morris,[2] a printer, who held the concession for advertising in 1868. They were originally built by La Société Fermière des Colonnes Morris. Today, they are mostly built and maintained by the JCDecaux company, which purchased the original company in 1986. [3]
2 Purposes
The idea of advertising pillars came about in order to combat rampant advertising and graffiti. Ernst Litfaß suggested that pillars should be built all over the city. People could then place their advertisements on these pillars. On 5 December 1854, after years of proceedings, Berlin's chief of police, Karl Ludwig von Hinkeldey authorized Litfaß' Annoncier-Säulen. Litfaß had exclusive rights to the building of these columns until 1865.[citation needed]
Purposes[edit]
Advertising columns are typically used to display advertisements in the form of posters, traditionally chiefly theater, cinema, nightclub, and concert announcements. Some are motorized and rotate very slowly. A few house Sanisettes or telephone booths. In 2017, anti-pollution Morris columns were tested in Paris: they contain material to filter out particulates from the air and fix carbon dioxide.[4] At the beginning of 2006, there were 790 Morris columns in Paris;[5] more than two hundred were to be removed.[6]
Cultural references[edit]
In the film The Third Man, Harry Lime (played by Orson Welles) uses one of these columns as an escape route to the sewer system under Vienna.
In the film Gremlins 2, Billy Peltzer (played by Zach Galligan) and Daniel Clamp (played by John Glover), use one of these columns as an escape route from the Gremlin-infested Clamp Building.
In the film Men in Black II, Agent K (played by Tommy Lee Jones) and Agent J (played by Will Smith), use a column as an escape route from an alien-infested MiB Headquarters.
^ Parry, Roger (2011), The Ascent of Media, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, ISBN 9781857889468
^ Metropolitan Museum of Art New York (2010), The Robert Lehman Collection: Nineteenth- and twentieth-century paintings, The Museum, p. 59
^ JCDecaux. "Colonne". 40 ans d'innovation. Archived from the original on 2006-03-13. Retrieved 2006-05-19.
^ Bouchama, Houssine (8 September 2017). "Des colonnes Morris pour dépolluer Paris". Time Out Paris (in French).
^ Simon, Philippe (2007), Paris visite guidée: architecture, urbanism, history and actuality (English ed.), Picard, p. 157, ISBN 9782708407916
^ "Les colonnes Morris en voie de disparition". 20 minutes (in French). 6 January 2006.
Media related to Advertising columns at Wikimedia Commons
Mobilier Urbain – Inventory of street installations in Paris (in French)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advertising_column&oldid=851159141"
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Climate change adaptation in Nepal
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Doesn't meet the manual of style Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 2010, the Government of Nepal approved National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). NAPA developed as a requirement under the UNFCCC to access funding for the most urgent and immediate adaptation needs from the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF).
In Nepal, NAPA developed with three components: Preparation and dissemination of NAPA documents, development and maintenance of the Nepal Climate Change Knowledge Management Centre (NCCKMC), and development of the Multi-Stakeholder Climate Change Initiative Coordination Committee (MCCICC).
In NAPA, nine integrated projects have been identified as the urgent and immediate national adaptation priority. They are:
Promoting community-based adaptation through integrated management of agriculture, water, forest and biodiversity sector
Building and enhancing adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities through improved system and access to services related to agriculture development
Community-based disaster management for facilitating climate adaptation
GLOF Monitoring and disaster risk reduction and forest and ecosystem management for supporting climate-led adaptation innovations
Adapting to climate challenges in public health and ecosystem management for climate adaptation
Empowering vulnerable communities through sustainable management of water resource and clean energy support and promoting climate smart urban settlement
NAPA’s implementation framework envisages that the operating costs will be kept to a minimum and at least 80% of the available financial resources will reach the local level to fund activities on the ground. Stakeholders in Nepal has also started discussing National Adaptation Plans(NAPs), which are medium and long term adaptation plans for the country as decided by UNFCCC.[1]
1 Effect of climate change in Nepal
2 Potentiality of climate change adaptation
3 Adaptation in the agricultural sector
4 Goods and services from community forest
Effect of climate change in Nepal[edit]
The effects of green house gases (GHGs) on both drought and flooding events have been found, including severe winter drought[2] and excessive monsoon flooding.[3] Climate change has been alarming in the context of global warming. In Nepal, 95% of green house gas emissions from agriculture and forestry sectors were 77% from forestry sector only.[4] The consequences of global warming have had the most impact in developing and mountainous countries like Nepal, which has high intensity rainfall during the rainy season. It has resulted in heavy floods, landslides and soil erosion. It is also common to find drought in many parts of Nepal that comes from the impacts of climate change and impacts sectors like forest, water resources, agriculture, human health and biodiversity in Nepal.[5] Likewise, altogether 14 glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs)[6] have happened between 1935 & 1991 in Nepal. In total, 21 GLOFs[7] have been identified as being potentially dangerous at present. In this way, CC and livelihoods integral part and have vice versa relationship. The low income & subsistence users are about 38% of total population Nepal lies below the poverty line have hard time to afford for their livelihoods in Nepal. That is a great challenge to cope with climate change induced hazard & extreme events. The livelihoods of more than 80% local people of hilly region are heavily depending on climate sensitive area such as agriculture, forest and livestock and on other natural resources such as water & irrigation.
Potentiality of climate change adaptation[edit]
Response to climate change in Nepal has been growing in recent years with an effort to cope with the changing situation and build resilience capacity into adaptation to climate change. In climate induced vulnerability context, Nepal developed policy level provision regarding to adaptation policy called National Adaptation Programme of Action to climate change (NAPA).[8] The NAPA document opened the door to act adaptation activities into country. Under the provision of national level policy, Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) national framework [9] devised out by government. It only mentioned the provision of the implementation mechanism at district or village development committee level to act climate change adaptation. However, this document is still silent to provision of implementation mechanism at community level. Though there are still silent to act adaptation implementation mechanism at community level, some community level adaptive strategies are being implemented as community based adaptation plan for poor & vulnerable communities and who have less capacity to cope with disaster and are more dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods.
Adaptation in the agricultural sector[edit]
Adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector and allied sectors is a major current and future challenge for Nepal. The majority of the population is still dependent on highly climate-sensitive agriculture. In recent years, long drought spells during the monsoon season and increased temperatures and unseasonal heavy rains during winter have caused serious distress to agriculture-dependent communities in many locations. If the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of ending poverty, achieving food security and promoting sustainable agriculture are to be realised, climate change adaptation interventions need to be implemented in earnest.[10]
Goods and services from community forest[edit]
After 3 decades of CF in Nepal, more than 1.652 million forest lands handed over to 1.45 million households of 17685 community forest user group (CFUG)[11] to conserve, manage and utilization . CFUG as a common property resource management program in Nepal have resulted in improving forest cover and condition.By institutionally, Community forest user group is autonomous, independent and accountable institution for conserving, managing and utilizing of natural resources in Nepal legitimized by Forest Act 1992 and Forest Regulation 1995 of Nepal. The additional advantages are as effective protection, wise use of resources, plantation, forest fire control, and more effective contribution to local development and economic generation. It enhanced biodiversity, water flow and soil stability. More than 90% of villagers report that their forests are in better condition than a decade ago. Furthermore, CFs are able to meet poor & vulnerable household's daily subsistence needs for forest products such as firewood, fodder, & timbers. Apart from this, growing forests capture and store carbon that are contributing to both mitigation and adaptation to CC. Because of, user groups have institutionally developed after CF handed over. Furthermore, the landscape of hills of Nepal drastically transformed into greenery.[12] Such types of changes have positive impact on carbon sequestration which has contributed in reducing effects of climate change.
It is not only the CF contributing in climate change adaptation by providing goods and services, the CFUGs have also been used as local institutions for adaptation planning.[13]
Conclusion[edit]
Traditional top-down decision-making processes have become inadequate, due to their inability to create appropriate solutions for local communities. Nepal's forest cover, condition and quality are being improved. This is the success of only through three way partnership such as communities from bottom-up function, government & donor from top-down function and NGOs, civil society network from outside-in. In this situation, CFUGs have to be involved in mainstreaming to implement climate change adaptation. It is due to they are playing the key role in proactive in investing their funds, climate change knowledge transfer and policy feedback to adopt to the impact of climate change. Policy shall be emphasized the establishing groups around the resources that are indispensable for the livelihoods of poor and vulnerable groups to access diversification opportunity. It is necessary to bridge this gap; bottom-up approaches may produce the best results by building on local experiences and knowledge. For this, building-up the capacity of groups and their poor and vulnerable communities on climate change mitigation and adaptation is pertinent. In addition to this, focus needs to be given on institutional development, capacity building and awarding CFUGs for their good work on forest development and bio-diversity protection which ultimately contributes to ecological and environment balance.
^ Clean Energy Nepal from http://www.cen.org.np/index.php?page=news_detail&nid=283#.USe4wR2LDgs
^ Wang et al. 2014 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00800.1
^ Cho, Changrae; Li, Rong; Wang, S.-Y.; Yoon, Jin-Ho; Gillies, Robert R. (2016). "Anthropogenic footprint of climate change in the June 2013 northern India flood". Climate Dynamics. 46 (3–4): 797–805. doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2613-2.
^ MoST 2004 Initial National Communication Report on Climate Change.: Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Nepal, submitted to UNFCCC.
^ Hibiba, Gitay, et al. 2002 Climate Change and Biodiversity. IPCC Technical Paper IV. ICIMOD
^ Mool, PK; Bajracharya, SR; Joshi, SP (2001) Inventory of Glaciers, glacial lakes, glacial lake outburst floods monitoring and early warning system in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region, Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal:ICIMOD
^ Mool, PK; Bajracharya, SR; Joshi, SP (2001)Inventory of Glaciers, glacial lakes, glacial lake outburst floods monitoring and early warning system in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region, Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal:ICIMOD
^ NAPA 2010 National Adaptation Programmes of Actions: Ministry of Environment/GoN,http://www.moste.gov.np/elibrary?page=3#.USZNYR3Is1I
^ LAPA Nov 2011 Local Adaptation Plan of Action National Framework: Ministry of Science, Technology & Environment, Government of Nepal http://www.moste.gov.np/elibrary?page=3#.USZNYR3Is1I
^ Climate-smart agriculture in Nepal, Climate & Development Knowledge Network, 31 July 2017
^ Department of Forest/GoN from http://www.dof.gov.np/division/community-forest-division/community-forestry
^ Community based Conservation Is It make effective, efficient and sustainable? from http://www.future.org/publications/community-based-conservation-it-more-effective-efficient-and-sustainable
^ Gurung, Niru; Karki, Rahul; Ojha, Hemant; Khatri, Dil B.; Paudel, Naya S. (2013). "Integrating Climate Change Adaptation with Local Development: Exploring Institutional Options". Journal of Forest and Livelihood. 11: 1–13. doi:10.3126/jfl.v11i1.8606. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
Climate change adaptation in Asia
Brightness temperature
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Proxy data
Record of the past 1,000 years
Satellite measurements
(caused by human activity)
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Effects on plant biodiversity
Effects on humans
Effects on marine mammals
Environmental migrant
Extinction risk from global warming
Fisheries and climate change
Forest dieback
Industry and society
Iris hypothesis
Megadrought
Physical impacts
Polar stratospheric cloud
Regime shift
Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Runaway climate change
Season creep
Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
Surf breaks and waves
Clean Development Mechanism
Joint Implementation
Bali Road Map
European Climate Change Programme
G8 Climate Change Roundtable
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Regional climate change initiatives in the United States
List of climate change initiatives
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Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
Reforestation
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Proposed adaptations
Damming glacial lakes
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Irrigation investment
Rainwater storage
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_in_Nepal&oldid=880149492"
Environment of Nepal
Forestry in Nepal
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Isaac Alfie
Find sources: "Isaac Alfie" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (January 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.
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Minister of Economy and Finance of Uruguay
Aug 19, 2003 – March 1, 2005[1]
Alejandro Atchugarry
Danilo Astori
University of the Republic
accountant, economist
Isaac Alfie (born 27 April 1962 in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan economist, columnist, accountant, and politician.
He was Minister of Economy and Finance during the final years of Jorge Batlle's presidential term (2003-2005).
1 Professional career
Professional career[edit]
Alfie received a degree in public accounting from the University of the Republic in the year of 1985, where years later, he would also receive a degree in economics. In this university he worked as an adjunct professor of the Department of Economics, where he taught basic macroeconomics. He also worked as a teacher at the University ORT Uruguay, and at the University of Belgrano in Argentina. He is currently a professor of Economics and public finance at the University of Montevideo.
In 1985 he joined the Office of Planning and Budget with the position of adviser. In 1991 he went to the Ministry of Economy and Finance as an adviser in the area of Macroeconomic Advisory. He also represented Uruguay in several negotiations with international organizations, such as the one that resulted in the rescheduling of Uruguayan public debt in 2003. In addition, he was a consultant for the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, the Pan American Health Organization, and the World Health Organization.
In the private sector, he was a business consultant, especially in the areas of financial and cost analysis, and study of investment projects.
In August 2003, the Minister of Economy and Finance, Alejandro Atchugarry, resigned. Then the President of the Republic, Jorge Batlle, offered the position to Isaac Alfie. His term as minister was extended until March 1 of 2005.
He also held a seat as Senator of the Republic for List 15 of the Colorado Party in the XLVI Legislature.
In the elections for the Board of Directors of Club Atlético Peñarol held in November 2008, Isaac Alfie accompanied the opposition list No. 2809, led by Daniel Benech, whose motto was "Peñarol is the people." This list would be in second place in number of votes, after the officialismo, headed by Juan Pedro Damiani.
Alfie writes in the economics supplement of the El País newspaper in Montevideo.
^ "List of Uruguayan government ministers". Rulers.org. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
autores.uy: 9069
This article about a Uruguayan politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Alfie&oldid=832342744"
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Ivory Coast–Mexico relations
Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire and the United Mexican States
Ivory Coast–Mexico relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) and Mexico.
2 Bilateral agreements
3 Trade
Ivorian Foreign Minister Simeon Aké attending the North–South Summit in Cancun on behalf of Ivorian President Félix Houphouët-Boigny; 1981
Diplomatic relations between Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) and Mexico were established on 13 November 1975.[1][2] In 1981, Ivory Coast opened an embassy in Mexico, however, the embassy was closed in 1991 for financial reasons.[2] In October 1989 an Agreement of Educational and Cultural Cooperation was signed between both nations.[2] In March 2002, Ivorian Foreign Minister Aboudramane Sangaré paid a visit to Mexico to attend the International Conference on Financing for Development Summit in Monterrey.[3] In 2004, Ivory Coast re-opened its embassy in Mexico.[2]
Relations between both nations became limited during the First Ivorian Civil War (2002-2004) and Second Ivorian Civil War (2010-2011). In 2009, Mexico was a non-remanent member of the United Nations Security Council and was responsible for enforcing and maintaining the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1572 on an arms embargo to Ivory Coast.[1] In May 2008, two Mexican senators paid a visit to Ivory Coast and meet with Ivorian Parliamentarians and with President Laurent Gbagbo.[1]
In February 2016, the National Autonomous University of Mexico bestowed the "UNESCO-UNAM Jaime Torres Bodet International Award" to Ivorian poet and novelist Bernard Binlin Dadié for his modern literature of the African continent.[4] In May 2019, Ivorian Foreign Minister Marcel Amon-Tanoh paid a visit to Mexico and met with Mexican Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard. During the visit, both nations stressed the importance of strengthening bilateral political dialogue.[5]
Bilateral agreements[edit]
Both nations have signed bilateral agreements such as a Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Mechanism of Consultation in Matters of Mutual Interest (1999); Agreement on Educational and Cultural Cooperation (1999) and a Memorandum of Understanding in Academic Collaboration between both nations Ministries of Foreign Affairs.[6]
Trade[edit]
In 2017, trade between Ivory Coast and Mexico totaled $100.7 million USD.[7] Ivory Coast's main exports to Mexico include: cacao, nuts and almonds. Mexico's main export to Ivory Coast is petroleum.[1] In November 2014, a bilateral reunion between members of the Mexican Senate and the Ivorian Ambassador was held to discuss ways to increase economic and trade cooperation between both nations.[8] Mexican multinational company Sukarne operates in Ivory Coast.[9]
Ivory Coast has an embassy in Mexico City.[10]
Mexico is accredited to Ivory Coast from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco[11] and maintains an honorary consulate in Abidjan.[12]
^ a b c d Senate of Mexico: Relaciones Bilaterales México – Côte d'Ivoire (in Spanish)
^ a b c d Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Côte d'Ivoire: Mexique (in French)
^ Conferencia Internacional sobre la Financiación para el Desarrollo (in Spanish)
^ Conceden Premio Internacional UNESCO-UNAM Jaime Torres Bodet a Bernard Binlin Dadié (in Spanish)
^ Recibe el canciller Marcelo Ebrard al ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Costa de Marfil, Marcel Amon-Tanoh (in Spanish)
^ Les domaines de coopération entre la Côte d’Ivoire et le Mexique (in French)
^ Mexican Ministry of the Economy: Ivory Coast (Costa de Marfil)
^ Inauguran Jornadas Económicas y Comerciales México-Costa de Marfil (in Spanish)
^ Estas son las Empresas Mexicanas Pioneras en África (in Spanish)
^ Embassy of Ivory Coast in Mexico (in French and Spanish)
^ Embassy of Mexico in Morocco (in Spanish)
^ Honorary consulate of Mexico in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Foreign relations of Ivory Coast
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Diplomatic missions of / in Ivory Coast
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BRICM
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Castañeda Doctrine
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This article is about the Métis rebel leader in Canada. For other uses, see Louis Riel (disambiguation).
Canadian politician and Métis rebel leader
President of the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan
March 19, 1885 – May 20, 1885
office established
office abolished
for Provencher
13 October 1873 – 22 January 1874
George-Étienne Cartier
Andrew Bannatyne
Louis David Riel
Red River Colony, Rupert's Land, British North America
16 November 1885(1885-11-16) (aged 41)
Regina, Northwest Territories, Canada
Marguerite Monet dit Bellehumeur (1881–1885)
Jean-Louis,
Marie-Angélique
Louis David Riel (/ˈluːi riˈɛl/; French: [lwi ʁjɛl]; 22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885) was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people of the Canadian Prairies.[1] He led two rebellions against the government of Canada and its first post-Confederation prime minister, John A. Macdonald. Riel sought to preserve Métis rights and culture as their homelands in the Northwest came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence. Over the decades, he has been made a folk hero by Francophones, Catholic nationalists, native rights activists, and the New Left student movement. Arguably, Riel has received more scholarly attention than any other figure in Canadian history.[2]
The first resistance led by Riel became known as the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870.[3] The provisional government established by Riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which the modern province of Manitoba entered the Canadian Confederation.[4] Riel ordered the execution of Thomas Scott, and fled to the United States to escape prosecution. Despite this, he is frequently referred to as the "Father of Manitoba".[5] While a fugitive, he was elected three times to the House of Commons of Canada, although he never assumed his seat. During these years, he was frustrated by having to remain in exile despite his growing belief that he was a divinely chosen leader and prophet, a belief which would later resurface and influence his actions. Because of this new religious conviction, Catholic leaders who had supported him before increasingly repudiated him. He married in 1881 while in exile in Montana in the United States; he fathered three children.
In 1884 Riel was called upon by the Métis leaders in Saskatchewan to articulate their grievances to the Canadian government. Instead he organized a military resistance that escalated into a military confrontation, the North-West Rebellion of 1885. Ottawa used the new rail lines to send in thousands of combat soldiers. It ended in his arrest and conviction for high treason. Despite protests and popular appeals, Prime Minister Macdonald rejected calls for clemency, and Riel was executed by hanging. Riel was seen as a heroic victim by French Canadians; his execution had a lasting negative impact on Canada, polarizing the new nation along ethno-religious lines. Although only a few hundred people were directly affected by the Rebellion in Saskatchewan, the long-term result was that the Prairie provinces would be controlled by the Anglophones, not the Francophones. An even more important long-term impact was the bitter alienation Francophones across Canada felt, and anger against the repression by their countrymen.[6]
Riel's historical reputation has long been polarized between portrayals as a dangerous half-insane religious fanatic and rebel against the Canadian nation, or by contrast a heroic rebel who fought to protect his Francophone people from the unfair encroachments of an Anglophone national government. He is increasingly celebrated as a proponent of multiculturalism, although that downplays his primary commitment to Métis nationalism and political independence.[7]
2 Red River Rebellion
2.1 Riel emerges as a leader
2.2 Provisional government
2.3 Canadian Rebellion and the execution of Scott
2.4 Creation of Manitoba and the Wolseley expedition
3 Intervening years
3.1 Amnesty question
3.2 Exile and mental illness
3.3 Montana and family life
4 The North-West Rebellion
4.1 Grievances in the Saskatchewan territory
4.2 Return of Riel
4.3 Break with the church
4.4 Open rebellion
5 Trial for treason
6 Execution
7.1 Political
8 Revoking Riel's conviction
8.1 Historiography
8.2 Commemorations
8.3 Arts, literature and popular culture
10 Footnotes
11.1 Historiography
11.2 Primary sources
Louis Riel, age 14
The Red River Settlement was a community in Rupert's Land nominally administered by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), and largely inhabited by First Nations tribes and the Métis, an ethnic group of mixed Cree, Ojibwa, Saulteaux, French-Canadian, Scottish, and English descent.[8] Louis Riel was born there in 1844, near modern Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Louis Riel, Sr. and Julie Lagimodière.
Riel was the eldest of eleven children in a locally well-respected family.[9] His father, who was of Franco-Ojibwa Métis descent, had gained prominence in this community by organizing a group that supported Guillaume Sayer, a Métis imprisoned for challenging the HBC's historical trade monopoly.[10] Sayer's eventual release due to agitations by Louis Sr.'s group effectively ended the monopoly, and the name Riel was therefore well known in the Red River area. His mother was the daughter of Jean-Baptiste Lagimodière and Marie-Anne Gaboury, one of the earliest white families to settle in the Red River Settlement in 1812. The Riels were noted for their devout Catholicism and strong family ties.[11]
Riel was first educated by Roman Catholic priests at St. Boniface. At age 13 he came to the attention of Alexandre Taché, the Suffragan Bishop of St. Boniface, who was eagerly promoting the priesthood for talented young Métis. In 1858 Taché arranged for Riel to attend the Petit Séminaire of the Collège de Montréal, under the direction of the Sulpician order.[12] Descriptions of him at the time indicate that he was a fine scholar of languages, science, and philosophy, but exhibited a frequent and unpredictable moodiness.[13]
Following news of his father's premature death in 1864, Riel lost interest in the priesthood and withdrew from the college in March 1865. For a time, he continued his studies as a day student in the convent of the Grey Nuns, but was soon asked to leave, following breaches of discipline. He remained in Montreal for over a year, living at the home of his aunt, Lucie Riel. Impoverished by the death of his father, Riel took employment as a law clerk in the Montreal office of Rodolphe Laflamme.[7] During this time he was involved in a failed romance with a young woman named Marie–Julie Guernon.[14] This progressed to the point of Riel having signed a contract of marriage, but his fiancée's family opposed her involvement with a Métis, and the engagement was soon broken. Compounding this disappointment, Riel found legal work unpleasant and, by early 1866, he had resolved to leave Canada East.[15] Some of his friends said later that he worked odd jobs in Chicago, Illinois, while staying with poet Louis-Honoré Fréchette, and wrote poems himself in the manner of Lamartine, and that he was briefly employed as a clerk in Saint Paul, Minnesota, before returning to the Red River settlement on 26 July 1868.[16]
Red River Rebellion
Main article: Red River Rebellion
The majority population of the Red River had historically been Métis and First Nation people. Upon his return, Riel found that religious, nationalistic, and racial tensions were exacerbated by an influx of Anglophone Protestant settlers from Ontario. The political situation was also uncertain, as ongoing negotiations for the transfer of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company to Canada had not addressed the political terms of transfer. Finally, despite warnings to the Macdonald government from Bishop Taché[17] and the HBC governor William Mactavish that any such activity would precipitate unrest, the Canadian minister of public works, William McDougall, ordered a survey of the area. The arrival on 20 August 1869 of a survey party headed by Colonel John Stoughton Dennis[18] increased anxiety among the Métis. The Métis did not possess title to their land, which was in any case laid out according to the seigneurial system rather than in English-style square lots.[19]
Riel emerges as a leader
In late August, Riel denounced the survey in a speech, and on 11 October 1869, the survey's work was disrupted by a group of Métis that included Riel. This group organized itself as the "Métis National Committee" on 16 October, with Riel as secretary and John Bruce as president.[20] When summoned by the HBC-controlled Council of Assiniboia to explain his actions, Riel declared that any attempt by Canada to assume authority would be contested unless Ottawa had first negotiated terms with the Métis. Nevertheless, the non-bilingual McDougall was appointed the lieutenant governor-designate, and attempted to enter the settlement on 2 November. McDougall's party was turned back near the Canada–US border, and on the same day, Métis led by Riel seized Fort Garry.[21]
On 6 November, Riel invited Anglophones to attend a convention alongside Métis representatives to discuss a course of action, and on 1 December he proposed to this convention a list of rights to be demanded as a condition of union. Much of the settlement came to accept the Métis point of view, but a passionately pro-Canadian minority began organizing in opposition. Loosely constituted as the Canadian Party, this group was led by John Christian Schultz,[22] Charles Mair,[23] Colonel John Stoughton Dennis,[24] and a more reticent Major Charles Boulton.[25] McDougall attempted to assert his authority by authorizing Dennis to raise a contingent of armed men, but the Anglophone settlers largely ignored this call to arms. Schultz, however, attracted approximately fifty recruits and fortified his house and store. Riel ordered Schultz's home surrounded, and the outnumbered Canadians soon surrendered and were imprisoned in Upper Fort Garry.
Provisional government
The Métis provisional government
Hearing of the unrest, Ottawa sent three emissaries to the Red River, including HBC representative Donald Alexander Smith.[26] While they were en route, the Métis National Committee declared a provisional government on 8 December, with Riel becoming its president on 27 December.[27] Meetings between Riel and the Ottawa delegation took place on 5 and 6 January 1870, but when these proved fruitless, Smith chose to present his case in a public forum. Smith assured large audiences of the Government's goodwill in meetings on 19 and 20 January, leading Riel to propose the formation of a new convention split evenly between French and English settlers to consider Smith's instructions. On 7 February, a new list of rights was presented to the Ottawa delegation, and Smith and Riel agreed to send representatives to Ottawa to engage in direct negotiations on that basis.[28] The provisional government established by Louis Riel published its own newspaper titled New Nation and established the Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia to pass laws.[29] The Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia was the first elected government at the Red River Settlement and functioned from March 9 to June 24, 1870. The assembly had 28 elected representatives, including a president, Louis Riel, an executive council (government cabinet), adjutant general (chief of military staff), chief justice and clerk.[30]
Canadian Rebellion and the execution of Scott
Despite the apparent progress on the political front, the Canadian party continued to plot against the provisional government. However, they suffered a setback on 17 February, when forty-eight men, including Boulton and Thomas Scott, were arrested near Fort Garry.
The execution of Thomas Scott
Boulton was tried by a tribunal headed by Ambroise-Dydime Lépine and sentenced to death for his interference with the provisional government.[31] He was pardoned, but Scott interpreted this as weakness by the Métis, whom he regarded with open contempt. After Scott repeatedly quarreled with his guards, they insisted that he be tried for insubordination. At his court martial he was found guilty and was sentenced to death. Riel was repeatedly entreated to commute the sentence, but Riel responded, "I have done three good things since I have commenced: I have spared Boulton's life at your instance, I pardoned Gaddy, and now I shall shoot Scott."[32]
Scott was executed by firing squad on 4 March. Riel's motivations have been the cause of much speculation, but his own justification was that he felt it necessary to demonstrate to the Canadians that the Métis must be taken seriously. Protestant Canada did take notice, swore revenge, and set up a "Canada First" movement to mobilize their anger.[33][34]
Creation of Manitoba and the Wolseley expedition
The delegates representing the provisional government departed for Ottawa in March. Although they initially met with legal difficulties arising from the execution of Scott, they soon entered into direct talks with Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier.[35] An agreement enshrining the demands in the list of rights was quickly reached, and this formed the basis for the Manitoba Act[36] of 12 May 1870, which formally admitted Manitoba into the Canadian confederation. However, the negotiators could not secure a general amnesty for the provisional government.
As a means of exercising Canadian authority in the settlement and dissuading American expansionists, a Canadian military expedition under Colonel Garnet Wolseley was dispatched to the Red River.[37] Although the government described it as an "errand of peace", Riel learned that Canadian militia elements in the expedition meant to lynch him, and he fled as the expedition approached the Red River. The arrival of the expedition on 20 August marked the effective end of the Red River Rebellion.
Intervening years
Amnesty question
It was not until 2 September 1870 that the new lieutenant-governor Adams George Archibald arrived and set about the establishment of civil government.[38] Without an amnesty, and with the Canadian militia beating and intimidating his sympathisers, Riel fled to the safety of the St. Joseph's mission across the Canada–US border in the Dakota Territory. However the results of the first provincial election in December 1870 were promising for Riel, as many of his supporters came to power. Nevertheless, stress and financial troubles precipitated a serious illness—perhaps a harbinger of his future mental afflictions—that prevented his return to Manitoba until May 1871.
