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The20Project
11 Things You'll Regret in Your 30s
From Business Insider: 11 Things you'll regret in your 30s
What better way to learn than from those who have been there and done that? A Reddit thread recently had people chiming in on things they regret doing (or not doing) in their 30s. Whether you are about to embark on the exciting journey of your 30s or nearing the tail end, learn from those in the know.
1. The shoulds
You'll feel societal pressures in your 30s more than ever before, but don't let the shoulds hold it back. You may constantly worry about how you should own a home, you should have kids, you should be married, or you should have a steady career. Drop all those expectations, and live life the way that makes you the happiest. Don't feel like a failure just because your life happens to deviate from the norm — you've got one life to live, so live it your way.
2. Not spending time with parents
One common regret that many people in their 30s have is not spending time with their parents while they are young enough to actively participate. Simple pleasures like taking a walk, traveling, or even having a conversation may be harder to come by once your parents age.
3. Putting work first
Something to keep in your mind in your 30s: if you put work first, you're going to regret it. Spend time with people you love, because those are precious moments that money and moving up the ladder can't beat.
4. Spending time on negativity
And you thought those negative people would disappear from your life in your 30s. Nope, there may be some hanging around, so don't waste time on them. Watch out for people who don't make you feel good about yourself, and reevaluate your relationships with them. Be careful of spending time on negative thoughts and issues that you have no control over. Just. Let. It. Go.
5. Thinking your 30s was old
"I'm too old for this!" may be a common phrase you use in your 30s. You know what? You're not. And I bet people in their 50s and 60s will agree. The world was your oyster in your 20s, and it still is. Take a chance, live, and enjoy life as the young'un you are, and never lose that child in you.
6. Not putting yourself first
Maybe you're putting everyone else first in your life but you. Snap out of it! Know that once you put yourself first, everything else can fall into place. Putting your needs first will make you a happy camper, which will result in better relationships — a win-win. When you take care of yourself, you'll have fewer regrets in your 30s. The partner your life revolved around? You probably won't regret that as much if you had focused on your needs and chased your dreams as well.
7. Not taking better care of your body
It's quite the paradox — you say you're too old for something, and yet you still keep the junk-food-fueled and antiexercise habits of the younger you. Those habits are harder to drop, but treat your body right early, or it'll catch up with you before you know it.
8. Not taking chances
Maybe you're overly cautious at this age and perhaps it's the shoulds we mentioned earlier that are holding you back. Don't play it safe, and live a little.
9. Not saving and investing enough
This seems to be a huge, huge regret that a lot of 30-year-olds carry. If you start saving earlier, you'll be reaping bigger rewards by the time you retire. And if you don't put off saving and investing in your 30s, you'll be more likely to retire at the age you want.
10. Not traveling enough
The world is at your fingertips, so take off on a travel adventure! Don't keep procrastinating and putting this off — it'll be harder to make time for travel as you get older. Get inspired by this list of the 10 most beautiful travel adventures.
11. Caring too much about what others think
It seems we're guilty of this at every age. Don't waste more time on this useless habit in your 30s. Stop investing time and energy into caring about what people who don't care about you think. The ones who do care for you will accept you as you are.
Edits & Rewrites
Just a quick update from The20Project.... we are in the middle of the 2nd round of edits and the landscape keeps changing! I have had people drop out and interestingly enough an expression of interest for another contributor.
This was never going to be an easy project. But I am looking forward to the first draft :)
Keep going!!!
Successful vs. VERY Successful
This post was suggested by one of our contributors Sebastien Lacour!
Post Link (from Linkedin, April 7th 2014)
"I recently met with a capable and driven executive and asked him, “How are you?” He gave me a rapid-fire answer of all of the things he was doing: travelling, business updates, career changes and his children’s innumerable activities. It sounded like an intense but satisfying life.
Then I asked him again, “How are you really?” And the moment I did, he became emotional and the reality of his life just flooded out of him: his stress, his frustration of trying to juggle it all, his sense that he had no time to really think, or play with his children or enjoy any of it. The (cute) summary is this: his schedule was always filled but his life wasn’t fulfilled. What is less cute is the idea that he, and many of us, have been sold a bill of goods.
We’ve been sold on a heroic ideal of the uber-man and super-women who kill themselves saying yes to everyone, sleeping four hours a night and straining to fit everything in. How often have you heard people say, “I am so busy right now!” But it almost seemed like a back-door brag.
But it’s a bogus badge of honor. It suffocates our ability to think and create. It holds otherwise hard working, capable people back from our highest contribution. Below are a few of the myths of success that hold us back from becoming very successful.
Myth 1: Successful people say, "If I can fit it in, I should fit it in."
Truth: Very successful people are absurdly selective.
As Warren Buffet is credited with having said, “The difference between successful people and very successful people is that very successful people say no to almost everything.”
As I wrote in a piece for Harvard Business Review, this means, "Not just haphazardly saying no, but purposefully, deliberately, and strategically eliminating the nonessentials. Not just once a year as part of a planning meeting, but constantly reducing, focusing and simplifying. Not just getting rid of the obvious time wasters, but being willing to cut out really terrific opportunities as well. Few appear to have the courage to live this principle, which may be why it differentiates successful people and organizations from the very successful ones."
Myth 2: Successful people sleep four hours a night.
Truth: Very successful people rest well so they can be at peak performance.
In K. Anders Ericsson's famous study of violinists, popularized by Malcolm Gladwell as the "10,000 hour rule," Anders found that the best violinists spent more time practicing than the merely good students. What is less well known is that the second most important factor differentiating the best violinists from the good ones was actually sleep. The best violinists averaged 8.6 hours of sleep in every 24 hour period.
Myth 3: Successful people think play is a waste of time.
Truth: Very successful people see play as essential for creativity.
Just think of Sir Ken Robinson, who has made the study of creativity in school's his life's work. He has observed that instead of fueling creativity through play, schools actually kill it: "We have sold ourselves into a fast-food model of education, and it's impoverishing our spirit and our energies as much as fast food is depleting our physical bodies. Imagination is the source of every form of human achievement."
Myth 4: Successful people are the first ones to jump in with an answer.
Truth: Very successful people are powerful listeners.
As the saying goes, the people who talk the most don't always have the most to say. Powerful listeners get to the real story. They find the signal in the sound. They listen to what is not being said.
Myth 5: Successful people focus on what the competition is doing.
Truth: Very successful people focus on what they can do better.
The "winningest coach in America" is Larry Gelwix, the former Head of the Highland High School rugby team. His team won 418 games with only 10 losses in over 36 years. One of the key questions he challenged his players to ask was “What’s important now?" He didn't want his players getting distracted with what the other team was doing. He wanted them to play their own game.
Last week I took a tour of the Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston, Massachusetts. One of the quotes there grabbed my attention. John F. Kennedy said, "The great enemy of the truth is very often not the lie, deliberate, contrived and dishonest, but the myth, persistent, persuasive and unrealistic."
The myth here is celebrated in modern culture: it’s someone who is capable, driven and wants to win and be popular. They have been rewarded for their willingness to take it all on, fit it all in and just make it happen. They believe doing more is better than doing less. I call this type of person a Nonessentialist.
Still, there is a new hero in our story. She asks, “What is essential?” and is willing to eliminate everything else. He says no to the less important activities so they can give themselves fully to the few things that really matter. It is a path that takes courage. It may require making the tradeoff between short-term popularity and long-term respect. It leads to a greater sense of control and even joy. But as an added benefit it also seems to be the thing that distinguishes the successful from the very successful."
For the Bullied & Beautiful
Commitment Curve!
When I started this little project I thought that it would be an easy thing to do. People would be able to do some reflecting and writing a few pages shouldn't be a problem.... (I was so idealistic back then!)
Fast forward 3 months, I hosted 2 Webex calls where only a handful of people showed up, I had 5 people drop out of the project completely and due to a variety of other reasons I am still waiting on a few submissions.
So, how do you get people to commit? This was a self-selecting project where I put an idea out there and people self-selected to be a part of the project. I am not sure that there is anything else that I could have done. I just think that in a world of competing priorities The20Project fell off the list.
So next time I put a project together like this maybe I should put some more structure around things? Get people to sign a contract that outlines their responsibilities and also commit to attend conference calls? Or maybe it is better this way. I ended up with submissions from people who really wanted to be part of the project!
Maybe this is how it is meant to be and the consultant in me is over analyzing things again ;)
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Alleged Alien Encounters in Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic – A Detailed Analysis
08 April, 2018 / in Alien Encounters
TBV Investigations Case Number: 325167 Name of Witness: Anonymous
Case File Status: Explained
The witness to these encounters, which would like to remain anonymous, submitted multiple videos and photographs of alleged alien encounters.
Although the first encounter was originally published without investigation, and was archived on The Black Vault for information purposes, TBV Investigations’ Jeremy Enfinger took over investigation when additional information was submitted by the witness.
Below, you will find the breakdown of Jeremy’s investigation.
Investigator’s Commentary
Communication with the witness thus far has been strictly written, mostly via email. I have not yet had the opportunity to have a conversation to discuss witness experiences such as hearing footsteps in his room, his potential abduction experience, or his physical evidence of a surgical procedure.
As always, the goals with this kind of investigation is to determine possible alternative explanations for the evidence being presented, which may or may not always corroborate the witness’s experiences, however, it is not necessarily performed in attempt to discredit the witness.
The Evidence & Analysis
Special interest has been given to the following photographic and video evidence as reported by the witness:
“02:30 AM – first recording shows something like time gate (black blinking hole near my windows – it could be a car but I have Venetian blind closed on windows – there isnt see anything).”
Time Gate: This video displays an effect that appears like some flickering lights near the window as initially reported, but also shows the same effect on top of a shelf on the left side of the screen. I have a 4-second clip capturing the anomaly, which I play 6 times at 3 different magnification levels (clip is played twice for each magnification), starting with the full-screen video, and including both the anomaly in the window and the top of the shelf where the effect is seen.
You can definitely see a light anomaly in this video over the window. This happens to be originated in the same exact spot in the window that the #5 photo of the alien head in the window can be seen (this will be important to consider when viewing possible explanations of that image). You can also see some pixelation and possible light on the book stand screen left accompanying each pulse of light in the window. It’s most likely a reflection of the light coming through the window due to the timing in the frames coinciding with the presence and illumination of the window anomaly.
The source appears to be coming from outside the window, as no visible light source was caught within the room, at least within the frame of the video. As future evidence analysis will display, there is a street outside with cars parked on the side, so car headlights, brake lights and/or blinkers could not be ruled out.
“… Next video I woke up and I had bad feeling like there is someone with me in the room – I started taking photos – this one what I send you captured grey head (in the video you can see me in the bed taking photos)”
Photo (blurry) submitted by witness taken from cell phone.
The initial photograph submitted of the grey head beside the bed was incredibly blurry, and video analysis was performed after the initial analysis of the still photo submitted from the witness’s cell phone. A side-by-side comparison of the video angle with the still photo was made. Thankfully, the video displays the moment when the still photo was taken, and the cell phone camera angle could further be evaluated for strength of evidence.
Comparison photo of original photo and video angle at the moment the cell photo was exposed (includes flash firing). The blurry quality of the photo itself provides little useful evidence.
The witness believes the object in the lower-right corner is an alien head.
As you can see in the video screen capture, we do not see an alien head. i believe what he is referring to is one of the pillows there, and have attempted to analyze line of site from his camera lens to objects seen in the photo below:
Object #1 looks like the left corner of the blue pillow seen in the video shot (with dresser handles above it and to the right). Object #2 shows the star’s close relationship to the other points 3 and 4. Object #3 is another corner of the same blue pillow. And object #4 (the “alien head”) is the edge of the other pillow with blue, gray and black – colored patterns, which happen to be similar colors when you think of the typical alien grey.
To further corroborate that the blurry image is that of a pillow, you can compare the outline of blurred objects in the foreground of the original image to the shadow outline as seen from the perspective of the video still-shot when the camera flash fired. Even though the angle of the cell phone camera and the video camera vary, the shape similarity between the outline of the pillows themselves and the shadow are significantly similar.
“03:31 AM -next video is pretty strange donut object (like dust) but its moving like I have tornado in my room – never seen this before “
Several dust particles are seen in this clip at different regions throughout the frame. This is a common misnomer for many paranormal investigators who believe they are seeing “orbs” of ghosts, but the visual appearance is caused by the IR light reflecting in dust as it travels through the air in the room.
Note the “donut” appearance the dust particle travels in near the end of this clip. Other dust particles prior to this happen to be travelling in a straight line or slight curvature, however, this one seems to make circles and changes directions erratically. Also note that prior to this particular dust particle appears and behaves this way, the witness moves around in bed immediately preceding this. This is another indicator that it is dust, and it could be reacting to slight wind variations in the room, or could have even been ejected from a resting place on a surface in the room, into the air by the witness’s movements.
Photograph of alien head in window
One original array of photographs submitted by the witness, shows a blown up portion of the original photograph, along side typical grey aliens.
Original Photograph Submitted… click to enlarge.
Enlargement of the “alien head” in the window.
The witness provided several of his own photos to analyze this specific picture, however, and while the appearance at first glance resembles the head of an alien grey at face value, other possibilities must be considered.
The object does not appear to be a reflection of anything within the room, which was my first thought in considering alternative explanations, and also considering the photo was taken at night, it would make it more difficult to see anything outside, unless there were another light-source outside that would allow visualization in the dark.
Since no reflective surface could be identified within the room opposite the camera angle to the window, consideration of something outside the window was the next possibility. There are two distinct possibilities I considered.
First, the witness was asked to provide several recreation photographs of the camera angle in the original photo. Once several of those were viewed, the witness was then asked for his address.
It can be confirmed from Google Maps that the window is on the second story of his apartment building, but more importantly a few other pertinent details like the location of vehicles on the street opposite the window, as well as several street lights that could provide a light source at night to make objects visible through his window.
When comparing the zoomed in original photo of the alien head in the window to the recreated photos, it appears that several close, but not exact camera angles were provided. The same van shows up in three of the images, and some different cars do as well.
One possibility is the “eyes” of the “alien” could be visually created by windows of a vehicle that is not fully visible within the frame of the window.
I was also able to check the google maps link, and there is ample street lighting outside the witness’s flat. While it’s possible the object viewed through the window is either windows of a parked car, you can also see some trash cans surrounded by a low wall. It’s also possible these trash cans could have been rearranged slightly (from the configuration seen in Google Maps) to resemble the alien head. The curved black lids would compose the “alien’s” eyes and the stone wall surrounding the cans could possibly make up the “face”, with the corner making the “nose”.
Further analysis of the recreated photos were completed with special attention to the potential light sources available. Details from Google Maps and comparison to the original photo indicated several inconsistent angles in the recreated photos.
I believe the angles for the two recreated images above are not accurate. Need to move the camera to the left still. Notice the height of the street lights. Google Street maps only gave me limited ability to move left/right, but I believe I can demonstrate the street light he shows in his recreations is the wrong one. If he moves his camera to the left, you’ll see a taller light (screen right) outside the window and possibly the trash cans that are appearing to look like an alien face.
While these confirm the presence of ample lighting required to visualize something through the witness’s window at night, they also allowed for a greater ability to approximate the location of a car or possibly the trash cans outside the window at night, and further validate that the “alien head” could be one of these two things, which are similar in appearance.
Alien head beside bed (video and witness screen capture from video analyzed)
I was unable to visualize any movement or manifestation of the alien head from any of the videos, so I cannot provide the exact video he believes this shows up in (a total of six clips were submitted). I am posting various screenshots for comparison. A lot of manipulation was needed to visualize anything. The “alien” visualized could possibly be a mottled effect (image graininess) produced by low signal to noise ratio that accompanies low-light images, which is multiplied when attempting to enhance images or change the raw data that was captured. I personally was not able to visualize any distinguishable shapes, so a possible explanation for the witness seeing an alien could be visual matrixing.
At some point in the near future, I would like to further this investigation to include an interactive interview regarding the witness’s abduction experience. He maintains that he is not 100% certain that the experience happened, but that some physical effects after the experience served as evidence that something, in face, was done to him on a surgical level.
After viewing the possible alternative explanations to the evidence above, I would like to invite the readers to compose their own opinions. Without speaking to the witness first-hand, I would like to reserve my own conclusions until a later time.