Louis Riel circa 1875
The settlement now faced a possible threat, from cross-border Fenian raids coordinated by his former associate William Bernard O'Donoghue.[39] Archibald proclaimed a general call to arms on 4 October. Companies of armed horsemen were raised, including one led by Riel. When Archibald reviewed the troops in St. Boniface, he made the significant gesture of publicly shaking Riel's hand, signaling that a rapprochement had been affected. This was not to be—when this news reached Ontario, Mair and members of the Canada First movement whipped up anti-Riel (and anti-Archibald) sentiment. With Federal elections coming in 1872, Macdonald could ill afford further rift in Quebec–Ontario relations and so he did not offer an amnesty. Instead he quietly arranged for Taché to offer Riel a bribe of $1,000 to remain in voluntary exile. This was supplemented by an additional £600 from Smith for the care of Riel's family.[40]
Nevertheless, by late June Riel was back in Manitoba and was soon persuaded to run as a member of parliament for the electoral district of Provencher. However, following the early September defeat of George-Étienne Cartier in his home riding in Quebec, Riel stood aside so that Cartier—on record as being in favour of amnesty for Riel—might secure a seat in Provencher. Cartier won by acclamation, but Riel's hopes for a swift resolution to the amnesty question were dashed following Cartier's death on 20 May 1873. In the ensuing by-election in October 1873, Riel ran unopposed as an Independent, although he had again fled, a warrant having been issued for his arrest in September. Lépine was not so lucky; he was captured and faced trial.
Riel made his way to Montreal and, fearing arrest or assassination, vacillated as to whether he should attempt to take up his seat in the House of Commons—Edward Blake, the Premier of Ontario, had announced a bounty of $5,000 for his arrest.[41] Famously, Riel was the only Member of Parliament who was not present for the great Pacific Scandal debate of 1873 that led to the resignation of the Macdonald government in November. Liberal leader Alexander Mackenzie became the interim prime minister, and a general election was held in January 1874. Although the Liberals under Mackenzie formed the new government, Riel easily retained his seat. Formally, Riel had to sign a register book at least once upon being elected, and he did so under disguise in late January. He was nevertheless stricken from the rolls following a motion supported by Schultz, who had become the member for the electoral district of Lisgar.[42] Undeterred, Riel prevailed again in the resulting by-election, and although again expelled, his symbolic point had been made and public opinion in Quebec was strongly tipped in his favour.
Exile and mental illness
During this period, Riel had been staying with priests of the Oblate order in Plattsburgh, New York, who introduced him to Father Fabien Martin dit Barnabé in the nearby village of Keeseville. It was here that he received news of Lépine's fate: following his trial for the murder of Scott, which had begun on 13 October 1874, Lépine was found guilty and sentenced to death. This sparked outrage in the sympathetic Quebec press, and calls for amnesty for both Lépine and Riel were renewed. This presented a severe political difficulty for Mackenzie, who was hopelessly caught between the demands of Quebec and Ontario. However, a solution was forthcoming when, acting on his own initiative, the Governor General Lord Dufferin commuted Lépine's sentence in January 1875. This opened the door for Mackenzie to secure from parliament an amnesty for Riel, on the condition that he remain in exile for five years.[7]
During his time of exile, he was primarily concerned with religious rather than political matters. Spurred on by a sympathetic Roman Catholic priest in Quebec, he was increasingly influenced by his belief that he was a divinely chosen leader of the Métis. Modern biographers have speculated that he may have suffered from the psychological condition megalomania.[43] His mental state deteriorated, and following a violent outburst he was taken to Montreal, where he was under the care of his uncle, John Lee, for a few months. But after Riel disrupted a religious service, Lee arranged to have him committed in an asylum in Longue Pointe on 6 March 1876 under the assumed name "Louis R. David".[7] Fearing discovery, his doctors soon transferred him to the Beauport Asylum near Quebec City under the name "Louis Larochelle".[44] While he suffered from sporadic irrational outbursts, he continued his religious writing, composing theological tracts with an admixture of Christian and Judaic ideas. He consequently began calling himself Louis "David" Riel, prophet of the new world, and he would pray (standing) for hours, having servants help him to hold his arms in the shape of a cross.
Nevertheless, he slowly recovered, and was released from the asylum on 23 January 1878[45] with an admonition to lead a quiet life. He returned for a time to Keeseville, where he became involved in a passionate romance with Evelina Martin dite Barnabé,[28] sister of his friend, the oblate father Fabien Barnabé. But with insufficient means to propose marriage, Riel returned to the west, hoping that she might follow. However, she decided that she would be unsuited to prairie life, and their correspondence soon ended.
Montana and family life
Jean-Louis and Marie-Angélique Riel, children of Louis Riel
In the fall of 1878, Riel returned to St. Paul, and briefly visited his friends and family. This was a time of rapid change for the Métis of the Red River—the buffalo on which they depended were becoming increasingly scarce, the influx of settlers was ever-increasing, and much land was sold to unscrupulous land speculators. Like other Red River Métis who had left Manitoba, Riel headed further west to start a new life.
Travelling to the Montana Territory, he became a trader and interpreter in the area surrounding Fort Benton. Observing rampant alcoholism and its detrimental impact on the Native American and Métis people, he engaged in an unsuccessful attempt to curtail the whisky trade. In 1881, he married Marguerite Monet dit Bellehumeur (1861–1886),[46] a young Métis, "in the fashion of the country" on 28 April, an arrangement that was solemnized on 9 March 1882 at Carroll, Montana by Father Damiani.[47] They were to have three children: Jean-Louis (1882–1908); Marie-Angélique (1883–1897); and a boy who was born and died on 21 October 1885, less than one month before Riel was hanged.[28]
Riel soon became involved in the politics of Montana, and in 1882, actively campaigned on behalf of the Republican Party. He brought a suit against a Democrat for rigging a vote, but was then himself accused of fraudulently inducing British subjects to take part in the election. In response, Riel applied for United States citizenship and was naturalized on 16 March 1883.[48] With two young children, he had by 1884 settled down and was teaching school at the St. Peter's Jesuit mission in the Sun River district of Montana.
The North-West Rebellion
Main article: North-West Rebellion
Grievances in the Saskatchewan territory
Following the Red River Rebellion, Métis travelled west and settled in the Saskatchewan Valley, especially along the south branch of the river in the country surrounding the Saint-Laurent mission (near modern St. Laurent de Grandin, Saskatchewan). But by the 1880s, it had become clear that westward migration was no panacea for the troubles of the Métis and the plains Indians. The rapid collapse of the buffalo herd was causing near starvation among the Plains Cree and Blackfoot First Nations. This was exacerbated by a reduction in government assistance in 1883, and by a general failure of Ottawa to live up to its treaty obligations.
The Métis were likewise obliged to give up the hunt and take up agriculture—but this transition was accompanied by complex issues surrounding land claims similar to those that had previously arisen in Manitoba. Moreover, settlers from Europe and the eastern provinces were also moving into the Saskatchewan territories, and they too had complaints related to the administration of the territories. Virtually all parties therefore had grievances, and by 1884 English settlers, Anglo-Métis and Métis communities were holding meetings and petitioning a largely unresponsive government for redress.
In the electoral district of Lorne, a meeting of the south branch Métis was held in the village of Batoche on 24 March, and thirty representatives voted to ask Riel to return and represent their cause. On 6 May a joint "Settler's Union" meeting was attended by both the Métis and English-speaking representatives from Prince Albert, including William Henry Jackson,[49] an Ontario settler sympathetic to the Métis and known to them as Honoré Jackson, and James Isbister of the Anglo-Métis.[50] It was here resolved to send a delegation to ask Riel's assistance in presenting their grievances to the Canadian government.
Return of Riel
The head of the delegation to Riel was Gabriel Dumont,[51] a respected buffalo hunter and leader of the Saint-Laurent Métis who had known Riel in Manitoba. James Isbister[52] was the lone Anglo-Métis delegate. Riel was easily swayed to support their cause—which was perhaps not surprising in view of Riel's continuing conviction that he was the divinely selected leader of the Métis and the prophet of a new form of Christianity. Riel also intended to use the new position of influence to pursue his own land claims in Manitoba. The party departed 4 June, and arrived back at Batoche on 5 July.
Upon his arrival Métis and English settlers alike formed an initially favourable impression of Riel following a series of speeches in which he advocated moderation and a reasoned approach. During June 1884, the Plains Cree leaders Big Bear[53] and Poundmaker[54] were independently formulating their complaints, and subsequently held meetings with Riel. However, the Native grievances were quite different from those of the settlers, and nothing was then resolved. Inspired by Riel,[55] Honoré Jackson and representatives of other communities set about drafting a petition,[56] and Jackson on 28 July released a manifesto detailing grievances and the settler's objectives. A joint English-Métis central committee with Jackson acting as secretary worked to reconcile proposals from different communities. In the interim, Riel's support began to waver.
As Riel's religious pronouncements became increasingly heretical the clergy distanced themselves, and father Alexis André cautioned Riel against mixing religion and politics. Also, in response to bribes by territorial lieutenant-governor and Indian commissioner Edgar Dewdney,[57] local English-language newspapers adopted an editorial stance critical of Riel.[28] Nevertheless, the work continued, and on 16 December Riel forwarded the committee's petition to the government, along with the suggestion that delegates be sent to Ottawa to engage in direct negotiation. Receipt of the petition was acknowledged by Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, Macdonald's Secretary of State, although Macdonald himself would later deny having ever seen it.[28] By then many original followers had left; only 250 remained at Batoche when it fell in May 1885.[58]
Break with the church
Historian Donald Creighton has argued that Riel had become a changed man:
In the 15 years since he had left Red River, his megalomania had grown greater than ever. His ungovernable rages, delusions of grandeur, messianic claims, and dictatorial impulses had all become more extreme; but these violent excesses were not the only symptoms of his curious mental and moral decline. He had lost his shrewd appreciation of realities. His sense of direction was confused in his purposes were equivocal. He showed, at intervals, a cynical selfishness and the ruthless cupidity. ... although in public he professed that his sole aim was the redress of the Métis grievances, and private he was quite ready to promise that if the government made him a satisfactory personal payment of a few thousand dollars he would induce his credulous followers to accept almost any settlement the federal authorities desired, and would quietly leave Canada forever.[59]
While Riel awaited news from Ottawa he considered returning to Montana, but had by February resolved to stay. Without a productive course of action, Riel began to engage in obsessive prayer, and was experiencing a significant relapse of his mental agitations. This led to a deterioration in his relationship with the Catholic hierarchy, as he publicly espoused an increasingly heretical doctrine. On 11 February 1885, a response to the petition was received. The government proposed to take a census of the North-West Territories, and to form a commission to investigate grievances. This angered a faction of the Métis who saw it as a mere delaying tactic; they favoured taking up arms at once.
Riel became the leader of this faction, but he lost the support of almost all Anglophones and Anglo-Métis, the Catholic Church, and the great majority of Indians. He also lost the support of the Métis faction supporting local leader Charles Nolin.[60] But Riel, undoubtedly influenced by his messianic delusions,[61] became increasingly supportive of this course of action. In the church at Saint-Laurent on 15 March, Riel disrupted a sermon to argue for this position, following which he was barred from receiving the sacraments. He took more and more about his "divine revelations". But disenchanted with the status quo, and swayed by Riel's charisma and eloquent rhetoric, hundreds of Métis remained loyal to Riel, despite his proclamations that Bishop Ignace Bourget[62] should be accepted as pope, and that "Rome has fallen".
At his trial, Riel denied allegations that his religious beliefs were as irrational as was being (and continue to be) alleged. He explained as follows:
I wish to leave Rome aside, inasmuch as it is the cause of division between Catholics and Protestants. I did not wish to force my views ... If I could have any influence in the new world it would be to help in that way, even if it takes 200 years to become practical ... so my children's children can shake hands with the Protestants of the new world in a friendly manner. I do not wish those evils which exist in Europe to be continued, as much as I can influence it, among the (Metis). I do not wish that to be repeated in America.[63]
Open rebellion
On 18 March it became known that the North-West Mounted Police garrison at Battleford was being reinforced. Although only 100 men had been sent in response to warnings from father Alexis André and NWMP superintendent L.N.F. Crozier, a rumour soon began to circulate that 500 heavily armed troops were advancing on the territory. Métis patience was exhausted, and Riel's followers seized arms, took hostages, and cut the telegraph lines between Batoche and Battleford. The Provisional Government of Saskatchewan was declared at Batoche on 19 March, with Riel[64] as the political and spiritual leader and with Dumont assuming responsibility for military affairs.
Riel formed a council called the Exovedate[65] (a neologism meaning "those who have left the flock"), and sent representatives to court Poundmaker and Big Bear. On 21 March, Riel's emissaries demanded that Crozier surrender Fort Carlton, but this was refused. The situation was becoming critical, and on 23 March Dewdney sent a telegraph to Macdonald indicating that military intervention might be necessary. Scouting near Duck Lake on 26 March, a force led by Gabriel Dumont unexpectedly chanced upon a party from Fort Carlton. In the ensuing Battle of Duck Lake, the police were routed, and the Natives also rose up once the news became known. The die was cast for a violent outcome, and the North-West Rebellion was begun in earnest.
Louis Riel imprisoned in Middleton's camp at Batoche, 16 May 1885
Riel had counted on the Canadian government being unable to effectively respond to another uprising in the distant North-West Territories, thereby forcing them to accept political negotiation. This was essentially the same strategy that had worked to such great effect during the 1870 rebellion. In that instance, the first troops did not arrive until three months after Riel seized control. However, Riel had completely overlooked the significance of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Despite some uncompleted gaps, the first Canadian regular and militia units, under the command of Major-General Frederick Dobson Middleton, arrived in Duck Lake less than two weeks after Riel had made his demands.
Knowing that he could not defeat the Canadians in direct confrontation, Dumont had hoped to force the Canadians to negotiate by engaging in a long-drawn out campaign of guerrilla warfare; Dumont realised a modest success along these lines at the Battle of Fish Creek on 24 April 1885.[66] Riel, however, insisted on concentrating forces at Batoche to defend his "city of God". The outcome of the ensuing Battle of Batoche which took place from 9 to 12 May[67] was never in doubt, and on 15 May a disheveled Riel surrendered to Canadian forces. Although Big Bear's forces managed to hold out until the Battle of Loon Lake on 3 June,[68] the rebellion was a dismal failure for Métis and Natives alike, as they surrendered or fled.
Trial for treason
Main article: Trial of Louis Riel
Several individuals closely tied to the government requested that the trial be held in Winnipeg in July 1885. Some historians contend that the trial was moved to Regina because of concerns with the possibility of an ethnically mixed and sympathetic jury.[69] Tom Flanagan states that an amendment of the North-West Territories Act (which dropped the provision that trials with crimes punishable by death should be tried in Manitoba) meant that the trial could be convened within the North-West Territories and did not have to be held in Winnipeg.
Louis Riel testifies at his trial
Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald ordered the trial to be convened in Regina, where Riel was tried before a jury of six English and Scottish Protestants, all from the area surrounding the city. The trial began on 28 July 1885, and lasted five days.[3] Riel delivered two long speeches during his trial, defending his own actions and affirming the rights of the Métis people. He rejected his lawyer's attempt to argue that he was not guilty by reason of insanity, asserting,
Life, without the dignity of an intelligent being, is not worth having.[70]
The jury found him guilty but recommended mercy; nonetheless, Judge Hugh Richardson sentenced him to death, with the date of his execution initially set for 18 September 1885.[43] "We tried Riel for treason," one juror later said, "And he was hanged for the murder of Scott." [71]
Boulton writes in his memoirs that, as the date of his execution approached, Riel regretted his opposition to the defence of insanity and vainly attempted to provide evidence that he was not sane. Requests for a retrial and an appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Britain were denied. Sir John A. Macdonald, who was instrumental in upholding Riel's sentence, is famously quoted as saying:
He shall die though every dog in Quebec bark in his favour.[72]
Before his execution, Riel was reconciled with the Catholic Church, and assigned Father André as his spiritual advisor. He was also given writing materials so that he could employ his time in prison to write a book. Louis Riel was hanged for treason on 16 November 1885 at the North-West Mounted Police barracks in Regina.[73][74]
Riel's tombstone at the St. Boniface Cathedral in Winnipeg.
Boulton writes of Riel's final moments,
... Père André, after explaining to Riel that the end was at hand, asked him if he was at peace with men. Riel answered "Yes." The next question was, "Do you forgive all your enemies?" "Yes." Riel then asked him if he might speak. Father André advised him not to do so. He then received the kiss of peace from both the priests, and Father André exclaimed in French, "Alors, allez au ciel!" meaning "so, to heaven!"
... [Riel's] last words were to say good-bye to Dr. Jukes and thank him for his kindness, and just before the white cap was pulled over his face he said, "Remerciez Madame Forget." meaning "thank Ms. Forget".
The cap was pulled down, and while he was praying the trap was pulled. Death was not instantaneous. Louis Riel's pulse ceased four minutes after the trap-door fell and during that time the rope around his neck slowly strangled and choked him to death. The body was to have been interred inside the gallows' enclosure, and the grave was commenced, but an order came from the Lieutenant-Governor to hand the body over to Sheriff Chapleau which was accordingly done that night.[75]
Following the execution, Riel's body was returned to his mother's home in St. Vital, where it lay in state. On 12 December 1886, his remains were laid in the churchyard of the Saint-Boniface Cathedral following the celebration of a requiem mass.
The trial and execution of Riel caused a bitter and prolonged reaction which convulsed Canadian politics for decades. The execution was both supported and opposed by the provinces. For example, conservative Ontario strongly supported Riel's execution, but Quebec was vehemently opposed to it. Francophones were upset Riel was hanged because they thought his execution was a symbol of English dominance. The Orange Irish Protestant element in Ontario had demanded the execution as the punishment for Riel's treason and his execution of Thomas Scott in 1870. With their revenge satisfied, the Orange turned their attention to other matters (especially the Jesuit Estates proposal). In Quebec there was no forgetting, and the politician Honoré Mercier rose to power by mobilizing the opposition in 1886.[76]
Collected writings of Riel
Riel remains controversial. J. M. Bumsted in 2000 said that for Manitoba historian James Jackson, the murder of Scott – "perhaps the result of Riel's incipient madness – was the great blemish on Riel's achievement, depriving him of his proper role as the father of Manitoba."[77]
The Saskatchewan Métis' requested land grants were all provided by the government by the end of 1887, and the government resurveyed the Métis river lots in accordance with their wishes. The Métis did not understand the long term value of their new land, however, and it was soon bought by speculators who later turned huge profits from it. Riel's worst fears were realised—following the failed rebellion, the French language and Roman Catholic religion faced increasing marginalisation in both Saskatchewan and Manitoba, as exemplified by the controversy surrounding the Manitoba Schools Question. The Métis themselves were increasingly forced to live on undesirable land or in the shadow of Indian reserves (as they did not themselves have treaty status). Saskatchewan did not attain provincehood until 1905.
Riel's execution and Macdonald's refusal to commute his sentence caused lasting discord in Quebec, and led to a fundamental alteration in the Canadian political order.[78] In Quebec, Honoré Mercier[79] exploited the discontent to reconstitute the Parti National. This party, which promoted Quebec nationalism, won a majority in the 1886 Quebec election by winning a number of seats formerly controlled by the Quebec Conservative Party. The federal election of 1887 likewise saw significant gains by the federal Liberals, again at the expense of the Conservatives. This led to the victory of the Liberal party under Sir Wilfrid Laurier in the federal election of 1896, which in turn set the stage for the domination of Canadian federal politics by the Liberal party in the 20th century.
Revoking Riel's conviction
That Riel's name still has resonance in Canadian politics was evidenced on 16 November 1994, when Suzanne Tremblay, a Bloc Québécois member of parliament, introduced private members' bill C-228, "An Act to revoke the conviction of Louis David Riel".[80] The unsuccessful bill was widely perceived in English Canada as an attempt to arouse support for Quebec nationalism before the 1995 referendum on Quebec sovereignty.[81] Bill C-213 or Louis Riel Day Act and Bill C-417 Louis Riel Act are the more notable acts which have gone through parliament.[82] Bill C-297 to revoke the conviction of Louis Riel was introduced to the House of Commons 21 October and 22 November 1996, however the motion lacked unanimous consent from the House and was dropped.[83] Bill C-213[84] or the Louis Riel Day Act of 1997 attempted to revoke the conviction of Louis Riel for high treason and establish a National Day in his honour on 16 November.[85] Bill C-417[86] or the Louis Riel Act which also had a first reading in parliament to revoke the conviction of Louis Riel, and establish 15 July as Louis Riel Day was tabled.[87]
Bills pertaining to Louis Riel[88]
C-302 41 1 September 2011
C-216 38 1 Oct 2004
C-411 37 1 January 2001
C-324 37 2 Sept 2002
S-35 37 1 January 2001
C-324 37 3 Feb 2004
C-297 Nov 2006
C-258 May 2006
C-288 March 1995
C-417 June 1998
C-380 35 2 March 1997
C-258 36 1 1997
On 18 February 2008, the province of Manitoba officially recognized the first Louis Riel Day as a general provincial holiday. It will now fall on the third Monday of February each year in the Province of Manitoba.[89]
Historians have debated the Riel case so often and so passionately that he is the most written-about person in all of Canadian history.[90] Interpretations have varied dramatically over time. The first amateur English language histories hailed the triumph of civilization, represented by English-speaking Protestants, over savagery represented by the half-breed Métis who were Catholic and spoke French. Riel was portrayed as an insane traitor and an obstacle to the expansion of Canada to the West.[91][92] By the mid-20th century academic historians had dropped the theme of savagery versus civilization, deemphasized the Métis, and focused on Riel, presenting his execution as a major cause of the bitter division in Canada along ethnocultural and geographical lines of religion and language. W. L. Morton says of the execution:
[It] gave rise to a bitter and prolonged reaction which convulsed the course of national politics for the next decade. In Ontario it had been demanded and applauded by the Orange element as the punishment of treason and a vindication of loyalty. In Quebec Riel was defended, despite his apostasy and megalomania, as the symbol, indeed as a hero of his race.[93]
Morton argued that Riel's demands were unrealistic:
[They] did touch on some real grievances, such as the need for increased representation of the people in the Council of the Territories, but they did not present a program of practical substance which the government might have granted without betrayal of its responsibilities. ... the Canadian government can hardly be blamed for refusing to continue its private negotiations with him, or for sending in the troops to suppress rebellion.[94]
The Catholic bishops had originally supported the Métis, but reversed themselves when they realized that Riel was leading a heretical movement. They made sure that he was not honored as a martyr.[95] However the bishops lost their influence during the Quiet Revolution, and activists in Québec found in Riel the perfect hero, with the image now of a freedom fighter who stood up for his people against an oppressive government in the face of widespread racist bigotry. His insanity was ignored and he was made a folk hero by the Francophones, the Catholic nationalists, the native rights movement, and the New Left student movement. Activists who espoused violence embraced his image; in the 1960s, the Quebec terrorist group, the Front de libération du Québec adopted the name "Louis Riel" for one of its terrorist cells.[96]
Across Canada there emerged a new interpretation of reality in his rebellion, holding that the Métis had major unresolved grievances; that the government was indeed unresponsive; that Riel resorted to violence only as a last resort; and he was given a questionable trial, then executed by a vengeful government.[97] John Foster said in 1985 that:
the interpretive drift of the last half-century ... has witnessed increasingly shrill though frequently uncritical condemnations of Canadian government culpability and equally uncritical identification with the "victimization" of the "innocent" Métis.[98]
However, a leading specialist Thomas Flanagan reversed his views after editing Riel's writings:
As I sifted the evidence this became less and less convincing to me until I concluded that the opposite was closer to the truth: that the Métis grievances were at least partly of their own making; that the government was on the verge of resolving them when the Rebellion broke out; that Riel's resort to arms could not be explained by the failure of constitutional agitation and that he received a surprisingly fair trial.[99]
As for the insanity, historians have noted that many religious leaders the past have exhibited behavior that looks exactly like insanity. Flanigan emphasizes that Riel exemplified the tradition of religious mystics involved in politics, especially those with a sense that the world was about to be totally transformed by their religious vision. In his case it meant his delivering the Métis from colonial domination. More broadly, Flanagan argues that Riel was devoutly religious and rejected equalitarianism (which he equated with secularism), concluding he was "a millenarian theocrat, sympathetic to the 'ancien régime' and opposed to the French Revolution, democracy, individualism, and secular society."[100][101]
Métis scholars have noted that Riel is a more important figure to non-Métis than to Métis; he is the only Métis figure most non-Métis are aware of. Political scientists such as Thomas Flanagan have pointed out certain parallels between Riel's following during the North-West Rebellion and millenarian cults.
"Tortured" Louis Riel statue at the Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface
A resolution was passed by Parliament on 10 March 1992 citing that Louis Riel was the founder of Manitoba.[102] Two statues of Riel are located in Winnipeg.[103] One of the Winnipeg statues, the work of architect Étienne Gaboury and sculptor Marcien Lemay, depicts Riel as a naked and tortured figure. It was unveiled in 1970 and stood in the grounds of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for 23 years. After much outcry (especially from the Métis community) that the statue was an undignified misrepresentation, the statue was removed and placed at the Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface. It was replaced in 1994 with a statue designed by Miguel Joyal depicting Riel as a dignified statesman. The unveiling ceremony was on 16 May 1996, in Winnipeg.[102]
Statue of Louis Riel by Miguel Joyal in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
A statue of Riel on the grounds of the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in Regina was installed and later removed for similar reasons.[104]
In numerous communities across Canada, Riel is commemorated in the names of streets, schools, neighbourhoods, and other buildings. Examples in Winnipeg include the landmark Esplanade Riel pedestrian bridge linking Old Saint-Boniface with Winnipeg, the Louis Riel School Division, Louis Riel Avenue in Old Saint-Boniface, and Riel Avenue in St. Vital's Minnetonka neighbourhood (which is sometimes called Riel). The student centre and campus pub at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon are named after Riel (Place Riel and Louis', respectively).[105] Highway 11, stretching from Regina to just south of Prince Albert, has been named Louis Riel Trail by the province; the roadway passes near locations of the 1885 rebellion.[106] One of the student residences at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia is named Louis Riel House. There is a Louis Riel School in Calgary, Alberta.[107] and Ottawa, Ontario.[108] On 26 September 2007, Manitoba legislature passed a bill establishing a statutory holiday on the third Monday in February as Louis Riel Day, the same day some other provinces celebrate Family Day, beginning in 2008.[109] The first Louis Riel Day was celebrated on 18 February 2008. This new statutory holiday coincides with the celebration on 15–24 February of the Festival du Voyageur.
In the spring of 2008, the Government of Saskatchewan Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport Minister Christine Tell proclaimed in Duck Lake that "the 125th commemoration, in 2010, of the 1885 Northwest Resistance is an excellent opportunity to tell the story of the prairie Métis and First Nations peoples' struggle with Government forces and how it has shaped Canada today."[110] One of three Territorial Government Buildings remains on Dewdney Avenue in the Saskatchewan capital city of Regina, Saskatchewan which was the site of the Trial of Louis Riel, where the drama the "Trial of Louis Riel" is still performed. Following the May trial, Louis Riel was hanged 16 November 1885. The RCMP Heritage Centre, in Regina, opened in May 2007.[111][112][113] The Métis brought his body to his mother's home, now the Riel House National Historic Site, and then interred at the St. Boniface Basilica in Manitoba, his birthplace, for burial.[114][115]
Arts, literature and popular culture
In 1925, the French writer Maurice Constantin-Weyer who lived 10 years in Manitoba published in French a fictionalized biography of Louis Riel titled La Bourrasque. An English translation/adaptation was published in 1930 : A Martyr's Folly (Toronto, The Macmillan Company), and a new version in 1954, The Half-Breed (New York, The Macaulay Compagny).[116]
Portrayals of Riel's role in the Red River Rebellion include the 1979 CBC television film Riel and Canadian cartoonist Chester Brown's acclaimed 2003 graphic novel Louis Riel: A Comic-Strip Biography.[117]
In the 1940 film North West Mounted Police Riel is portrayed by Francis McDonald.
An opera about Riel entitled Louis Riel was commissioned for Canada's centennial celebrations in 1967. It was an opera in three acts, written by Harry Somers, with an English and French libretto by Mavor Moore and Jacques Languirand. The Canadian Opera Company produced and performed the first run of the opera in September and October 1967.[118]
Louis Riel House in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
From the late 1960s until the early 1990s, the city of Saskatoon hosted "Louis Riel Day", a summer celebration that included a relay race that combined running, backpack carrying, canoeing, hill climbing, and horseback riding along the South Saskatchewan River in the city's downtown core. Traditionally, the event also included a cabbage roll eating contest and tug-of-war competition, as well as live musical performances. Although not affiliated with the Saskatoon Exhibition, for years Louis Riel Day was scheduled for the day before the start of the fair, and as such came to be considered the Exhibition's unofficial kick-off (the scheduling of the two events was separated in later years). The event was discontinued when major sponsors pulled out.
Billy Childish wrote a song entitled "Louis Riel", which was performed by Thee Headcoats. Texas musician Doug Sahm wrote a song entitled "Louis Riel," which appeared on the album S.D.Q. '98.[119] In the song, Sahm likens the lore surrounding Riel to David Crockett's legend in his home state, spinning an abridged tale of Riel's life as a revolutionary: "... but you gotta respect him for what he thought was right ... And all around Regina they talk about him still – why did they have to kill Louis Riel?"[120]
The Seattle-based Indie rock band Grand Archives also wrote a song entitled "Louis Riel" that appears on their 2008 self-titled album.
A track entitled Snowin' Today: A Lament for Louis Riel appears on the 2009 album Live: Two Nights In March by Saskatchewan singer/guitarist Little Miss Higgins; a studio version features on her 2010 release Across The Plains.
On 22 October 2003, the Canadian news channel CBC Newsworld and its French-language equivalent, Réseau de l'information, staged a simulated retrial of Riel.[121] Viewers were invited to enter a verdict on the trial over the internet, and more than 10,000 votes were received—87% of which were "not guilty".[122] The results of this straw poll led to renewed calls for Riel's posthumous pardon. Also on the basis of a public poll, the CBC's Greatest Canadian project ranked Riel as the 11th "Greatest Canadian".[123]
An episode of the TV-series How the West Was Won from 1979 was named L'Affaire Riel, featuring Louis Riel while in exile in the United States.[124]
In 2001, Canadian sketch comedy troupe Royal Canadian Air Farce featured Riel in its send-up of the CBC documentary series Canada: A People's History. Significant parallels were drawn between Riel's actions and those of modern-day Québécois separatists, and the comedian who portrayed Riel was made up to look like then-Premier Lucien Bouchard.