Originating Organization: The Black Vault / TBV Investigations
alien, alien encounter, Cards, CZ, Czech Republic, Explained, gray, jeremy enfinger, Nighttime sightings, Parking lot, Photpgraphs, TBV Investigations, Ústí nad Labem, window
A List of UFO Sightings by Astronomers (Compiled in 2000) UFO over Highway 55 and County Road 116 in Hamel, Minnesota
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M – Yellow – Ben Eine
Home → Prints → M – Yellow – Ben Eine
Home / Prints / M – Yellow – Ben Eine
M – Yellow from Ben Eine is an 6 colour Screenprint on Somerset Satin 300gsm paper. The print is a signed limited edition of 125 and measures 55cm x 70cm.150
Eine (British, b.1970) is a street artist who was born in London, UK as Ben Flynn. He is most famous for his work Alphabet Street, but gained international fame when one of his works was presented to President Obama as a gift. Eine started out as a writer, and then eventually transitioned into a street artist. He specializes in creating work on store-fronts that consist of over-sized letters and bright colors. His work can be seen in cities all over the world, including San Francisco, Paris, Tokyo, Dublin, Stockholm, and London.
Eine began his career more than 25 years ago as a vandal, leaving graffiti tags all over his hometown of London. Eine eventually developed his own creative style; he started to seek out commercial graffiti work after attending a workshop in Leonard Street, London. He created a number of custom fashion designs including the Vandals sweatshirts and eventually moved into screen printing. He then began creating work for the screen printing company Pictures on Walls. Eine produced many prints for artists including Jamie Hewlett (English, b.1968), Bansky (English, b.1974), David Shrigley (British, b.1968), Modern Toss, and Mode 2. He stopped doing this work and launched an independent career in 2008.
Eine’s commercial work inspired him to create a variety of lettering styles including circus, neon, shutter, vandalism, wendy, and elton. He was named one of the six best artists working in London by Time Out magazine in 2008. Amnesty International invited Eine to design their 50th anniversary poster in 2011. Eine’s artwork has been exhibited in a number of solo and group shows worldwide, including When the Lights Go Out in 2008 at the Andenken Gallery in Denver, CO, Vandalism in 2007 at the Kemistry Gallery in London, UK, Santa’s Ghetto in 2007 in Bethlehem, and Nuart in 2007 in Stavanger, Norway. His work is frequently featured in promotional materials and magazines. It can be seen in the video Take Back the City by the rock band Snow Patrol, as well as in the Stepping Stone video by recording artist Duffy.225
Categories: Ben Eine, Limited Edition, Prints. Warning: sizeof(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable in /customers/9/9/1/thecontemporarychester.com/httpd.www/wp-content/themes/thecontemporary/woocommerce/single-product/meta.php on line 28
M – Yellow from Ben Eine is an 6 colour Screenprint on Somerset Satin 300gsm paper. The print is a signed limited edition of 125 and measures 55cm x 70cm.
Eine’s commercial work inspired him to create a variety of lettering styles including circus, neon, shutter, vandalism, wendy, and elton. He was named one of the six best artists working in London by Time Out magazine in 2008. Amnesty International invited Eine to design their 50th anniversary poster in 2011. Eine’s artwork has been exhibited in a number of solo and group shows worldwide, including When the Lights Go Out in 2008 at the Andenken Gallery in Denver, CO, Vandalism in 2007 at the Kemistry Gallery in London, UK, Santa’s Ghetto in 2007 in Bethlehem, and Nuart in 2007 in Stavanger, Norway. His work is frequently featured in promotional materials and magazines. It can be seen in the video Take Back the City by the rock band Snow Patrol, as well as in the Stepping Stone video by recording artist Duffy.
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About Macys
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Founded: 1858, New York City, NY
No one would have guessed that the small, fancy dry goods store that opened on the corner of 14th Street and 6th Avenue in New York City in 1858 would grow to be one of the largest retailers in the world.
But after several failed retail ventures, Rowland Hussey Macy’s determination and ingenuity paid off at the age of 36 with the launch of R.H. Macy & Co. He adopted a red star as his symbol of success, dating back to his days as a sailor. First-day sales totaled $11.06 but by the end of the first full year, sales grossed approximately $85,000. By 1877, R.H. Macy & Co. had become a full-fledged department store occupying the ground space of 11 adjacent buildings.
Always the innovator, Macy’s is known for several firsts that changed the retail industry. Macy’s was the first retailer to promote a woman, Margaret Getchell, to an executive position, making business history. Macy’s pioneered such revolutionary business practices as the one-price system, in which the same item was sold to every customer at one price, and quoting specific prices for goods in newspaper advertising. Known for its creative merchandising, Macy’s was the first to introduce such products as the tea bag, the Idaho baked potato and colored bath towels. Macy’s also was the first retailer to hold a New York City liquor license.
By November 1902, the store had outgrown its modest storefront and moved uptown to its present Herald Square location on Broadway and 34th Street, establishing an attraction for shoppers from around the world. With the store’s 7th Avenue expansion completed in 1924, Macy’s Herald Square became the “World’s Largest Store,” with more than 1 million square feet of retail space. (Note that Macy’s Herald Square will be expanding to 1.1 million square feet of retail space in the current renovation project.)
By 1918, R.H. Macy & Co. was generating $36 million in annual sales. Yet, the prosperity of the retailer was never more apparent than when the company went public in 1922 and began to open regional stores and take over competing retailers. In 1923, the Toledo-based department store Lasalle & Koch was acquired; the next year, Davison-Paxton in Atlanta was acquired; and in 1936, the Newark-based Bamberger’s was purchased.
To help celebrate their new American heritage, Macy’s immigrant employees organized the first Christmas Parade in 1924. The procession featured floats, bands, animals from the zoo and 10,000 onlookers, beginning a time-honored tradition now known as the annual Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade.
In 1945, the company expanded west and purchased O’Connor Moffatt & Company in San Francisco. Two years later, O’Connor Moffatt stores, including the landmark Union Square store that opened in 1866, were converted to Macy’s after a survey indicated that San Franciscans would welcome the name.
Macy’s California broke new ground with the first department store flower show in 1946. What began as a fragrance promotion in the cosmetics department now annually welcomes the spring season, treating visitors to a botanical, cultural and community spectacle and is held in New York City, Chicago, Minneapolis, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., in addition to San Francisco. In 1971, Macy’s Union Square store’s lower level, once cluttered with bargains, was transformed into “The Cellar,” changing the way customers shop for housewares. Due to its success, the Herald Square store followed suit five years later.
On December 19, 1994, Federated Department Stores, Inc. (now known as Macy’s, Inc.) acquired R.H. Macy & Co., creating the world’s largest premier department store company. Federated Department Stores operated over 400 department stores and more than 157 specialty stores in 37 states.
A&S Department Stores were converted to the Macy’s nameplate in May 1995. Also in 1995, Federated acquired The Broadway Department Stores, bringing Broadway, Emporium and Weinstocks to the Macy’s family, as well as six former I. Magnin stores. Some 46 stores were converted to the Macy’s nameplate. Following the model of A&S, Jordan Marsh Department Stores of Boston, already owned by Federated, was converted to Macy’s in March 1996. In January 2001, Macy’s absorbed 17 Stern’s Department Stores located in New York and New Jersey. In June 2001, Federated purchased the Liberty House operations in Hawaii and Guam, bringing the proud Macy’s tradition and heritage to the Pacific.
Macy’s entered 2005 with about 240 locations, primarily on the East and West Coasts. With the conversion of all Federated’s regional store nameplates in March 2005, Macy’s grew to about 425 locations across the country. In September 2006, with the conversion of stores acquired from The May Department Stores Company, Macy’s now serves customers through approximately 800 stores in virtually every major geographic market in the United States, as well as the macys.com website.
Macy’s, Inc. is one of the nation’s premier omnichannel retailers, with fiscal 2014 sales of $28.1 billion. As of April 4, 2015, the company operates about 900 stores in 45 states, the District of Columbia, Guam and Puerto Rico under the names of Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Bloomingdale’s Outlet, Macy's Backstage and Bluemercury, as well as the macys.com, bloomingdales.com and bluemercury.com websites. Bloomingdale’s in Dubai is operated by Al Tayer Group LLC under a license agreement. Macy’s, Inc.’s diverse workforce includes approximately 166,900 employees. Prior to June 1, 2007, Macy’s, Inc. was known as Federated Department Stores, Inc. The company’s shares are traded under the symbol “M” on the New York Stock Exchange.
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Boston Frog
FrogAbroad
Duquesne Frog
Zebra Frog
A Historical Perspective of College Football (Part 1 -- TCU-centric)
I see what you're saying, but I think Houston would have been easy to dismiss. SMU, TCU or Rice might have been different, especially if Gib Lewis had still been speaker of the house and not in prison, but Houston had no history and very little love. I can't imagine that there have ever been that many UH grads in the legislature. Houston also never had many fans. If another of the privates had had a successful, well-attended program at the time to go along with Baylor, that would have been a different story. Especially Rice given the academic profile there.
most unforgettable
Most unforgettable? My dad. He was born on a farm in Snyder, Texas, the youngest of 7 kids. When WW II came around, he joined the Army Air Corps. Was stationed in California, and I still have pictures taken of him and Alfalfa. How did he get to be friends with Alfalfa, I never knew. Was then sent to Pyote Air Field, then to Pecos. Here he met my mother and they ran off to get married. From what I hear, it was not a popular decision, especially with her parents and her brothers, who were quite the Hell raisers of the town. They were so rowdy, that when I was small, two of them got in a fight with one getting his leg broken. To the best of my knowledge, the only time they spoke to each other after the fight was at my grandparent's funerals. My my dad was then sent to Italy where he stayed until the war was over. Brought back lots of pictures of Rome and other places he got to visit. I remember him being a heck of a fast-pitch softball player for the Pecos Volunteer Fire Dept. Played first base and pitched. Silly me, as a kid I was more interested in playing in the dirt rather than watching him play. Later on, he was elected to the city council, and was on it for about 10 years. Was a member of the Masonic Lodge, where he served as the Secretary for 33 years, something he was very proud of. When I was growing up, he worked for a small, private railroad, Pecos Valley Southern. Google it, it has a long history. We never had a lot of money, (my mother got cancer and died when I was 16), but we always had decent cars, house, and food on the table. There just wasn't extra. As I started playing sports, he never missed a game, and due to his schedule was able to come to a lot of my practices. Even though he was there, he was never a helicopter dad. When I started playing golf, got interested by going to the course with him and pulling his golf cart for him, he did nothing put encourage it and somehow found the money to get me clubs and shoes, even though they were Hushpuppies. But they had spikes, and that was all I cared about. Since I had to have transportation to get from school to the golf course, found me a 1956 Ford that had a heater and radio that worked. It was green and white, but one of the headlight covers was red. Obviously, it's name became "red eye." Would like to expound on all of the time we got to spend going to watch Ranger games together after he moved to the Masonic Retirement Home in Arlington, but that would take more time. Needless to say he loved it more than anything, and we never left a game until it was over, no matter the score.
coaches I knowed.....
Written by our very own OldScribe and read into the Congressional Record of February 9, 1979, by Rep. Jim Wright. ABE BELIEVED IN THE VALUES Sometimes this is a heck of a depressing business. Newspapers not only chronicle people's lives (and basically that IS their business), but the ends of those lives. It hurts to call a Jim Swink and be the one to tell him that Abe Martin is dead. It hurts that Abe is gone. The thing that cold facts and figures, the public successes and failures that make up the outward record of a life and a career are sometimes a small part of the story of that life. HE RUBBED OFF What does a man believe? What mark does the extension of that belief leave on others? A few years ago, when Abe had been out of active coaching for some time, we talked about doing a book together Abe's idea was that he had something to say about football. That's about as far as it went, and it's a shame. Abe not only had something to say about football, but about life. And when he didn't say it, he demonstrated it. I think it means something that an unusually large number of men who came from other places to play football for Abe Martin at TCU have remained in Fort Worth and hewed for themselves good lives and prosperous careers in any number of directions--doctors, dentists, lawyers, businessmen, teachers. And I think most of them (nothing is unanimous except Russian elections) would agree on reflection that some of Abe Martin rubbed off on them. "A lot of guys have stayed here," agrees one of Abe's former players. "He created a family for them. He always had time for his boys. There was nothing more important, to Abe, than one of his boys, and he'd drop anything for him." "He was never shocked by anything his kids did," says Mazie Varley, who was Abe's secretary for many years, "and because of that they trusted him." In the case of Abe Martin, there was a basic, overriding faith in the value of college athletics, and the value of the individuals involved, that colored his every act. Abe didn't feel he was doing a boy a favor by giving him a chance to play ball in college and thus getting an education. He felt college athletics was doing them BOTH a favor. There's a lot of lip-service to the eternal values to be derived from athletics. Abe believed it, down to the core. "He always seemed to have the entire person in mind," says Marvin Lasater, who played for Abe and then worked for him, "not just the football player but the human being." Lasater recalls when a teammate in the late 1950s came up against a bad disciplinary problem. He was about to be kicked out of school. "He wasn't a starter, either," he says. "But Abe brought him before the team an discussed the problem with us. We were together, we backed him, Abe backed him, and he got another chance. He'd have done the same for his top quarterback or a last-team guard. He was concerned about the individual. "He was always positive, always encouraging. He made people believe in themselves and he rubbed off on people. They came to have faith in others, because he had faith in them. He never preached about it, he just set an example. "Probably Abe's greatest quality was the ability to understand what the other person was going through. To have empathy. And he was enough of a country philosopher that he could talk to anybody and make them understand." MORE THAN VICTORY Last year Lasater called Abe to invite him to watch a peewee football game that Lasater's son Jeff was playing in. Abe came, and enjoyed the game. "But then," says Lasater, "he wrote Jeff a letter, telling him he hoped he achieved all his goals. Encouraging him. There was no reason for him to do that, except he believed in it. I'll tell you, that letter made Jeff feel like a real stallion." You see, just to write "Othol H. Martin, 1908-1979, coach, athletic director," isn't enough. Three conference championships and five bowl teams doesn't tell it. Abe was more than that, more than victory on the field of play. "Abe, says Lasater with a cracking voice, "was something else."
What Does It Mean When Someone Has a 60% Chance of Winning?
Just read this. Great job. I might show my 16 year old this before she takes the ACT!
A Historical Perspective on College Football (Part II -- The Power 5 and the Rest)
Another great entry. I'm pretty sure Bootlegger's Boy had been retired for a while by the time Jerrah called him and began the active destruction of the franchise. There were John Blake, Gary Gibbs and Howard Schnellenberger eras before Stoops came along. I believe Blake was coach when we beat OU in Norman in 1996.
2016-2017 TCU Basketball In Perspective
Awesome data.
When A Feller Oughta Keep Quiet
The Dethroning of Archie Bunker: Reviewing ABC's 1978-79 Primetime Lineup
I was 6 in 1978 but I remember so many of these. Hardy Boys was my first crush. Remember watching Donnie and Marie while sitting under that giant hair dryer with curlers in my hair for church the next morning. We obviously watched a lot of ABC, but remember other shows from around that time we watched like Dukes of Hazard and Dallas. And I completely remember the "We' re the one" promo song. The minute they started singing that I remembered the words. Thanks for the trip down memory lane.
I too have always been a little mystified at how the Fonz was supposed to be cool, even in a 50's sense. He was basically Wooderson from Dazed and Confused on top of the fact that he was a tiny little "Italian" guy who looked really Jewish.
A lot of these shows are on MeTV. I prefer the older ones to those from the 70's. Donna Reed, Leave it to Beaver, My Three Sons... My Three Sons is my favorite. They're the only show I can think of that had white guys dating Asian girls in the 60's. Sometimes Robbie picks up his date and she's Chinese-American and there's not a word about it. Just a high school kid picking up his date.
Week 6 DUSHEE Rankings
Last year they only had a few games against FBS teams and only one of their first 4 this year were FBS this year so I thought their schedule was light again. However looking down the road, it looks like they're FBS the rest of the way. I'll include them next week since they've got two FBS already.
Yoga Poses
Hello Frogis! I am extremely excited to report that I have my first readers question to discuss! An anonymous reader asked me to discuss the difference between Yoga and Pilates and which would be better for a woman trying to stay in shape. Also, it was mentioned that she does not have to have a manly muscle look. Yoga and Pilates are very similar in some regards. Both works create lean muscle, provide core strength, and are not known for building bulky muscles. First, I will discuss yoga and then move on to pilates. Yoga is a series of poses that are held for a couple of breaths that build lean muscle and can be thought of as a stretching workout. Pilates is a series of exercise that are done through yoga like pose format. The different pilates poses/exercises isolate specific parts of the body to work that area. Both yoga and pilates seem to focus on core strength as the center to building strength through the rest of the body. I honestly had to talk to my girlfriend and some of her friends about the manly muscle look, which the reader wanted to avoid. If I understand correctly, many women feel like they get the manly muscle look from going to the gym and working out with personal trainers. Apparently, many personal trainers train women as they would train a man. Thus, a manly muscle occurs. However, many women desire to have slim and tone look from exercising. If you want a slim tone look, I feel comfortable saying that yoga and pilates will not create a manly muscle. However, looking slim and tone is not going to happen from one magical workout class. The key is to have different avenues to obtain your fitness goal. I do a mix of yoga and pilates (yogiates, I guess). I also like to add a lot of cardio and free weights. My girlfriend and I both workout together and she doesn’t use the free weights because she doesn’t want the manly muscles. The type of cardio is also important as well. The slim tone look comes from mixing different types of cardio. This can be done through sprint training cardio and then a stable constant form of cardio. Sprint training cardio can be done through sprinting exercises, but who likes to do those to get in shape? It can also be done through kick boxing or anything else. The key is just to have a high intense form of cardio and then mix in a stable constant form of cardio. What happens is you burn different types of fat from the different types of cardio. So if you wanted to go to a yoga class or pilates class and then wanted to go run/jog a mile or 3- that would work too. Hope that helps and if anyone has anymore questions feel free to ask away! As always, Namaste Article on Pilates Exercises http://www.womenshealthmag.com/fitness/pilates-exercise
just a shortie...
Welcome to the scene....I wrote sports for the Star-Telegram 1961-82, primarily covering TCU and the SWC but also (especially while a sports columnist 1976-82) saw a lot of Cowboy games and other stuff....That 1980 game in Pittsburgh was, as I recall, a season-opener right after Steelers and Oilers had met in the playoffs the year before. Only Houston game I ever saw. Sorry. I then was an editorial writer and op-ed columnist 1982-98 before retiring to clip coupons.
Bet When You Think You Have the Best Hand
Even though I may never again play poker, and totally fail to understand the kind of poker you talk about (I was purely a draw and stud player, with variations on the stud theme, such as hi-lo splits, etc.), I look forward to your blogging.
Thank you, Ms Frisky, for the first entry in your blog. Even though I don't know Jack about poker I could tell from your narrative that you do...and I'm certain the forum's poker fans will delight and benefit. Honest...I did find it interesting the way you walked us through that hand. It also confirms to me why I should never, ever, sit down at a table where any card game is being played with money involved: I just flat don't have the brains for it!
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Making The Injured Party Whole Again: Punitive Damages in John Wick 2
February 14, 2017 Greg Kanaan
[Warning: Major spoilers for John Wick: Chapter 2 ahead. Don’t read unless you’ve seen the movie or don’t care about being spoiled.]
At the end of John Wick: Chapter 2, the eponymous hero (Keanu Reeves) strolls into The Continental, the posh assassins-only hotel in downtown Manhattan, points a gun at bad guy Santino D’Antonio (Riccardo Scamarcio) and blows his head off despite the protestations of Winston (Ian McShane), the hotel’s proprietor. This is a violation of the most sacred rule in the underworld: The Continental is safe ground. No assassin may kill another on the premises without paying the ultimate price, a penalty we saw play out at the end of the first film. A severe punishment for the breach of a severe covenant.
Soon after, Winston summons John to Central Park to mete out the same sentence. John is informed that he is "excommunicado," that he can no longer seek refuge at any Continental hotel, and a $14 million contract has been put on his life. Every professional killer in the world will now be looking for him. Out of respect, John is granted a one hour head start to run. But before leaving, John issues this chilling ultimatum:
"You tell them, whoever comes, I'll kill them. I'll kill them all."
Oh man, it’s so good I just got goosebumps typing that. If this film is any indication, John Wick: Chapter 3 promises to be a highly entertaining bloodbath.
Anyway, while the whole mishegas was playing, I was thinking about contract damages and whether John’s actions, bad as they were, deserved such serious punishment. I know it’s silly to presume traditional contract principles apply in an underworld populated by killers and other bad men, but the Wickverse is steeped in rules and formality and the films go to great lengths to showcase that. Everything is intricately choreographed. The system is built on profound order and relies on respect for that order. It doesn’t matter if you’re a lowly factotum or the famed Baba Yaga, the system comes before the man and everyone must pay what they owe. The contracts may not be written on paper, but they exist, and participation in this world requires that everyone meet their contractual obligation - we can call this one the Implied Covenant of Assassination Forbearance.
So humor me for a bit. John agreed to the rules of The Continental, then blatantly flouted them to exact his revenge on Santino. A kill order is placed on his life in order to appease the system. Is that bounty fair? It’s an important question to ask because fairness is at the heart of calculating damages in contract or tort law. How do we make the injured party whole again? How do we make it so that the injuries they sustain are offset as much as possible?
It can be done monetarily, of course. That’s the way we usually resolve contract disputes in the U.S. Compensatory Damages are financial in nature, the most common of which is what lawyers call Expectation Damages: the damages that are intended to cover what the injured party expected to receive from the contract.
There are other types of monetary damages too. Consequential Damages, which are paid to the injured party for indirect damages other than contractual loss; Liquidation Damages, which is when the contract states that the breaching party will be liable for a specific amount of money; Nominal Damages, which are awarded when the injured plaintiff doesn't incur a monetary loss but the judge wants to show the winning party was in the right; and Restitution, which is an equitable remedy designed to prevent the breaching party from being unjustly enriched.
In this movie though, the damages aren’t monetary. While money - paid in the form of gold coins - is important to many operators in the Wickverse, to those in power, it's less important than honoring the system (the entire plot hinges on the importance of a blood oath John made). Instead, the damages to be paid = John’s death. But John’s death isn’t just about making The Continental whole again. It’s to send a message. John didn’t just kill some random person, after all; Santino was a member of the shadowy High Table, a cabal of crime lords alluded to throughout the film, but never seen. The High Table presides over the entire Wickverse, and everyone works for or with them to some degree. So the price on John’s head is also about removing a level of chaos that John has introduced into the system. To the powers that be, he must be punished severely enough that it deters future assassins from making the same choices. $14 million and every killer in the world gunning for you sounds like a pretty major deterrent. And to me that sounds an awful lot like Punitive Damages.
According to the New York State Court of Appeals, Punitive Damages are:
“available only in those limited circumstances where it is necessary to deter defendant and others like it from engaging in conduct that may be characterized as ‘gross’ and ‘morally reprehensible,’ and of ‘such wanton dishonesty as to imply a criminal indifference to civil obligations.’”
Punitive Damages come into play when Compensatory Damages aren't enough to make the injured party whole. They're also generally unavailable for contract disputes, but can be applied in contract situations where there’s an overlapping tort claim. So are there any tort claims that can piggyback onto the breach of contract claims The Continental and The High Table might have against John that could result in Punitive Damages? It’s a stretch, but I think there might be.
For The Continental, I would say their best tort claim against John would be Intentional Interference with a Prospective Economic Advantage. And while the elements of that claim differ by state, they generally are:
An economic relationship existing between the plaintiff and a third party containing the probability of future economic benefit to the plaintiff,
Knowledge by the defendant of the existence of the relationship,
An intentional act on the part of the defendant designed to disrupt the relationship,
Actual disruption of the relationship, and
Damages to the plaintiff caused by the acts of the defendant.
While proving all these elements isn’t a slam-dunk, I think a good lawyer could make them work. John knew that The Continental was a safe haven for professional killers, traveling there throughout both films to derive its benefits and utilize its unique services (the Sommelier and Tailor sequences in the second film are incredible). John also demonstrates previously existing relationships with various hotel staffers, including friendly bonds with the managers of both the New York and Rome branches. John is also plainly aware that many other assassins use the hotel for the same reason he does: for peace of mind that they won’t get whacked while on the job, as he makes several allusions to this throughout the two films. In fact, in the first film, after he’s attacked in his room by Ms. Perkins, John is able to subdue her and instead of killing her, he asks a fellow assassin named Harry to watch her, then report her to the manager. This is all to say that John clearly knows the hotel derives an economic benefit between itself and its specific customer base. This takes care of the first two elements.
The third element is John’s execution of Santino on Continental grounds, even as Winston tells him in the moment not to do it and what the repercussions would be if he did. The fourth and fifth elements are a bit harder to prove within the text of the film, since we don’t know if The Continental’s business suffers as a result of John’s actions. However, I think a reasonable argument can be made that business may be jeopardized. The whole benefit to staying at The Continental is that you can’t be killed there. It’s a safe place for everyone regardless of your criminal affiliation. If customers don’t feel safe there, they won’t use the hotel. If they don’t use the hotel, the hotel will lose money and cease to operate. You’d need some documentation to prove that assassins are now staying away from the hotel, but I think you could get there.
Because we've never seen The High Table and don't know the extent or type of its business, it's harder to say what economic harms they can pin on John Wick. I do think they could also benefit from an intentional interference claim though. What little we know of the group indicates that membership is incredibly coveted, and that each member controls certain geographic areas. The unexpected death of a member could result in lost profits from the various rackets they operate.
Look, obviously no one is taking John to court (though it wouldn't surprise me if an underworld judicial system pops up in the sequel), so I appreciate you humoring me on this little journey. I'm always looking for the legal footholds to latch onto, even if it's not really applicable. That said, everyone in the Wickverse operates out of a certain sense of justice that isn’t wholly divorced from our own. The High Table and The Continental owners certainly feel that having John Wick killed for his transgression is the right thing to do. A fair thing to do. That's what will make them whole again. And if the punishment is harsh, well it's deservingly so. John, on the other hand, has very different ideas about what's fair. And when those two concepts of fairness go head to head in the sequel, I imagine it'll be a bloody good time.
In Movies, Contracts, Torts Tags Tortious Interference, John Wick, Keanu Reeves, Contracts, Damages, John Wick: Chapter 2, Torts, Breach of Contract, Punitive Damages
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2014’s Best Destinations for Theatre Lovers
Do you love theatre? If you love the art of drama and travelling, you are in luck. Whether you prefer to travel around Europe or you want to explore beyond the continent, the world is full of unique and fascinating cities whose culture and history will provide you with beautiful and theatrical delights. From the very south of Europe to the exotic and Far East Japan, I welcome you to the most impressive theatre scene. Because, as William Shakespeare said, “All the World’s a stage”.
1. London: Shakespeare’ s plays in the Southbank
Shakespeare´s Globe is a reconstruction of the open-air playhouse designed in 1599, which burned down during a performance of Henry VIII in 1613. Today, it´s possible to see Shakespeare´s plays in the heart of the Southbank, with the first season for the new Sam Wanamaker Playhouse opening in January 2014. If you also fancy a bit of the best contemporary art in London, pop in to the Tate Modern; it’s literary next to the theatre (Paul Klee exhibition will be open until 9th March 2014).
Which plays to watch: Check out the 2014 calendar at www.shakespearesglobe.com
2. Maruyama: Stratford-upon-Tokyo
If you have been thinking about visiting Japan for a long time but you haven’t really decided on it, maybe 2014 is the year to make it happen! Did you know that it´s possible to travel to Elizabethan England in Tokyo? Only 20 miles northeast of Japan´s capital, you can find the Shakespeare Country Park, which was completed in 1997. Whoever visits the theme park will be able to feel the essence of the period in which the great author lived. And yes, you can confirm that apparently William Shakespeare also spoke Japanese…the on–site theatre reproduces Shakespeare’s plays in the local language!
How to get there: For flights to Tokyo check out Expedia deals.
3. Verona: Romeo & Juliet
It’s enough just to mention its name to see that Verona is genuinely romantic. I guess because there is so much hidden behind this city… Verona is supposed to be the home of the love story between Romeo & Juliet and it is here where you can visit the house is said to be Juliet’s house. Apart from the love essence, this place offers visitors a beautiful Gothic style to admire. Don’t forget to visit the Roman theatre and Archaeological Museum, reached by crossing the popular stone bridge called Ponte Piedra. Whether it is true or not that Romeo and Juliet’s story actually took place here, Verona is always a cool destination for Shakespeare lovers but let´s be honest: you better be a romantic!
Where to seal your love: Visit Casa di Giulietta (Via Cappello, 23, Verona, Italy)
4. Mérida: The Ancient Rome in the middle of Spain
This is one of the driest towns in Spain. Mérida belongs to Extremadura, a beautiful region based in the Vía de la Plata – a pilgrimage route from Seville to Santiago de Compostela. El Teatro Romano (The Roman Theatre) is without any doubt the most famous attraction in town and it’s literally like travelling back to the past, 16 AD to be exact. Once there, take a walk, step on the ancient stands and have a seat. You will easily understand why this scenario was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO…If you love theatre as much as I do, you definitely have to book a visit to Mérida in the summer 2014; The Merida Classical Theatre Festival will turn it into a place full of heroes and warriors. It won’t disappoint you!
Where to eat: La Bodeguilla (Calle Moreno de Vargas, 2, Mérida, Spain)
By Marta López
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The Top 5 National Parks in Alaska
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Filming Starts On "The Flash"
Production has now started in Vancouver on The CW's comic book adaptation, "The Flash", starring Grant Gustin as the DC Comics' superhero:
Developed by writer/producers Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg and Geoff Johns, the pilot will air on The CW, based on the DC Comics character "The Flash" aka 'Barry Allen', a costumed crime-fighter created by Robert Kanigher, John Broome and Carmine Infantino.
The potential series is a spin-off of "Arrow", existing in the same TV universe.
The pilot is written by Berlanti, Kreisberg and Johns, and directed by David Nutter.
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Brazil goes nuts for Meatless Mondays
International Vegetarian Union | 03/31/10
IVU recently reported on the launch of a Meatless Monday campaign in Sao Paulo, Brazil, a metropolis of approximately 20 million people. Marly Winckler, president of the Vegetarian Society of Brazil and IVU Regional Coordinator for Latin America, provided some additional information about the campaign.
How did you think of the idea of a weekly meatless day?
We knew already about the Meatout Mondays idea, and when the city of Ghent declared every Thursday a Veggie Day, I asked Dr Eduardo Jorge, Secretary of Environment of Sao Paulo, if he would support a Meatless Monday campaign is his city. He said yes right away, and in about two months, we launched the campaign in Sao Paulo's biggest park, with support of some NGOs and the city of Sao Lourenço da Serra.
How do you publicize the Meatless Day?
For starters, we use the internet, via vegetarian lists, Orkut, Twitter, etc. We also use a press agency - Amaradei Comunicaçao. Plus, the Communications Department of Sao Paulo Environment Secretary has been a big help. Last but not least, we have had lots of press coverage, including a big page in Estadao, the main newspaper of Sao Paulo, and a note in Veja Magazine (Brazil's equivalent of Time) and many interviews in various media: TV, radio and newspapers
Do you communicate with vegetarian organizations in other countries who are doing Meatless Days or who are planning Meatless Days?
Yes. For instance myself and another representative of the Brazilian Vegetarian Society will be going to Belgium to meet with our fellow IVU member organisation there, EVA (Ethical Vegetarian Alternative), so that our meatless day campaigns can join forces.
Brazil is known for beef and other meat dishes. How can a weekly Meatless Day succeed in your country?
In a survey done by the Ipsos Institute, 28% of Brazilians declared they want to eat less meat. Thus, we are going in a direction that many people are open to. As a result, it's actually not surprising that we are having a lot of support, although we have a big job since the meat remains high.
What other factors have helped you succeed?
First, our arguments are very solid, with lots of evidence to support them. Second, we have four cartoon mascots, representing the four most commonly consumed animals. These cute characters give the campaign a fun feel. Third, two of Brazil's best known singers are lending their support: Marisa Monte and Gilberto Gil.
Are other cities/towns showing interest?
Sure. There has been so much interest nationwide that we are planning to launch Meatless Mondays in Rio, Salvador, Brasília, Florianopolis and Campinas. All sorts of people and organisations want to be involved. For instance, a hospital in Sao Paulo is supporting the campaign.
What are some popular Brazilian veg dishes?
That depends on the region. In the North, we have, for instance, muqueca which usually is done with fish, but vegetarians use eggplant or tofu instead. In other parts of the country, we have feijoada, which is black beans cooked with different vegetables.
More info (in Portuguese only!) : http://www.svb.org.br/segundasemcarne
The Vegetarian Society of Brazil is a member of the International Vegetarian Union: www.ivu.org
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Interview with Carol Drinkwater
The View From Here Interview: Carol Drinkwater
By Jen
Best known for award-winning portrayal of Helen Herriot in the television adaptation of the James Herriot books, All Creatures Great and Small(1978–85), Carol is a popular and acclaimed author as well, with nineteen books to her name. Her series of memoirs about her experiences (The Olive Farm, The Olive Season, The Olive Harvest, and Return to the Olive Farm) have become bestsellers. Carol's fascination with the olive tree extended to a solo 17-month Mediterranean journey in search of its mythical secrets. The resulting travel books, The Olive Route and The Olive Tree, have inspired a recently completed five-part documentary film series entitled The Olive Route. “Like the Silk Road and the Spice Route, the Olive Route – stretching 2,200 miles from Gibraltar to northern Syria – encompasses not just a journey, but an epic adventure involving the age-old transportation of a precious commodity.”