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^ "Biography of Louis Riel: Excerpts from a comic-strip biography". The Trial of Louis Riel Homepage. University of Missouri Kansas City School of Law. Archived from the original on 10 September 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2007.
^ "Music Division Archival Guide—Somers, Harry, 1925–1999". Collections Canada. Library Archives Canada. 11 August 2003. Retrieved 24 September 2007.
^ "Discography". Gourds.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ Album review by Eugene Chadbourne
^ Strange, Carolyn (2006). "Crime, Media, Culture" (PDF). Hybrid history and the retrial of the painful past. Sage Publications Australian National University. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
^ Muise, Del (2002). "CSHC: Celebratory Opening FOOTNOTES 2". Media and Public History: Canada: A People's History. Centre for the Study of Historical Consciousness. Archived from the original on 25 May 2005. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
^ "CBC.ca – The Greatest Canadian – Top 100 – 11 to 100". Meet Some Great Canadians. CBC. 2007. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
^ "How the West Was Won, Affaire Riel, L". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
Barrett, Matthew. "'Hero of the Half-Breed Rebellion': Gabriel Dumont and Late Victorian Military Masculinity." Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes 48#3 (2014): 79-107.
Brown, Chester (2003). Louis Riel: A Comic-strip Biography. Drawn and Quarterly, Montreal. ISBN 1-896597-63-7. A biography of Riel in the form of a graphic novel.
Careless, J.M.S. (1991). Canada: A story of challenge. Stoddart. ISBN 0-7736-7354-7. A survey of Canadian history.
Flanagan, Thomas (1983). Riel and the Rebellion. Western Producer Prairie Books, Saskatoon. ISBN 0-88833-108-8.
Flanagan, Thomas (1992). Louis Riel. Canadian Historical Association, Ottawa. ISBN 0-88798-180-1. A short work highlighting the complexity of Riel's character.
Flanagan, Thomas (1979). Louis 'David' Riel: prophet of the new world. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. ISBN 0-88780-118-8. An influential work portraying Riel as a religious prophet and responsible for the rebellion; highly controversial among Riel admirers
George R. D. Goulet (2005). The Trial of Louis Riel, Justice and Mercy Denied. FabJob, Calgary. ISBN 1-894638-70-0. A critical legal and political analysis of Riel's 1885 high treason trial.
Hansen, Hans. Riel's Defence: Perspectives on His Speeches (2014)
Howard, Joseph Kinsey (1952). Strange Empire: A Narrative of the Northwest (Louis Riel and the Metis People). William Morrow & Co, New York. ISBN 0-87351-298-7. , Online text. "first reasonably accurate biography of Louis Riel to be written." An exhaustive, "objective" yet sympathetic scholarly account.
Knox, Olive. "The Question of Louis Riel's Insanity," Manitoba Historical Society Transactions Series 3, Number 6, 1949-50 online
Morton, Desmond. The Last War Drum (1972). military history of 1885.
Read, Geoff, and Todd Webb. "'The Catholic Mahdi of the North West': Louis Riel and the Metis Resistance in Transatlantic and Imperial Context." Canadian Historical Review (2012) 93#2 pp: 171-195.
Siggins, Maggie (1994). Riel: a life of revolution. HarperCollins, Toronto. ISBN 0-00-215792-6. A sympathetic reevaluation of Riel drawing heavily on his own writings.
Stanley, George (1963). Louis Riel. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto. ISBN 0-07-092961-0. A standard Riel biography, covering most of the material in this article; source where no other is cited.
Thistle, Jesse. "The 1885 Northwest Resistance: Causes to the Conflict." HPS History and Political Science Journal 3 (2014). online
Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion and Darren Prefontaine. Metis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications Inc. and Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2001. ISBN 1-894717-03-1
Betts, Gregory. "Non Compos Mentis: A Meta-Historical Survey of the Historiographic Narratives of Louis Riel's 'Insanity'", International Journal of Canadian Studies / Revue internationale d'études canadiennes, n° 38, 2008, p. 15-40. online
Braz, Albert. The False Traitor: Louis Riel in Canadian Culture (University of Toronto Press, 2003) online review
BRUYNEEL, KEVIN. "Exiled, Executed, Exalted: Louis Riel, "Homo Sacer" and the Production of Canadian Sovereignty." Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne De Science Politique 43, no. 3 (2010): 711-32. JSTOR 40983515
Bumstead, J. M. "The 'Mahdi' of Western Canada: Lewis Riel and His Papers," The Beaver (1987) 67#4 pp 47–54
Dick, Lyle. "Nationalism and Visual Media in Canada: The Case of Thomas Scott's Execution." Manitoba History (Autumn/Winter2004-05), Issue 48, pp 2–18. online
Flanagan, Thomas. Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered (2nd ed. U of Toronto Press, 2000).
Flanagan, Thomas. "Louis Riel: Icon of the Left," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (1986), Vol 1, pp 219–228.
Mossmann, Manfred. "The Charismatic Pattern: Canada's Riel Rebellion of 1885 as a Millenarian Protest Movement," Prairie Forum (1985) 10#2 pp 307–325.
Miller, J. R. "From Riel to the Metis." Canadian Historical Review 69#1 (1988): 1-20.
James Rodger Miller, "From Riel to the Métis" (2004). Reflections on Native-newcomer Relations: Selected Essays. University of Toronto Press. pp. 37–60. , historiography
Morton, Desmond. "Image of Louis Riel in 1998," Canadian Speeches (May 1998) 12#2 online
Owram, Doug, ed. (1994). Canadian History: Confederation to the present. U. of Toronto Press. pp. 18, 168, 191–95, 347–50. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Reid, Jennifer; Long, Charles & Carrasco, David (2008), Louis Riel and the Creation of Modern Canada: Mythic Discourse and the Postcolonial State, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, ISBN 978-0-8263-4415-1
Sprague, D.N. "Historiographical introduction" ch 1 of Sprague, Canada and the Métis, 1869-1885 (1988), pp 1–17.
Stanley, George F.G. Louis Riel: Patriot or Rebel? Canadian Historical Association Booklet No. 2 (1979) online
Boulton, Charles A. (1886) Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions. Toronto. Online text. A first person account of the rebellions.
Riel, Louis (1985). George Stanley (ed.). The collected writings of Louis Riel. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 0-88864-091-9. Riel's own writings and letters.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Louis Riel
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis Riel.
CBC Digital Archives: Rethinking Riel
Heritage Minutes: Historica Minutes (History by the Minute): Louis Riel
Synopsis of federal political experience from the Library of Parliament
Louis Riel – University of Saskatchewan library
Louis Riel, The Amnesty, Translation of L'Amnistie, Bureau du Nouveau Monde, Montreal, 1874.
SNAC: w6mc96sd
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Riel&oldid=904729195"
Burials at Saint Boniface Cathedral
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian folklore
Canadian Métis people
Executed Canadian people
Canadian revolutionaries
Canadian Roman Catholics
Executed politicians
Independent MPs in the Canadian House of Commons
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba
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People executed by Canada by hanging
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Operation Frequent Wind
Part of the Fall of Saigon, Vietnam War
A South Vietnamese helicopter is pushed over the side of USS Okinawa to clear deck space for more incoming helicopters
Saigon, 17 nautical miles (31 km) from the Vũng Tàu Peninsula
U.S. operational success
7,000 Americans and Vietnamese evacuated by US forces;
US Embassy evacuated
Commencement of the Fall of Saigon
South Vietnam North Vietnam
Commander Task Force 76
General Richard E. Carey General Văn Tiến Dũng
2 killed in action
2 missing at sea Unknown
Military engagements during the Vietnam War
Guerrilla phase
Palace Bombing
1st Ap Bac
Go Cong
Hiep Hoa
Long Dinh
Kien Long
Quyet Thang 202
USNS Card
Nam Dong
An Lao
Binh Gia
Camp Holloway
Qui Nhơn
Sông Bé
Ba Gia
Dong Xoai
American intervention 1965
Plei Me
Gang Toi
1st Bau Bang
Bushmaster II
Ia Drang
Masher/White Wing
Bong Son
Suoi Bong Trang
A Sau
Jackstay
Buddhist Uprising
Xa Cam My
Austin IV
Paul Revere
Hardihood
Hill 488
Minh Thanh Road
Duc Co
Long Tan
Thayer, Irving and Thayer II
Deckhouse IV
Tan Son Nhut airbase
Lam Son II
SS Baton Rouge Victory
Paul Revere IV
Deckhouse V
Firebase Bird
Sam Houston
Tra Binh Dong
Bribie
Junction City (1st Prek Klok
2nd Prek Klok
Ap Gu
Suoi Tre
2nd Bàu Bàng)
Lejeune
Francis Marion
Beaver Cage
The Hill Fights
Con Thien/DMZ
Prairie II
Prairie III
Prairie IV
Malheur I and Malheur II
Union II
Hong Kil Dong
Coronado II
Suoi Chau Pha
Coronado IV
Wheeler/Wallowa
Coronado V
Kunia
Bolling
Shenandoah II
Ong Thanh
1st Loc Ninh
Coronado IX
Dak To
Kien Giang 9-1
Tet Offensive and aftermath
New Year's Day Battle of 1968
Ban Houei Sane
Lang Vei
Tet Offensive
Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack
Tan Son Nhut Air Base
Joint General Staff Compound
Bien Hoa and Long Binh
Lo Giang
Hop Tac I
Coronado XI
Truong Cong Dinh
Lima Site 85
Quyet Thang
My Lai Massacre
Toan Thang I
Burlington Trail
Scotland II
Allen Brook
May Offensive
Landing Zone Center
An Bao
Kham Duc
Coral–Balmoral
Mameluke Thrust
Pocahontas Forest
Somerset Plain
Phase III Offensive
Duc Lap
Vinh Loc
Thượng Đức
Maui Peak
Meade River
Hat Dich
Speedy Express
Vietnamization 1969–71
Bold Mariner
Dewey Canyon
Taylor Common
2nd Tet
Purple Martin
Maine Crag
Montana Mauler
Oklahoma Hills
Virginia Ridge
Apache Snow
Hamburger Hill
Pipestone Canyon
Binh Ba
Utah Mesa
Idaho Canyon
LZ Kate
Texas Star
FSB Ripcord
1st Cambodia
Kompong Speu
Prey Veng
2nd Cambodia
Elk Canyon
Pickens Forest
Imperial Lake
Jefferson Glenn
Son Tay Raid
Snuol
Lam Son 719
Cambodian Counteroffensive
Chenla I
Chenla II
FSB Mary Ann
Nui Le
Easter Offensive (1972)
2nd Quang Trị
2nd Loc Ninh
An Lộc
3rd Quang Trị
War of the flags
Cửa Việt
Post-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974)
Hồng Ngự
Tong Le Chon
Trung Nghia
Ap Da Bien
Quang Duc
Tri Phap
Svay Rieng
Duc Duc
Phú Lộc
Phuoc Long
Ban Me Thuot
Hue–Da Nang
Phan Rang
2nd Saigon
Farm Gate
Flaming Dart
Iron Hand
Steel Tiger
Arc Light
Tiger Hound
Shed Light
Yen Vien
Igloo White
Giant Lance
Commando Hunt
Freedom Deal
Linebacker I
Enhance Plus
Linebacker II
Babylift
Eagle Pull
Frequent Wind
Yankee & Dixie stations
Gulf of Tonkin
Vung Ro Bay
PIRAZ
Sea Dragon
Deckhouse Five
Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River
Sealords
Custom Tailor
End Sweep
Mayaguez incident
Operation Frequent Wind was the final phase in the evacuation of American civilians and "at-risk" Vietnamese from Saigon, South Vietnam prior to the takeover of the city by the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) in the Fall of Saigon. It was carried out on 29–30 April 1975, during the last days of the Vietnam War. More than 7,000 people were evacuated by helicopter from various points in Saigon. The airlift resulted in a number of enduring images.
Evacuation plans already existed as a standard procedure for American embassies. At the beginning of March, fixed-wing aircraft began evacuating civilians from Tan Son Nhat Airport through neighboring countries. By mid-April, contingency plans were in place and preparations were underway for a possible helicopter evacuation. As the imminent collapse of Saigon became evident, Task Force 76 was assembled off the coast near Vũng Tàu to support a helicopter evacuation and provide air support if required. In the event, air support was not needed as the North Vietnamese paused for a week at the outskirts of Saigon, possibly waiting for the South Vietnamese government to collapse and avoiding a possible confrontation with the U.S. by allowing the mostly-unopposed evacuation of Americans from Saigon.[1][2]:14
On 28 April, Tan Son Nhut Air Base (lying adjacent to the airport) came under artillery fire and attack from Vietnamese People's Air Force aircraft. The fixed-wing evacuation was terminated and Operation Frequent Wind commenced. The evacuation took place primarily from the Defense Attaché Office compound, beginning around 14:00 on the afternoon of 29 April, and ending that night with only limited small arms damage to the helicopters. The U.S. Embassy in Saigon was intended to only be a secondary evacuation point for embassy staff, but it was soon overwhelmed with evacuees and desperate South Vietnamese. The evacuation of the embassy was completed at 07:53 on 30 April, but some Americans chose to stay or were left behind and some 400 third country nationals were left at the embassy.
Tens of thousands of Vietnamese evacuated themselves by sea or air. With the collapse of South Vietnam, numerous boats and ships, VNAF helicopters and some fixed-wing aircraft sailed or flew out to the evacuation fleet. Helicopters began to clog ship decks and eventually, some were pushed overboard to allow others to land. Pilots of other helicopters were told to drop off their passengers and then take off and ditch in the sea, from where they would be rescued. During the fixed-wing evacuation 50,493 people (including 2,678 Vietnamese orphans) were evacuated from Tan Son Nhut.[3] In Operation Frequent Wind a total of 1,373 Americans and 5,595 Vietnamese and third-country nationals were evacuated by helicopter.[3]:258 The total number of Vietnamese evacuated by Frequent Wind or self-evacuated and ending up in the custody of the United States for processing as refugees to enter the United States totalled 138,869.[2]:92 This operation was the debut combat deployment of the F-14 Tomcat aircraft.
1 Planning
2 Preparations on the ground
3 Options 1 and 2 – fixed-wing evacuation
4 Task Force 76
5 Tan Son Nhut under attack
6 Option 4 – White Christmas in April
7 Security and air support
8 Air America
9 The DAO compound
10 The Embassy
11 Chaos at sea
12 Results of the evacuation
13 Casualties
14 Memorials
15 In popular culture
19.1 Archival collections
19.2 Other
Planning[edit]
Minutes of President Gerald Ford's National Security Council meeting on 9 April 1975 when evacuation plans were extensively discussed
Planning for the evacuation of the Americans and their South Vietnamese allies from South Vietnam had begun prior to April, 1975. When U.S. President Gerald Ford met with the National Security Council on 9 April 1975 he was told by Henry Kissinger that a maximum of 1.6 million people had been identified as possible evacuees and that these included: American citizens and their relatives, the diplomatic corps, the ICCS, third country nationals under contract by the U.S. government and the employees the US and their dependents (estimated at about 200,000 people). In addition, the Vietnamese relatives of American citizens and senior Govt. of Vietnam officials and their dependents (apx. 600,000 people) were also identified as potential evacuees, along with Vietnamese formerly employed by the U.S. and their dependents.[4]
Although American officials at the highest levels of the intelligence community (e.g. CIA Director William Colby) were certain that the South Vietnamese government would collapse, everyone in the U.S. government underestimated the speed of the North Vietnamese advance during the 1975 Spring Offensive and how quickly South Vietnam's Army would collapse.[5]
Evacuation plans are standard for American embassies.[6] The Talon Vise/Frequent Wind plan had been developed over a number of years.[7] Originally codenamed "Talon Vise", the operation was renamed "Frequent Wind" when the original codename was compromised.[8]
By 1975 the Frequent Wind plan had an estimate of approximately 8,000 US citizens and third country nationals to be evacuated, but it was never able to estimate the number of South Vietnamese to include.[7]:8 There were approximately 17,000 at-risk Vietnamese on embassy rolls, which, using an average of seven dependents per family, meant that the number requiring evacuation was 119,000. Taken with other categories of Vietnamese, the number quickly increased to over 200,000.[7]:40 The Frequent Wind plan set out four possible evacuation options, as follows:[7]:9
Option 1: Evacuation by commercial airlift from Tan Son Nhut and other South Vietnamese airports as required
Option 2: Evacuation by military airlift from Tan Son Nhut and other South Vietnamese airports as required
Option 3: Evacuation by sea lift from Saigon port
Option 4: Evacuation by helicopter to US Navy ships in the South China Sea
With Option 4, the helicopter evacuation would be expected to be similar to Operation Eagle Pull – the American evacuation by air of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 12 April 1975.[9]
Preparations on the ground[edit]
On 1 April an evacuation control center manned by U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force (USAF) and U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) personnel began operating at the Defense Attaché Office (DAO) compound on 12-hour shifts, increasing to 24-hour shifts the next day.[7]:22 Also on 1 April, Plan Alamo was implemented to utilize and defend the DAO compound and its annex as an evacuee holding area, intended to care for 1,500 evacuees for five days.[7]:27 By 16 April, Alamo was complete: water, C-rations, petroleum, oil and lubricants had been stockpiled, backup electricity generators had been installed, sanitary facilities were completed, and concertina wire protected the perimeter.[7]:35
On 7 April Air America pilot Nikki A. Fillipi, with USMC Lt Robert Twigger, assigned to the DAO as the US Navy liaison officer, surveyed 37 buildings in Saigon as possible landing zones (LZ), selecting 13 of them as fit for use.[10] Workers from Pacific Architects and Engineers visited each of the 13 LZs to remove obstructions and painted H's (the exact dimensions of a UH-1 Huey helicopter's skids) on each of the LZs.[7]:37 President Gerald Ford, in an address to the American public on 11 April, promised to evacuate Vietnamese civilians of various categories. The 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade (9th MAB), which was to supply helicopters and a security force for the evacuation, sent a delegation to consult with Ambassador Graham Martin on current plans on 12 April. Ambassador Martin told them that he would not tolerate any outward signs that the United States intended to abandon South Vietnam. All planning would have to be conducted with the utmost discretion. Brigadier General Richard E. Carey, commander of the 9th MAB, flew to Saigon the next day to see Ambassador Martin; he later said that "The visit was cold, non-productive and appeared to be an irritant to the Ambassador".[10] Thirteen Marines from the Marine Security Guard (MSG) detachment were deployed to the DAO Compound on 13 April to replace the eight Marine Guards withdrawn from the closed Da Nang and Nha Trang consulates who had been providing security up to that point.[7]:35
By late April, Air America helicopters were flying several daily shuttles from TF76 to the DAO Compound to enable the 9th MAB to conduct evacuation preparations at the DAO without exceeding the Paris Peace Accords' limit of a maximum of 50 U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam. The US Government was continuing to observe its obligations under the Accords, notwithstanding the North Vietnamese invasion.[11] In late April the MSG Marines were ordered to abandon Marshall Hall/Marine House, their billet at 204 Hong Thap Tu Street (now 204 Nguyen Thi Minh Khai Street), and move into the recreation area in the Embassy compound.[3]:86
The two major evacuation points chosen for Operation Frequent Wind were the DAO Compound adjacent to Tan Son Nhut Airport for American and Vietnamese civilian evacuees, and the US Embassy, Saigon for Embassy staff.[11]:196 The plan for the evacuation included buses positioned at 28 buildings throughout metropolitan Saigon designated as pick-up points, with American civilian bus drivers standing by at those buildings. The buses would follow one of four planned evacuation routes from downtown Saigon to the DAO Compound, each route named after a Western Trail: Santa Fe, Oregon, Texas, etc.[7]:38[11]:178–179
Options 1 and 2 – fixed-wing evacuation[edit]
By late March the Embassy began to reduce the number of US citizens in Vietnam by encouraging dependents and non-essential personnel to leave the country by commercial flights and on Military Airlift Command (MAC) C-141 and C-5 aircraft, which were still bringing in emergency military supplies.[7]:20–21 In late March, two or three of these MAC aircraft were arriving each day and were used for the evacuation of civilians and Vietnamese orphans.[7]:24 On 4 April a C-5A aircraft carrying 250 Vietnamese orphans and their escorts suffered explosive decompression over the sea near Vũng Tàu and made a crash-landing while attempting to return to Tan Son Nhut; 153 people on board died in the crash.[7]:30–31
Following the C-5 crash, and with the cause still unknown, the C-5 fleet was grounded and the MAC airlift was reduced to using C-141s and C-130s; rather than loading as many evacuees as possible, each evacuee required a seat and a seatbelt, reducing the number of passengers that could be carried on each flight. Each C-141 would carry 94 passengers while each C-130 would carry 75, although these restrictions were relaxed, and then ignored altogether as the pace of the evacuation quickened.[7]:69 Armed guards were also present on each flight to prevent the possibility of hijacking.[7]:34 American commercial and contract carriers continued to fly out of Tan Son Nhut, but with decreasing frequency. In addition, military aircraft from Australia, Indonesia, Iran, Poland, UK, France, and other countries flew in to evacuate their embassy personnel.[7]:34
Throughout April the "thinning out" proceeded slowly, largely because of difficulties experienced by Americans in obtaining the necessary paperwork from the South Vietnamese Government to enable them to take their Vietnamese dependents with them, with the result that MAC aircraft were often departing empty.[7]:44 Finally, on 19 April, a simple procedure was implemented that cleared up the paperwork jam and the number of evacuees dramatically increased from 20 April onwards.[7]:46 The fall of Xuân Lộc on 21 April and the resignation of President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu on 21 April brought greater crowds seeking evacuation to the DAO Compound as it became apparent that South Vietnam's days were numbered. By 22 April 20 C-141 and 20 C-130s flights a day were flying evacuees out of Tan Son Nhut to Clark Air Base,[7]:60 some 1,000 miles away in the Philippines. On 23 April President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines announced that no more than 2,500 Vietnamese evacuees would be allowed in the Philippines at any one time, further increasing the strain on MAC which now had to move evacuees out of Saigon and move some 5,000 evacuees from Clark Air Base on to Guam, Wake Island and Yokota Air Base.[7]:62 President Thiệu and his family left Tan Son Nhut on 25 April on a USAF C-118 to go into exile in Taiwan.[7]:67 Also on 25 April the Federal Aviation Authority banned commercial flights into South Vietnam. This directive was subsequently reversed; some operators had ignored it anyway. In any case this effectively marked the end of the commercial airlift from Tan Son Nhut.[7]:66
On 27 April NVA rockets hit Saigon and Cholon for the first time since the 1973 ceasefire. It was decided that from this time only C-130s would be used for the evacuation due to their greater maneuverability. There was relatively little difference between the cargo loads of the two aircraft, C-141s had been loaded with up to 316 evacuees while C-130s had been taking off with in excess of 240.[7]:69
Task Force 76[edit]
US Air Force HH-53 helicopters on the deck of USS Midway during Operation Frequent Wind, April 1975
Map showing the disposition of U.S. Navy ships at the start of Operation Frequent Wind
Ships of TF 76 wait off Vũng Tàu for the start of the operation
With the fall of Saigon imminent, between 18 and 24 April the U.S. Navy concentrated a large assemblage of ships off Vũng Tàu under Commander Task Force 76 comprising:[9]
Task Force 76 USS Blue Ridge (command ship) USS Oklahoma City (Seventh Fleet flagship)
Task Group 76.4 (Movement Transport Group Alpha)
USS Okinawa
USS Vancouver
USS Thomaston
USS Peoria
Task Group 76.5 (Movement Transport Group Bravo)
USS Dubuque
USS Durham
USS Frederick
Task Group 76.9 (Movement Transport Group Charlie)
USS Anchorage
USS Denver
USS Duluth
USS Mobile
The task force was joined by:
USS Hancock
USS Midway
each carrying Marine, and Air Force (eight 21st Special Operations Squadron CH-53s and two 40th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron HH-53s[12]) helicopters.
Amphibious ships:
USS Mount Vernon
USS Barbour County
USS Tuscaloosa
A guided missile frigate:
USS Worden
and eight destroyer types for naval gunfire, escort, and area defense, including:
USS Richard B. Anderson
USS Cochrane
USS Kirk
USS Gurke
USS Rowan
USS Cook[13]
USS Bausell[14]
The USS Enterprise and USS Coral Sea carrier attack groups of Task Force 77 in the South China Sea provided air cover while Task Force 73 ensured logistic support.
The Marine evacuation contingent, the 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade (Task Group 79.1), consisted of three Battalion Landing Teams (BLT); 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines (2/4), 1st Battalion 9th Marines (1/9), 3rd Battalion 9th Marines (3/9) and three helicopter squadrons HMH-462, HMH-463, HMM-165 along with other support units from Marine Aircraft Group 39 (MAG-39).
In addition, a flotilla of Military Sealift Command (MSC) ships were assembled and these carried out seaborne evacuations from Saigon Port, this fleet comprised: Tugboats:
Asiatic Stamina
Chitose Maru
Haruma
Shibaura Maru
and the following large transport ships:
SS American Challenger
SS Boo Heung Pioneer
SS Green Forest
SS Green Port
USNS Greenville Victory
SS Pioneer Contender
SS Pioneer Commander
USNS Sgt. Truman Kimbro
USNS Sgt. Andrew Miller
Tan Son Nhut under attack[edit]
RVNAF C-130A burns at Tan Son Nhut after rocket attack on 29 April
On 28 April at 18:06, three A-37 Dragonflies piloted by former Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) pilots, who had defected to the Vietnamese People's Air Force at the fall of Da Nang, dropped six Mk81 250 lb bombs on Tan Son Nhut Air Base destroying several aircraft. RVNAF F-5s took off in pursuit, but they were unable to intercept the A-37s.[7]:70 C-130s leaving Tan Son Nhut reported receiving North Vietnamese Army (PAVN) .51 cal and 37 mm anti-aircraft (AAA) fire,[7]:71–72 while sporadic PAVN rocket and artillery attacks also started to hit the airport and air base. C-130 flights were stopped temporarily after the air attack but resumed at 20:00 on 28 April.[7]:72 At 21:00 on 28 April Major General Homer D. Smith, the Defense Attaché, informed the evacuation control center that 60 C-130 flights would come in on 29 April to evacuate 10,000 people.[7]:73
At 03:30 on 29 April a PAVN rocket hit Guardpost 1 at the DAO Compound, instantly killing Marine Corporals McMahon and Judge. They were the last American ground casualties in Vietnam.[15]
At 03:58, C-130E, #72-1297, flown by a crew from the 776th Tactical Airlift Squadron, was destroyed by a 122 mm rocket while taxiing to pick up refugees after offloading a BLU-82 at Tan Son Nhut Air Base. The crew evacuated the burning aircraft on the taxiway and departed the airfield on another C-130 that had previously landed.[11]:182 This was the last USAF fixed-wing aircraft to leave Tan Son Nhut.[7]:79 Between 04:30 and 08:00 up to 40 artillery rounds and rockets hit around the DAO Compound.[7]:80
At dawn the RVNAF began to haphazardly depart Tan Son Nhut Air Base as A-37s, F-5s, C-7s, C-119s and C-130s departed for Thailand while UH-1s took off in search of the ships of TF-76.[7]:81 Some RVNAF aircraft stayed to continue to fight the advancing PAVN. One AC-119 gunship had spent the night of 28/29 April dropping flares and firing on the approaching PAVN. At dawn on 29 April two A-1 Skyraiders began patrolling the perimeter of Tan Son Nhut at 2,500 feet (760 m) until one was shot down, presumably by an SA-7 missile. At 07:00 the AC-119 was firing on PAVN to the east of Tan Son Nhut when it too was hit by an SA-7 and fell in flames to the ground.[7]:82
At 07:00 on 29 April, Major General Smith advised Ambassador Martin that fixed-wing evacuations should cease and that Operation Frequent Wind, the helicopter evacuation of US personnel and at-risk Vietnamese should commence. Ambassador Martin refused to accept General Smith's recommendation and instead insisted on visiting Tan Son Nhut to survey the situation for himself. At 10:00 Ambassador Martin confirmed General Smith's assessment and at 10:48 he contacted Washington to recommend Option 4, the helicopter evacuation.[7]:90 Finally at 10:51 the order was given by CINCPAC to commence Option 4; due to confusion in the chain of command, General Carey did not receive the execute order until 12:15.[11]:183 At 08:00 Lieutenant General Minh, commander of the RVNAF and 30 of his staff arrived at the DAO compound demanding evacuation, signifying the complete loss of RVNAF command and control.[7]:85–87
Option 4 – White Christmas in April[edit]
In preparation for the evacuation, the American Embassy had distributed a 15-page booklet called SAFE, short for "Standard Instruction and Advice to Civilians in an Emergency." The booklet included a map of Saigon pinpointing "assembly areas where a helicopter will pick you up." There was an insert page which read: "Note evacuational signal. Do not disclose to other personnel. When the evacuation is ordered, the code will be read out on Armed Forces Radio. The code is: The temperature in Saigon is 105 degrees and rising. This will be followed by the playing of I'm Dreaming of a White Christmas."[16] Frank Snepp later recalled the arrival of helicopters at the Embassy while the song was playing over the radio as a "bizarre Kafkaesque time".[17] Japanese journalists, concerned that they would not recognize the tune, had to get someone to sing it to them.[15]:63
After the evacuation signal was given, the buses began to pick up passengers and head to the DAO Compound. The system worked so efficiently that the buses were able to make three return journeys rather than the expected one. The biggest problem occurred when the ARVN guarding the main gate at Tan Son Nhut refused to allow the last convoy of buses into the DAO Compound at about 17:45. As this was happening, a firefight between two ARVN units broke out and caught the rearmost buses in the crossfire, disabling two of the vehicles. Eventually the ARVN commander controlling the gates agreed to permit the remaining buses to enter the compound. General Carey's threat to use the AH-1J SeaCobra helicopter gunships flying overhead may have played a role in the ARVN commander's decision.[11]:179–181
Security and air support[edit]
It was not known whether the PAVN and/or the ARVN would try to disrupt the evacuation and so the planners had to take all possible contingencies into account to ensure the safety and success of the evacuation. The staff of 9th MAB prescribed altitudes, routes, and checkpoints for flight safety for the operation. To avert mid-air collisions, the planners chose altitudes which would provide separation of traffic and also a capability to see and avoid the enemy's AAA, SA-2 and SA-7 missile threat (6,500 feet (2,000 m) for flights inbound to Saigon and 5,500 feet (1,700 m) for those outbound from Saigon to the Navy ships). These altitudes were also high enough to avoid small arms and artillery fire.[11]:188
In the event that the PAVN or ARVN shot down a helicopter or a mechanical malfunction forced one to make an emergency landing in hostile territory, two orbiting CH-46s of MAG-39 each carrying 15-man, quick-reaction "Sparrow Hawk" teams of Marines from 1st Platoon, Company A, 1st Battalion, 9th Marines, from USS Blue Ridge, were ready to land and provide security enabling a search and rescue helicopter to pick up the crew. In addition, two CH-46s would provide medical evacuation capabilities while AH-1J SeaCobras would fly cover for the transport helicopters and for any ground units who requested support. The SeaCobras could also serve as Forward Air Controllers.[11]:187
The air wings of USS Enterprise and USS Coral Sea, were ready to provide close air support and anti-aircraft suppression if required with their A-6 and A-7 attack aircraft, and would provide continuous fighter cover the evacuation route including by VF-1 and VF-2, flying from Enterprise with the first combat deployment of the new F-14 Tomcat.[7]:98–99 USAF aircraft operating out of Nakhon Phanom Air Base, Korat Air Base and U-Tapao Air Base in Thailand were also overhead for the duration of the helicopter evacuation. A C-130 Airborne Command and Control controlled all US air operations over land. USAF F-4s, F-111s and A-7s provided air cover during daylight, being replaced by AC-130s from the 16th Special Operations Squadron at night. Strategic Air Command KC-135 tankers provided air-to-air refueling.[7]:92
The evacuation proceeded without interference from the PAVN. Aircraft flying air cover for the evacuation reported being tracked with surface to air radar in the vicinity of Biên Hòa Air Base (which had fallen to the PAVN on 25 April), but there were no missile launches.[7]:99 The Hanoi leadership, reckoning that completion of the evacuation would lessen the risk of American intervention, had apparently instructed General Dũng not to target the airlift itself.[18] Members of the police in Saigon had been promised evacuation in exchange for protecting the American evacuation buses and control of the crowds in the city during the evacuation.[19] Disgruntled ARVN troops repeatedly hit American helicopters with small arms fire throughout the evacuation, without causing serious damage. Despite receiving sporadic NVA AAA fire, USAF and USN aircraft made no attacks on AAA or SAM sites during the evacuation.[7]:111
Despite all the concern over these military threats, the weather presented the gravest danger. At the beginning of the operation, pilots in the first wave reported the weather as 2,000 feet (610 m) scattered, 20,000 feet (6,100 m) overcast with 15 miles (24 km) visibility, except in haze over Saigon, where visibility decreased to one mile. This meant that scattered clouds existed below their flight path while a solid layer of clouds more than two miles above their heads obscured the sun. The curtain of haze over Saigon so altered the diminished daylight that line of sight visibility was only a mile. The weather conditions deteriorated as the operation continued.[11]:188
Air America[edit]
Main article: Air America (airline)
South Vietnamese refugees arrive on a U.S. Navy vessel during Operation Frequent Wind.
As part of the evacuation plan agreed with the DAO, Air America committed 24 of its 28 available helicopters to support the evacuation and 31 pilots agreed to stay in Saigon to support the evacuation; this meant that most helicopters would have only one pilot rather than the usual two.[7]:36 At 08:30 on 29 April, with the shelling of Tan Son Nhut Airport subsiding, Air America began ferrying its helicopter and fixed-wing pilots from their homes in Saigon to the Air America compound at Tan Son Nhut, across the road from the DAO Compound.[20] Air America helicopters started flying to the rooftop LZs in Saigon and either shuttled the evacuees back to the DAO Compound or flew out to the ships of TF76.[20]:22 By 10:30 all of Air America's fixed-wing aircraft had departed Tan Son Nhut, evacuating all non-essential personnel and as many Vietnamese evacuees as they could carry and headed for Thailand.[20]:21 At some point during the morning VNAF personnel took five ICCS UH-1H Hueys and one Air America Bell 204 from the Air America ramp.[20]:20
Air Vice Marshal Ky arrives on USS Midway.
At 11:00 the security situation at the Air America compound was deteriorating as General Carey did not wish to risk his Marines by extending his perimeter to cover the Air America compound (LZ 40), so all Air America helicopters from this time operated out of the tennis courts in the DAO Annex (LZ 35).[11]:192[20]:22 This move created fuel problems for Air America as they no longer had access to the fuel supplies in their compound and at least initially they were refused fuel by the ships of TF76.[20]:22–24 According to US Naval Archives, at 12:30 an Air America Bell 205 landed Air Vice Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, Madame Kỳ, Dorothy Martin (wife of Ambassador Martin) and others on USS Denver; contemporary reports state and photos show that Marshal Kỳ piloted his own UH-1H Huey to USS Midway.[20]:29
At approximately 14:30, Air America Bell 205 serial number "N47004" landed on the roof of the Pittman Apartment Building at 22 Gia Long Street to collect a senior Vietnamese intelligence source and his family. The Pittman Building was not an approved LZ, but when the agreed pickup point at the Lee Hotel at 6 Chien Si Circle was declared unusable, CIA Station Chief Tom Polgar asked Oren B. Harnage, Deputy Chief of the Embassy's Air Branch to change the pickup to the Pittman Building, which was the home of the Assistant Station Chief and had an elevator shaft believed capable of supporting the weight of a Huey. Harnage boarded an Air America Huey from the Embassy's rooftop heliport and flew the short distance to the Pittman Building. Harnage leaned out of the Huey and helped approximately 15 evacuees board the Huey from the narrow helipad.[20]:27–28 The scene was famously captured on film by Hubert van Es.
Air America helicopters continued to make rooftop pickups until after nightfall by which time navigation became increasingly difficult. Helicopters overflew the designated LZs to check no Americans had been left behind and then the last helicopters (many low on fuel) headed out to TF76, located USS Midway or USS Hancock and shut down. All Air America flights had ceased by 21:00.[20]:28–29 With its available fleet of only 20 Hueys (3 of which were impounded, ditched or damaged at TF76), Air America had moved over 1,000 evacuees to the DAO Compound, the Embassy or out to the ships of TF76.[20]:30
The DAO compound[edit]
At 14:06 two UH-1E Huey helicopters carrying General Carey and Colonel Gray (commander of Regimental Landing Team 4 (RLT4)) landed at the DAO Compound.[7]:91 During their approach to the compound, Carey and Gray got a firsthand view of the PAVN's firepower as they shelled nearby Tan Son Nhut Airport with ground, rocket, and artillery fire. They quickly established an austere command post in preparation for the arrival of the Marine CH-53s and the ground security force.[11]:189
The first wave of 12 CH-53s from HMH-462 loaded with BLT 2/4's command groups "Alpha" and "Bravo", and Company F and reinforced Company H arrived in the DAO Compound at 15:06 and the Marines quickly moved to reinforce the perimeter defenses. As they approached the helicopters had taken rifle and M-79 grenade fire from ARVN troops but without causing any apparent damage.[7]:97 The second wave of 12 CH-53s from HMH-463 landed in the DAO Compound at 15:15 bringing in the rest of the BLT. A third wave of two CH-53s from HMH-463 and eight USAF CH-53Cs and two USAF HH-53s of the 40th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron (all operating from USS Midway) arrived shortly afterwards.[11]:186
"Alpha" command group, two rifle companies, and the 81 mm mortar platoon were deployed around the DAO headquarters building (the Alamo) and its adjacent landing zones. Companies E and F respectively occupied the northern and southern sections between the DAO headquarters and the DAO Annex. "Bravo" command group, consisting of two rifle companies and the 106 mm recoilless rifle platoon, assumed responsibility for security of the DAO Annex and its adjoining landing zones. Company G occupied the eastern section of the Annex, while Company H assumed control of the western section.[11]:191–192
The HMH-462 CH-53s loaded with evacuees and left the compound, they unloaded the first evacuees delivered by Operation Frequent Wind at 15:40.[11]:191 At about 17:30 General Carey ordered the extraction of 3rd Platoon, Company C of BLT 1/9, which had been landed at the DAO Compound on 25 April to assist the Marine Security Guard.[11]:196 Between 19:00 and 21:00 General Carey transferred 3 platoons (130 men) of BLT 2/4 into the Embassy compound to provide additional security and assistance for the Embassy.[11]:195
At 19:30 General Carey directed that the remaining elements guarding the Annex be withdrawn to DAO headquarters (the Alamo) where the last of the evacuees would await their flight. Once completed, the new defensive perimeter encompassed only LZ 36 and the Alamo. By 20:30 the last evacuees had been loaded onto helicopters.[11]:197 With the evacuation of the landing control teams from the Annex and Alamo completed, General Carey ordered the withdrawal of the ground security forces from the DAO Compound around 22:50.[11]:197 At 23:40 Marines destroyed the satellite terminal, the DAO Compound's last means of direct communication with the outside world.[7]:103 At 00:30 on 30 April, thermite grenades, having been previously placed in selected buildings, ignited as two CH-53s left the DAO parking lot carrying the last elements of BLT 2/4.[11]:197
9th MAB intelligence photo of the DAO Compound with LZs marked
9th MAB post-operation map of the DAO Compound and Air America Compound with LZs marked
A Marine provides security as helicopters land at the DAO Compound
USMC CH-53s at LZ 38
Vietnamese evacuees board a CH-53 at LZ 39
Aerial reconnaissance photos of the destroyed DAO Headquarters building with Air America Compound in the foreground
The Embassy[edit]
Aerial view of the US Embassy, Saigon, showing Chancery building (left), parking lot (center) and Consulate compound and French Embassy (top)
The last members of the Marine Security Guard land on USS Okinawa
On 25 April 40 Marines from the 9th MAB on USS Hancock were flown in by Air America helicopters in civilian clothes to the DAO compound to augment the 18 Marine Security Guards assigned to defend the Embassy; an additional six Marines were assigned to protect Ambassador Martin. Martin had remained optimistic that a negotiated settlement could be reached whereby the US would not have to pull out of South Vietnam and, in an effort to avert defeatism and panic he instructed Major James Kean, Commanding Officer of the Marine Security Guard Battalion and Ground Support Force Commander United States Embassy Compound, that he could begin to remove the tamarind tree and other trees and shrubbery which prevented the use of the Embassy parking lot as a helicopter landing zone.[21]
By the morning of 29 April it was estimated that approximately 10,000 people had gathered around the Embassy, while some 2,500 evacuees were in the Embassy and consular compounds. The crowds prevented the use of buses for transporting evacuees from the Embassy to the DAO Compound for evacuation and the Embassy gates were closed to prevent the crowd from surging through. Eligible evacuees now had to make themselves known to the Marine guards or Embassy staff manning the walls and were then lifted over the walls and into the Embassy compound. Among those arriving at the Embassy were Dr Phan Quang Đán, former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister responsible for social welfare and refugee resettlement,[15]:27 and Lieutenant-General Đăng Văn Quang.[15]:28
From 10:00 to 12:00 Major Kean and his Marines cut down the tamarind and other trees and moved vehicles to create an LZ in the Embassy parking lot behind the Chancery building. Two LZs were now available in the Embassy compound, the rooftop for UH-1s and CH-46 Sea Knights and the new parking lot LZ for the heavier CH-53s.[21]:5 Air America UH-1s began ferrying evacuees from other smaller assembly points throughout the city and dropping them on the Embassy's rooftop LZ. At 15:00 the first CH-53s were sighted heading towards the DAO Compound at Tan Son Nhut. Major Kean contacted the Seventh Fleet to advise them of his airlift requirements, until that time the fleet believed that all evacuees had been bussed from the Embassy to the DAO Compound and that only two helicopters would be required to evacuate Ambassador Martin and the Marines from the Embassy.[21]:6
Inside the Embassy, the evacuees had found whatever space was available inside the Embassy compound and evacuees and some staff proceeded to take alcohol from the Embassy's stores.[21]:6–7 From the billowing incinerator on the Embassy roof floated intelligence documents and US currency, most charred; some not. An Embassy official said that more than five million dollars were being burned.[15]:30
At 17:00 the first CH-46 landed at the Embassy. Between 19:00 and 21:00 on 29 April approximately 130 additional Marines from 2nd Battalion 4th Marines were lifted from the DAO Compound to reinforce perimeter security at the Embassy,[11]:195 bringing the total number of Marines at the Embassy to 175.[11]:196 The evacuation from the DAO Compound was completed by about 19:00 after which all helicopters would be routed to the Embassy; Major Kean was informed that operations would cease at dark. Major Kean advised that the LZ would be well lit and had vehicles moved around the parking lot LZ with their engines running and headlights on to illuminate the LZ.[21]:6 At 21:30 a CH-53 pilot informed Major Kean that Admiral Whitmire, Commander of Task Force 76 had ordered that operations would cease at 23:00. Major Kean saw Ambassador Martin to request that he contact the Oval Office to ensure that the airlift continued. Ambassador Martin soon sent word back to Major Kean that sorties would continue to be flown.[21]:6 At the same time, General Carey met Admiral Whitmire to convince him to resume flights to the Embassy despite pilot fatigue and poor visibility caused by darkness, fires and bad weather.[11]:198
By 02:15 on 30 April one CH-46 and one CH-53 were landing at the Embassy every 10 minutes. At this time, the Embassy indicated that another 19 lifts would complete the evacuation.[11]:199 At that time Major Kean estimated that there were still some 850 non-American evacuees and 225 Americans (including the Marines), and Ambassador Martin told Major Kean to do the best he could.[21]:7 At 03:00 Ambassador Martin ordered Major Kean to move all the remaining evacuees into the parking lot LZ which was the Marines' final perimeter.[21]:7 At 03:27 President Gerald Ford ordered that no more than 19 additional lifts would be allowed to complete the evacuation.[11]:200 At 04:30 with the 19 lift limit already exceeded, Major Kean went to the rooftop LZ and spoke over a helicopter radio with General Carey who advised that President Ford had ordered that the airlift be limited to US personnel. Major Kean was then ordered to withdraw his men into the Chancery building and withdraw to the rooftop LZ for evacuation.[21]:7
Major Kean returned to the ground floor of the Chancery and ordered his men to withdraw into a large semicircle at the main entrance to the Chancery. Most of the Marines were inside the Chancery when the crowds outside the Embassy broke through the gates into the compound. The Marines closed and bolted the Chancery door, the elevators were locked by Seabees on the sixth floor and the Marines withdrew up the stairwells locking grill gates behind them. On the ground floor a water tanker was driven through the Chancery door and the crowd began to surge up through the building toward the rooftop. The Marines on the rooftop had sealed the doors and were using Mace to discourage the crowd from trying to break through. Sporadic gunfire from around the Embassy passed over the rooftop.[21]:7–8
At 04:58 Ambassador Martin boarded a USMC CH-46 Sea Knight, call-sign Lady Ace 09 of HMM-165 and was flown to USS Blue Ridge. When Lady Ace 09 transmitted "Tiger is out", those helicopter crews still flying thought the mission was complete, and delayed evacuating the Marines from the Embassy rooftop. CH-46s evacuated the Battalion Landing Team by 07:00 and after an anxious wait a lone CH-46 Swift 2-2 of HMM-164[11]:200 arrived to evacuate Major Kean and the ten remaining men of the Marine Security Guards, this last helicopter took off at 07:53 on 30 April and landed on USS Okinawa at 08:30.[21]:8
At 11:30 PAVN tanks smashed through the gates of the Presidential Palace (now the Reunification Palace) less than 1 km from the Embassy and raised the flag of the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLF) over the building; the Vietnam War was over.
Chaos at sea[edit]
During the course of the operation an unknown number of RVNAF helicopters flew out of what remained of South Vietnam to the fleet. Around 12:00 five or six RVNAF UH-1Hs and one of the stolen ICCS UH-1Hs, were circling around Blue Ridge. The RVNAF pilots had been instructed after dropping off their passengers to ditch their helicopters and they would then be picked up by one of the ship's tenders. The pilot of the stolen ICCS Huey had been told to ditch off the port quarter of the ship, but seemed reluctant to do so, flying around the ship to the starboard bow he jumped from his helicopter at a height of 40 feet (12 m). His helicopter turned and hit the side of Blue Ridge before hitting the sea. The tail rotor sheared off and embedded itself in the engine of an Air America Bell 205 that was doing a hot refueling on the helipad at the rear of the ship. The Air America pilot shut down his helicopter and left it and moments later a RVNAF UH-1H attempted to land on the helipad, locked rotors with the Air America Bell, almost pushing it overboard.[20]:24–25 The stolen Air America Bell 204, landed on Kirk, from where US Navy pilots flew it to Okinawa.[20]:20
So many RVNAF helicopters landed on the TF76 ships that some 45 UH-1 Hueys and at least one CH-47 Chinook were pushed overboard to make room for more helicopters to land.[7]:118 Other helicopters dropped off their passengers and were then ditched into the sea by their pilots, close to the ships, their pilots bailing out at the last moment to be picked up by rescue boats.[22]
Sea Stallions returning from the DAO Compound approach USS Midway
Evacuees offloaded onto USS Midway
RVNAF Hueys and a CH-47 Chinook arrive at USS Midway
RVNAF Huey full with evacuees on the deck of USS Midway
RVNAF Huey is pushed overboard from USS Midway.
RVNAF pilot jumps from his Huey after dropping evacuees on USS Midway
One of the more notable events occurred on Midway when the pilot of an RVNAF Cessna O-1 dropped a note on the deck of the carrier. The note read "Can you move these helicopter to the other side, I can land on your runway, I can fly 1 hour more, we have enough time to move. Please rescue me. Major Buang, Wife and 5 child." Midway's commanding officer, Captain L.C. Chambers ordered the flight deck crew to clear the landing area; in the process an estimated US$10 million worth of UH-1 Huey helicopters were pushed overboard into the South China Sea. Once the deck was clear Major Buang approached the deck, bounced once and then touched down and taxied to a halt with room to spare.[23] Major Buang became the first RVNAF fixed-wing pilot to ever land on a carrier. A second Cessna O-1 was also recovered by USS Midway that afternoon.[7]:121
Major Buang on final approach
Major Buang taxies to a halt
Midway deck crew surround Major Buang and his family
At the same time as the aerial evacuation, tens of thousands of South Vietnamese fled towards TF-76 aboard junks, sampans, and small craft. MSC tugs pulled barges filled with people from Saigon Port out to TF-76. A flotilla of 26 Republic of Vietnam Navy and other vessels concentrated off Long Sơn Island southwest of Vũng Tàu with 30,000 sailors, their families, and other civilians on board. On the afternoon of 30 April, TF-76 moved away from the coast, picking up more refugees as they went. On 2 May, Task Force 76, carrying the Operation Frequent Wind evacuees and 44,000 seaborne evacuees and the RVN Navy group set sail for reception centers in the Philippines and Guam.[9]
Results of the evacuation[edit]
During the fixed-wing evacuation 50,493 people (including 2,678 Vietnamese orphans) were evacuated from Tan Son Nhut.[7]:122 Marine pilots accumulated 1,054 flight hours and flew 682 sorties throughout Operation Frequent Wind. The evacuation of personnel from the DAO compound had lasted nine hours and involved over 50 Marine Corps and Air Force helicopters. In the helicopter evacuation a total of 395 Americans and 4,475 Vietnamese and third-country nationals were evacuated from the DAO compound[11]:197 and a further 978 U.S. and 1,120 Vietnamese and third-country nationals from the Embassy,[11]:201 giving a total of 1,373 Americans and 5,595 Vietnamese and third country nationals. In addition, Air America helicopters and RVNAF aircraft brought additional evacuees to the TF76 ships. Many of the Vietnamese evacuees were allowed to enter the United States under the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act.
Some 400 evacuees were left behind at the Embassy including over 100 South Korean citizens, among them was Brigadier General Dai Yong Rhee, the intelligence chief at the South Korean Embassy in Saigon.[24] The South Korean civilians were evacuated in 1976, while General Rhee and two other diplomats were held captive until April 1980.[25] Forty-nine Americans, including dependents, were also left behind or chose to remain in Saigon. They were evacuated to Bangkok on 1 August 1976.[26]
While the operation itself was a success, the images of the evacuation symbolized the wastefulness and ultimate futility of American involvement in Vietnam. President Ford later called it "a sad and tragic period in America's history" but argued that "you couldn't help but be very proud of those pilots and others who were conducting the evacuation".[27] Nixon's pledge of Peace with Honor in Vietnam had become a humiliating defeat, which together with Watergate contributed to the crisis of confidence that affected America throughout the 1970s.[28]
Casualties[edit]
For an operation of the size and complexity of Frequent Wind, casualties were relatively light. Marine corporals McMahon and Judge killed at the DAO compound were the only members of US forces killed in action during the operation and they were the last US ground casualties in Vietnam.[15]:56–7 A Marine AH-1J SeaCobra ran out of fuel while searching for USS Okinawa and ditched at sea, the two crew members were rescued by a boat from USS Kirk.[11]:201 A CH-46F Swift 1-4 of HMM-164 from USS Hancock flown by Captain William C. Nystul[29] and First Lieutenant Michael J. Shea[30] crashed into the sea on its approach to the ship after having flown a night sea and air rescue mission. The two enlisted crew members survived, but the bodies of the pilots were not recovered. The cause of the crash was never determined.[11]:201
Memorials[edit]
During the demolition of the Embassy, the ladder leading from the rooftop to the helipad was removed and sent back to the United States, where it is now on display at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum.[31]
The Cessna O-1 Bird Dog that Major Buang landed on USS Midway is now on display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.[32] The USS Midway is a museum ship in San Diego. Lady Ace 09, CH-46 serial number 154803, is now on display at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum in San Diego, California.[33]
Rooftop of 22 Gia Long Street in 2002
On the afternoon of 29 April 1975, Hubert van Es, a Saigon-based photographer for United Press International, took the iconic photo of Operation Frequent Wind of an Air America UH-1 on a rooftop picking up Vietnamese evacuees.[34][35] The building in the photo was the Pittman Apartment building at 22 Gia Long Street (now 22 Lý Tự Trọng Street), which was used as a residence by various embassy, CIA, and USAID employees. It has often been misidentified as the US Embassy.[36] Hubert van Es' photo is frequently used in political cartoons commenting on US foreign policy.[37]
The Second Act of the stage musical, Miss Saigon, depicts events leading up to, and during Operation Frequent Wind, with the main protagonists (Chris and Kim) becoming separated as a result of the evacuation. Writer Claude-Michel Schönberg has acknowledged that the musical was inspired by pictures of the evacuation. Hugh van Es believed that Miss Saigon misappropriated his photo and considered legal action against the show, but decided against it.[38]
In The Simpsons at the end of Episode 16 of Season 6, "Bart vs. Australia", the Simpsons are evacuated from the American Embassy as angry Australians gather outside in a scene reminiscent of Hubert van Es's famous photo. Homer asks the helicopter pilot if they are being taken to an aircraft carrier and is told that "the closest vessel is the USS Walter Mondale. It's a laundry ship".[39][40]
The operation was the subject of the 2014 PBS documentary Last Days in Vietnam.[41]
Operation Eagle Pull
Operation Eastern Exit – the US military evacuation of Mogadishu
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.
^ Summers, Harry G. (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War. Houghton Mifflin. p. 202. ISBN 9780395722237.
^ a b Thompson, Larry (2009). Refugee Workers in the Indochinese Exodus: 1975–1982. MacFarland & Co. ISBN 9780786445295.
^ a b c Drury, Bob; Clavin, Tom (3 May 2011). Last Men Out: The True Story of America's Heroic Final Hours in Vietnam. Simon and Schuster. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-4516-1025-3.
^ NSC Meeting, April 9, 1975, pg. 26
^ US Army Field Manual 90-29: Embassy Emergency Action Plan Retrieved April 28, 2015
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Tobin, Thomas (1978). USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series Volume IV Monograph 6: Last Flight from Saigon. US Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-1-4102-0571-1. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Butler, David (1985). The Fall of Saigon: Scenes from the Sudden End of a Long War. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-46675-5.
^ a b c "Chapter 5: The Final Curtain, 1973 – 1975". history.navy.mil. 2000. Retrieved 24 July 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ a b "Air America: Played a Crucial Part of the Emergency Helicopter Evacuation of Saigon p.1". History Net. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Dunham, George R (1990). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973–1975 (Marine Corps Vietnam Operational Historical Series). History and Museums Division Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-16-026455-9. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Tilford, Earl (1980). Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia 1961–1975. Office of Air Force History. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4102-2264-0. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Operation Frequent Wind: April 29-30, 1975". Naval History Blog. US Naval Institute – Naval History & Heritage Command. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
^ "USS Bausell Operation Frequent Wind". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
^ a b c d e f Pilger, John (1975). The Last Day. Mirror Group Books. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-85939-051-4.
^ Schudel, Matt (31 March 2014). "Thomas Polgar, CIA official during the fall of Saigon, dies". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
^ "Interview with Frank Snepp, 1981". WGBH Media Library & Archives. 14 October 1981. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
^ Snepp, Frank (1977). Decent Interval: An Insider's Account of Saigon's Indecent End Told by the CIA's Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam. Random House. p. 478. ISBN 0-394-40743-1.
^ Tanner, Stephen (2000). Epic Retreats: From 1776 to the Evacuation of Saigon. Sarpedon. p. 314. ISBN 1-885119-57-7.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Leeker, Dr Joe F (2009). "Air America in South Vietnam III: The Collapse" (PDF). University of Texas at Dallas. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Major James H, Kean SSN/0802 USMC, After Action Report 17 April-7 May 1975 p. 3". Fallofsaigon.org. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
^ Bowman, John S. (1985). The Vietnam War: An Almanac. Pharos Books. p. 434. ISBN 0-911818-85-5.
^ Warren, JO2 Kevin F (July 1975). Naval Aviation News: Set Down to Sanctuary. Chief of Naval Operations and Naval Air Systems Command. pp. 32–33.
^ Isaacs, Arnold (1998). Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia. JHU Press. p. 473. ISBN 978-0-8018-6107-9.
^ "Former South Korean diplomat reconciles with his Vietnamese captors". Yonhap News Agency. 11 March 2005.
^ "38 Americans evacuated from Vietnam". Rome News-Tribune. 1 August 1976. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
^ "Interview with Gerald R. Ford, 1982". WGBH Media Library & Archives. 29 April 1982. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
^ Horne, Alistair (2010). Kissinger's Year: 1973. Phoenix Press. pp. 370–371. ISBN 978-0-7538-2700-0.
^ "Capt William C Nystul". The Virtual Wall.
^ "1LT Michael J Shea". The Virtual Wall.
^ "Gerald R. Ford's Remarks at the Opening of the Ford Museum's Saigon Staircase Exhibit, Grand Rapids Michigan". Fordlibrarymuseum.gov. 10 April 1999. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
^ "OE-1 Bird Dog". National Museum of Naval Aviation. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "Lady Ace 09 unveiled at aviation museum". United States Marine Corps. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
^ "Corbis Image archives: Helicopter evacuating crowd from rooftop". Corbisimages.com. 29 April 1975. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
^ Hubert van Es (29 April 2005). "Thirty Years at 300 Millimeters". The New York Times.
^ Butterfield, Fox; Haskell, Kari (23 April 2000). "Getting it wrong in a photo". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ "Fall of Saigon in Cartoons". Cagle Cartoons. 30 April 2012.
^ "Photographer who took famous Vietnam War image dies". the Guardian. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
^ "[2F13] Bart vs. Australia". The Simpsons Archive. 14 June 2009. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010.
^ Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia (eds.). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M.
^ "Sundance 2014: Documentary Premieres". Retrieved 7 May 2014.
Engelmann, Larry. Tears before the Rain: An Oral History of the Fall of South Vietnam. Oxford University Press, USA, 1990. ISBN 978-0-19-505386-9
Snepp, Frank. Decent Interval: An Insider's Account of Saigon's Indecent End Told by the CIA's Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam. University Press of Kansas, 1977. ISBN 0-7006-1213-0
Rhodes, J. E. (1979). The evacuation of Saigon: "Operation Frequent Wind". Marine Corps Command and Staff College. OCLC 14276659.
Todd, Olivier. Cruel April: The Fall of Saigon. W.W. Norton & Company, 1990. ISBN 978-0-393-02787-7
Archival collections[edit]
Guide to the Khanh Van Thi Nguyen Narrative on Operation Frequent Wind. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Frequent Wind.
Last Days in Vietnam on Youtube
BBC News footage of the Fall of Saigon
ITN News footage of the Fall of Saigon on YouTube.
Saigon Facilities Map 1969
Scenes from Operation Frequent Wind on YouTube.
21st SOS Frequent Wind and Mayaguez Incident gallery
Video clip: Footage of evacuation operations underway aboard USS Midway, including historic Cessna O-1 landing by VNAF pilot Major Buang
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Frequent_Wind&oldid=901912152"
1975 in Asia
1975 in Vietnam
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1975
History of South Vietnam
United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War
Presidency of Gerald Ford
Vietnamese diaspora
Naval aviation operations and battles
Use dmy dates from April 2012
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Marine Corps
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Russell Means
Means in 1987
Russell Charles Means
(1939-11-10)November 10, 1939
Porcupine, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, U.S.
Rapid City, South Dakota, U.S.
Resting place
Cremains scattered at the Black Hills
Activist, politician, actor, writer, musician
1968–2012 (Politics)
1992–2012 (Acting)
(Four previous marriages)
Pearl Means
(m. 1999; his death 2012)
7 (three adopted), including Tatanka Means
Russell Charles Means (November 10, 1939 – October 22, 2012) was an Oglala Lakota activist for the rights of American Indian people, libertarian political activist, actor, writer and musician who became a prominent member of the American Indian Movement (AIM) after joining the organization in 1968 and helped organize notable events that attracted national and international media coverage.
Means was active in international issues of indigenous peoples, including working with groups in Central and South America and with the United Nations for recognition of their rights. He was active in politics at his native Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and at the state and national level.