You have written four books in the Scholastic YA ‘My Story’ series, have a fifth due to be published in the spring of 2014 and have been invited to record a selection of titles from the entire series. Which is your favourite of your My Stories or which you get most reader response from, and why?
I think I would have to say The Hunger because it was my first and therefore holds a special place in my heart, also it is an Irish story so from my homeland and it is probably the title I receive the most mail about. It is also taught in schools in various parts of the world, which is very pleasing.
When you write for YA do you write differently than you would for adults and what do you enjoy about it?
I don't write differently but I am a different person. As an actress I sink myself into the heart and soul of my characters. It is a natural instinct that I suppose works for all writers too. I don't know. What it means is that when I am writing for the YA market and my leading character is, let's say fourteen or fifteen, well so am I. I live life through that girl's eyes and emotions. It is an age range and a market that I love. Perhaps I have never 'grown up', I don't know, but I find it such an exciting, such a painful time. Life at full tilt. It is a hinge period in the process of maturing, a turning point, chrysalis, call it what you will but adulthood is about to be stepped into. All life is there. A young person is about to blossom, to encounter love, desire, work and taking control of their destiny. It couldn't be more exciting.
Does your writing process differ much for memoir and fiction?
I don't know. I am about to run a workshop in Bantry at the wonderful Cork Literary Festival in July and I will be talking about writing memoirs and non-fiction so it will be very interesting to see what I learn. I will be a pupil as much as those who have signed up for the week. It is always about a form of honesty, whether fictional or not and, again because I am an actress, my Self and emotions are central to the writing process.
How much historical research do you need for the My Story books and when do you know whether you have the balance of fiction and historical fact correct?
Interesting question. I research very thoroughly. In fact I always research whether for this series or for my memoirs. I love to research. It is a journey of discovery and from there I find my way into a story. 'Oh, I want that in the plot', I say to myself, 'and that'. Time spent in research is a gift. It never fails to reveal goodies, jewels. The historical facts embroider the story but they cannot be the story. I think that is the difference.
You have a contract for an adult WWI novel. Tell me a little more about it and when is it coming out, with whom, and is all your work agented by Curtis Brown?
The WW1 story is a My Story but with a twist. Scholastic is looking to shift the emphasis for several books to a slightly older age range, attracting their readers through love stories. So, I have been given the very thrilling challenging of writing a love story set in WW1 (My choice of period) for a teenage and late teen market. What is fabulous about this is that the young soldiers who went into battle, to the Somme, for instance, were teenagers themselves. My young soldier is a Londoner who is posted to France, (never been out of England before) witnesses the horrors of the trenches and the appalling losses and then is sent off with his mates, his fellow soldiers, to recuperate for a couple of weeks back from the line in a French village where he meets a girl...
Jonathan Lloyd at Curtis Brown is my agent. I have no other for my writing work. Acting is another matter but JL handles my books. I am also at work on an adult book that has a period setting but I am not ready to say any more about that now.
You have worked with a wide variety of personalities and in renowned acting circles on stage and screen. You were a member of the National Theatre Company under the leadership of Laurence Olivier for example and most recently on your Olive Route, a ten-part documentary series based on The Olive Farm which has been commissioned by ZDF in Germany and French and Italian Arte. Have you seen the industry change in significant ways, and in particular the playwrights or screenwriters role for stage or screen?
When I was working as an actress, I spent all my off-camera time watching, observing what went on. I always knew I wanted a slice of the behind-the-camera action although I had thought it would be as a director. I studied film direction on a short course specially created for professionals at the National Film School in Beaconsfield, England. I LOVE directing and were I embarking on my entire career all over again, that is the path I would take. To be a writer/director or auteur as the French describe it is very satisfying. As an actress, I still focused on the actor's side of things so I could not really say how it was for the screenwriter back then. I knew Alf Wight (James Herriot) had much influence at the BBC and could insist that his story lines were adhered to, but generally speaking the lot of the screenwriter was not one that I paid attention to. Once I began to write for screen, I saw the challenge and miseries. It is a very hard role to play within a team and I could write reams on the subject. One might say that poor Scott Fitzgerald, for example, met his end in Hollywood! As a writer, books are far more pleasing because, particularly when you have fine editors such as those I have been fortunate to work with, your work is respected and not torn to shreds. Have I seen the industry change? YES. Television is on the whole a far less pleasing medium to work in than it was twenty or so years ago. However, I work so little as an actress now - a pity - that I probably cannot assess all aspects fairly.
Four of the Olive books are about to be published for Amazon Kindle in the States: The Olive Harvest, The Olive Route, The Olive Tree and Return to the Olive Farm. Together with your website partner Bart Hulley, you designed the jackets. Do you have the same input on print covers, because the kindle images are stunning.
Yes, these e-books have now been published. The Kindle images are photographs from my own work. Bart and I spent a couple of days together in Paris after a couple of weeks working by email, exchanging images, ideas etc, composing visual pictures that told stories. The reason I chose to create my own jackets was because I wanted the director's role. I wanted to put the visuals together and, because I was at that time deeply immersed in The Olive Route films, it seemed a good moment to take on the challenge. I think we have created some very lovely jackets and I am very proud of them. Bart is hugely talented and we work very well together. My book publishers always ask my opinion of the jackets they are proposing but I have never designed them although I have occasionally thrown in suggestions.
Between writing for print, novels, non-fiction and screen, you have a huge amount of traveling with appearances at environmental panels, trade events and literary festivals, as well as all your screen time. And not to forget the fabulous farm in France and special people in your life. What percentage of your time is split where and however do you manage to write?
I am very behind on my writing at this moment and I am aware of that. I have to learn now to say No to certain events. I have no assistant and I run two Facebook pages and personally answer all the queries and messages. I am regularly juggling approximately 300-500 emails and messages a day etc so it takes time out of my daily schedule. I now realise that something will have to give. I love to meet my readers and fans and I think that personal contact is very much part of twenty-first-century marketing, so it is hard to refuse offers. There is huge reward in spending time with readers. Many have become friends, part of the ship I sail in. I am also passionate about the environment and have just set up my first petition which takes huge amounts of energy to get it read and signed. I have been fighting for the wellbeing and future of the honeybee for about ten years now and during these last four years, this issue has really taken off and I am proud of my very tiny part in this first step towards a change, BUT it all takes time.
Your Olive books series, tell your journey from the find and purchase to the production of top quality olive oil on, your farm overlooking the Bay of Cannes in France, and much more besides. Is this where your heart is, or do you hold more passion for another aspect of your work?
The Olive Farm has been where my heart lies for over two decades. The man in my life is my husband, Michel, who built this dream with me. It is a love story that has blossomed in so many more directions than I could ever have envisaged. The joy of it is that like a plant, the story keeps growing and blossoming and fruiting. There seems to be no end to it. One ruined house has changed the entire direction of my life, led me all over the world and given me a personal love story that I am very grateful to have found...
You have been invited to work with UNESCO to help found an Olive Heritage Trail around the Mediterranean basin, with the dual goals of creating peace in the region and honoring the ancient heritage of the olive tree. What a task! How will it begin?
It has begun! This is an extension of the love story I mention above. The five Olive Route films are part of this UNESCO vision. When I first climbed aboard my Olive Quest I took the idea to the Cultural Director at UNESCO and she, Katerina, after an initial rejection, has encouraged me to bring my creative energies to the Mediterranean story, to the cultures who have this tree at the heart of their lives, and so I created these books, these films, travelled these journeys. I take them out into the world and it gives a glimpse to others into the heart of the Olive Story, to the Mediterranean and its tapestry of stories. Encounters that people elsewhere in the world might not have otherwise have known or thought about. The feedback so far has been tremendous.
Back on your farm today, after your bees were nearly wiped out, you now have twelve healthy hives. What are your own top tips for the bee keeping minded?
We have a beekeeper who works with us, who tends the hives because I have NO time. If someone wants to take on the very special joy of keeping bees then you must be properly trained. Our farm is organic and I shop for the bees as I shop for us. I buy and plant the plants that will feed them, will give them a diversity of choice, of nectars and pollens. I spend time finding out abut what they need. And they pollinate our fruit trees.
Now, if you had to choose....
Apricots. Your favourite recipe?
My own homemade organic apricot compote, eaten with natural yoghurt for breakfast, it cannot be beaten. I use honey in the making rather than sugar.
Painter or sculptor? Who is your favourite and if you do not already, which would you like to do yourself and why?
I do neither, alas, I am hopeless. I can only paint with words. But if I could have been Matisse or Picasso...
To be twenty- or fifty-something forever, and why?
Never twenty again. I was too anguished, too uncertain, still very bruised from a dysfunctional past. Uncertain, even ashamed of my sexuality. Fifty..? OK, but give me my late thirties or early forties again.. now you are talking! I met my husband in my mid-thirties and life has really rocked since then. I love the age I am now too, in the sense that I am so busy and less afraid of others' opinions. I don't like the thought of losing my faculties though and I hate the fact that as I get older, my friends have been fighting sicknesses, others have died.. Mortality comes knocking..
One thing people don’t know I’m good at is…
I am a fine swimmer and a great hostess. I am also discovering that I have a certain flair for architecture or rather for telling others what I want!!
When you are away from home, which scents do you miss the most?
Lavender, basil, jasmine, orange and lemon blossom and the scent of my husband sleeping at my side.
Exciting to see that in July 2013, you are taking part in the West Cork Literary Festival in memoir/non-fiction as well as on how to bring written word to the screen. (http://www.westcorkmusic.ie/literaryfestival/programme) Will we see you at more writing events in the coming future?
I sincerely hope so. I am thrilled to be participating in several events at this year's West Cork Lit Fest. Bantry is a real buzz and half my Irish family will be coming along. I am really looking forward to it.
Do you own an e-reading device or stick with paper? What’s currently at the top of your ‘To Be Read’ pile?
I have an iPad which I use for reading when travelling and a Kindle. I have about twenty-five books downloaded and I had intended to read them while I was in the States but had no spare time. I have just finished Instructions for a Heatwave and The Great Gatsby (for about the twentieth time) and am about to begin Levels of Life. I am also reading (for the first time, I am ashamed to say) The Balkan Trilogy.
Personally, I would enjoy seeing you back on small screen TV. With all your experience and historical fiction knowledge, British and US appeal, perhaps a role in Downton Abbey. What would you think?
I really want to do some acting again For the first time in years, I am really missing it, aching to get back out there. I think my recent visit to Hollywood set me going. Well, ask to Julian to write me a role!
Thank you to Carol, who is just back from an American tour, and was widely acclaimed. I am delighted she was able to take the time for our interview and wish her every continued success.
Her website covers her work as writer, as well as an actress and filmmaker. And includes all sorts of fascinating info on bee awareness. To follow Carol on Facebook, see https://www.facebook.com/olive.farm or follow her blog. And many of her own beautiful photographs can be found on pinterest.
Carol’s children's books include The Haunted School, which was produced as a television mini-series and a Disney film, which won the Chicago Film Festival Gold Award for Children's Films.
Variety Club Television Personality of the Year award in 1985
Critics’ Circle Best Screen Actress award for role in the feature film Father playing opposite Max von Sydow.
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Justin Wood was born in Eau Claire, WI and grew up in Woodbridge, VA. He moved to New York in 2000 to attend the School of Visual Arts where he studied painting with Michael Goldberg, Jack Whitten, Joanne Greenbaum, Llyn Umlauf and Brooke Larsen. While at SVA, Justin began creating mixed media paintings made from materials found on the streets of New York. After graduating and moving to Washington, DC, he started working in a print shop and began to experiment with the use of inkjet ink as a painting medium, and started to create his own collage material out of inks and various printing substrates.
Justin began his formal fine art career with shows in Washington DC and lived and worked there for 2 years after graduating SVA. In 2007, Justin moved back to New York and over the next 7 years would have 4 solo shows in New York and numerous group shows, and art fairs throughout the United States. He had studios in Jersey City, Hoboken, Midtown Manhattan, Bushwick & Greenpoint, Brooklyn. During this time he also started working the bands and DJs by performing live visuals. He was a regular VJ for bands Dub Trio and Consider the Source and would go on with them to play some of the biggest venues in New York and Washington DC as well as present sculptural video installations at major music festivals on the East Coast. In 2010, Justin merged his two skill sets by bringing the VJ technology into his studio and started creating hybrid video paintings. He continues with this exploration today by merging new technologies with traditional art practices.
After spending a few years migrating back and forth between South Florida and NYC, Justin decided to make a permanent move to Florida in late 2013. The growth of the Miami art scene was very exciting to him and he saw it as a chance to help build something new and be a part of the change. In the summer of 2014, Justin established a temporary studio in Miami before finding a permanent home at Viophilia in the fall.
“Video mapping enables us to employ any number of computer technologies into a traditionally static medium unlocking what I believe to be a major shift in the creation and critique of paintings.”
Justin will curate a group show and present a solo show at Viophilia in 2015 as well as promote and present a series of video art screenings throughout the year.
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Saudi Arabia (The Kingdom) – An American Stigma (#123)
Lately, Saudi Arabia has been in the news a lot, for all the wrong reasons. It is a totalitarian Kingdom, ruled by the founding family of Saud (the House of Saud) some 7,000 strong ‘princes - heirs’, that do not tolerate any (and we mean ANY) criticism, protests, opposition, or any form of dissension, of any kind, to their absolute ownership and rule of the Arabian Peninsula, which is the sixth largest country by geographical size, with the second largest oil reserves in the world. It is also
A Brief Report Card of Trump’s Term – So Far (#120)
To the Donald Trump hardcore support base; he can do no wrong. And, in the defense of his pathological lying, disruption, divisiveness, and sheer ineptness as a World leader, the rational given for their continuing support, are his supposedly amazing accomplishments since he became President. So, days before the ‘Mid-Term elections’, we thought a quick assessment of his major promises made during his 2016 campaign, and the accomplishment of them so far were certainly warranted. It has to be
The World in Flux – As It Keeps Turning (#117)
These past weeks have been eventful to say the least, what with the recent divisive funeral of Senator John McCain, pitting the heroic uniting force of John McCain against the derisive, divisive forces of Donald Trump; the contentious NAFTA negotiations between the threatening Donald Trump instructed U.S. negotiators and the defiant Canadian government; the shocking riots and rise of the neo-Nazi’s in Germany; the increasing heavy-handedness of India’s Hindu Nationalists as they trample on
Canada - In the Age of the Bully Nations (#116)
The plaintive statement “We don’t have a single friend” as a headline on an article in a major news organization caught our attention. Upon reading the article, it was a bit surprising to know that the statement referred to Canada as being abandoned by its many allies and friends around the World, in its bizarre diplomatic spat with Saudi Arabia. The rather dramatic statement was attributed to Rachel Curran, a policy director under the former conservative government of Canadian PM Stephen
A Dream for Some – Despair and Death for Others (#114)
On May 14, 2018, the graphic images streaming from Jerusalem and from Gaza showed two very different Worlds. One was of raw entitlement, privilege and power, and even claims of manifestation of Divine Prophecy, and the other, of abject squalor, hopelessness, desperate despair, and helplessness in the face of ruthless, merciless, purposeful maiming and death. As some in Israel and America celebrated the long awaited U.S. Embassy move to Jerusalem as the culmination of a dream come true, a wail
The Summit That Will Shape - South East Asia (#111)
If the talks between Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un actually take place, uncertainty being endemic to the relationship, considering the volatile and unpredictable nature of the two leaders, and the terms of the meeting not being clear, the outcome of that meeting if it happens will shape the power-equation that will shape South-East and Far-East Asia. The enmity between North Korea and the United States of America goes back to the early 1950s, when the intervention of American Armed Forces saved
So Israel Really Is Above the Law – No Matter What (#107)
Recently in a news article on BBC* we were informed:: ‘an Iranian drone had flown into Israeli air space from Syria which Israel shot down’, then as additional retaliation to the drone being launched, an 8 plane bombing mission was carried out by Israel to attack ‘Iranian’ positions in Syria’ from where the drone was suspected to have been launched. During this bombing mission an Israeli warplane, an F-16 Fighter Jet, was shot down by Syrian anti-aircraft missile defenses. The two pilots flying
A Stormy 2017 - And 2018 Is Just As Bad (#105)
It was a stormy 2017, and apart from the hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons, Donald Trump was the biggest geo-political cluster bomb, rocking the very foundations of the already fractured World-order by the sheer reserves of his general ignorance, limitless capacity to do harm, and deeply offending crudity. Apart from all the other bad actors in the World, and there never ever seems to be a shortage of those, Donald Trump assures an unsettled, stormy 2018, with the potential for multiple
General ‘Mad Dog’ Mattis – Secretary of Defense (#85)
President-Elect Donald Trump announced the appointment of ‘Mad Dog’ Mattis as the Secretary of Defense in his new administration. A highly unusual appointment as the General is only three years retired, and the Congressional rules require that an Armed Forces Officer be retired for at least 7 years prior to being appointed to public office. But, apparently this is not an insurmountable obstacle as the Republican controlled Congress can get him past that rule, if they really want to, and
Bernie Sanders – Rising on Conviction & Courage (#70)
With all the decks solidly stacked against him and with few giving him any chance at the outset, and with the Democratic establishment and the Party solidly backing the high profile candidate Hillary Clinton, who de-facto had the nomination sewed-up, Bernie Sanders had the Quixotic urge, and the extraordinary courage to take on the seemingly impossible task of defeating the shoo-in Hillary, and try and do it on what would be considered a suicidal political platform in America, as a “Democratic
The Darkening of the Global Horizon – Courtesy Trump (#119)
The decades following the end of the Second World War have been generally globally progressive, peaceful, and for most countries, a time of increasing prosperity and therefore an age of advances in learning, technology, productivity, international integration, and measurable mitigation of global ignorance and poverty; in other words, all things considered, a golden age of peace and prosperity. But as is typical of the human species, to somewhat slow our evolution and prove and give reign to our
On The World Stage – ‘The Ugly American’ (#96)
In 1958, Eugene Burdick and William Lederer wrote a book called ‘The Ugly American’. It was an instant bestseller in America, and has been in continuous print ever since. The book is considered to be one of the most politically influential books published in America, and is supposed to have impressed then Senator John F. Kennedy so much that he is reported to have purchased and distributed a copy to every one of his colleagues in the U.S. Senate. The book apparently influenced the conduct of
food and drug
balsonaro
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An Attack on a Galleon by Howard Pile
Cross stitch chart or counted cross stitch kit from the Scarlet Quince 20th & 21st Century Fine Art Collection.
Howard Pyle (March 5, 1853 – November 9, 1911) was an American illustrator and writer, primarily of books for young audiences. A native of Wilmington, Delaware, he spent the last year of his life in Florence, Italy.
In 1894 he began teaching illustration at the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry (now Drexel University), and after 1900 he founded his own school of art and illustration called the Howard Pyle School of Illustration Art. The term the Brandywine School was later applied to the illustration artists and Wyeth family artists of the Brandywine region by Pitz (later called the Brandywine School). Some of his more famous students were Olive Rush, N. C. Wyeth, Frank Schoonover, Elenore Abbott, Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle, Allen Tupper True, and Jessie Willcox Smith.
His 1883 classic The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood remains in print to this day, and his other books, frequently with medieval European settings, include a four-volume set on King Arthur that cemented his reputation.
He wrote an original novel, Otto of the Silver Hand, in 1888. He also illustrated historical and adventure stories for periodicals such as Harper's Weekly and St. Nicholas Magazine. His novel Men of Iron was made into a movie in 1954, The Black Shield of Falworth.
Pyle travelled to Florence, Italy to study mural painting in 1910, and died there in 1911 of sudden kidney infection (Bright's Disease).
This piece depicts a longboat full of pirates plunging through high waves toward a galleon which has gotten separated from the rest of the treasure convoy. Another boatful of cutthroats is already boarding the galleon and overcoming the crew, as indicated by the clouds of gunpowder smoke rising from the ship's deck. Illustration for "The Fate of a Treasure Town". (Golden Age of Illustration, 1905
You can also choose to have this design in kit form - list of DMC threads used.
Tags: attack, galleon, howard, pile, scarlet, quince, 20-21c, kits
Three Spirits Mad With Joy by Warwick Goble
C is for Cat by Jessie Willcox Smith
N Is For Needle by Jessie Willcox Smith
W is for Wind by Jessie Willcox Smith
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Cultural Integration
IAP Licensees
Culture Compass
Extended Profilers
Riana van den Bergh
Place of Birth: Pretoria
Riana van den Bergh is a Cultural Intelligence expert and has been a trainer in the intercultural field since 2005. She is a South African Industrial/Organisational Psychologist (Health Professions Council of South Africa) and focuses on Intercultural Awareness training for expatriates and managers.
Riana’s interest in cultural differences and diversity was fuelled early in her life. Born and raised in South Africa, she completed her Bachelor of Commerce with specialization in Human Resource Management (cum laude) at the University of Pretoria. Riana completed her Masters, with the focus on Cultural Intelligence (cum laude), whilst lecturing at the University of Pretoria and the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Her Master’s thesis forms the basis of a Cultural Intelligence workshop which is gaining increased popularity among international managers in South Africa. Based on her own experiences of expatriation to the Netherlands, Riana is currently conducting research for her Ph.D. on the adjustment experiences of expatriate women professionals living and working in different cultures.
In 2006, Riana was elected as one of South Africa’s 100 brightest young student leaders and achievers; and in 2008 she was awarded Honorary Academic Colors and an award for being one of the Top 20 student achievers in the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences at the University of Pretoria.
Riana gained first-hand experience of the impact of cultural differences on working relationships as a volunteer for AIESEC International, an exchange organization where she was involved in intercultural coaching and training. She expanded her experience as a project leader by working for AIESEC Philippines Foundation during 2005/6.
She continued to work with people from various nationalities and diverse backgrounds as a fulltime lecturer at the University of Pretoria, South Africa and a guest lecturer at the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. She also managed her own practice, providing training solutions and psychometric assessment services for clients such as SAB/Miller, SAMANCOR, Protech Khuthele, the South African Department of Trade and Industry and the Office of the Premier of the Western Cape.
Since joining Trompenaars Hampden-Turner in 2009, she has been involved with global corporate clients, educational institutions and international business schools as a consultant, coach, keynote speaker and trainer. She also manages corporate license holders and is involved in the development of new tools and products. Riana is also the key account manager for the South African clients of Trompenaars Hampden-Turner and has worked with the following organisations: ESKOM, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Grontmij, MTN, VNG International, Gordon Institute of Business Science, Generali, Dutch Tropical Institute, Hogeschool Inholland, Haagse Hogeshool.
Riana is currently based in the Netherlands and has a passion for the emerging markets in Africa. She is very interested in the reconciliation of African management principles and values with Western Management principles. She speaks English, Afrikaans and Dutch.
the THT Blog
My friend Miha is doing it again! https://t.co/4Ik82cx1AS 16 days ago
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Three Make History At #1 With #4
Rock trio You Am I have made history by becoming the first Australian band to have three consecutive albums debut at number one on the Australian charts. Yesterday's achievement comes on top of winning eight national ARIA Awards last year for their previous album, Hourly Daily.
The trio has a reputation as one of the country's most electrifying live bands. Now they join the upper echelons of Australian music; only Cold Chisel, Midnight Oil, Split Enz and INXS have had three consecutive albums reach number one. Their latest offering, #4 Record, is rockier and less poppy than their two previous albums, and some critics have said it does not live up to the high expectations of the Sydney-based band.
"I don't take credence from critics," said lead singer Tim Rogers, who recently moved from Sydney to Melbourne.
"We're in the position where we are being set up to be compared to what we've done before. You know - 'If this band's so great, why is this just a rock'n'roll album?'
"Maybe everyone got it wrong first off, and we are just the best paid pub band in the land.
"We're just a rock'n'roll band making a rock'n'roll record . . . We'll just keep on doing what we do, and little titilating things like getting number one is really just an excuse to get up to Sydney to have a drink with (bassist and drummer) Andy and Rust."
A modest Rogers thinks that a number one record has more to do with timing than anything else.
"It's a very tactical kind of record company thing. Most records that go to number one are absolute shit. It wouldn't have gone to number one next week because the Smashing Pumpkins record comes out," he
You Am I's last three albums and live performances have received rave reviews around the globe.
"You Am I are the most swinging R&B-infused rock trip since The Jam," claimed the respected Seattle Weekly.
And Paris' Telerama described Hourly Daily as the "best rock record since rock died".
The band recorded #4 Record after a solid year of touring Europe, America and Australia. Mr Peter Prescott, the managing director of the band's label, BMG, said the achievement was testament to their relentless touring and recording schedule.
"You Am I are unique. Once thought of as an alternative, 'inner city' band, they have developed into one of our greatest rock acts with major appeal right across the country, as this record-breaking debut confirms," Mr Prescott said.
"This is testament to their hard work and stunning music as well as the ongoing support the band have received from various sectors of the media and their fans."
You Am I tour will Australia next month.
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TODAY.AZ / Business
SOFAZ included to top 100 most impactful public investors
11 October 2018 [15:08] - TODAY.AZ
State Oil Fund of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ) has been included to the list of 100 most significant, resilient, and impactful asset owner and public executives of 2018. In this globally recognized list, SOFAZ has been ranked 10th amongst hundred most impactful public investors.
The list includes the most influential investors at the world’s largest sovereign wealth funds, endowments, foundations, pensions, and central banks, who have successfully managed assets amid current circumstances.
The top 100 ranking has been compiled by the Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute (SWFI) based on several dimensions including, innovation, funding, environmental circumstances, returns, unique programs and initiatives undertaken.
To see the full list, please follow the link below:
https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/press-release-public-investor-100-rankings-released-for-2018/
The State Oil Fund of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ), established in December 1999 by the Presidential Decree is a legal entity and an extra-budgetary institution. The Fund is a mechanism whereby energy-related earnings are accumulated and efficiently managed. The cornerstone of the philosophy behind the SOFAZ is to ensure intergenerational equality with regard to benefit from the country's oil wealth, whilst improving the economic well-being of the population today and safeguarding the economic security of future generations.
For more information about SOFAZ, please visit http://www.oilfund.az/
SWFI is a global organization designed to study sovereign wealth funds, pensions, endowments, central banks, and other long-term public investors in the areas of investing, asset allocation, risk, governance, economics, policy, trade, and other relevant topics.
For more information about SWFI, please visit https://www.swfinstitute.org/
URL: http://www.today.az/news/business/174774.html
U.S. envoy: We want energy to be driver of economic opportunity, including with projects like TAP
Registration of juridical person in e-agriculture information system launches
Oil, gas, electricity exports disclosed
Exports to Russia record growth by 8pct
Country no longer import "King of Summer"
Digital management system of nature reserves to be established
Country implements successful reforms in labor sector
Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan ink Cooperation Program in legal sphere
Azerbaijani citizens buying more real estate in Turkey
First production workshop for students appears in Ganja
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How to Enjoy Jaipur
May 18, 2018 May 18, 2018 admin 0 Comments Amer Fort, amer fort jaipur, amer kila, hawa mahal, hawa mahal jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state Rajasthan. It is named after Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amer who founded the city on 18th November, 1727. Jaipur is known as “Pink City” due to the beautiful buildings painted in pink to welcome Prince of Wales and Queen Victoria in 1876.
Most Visited sites in Jaipur:
Hawa Mahal: Hawa Mahal is a palace in Jaipur. It was built in 1799 by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh. The designer of this great palace was Lal Chand Ustad. Its exceptional five-storey exterior is similar to the honeycomb of a beehive with 953 small windows which is termed as jharokhas in local language and is decorated with complicated latticework. The palace was designed in this way so that royal ladies can observe daily life and festivals celebrated in the street below without being seen since they were abide by the strict rules of “purdah”, which forbade them from appearing in public without face coverings. This architectural feature also allowed cool air from the Venturi effect to pass through and it makes the whole area more soothing during the scorching summer heat of Rajasthan. Most of the time, people see the Hawa Mahal from the street view and think it is the front of the palace, but in reality it is the back of that palace.
Amer Fort: Amer Fort is a fort situated at Amer, Rajasthan, India. Amer is located 11 kilometres away from Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. The palace is located high on a hill and is the principal tourist attraction of Jaipur. The town of Amer was originally built by Meenas and later it was ruled by Raja Man Singh I (December 21, 1550 – July 6, 1614). Amer Fort is famous for its artistic Hindu style elements. It is constructed with large ramparts and series of gates and cobbled paths, the fort overlooks Maota Lake, which is the main source of water for the Amer Palace. In 2013, Amer Fort was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Jantar Mantar: The Jantar Mantar monument in Jaipur, Rajasthan is a collection of nineteen architectural astronomical instruments built by the Rajput king Sawai Jai Singh II, which was completed in 1734. It is the world’s largest stone sundial and is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Jalmahal: Jal Mahal, in English means “Water Palace”, is a palace in the middle of the Man Sagar Lake in Jaipur city, the capital of the state of Rajasthan, India. The palace and the lake around it were renovated in the 18th century by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Amber. The Jal Mahal palace is not open to visitors.
Jaigarh fort: Jaigarh Fort is situated on the cape called the Cheel ka Teela (Hill of Eagles) of the Aravalli range. It overlooks the Amber Fort and the Maota Lake, near Amber in Jaipur, Rajasthan.The fort was built by Jai Singh II in 1726 to protect the Amber Fort and the palace of the fort was named after him.
City palace: City Palace includes the Chandra Mahal and Mubarak Mahal palaces and other buildings, is a palace complex in Jaipur. It was the seat of the Maharaja of Jaipur, the head of the Kachwaha Rajput clan. The Chandra Mahal palace is now converted to a museum, but the greatest part of it is still a royal residence.
Birla Mandir: Birla Mandir, Jaipur is a Hindu temple located in Jaipur. This magnificent temple is located at the base of Moti Dungari hill in Rajasthan. Sometimes the temple is mentioned as the Laxmi Narayan Temple.
Albert hall museum: The Albert Hall Museum is the oldest museum of the state and functions as the State museum of Rajasthan. The museum building was designed by Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob and assisted by Mir Tujumool Hoosein. The museum was opened for public in 1887.Maharaja Ram Singh initially wanted this to be a town hall, but his successor, Madho Singh II, decided it should be a museum for the art of Jaipur. The museum has a rich collection of paintings, carpets, ivory, stone, metal sculptures, and works in crystal.
Nahargarh Fort: Nahargarh fort was built in 1734 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the founder of Jaipur. This fort never came under attack, however many notable historical events occurred here. The treaties with the Maratha forces and Jaipur in the 18th century were signed here. During the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the Europeans of the region, including the British Resident’s wife, were moved to this fort by the king of Jaipur, Sawai Ram Singh, for their protection. Nahargarh was also a hunting residence of the Maharajas.
Man Sagar Lake: Man Sagar Lake is an artificial lake in Jaipur. It was constructed it in c. 1610 by damming the Dharbawati river and is named after Raja Man Singh, the then ruler of Amer. The Jal Mahal is situated in the middle of the lake.
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ZTorres
Author Archives: zoetorres
Analysis Post 2
Posted on 12/09/2011 by zoetorres
The lady eve. a 1941 screwball comedy starring Barbra Stanwyck that is very different from most movies from that time period and from many romantic comedies. In that there is a particu;lar scene where it takes the concept of a male gaze and turns it on its head.
?This scene is one of the first scenes where we see the female lead character. During the scene we watch the actions of the male lead as she shows them to us. She dicates the thoughts and actions of the other characters and forces us to see things from not technically her perspective ,but more from the perspective that she chooses to show us as the audience.She directly influenced how we see things and affects the actions in the scene, main;ly in how she trips the main male lead thus causing their first meeting. Not only that but she turns the concept of the male gaze on its head. This is not only because the character gazing is a female. But because the gaze is not purely a sexual one, but a controlling one. It helps show characteristics of how the main female lead. It also says things about how main male is apparently easily controlled, as he and the girls he interacts with all act the way Barbra Stanwyck’s character’s narration.
This gives clear examples of the characters actions for the rest of the highly enjoyable movie.
A (late) Psycho Post
So, Hitchcock.
He’s an amazing filmmaker. And while I haven’t seen that many of his films, only 4 of them. The first of them was Psycho. Which is usually the one that I call my favorite.
I love love love the music in this movie. The music during the opening credits squence is still in my head, a week after having first seen the movie. And during the shower scene, how the music helped Hitchcock not need to show much because the music was the major factor in us believing that Marion was being murdered, the music was doing the cutting for him.
But besides that aspect of the shower scene, I just love the twist of it. How we spend the first half of the movie caring for this one character, only for her to be killed off and it be realized that she wasn’t as important to the plot as we first thought. This is a story about Norman, but we learn everything through the eyes of the surrounding characters (and one shrink that just loves to be expositional).
I think that this movie is wonderful shot and I just love the story. How it’s full of twists and turns that people don’t really except, Like Vertigo, which is another post. However, I think that this is one of those movies that you shouldn’t watch too frequently, as I think most of this entertainment factor comes from all the twists within the story, and after the first time seeing it all the way through; you know everything, so the excitement is slightly gone because there are no surprises anymore.
But this movie is honestly amazing. I love the music, the acting, the directing, the sets. Everything is just wonderful.