Beginning an acting career in 1992, he appeared on numerous television series and in several films, including The Last of the Mohicans and released his own music CD. He published his autobiography Where White Men Fear to Tread in 1995. Means died in 2012, less than a month before his 73rd birthday.
2 Involvement with the American Indian Movement
2.1 Occupations
2.2 Native American politics
2.3 Splits in AIM
2.4 Anna Mae Aquash
3 Other political involvement
4.1 Acting
4.2 Writing
4.3 Music, art, and media
6 Illness and death
7 Filmography
7.1 Film
7.2 Television
8 Misc.
Means was born in Porcupine, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation,[1] to Theodora Louise Feather and Walter "Hank" Means.[2] His mother was a Yankton Dakota from Greenwood, South Dakota and his father, an Oglala Lakota.[3] As well as Russell, the family had two other boys (William "Bill" and Warren) and three girls (Madonna, Mabel Ann and Phyllis).
He was given the name Wanbli Ohitika by his mother, which means "Brave Eagle" in the Lakota language.[2]
In 1942 the Means family resettled in the San Francisco Bay Area, seeking to escape the poverty and problems of the reservation. His father worked at the shipyard. Means grew up in the Bay area, graduating in 1958 from San Leandro High School in San Leandro, California.[3] He attended four colleges but did not graduate from any of them.[4] In his 1995 autobiography, Means recounted a harsh childhood; his father was alcoholic and he himself fell into years of "truancy, crime and drugs" before finding purpose in the American Indian Movement in Minneapolis.[5]
His father died in 1967 and, in his 20s, Means lived in several Indian reservations throughout the United States while searching for work. While at the Rosebud Indian Reservation in south-central South Dakota, he developed severe vertigo. Physicians at the reservation clinic believed that he had been brought in inebriated. After they refused to examine him for several days, Means was finally diagnosed with a concussion due to a presumed fight in a saloon. A visiting specialist later discovered that the reservation doctors had overlooked a common ear infection, which cost Means the hearing in one ear.[2]
After recovering from the infection, Means worked for a year in the Office of Economic Opportunity, where he came to know several legal activists who were managing legal action on behalf of the Lakota people. After a dispute with his supervisor, Means left Rosebud for Cleveland, Ohio. In Cleveland, he worked with Native American community leaders against the backdrop of the American Civil Rights Movement.[2]
Involvement with the American Indian Movement[edit]
In 1968, Means joined the American Indian Movement (AIM), where he rose to become a prominent leader. In 1970, Means was appointed AIM's first national director, and the organization began a period of increasing protests and activism.[6]
Occupations[edit]
See also: Wounded Knee Incident
Means participated in the 1969 Alcatraz occupation. He had been there once before, to occupy it for 24 hours under the lead of his father, Walter "Hank" Means, and a few other Lakota men in March 1964[2] (Means' father died in January 1967).[2]
On Thanksgiving Day 1970, Means and other AIM activists staged their first protest in Boston: they seized the Mayflower II, a replica ship of the Mayflower, to protest the Puritans' and United States' mistreatment of Native Americans.[6] In 1971 Means was one of the leaders of AIM's takeover of Mount Rushmore, a federal monument. Rushmore is within the Black Hills, an area sacred to the Lakota tribe.[2]
In November 1972, he participated in AIM's occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) headquarters in Washington, D.C. to protest abuses. Many records were taken or destroyed, and more than $2 million in damages was done to the building.[2]
In 1973, Dennis Banks and Carter Camp led AIM's occupation of Wounded Knee, which became the group's most well-known action.[6] Means appeared as a spokesman and prominent leader. The armed standoff of more than 300 Lakota and AIM activists with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and state law enforcement lasted for 71 days. A visiting Cherokee from North Carolina and an Oglala Lakota activist from Pine Ridge Reservation were killed in April.
Native American politics[edit]
In 1974, Means resigned from AIM to run for the presidency of his native Oglala Sioux Tribe (OST) against the incumbent Richard Wilson. The official vote count showed Wilson winning by more than 200 votes. Residents complained of intimidation by Wilson's private militia. The report of a government investigation confirmed problems in the election, but in a related court challenge to the results of the election, a federal court upheld the results.
In the late 1970s, Means turned to an international forum on issues of rights for indigenous peoples. He worked with Jimmie Durham, who established the offices of the International Indian Treaty Council to work with the United Nations in 1977. At the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, he assisted in the organization of community institutions, such as the KILI radio station and the Porcupine Health Clinic in Porcupine, South Dakota.
Splits in AIM[edit]
In the 1980s, AIM divided into several competing factions, in part over differences among members regarding support for the indigenous peoples in Nicaragua. Means supported the Miskito group MISURASATA (later known as YATAMA), which was allied with the Contras. He traveled to Nicaragua in 1985 and 1986 on fact-finding tours. He came to believe that the Miskito as a people were being targeted for elimination.[7] Some AIM members supported the Sandinistas of the national government, although they had forced removal of thousands of Miskito from their traditional territory. At that time, the "Grand Governing Council" of AIM, based in Minnesota, asked Means to cease representing himself as a leader of AIM.[citation needed] Other chapters of AIM continued to support Means.
On January 8, 1988, Means held a press conference to announce his retirement from AIM, saying it had achieved its goals.[8] That January, the "AIM Grand Governing Council", headed by the Bellecourt brothers, released a press release noting this was the sixth resignation by Means since 1974, and asking the press to "never again report either that he is a founder of the American Indian Movement, or [that] he is a leader of the American Indian Movement". The "AIM General Governing Council" noted there were many open issues and legislation regarding Native Americans for which they were continuing to work.[9]
In 1993, the organization divided officially into two main factions: "AIM Grand Governing Council", based in Minnesota, which copyrighted the name; and American Indian Movement of Colorado, based in Colorado and allied with Means.
Anna Mae Aquash[edit]
Main article: Anna Mae Aquash
On November 3, 1999, Means and Robert Pictou-Branscombe, a maternal cousin of Aquash from Canada, held a press conference in Denver at the Federal Building to discuss the slow progress of the government's investigation into Aquash's murder. It had been under investigation both by the Denver police, as Aquash had been kidnapped from there, and by the FBI, as she had been taken across state lines and killed on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Both Branscombe and Means accused Vernon Bellecourt, a high-ranking leader of AIM, of having ordered her execution. Means said that Clyde Bellecourt, a founder of AIM, had ensured that it was carried out at the Pine Ridge Reservation. Means said that an AIM tribunal had banned the Bellecourt brothers but tried to keep the reason for the dissension internal to protect AIM.[10]
The Associated Press (AP) reporter Robert Weller noted that this was the first time that an AIM leader active at the time of Aquash's death had publicly implicated AIM in her murder. There had long been rumors.[11] Means and Branscombe accused three indigenous people: Arlo Looking Cloud, Theda Nelson Clarke and John Graham, of having been directly involved in the kidnapping and murder of Aquash.[10] The two men were indicted in 2003 and convicted in separate trials in 2004 and 2010, respectively. By then in a nursing home, Clarke was not indicted.
As of 2004, Means' website stated that he was a board member of the Colorado AIM chapter, which is affiliated with AIM-Autonomous Chapters.[12]
Other political involvement[edit]
Russell Means speaks against the War on Terror at a DC Anti-War Network's anti-war protest on November 11, 2001.
Since the late 1970s, Means often supported libertarian political causes, in contrast with several other AIM leaders. In 1983 he agreed to become running mate to Larry Flynt in his unsuccessful run for U.S. President.[7] In 1987, Means ran for nomination of President of the United States under the Libertarian Party, and attracted considerable support within the party, finishing 2nd (31.4%) at the 1987 Libertarian National Convention.[13] He lost the nomination to Congressman Ron Paul.[14]
In 2001, Means began an independent candidacy for Governor of New Mexico. His campaign failed to satisfy procedural requirements and he was not selected for the ballot. In the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Elections, Means supported independent Ralph Nader.
Nearly thirty years after his first candidacy, Means ran for president of the Oglala Sioux in 2004 with the help of Twila Lebeaux, losing to Cecilia Fire Thunder, the first woman elected president of the tribe. She also defeated the incumbent John Yellow Bird Steele.[15]
Since the late 20th century, there has been a debate in the United States over the appropriate term for the indigenous peoples of North America. Some want to be called Native American; others prefer American Indian. Means said that he preferred "American Indian", arguing that it derives not from explorers' confusion of the people with those of India, but from the Italian expression in Dio, meaning "in God".[16][17] In addition, Means noted that since treaties and other legal documents in relation to the United States government use "Indian", continuing use of the term could help today's American Indian people forestall any attempts by others to use legal loopholes in the struggle over land and treaty rights.
In 2007, Means and 80 other protesters were arrested in Denver during a parade for Columbus Day which they stated was a "celebration of genocide".[7]
Following the non-binding United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in September 2007, a group of American Indian activists presented a letter to the U.S. State Department, indicating they were withdrawing from all treaties with the U.S. Government on December 20. Means announced the withdrawal by a small group of Lakota people.[18] That same month, they began contacting foreign governments to solicit support for energy projects on the territory. Means and a delegation of activists declared the Republic of Lakotah a sovereign nation, with property rights over thousands of square miles in South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana.[19][20] Means said that his group does not "represent collaborators, the Vichy Indians and those tribal governments set up by the United States of America".[21]
On January 8, 2008 tribal leaders in the northern Great Plains, Rodney Bordeaux of the 25,000-member Rosebud Sioux Tribe, and Joseph Brings Plenty of the 8,500-member Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, said that Means and the group of his fellow activists would not speak for their members or for any elected Lakota tribal government. While acknowledging that Means has accurately portrayed the federal government’s broken promises to and treaties with America’s indigenous peoples, they opposed his plan to renounce treaties with the United States and proclaim independence. They said the issue instead was to enforce existing treaties.[22]
In January 2009, Means criticized the modern state of Israel and Zionism.[23][24]
In October 2009, Means was critical of Obama receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, and has also been critical when Al Gore and Henry Kissinger received theirs as well. He had also criticized the U.S. interventionist foreign policy, the War in Afghanistan, and had referred to Obama's presidency as "Bush's third term."[25]
In January 2012, Means announced his endorsement of Ron Paul in his bid for President.[26]
Acting[edit]
Since 1992, Means appeared as an actor in numerous films and television movies, first as the chief Chingachgook in The Last of the Mohicans. He appeared as Arrowhead in the made-for-TV movie The Pathfinder (1996), his second appearance in a movie adapted from a novel by James Fenimore Cooper. He appeared in Natural Born Killers (1994), as Jim Thorpe in Windrunner (1994),[27] as Sitting Bull in Buffalo Girls (1995), and had a cameo in the miniseries Into the West (2005).
He was a voice actor in Disney's third highest-selling feature film Pocahontas (1995) and its sequel Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998), playing the title character's father, Chief Powhatan. Means was a guest actor in the 1997 Duckman episode "Role With It", in which Duckman takes his family on an educational trip to a "genuine Indian reservation" — which turns out to be a casino.[28] Means appeared as Billy Twofeathers in Thomas & the Magic Railroad (2000).
Means starred in Pathfinder, a 2007 movie about Vikings battling Native Americans in the New World. Means co-starred in Rez Bomb from director Steven Lewis Simpson, the first feature filmed on his native Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. He appeared alongside Tamara Feldman, Trent Ford, and Chris Robinson.
In 2004, Means made a guest appearance on the HBO program Curb Your Enthusiasm. Means played Wandering Bear, an American Indian with skills in landscaping and herbal medicine.
Writing[edit]
In 1995, Means published an autobiography, Where White Men Fear to Tread, written with Marvin J. Wolf. He recounted his own family's problems: his alcoholic father, and his own "fall into truancy, crime and drugs" before he discovered the American Indian Movement. The book drew criticism from a number of reviewers.[5][29][30][31][32] While Patricia Holt, book editor for the San Francisco Chronicle wrote of the book, "It's American history – warts, wounds and all."[5] In speaking of Means in a review of his autobiography, writer Mari Wadsworth of the Tucson Weekly wrote: "Critical readers do well to remain skeptical of any individual, however charismatic, who claims to be the voice of authority and authenticity for any population, let alone one as diverse as the native tribes of the Americas. But whatever conclusions one makes of Means' actions and intentions, his unremitting presence and undaunted outspokeness opened a dialogue that changed the course of American history."[32]
Music, art, and media[edit]
Russell Means recorded a CD entitled Electric Warrior with Sound of America Records, in 1993.[33] Songs include "Une Gente Indio", "Hey You, Hey Indian", "Wounded Knee Set Us Free", and "Indian Cars Go Far". This was followed in 2007 with his The Radical album. In 2013, he was recognized by the Native American Music Awards with a Hall of Fame award.[34]
Means was an avid painter, with showings at various galleries around the country and the world.[citation needed]
The American pop artist Andy Warhol painted 18 individual portraits of Russell Means in his 1976 American Indian Series. The Dayton Art Institute holds one of the Warhol portraits in its collection.[35]
Means appeared as a character in the adventure video game Under a Killing Moon,[36] by Access Software, in 1994.
Means is the focus of the 2014 documentary Conspiracy To Be Free by director Colter Johnson.[37]
In 2016 the artist Magneto Dayo and The Lakota Medicine Men did a tribute song dedicated to Russell Means and Richard Oakes called "The Journey" on the album Royalty of the UnderWorld.
Means was married five times; the first four marriages ended in divorce. He was married to his fifth wife, Pearl Means until his death.[7] He had a total of 7 children and 3 adopted children, adopted in the Lakota way (Sherry Means, March 4, 2014, based on probate papers of October 19, 2014).
On December 29, 1997, Means was arrested for assault and battery of his 56-year-old (then) father-in-law Leon Grant, a member of the Diné (Navajo) Nation. AIM Governing General Council issued a press release to reiterate its separation from Means.[30]
As "a grandfather with twenty-two grandchildren", Russell Means divided his time "between Chinle, Navajo Nation, Arizona, and Porcupine, South Dakota."[2]
Illness and death[edit]
In August 2011, Means was diagnosed with esophageal cancer.[38][39] His doctors told him his condition was inoperable.[7] He told the Associated Press that he was rejecting "mainstream medical treatments in favor of traditional American Indian remedies and alternative treatments away from his home on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation".[40] In late September, Means reported that through tomotherapy, the tumor had diminished greatly.[41] Later he said that his tumor was "95% gone."[42] On December 5 of that year, Means stated that he "beat cancer," that he had beat "the death penalty."[43]
The following year, however, his health continued to decline and he died on October 22, 2012, less than a month before his 73rd birthday.[7] A family statement said, "Our dad and husband now walks among our ancestors."[44]
ABC News said Means "spent a lifetime as a modern American Indian warrior [...], railed against broken treaties, fought for the return of stolen land and even took up arms against the federal government [...], called national attention to the plight of impoverished tribes and often lamented the waning of Indian culture."[45] Among the tributes were calls for "his face [to] have been on Mt. Rushmore."[46] The New York Times said Means "became as well-known a Native American as Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse."[47]
His ashes were sprinkled throughout the Black Hills.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
The Last of the Mohicans - Chingachgook (1992)
Natural Born Killers - Old Indian (1994)
Wagons East - Chief (1994)
Windrunner - Wa Tho Huck/Jim Thorpe/Country Ghost (1994)
Pocahontas - Chief Powhatan (voice) (1995)
Buffalo Girls - Sitting Bull (1995)
The Pathfinder - TV Movie - Arrowhead (1996)
Song of Hiawatha - Mudjekeewis (1997)
Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World - Chief Powhatan (1998)
Black Cat Run - Ten Reed (1998)
A League of Old Men - Imber (1998)[48]
Thomas and the Magic Railroad - Billy Twofeathers (2000)
Wind River - Washakie (2001)
Cowboy Up - Joe (2001)
29 Palms - The Chief (2002)
Black Cloud - Bud (2004)
The Last Shot (2004)
Unearthed - Grandpa (2007)
Intervention -(2007)
Pathfinder - Pathfinder (2007)
Rez Bomb (2008)
Reel Injun (Documentary) - Himself (2009)
Tiger Eyes (2012)
Days and Nights (2013)
Television[edit]
Walker, Texas Ranger - Episode: "Plague" - Luther Iron Shirt (1996)
The West - TV Series documentary - Episodes: The People & Fight No More Forever (Voice) (1996)
Touched by an Angel - Episode : "Written in Dust" - Edison (1996)
Remember WENN - Episode: "And How!" - Joseph Greyhawk (1997)
Duckman - Episode: "Role With It" - (voice) (1997)
Liberty's Kids - (2002)
The Profiler - Episode: "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" - Uncle Joe (1997)
Nash Bridges - Episodes: "Downtime", and "Lady Killer" - Dexter Birdsong (1998)
Black Cat Run (TV movie) - Ten Reed (1998)[49]
Family Law - Episode: "Americans" - James Saginaw (2001)
Curb Your Enthusiasm - Season 4 - Episode 8 - Wandering Bear (2004)
Into the West - TV Mini-Series - 3 episodes - Older Running Fox (2005)
American Experience - TV Series documentary - Episode: We Shall Remain: Part V - Wounded Knee - Himself (2009)
Banshee (TV series) - Benjamin Longshadow (4 episodes) (2013)
Misc.[edit]
The Making of 'Pocahontas': A Legend Comes to Life - TV Movie documentary - Himself - Voice of 'Chief Powhatan' (1995)
Images of Indians: How Hollywood Stereotyped the Native American - TV Movie documentary - Himself (2003)
Looks Twice - Short - Joaquin (2005)
Wounded Heart: Pine Ridge and the Sioux - Video documentary - Himself / Narrator (2006)
Turok - Son of Stone Video (2008)
Questions for Crazy Horse - Documentary - Himself (2010)
The Sasquatch and The Girl - Short (2010)
^ Sirvaitis, Karen (September 1, 2001). South Dakota. Lerner Publications. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8225-4070-0.
^ a b c d e f g h i Russell Means (November 15, 1996). Where White Men Fear to Tread: The Autobiography of Russell Means. Macmillan. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-0-312-14761-7. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
^ a b Stark, Jessica (November 14, 2007). "Colonialism perfected on the American Indian: Activist Russell Means to offer insight, experience". Rice University: press release. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
^ McFadden, Robert. "Russell Means, Who Revived Warrior Image of American Indian, Dies at 72". New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ a b c Holt, Patricia (November 5, 1995). "A Rebel's Justice: American Indian Movement leader Russell Means tells his own story of rage and healing". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 20, 2003.
^ a b c "Alcatraz is Not an Island: Indian Activism". PBS. 2002. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
^ a b c d e f McLellan, Dennis (October 23, 2012). "Russell Means dies at 72; American Indian rights activist, actor". The Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ "Indian activist Russell Means says he's retiring from AIM", AP, Attachment 3, Articles on Means, AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT GRAND GOVERNING COUNCIL
^ AIM on Russell Means, Attachment 2. Retrieved June 17, 2011
^ a b "Russ Means holds press conference on Annie Mae's murder 11-3-99: Accuses Vernon and Clyde Bellecourt of ordering her Execution", News From Indian Country, November 3, 1999. Retrieved July 16, 2011
^ Robert Weller, "AQUASH MURDER CASE: AIM leaders point fingers at each other" Archived January 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, AP, at News From Indian Country, November 4, 1999. Retrieved July 17, 2011
^ Colorado AIM, Official Website
^ "Freedom is for Everyone": Seattle Story; Mike Acree, Convention Reflections Archived December 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Golden Gate Libertarian Newsletter Archived December 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, July 2000.
^ Caldwell, Christopher (July 22, 2007). "The Antiwar, Anti-Abortion, Anti-Drug-Enforcement-Administration, Anti-Medicare Candidacy of Dr. Ron Paul". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
^ Sam Hurst, "Cecilia Fire Thunder a 'person of character'", Rapid City Journal, December 18, 2005. Retrieved June 5, 2011
^ Means, Russell. "Speech: For America to Live, Europe Must Die". "In dio" is found under the speeches tab.
^ "I detest writing". Black Hills International Survival Gathering. First Nations Issues of Consequence. July 1980. Retrieved March 17, 2009. Columbus called the tribal people he met 'Indio' from the Italian in dio, meaning 'in God.'
^ "Descendants of Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse break away from U.S.", AFP: Agence France-Presse, December 21, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2011
^ Bill Harlan, "Lakota group secedes from U.S.", Rapid City Journal, December 20, 2007Archived August 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Jones, Ebony (December 30, 2007). "Lakota Indians want to break free from the U.S." UrbanSwirl.com-Lifestyles of Color. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
^ Faith Bremner, "Lakota group pushes for new nation" Archived January 11, 2008, at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Argus Leader, Washington Bureau, December 20, 2007
^ Gale Courey Toensing, "Withdrawal from U.S. treaties enjoys little support from tribal leaders", Indian Country Today, January 4, 2008
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3y88xbM0QyA
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjwvvDPW1kQ
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kKiRheypcs
^ "Russell Means Endorses Ron Paul" on YouTube, January 26, 2012
^ IMDb Windrunner (1994)
^ Minovitz, Ethan (October 23, 2012). "Russell Means, 72, Was Pocahontas Actor, Activist". Big Cartoon News. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
^ Brent Staples, "Review: Russell Means, Where White Men Fear to Tread, New York Times Book Review, 15 October 1995
^ a b Malcolm Brenner, "AIM seeks distance from Russell Means", The Gallup Independent, January 8, 1998
^ Malcolm Brenner, "Where White Men Fear to Tread", Attachment 9, Collection of articles on Means, reproduced at AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT GRAND GOVERNING COUNCIL. Retrieved June 17, 2011
^ a b Mari Wadsworth, "Russell Means Business: From Indian Activist to Hollywood celeb", Tucson Weekly, December 15, 1997
^ Electric Warrior
^ Hall of Fame
^ "AMERICAN INDIAN SERIES (RUSSELL MEANS), 1976". The Dayton Art Institute. Archived from the original on January 18, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2008.
^ "Tex Murphy - Under A Killing Moon". Archived from the original on July 27, 2013.
^ "Russell Means, the Movie: Watch 20 Minutes of 'Conspiracy to Be Free'". Indian Country Today Media Network.com. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
^ "Russell Means: I'll come back as lightning". UPI.com. August 18, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ McFadden, Robert D. (October 22, 2012). "Russell Means, Who Clashed With Law as He Fought for Indians, Is Dead at 72". New York Times.
^ Lammers, Dirk (October 22, 2012). "Tribal spokeswoman says former American Indian Movement activist Russell Means dies at 72". The Washington Post. Tribune Company. Associated Press.
^ Rickert, Levi (September 23, 2011). "Russell Means Updates His Condition: Tumor Diminished Significantly". Native News Network. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ Russell Means (June 27, 2012). Infowars Nightly News. World News. Event occurs at 9:45. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ "Russell Means". TV Tropes. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ Coffman, Keith (October 22, 2012). "American Indian activist Russell Means dead at 72". Reuters. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ "Longtime Indian Activist Russell Means Dies at 72". ABC News. October 22, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ Hayden, Tom (October 23, 2012). "Remembering Russell Means". The Nation. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
^ Peralta, Eyder (October 22, 2012). "Russell Means, Indian Activist And Actor, Dies". NPR. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ IMDb, "A League of Old Men" cast
^ IMDb "Black Cat Run" cast
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Popular Science Monthly/Volume 58/November 1900/Chapters on the Stars V
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1408157Popular Science Monthly Volume 58 November 1900 — Chapters on the Stars V1900
CHAPTERS ON THE STARS.
By PROFESSOR SIMON NEWCOMB, U. S. N.
BINARY AND MULTIPLE SYSTEMS.
SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL was the first to notice that many stars which, to the unaided vision, seemed single, were really composed of two stars in close proximity to each other. The first question to arise in such a case would be whether the proximity is real or whether it is only apparent, arising from the two stars being in the same line from our system. This question was speedily settled by more than one consideration. If there were no real connection between any two stars, the chances would be very much against their lying so nearly in the same line from us as they are seen to do in the case of double stars. Out of 5,000 stars scattered at random over the celestial vault the chances would be against more than three or four being so close together that the naked eye could not separate them, and would be hundreds to one against any two being as close as the components of the closer double stars revealed by the telescope. The conclusion that the proximity is in nearly all cases real is also proved by the two stars generally moving together or revolving round each other.
Altogether there is no doubt that in the case of the brighter stars all that seem double in the telescope are really companions. But when we come to the thousands or millions of telescopic stars, there may be some cases in which the two stars of a pair have no real connection and are really at very different distances from us. The stars of such a pair are called 'optically double.' They have no especial interest for us and need not be further considered in the present work.
After Herschel, the first astronomer to search for double stars on a large scale was Wilhelm Struve, the celebrated astronomer of Dorpat. So thorough was his work in this field that he may fairly be regarded as the founder of a new branch of astronomy. Armed with what was, at that time (1815–35), a remarkable refracting telescope, he made a careful search of that part of the sky visible at Dorpat, with a view of discovering all the double stars within reach of his instrument. The angular distance apart of the components and the direction of the fainter from the brighter star were repeatedly measured with all attainable precision. The fine folio volume, 'Mensurse Micro-metricæ,' in which his results were published and discussed, must long hold its place as a standard work of reference on the subject.
Struve had a host of worthy successors, of whom we can name only a few. Sir John Herschel was rather a contemporary than a successor. His most notable enterprise was an expedition to the Cape of Good Hope for the purpose of exploring the southern heavens with greater telescopes that had then been taken to the southern hemisphere. Herschel,
Fig. 1. Position-angle and Distance of a Double Star.
South and Dawes, of England, were among the greatest English observers about the middle of the century. Otto Struve, son of Wilhelm, continued his father's work with zeal and success at Pulkowa. Later one of the most industrious observers was Dembowski, of Italy. During the last thirty years one of the most successful cultivators of double-star astronomy has been Burnham, of Chicago. He is to-day the leading authority on the subject. Enthusiasm, untiring industry and wonderful keenness of vision have combined to secure him this position.
The particulars which the careful observer of a double star should record are the position-angle and distance of the components and their respective magnitudes. To these Struve added their colors; but this has not generally been done.
Let P be the principal star and C the companion. Let N S be a north and south line through P, or an arc of the celestial meridian, the direction N being north and S south from the star P.
Then, the angle N P C is called the position-angle of the pair. It is counted round the circle from 0° to 360°. The angle drawn in the figure is nearly 120°. Were the companion C in the direction S the position angle would be 180°; to the right of P it would he 270°; to the right of N it would be between 270° and 360°.
The distance is the angle P C, which is expressed in seconds of arc.
We cannot set any well-defined limits to the range of distance. The general rule is that the greater the distance beyond a few seconds the less the interest that attaches to a double star, partly because the observation of distant pairs offers no difficulty, partly because of the increasing possibility that the components have no physical connection and so form only an optically double star. With every increase of telescopic power so many closer and closer pairs are found that we cannot set any limit to the number of stars that may have companions. It is therefore to the closer pairs that the attention of astronomers is more especially directed.
The difficulty of seeing a star as double, or, in the familiar language of observers, of 'separating' the components, arises from two sources, the proximity of the companion to the principal star and the difference in magnitude between the two. It was only in rare cases that Struve could separate a pair of distance half a second. Now Burnham finds pairs whose distance is one-quarter of a second or less; possibly the limit of a tenth of a second is being approached. It goes without saying that a very minute companion to a bright star may, when the distance is small, be lost in the rays of its brighter neighbor. For all these reasons no estimate can be made of the actual number of double stars in the heavens. With every increase of telescopic power and observing skill more difficult pairs are being found without a sign of a limit.
The great interest which attaches to double stars arises from the proof which they afford that the law of gravitation extends to the stars. Struve, by comparing his own observations with each other, or with those of Herschel, found that many of the pairs which he measured were in relative motion; the position angle progressively changing from year to year, and sometimes the distance also. The lesser star was therefore revolving round the greater, or, to speak with more precision, both were revolving round their common center of gravity. To such a pair the name binary system is now applied.
There can be no reasonable doubt that the two components of all physically connected double stars revolve round each other. If they did not their mutual gravitation would bring them together and fuse them into a single mass. We are therefore justified in considering all double stars as binary systems, except those which are merely optically double. For reasons already set forth, the pairs of the latter class which are near together must be very few in number; indeed, there are probably none among the close double stars whose brightest component can be seen by the naked eye.
The time of revolution of the binary systems is so long that there are only about fifty cases in which it has yet been determined with any certainty. Leaving out the 'spectroscopic binaries,' to be hereafter described, the shortest period yet found is eleven years. In only a small minority of cases is the period less than a century. In the large majority either no motion at all has yet been detected, or it is so slow as to indicate that the period must be several centuries, perhaps several thousand years.
There is a great difficulty in determining the period with precision until the stars have been observed through nearly a revolution, owing to the number of elements, seven in all, that fix the orbit, and the difficulty of making the measures of position angle and distance with precision. It thus happens that many of the orbits of binary systems which have been computed and published have no sound basis. Two cases in point may be mentioned.
The first magnitude star Castor, or α Geminorum, can be seen to be double with quite a small telescope. The components are in relative motion. Owing to the interesting character of the pair it has been well observed, and a number of orbits have been computed. The periodic times found by the components have a wide range. The fact is, nothing is known of the period except that it is to be measured by centuries, perhaps by thousands of years.
The history of 61 Cygni, a star ever memorable from being the first of which the parallax was determined, is quite similar. Although, since accurate observations have been made on it the components have moved through an apparent angle of 30°, the observations barely suffice to show a very slight curvature in the path which the two bodies are describing round each other. Whether the period is to be measured by centuries or by thousands of years cannot be determined for many years to come.