So, this was one of those movies I’d seen when I was younger, didn’t entirely understand when I first saw it but told people I saw it anyway, because I thought it was something impressive. Like when I read To Kill A Mockingbird in 6th Grade. or I guess you could call me very very lame.
But anyway, I love this movie. So so much. I love the doctor as the main character, how he’s the literally only sane man and how he kinda streamlines the story. Streamline probably isn’t the right word, but how he’s the focal point of the narrative and is the character that we use and probably need to put perspective on the events of the movie as they unfold.
Also, the version of the movie that I had seen before hadn’t included the parts with the other doctor that acted as bookends for the movie. So I’d only seen the incredibly depressing version. From what I’ve read, the novel version that the movie based on, has a much happier ending. (admittedly when compared to either version of the movie, most other endings would seem happier, but the novel ending is legitimately happier.)
I don’t really have that much else to say about the movie. I liked it, I think everything worked well, expect for a well plot holes that I’m letting slip. But the story is interesting, the main lead is interesting and the bubbles from the bubble bath kinda did scary me both times i saw the film. You win this time 50s. Making scary movies with sometimes unrealistic and unintentionally funny special effects.
It’s good to be back. Excited for next week.
Frame by Frame Analysis – “M”
Fritz Lang’s masterpiece ‘M’ was released in 1931 in Germany.
I happen to think that one of the most powerful moments in the film, is during the scene with the trial of the kangroo court that the criminals put on after they catch the child murderer.
The first (medium) shot shows the murderer being forcably taken into a room at the bottom of a building. He stands at the bottom of the stairs, while two other criminals stand at the top. They block the door and show his arguments are useless. This is because they have the power in the stituation, because they are above him and look down on him. This happens literally in that scene and throughout the movie, where all the criminals looks down on him and the crimes he commits.
Then suddenly, the child murderer hears a noise! He spins around and then comes what I consider to be my favorite reveal ever (still medium shot)
The camera shows a (medium shot) group of criminals glaring at the child murderer.
They glare, as the camera pans, revealing more
criminals glaring at the child murderer (in a medium shot).
This moment is very effective because it creates this concept in the viewer’s head, that these aren’t people, these aren’t individuals, this is one big angry creature all directed at the child murderer. Which says a lot of the underworld of the movie, they are faceless and nameless and you don’t want them to have anything to do with you, nothing at all; and when they have a goal, they will band together to make sure that their goal gets accomplished. That inturn, helps makes his cries for help a little sympathic, as no one would want to have to face a creature like that, especially alone.
This is nota bio post, in part because it’d be really late. So anyway, something to know about me is that I absolutely love love love Stephen Colbert (Silent t) and his show The Colbert Report (both Slient t). I’ve loved him and have been watching his show since the summer before I started High School.
When I was 15, I found out that you had to be 18 to attend a taping because of legal reasons and all that jazz. Which upset me because I really wanted to go and hated that I had to wait 3 years. Well, yesterday was my 18th birthday, and so I (along with my sister, whose birthday it was as well, but that’s another story, how we have the same birthday but she’s 9 years older than me, and one of our brothers) went to see a taping yesterday. And it was the greatest thing in all my life. It was a bit crazy to actually be in the studio, where it is *so* much smaller than it appears on tv. And it was kinda chilly there as well, that surprised me.
And there was q&a before the show and I asked Stephen what he did on *his* 18th birthday, which was very funny and very full of drunk activites. And the show was awesome, as he kept flubbing lines. And it was just so funny.
And I’m going to just keep talking and thinking about this for the rest of my life because it was epic and something I’ve been looking forward to for so long and it didn’t disappoint.
So yeah…back to movie posts after the next class!
A (Late-ish) Post About Citizen Kane
So, what could be said about the arguably greatest movie ever made that hasn’t already been said?
I literally don;t know.
Even though it’s been seen and analyzed so many times before me and will continue to be after me for many many years to come. I’m going to give my own thoughts on this movie and hope they don’t so overlap with what everybody’s been saying since this movie came out.
So, for starters, I really liked this movie. I thought Kane was a very interesting character. I thoughy that how everything he did was because he wanted to be loved, how he felt that he’d never been truly loved (in any sense of the word) and how that desire to make some sort of meaningful connection with somebody, (even if the somebody was the general public) drove him to do everything he did.
It takes me back to the beginning and how he must have felt unloved by either of his parents. His mother just seemed like the kind of person who was emotionally unattached to her son. Admittedly, it might just have been of the whole agreement that she had. Which, might makes Kane think he lost his mother’s love, which would just make things really sad, as you could view that movie now through the lens of a boy who really just wants to regain the love he lost from his mother.
Which could tie into the scene where Kane mentions how he doesn’t care if he loses a million dollars a year, because a) he’ll lose it all in 60 years time and b) he thinks the money is what drove his mother to not love him;
And this whole Kane wanting to be loved thing, makes me wonder, besides his mother and Rosebud, if he ever loved anything. And i mean in any way.It just kinda seemed that he put up with people/utilized them to his advantage. Even his first marriage, that soured quickily and I think that he did it, at least in part because he had political asperations.
i no longer know if I should view Kane as a manipulative bastard for all the things he did and the reasons he did them, or if I should take a lighter and softer approach to how I look at him, with my theory as to what his motivations are.
I don’t really know. But I do know that I’ve read TvTropes articles way too many times.
A (Late) Post About The Lady Eve
So, I think The Lady Eve is my favorite movie out of all of the movies we’ve seen so far. If only because it’s a comedy that’s making me think seriously about things. Which is something that I love to do.
it has people speaking English. (The female lead had a tendancy to be a bit of a motormouth, which i greatlly appreciated.) And pratfalls. Many many pratfalls. And it was a light hearted movie. Well, sort of. I mean, it was a romantic comedy and all that jazz, but it was kinda cynical in how it looked at and protrayed concept of love and marriage.
I mean, I love the scene with the horse and how he kept interrupting the same confession of love that we heard on the boat, but then again, it was the same confession of love that we heard on the boat. The male lead undermined his own sincerity and the horse was there to help us laugh at him, and I guess not hate him for seeming less like a good, kind hearted person and more like someone who just fed lines to women.
And the male lead in this movie just kinda bugged me. Mainly with the whole horse helping to bring to light how he could be insincere thing.
But one part I really enjoyed was how ‘Lady Eve’ was telling the stories of how she, well… really got around and it strikes me now that she might have done that in part because, she’s a fairly smart cookie and probably picked up how he told her the same lines twice, so that was probably a small bit of revenge within her entire scheme of revenge.
I still think that her entire revenge scheme was incredibly not worth the effort. She went through so much, (*spoilers*) only to get back together with him in the end (*spoilers*). The scale of her scheme and all the trouble she went through, just made the ending seem a bit ridiclous to me. Not that I didn’t enjoy this movie and it’s silliness. Techinically, it’s mostly silliness, as it had the undercurrent of serious going on. Which made me realize that it wasn’t as silly if you put some serious thought into it. Wowzers.
Something That Made me Laugh Today
http://failbook.failblog.org/2011/09/16/funny-facebook-fails-my-last-one-win/
It’s from FailBook, a website that mostly posts the incredibly stupid or clever things people put on Facebook. And this post, for you people that don’t click links, has a clever thing someone posted on Facebook and underneath it, it shows a little .gif of Kane clapping after Susan Alexander’s performance. It was so perfect, I felt the need to show it.
I post something about Citizen Kane eventually, but this felt too perfect to not post.
A (Late) Post about Public Enemy
This is what I’m talking about.
Fast moving dialouge. (Speaking English!) Violence. Sex references. Money. Characters that have trouble expressing their emotions. Violence.
I had never seen this money before class and I’m glad I didn’t. I got to experience this movie in a place where it’s a responsibilty to watch a movie and question it, analyze it and try to determine if it’s actually good or not.
I really liked this movie. Unlike with M, there weren’t any parts that l would considered drawn out or sequences that l thought when on to long. The recurring theme of James Cageny’s character expressing his affection by lightly punching them in the chin was I think, one of my favorite parts. If only when it came to times that he did it to his mother. Which, while not being something that you should actually do to your mother, also made me smile, because that’s the only way he knows to show affection (besides other even more non Mom appropriate things). And how you could tell that he really cared for his mother. It humanized him a bit in my eyes, because after all even bad guys love their mothers.
I also liked how the brother who went to war to fight ‘the good fight’ and go a path of goodness, came back from war kind of broken, a shell of his former self and someone who most likely committed more violence than his brother, who took the bad path and got on the wrong side of the law did. Also the final shot of the film, with the implication that his brother will follow in his foot steps sent chills down my spine a little bit. The idea that war can ruin a man so much, so that following the lead of your gangster brother to probably end up like him somewhat blows my mind and just amazes me.
I also liked how this movie was purely about Tom. And his beginnings in the crime business, his rise to power, him at his peak and his downfall. It had other characters to it, but it was truly Tom’s story. I’m a fan of character studies, so this movie struck a good cord with me.
A (Late, Late) Post About the Movie ‘M’
So 2 weeks later, I’m still not entirely sure how l feel about the movie M. I’m still trying to figure out if the good of the movie that l enjoyed outweighs the bad of the movie that l didn’t.
My main issue with this movie was that some sequences were very drawn out. Some of the drawn out parts reminded of my Unit Head/boss from the camp l worked at over the summer; very slow moving and took a while to get to the point across. I just felt that the pacing was very slow at times and that distracted me while l watched the movie, because l would think to myself about the slow pacing and get frustrated.
But other than that, I really enjoyed this movie. I liked how it was a combination of different genres. It wasn’t purely a mystery movie, it had some thriller elements with the chase: it had some courtroom elements with the trial scene; it had a bit of a moral to it with the final scene with the mother. The fact that there were different elements to the movie and helped me remain interested for the most part.
I also felt that the little comedic moments were very helpful, I guess is the word I’d use, to the movie. The movie for all its different elements, was still a serious movie and all the elements were serious and added to the tension of the film. So the little bits of comic relief were great to lighten the mood and offer a break from all the tension the rest of the movie gave us. Even the bits that weren’t necesarily comedic, but got that were reaction out of us, as the audience, were great.
I’m trying to extract some sort of patternness out of this movie. But when l do, I just end up confused. I don’t get the director had circles all over this movie. I don’t get the symbolism of that one gangster/homeless guy in the union put the M on his hand and to then transfer it to the murderer. I understand that this is something to that, just not what that actually is though. At least I’m self aware?
Anywho, I thought M was a great way to start off the class and am fairly excited for the rest of movies we’ll watch this semester.
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46-year-old SF Zoo hippo dies
Mama Cuddles, a beloved hippopotamus and one of the longest San Francisco Zoo residents, had to be euthanized today after a long battle with arthritis.
The 46-year-old hippo had been diagnosed with chronic arthritis in her hind legs in 2005. Since then, she has received a daily dose of medication and pain medicine, according to zoo officials.
On Tuesday, Cuddles was found to be having a difficult time controlling her hind legs and was not walking or moving well. When she did not improve after receiving care and pain medication and only weakened more, zookeepers and veterinarians had no choice but to euthanize Cuddles.
"One of the hardest choices the veterinarian staff and keepers have to make is deciding when it's time to euthanize an animal," said zoo chief veterinarian Jacqueline Jencek.
Cuddles arrives at the San Francisco Zoo in 1963 from the Philadelphia Zoological Gardens as a 1-year-old. She birthed 16 calves over the years and zoo officials said one of her favorite treats was munching pumpkins during the Boo at the Zoo event around Halloween.
According to zoo officials, a hippopotamus has an average life span of 35 years but can live up to 45 years in captivity.
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Chumisa Ndlazi (27)
Home/Posts/2019/Science & Technology/Chumisa Ndlazi (27)
Marketing and Communications Practitioner, CSIR
Science communicators have a huge role to play in bridging the gap between the world of science and technology and the public.
The ability to make science accessible to the layman is why Chumisa Ndlazi is so good at her job with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
As its marketing and communications practitioner, she’s making its research understandable and winning good media coverage around the world. One area she highlights is the CSIR’s National Laser Centre and its achievements with Aeroswift, the world’s largest and fastest metal 3D printer.
Ndlazi also helped the CSIR’s Photonics Prototyping Facilities to establish an industry networking forum. That brings together industry players to discuss opportunities and challenges for the photonics sector in South Africa. Photonics involves generating and harnessing light and the use of lasers in fields including alternative energy, manufacturing, health, telecoms and security. Ndlazi also co-ordinated an open day for small businesses involved in laser-based manufacturing, to promote the CSIR’s own capabilities.
To spread a love of science among younger generations, she often hosts school visits and highlights the exciting work the CSIR scientists do. “This is very important if we want to inspire a generation that is passionate about science and technology and is not intimidated by the subject,” she says.
She admits her first couple of months at the CSIR were daunting, because she had to manage its media activities without fully understanding the research it was doing. “Science wasn’t always a subject that fascinated me because I didn’t understand the importance of it. However, when I joined the CSIR and started interacting with the researchers, reading and learning about the work they do and its impact, I developed a passion for science communications,” she says. “Now I’m convinced that science communicators have a huge role to play in bridging the gap between the world of science and technology and the public.”
It’s their duty to translate complex research and development work happening in laboratories into simple content tailored for potential investors, collaboration partners, students, entrepreneurs and ordinary individuals. “If we stopped communicating, they would not know about the amazing work the CSIR researchers do and the impact it has in solving some of the challenges we experience as a country,” she says.
After hours, she volunteers her skills to the Black Science Technology and Engineering Professionals organisation to highlight the contribution made by black scientists and promote science, engineering and technology as key drivers of economic development. — Lesley Stones
LinkedIn: Chumisa Ndlazi
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Keeping people at the forefront of data stories
Session facilitator(s): William Wolfe-Wylie
Room: Boardroom
WILLIAM: Just in case you’re arriving, there’s a link up on the screen, and open to etherpad, and there’s a pile of videos in there. And if you sign up for one, at last part of the interactive part of this. If you’re without a device, they work on mobile devices but if you don’t have any electronic devices, you can pair up, sign up for two profiles and then you can have lots of fun together.
There’s 30 profiles there, so I think everyone here will be able to get their own. How many of you were at the Washington Post guy’s session on the police shootings? Awesome. More than half. This is going to play kind of off of a lot of those themes sort of developing what comes after that.
So first off, introductions. Hi, I’m William, I works at the CBC. I’m a newsroom developer there but we’re a very small team of six people. So we tend to be half editors, half project managers, half designers, half all of those things wrapped into one. So we try to be jack of all trades, so when a project like this comes along, it can be really challenging to, sort of, how to figure out how to tell these stories well and keep people on the forefront of them. So on the etherpad right now, the etherpad is that link, there’s a list of 30 piles. So if you’re joining us, open those profiles on the electronic device of your choice. And for the duration of this hour, you are the advocate of that person in your profile. You are representing their interests in this room. You are their only voice in this world of journalism. So any time that we say something that might run counter to your person’s interests, any time we propose a story idea that would render your person invisible, any time that we present a data viz idea that will not include your person, or that your person is impossible to include in that, throw up your hand, be there advocate, be there voice, be there person because they are not here to represent themselves. So full disclosure: This is—all of these people are missing or murdered women and girls in Canada of aboriginal descent. So as a result of that, there could very well be unfortunate stories shared here today. So if there’s triggering elements of these, if you need to take some time, knock yourself out, if you need to say, off the record, because there’s uncomfortable moments, say, “Off the record.” We can totally handle that. But basically, what we want to do is take all these profiles—these are 30 of more than 250 that we were researching as part of a big project we were working on. And we wanted to talk about ways we could maintain their humanity, their stories, their , while also talking about the systems that failed them. While also talking about why they’re so relevant to the storytelling experience. So what I’m going to do over the course of all this is go over couple of a screen capture of our early design experiments, our early brainstorming, starting with a pitch, a spreadsheet idea, and going through all of our different ideas, the demands from our stakeholders, our investigative journalists across the country. And every time we present a new idea, I want to sort of throw it around the room, to see what people think, where are we failing, what could we be doing better, and what better ideas that we could be sharing with each other. So kick things off, I want to go around the room if you had a chance to read these profiles. These are all real people. None of these are made up. All the photos provided for you are provided by their family and friends. And all the interviews are with interviews of family, and friends, and police. So there’s an element of reality throughout the room today. But I want you to go around the room, and read a detail that you feel particularly struck you, that this person needs this part of their story told. So we’ll start here, and we’ll go clockwise around.
PARTICIPANT: While there’s a sentence that says, she’s been found, her parents are being told that it might have been suicide but they’re thinking that there’s evidence in the case but police are ignoring that. So that’s a fact that needs to have some light shown on it.
PARTICIPANT: That’s really similar to mine where this person, who was found dead, the police also think it’s a suicide. And her sister doesn’t believe that and is having trouble getting information from them. So the police aren’t willing to interactive with the person, it seems.