In his work on the 'Evolution of the Stellar Systems,' Prof. T. J. J. See has investigated the orbits of forty double stars having the shortest periods. There are twenty-eight periods of less than one hundred years
In considering the orbits of binary systems we must distinguish between the actual and the apparent orbit. The former is the orbit as it would appear to an observer looking at it from a direction perpendicular to its plane. This orbit, like that of a planet or comet moving round the sun, is an ellipse, having the principal star in its focus. The point nearest the latter is called the periastron, or pericenter, and corresponds to the perihelion of a planetary orbit. The point most distant from the principal star is the apocenter. It is opposite the pericenter and corresponds to the aphelion of a planetary orhit. The law of motion is here the same as in the case of a body of the solar system; the radius vector, joining the two bodies, sweeps over equal areas in equal times. The apparent orbit is the orbit as it appears to us. It differs from the actual orbit because we see it from a more or less oblique direction. In some cases the plane of the orbit passes near our system. Then to us the orbit will appear as a straight line and the small star will seem to swing from one side of the large one to the other like a pendulum, though the actual orbit may differ little from a circle. In some cases there may be two pericenters and two apocenters to the apparent orbit. This will be the case when a nearly circular orbit is seen at a considerable obliquity.
It is a remarkable and interesting fact that the law of areas holds good in the apparent as in the actual orbit. This is because all parts of the plane of the orbit are seen at the same angle, so that the obliquity of vision diminishes all the equal areas in the same proportion and thus leaves them equal.
The two most interesting binary systems are those of Sirius and Procyon. In the case of each the existence and orbit of the companion were inferred from the motions of the principal star before the companion had been seen. Before the middle of the century it was found that Sirius did not move with the uniform proper motion which characterizes the stars in general; and the inequality of its motion was attributed to the attraction of an unseen satellite. Later Auwers, from an exhaustive investigation of all the observations of the star, placed the inequality beyond doubt and determined the elements of the orbit of the otherwise unknown satellite. Before his final work was published the satellite was discovered by Alvan G. Clark, of Cambridgeport, Mass., son and successor of the first and greatest American maker of telescopes. Additional interest was imparted to the discovery by the fact that it was made in testing a newly constructed telescope, the largest refractor that had been made up to that time. The discoverer was, at the time, unaware of the work of Peters and Auwers demonstrating the existence of the satellite. The latter was, however, in the direction predicted by Auwers, and a few years of observation showed that it was moving in fairly close accordance with the prediction.
The orbit as seen from the earth is very eccentric, the greatest distance of the satellite from the star being about ten seconds, the least less than three seconds. Owing to the brilliant light of Sirius the satellite is quite invisible, even in the most powerful telescopes, when nearest its primary. This was the case in the years 1890-92 and will again be the case about 1940, when another revolution will be completed.
The history of Procyon is remarkably similar. An inequality of its motion was suspected, but not proved, by Peters. Auwers showed from observations that it described an orbit seemingly circular, having a radius of about 1". There could be no doubt that this motion must be due to the revolution of a satellite, but the latter long evaded discovery, though carefully searched for with the new telescopes which were from time to time brought into use. At length in 1895 Schaeberle found the long-looked-for object with the 36-inch telescope of the Lick Observatory. It was nearly in the direction predicted by Auwers, and a year's observation by Schaeberle, Barnard and others showed that it was revolving in accordance with the theory.
If the conclusion of Auwers that the apparent orbit of the principal star is circular were correct, the distance of the satellite should always be the same. It would then be equally easy to see at all times. The fact that neither Burnham nor Barnard ever succeeded in seeing the
Fig. 2. Apparent Orbit of α Centauri, by Professor See.
object with the Lick telescope would then be difficult to account for. The fact is, however, that the periodic motion of Procyon is so small that a considerable eccentricity might exist without being detected by observations. The probability is, therefore, that the apparent orbit is markedly eccentric and that the satellite was nearer the primary during the years 1878-92 than it was when discovered.
One very curious feature, common to both of these systems, is that the mass of each satellite, as compared with that of its primary, is out of all proportion to its brightness. The remarkable conclusions to be drawn from this fact will he discussed in a subsequent chapter.
The system of α Centauri is interesting from the shortness of the period, the brightness of the stars and the fact that it is the nearest star to ns so far as known. We reproduce a diagram of the apparent orbit from Dr. See's work. The period of revolution found by Dr. See is eighty-one years. The major axis of the apparent orbit is 32"; of the minor axis 6".
The pairs of which, so far as known, the period of revolution is the shortest, are these:
κ Pegasi; R. A. = 21h. 40m.; Dec. = + 25°11'; Period = 11. 42.
δ Equulei; " = 21h. 10m.; " + 9°37’; " =11. 45.
ε Sagittarii; " = 18h. 56m.; " - 30° 1’; " =18. 85.
ρ Argus; " = 7h. 47m.; " - 13°38’; " =22. 00.
85 Pegasi; " - 23h. 57m.; " + 26°34’; " =24. 00.
TRIPLE AND MULTIPLE SYSTEMS.
Systems of three or more stars so close together that there must be a physical connection between them are quite numerous. There is every variety of such systems. Sometimes a small companion of a brighter star is found to be itself double. A curious case of this sort is that of γ Andromedæ. This object was observed and measured by Struve as an ordinary double star, of which the companion was much smaller than the principal star. Some years later Alvan Clark found that this companion was itself a close double star, of which the components, separated by about 1", were nearly equal. Moreover, it was soon found that these components revolved round each other in a period not yet accurately determined, but probably less than a century. Thus we have a binary system revolving round a central star, as the earth and moon revolve round the sun.
In most triple systems there is no such regularity as this. The magnitudes and relative positions of the components are so varied that no general description is possible. Stars of every degree of brightness are combined in every way. Observations on these systems extend over so short an interval that we have no data for determining the laws of motion that may prevail in any but one or two of the simplest cases. They are, in all probability, too complicated to admit of profitable mathematical investigation. There is, therefore, little more of interest to be said about them.
There is a very notable multiple system known as the Trapezium of Orion, from the fact that it is composed of four stars, one of which is plainly visible to the naked eye, while the others may he well seen in the smallest telescope. There are also two other very faint stars, each of which seems to be a companion of one of the bright ones. This system is situated in the great nebulæ of Orion, to be described in the next chapter, a circumstance which has made it one of the most interesting objects to observers. No motion has yet been certainly detected among the components.
SPECTROSCOPIC BINARY SYSTEMS.
Among the many striking results of recent astronomical research it would be difficult to name any more epoch-making than the discovery that great numbers of the stars have invisible dark bodies revolving round them of a mass comparable with their own. The existence of these revolving bodies is made known not only by their eclipsing the star, but by producing a periodic change in the radial motion of the star. How their motion is determined by means of the spectroscope has been briefly set forth in a former chapter. As a general rule the motion is uniform in the case of each star. We have described in a former chapter the periodic character of the radial motion of Algol, discovered by Vogel. This was followed by the discovery that α Virginis, though not variable, was affected by a similar inequality of the radial motion, having a period of four days and nineteen minutes. The velocity of the star in its apparent orbit is very great, about ninety-one kilometers, or fifty-six English miles, per second. It follows that the radius of the orbit is some three million miles. The mass of the invisible companion must, therefore, be very great.
Fig. 3. Radial Motion of a Binary System.
A new form of binary system was thus brought out which, from the method of discovery, was called the spectroscopic binary system. But there is really no line to be drawn between these and other binary systems. We have seen that as telescopic power is increased, closer and closer binary systems are constantly being formed. We naturally infer that there is no limit to the proximity of the pairs of stars of such systems and that innumerable stars may have satellites, planets or companion stars so close or so faint as to elude our powers of observation. Still, there is as yet a wide gap between the most rapidly moving visible binary system and the slowest spectroscopic one, which, however, will be filled by continued observation.
The actual orbit of such a system cannot be determined with the spectroscope, because only one component of the motion, that in the direction of the earth, can be observed. In the case of an orbit of which the plane was perpendicular to the line of sight from the earth to the star the spectroscope could give us no information as to the motion. The motion to or from the earth would be invariable. To show the result of the orbit being seen obliquely, let E be the earth and A S be the plane of the orbit seen edgewise. Drop the perpendicular A M upon the line of sight. Then, while the star is moving from S to A the spectroscope will measure the motion as if it took place from S to M. Since S M is less than A S, the measured velocity will always be less than the actual velocity, except in the rare case when the plane of the orbit is directed toward the earth. Since the spectroscope can give us no information as to the inclination under which we see the orbit, it follows that the actual orbital velocities of the spectroscopic binaries must remain unknown. We can only say that they cannot be less, but may be greater to any extent than that shown by our measures.
Fig. 4. The Mills Spectrograph of the Lick Observatory.
If the components of a binary system do not differ greatly in brightness, its character may be detected without actually measuring the radial velocities. Since the motion is shown by a displacement of the spectral lines and since, in any binary system, the two components must always move in opposite directions, it follows that the displacements of the spectral lines of the two stars will be in opposite directions. Hence, when one of the stars, say A, is moving toward us, and the other, say D, from us, all the spectral lines will appear double, the lines made by A being displaced toward the blue end of the spectrum and those by B toward the red end. After half a revolution the motion will be reversed and the lines will again be double; only the lines of star A will now be on the red side of the others. Between these two phases will be one in which the radial velocities of the two stars are the same; the lines will then appear single.
The first star of which the binary character was detected in this way is ε Ursæ Majoris. The discovery was made at the Harvard Observatory. Capella is supposed to be another of the same class.
About 1896 the Lick Observatory was supplied with the best spectrograph
Fig. 5. The New Photographic Refracting Telescope of the Astrophysical Observatory at Potsdam, near Berlin.
that Brashear could produce, the gift of Mr. D. O. Mills. In the hands of Campbell the measurements of radial motion with this instrument have reached an extraordinary degree of precision and brought to light the fact that systems of the kind in question are more numerous than would ever have been suspected. Campbell believes that the radial motion of about one star in every thirteen is affected by an observable inequality. Such an inequality can arise only through the action of a neighborhood of a mass at least comparable with that of our sun. A new field of astronomical research is thus opened, the exploration of which must occupy many years. The ultimate result may be to make as great an addition to our knowledge of the heavens as has been made during the last century by the telescope.
STAR-CLUSTERS.
A star-cluster is a bunch or collection of stars separated from the great mass of stars which stud the heavens. The Pleiades, or 'seven stars,' as they are familiarly called, form a cluster, of which six of the components are easily seen by the naked eye, while five others may be distinguished by a good eye.
About 1780 Michell, of England, raised the question whether, supposingthe stars visible to the naked eye to be scattered over the sky at random, there would be a reasonable possibility that those of the Pleiades would all fall within so small a space as that filled by the constellation. His correct conclusion was in the negative. It follows that this cluster does not consist of disconnected stars at various distances, which happen to be nearly in a line from our system, but is really a collection of stars by itself. Besides the stars visible to the naked eye, the Pleiades comprise a great number of telescopic stars, of which about sixty have been catalogued and their relative positions determined. The principal star of the cluster is Alcyone or η Tauri, which is of the third magnitude. The five which come next in the order of brightness are not very unequal, being all between the fourth and fifth magnitudes. Six are near the sixth magnitude. The remainder, so far as catalogued, range from the seventh to the ninth.
In this case there is a fairly good method of distinguishing between a star which belongs to the cluster and one which probably lies beyond it. This test is afforded by the proper motion. All the stars of the group have a common proper motion in the same direction of about seven seconds per century. The first accurate measures made on the relative positions of the stars of the cluster were those of Bessel, about 1830. In recent years several observers have made yet more accurate determinations. The most thorough recent discussion is by Elkin. One result of his work is that there is as yet no certain evidence of any relative motion among the stars of the group. They all move on together with their common motion of seven seconds per century, as if they were a single mass.
A closer cluster, which is plainly visible to the naked eye and looks like a cloudy patch of light, is Præsepe in Cancer. It is very well seen in the early evenings of winter and spring. Although there is nothing in the naked-eye view to suggest a star, it is found on telescopic examination that the individual stars do not fall far below the limit of visibility, several being of about the seventh magnitude.
Another notable cluster of the same general nature is that in Perseus. This constellation is situated in the Milky Way, not far from its region of nearest approach to the pole. In the figure of the constellation the cluster forms the handle of the hero's sword. It may be seen
Fig. 6. The Great Cluster in Hercules, as Photographed with the Crossley Reflector of the Lick Observatory.
in the evening during almost any season except summer. To the naked eye it seems more diffused and star-like than Præepe; in fact, it has two distinct centers of condensation, so that it may be considered as a double cluster.
The two clusters last described may be resolved into stars with the smallest telescopes. But in the case of most of these objects the individual stars are so faint that the most powerful instruments scarcely suffice to bring them out. One of the most remarkable clusters in the northern heavens is that of Hercules. To the naked eye it is but a faint and insignificant patch which would be noticed only by a careful observer. But in a large telescope it is seen to be one of the most interesting objects in the heavens. Near the border the individual stars can be readily distinguished. But they grow continually thicker toward the center, where, even in a telescope of two feet aperture, the
Fig. 7. The Cluster ω Centauri, Photographed by Gill at the Cape Observatory.
observer can see only a patch of light, which is, however, as he scans it, suggestive of the countless stars that must there be collected. By the aid of photography, Professor Pickering has nearly succeeded in the complete resolution of this cluster.
In many cases the central portions of these objects are so condensed that they cannot be visually resolved into their separate stars, even with the most powerful telescopes. . A closer approach to complete resolution has been made by photography. We present copies of several photographs which have been made by Pickering, Gill and others.
The cluster which, according to Pickering, may he called the finest in the sky, is ω Centauri. It lies just within the border of the Milky Way, in right ascension, 13h. 20.8m., and declination—46° -47'. There are no bright stars near. To the naked eye it appears as a hazy star of the fourth magnitude. Its actual extreme diameter is about 40'. The brightest individual stars within this region are between the eighth and ninth magnitudes. Over six thousand have been counted on one of the photographs and the whole number is much greater.
The most remarkable and suggestive feature of the principal clusters is the number of variable stars which they contain. This feature has been brought out by the photographs taken at the Harvard Observatory and at its branch station in Arequipa. The count of stars and the detection of the variables was very largely made by Professor Bailey, who, for several years past, has been in charge of the Arequipa station. The proportion of variables is very different in different clusters. In the double cluster, 869-884, only one has been found among a thousand stars. The richest in variables is Messier, 3, in which one variable has been detected among every seven stars. It might be suspected that the closer and more condensed the cluster the greater the proportion of variables. This, however, does not hold universally true. In the great cluster of Hercules only two variables are found among a thousand stars.
Very remarkable, at least in the case of ω Centauri, is the shortness of the period of the variables. Out of one hundred and twenty-five found, ninety-eight have periods less than twenty-four hours. On the subject of the law of variation in these cases, Pickering says:
"The light curves of the ninety-eight stars whose periods are less than twenty-four hours may be divided into four classes. The first is well represented by No. 74. The period of this star is 12h. 4m. 3s. and the range in brightness two magnitudes. Probably the change in brightness is continuous. The increase of light is very rapid, occupying not more than one-fifth of the whole period. In some cases, possibly in this star, the light remains constant for a short time at minimum. In most cases, however, the change in brightness seems to be continuous. The simple type shown by No. 74 is more prevalent in this cluster than any other. There are, nevertheless, several stars, as No. 7, where there is a more or less well marked secondary maximum. The period of this star is 2d. llh. 51m. and the range in brightness one and a half magnitudes. The light curve is similar to that of well-known short-period variables, as δ Cephei and η Aquilæ. Another class may be represented by No. 126, in which the range is less than a magnitude and the times of increase and decrease are about equal. The period is 8h. 12m. 3s. No. 24 may perhaps be referred to as a fourth type. The range is about seven-tenths of a magnitude and the period is 11h. 5m. 7s. Apparently about 65 per cent, of the whole period is occupied by the increase of the light. This very slow rate of increase is especially striking from the fact that in many cases in this cluster the increase is extremely rapid, probably not more than ten per cent, of the whole period. In one case, No. 45, having a period of 14h. 8m., the rise from minimum to maximum, a change of two magnitudes takes place in about one hour, and in certain cases, chiefly owing to the necessary duration of a photographic exposure, there is no proof at present that the rise is not much more rapid.
"The marked regularity in the period of these stars is worthy of attention. Several have been studied during more than a thousand, and one during more than five thousand, periods without irregularities manifesting themselves."
It may be added that this regularity of the period, taken in connection with the case of η Aquilæ, already mentioned, affords a strong presumption that the variations in the light of these stars are in some way connected with the revolution of bodies around them, or of one star round another. Yet it is certain that the types are not of the Algol class and that the changes are not due merely to one star eclipsing another. That such condensed clusters should have a great number of close binary systems is natural, almost unavoidable, we might suppose. It will hereafter be shown to be probable that among the stars in general single stars are the exception rather than the rule. If such be the case, the rule should hold yet more strongly among the stars of a condensed cluster.
Perhaps the most important problem connected with clusters is the mutual gravitation of their component stars. Where thousands of stars are condensed into a space so small, what prevents them from all falling together into one confused mass? Are they really doing so, and will they ultimately form a single body? These are questions which can be satisfactorily answered only by centuries of observation; they must, therefore, be left to the astronomers of the future.
NEBULÆ.
The first nebula, properly so-called, to be detected by an astronomical observer was that of Orion. Huyghens, in his 'Systema Saturnium,' gives a rude drawing of this object, with the following description:
"There is one phenomenon among the fixed stars worthy of mention which, so far as I know, has hitherto been noticed by no one, and, indeed, cannot be well observed except with large telescopes. In the sword of Orion are three stars quite close together. In 1656, as I chanced to be viewing the middle one of these with the telescope, instead of a single star, twelve showed themselves (a not uncommon circumstance). Three of these almost touched each other, and, with four others, shone through a nebula, so that the space around them seemed far brighter than the rest of the heavens, which was entirely clear, and appeared quite black, the effect being that of an opening in the sky, through which a brighter region was visible."
For a century after Huyghens made this observation it does not appear that these objects received special attention from astronomers. The first to observe them systematically on a large scale was Sir Wm. Herschel, whose vast researches naturally embraced them in their scope. His telescopes, large though they were, were not of good defining power and, in consequence, Herschel found it impossible to draw a certain line in all cases between nebulæ and clusters. At his time it was indeed a question whether all these bodies might not be clusters. This
Fig. 8. The Great Nebula of Orion, as Photographed by A. A. Common with a Four-foot Reflector.
question Herschel, with his usual sagacity, correctly answered in the negative. Up to the time of the spectroscope, all that astronomers could do with nebulæ was to discover, catalogue and describe them.
Several catalogues of these objects have been published. The one long established as a standard is the General Catalogue of Nebulæ and Clusters, by Sir John Herschel. With each object Herschel gave a condensed description. Recently Herschel's catalogue has been superseded by the general catalogue of Dreyer, based upon it.
Some of the more conspicuous of these objects are worthy of being individually mentioned. At the head of all must be placed the great nebula of Orion. This is plainly visible to the naked eye and can be seen without difficulty whenever the constellation is visible. Note the three bright stars lying nearly in an east and west line and forming the belt of the warrior. South of these will be seen three fainter ones, hanging below the belt, as it were, and forming the sword. To a keen eye, which sharply defines the stars, this middle star will appear hazy. It is the nebula in question. Its character will be strongly brought out by the smallest telescope, even by an opera-glass. Drawings of it have been made by numerous astronomers, the comparison of
Fig. 9. The Great Nebula of Andromeda Photographed by Roberts.
which has given rise to the question whether the object is variable. It cannot be said that this question is yet decided; but the best opinion would probably be in the negative. In recent times the improvements of the photographic process have led to the representation of the object by photography. A photograph made by Mr. A. A. Common, F.R.S., with a reflecting telescope, gives so excellent an impression of the object that by his consent we reproduce it.
The most remarkable feature connected with the nebula of Orion is the so-called Trapezium, already described. That these four stars form a system by themselves cannot be doubted. The darkness of the nebula immediately around them suggests that they were formed at the expense of the nebulous mass.
Great interest has recently been excited in the spiral form of certain nebulæ. The great spiral nebula M. 51 in Canes Venatici has long been known. We reproduce a photograph of this object and another. It is found by recent studies at the Lick Observatory that a spiral form can be detected in a great number of these objects by careful examination.
Fig. 10. The Great Spiral Nebula M. 51, as Photographed with the Crossley Reflector at the Lick Observatory.
Another striking feature of numerous nebulæ is their varied and fantastic forms, of which we give a number of examples. The ’Triphid nebula' is a noted one in this respect.
The great nebula of Andromeda is second only to that of Orion. It also is plainly visible to the naked eye and can be more readily recognized as a nebula than can the other. It has frequently been mistaken for a comet. Seen through a telescope of high power, its aspect is singular, as if a concealed light were seen shining through horn or semi-transparent glass. It is somewhat elliptical in form, as will be seen from a photograph by Sir William Roberts, F.R.S., which we reproduce (page 19).
Another nebula which, though not conspicuous to the naked eye, has attracted much attention from astronomers, is known, from the figure of one of its branches as the Omega nebula. Sir John Herschel, who first described this object in detail, says of it: "The figure is nearly that of the Greek capital Omega, somewhat distorted and very unequally bright." From one base of the letter extends out to the east a, long branch with a hook at the end, which, in most of the drawings, is more conspicuous than the portion included in the Omega. The
Fig. 11. The Great Spiral Nebula M. 33, Photographed with the Crossley Reflector of the Lick Observatory.
drawings, however, vary so much that the question has been raised whether changes have not taken place in the object. As in other cases, this question is one which it is not yet possible to decide. The appearance of such objects varies so much with the aperture of the telescope and the conditions of vision that it is not easy to decide whether the apparent change may not be due to these causes. It is curious that in a recent photograph the Omega element of it, if I may use the term, is far less conspicuous than in the older drawings, and is, in fact, scarcely recognizable.
Among the most curious of the nebulæ are the annular ones, which, as the term implies, have the form of a ring. It should be remarked that in such cases the interior of the ring is not generally entirely black, but is filled with nebulous light. We may, therefore, define these objects as nebulæ which are brighter round their circumference than in the center. The most striking of the annular nebulæ is that of Lyra. It may easily be found from being situated about half-way between
Fig. 12. The Triphid Nebula, Photographed at the Lick Observatory.
the stars Beta and Gamma. Although it is visible in a medium telescope, it requires a powerful one to bring out its peculiar features in a striking way. Recently it has been photographed by Keeler with the Crossley reflector of the Lick Observatory, who found that the best general impression was made with an exposure of only ten minutes.
The ring, as shown by Keeler's photographs, has a quite complicated structure. It seems to be made up of several narrower bright rings, interlacing somewhat irregularly, the spaces between them being filled with fainter nebulosity. One of these rings forms the outer boundary of the preceding end of the main ring. Sweeping around to the north end of the minor axis, it becomes very bright, perhaps by superposition on the broader main ring of the nebula at this place. It crosses this ring obliquely, forming the brightest part of the whole
Fig. 13. The Triphid Nebula and. its Surroundings, as Photographed by Barnard.
nebula, and then forms the inner boundary of the main ellipse toward its following end. The remaining part of the ring is not so easily traced, as several other rings interlace on the south end of the ellipse.
The central star of this nebula has excited some interest. Its light seems to have a special actinic power, as the star is more conspicuous on the photographs than to the eye.
There are several other annular nebulæ which are fainter than than of Lyra. The one best visible in our latitudes is known as H IV. 13, or 4,565 of Dreyer's catalogue. It is situated in the constellation Cygnus which adjoins Lyra. Both Herschel and Lord Rosse have made drawings of it. It was photographed by Keeler with the
Fig. 14. Nebulous Mass in Cygnus, including H. V. 14 and H. 2093.
Photographed at the Lick Observatory.
Crossley reflector on the nights of August 9 and 10, 1899, with exposures of one and two hours, respectively. Keeler states that the nebula, as shown by these photographs, is an elliptical, nearly circular ring, not quite regular in outline, pretty sharply defined at the outer edge." The outside dimensions are:
Major axis 42". 5
Minor axis 40.5
Position angle of major axis 32°
The nebula has a nucleus with a star exactly in the center. This is very conspicuous on a photograph, but barely if at all visible with a 36-inch reflector.
Another curious class of nebulæ are designated as planetary, on account of their form. These consist of minute, round disks of light, having somewhat the appearance of a planet. The appellation was suggested by this appearance. These objects are for the most part faint and difficult.
It is impossible to estimate the number of nebulæ in the heavens. New ones have been from time to time discovered, located and described by many observers during the last thirty years. Among these Lewis Swift is worthy of special mention. On photographing the sky near the galactic pole with the Crossley reflector, Keeler found no less than seven of these objects in a space of about one-half a square degree. He therefore estimates the whole number in the heavens capable of being photographed at several hundred thousand. It may be assumed that only a moderate fraction of these are visible to the eye, even aided by the largest telescopes.
Among the most singular of these objects are large diffused nebulæ, sometimes extending through a region of several degrees. A number of these were discovered by Herschel. Barnard, W. H. Pickering and others have photographed these for us. One of the most remarkable of them winds around in the constellation Orion in such a way that at first sight one might be disposed to inquire whether the impression on the photographic plate might not have been the result of some defect in the apparatus or some reflection of the light of the neighboring stars, which is so apt to occur in these delicate photographic operations. But its existence happens to be completely confirmed by independent testimony.It was first detected by W. H. Pickering and afterwards independently by Barnard.
A curious fact connected with the distribution of nebulæ over the sky is that it is in a certain sense the reverse of that of the stars. The latter are, as we shall hereafter show in detail, vastly more numerous in the regions near the Milky Way and fewer in number near the poles of that belt. But the reverse is the case with the nebulæ proper. They are least numerous in the Milky Way and increase in number as we go from it in either direction. Precisely what this signifies one would not at the present time be able to say. Perhaps the most obvious suggestion would be that in these two opposite nebulous regions the nebulæ have not yet condensed into stars. This, however, would be a purely speculative explanation.
On the other hand, star-clusters are more numerous in the galactic region. This, however, is little more than saying that in the regions where the stars are so much more numerous than elsewhere many of them naturally tend to collect in clusters. It is, however, a curious fact that, so far as yet been noticed, the large, diffused nebulæ which we have mentioned are more numerous in or near the Milky Way. If this tendency is established it will mark a curious distinction between them and the smaller nebulæ.
The most interesting question connected with these objects is that of their physical constitution. When, about 1866, the spectroscope was applied to astronomical investigation by Huggins and Secchi, these two observers found independently that the light of the great nebula of Orion formed a spectrum of bright lines, thus showing the object to be gaseous. This was soon found to be true of the nebulae generally. There is, however, a very curious exception in the case of the great nebula of Andromedæ. This object gives a more or less continuous spectrum. Why this is it is difficult to say.
Beyond the general fact that the light of a nebula does not come from solid matter, but from matter of a gaseous or other attenuated form, we have no certain knowledge of the physical constitution of these bodies. Certain features of their constitution can, however, be established with a fair approach to accuracy. Not only the spectroscopic evidence of bright lines, but the aspect of the objects themselves, show that they are transparent through and through. This is remarkable when taken in connection with their inconceivable size. Leaving out the large diffused nebulæ which we have mentioned, these objects are frequently several minutes in diameter. Of their distance we know nothing, except that they are probably situated in the distant stellar regions. Their parallax can be but a small fraction of a second. We shall probably err greatly in excess if we assume that it varies between one-hundredth and one-tenth of a second. To assign this parallax is the same thing as saying that at the distance of the nebulæ the dimensions of the earth's orbit would show a diameter which might range between one-fiftieth and one-fifth of a second, while that of Neptune would be more or less than one second. Great numbers of these objects are, therefore, thousands of times the dimensions of the earth's orbit, and probably most of them are thousands of times the dimensions of the whole solar system. That they should be completely transparent through such enormous dimensions shows their extreme tenuity. Were our solar system placed in the midst of one of them, it is probable that we should not be able to find any evidence of its existence.
A form of matter so different from any that can be found or produced on the surface of the earth can hardly be explained by our ordinary views of matter. A theory has, however, been propounded by Sir Norman Lockyer, so ingenious as to be worthy at least of mention. It is that these objects are vast collections of meteorites in rapid motion relatively to each other, which come into constant collision. Their velocity is such that at each collision heat and light are produced. In the language of our progenitors, who in the absence of matches used flint and steel, they 'strike fire' against each other. The idea of such a process originated with Prof. P. G. Tait, in an attempt to explain the tail of a comet, but it was elaborated and developed by Mr. Lockyer in his work on the 'Meteoritic Theory.'
The objections to this theory seem insuperable. A velocity so great, at such a distance from the center of the nebulæ, would be incompatible with the extreme tenuity of these objects. Every time that two meteors came into collision they would lose velocity, and, therefore, if the mass was sufficient to hold them from flying through space, would rapidly fall toward a common center. The amount of light produced by the collision of two such objects is only a minute fraction of the energy lost. The meteors which fall on the earth are mostly of iron, and, were the theory true, numerous lines of iron should be most conspicuous in the spectrum. But the fact is that in the great number of these objects there is but a single bright line, which does not seem to correspond to the line of any known substance. The supposed matter which produces it has, therefore, been called nebulum.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_58/November_1900/Chapters_on_the_Stars_V&oldid=8842896"
Popular Science Monthly Volume 58
Stellar astronomy
Astronomy articles in Popular Science Monthly
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SunSource Energy
solar park
SunSource energy plans to build 200 Megawatt solar park in UP
The company has a short-term target of reaching 300 mw of project capacity by 2020, said Nandan, who is also one of the founders of the company.Nishtha Saluja | ET Bureau | February 17, 2018, 08:45 IST
NEW DELHI: SunSource Energy, a solar EPC player in India, is boosting its portfolio with plans to develop a 200-mw solar park in Uttar Pradesh entailing an investment of Rs 900 crore. The company has also received funding from State Bank of India-led Neev Fund, which a top executive said will help it reach its target of 1.5 gw project capacity by 2025.The Neev Fund is a joint initiative of the SBI and UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) to develop projects in states with low capital investment.
“At the Uttar Pradesh Investors Summit next week, the company will sign a memorandum of understanding with the state government to develop a 200-mw solar park, which should be completed between 2021 and 2022. We have committed ₹900 crore for this,” Kushagra Nandan, president of SunSource Energy, told ET. The project will be financed through a mix of debt and equity, he said.
SunSource has 200 mw of solar projects in India and overseas. The company has a short-term target of reaching 300 mw of project capacity by 2020, said Nandan, who is also one of the founders of the company.
The fund from Neev is to be used for projects in eight low-income or developing states identified by the fund, namely Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh, outside of the company's operations in other cities.
“The fact that there is SBI involved, we have automatic access and visibility all over India. We are already seeing some impact… They are connecting us in ways that we didn't think possible,” said Adarsh Das, a cofounder of SunSource Energy. “We will require funds over a period of time so it positions us very well for future raises.”
The funding gives SBI, the country’s largest public sector lender, and UK DFID, a minority stake in the company. The founders did not disclose how much stake SBI and UK DFID hold.
Das, who is also the company’s CEO, said the funding provides SunSource an opportunity to collaborate with the industry. “We need to deploy this money into domestic PPAs (distributed generation). Second is, just provide enough development support to other developers so that we can do larger EPC projects, and the third is international expansion,” he said.
With consolidation growing in both utility scale and commercial-industrial scale segments, SunSource is also looking at similar opportunities. “There will be opportunities for joint investment as well. We are considering acquisition of a few assets in FY18-19,” said Nandan.
Tags : Renewable, Uttar Pradesh, SunSource Energy, Solar power, solar park, solar energy, SBI, Department for International Development
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Significant Digits For Monday, Oct. 23, 2017
Oct. 23, 2017 , at 8:05 AM
3 warm winters
NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center released its winter temperature forecast and it appears that most of the U.S. is poised for a warmer-than-usual winter. Should that pan out, this will be the third warmer-than-average winter in a row. [NPR]
24-hour ready alert
For the first time since the end of the Cold War, the Air Force is reportedly making preparations to put its nuclear-armed B-52 bombers back on a 24-hour alert posture. That includes the installation of new beds for more than 100 crew members. [Defense One]
Percentage of people who took the California bar exam in July, 2016, who passed, compared to nearly 62 percent in 2008. California’s minimum score of 144 is the second highest in the country, and law school deans want it lowered to be more in line with other states. [AP News]
A new class action lawsuit against General Electric alleges that the company managed its 401(k) plan to benefit itself, steering employees into funds that were managed by a subsidiary. Those funds charged high fees and went on to underperform investment markets. As The Los Angeles Times wrote, “Of the retirement plan’s $28.5 billion in assets as of the end of 2015, the lawsuit asserts, about half was invested in mutual funds. Of the mutual fund assets, about 56% were invested in five GE-owned funds — all but one of which underperformed its benchmark investment index.” [The Los Angeles Times]
Billionaire environmentalist Tom Steyer is dropping “well over $10 million” on a nationwide television ad campaign calling for President Trump’s impeachment. Steyer is also considering mounting a primary campaign against incumbent Democratic Sen. Dianne Feinstein next year. [CNN]
On Friday, The New York Times reported a previously unknown settlement between Bill O’Reilly and a network analyst who accused him of harassment, sharing sexually explicit material and a “nonconsensual sexual relationship.” The settlement — the sixth we now know of involving O’Reilly and largest — was for $32 million, and occurred just about a month before Fox renewed his contract for $25 million a year for four years. [The New York Times]
Check out Besides the Points, my new sports newsletter.
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Governor Ron DeSantis and DEO Announce $140 Million for New Affordable Housing Construction in Hurricane Irma Impacted Communities Governor Ron DeSantis Signs SB 1552 to Mitigate Harmful Effects of Red Tide
Governor Ron DeSantis Announces $21.1 Million Reimbursement Award to Monroe County for Hurricane Irma Recovery
Marathon, Fla. – Today, Governor Ron DeSantis announced that Monroe County is receiving $21.1 million for Hurricane Irma recovery. This funding is awarded by the Florida Division of Emergency Management (FDEM) to reimburse the county for debris removal, emergency protective measures and damage to other facilities following Hurricane Irma’s landfall in Florida. The approval of this funding was accelerated by FDEM through new processes put in place in January.
“It’s incredibly important that we continue to provide as much support as we can to counties still recovering from Hurricane Irma,” said Governor DeSantis. “I’m proud to announce that more funding is going to Monroe County today and I’ll continue to use my full executive authority to provide this funding as quickly as possible.”
“We have made it clear that cities and counties waiting years to receive their hurricane recovery funding is unacceptable,” said FDEM Director Jared Moskowitz. “Today’s announcement is yet another example of the success of the new processes we’ve put in place to get this funding out as quickly as possible.”
In January, FDEM implemented new procedures to accelerate FEMA reimbursements to communities impacted by hurricanes Irma, Matthew and Hermine. Previously, the Division required projects to be 100-percent validated before any funding was awarded. Under the new process, half of the funds are awarded when a project is 50-percent validated, while the Division continues to work with applicants to provide funding as projects continue to be validated. This process is in addition to expedited payments for communities impacted by Hurricane Michael.
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Search in titles only Search in Labor only
Five New Members Appointed to the 2018 ERISA Advisory Council
Created by: Staff Reporter 1
The 2018 Advisory Council on Employee Welfare and Pension Benefit Plans, known as the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) Advisory Council, gets five new members.
Washington, DC - - (June 21, 2018) - - Today the U.S. Department of Labor announced the appointments of five new members as well as chair and vice chair to the 2018 Advisory Council on Employee Welfare and Pension Benefit Plans, known as the ERISA Advisory Council.
"The ERISA Advisory Council advises the Department's work in enhancing and preserving the health and retirement benefits of America's workers," said U.S. Secretary of Labor Alexander Acosta. "These professionals will help the council accomplish its goals. Their expertise will be a valuable complement to the Department's mission to protect workers' benefits."
The 15-member council provides advice on policies and regulations affecting employee benefit plans governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). By law, members of the council serve for staggered three-year terms. Three members are representatives of employee organizations (at least one of whom represents an organization whose members are participants in a multiemployer plan). Three members are representatives of employers (at least one of whom represents employers maintaining or contributing to multiemployer plans). Three members are representatives of the general public. There is one representative each from the fields of insurance, corporate trust, actuarial counseling, investment counseling, investment management and accounting.
Current members Cynthia Levering and Srinivas Dharam Reddy will serve as the chair and vice chair, respectively, of the council.
Levering retired from Aon Consulting as a Senior Vice President and Consulting Actuary in 2009, after 33 years with the firm. She has served as Chair of the Society of Actuaries' Pension Section Council and currently serves on the Research Team. She also has worked on the American Academy of Actuaries initiative, Retirement for the AGES, as a member of the Academy's Retirement System Assessment and Policy Committee.
Reddy has had a variety of leadership roles in financial services. Most recently, he was a Senior Vice President at Prudential Retirement responsible for all aspects of the investments and retirement income businesses. His previous work experience includes leading product and distribution teams for ING Group and USAA. Reddy is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA).
The newly appointed members and the expertise they represent are:
David J. Kritz is General Attorney for Norfolk Southern Corporation, where he provides legal advice on benefits and compensation issues. He has over 25 years of experience as an ERISA attorney, including positions at Eversheds Sutherland, Akin Gump, and at the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC). He serves on the Policy Board of Directors of the American Benefits Council.
Corporate Trust:
Linda M. Kerschner is a Senior Vice President of CAPTRUST Financial Advisors, where she provides advice to qualified and non-qualified plan sponsor committees and individual participants. Kerschner managed the Defined Contribution Department and Operations for Defined Benefit Pension and Institutional Custody Operations for the Capital Management Group of First Union National Bank.
General Public:
David Blanchett is Head of Retirement Research at Morningstar Investment Management, where he works to enhance the group's consulting and investment services. He is currently an Expert Panelist for the Wall Street Journal and on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Retirement and Morningstar Magazine. He is also an Adjunct Professor of Wealth Management at The American College.
Investment Management:
Jason Bortz is Senior Vice President and Senior Counsel at Capital Group, the investment manager to the American Funds. He provides subject-matter expertise on ERISA fiduciary, tax, and other retirement product investment issues. He also serves as a liaison to industry trade groups.
Employee organizations:
Bridget O'Connor is General Counsel of the International Union of Bricklayers & Allied Craftworkers (BAC), where her work includes educating local union officers and trustees and advising the international officers and local funds on collective bargaining. She is also General Counsel for several BAC-related ERISA multiemployer plans, including pension and welfare benefit plans.
Courtesy: U.S. Department of Labor
Tags: 2018, advisory, appointed, council, employee, erisa, income, members, retirement, security
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Opening Remarks of Chairman Lantos at hearing, “South America and the United States: How to Fix a Broken Relationship
For the past six years, as the United States has focused attention on far-away crises, we have largely ignored our own neighborhood. Now we are paying for it dearly with a severe loss of influence and prestige. The administration put South America somewhere slightly ahead of Antarctica on its priority list. Now, under our very noses, our neighbors are staging a mini-revolt.
We should have seen this coming. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has recently stepped into the breach, but until she arrived, the administration’s utter abdication of Latin America policy created a gaping power vacuum in the Western hemisphere. The sense of a firm regional partnership and warm relations from the 1990s evaporated long ago and we have been playing defense ever since.
Into this regional power vacuum stepped Hugo Chavez of Venezuela. His anti-Americanism could not have come at a worse time for our relationship with our neighbors to the south. Chavez jets off to visit the most reprehensible despots in the world – in North Korea, in Iran, in Cuba – probably just because they have been identified by the United States as rogue regimes. He signs arms deals with these and other countries in a quest to militarize Venezuela to the teeth for no discernable purpose. And he makes friends with despicable perpetrators of violence: Ahmadinejad in Iran, Nasrallah of Hezbollah in Lebanon, Assad of Syria, and the late Holocaust denier Norberto Ceresole of Argentina. I am deeply disturbed that anti-Semitism is on the rise under Chavez, accompanied by support for Islamic terrorist groups.
With his own people, Chavez angles toward his own brand of authoritarianism. Chaotic, retributive land seizures in Venezuela have led to violence, injustice, and crop shortages. Recently, Chavez crossed yet another dangerous line: curtailing freedom of the press. He closed the independent television station RCTV in a bid to consolidate power and squelch opposition. An international backlash and ongoing student protests seem only to have emboldened him. No sooner did he shut down RCTV than he threatened to do the same with Globovision, the last remaining TV channel he does not yet control.
Confounding the problem is the gutless response of the Organization of American States, which held its General Assembly days after the closing of RCTV and could not muster the courage to express even a word of concern. Adding salt to this ulcerating sore, OAS Secretary General Insulza just days later practically ripped up and tossed away the hemisphere’s main pro-democracy instrument, the Inter-American Democratic Charter, saying he doesn’t believe it should be used to pressure OAS member states. This whole episode is a stark reminder that the United States can no longer even mobilize the regional body established to address this sort of outrageous maneuver by Chavez.
The sapping of U.S. influence in this region has had wide-ranging ripple effects. In Chavez’s shadow and with his oil money, the democracies in Ecuador and Bolivia are becoming increasingly undemocratic. Both countries have recently turned on their own media, and both are in the process of altering their constitutions. In Paraguay, we hear similar echoes.
Argentina is in many ways living in its past and grapples daily with the shadow of its 2001 economic collapse. President Kirchner’s government has presided over a significant turnaround – with more than eight percent annual growth over the past three years – but he seems to listen to Mr. Chavez’s advice with alarming regularity.
There are governments in the region that are strongly democratic. These countries ought to step into the vacuum and re-claim regional leadership from Chavez. Brazil and Chile, with two strong and visionary leaders, are the standouts. Peru and Uruguay also hold considerable promise.
Colombia is on the list of standouts as well, and President Uribe has made significant strides in providing security for his people. But his troubles at home are significant, with corruption and the drug trade all too powerful. He has more than enough problems to keep him busy without saddling him with the heavy lifting in the region that used to be the role of the United States.
All of these countries show that responsible governments can and should boost economic growth and reduce inequality without enacting authoritarian policies. Our ability to shepherd them into the power void will go a long way toward reestablishing our positive influence in South America.
We have ignored South America as a partner for far too long. We have allowed Chavez to define us to our neighbors. That must stop before we reach a point of no return, a South America where most national leaders resort to the political expedients of coercion and authoritarianism. We share central values with the rest of the region: democracy, open markets, and free speech.
Secretary Rice has tried to provide, as one commentator put it, “adult supervision” to our Latin America policy since she arrived at the State Department. So there are seeds of hope.
I urge the Administration, and the next administration, to put South America at the top of the priority list and move us into the leadership vacuum the Administration created.
Permalink: https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/2007/6/opening-remarks-chairman-lantos-hearing-south-america-and-united-states-how-fix
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ACPL Director talks with Fort Wayne’s NBC Anchor Tom Powell
Focused on the Fort, News, Top Stories
FORT WAYNE, Ind. (Fort Wayne’s NBC) – Fort Wayne’s NBC sat down with ACPL Director Greta Southard to talk about the public relations plan we recently obtained and to discuss how she plans to move forward with weeding and collection management, now that the board has adopted a new policy and new guidelines. Her responses to our questions, and reaction from Kim Fenoglio, are included in the video above.
Previous Reporting: June 6, 2019
FORT WAYNE, Ind. (Fort Wayne’s NBC) – Fort Wayne’s NBC has uncovered a document through a public records request which shows the Allen County Public Library used what their public relations team called “containment tactics” to deal with what it viewed as “frustrating” coverage and public reaction to its policies and procedures regarding book weeding.
The “Public Relations Plan” was drafted after the Journal Gazette ran an article on December 23, 2018, and an opinion/editorial piece in January of 2019.
Under the “Goals” section the plan reads:
“Admittedly, the coverage and reaction (such as it is) have been frustrating. However, because there has been no actual wrongdoing on the part of the ACPL, our goals are related to Education and Containment, as opposed to Reputation Risk Management.”
You can read the document obtained by Fort Wayne’s NBC News here:
Fort Wayne’s NBC News sent an email to the ACPL asking several questions regarding the newly uncovered public relations plan.
Stephanny Smith, the public employee who is paid by your tax dollars to facilitate public communication, told Fort Wayne’s NBC Anchor Tom Powell, “the community’s concerns have been heard and addressed in multiple ways, including the March 27, 2019, public meeting; monthly Board of Trustees meetings; the written responses delivered by the Trustees to the community on April 30, 2019; public tours of the library’s spaces; and media interviews.”
She also responded by saying that FWNBC’s “current line of inquiry moves this conversation backward” and denied our request for an on-camera interview with Director Greta Southard to address concerns raised by members of the community after parts of the public relations plan first became public.
Alarmed by missing books and empty shelves, library regular and Kim Fenoglio initially raised concerns about book weeding and started a petition.
She believes the current leadership’s direction has lead to a large scale downsize of its collection.
RELATED: Book weeding moratorium continues after public meeting as ACPL agrees to answer more questions
Greta Southard, Director of the Allen County Public Library
During a previous interview with Fort Wayne’s NBC, Director Southard took issue with the phrase “large-scale downsize.”
We found the phrase used in the description of a presentation her staff gave at a 2018 industry conference.
“I don’t control the words everyone always uses,” Southard says. “If they use the words ‘large-scale downsize,’ we did not say we want to eliminate “X” number of books by “X” point in time.”
We showed Fenoglio the newly uncovered document which lays out the public relations plan.
She responded with the following statement:
“This PR plan is a clear example of how the director’s entire approach has been about SPIN and not about engaging with the community or explaining the loss of 1.4 million books. Ms. Southard and her administration have had an agenda from the start that had nothing to do with honoring the legacy of the ACPL collection or the taxpayers who fund it, which is why everything she has done has happened under the cover of night. Once she was caught, her PR team has spent all their time working to “contain it.” It is, frankly, nauseating and goes miles in showing Ms. Southard’s disdain for the truth and the public’s right to it. She is much more concerned with saying she is listening than with actually listening.”
When asked whether the library director and board have adequately answered the public’s concerns, Fenoglio responded:
“While we are grateful for the board-mandated actions taken to protect the collection and to address the work environment for staff, we do not feel that all of the questions asked by the public have been answered. “We don’t know” is not an acceptable answer. Because of this continued lack of transparency on the part of the director, we remain concerned. It is disconcerting to think about the director engaging with a PR team on a containment plan so quickly after the discarding of the books came to light. It signals to us that she is not truly on board with the will of the public she serves. Rather, she is concerned with making this go away as quickly as possible so she can get back to implementing her vision for our library.”
Stephanny Smith, Community Engagement Manager for the Allen County Public Library
When asked why library leadership decided it needed to “contain the story to the Journal Gazette” the library’s spokesman, Smith, responded by email saying:
“False information was being reported. The entire communications plan was centered on sharing a complete picture to our community and staff on how collection management has been carried out in the Allen County Public Library system. It is worth noting the following goal included in that plan: ‘Increase internal and external understanding of collection management process.'”
Smith did not answer a follow-up question asking for specific examples of false information being reported.
Tom Powell
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Screengrab via Netflix.
by Emma Specter
Mar 13 2019, 5:53pm
Revisiting the Art World References of 'The L Word'
Remember that S1 Catherine Opie cameo?
The L Word is soon to rise from the grave after being off the air for almost exactly ten years, but its import has barely flagged among the women-who-love-women contingent, many of whom have been so starved for representation for so long that we're forced to stare at a slightly fuzzy snapshot of queer life that dates back to the Bush administration. (N.B.: "The Bush Administration" would be a great name for a lesbian bar.)
Was the show often confusing, cheesy and over the top? Absolutely.
Was Jenny a monster? Sure.
Was the show a prescient glimpse into L.A.'s burgeoning art scene? Hard yes!
The locus of The L Word's engagement with the Los Angeles art world largely comes courtesy of Bette, the pantsuit-shrouded, take-no-prisoner director of the fictional California Arts Center and eventual Dean of the School of the Arts at CU. Bette's taste in art tended toward the avant-garde, especially for the early 2000s, and explored the question that generations of RISD students have filed sleepily into fluorescent-lit lecture halls to address: what is art?
Through Bette's work, The L Word was able to firmly establish art as one of its many recurring themes; as Margaret McFadden writes in her essay "'L" Is For Looking Again: Art and Representation on The L Word," the show "makes visible and critiques the kinds of stereotypical and objectifying portrayals of women and of queers that are normative in US culture—in both popular cultural forms like Hollywood film and pornography, and high cultural forms like painting, sculpture, art photography, and experimental video." Let's take a trip down memory lane with some of The L Word's greatest forays into the art world, shall we?
Catherine Opie's cameo.
Photographer Catherine Opie has devoted decades to capturing gay life and sexual identity on film, photographing everything from drag kings to L.A.'s leather dyke community; her work exists within the L Word-verse from the show's outset, with images from her first solo show appearing in the show's opening credits.
In a flashback to Bette and Tina's first meeting in S1E12, Tina's boyfriend of the moment (what a chump!) brings her to Bette's gallery opening, asking Bette, "How would Catherine Opie feel about us blowing up that print there to about five-by-six feet?", indicating one of the signature Opie portraits that hangs on the wall. "Why don't you ask her yourself? She's right over there," Bette responds, indicating Opie standing nearby. Opie doesn't get any lines in the episode, but her presence automatically puts the show in conversation with Opie's legacy of overtly sexual, unapologetically queer work.
The Jesus sex video.
S1E10, "Luck Next Time," opens with a woman being—let's not dance around it—fucked by Jesus Christ himself, as we pan out to reveal that the whole thing is being videotaped for an art piece.
Over at the CAC, Bette is aglow. "Look at her face. She's searching for feeling. It's like she's longing for faith, she'd do anything to get it, to feel it," Bette whispers breathlessly, adding, "I love this work." Then, of course, a flower delivery guy comes in and passes judgment on the work, because straight white men have been ruining art since the dawn of time.
The "Provocations" art show.
In the S1 finale, the much-discussed "Provocations" art show that ignited a season's worth of controversy in The L Word-land finally goes up at the CAC and instantly becomes a site of protest from the Christian right, likely because of its overt sexuality (Catherine Opie's self-mutilation? Jesus copulating? Images of bound, nude men engaging in S&M? Pretty controversial stuff for 2004!)
Lisa Yuskavage's name-check.
"Jesus, you lived with that?" asks Tina's lesbian feminist lawyer, Joyce Wischnia, as she takes in the nude, candy-thonged Lisa Yuskavage hanging on Bette and Tina's wall while she and Tina tour the house in preparation for a court case. "She's one of Bette's favorite painters," Tina explains, rushing to add that Bette bought the piece before Yuskavage got famous—so hipster! Wischnia doesn't really care, she just snaps a photo of the painting in order to enter it as "community property."
Bette's Kiki Smith prints.
Smith, described by NPR as "something of an elder stateswoman for younger woman artists," is referenced as the first artist whose work Bette ever collected. After Bette loses her job at the CAC at the end of Season 2, Season 3 sees her trying to provide for her new family by auctioning off her personal art collection; she considers parting with "one of my Mapplethorpes," but draws a line at her Kiki Smith prints, explaining that they were the first in her collection.
"Core" by Jodi Lerner.
In S5E12, Bette's jilted ex-lover Jodi Lerner (played by Marlee Matlin) debuts an immersive audio-visual installation that consists entirely of Bette onscreen, sending her trademark mixed messages: "Leave me alone," "Fuck me," "Go without me," et cetera. This comes as a major shock to Bette and her friends, but hey, it's a valuable lesson never to screw over an artist!
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WALSH CONTRACTORS LIMITED (in liquidation)
Notice of Intention to Remove Company From the Register
Pursuant to Section 320(2) of the Companies Act 1993
Notice is hereby given that, pursuant to section 318(1)(e) of the Companies Act 1993, the Registrar will be removing the above-named company from the Register on the grounds that the liquidator has completed his duties.
The liquidator has delivered to the Registrar the documents referred to in section 257 of the Companies Act 1993.
Any objections to the removal, under section 321 of the Companies Act 1993, must be delivered to the Registrar by 5 March 2015.
PAUL SARGISON, Joint Liquidator.
The Registered Office of the Company is Situated at: Gerry Rea Partners, 7th Floor, Southern Cross Building, 59 High Street, Auckland.
Companies Act Removals
Principal Edition, 12 February 2015
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Hafod estate cave, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK
Photo gallery to an article Best places to visit in the UK – 55 Amazing Places You Must Visit!
Hafod estate cave, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by Jonny White
Bristol, Best places to visit in the UK by Michiel Jelijs
The Lake District, Best places to visit in the UK by Robert J Heath
Bath, Best places to visit in the UK by Sean McNulty
South Dorset, Best places to visit in the UK by Mark Towning
Brighton, England, Best places to visit in the UK by Peta Chow
Sudeley Castle, Cotswolds, England, Best places to visit in the UK by Karen Roe
London, England, Best places to visit in the UK by SoWhat
Cambridge, England, Best places to visit in the UK by Kosala Bandara
Harbour at Whitstable, England, Best places to visit in the UK by Matt Brown
New Forest, England, Best places to visit in the UK by davidgsteadman
Dartmouth, Devon, England, Best places to visit in the UK by Adam Court
Margate, England, Best places to visit in the UK by John Lord
Alnwick Castle, England, Best places to visit in the UK by Smudge 9000
Sheffield, England, Best places to visit in the UK by Carl Mueller
Micklegate – York, England, Best places to visit in the UK By Harry Mitchell [CC BY 3.0], from Wikimedia Commons
Southwold, Suffolk, England, Best places to visit in the UK by Roger Blackwell
Oxford, England, Best places to visit in the UK by Bill Tyne
Nottingham, England, Best places to visit in the UK by Martin Pettitt
The Isle of Skye, Scotland, Best places to visit in the UK by john mcsporran
Glen Coe, Scotland, Best places to visit in the UK by john mcsporran
Loch Lomond, Scotland, Best places to visit in the UK by Matt Gilbert
Bealach na Ba, Scotland, Best places to visit in the UK by Christian Kadluba
Orkney – Ring of Brodgar, Scotland, Best places to visit in the UK by Greg Willis
Edinburgh, Scotland, Best places to visit in the UK by János Korom Dr.
Rannoch Moor, Scotland, Best places to visit in the UK by john mcsporran
Ullapool, Scotland, Best places to visit in the UK by travelmag.com
Dunnottar Castle, Scotland, Best places to visit in the UK by Nick Bramhall
Snowdonia, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by Hefin Owen
Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by Phil Dolby
Wales by Rail, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by Peter Trimming
Caernarfon Castle, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by Hefin Owen
Conwy, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by Hefin Owen
The Blue Lagoon, Abereiddy, Pembrokeshire, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by Phil Dolby
Portmeirion, Snowdonia National Park, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by Scott Wylie
Summer at Bodnant, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by paul_p!
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Llangollen Canal, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by Arpingstone
Beaumaris castle, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by bvi4092
Llandudno, Wales, Best places to visit in the UK by andrew james
Giant’s Causeway, Northern Ireland, Best places to visit in the UK by jamie_okeefe
Stonehenge, England, Best places to visit in the UK by KaosKitten1
Liverpool, England, Best places to visit in the UK By The original uploader was Chowells at English Wikipedia. (Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Newcastle upon Tyne, England, Best places to visit in the UK By Hans Peter Schaefer, http://www.reserv-a-rt.de [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Cornwall, England, Best places to visit in the UK By Keven Law from Los Angeles, USA (At the end of the Universe..:O)) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Manchester, England, Best places to visit in the UK By Mark Andrew. (Manchester town hall.) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Isle of Mull, Scotland, Best places to visit in the UK By DeFacto [CC BY-SA 4.0], from Wikimedia Commons
Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge, Best places to visit in the UK by David Jones
Titanic Belfast, Best places to visit in the UK by Nico Kaiser
Dunluce Castle, Best places to visit in the UK by John5199
Old Bushmills Distillery, Best places to visit in the UK by Yves Cosentino
Belfast, Best places to visit in the UK by Les Haines
Mussenden Temple, Best places to visit in the UK by Steve Cadman
Carrickfergus Castle, Best places to visit in the UK by Richard Luney
Dark Hedges, Best places to visit in the UK by Ronald van der Graaf
Marble Arch Caves, Best places to visit in the UK by Andrew Muir
25 Best Places to Visit in Austria
Cities in Spain – 25 of the Best Cities and Towns to visit in Spain
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Kid Ink United States
Covered from head to toe in tattoos, 27 year-old Los Angeles-based rapper Kid Ink is wrecking havoc on the streets and in cyber world. The Rapper/Producer/Songwriter/Tattoo Aficionado has over 60 Million + hits on YouTube with standout tracks, “I Just Want It All” “Time Of Your Life,” “Run This” and “Keep It Rollin’ & “Hell & Back.” Having spent the majority of the early part of his career behind the control board and not the mic
Summer in the Winter
Bossin' Up
Fuck Sleep
Murda
My Own Lane
Full Speed
Up & Away
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why didn't Double Fine jump the retro style game train?
By animaniac, June 17, 2012 in DFA: Discussion and Feedback
animaniac
gemini rue, lone survivor, home, superbrothers... pixellated games seem to be all the rage these days (for my greatest pleasure) and become hits by focusing on the mood and story rather than graphics.
why hasn't Double Fine developed such a game? considering Ron Gilbert's and Tim Schafer's backgrounds, fans would have rushed to buy a game in the style of Lucasarts games. Sure, the Double Fine Adventure could fit this description, but the aim seemed to be a more developed art style from the start.
could it be because Double Fine preferred to focus on 3D, major games? and do you think Double Fine could develop games in the style of monkey island or day of the tentacle, and market them for a few bucks?
BigWhoop
Total Action Forum Master
Tim Schafer said he didn't want DFA to be an adventure game museum but the team wants to develop the genre further. I think doing a pixelated game would be one step backwards and maybe this "new" adventure game will increase the popularity of adventure games again.
glenfx
Sr. Action Poster
I wouldnt have backed DF if they were going to make an old school pixelated game.
I love all the old lucas arts games and play them at least once or twice a year but that's mostly because im used to them and nostalgia, but i wouldnt want to play a new game today with old looking graphics.
HonoreMike
I'm sure they thought about it, but they probably felt that it might not fit with what they wanted to do. A lot of consideration goes into the overall feel of a game, art aesthetics is one of those things. It's a game by game process how things turn out artistically as they want each game to have its own unique look and feel to it. I don't think it's because they wanted to focus on 3d games, it's because they found an artistic look that they felt meshed well with the game idea that they're making. They could probably do games artistically like Monkey Island or Day of the Tentacle but again it comes down to what they feel works well with the current game they're working on.
There is often also a reason why those games go for old school pixellated look and that is money.
It is allot cheaper making an old school pixellated game then going full HD resolution.
Frogacuda
Although there is a certain impressionistic quality to pixel art that has its charm, it's really more the nostalgia factor that appeals to people, and I think Tim didn't want to sacrifice whatever aesthetic vision he and the artists had for the sake of nostalgia.
I think ultimately Tim had this idea in his head for a game that would look like a Nathan Stapley painting and pixel art is simply not the best way to achieve that. I think he wants to make something that looks as good as a 2D game can with the resources they have.
I love pixel art. I use it in the games I make and I like games that have it. But I think it would have been a massive mistake to use it in this project. As well as everything else that this project is, it's a chance to show the world that you can make a graphic adventure game that feels like the old games in the important ways but is nevertheless a modern game made with modern tools and all the advantages they bring to a production.
Of course, Double Fine isn't the only company making high-res adventure games right now, but they're certainly the highest-profile example, and if the end result of this project was a game that looked like it could have been made 15-20 years ago, I think that would have sent the wrong message. It would have been seen as an admission that this type of game only appeals via nostalgia, and it would have been open to criticism that a game which raised over 3 million dollars looked like it was made with decades old tech.
I kind of see this game as a little glimpse of what 2D LucasArts adventures might have looked like today if they'd continued to make them.
Psychomaster
"retro" style games are pretty modern, really. I think nostalgia has perverted the idea of pixel art, most games back in the day didn't have giant blocky characters.
http://i.imgur.com/ESehC.jpg
Stylistic choice plays a big part in it, but I do think pixely "retro" art is mostly used for reasons like budget constraints or lack of drawing skills.
That being said, I think Gemini Rue is retro done right. That game looks fantastic
ET3D
Double Fine is trying to move games forward, not backward.
Double Fine is making an old-school adventure game.