PARTICIPANT: So I think mine, this person—around her death but not much was known when she was found but they didn’t find any evidence preemptively.
PARTICIPANT: The person that I chose detail that was resonant with me was that she was found in the snow, and killed by blunt-force trauma, just thinking about the last moments of her life, and, you know, being in a really cold environment in Alberta. And killed in a way that wasn’t necessarily humane.
PARTICIPANT: The detail mine that I think would be important to service is that she was a child. She was 17. It actually says that she was 15 or 17. So that, I think, adds another even sadder thing that we don’t even know. But she was a child.
PARTICIPANT: My person was found dead and it just—I think the detail that I would bring up is that it just took a really long time for them—like, for her family to get a report into why she was—why she died and what happened exactly.
PARTICIPANT: My person is named Josephine, and she was also young. She was 17 years old. And the coroner says that she died of exposure, cuts and bruises but the case is being looked into.
PARTICIPANT: My person was also very young, her name was Jamie. And she was celebrating her 20th birthday and her case was being passed between four different police forces and now it sounds like a private investigation that has been taken over. But a very mundane, harmless person that was celebrating her case has been passed along so many times.
PARTICIPANT: My person was found beaten and stabbed to death in an alley.
PARTICIPANT: My person was pregnant with her second child when she died.
PARTICIPANT: My person left to run errands with her grandmother and I kept thinking about how after she was killed, there might have been no one to keep her grandma company anymore.
PARTICIPANT: My person’s name is Roxanne. And she was the mother of two kids, and she was trying to get her life on track because she was, like, battling addictions. And she was killed with another man she was seeing.
PARTICIPANT: The person I had was a 20-year-old who was found dead and the cops say it’s not a criminal offense. But there were three 911 calls that went unanswered before her death.
PARTICIPANT: My person is a mother to four and the year before she went missing, her sister was murdered, and her body wasn’t found until ten years later.
PARTICIPANT: The woman from my profile is a 22-year-old. Police says that her death showed no evidence of suspicion but her family and friends say that she was pushed out of the window for failing to pay drug debt.
PARTICIPANT: My woman, her body was found naked in the ditch near the dump.
WILLIAM: So these are really, really brutal stories. And one of the core issues that we are asked to explore with this investigation is the element that racism plays in women whose cases—all of these women are of aboriginal descent in Canada, and Canada has a really strong problem, right now, with our history of residential schools—sorry—how many people are Canadian in this room? Okay.
In the early 1900s, the government of Canada set up a residential schools program to pull aboriginal children out of off the territories, to educate them in HRA*EURPBLG largely church run and government run schools basically anglicise them. Most of these were abusive environments. A lot of them died, health care was rarely provided and the last one was shut down in the ’90s. So this is the history upon which where this is starting to come out. People who finished their residential schools went back to their families often suffered from addictions, mental illness, and a lot of PTSD. And as a result of that, they’re basically abandoned in their communities, and this stuff happens. But because of racism in the police force, as well, it’s a running theme, a lot of their families don’t believe their friends and loved ones received the investigations that their cases merited. Starting next week, actually, there’s a federal inquiry into how police investigate cases of missing aboriginal women. So this is now the big running story that’s going to be the focus of Canadian news for the next new months until the federal inquiry gets underway. So this was the project that came to us about a year ago, actually, almost two years ago, with, as so many of our data projects do, a spreadsheet. So literally, this is what we started with in our pitch meeting, was we have a spreadsheet. We’ve been trying to get data from police forces, from private investigation groups, from the federal police force, from the government, trying to figure out how many cases of missing aboriginal girls there are in the country. Because there’s no central database for it. So the investigation unit that were searching for this, said that we might create a wall of faces.
PARTICIPANT: Wendy has no picture.
WILLIAM: Can’t do a wall of faces. Two people don’t have faces. Three people don’t have faces. Okay. Hole number one. So what if we did silhouettes? Generic, background silhouettes where we don’t have a face, and then we can do a map. Everyone likes maps.
PARTICIPANT: I don’t know where my person is from.
WILLIAM: How many people don’t know where the person’s from? It’s not in there? Couple people? Three people? So you’re looking at a subset. So you’re looking at 255 profiles, and you’re looking at 10%, there’s no information for location. A lot of them were taken at a young age, and a lot of them were dropped off in the city where they lived transient lifestyles. We don’t really know. Sometimes they weren’t even reported missing until months later. Someone would say, oh, yeah, have you seen Colleen? Actually now that you mention it, I haven’t seen her for a really long time. I wonder if she left town. Few years later, they find her body. So we don’t have location information for a lot of these people. Before as you’re in data land and in development land, your stakeholders always want maps. Everyone appears wants a—could we put this on a Google map? What if we just put all the data on the map and let people sort through it themselves. So this is what a sample profile page would look like if we could interview their family and friends, if we could interview the people that knew them, the police, we could make a profile for each of them. Profiles might look like this, create a database, show people the impact of it.
Create longer profiles. Start to tell their stories. Have a little data section over here, age 15, home status, the year they were found, or the year they were killed.
PARTICIPANT: Are we going to have specific information about where the cases ended, where they were found. So my person, it’s an ongoing investigation and there’s a code case against the police department filed by the family. And that’s important detail.
WILLIAM: Absolutely an important detail because the family says one thing and the police says another thing.
PARTICIPANT: And it’s an ongoing investigation.
WILLIAM: Exactly.
PARTICIPANT: So that needs to be a major part of it.
WILLIAM: So now we have a subset of people who were murdered before their cases aren’t resolved yet.
PARTICIPANT: In the previous screen where you have the grid of images, how so that being sorted initially?
WILLIAM: This one is being sorted by the order in which they were entered into the database. So essentially not.
PARTICIPANT: I worry that my person is going to be so far downstream that nobody’s gonna click on her image.
WILLIAM: And why do you worry about that?
PARTICIPANT: Because I think it’s really difficult—this is a really difficult topic matter and I imagine that users would have a certain sense of fatigue from exploring even just a couple of these.
WILLIAM: Ah, okay. So we have five cases right here. And so if I click on one, click on the other, and click on a third, and I’m reading long profiles for each of them, how many of them am I actually likely to get through as a reader? And by the time I hit three of them I’ve read about 1200 words about missing and murdered people. Am I going to go through 250 of them?
PARTICIPANT: Short summaries?
WILLIAM: Short summaries. That could help.
PARTICIPANT: Just like a couple lines.
WILLIAM: So our stakeholders really, really, really wanted the map. And so they said, “What if we had it like lines drawn across the map to show where they’re born, and where they went missing and where their body was found?” What if we could show their progress across the country and have a little animated pin at their last known location? How many people would that break for? At least three or four in this room? We found that we didn’t have location information for 30% of cases.
So this was version one that got published. This was published February 2015. So just about a year and a half ago. And it’s quite literally, there’s some filtering. So you can see filter by missing and murdered. Over 18, under 18, filter by province. Over a decade, under a decade. Search by cases and name. And hovering over the page gives you information whether they’re missing, whether they’re murdered, their name, their age, and their province. Clicking on one of them delivers you to that page in a new tab. What’s the biggest problem with this right now?
PARTICIPANT: Well, Wendy’s still missing because she has no picture—one is still missing because she has no picture.
WILLIAM: So we have people with no photo at all. In this version that was published, they get a silhouette, a generic, .png silhouette, and you don’t get a name until you hover on it. So the silhouettes really are fully anonymous.
PARTICIPANT: What’s the reverse scenario where they maybe found someone who they didn’t have any information for. So, like, they have a person with no identifying information?
WILLIAM: There are some cases that we had to add retroactively like that. One case was, actually, I think she might be in one of your profiles. She was found dead of exposure in a ditch. And the family came forward and said, we think that might be our mother. We’re not sure. And police said, well, your mother was never reported missing. And the family came forward and said, well, you wouldn’t accept the missing person’s case. Well, that’s because someone saw her. Well, the family said, could we do some dental records and DNA tests just to be sure. And then that came back, and yeah, their mother was dead in a ditch and the police refused to accept that report. So in some cases, it’s only family advocacy that leads to that link they made. So then retroactively we add them to this database as that information becomes available. But yeah, that’s absolutely a thing that happens. Traffic-wise, this version failed miserablely. Nobody paying attention to this. `
I think in the first week, it did 15,000 page views. Didn’t generate much discussion. Most of these page views were of the friends and family of the woman viewed in the profile. So this was when way sort of had the option to abandon it, or redesign, figure out what broke, and dive forward with it. And thankfully, we chose option two.
So family members said, this feels like a police website. This feels like we just visited the RCMP website and visited their missing persons tab. It feels corporate. It feels ugly. It doesn’t feel like we’re actually talking about people; it feels like we’re talking about cases. So that’s where we led our design route. And so, they wanted the map again. What if we had a map? So the first thing we did is we brought their names out. So the hover effect. We have people who don’t have photos available. These are really poor communities. Especially going—there are some cases going back to the ’50s and ’60s, cameras not exactly the easiest thing to come by, let alone family photoal alumnus. So a lot of family photos, especially for these just aren’t there. So we bring the names, ages, details out of the hover effect and bring them into the main face wall.
PARTICIPANT: For the map part, is there geographic data that’s really meaningful, or revealing a pattern? Like, do a lot of them happen in the same place, or something like that?
WILLIAM: Yes, and they tend to be focused around the locations of those old residential schools. But because we don’t have data for 30% of the cases, it’s not representative enough. And the data that they were able to provide through their research was only city-level data. So we would just have a hundred pins on City Hall. And, especially with an interactive map, you zoom in, okay, so they disappeared from City Hall, or maybe we have a home address. Oh, are we going to give away people’s home addresses now when they’re vulnerable populations, possible sex workers? Seems like a terrible idea.
PARTICIPANT: Yeah, it has all those problems, and right now, it’s at a very common part of the page, like, right now, that’s the first thing you see.
WILLIAM: Exactly. And how many people in this room know which part of the country we’re looking at right now? Pffft.
PARTICIPANT: Did you ever get at why people were so compelled by maps? Was it just like something they had seen before, or was there something that was, like, a more emotional, like, attachment to that location information?
WILLIAM: It was basically what they had seen before. The editors in charge of the project were not—I am going to use the term web native. They’re old print journalists for the most part. And they had seen interactive maps that would worked very well by other organizations. So they had in their heads that a many people was a good way of showing individuals across the country. And so we ended up doing some mobsing like this of what might include a map, mostly to show them why it doesn’t work. As we can see, we did that a couple of times.
PARTICIPANT: Regarding details, are you showing just the official report, or what the families are saying?
WILLIAM: Both. Where the police would speak to us, where including their details in official reports. And there’s sometimes links to PDFs of official reports. But families would speak to us, and especially where that information would contradict the police information, both are included.
PARTICIPANT: What type of detail is included in this page?
WILLIAM: This page is literally, first name, last name, age, province, and whether they’re missing or murdered. Then it got into their head we could show a graphic with lines showing the moving across the country from place-to-place. Okay. We can’t show city-level information because that was just be silly on a map. We can’t show home addresses because that would be silly. What if we showed them moving between provinces and general regions on a map. But it’s not a map; it’s a graphic showing the arcs of their travel.
PARTICIPANT: That sounds backwards. There’s no faces. You’ve turned them into metadata, basically.
WILLIAM: Exactly. So we —
PARTICIPANT: Also, you’ve lost your narrative about what’s happened, what was moving around. There’s no—it’s not clear that there’s been an unjustice that has been done.
WILLIAM: How many people are represented by that line? Everyone who moved between Winnipeg and Smiths Falls. Just this one person? What about everybody else? `
So we thought county level. People who are in Winnipeg, people who are in Sioux Falls. It goes back to your earlier point, as well. And looking at what it might look like as a smartphone app. What if we took those filter ideas from the first, show them as murders unsolved, filter by year, age, and you could actually bring out details of individuals as a smartphone app, browser browsing through it as a web app? What do you think about that idea?
PARTICIPANT: Too many images for a phone.
WILLIAM: Way too many. At this point in the game, we’re dealing about 240 cases—240 people. So here we have full name, age, their status, their home reserve, their communities. So it’s the Sekani Creek First Nation. So the time they were last seen, their home province. Any of your profiles invisible to this idea?
PARTICIPANT: That has to be a lot of text that you would have to be reading, you know, the full story, and what the police say, and just to read that on your phone and want to keep going, it’s hard enough on a desktop to do that.
WILLIAM: Yeah, was there another contradiction back there? Yeah, so we come back to the same thing of, okay, if we want to focus on people, how do we make the leap from providing access to all the reporting around all these people to individual stories and humanity and emotional hits, to then extrapolate back to the data. And of course, be able to facilitate back and forth between all of this. And so we thought about a rotator. What if we could rotate through as a slide deck, as an embed inside of the big investigative stories that we’re telling, we could rotate through pieces of data. One in 7692 aboriginal Canadian women are missing. That’s four times the average for non-aboriginal women in Canada. Source: Statistics Canada 2006.
PARTICIPANT: It’s a very weird number. Like…
PARTICIPANT: But the perspective is also, sort of, minimized in part, I mean, the important part is, this is so much more prevalent among aboriginal women than not.
WILLIAM: Yeah, so for this you want to take that four and a half and make that the big part. Swap those numbers around. And if we did that, and then put it in a story that’s your typical investigative feature: Lead, paragraph, paragraph, paragraph, slide deck of interesting stats, paragraph, paragraph, paragraph… face wall of people? How’s that work for presentation layer, to allow people, sort of, grasp the scale of what we’re talking about? How many of you believe that your profiles in front of you would be adequately featured? That the families of the people in front of you would feel like their story had been told.
PARTICIPANT: I mean, reducing it to statistics, again, eliminates the humanity from it, especially if you’re putting the humanity down—so far down the page.
WILLIAM: Yeah. So we figured, what if we combined those, and we created an interactive that allowed you to filter the face wall while seeing the data summaries at the top of it. So you could select missing or murdered, age range, province, decade or year, search by new location by name, and then see missing on the top, murdered on the bottom, year by year on the columns, see, where individual cases placed in time and case type. So you could see prevalence, you could see a little bit more about perspective for this type of case. You could see—and where an individual placed on this page.
PARTICIPANT: Tons of blocks and photos.
WILLIAM: So too difficult to, sort of, take in all at once to, sort of, understanding what you’re looking at?
PARTICIPANT: The bottom line also, sort of, looks like a police website. Like, that’s the same way a mugshot lineup is displayed. It doesn’t look like a memorial because you’re going to have to scroll to the right endlessly.
PARTICIPANT: When you have a problem each of those individually, you just combine those into a bigger piece where you have both of those realizations together. So one looks like a police site, and the other looks like a graph that’s just like dehumanizing.
WILLIAM: So you’re sort of like the worst of both worlds, right?
PARTICIPANT: I mean, this is a problem, whenever you’re using filters, you’re mals values for each person. Almost every one of these here.
WILLIAM: Yes, exactly. And that’s one of the biggest problems that we had to overcome with this. `okay, under 18, and over 18. The age here was ambiguous. I mean, the range provided for the case was all under the age of 18. But there are some people that were just poorly documented that we just don’t know sometimes. So how do we categorize them? Take a best shot? It’s ultimately what we had to do, is get friends and family to say, well, how old do you think she was? And they would say, I don’t know, 19, 20, I think, probably?
I mean, she got carded sometimes. Filter by province. Home province? Province where she was found? Which province? Which one matters? What are people expecting when they use that filter? So then we came up with the idea that representative cases who were emblematic of larger systemic issues: Young people, police ignoring the initial reports, ignoring 911 calls, people who were found decades after they had died, that they could be put up in the top rotator, with emotional quotes from friends and family that outlined their frustrations and their issues.
PARTICIPANT: Like, I kind of—I mean, I don’t want to call it a boring case but she was found strangled, and they found right away. She’s not going to be emblematic, she’s not going to be representative at all. And her family is talking to the police. And probably not you, given that.
WILLIAM: Actually that family was really open to us. There was a lot of distrust with the police. One of the women on this project was a woman that I amed Connie Walk and she grew up in Saskatchewan. And chefs say that when police came to the community, they would hide in the she said, they would hide, because they couldn’t trust the police, that’s who brought pain and suffering in the world. And when their families go missing and they say tell us what happened, nope, but journalists who were born and from the communities where they were raised, tell us what happened, we tend to get a little more results that way. So in her case, her family talked a lot to us, actually. This is version two that went live. `
So this is Leah Anderson, she was murdered in 2015. And featured is a long interview with her aunt about what this 13-year-old wanted to do with her life, what she feels the police failed to do in her case. And then below that, you can sort of see that we have a headline. And this is the starting of about four paragraphs outlining the nature of the project, who we spoke to, how we gathered the data, and who’s featured. So there’s about 15 different cases that are featured in this top rotator right now, each of which, clicks through to a lead profile.