Also, let me quote what a wise man once said (yeah... it was me ):
"see it this way too: there's a point in stepping back sometimes. Progress often looks linear when you look back, like the way things happened was the only possible one. Adventure games have evolved a certain way since the 90s but going back on that time and observing it in relation with everything we know today, trying to see how much of it is relevant as new think and not merely as a 'museum piece', might reveal alternative paths that were hidden until now. We may end up seeing that things could have evolved differently 10 years ago and we may find such pats worth exploring. You will find the strongest tree branches closest to the ground so sometimes in order to really change your direction you need to stop climbing and start descending"
Sword & Sworcery for example, might be pixelated but its overall style feels nothing like a 90s game.
But I suppose the answer on why they didn't use such a style in this case is because they decided that it wasn't appropriate fr what they had in mind.
Perhaps so, you but what better reason? I have the choice between hiring a great artist to do my art, and which I can't afford, and doing it in high resolution,and which I am not technically skilled enough to make it look good, or use pixellated graphics which I am technically skilled enough to make look good. It's a no-brainer for me.
As a player I really don't see the appeal of pixel art. I can understand it from a game creator POV, but I don't think I'd ever prefer it over good higher res art.
I agree. I certainly could make okay looking pixel art games that I never would be able to with "real" art. I suppose DF just has enough art talent that there's no need for this.
Well, both are right, since they´re trying to move the old-school adventure genre forwards. If you´ll look at games like Gemini Rue, there´s nothing new or fresh about that at all, while DF seem to be thinking a lot about how to evolve gameplay mechanics in point&click; adventure, and adding modern 2D graphics to it.
I'm not arguing against that, I'll just note that Gemini Rue used (mostly) established genre conventions to present one of the most intriguing stories I've ever seen in a game. So since their focus was somewhere else, and it worked well, it was the proper approach. You don't have to revolutionize everything, you need to maintain some familiar elements so that you won't alienate the audience you want to communicate with.
looking back at day of the tentacle, they had really succeeded at making animations that felt like cartoons and not just sprites.I never felt this playing telltale games, even the 2D ones (I never played Grim Fandango). I really wonder how a 2D game make by the DOTT team would look like today.
another very interesting alternative is Ghost trick: it's not using sprites, it's using unshaded 3D models. combined with the pixellated resolution, it feels like perfectly animated sprites, and it looks AWESOME!
ironically, the DF game in the last humble bundle was psychonauts, a 3D big budget game, among almost exclusively retro stule games! even more ironic is the game Host master, playable from the DF home page, which would be the perfect template for a full retro style game.
You don´t have to revolutionize, but if you feel confident that you can do both that and deliver a satisfying gaming experience to the fans of the genre, I think you should go for that. I mean, everything we´ve seen so far from the documentaries is DF going back to the old games to see what worked and what didn´t worked, so I can´t see that this is them throwing away too much of the familiar elements.
Personally it's good that DF is doing old schoold game with modern take on art and gameplay. The indie adventures using pixelated art are fine for what they are, but I've noted the with the art style the developers usually end up repeating all the design mistakes made in the past as well. They can't get over the old school in order to make the games actually better in design and gameplay, which is something DF at least intends to make better while staying true to the point and click genre.
jezzanotabelle
I don't get the appeal of pixel art, I knew it was a risk backing the project but was super happy when they showed it wasn't going to be.
Yeah, it's about reclaiming some of what we lost. Although I do think there's a need to reevaluate the genre and try different things.
Part of why adventure games died is because:
A) They couldn't really find their footing in 3D, and 3D adventures were either only superficially distinct from 2D adventures, or they were actually clumsier and worse.
B) They never really evolved much after a certain point.
The possible exception to this was the Tex Murphy games which had branching story-lines, context sensitive verbs, and a functioning 3D world that could be explored freely. Most of these innovations are still really uncommon in the genre, let along anything new SINCE then.
All we've done since then is try to take things away. Take away verbs, take away inventory combination, take away the ability to explore freely... Basically just a race to find how "dumb" is perfect for today's gamer. I think it was really a mistake.
I'm off topic, I know.
Ekaros
Super Action Beard
Pixel art and hi-res art need different but partly overlaping skill set.
Still, I'm not sure good pixel-art is much cheaper than good hi(/medium)-res 2D art. They both need time.
Also pixel art was done because technology had limitations and you had to work hard to over come those...
takarayama
The pixellated graphics of the old LucasArts games were not because they were trying to set a style. It was simply because computers weren't as powerful then as they are now (I can't believe I need to say this ;P).
I'm not in any way putting down games with pixellated graphics, though. I think they can be just as good as games with higher resolution art. I'm, personally, looking forward to playing Resonance when it's released on the 19th.
With all the talented and capable people working at Double Fine, I think it would be a mistake to go with pixellated graphics for DFA.
It was simply because computers weren't as powerful then as they are now (I can't believe I need to say this ;P).
say that to my netbook... I have a hp 311c that can run telltale games perfectly, but for some reason some 2D games are really slow. braid, super meat boy and binding of isaac were almost unplayable for example. so yes, this design choice is not only cosmetic, the low price plus the compatibility with all devices ensures the widest audience.
Because they had a different aesthetic vision for the game. Jumping on whatever visual bandwagon is in-fashion at the time is worth it only if you literally have no other visual concept you want to run with.
Let's face it, when have Double Fine ever been associated with chasing after the latest fad or following the crowd?
Thalesnm
Sometimes I feel "retro" style is an excuse for lazy design. Ex: Mutant Mudds.
DF Chris Remo
Ronnie James Dio
I definitely love good pixel art, and I know tons of my coworkers at Double Fine do too. There's certainly no reason we couldn't explore that style some day! For this project though, it was pretty important to make something that feels forward-looking even while it retains the key parts of what makes classic adventure games great. I think most adventure fans would agree that it wasn't the pixel art that was the fundamental thing that made those games great, even if that art was often wonderful. Pixel art was used in all kinds of genres, whereas the notion of controlling a strongly-defined player character through an engrossing story and engaging puzzles, with fleshed-out dialogue and narrative, largely at the player's own pace--those are the things that were most unique to the great adventure games, and the things we're looking to recapture.
Also, on a separate note, it was important that the amazing artists we have working on this game were able to do plenty of experimentation to arrive at a style that is expressive for them and that works with the project as a whole, rather than simply handing down an already-decided category of art. There will be a lot more updates about that specific process yet to come!
Starker
President of Popularity
...the notion of controlling a strongly-defined player character through an engrossing story and engaging puzzles, with fleshed-out dialogue and narrative, largely at the player's own pace--those are the things that were most unique to the great adventure games...
Yes! Also, I would add to that a rich and interesting world to explore and the ability to change that world, sometimes in unexpected ways. Example: one of the most satisfying parts of Quest for Glory IV was the way your actions had an effect on the village, even if (or maybe because) the results were occasionally bittersweet.
I do like cool retro/pixel art styles, but I feel games like S:S&S EP, and Fez, and a bunch of other games, pretty much nailed it and is no need to add one more game like that--for us. At least, I couldn't think of something new to add there.
The question is, what is really "retro?" At the time we made those games in the 90s, we were not making pixelated art because we though it was cool. Our artists were making the best-looking art that was technically possible! So in order to be true to the spirit of that era, we should make the best-looking art that is technically possible now.
Also, I really like Bagel's art style and I want to make a game that looks like his paintings.
nazareadain
I'm in no position of asking for favours, but still, if you're going to have flashback scenes at any point, could you consider using pixel art? I've found it amusing when people use a certain eras visual style to represent when it was, such as grayscale, sepia tint, technicolor oversaturation, grainy etc.
With all the talk about choosing a visual style, have you considered using 2? one for the girl one for the boy, and have them overlap the "closer" they get? or maybe more to reflect their change? I suppose that you have, though I'm more curious about why and why not.
Yeah, part of what's important to me about these adventure game kickstarters that are popping up is that we want to say that adventure gaming is more than just a relic of the past to occasionally be put on display, but that it should be a legitimate, ongoing part of the gaming landscape that we were wrong to leave behind in the first place.
If high quality adventure games were more commonplace in 2012, a pixely one might be a charming throwback. But right now I want to see a bunch of people out there making the best looking, best sounding, best playing adventure games that they can, and I want them to reach as many people as possible. This is our chance to bring something back.
Like a boss!
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Country no. 49 on my World Karaoke Tour: avoiding the wrath of Genghis Khan in Mongolia
Me in front of the equestrian statue of Genghis Khan, about 34 miles outside of Ulaanbaatar.
Not every mass-murderer gets an international airport named after him. But Genghis Khan wasn’t a run-of-the-mill genocidal dictator. He was a larger-than-life figure whose massive empire was the precursor to modern-day Mongolia, and who’s therefore regarded by Mongolians as kind of a founding father of their country and accorded commensurate respect. The fact that tens of millions of people died as a direct result of his commands – some as casualties in wars that were fought in his name, and some being outright murdered in extermination campaigns that he initiated – doesn’t detract from the esteem in which he’s held in Mongolia today.
In June 2017, I visited Mongolia’s capital, Ulanabaatar, as well as a couple of areas outside the city. As well, I sought to make Mongolia the 49th country on my World Karaoke Tour, after singing in Nepal and Bhutan during the preceding week and a half. Here’s the story of how my visit went.
Background: a little bit about Genghis Khan
Initially, it must be noted that Genghis Khan – or Chinggis Khaan, as Mongolians refer to him – was not the actual name of the medieval warlord who led the Mongol hordes; that moniker is an honorific meaning “Supreme Ruler.” When he entered this world in 1162, his birth name was Temujin. Although, I have to admit that “Temujin” doesn’t sound nearly as badass as Genghis Khan. 🙂
Regardless of what you call him, Genghis has his defenders and was admittedly a complicated figure. In recent years, some historians have attempted to rehabilitate his image, seeking to contextualize the massive body count that resulted from his policies. For example, this video hails him as a unifier of rival clans. It also asserts that many of the cities that Genghis destroyed only met that fate when they rebelled after surrendering to him – as if their refusal to meekly submit to a warlord’s conquest could justify such wholesale slaughter. As you might have guessed, I don’t go along with the revisionist whitewashing of Genghis’s legacy. In my view, notwithstanding the purported justifications for his conduct, Genghis ranks on a short list of the most brutal and murderous people in history. And that doesn’t even include the melee he incited in a southern California shopping mall in the late 20th century. 🙂
Yet in May 2017, to enter Mongolia, I flew into an airport that proudly bears his name. I mean, what’s next? Pol Pot International Airport in Cambodia? Josef Stalin International Airport in Russia? Adolf Hitler International Airport in Germany? Vlad the Impaler International Airport in Romania?
The airport that serves as the main gateway to Mongolia is named after one of history’s most prolific mass-murderers.
After you step off the plane, one of the first things you see in the airport is the name of a real bad hombre.
For all the controversy over how to evaluate his actions, his signal accomplishment is undisputable and impressive: Genghis helped build the largest contiguous empire the world has ever seen. Stretching all the way from the Pacific Ocean to western Asia, his domain covered some 5.2 million square miles at the time of his death in 1227. (His grandson Kublai Khan expanded the size of the empire to about 9.1 million square miles, and extended its western boundaries to central Europe. While the British Empire at its peak contained possessions with land areas aggregating to the astonishing total of 13.01 million square miles, those possessions weren’t all physically connected to each other.) Modern-day Mongolia occupies a relatively small portion of the Mongol Empire’s former territory – just under 605,000 square miles, ranking it 18th among the world’s nations in land area. (The exact figure varies slightly, depending on which source you consult.)
Ulaanbaatar: where the people are
A view of downtown Ulaanbaatar from my hotel room.
Of the 193 member states of the United Nations, Mongolia is the least densely-populated; as of 2016 it counted slightly more than 3 million inhabitants, which works out to just under 5.1 residents per square mile. (Monaco, the most densely populated nation, averages 18,589 persons per square mile.) But that figure actually understates how sparsely peopled Mongolia is. The capital city, Ulaanbaatar (sometimes Anglicized to Ulan Bator), is home to nearly 1.4 million citizens, or roughly 45% of the population of the entire country. That means that outside of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia averages a paltry 2.7 or so inhabitants per square mile. Its sprawling steppes and other forbidding terrain create endless stretches of desolation. Most of my visit to Mongolia was spent in Ulaanbaatar.
Genghis Khan was no square
At the heart of Mongolia’s capital is Grand Chinggis Khaan Square, the name of which reflects yet another posthumous honour bestowed on Genghis. On the day that I visited the square, a festival was being held there in celebration of International Children’s Day; this caused the plaza to be much more crowded than usual.
Looking down on Grand Chinggis Khaan Square from an adjacent shopping mall. On International Children’s Day, the square was swarming with people.
Some buildings along Grand Chinggis Khaan Square.
Here are a couple of videos depicting some of the activities that were held in and around the square on International Children’s Day:
One form of entertainment that I didn’t witness during my foray to the square is the throat singing that’s a distinctive aspect of Mongolian musical culture. Here’s a YouTube video I found that shows an outstanding example of the art form of throat singing:
Marco Polo slept here (or did he?)
Speaking of the local culture in what’s now Mongolia, one unanswerable question is whether Marco Polo, the great Venetian explorer, ever came across any of it in person. Polo famously wrote about meeting Genghis’s grandson, Kublai Khan, and claimed to have become a confidant to Kublai and to have served as an envoy on his behalf. In the present day, Polo is perhaps even more renowned for giving his name to a game that’s popular in swimming pools. 🙂 The most legendary visitor to the Mongol Empire is immortalized via a statue in front of the mall that’s next to Grand Chinggis Khaan Square:
The statue of Marco Polo near Grand Chinggis Khaan Square. This monument was erected in 2012.
However, the reverence for Marco Polo that inspired this statue may be based on a lie. Historians dispute whether Polo, a notorious fabulist and embellisher, ever actually visited China or any part of the Mongol Empire — let alone entered Kublai Khan’s life. It’s entirely possible that the two men never even met. But whether or not Polo’s tale of becoming Kublai’s BFF is to be believed, he has his statue in Ulaanbaatar. And you can still play his eponymous game of tag in swimming pools. 🙂
A Buddhist monastery in east Asia; who’d have thought?
Ulaanbaatar isn’t exactly a tourist mecca, which suited me just fine. When I go somewhere, I don’t need 285 TripAdvisor-listed attractions to choose from. One site that I did enjoy hitting up in the Mongolian capital was the Gandantegchinlen Khiid Monastery, often referred to as the Gandan Monastery. It offered me the novel opportunity, which I’d never previously experienced in my East Asian travels, of entering a Buddhist temple with Buddhas inside. 🙂 The centerpiece of the Gandan complex is the Temple of Boddhisattva Avalokiteshvara:
The Temple of Boddhisattva Avalokiteshvara at the Gandantegchinlen Khiid Monastery.
Inside that temple stands a 26.5-meter-high gold and copper statue of Avalokiteshvara, a boddhisatva who “embodies the compassion of all Buddhas.” (Source: Wikipedia, because I’m too lazy to conduct the in-depth research I would require to understand the concept of boddhisatvas and how Avalokiteshavra fits in. 🙂 ) It’s the tallest indoor statue in the world, and was completed in 1996. (A previous version of the statue was destroyed in 1938 by the Communists who then controlled Mongolia.) Also in the temple are two common accoutrements of Buddhist houses of worship: some prayer wheels, and scores of miniature Buddhas in recessed niches.
Inside the Temple of Boddhisattva Avalokiteshvara. The statue visible here is not the towering statue of the temple’s namesake.
The gigantic statue of Temple of Boddhisattva Avalokiteshvara in the temple that bears his name. This photo doesn’t do the statue justice, as it doesn’t convey just how imposing it appears in person.
Hitchhiking for tögrögs
While most of Mongolia consists of wide-open spaces where people and motorized transportation are few and far between, vehicular traffic in Ulaanbaatar is heavily congested. But despite that city’s profusion of automobiles, taxis can be extremely difficult to find there. Hailing one on the street is well-nigh impossible. And don’t even think about asking whether Uber is available in Mongolia. 🙂 However, a market-oriented solution has arisen to help folks get around the city without driving themselves. If you need a ride, you stand at the side of the road with your hand upraised. Before long, a random driver will stop to offer you a lift. When you reach your destination, you ask the driver how much he wants. Or, in the case of one motorist from whom I procured transportation who didn’t speak English (To communicate my destination to him, I showed him a photo of my hotel, as well as its name written in Mongolian), you hand him a sum of cash while being prepared to go higher. In that instance, I handed my driver 2,000 tögrögs (equivalent to about 80 cents U.S.!) at the end of my approximately one-kilometer ride, and he gladly accepted it. Evidently, the cost of living in Ulaanbaatar is quite low.
The system I’m describing can be characterized as hitchhiking for money. It may seem somewhat risky for the passenger, just as hitchhiking was in its heyday in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s; what if the person who pulls over for you is an axe-murderer? Or what if your ride ends up like the time when a rogue taxi driver picked me up in Mexico City in 2011? (Keep in mind, though, that in a hitchhiking scenario, the driver is taking a similar risk by welcoming a potential robber or killer into her car.)
Still, while stranger danger can’t be discounted, in my experience the system in Ulaanbaatar works. Admittedly, in my case it helped that both of the solo rides that I took in random cars were confined to a relatively small part of the central city; and I had a pre-planned exit strategy to which I could resort if needed. In each instance, I knew the route back to my hotel, and the automobile wasn’t equipped with power door locks; so if the driver diverged from the correct path, I was prepared to jump out at the next stoplight. But it never came to that.
Genghis on a horse
One of my favourite things I saw in Mongolia was a gargantuan statue of Genghis Khan astride a horse. The Mongols under Genghis were known for the formidability of their cavalry; it’s been observed that they elevated horsemanship to an art, and Genghis himself said, “It is easy to conquer the world from the back of a horse.” In 2008, Mongolia unveiled a stainless-steel statue of Genghis on horseback about 34 miles east of Ulaanbaatar, at a spot where Genghis reputedly found a golden whip. Rising 131 feet above its base, it’s the tallest equestrian statue on the planet. Yes, the size of the thing constitutes yet another fawning tribute to a dude responsible for the demises of an unfathomable number of humans.
The equestrian statue of Genghis Khan.
Face to face with one of history’s most terrifying figures. Yes, it’s possible to ascend to the top of the statue.
The base of the statue, itself 33 feet in height, contains a visitor’s centre and a museum displaying artifacts from the Mongol Empire. In addition, the grounds contain a number of much smaller statues of mounted Mongol horsemen, as well as replicas of the gers (also known as yurts) that were traditional Mongol dwellings (and which remain a traditional form of abode in the hinterlands of Mongolia even today, as you’ll see below). A ger is basically a conical-shaped felt tent.
Statues of Mongol warriors on horses, with replicas of gers in the background, in the vicinity of the Genghis Khan equestrian statue.
The best meal in a ger that I’ve ever eaten
My excursion to the Genghis statue was part of a more comprehensive organised day-trip from Ulaanbaatar. After we left the statue, my tour guide took me to Gorkhi-Terelj National Park. At a settlement inside the park, I had lunch with a herder of yak and cows inside his ger. The herder’s name was Baterdene, although he goes by the nickname “Baagi.” Naturally, he learned of my “H-Bomb” sobriquet. 🙂 He has a television but no internet access. Prior to our meal together, which was prepared by his wife Chimgi, Baagi had never heard of New York City. (Presumably, the shows he’s been watching on his TV haven’t included 30 Rock, Friends, or Sex and the City. 🙂 ) But Baagi has no need for such distant megalopolises. He only gets to Ulaanbaatar — which is roughly 40 miles from his ger — about once a year; and he disdains those visits, as he considers his country’s capital too crowded and fast-paced.
Me with Baagi in his ger, right before I enjoyed a delicious lunch with him.
Baagi in front of his ger.
Although the food that Baagi served me was quite delectable, I did get violently ill in Beijing the following evening; but I don’t know whether the severe gastrointestinal distress that I endured was caused by foodborne pathogens that I ingested along with my lunch. It’s at least equally possible that my symptoms were attributable to a virus — perhaps a norovirus that I was exposed to on my flight from Ulaanbaatar to Beijing. All I know for sure is that I enjoyed my lunch with Baagi, and dining in a ger was fun.
The dog that didn’t bark (or bite)
When I was planning my trip to Mongolia, my travel doctor’s nurse urged me to get rabies shots before my departure. She explained that rabid stray dogs are rampant in Mongolia, even in Ulaanbaatar; and that the hospitals in Ulaanbaatar lack any supplies of immunoglobulin, a medication that’s part of the treatment protocol for unvaccinated people who suspect they may have been exposed to the rabies virus. Thus, in the event I were bitten by a dog while in Mongolia, I would have to be evacuated to Beijing, China to receive the necessary medication. (The nurse didn’t mention that immunoglobulin also often triggers some unpleasant side effects, such as pain at the site where it’s injected into the bloodstream; fever, and headache. Of course, those reactions are still preferable to the death that almost always ensues once someone has contracted rabies; the disease has a fatality rate of virtually 100% in people.)
But I consulted the website of the U.S.’s Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and learned that the CDC doesn’t recommend the rabies vaccine for all travellers to Mongolia, but only for those who fall into certain categories:
None of those categories applied to me. I wasn’t going to be participating in outdoor adventure activities or other pursuits that would put me at risk for animal bites; I wasn’t going to be working with or around animals; my stay in Mongolia wasn’t going to be a lengthy one; and I’m not a child. Plus, the nurse told me that my travel doctor’s clinic charges $1,000 for the course of 3 shots that comprise vaccination against rabies. While I’m sure I could have found a hospital or clinic in my home city of New York that charges less for rabies vaccination, it still would have been expensive. (Elective vaccinations that people obtain for travel-related purposes are usually not covered by health insurance.) Given that the CDC’s guidelines didn’t indicate that rabies prophylaxis was needed in my case, I opted to forego the protection. Note: I’m not a physician, and nothing I write in this blog post is intended as medical device. All travellers to Mongolia need to make their own decisions, in consultation with their own medical professionals, about whether to inoculate themselves against rabies.
I knew I was taking a risk, although frankly, I was at least as concerned about the physical effects of a dog bite as I was of exposure to rabies in the event of such a bite. Things like laceration, muscle damage, and the potential need for surgery weren’t very appealing to me. By many accounts, feral stray dogs – many of which carry rabies – do remain a problem in Ulaanbaatar, although the city has made great progress in reducing their numbers. They’re also abundant in the rural areas that make up most of Mongolia, including in communities of gers. So I simply hoped that I wouldn’t be attacked by any wild dogs while walking the streets of Ulaanbaatar, or while strolling to or from a ger in Ghorki-Terelj National Park for my scheduled lunch with a local herder. I did wish that I could be carrying sausages injected with a tranquilizing drug to toss towards any canines that might pose a threat to me. 🙂
As it happened, I didn’t see a single dog in Ulaanbaatar; and I only spotted one dog near Baagi’s ger, which turned out to be docile and never approached me. So my informed gamble worked out. No rabies for me!
I didn’t encounter any angry dogs, rabid or otherwise.
Singing in Mongolia: karaoke everywhere yet nowhere
As regular readers of this website know, one recurring theme of my travels in east Asian countries is that karaoke is not hard to find in that region – but it’s predominantly available there in the form of venues with “private rooms” — i.e., rooms that you can rent out with your friends for a designated length of time. Bars or restaurants where you can karaoke in public in front of an audience of strangers are rare or nonexistent in many of these countries. But as I’ve also frequently written that I have an aversion to private-room karaoke, especially when I’m travelling solo. Where’s the fun in singing to myself? That’s why I ended up inviting myself to a gathering in a private karaoke room in Beijing; riding in a karaoke-equipped taxi in Taipei, Taiwan; and not singing at all in Siem Reap, Cambodia.
That situation repeated itself in Mongolia. Establishments with private rooms were ubiquitous in that city; it seemed that just about every hotel offered private karaoke rooms on the premises (although the Ramada I was staying in lacked that amenity), and there were many stand-alone facilities that offered the same thing. But despite numerous Google sessions and consultations with the front-desk staff at my hotel, I was having no luck in finding a joint where I could croon in public. Was Mongolia fated to join the select list of countries that I entered and exited without having karaoked inside their borders?
A random karaoke venue that I noticed while riding around Ulaanbaatar. Naturallly, it turned out to have only private rooms and no common singing area.
Finally, I received a hot tip from my tour company – the same tour operator that had delivered my outstanding outing to the Genghis Khan statue and Baagi’s ger, and had supplied me with an excellent tour guide. My contact at that tour company had somehow gotten wind of a nightspot called the Julie Center that had public karaoke! (It may well be the only venue in all of Ulaanbaatar that has it.) So here I would like to give a shout-out to Selena Travel for going above and beyond and locating a suitable karaoke place for me when all my other resources had failed! (In case you’re wondering, I paid for my tour with Selena Travel, and haven’t received any compensation of any kind from them. I’m just legitimately grateful for the service they provided.)
The exterior of the Julie Center, where I made my Mongolian karaoke debut!
The uniqueness of the Julie Center’s public karaoke room didn’t translate into an abundance of patrons in that room – even on a Friday night. In fact, when I performed my first song of the evening, the video of which you’re about to see, there was only one other guy present, and he refused to be captured on video and left the room when the recording started (and then returned). He also placed his hand over his face when I attempted to film him performing a Mongolian song. A few more singers did arrive later. (In the video, you’ll see a couple of people walk in front of the camera; they were actually only passing through the area en route to the section of private rooms.) Otherwise, the only other sentient creatures in the public lounge with me were staff members, including the one who served as my videographer. It was almost as if I actually was in a private room myself. 🙂
Due to the dearth of live onlookers, I chose a low-key song: Barry Manilow’s “Mandy.” Although that tune doesn’t reside on my karaoke A-list, it’s one of the songs I’ve been performing the longest; I first sang it in 1991! Here I am singing it in 2017:
Just to prove that I wasn’t the sole singer in the public space on that evening, here you can watch a trio of the late arrivers belting out a Mongolian song. Check out the lyrics in the Cyrillic alphabet on the monitor above them!
And that is how, on June 2, 2017, Mongolia became the 49th country in which I’ve karaoked. I would attempt to hit the “Big Five-Oh” when I visited the Mediterranean island nation of Malta the following month. At that time, I would seek to make Malta the 50th country on my World Karaoke Tour!
A scene in Ghorki-Terelj National Park, several dozen miles outside of Ulaanbaatar.
Would you like to learn more about Genghis Khan?
Categories: Asia, travel, World Karaoke Tour | Tags: Chinggis Khaan, Gandan Monastery, Gandantegchinlen Khiid Monastery, Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan equestrian statue, gers, Ghorki-Terelj National Park, Julie Center, karaoke, karaoke world tour, Marco Polo, Mongol Empire, Mongolia, rabid dogs, rabies, rabies vaccination, Temple of Boddhisattva Avalokiteshvara, travel, travel blog, travel photography, Ulaanbaatar, Ulan Bator, World Karaoke Tour, yurts | 11 Comments
11 thoughts on “Country no. 49 on my World Karaoke Tour: avoiding the wrath of Genghis Khan in Mongolia”
Adam Taxin on culture, sports, religion, dogs and other (non-political) stuff
Good timing. I actually finished both of these two books about Genghis Khan in the last 15 days.
https://www.amazon.com/Devils-Horsemen-Mongol-Invasion-Europe/dp/0760747989/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1518395837&sr=1-2&keywords=devil%27s+horsemen
Fun post. Enjoy your travel.
On Sun, Feb 11, 2018 at 7:11 PM, H-Bomb’s Worldwide Karaoke wrote:
> H-Bomb posted: ” Not every mass-murderer gets an international airport > named after him. But Genghis Khan wasn’t a run-of-the-mill genocidal > dictator. He was a larger-than-life figure whose massive empire was the > precursor to modern-day Mongolia, and is therefore regar” >
@Adam: Thanks, it was fun to write! And I’ve read the first of those 2 books you mention above.
McCool Travel
Wow, nice trip, H-Bomb. Loved learning that Mongolia is the least densely populated country and that you can hitch a ride by raising your hand. Super cool things, both. And how nice that you might have found the only karaoke place in Mongolia. Keep on singing and traveling!
@Charles: Well, it was possibly the only public karaoke place in Mongolia. But I know that’s what you meant. Mongolia definitely has a lot of differences from other countries in the region. I did hear that the hitchhiking-for-money thing happened a lot in the old Soviet Union.
Carolina Colborn
That’s a cool blog niche you”ve got…a world karaoke tour! Go to the Philippines and there are lots of public (and private) karaoke places. And every home has a karaoke facility. Just had some Karaoke friends at home last night. You just gave me details of Mongolia, its capital, and history I’ve not known before. I didn’t know Chinggis Khan was such a murderer.
@Carolina: I’m well aware of the karaoke culture in the Philippines. 🙂
I admit I don’t know a great deal about Mongolia so this has been a fascinating read. That statue in the temple looks very impressive and overwhelming. By the way, I wouldn’t be surprised if Romania (my home country) named an airport after Vlad the Impaler, considering how many tourists “Dracula” brings us, haha
@Vlad: Are you sure that your name isn’t the real reason you’d like to see a Vlad the Impaler Airport? 🙂 jk. I do think i would be cool to have an airport bearing the name of the original Dracula. I guess it would offend my sensibilities less than Ceaușescu getting such an honour. 🙂
Sandy N Vyjay
Genghis Khan is indeed a larger than life figure. I was overwhelmed when I saw the movie Genghis Khan on the big screen. Mongolia is such an intriguing place and normally we do not get to read much about it. Hence this post is refreshingly different and comes with a different perspective about the country. I can see the aura of Genghis Khan still hovering over the nation.
knycx
Wow, here you are again and how wonderful it is to visit Mongolia this time!
I would like to know more about the weather there because I always wanted to go but decided not to the last minute due to the weather conditions. The giant Genghis Khan statue in Ulaanbaatar is magnificent, thanks for sharing your experience with us ~ 🙂 @ knycx.journeying
@knycx: Mongolia’s brutally cold winters are legendary. But in early June, the weather in and near Ulaanbaatar was quite comfortable
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