PARTICIPANT: Where are the rest of the profiles on that first page? How do you access them?
WILLIAM: Further down. As you scroll down, this is what you get. Sorry, that’s a design mock. So as you—below that, you get the wall of faces. We actually also published that square graphic that allowed you to filter and, sort of, see the graphing. That was part of version two. And then, clicking on each one of these, pushes down these profiles and inserts mini profiles which, I think someone on the side mentioned as an idea of scrolling through, and they can be tapped with the keyboard, or clicked through to see more of them as you scroll through. The big goal with this was exploration, discoverability. The big problem with the first one was that you couldn’t dive into any more details. You couldn’t see anything more about them. And we spoke to a few of the families, we spoke to the reporters and their frustrations with it and the big thing that they wanted us to take away from that was that you could learn something about these women, about these trends just by browsing through it. So browsing capability was the number one thing, so you could move from Charise, To Don, to Delane. So actually what you’re looking in front of you is essentially just a quick rework of these.
PARTICIPANT: Hey, did you how many people were actually sharing these on social because there are pretty prominent buttons.
WILLIAM: We did. It was a pretty small number. Most of the shares came when we were promoting the cases of individuals when they came into the news when we were sharing them a lot when they were featured on a nightly broadcast of this person’s still missing, do you know anything? Or police may lead. But we also coordinated with the social media team so that every two hours, one of these is posted across social, and so that would promote some interest in that particular case. But overall, sharing on this initial Facebook one was relatively low.
PARTICIPANT: So you featured a certain number at the top, right?
WILLIAM: 15, yeah.
PARTICIPANT: So what went into deciding which of those 15 those would be?
WILLIAM: Those were found out by the investigative lead on the project. She decided basically, the cases that had the most information about it, so when you clicked through them, you got least 800 words about their case, about what went wrong, what failed them, so that you can dive in really deep with a lot of information. And also, public interest. If there had been a lot of interest in their case when it first happened. Leah’s case developed as a national story when it happened because she just disappeared. She was young. She was adorable. She was very photogenic, and she was studying to be a pilot. And then she was found dead. So it generates a lot of interest when you take off those public interest boxes. So when you do it in a long form way in the boxes, that was another reason to put them in the top row. Problems with that? I mean, clearly but…
PARTICIPANT: I think it’s still a good solution, though, because people are not going to be absorb 30 faces, or a hundred faces like before. But to see one face, you have a little more time with just one person.
WILLIAM: Yeah.
PARTICIPANT: Were the features being cycled through, or same 15 for a duration?
WILLIAM: It was the same 15 for a six month period but they were randomized on load. So if you were visiting the page, you were unlikely to see the same person at the top of the page twice.
PARTICIPANT: Was there specific attention paid to people that—where there was some kind of a police misconduct or where the investigation just fell through, and then they found out that the cops didn’t respond to 911 calls in that case?
WILLIAM: That was exactly what the folks on phase three was about. Which, thank you for that lovely segue. So yeah, after we published this, we have a lot of interest. And, actually, three national media outlets in Canada were all focusing on the same project, at the same time, this really, sort of, started a really big national conversation. And about a year after we first published version one, we published version two, labor day of 2015. So almost a year ago.
And by Christmas 2015, the federal government had announced that they were going to launch an inquiry into missing aboriginal women with a focus on police—the quality of police investigations around these cases. And a focus on systemic issues that have failed them that allowed these cases to go unresolved for so long.
So with that, phase three of our investigation was to focus specifically on police, where the police had said, “This case is unresolved.” Sorry, the police said, “There’s no foul play suspected here.” And the family said… yeah, there is. You ignored this, this, this, and this. And the police would say, “Nope. The case is closed? How many does that apply to around this room?” How many of you, based on whether the profile in front of you have serious questions about the police, and how many of you are sitting there going, ehh, maybe this is just like family trauma and you just don’t want to believe it.
PARTICIPANT: Serious question with the police.
WILLIAM: Anyone in camp two?
PARTICIPANT: Maybe I just don’t have all the information but it’s harder to tell that.
WILLIAM: Yeah, and sometimes it is. So does where we had to go, we’re not going to trust every police officer who comes in with a report but, at the same time, we are going to recognize that there are some systemic inequities that are promoting poor work. So this is one of the mobsing we built for the phase three launch, which is really `building on the initial launch that would maintain a consistent brand idea. This is now a project that has been live for a year and a half. But what we wanted to do was bring these leader profiles into a more interactive space, so that you didn’t have to onto another profile page to read them. They’re leaders for a reason. And you can click on this drawer to pull down. You can also click to see how many are up there. And these are all cases that have been labeled unresolved. Police have said they’re resolved. The families don’t believe that. And so we’re investigating further on their behalf.
We refined the stylings and refined the face wall to make it more easily navigable. Work on more or devices. Actually, now, I could just bring it up since that’s the live version. So my question for you right now is: Still today, who is invisible? Whose stories are not being told yet?
PARTICIPANT: I mean, the lack of photos is really insurmountable in a lot of ways. I’m just not going to identify with the ones that I can’t see. And then now I could back to 1950, or whatever.
WILLIAM: Cheryl was 15. She disappeared in 1987. But there aren’t photos, there aren’t photos. Now, I mean, is there a better way to produce these? I mean, our designer made a generic silhouette that looks like it could be anybody. It doesn’t look fake like a bathroom image. But it’s also very generic. Is there a better way to handle that? I mean, we could assign a sketch artist to visit a family.
PARTICIPANT: Or maybe if they have some detail—some small—I guess long hair, or short hair. Yeah…
PARTICIPANT: I also think that, like, indicating somehow showing the age in the silhouette. So this person the age was 15, is that correct? So she is a lot younger, or she’s in the younger half of the group. I think somehow showing that in the silhouette might be—might work better.
WILLIAM: Yup. We could definitely modify that. What other pieces of data are missing from your people that you feel is really a crucial bit of information that could omit them from storytelling?
PARTICIPANT: Do you mean missing from there, or missing from the profiles, the information that we don’t have?
WILLIAM: Missing from the people in front of you.
PARTICIPANT: Well, we don’t know anything about who they really are, or what they were doing.
WILLIAM: They were pursuing their dreams? Could we include that in some way? I mean, you’re right. Dawn here is 17. She was murdered in 1987. Someone was accused, there was a trial, the person was acquitted. That’s literally all we know about Dawn. She’s a 17-year-old, police accused somebody, it didn’t work out, eh, I guess that’s done now. Is there a way that we could approach—and this is—we don’t have any answers here. Is there any way that we could approach the lack of data as a datapoint. We go to work, telestart throwing up data. This is the messiest data that you could imagine. Where we assign 15 people to go out, and start families. And we built a backend CMS just to handle it all. Nothing is consistent about this. No two people are alike. No two cases are alike. Sometimes we have the most basic information like a first name and a last name. In this case here, we don’t have a first name, or a last name. It was just a baby—7 months old. So we can’t search her by name. She’s listed in the databases as, “Baby girl.” So this is the discussion that I want to have. And in the last ten minutes we are here is, when we’re faced with a lack of data with people, how do we represent their interests when we’re faced with other people competing for the same stories that have so much data? Yeah?
PARTICIPANT: I mean, I think you could, like, really randomize the presentation of the ordering of somebody’s profile, and so when you have somebody who doesn’t have any data, they’re featured. And there is, in place of a narrative of their life, maybe, sort of, an explanation about all the factors that make it so hard for them for, you know, to know about it. And so, that those gaps are the systemic things that prevent us knowing them are as prominent as somebody who has a very identifiable story.
PARTICIPANT: Yeah, kind of going off of that, like, what we did in here today, even people who got profiles that didn’t have a picture, maybe felt more connected with whatever profile you’re paired with. So something like that is, every time you visit the page, you have one person. And it might be that they don’t have a picture but you still like…
WILLIAM: So present, like, assigning the reader to a profile.
PARTICIPANT: Yeah, and randomly.
WILLIAM: Yeah. Yeah, so finding a way of introducing them to a random person on the page and saying this is a person that you have to care about right now instead of allowing them to browse through, forcing that situation upon the reader.
PARTICIPANT: Maybe.
WILLIAM: That’s an interesting idea. I like it.
PARTICIPANT: I mean, I’m going to remember this person that’s in front of me. She’s been in front of me—I’m going to look at your product, but this is what I’m still going to come away with, that’s just the reality of it.
PARTICIPANT: I also think that it’s really important when you have an explanation to explain why they don’t have it. We just did that was not exactly like this, but it was, like, 150 mug shots of people. And we had a few narratives on them. And there was a few that we did have it on. And we asked the government for this information. And they refused to give it to us.
WILLIAM: And the Washington Post presentation today yesterday did about how many FOIAs they filed. And how many were denied.
PARTICIPANT: I like the idea of making the unidentified person as a part of 15, so you would go through, and it doesn’t have information, and then you have the opportunity to tell the reader that clearly, there’s a lack of data for this connect, or say, like, you know, how many people out of the group doesn’t have a lot of information to kind of share and tell that story.
WILLIAM: Yeah, that’s a great idea. Too.
PARTICIPANT: I wonder if the answer is not so much about the data, or the reporting or the lack of data is a racial issue, and a discrimination issue.
WILLIAM: That was actually a side story along the way, especially when the residential schools were closed down, a bunch of their records were destroyed, which is one of the subjects of this inquiry is, destroying government records, that’s not a good thing. But yeah, absolutely. Being transparent about tactics, as well as, transparent about what’s available from where is a really good idea. So I would say—did I see a hand on this side? Maybe making that up out of my head. Cool.
One of the things that we’ve also had a lot of luck with is this sidebar that exists on every homepage. There’s now three spots on the homepage is a call to action—if you know anything else. This feature was passed around a lot of First Nations communities, and a lot of families and friends of people. And that email address became a very active source of tips and extra information for these communities. So while page views didn’t necessarily reflect, like, this wasn’t the most successful feature that we had ever run if traffic is our only measure of success. But in terms of providing closure and providing a resource, and providing an outlet to friends and family of the people who are profiled here, it was an enormous success.
And there’s a—we’re working on a spinoff feature for this fall based on an email that came into that email address that—all it just said was, “I know who killed her.” And it was one of the unresolved cases. And then the person sending the email turned out to be a retired police officer who worked on the case. And he just couldn’t find the evidence to put this person away, but he’s 90% sure he knows who did it. So that’s what we’re working on—that story right now, it’s probably going to release this fall. But having those call to actions on the sidebar turned out to be an enormously powerful thing into furthering the reporting. Does anyone here use SecureDrop at all? Is everyone familiar with it? Cool, just for everybody else, it’s also a thing that we just set up in the past year. But, essentially, it’s anonymous-to-anonymous secured document leaks. So if you’re a government employee, or a corporate employee, and you want to leak documents but you don’t want to make yourself known as the source of the leak, it’s an encrypted two-way communication system that allows you to leak a vast number of documents. And even the reporter receiving the documents doesn’t know who you are. It sets up pseudonyms between them, and pseudonym email addresses between the two people communicating with each other. So as a reporter, you would only know, you got you just got a link from platypus 67. And based on the quality of the documents that you received, you have you decide whether to trust them. populate + 67 only knows that they’re dealing with dolphin68. And they have to deal with you, and trust you based on your organizational affiliation. So the facilitates that two-way communication so that you can leak information anonymously, and securely.
PARTICIPANT: Did you get a lot of people that wanted to contact you through that versus the email address?
WILLIAM: It wasn’t expressly requested for this project. But it was `one of the ways that we received some of the Panama Papers. So it’s been used in the past to great success. Sadly, I didn’t get to work on that project.
PARTICIPANT: Can I come back to the social button because they kind of like…
WILLIAM: That’s a continuous war, so I’m fully open to all feedback.
PARTICIPANT: They’re kind of just like—they’re very, especially given a story of this magnitude, and kind of this, you know, where the—where, you know, the content is so serious, like, putting Facebook, Twitter buttons kind of, can become make it devalue the, you know, enormity of, like, you know, the seriousness of each of these cases, and I don’t know, they just look very happy, these buttons, right?
And if they’re not that popular, like not a lot of people are, like, using them, they shouldn’t be there. But, of course, I’m sure that you can find this…
WILLIAM: Yeah, this was the war between our team as the developers on this particular project, and the product team, managing the look and feel, and branding of the website as a whole. We are constantly in a push-and-pull war of what branding limits we’re allowed to push against, and what branding limits we’re completely, 100% bound to. The social media buttons were a rather fierce war that we lost wholeheartedly. Right now we’re incorporating VF4 and social into all our long form social pages like that. That’s something we’re bound by and it’s unfortunate. I agree with you. It breaks the tone of the page. And since they’re not being used, we could use that space for better information like a call to action.
PARTICIPANT: Yeah, absolutely.
PARTICIPANT: So were you able to release these different versions because there was new reporting coming out, and so it was an opportunity to do a new version?
WILLIAM: Yes. Essentially, we released version one, and there was recognition within the company that it was not as well done as it could have been. The lead developer who was working on it also quit his job halfway through the development of this, and so that’s how I became the lead developer on it. And so that also, sort of, changed our approach rather significantly as we sort of had to pivot partway through. He took a lot of expertise when he left.
But then yeah, once we released version two, that was mostly our team lead on the news interactives desk that really fought for version two to show what we could be capable of if given free rein over a project like this. And then after version two was released, we started winning a lot of awards for it. And other news organizations were winning a lot of awards for their projects and then the National Inquiry was announced, partially inspired by our coverage and other news organizations’ coverage, Global Mail, and the Star did enormous coverage on this file. And once the federal inquiry was announced, we were encouraged to continue because we were getting results, basically.
So, it’s never been a traffic success with us. But it’s been a results and journalism success for us. And so that was worth pursuing. We have two minutes left if anyone has any closing ideas or questions or queries. Yeah?
PARTICIPANT: Did you ever feel like you had to—I guess I’m curious, I think a lot of times, in journalism there’s, like, a sense of being separate. You know, separate from the interests of your sources, and apart from them. But it sounds like—I mean, for this project to be successful, you really have to be empathic to people who are advocating for these stories. But even advocate whether it’s within our own design process, or whether with a—with editors. How do you, like, balance those concerns?
WILLIAM: Um, exactly as you said. Actually, I was reminded a couple of times during working on this project about the dark Knight where Commissioner Gordon gives up that kid, Joseph Joseph Gordon Levitt, saying you’re a kid now, you’re not allowed to believe in those perspectives. We took the belief that this isn’t about objectivity anymore. This isn’t about trying to find the middle of the road. We’re advocates on their behalf. They were systematically ignored by the systems that were put into place to ignore them and subjugate them. They were placed in these schools to erase their identities. That was the stated purpose. And so we decided that that bears no middle of the roading. We’re just going to be advocates on their behalf. We’re going to tell their stories and that’s the stated goal of the project. We largely gave up on the idea of being objective around it.
PARTICIPANT: So one thing that you said early on is that one of your reporters was a First Nations person who led and was really helpful in doing that. Do you think that the story has changed the way—you guys aren’t—the way that the organization hires?
WILLIAM: There’s been more focus on diverse hiring practices. Her experiences with this project in particular have definitely been a really enormous success story to saying, like, oh, no, when your entire newsroom isn’t filled with white men, you actually get really, really good results for a number of reasons. So anyone who’s looking for a reason to believe that now has a really solid case. But it’s been a stated objective for a number of years. But I think, I think this, sort of, added a little adrenaline to it, for sure.
PARTICIPANT: What’s the next steps for this project now that’s going to be inquiry and just like reports that are going to be released, I think?
WILLIAM: Yeah, the inquiry is launching next week, and they’re stated to deliver their first report in October. So, right now, we’re pursuing more detail on these cases that are—whether there’s a discrepancy in the quality of the police investigation, we’re trying to get more details on that. And we’re pursuing those individual cases right now. It’s a research project right now and we’re keeping the database updated. It’s not clear if we’re going to get the resources to do another design refresh on this. But when they release the report, depending on what that looks like, we may find the resources to do that. Cool. Well, thanks, everybody. If anyone’s having any other ideas, feel free to approach me later on. But thanks for coming.
[ Applause ]
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Where does photojournalism fit in the future of news?
Session facilitator(s): Neil Bedi
NEIL: It looks like we’re going to have a tiny group, so everyone can – Hi, everyone, I’m Neil. I’m a technologist, but I first got into photojournalism through journalism. I was first a photojournalist. And because of that I have a lot of close friends that are photojournalists. So on a regular basis, I know how tough it is to be a photojournalist right now. Not a lot of people are hiring, most people are firing. It’s not a good place.
So the first time I pitched this was how can we help save photojournalism? But that was a shitty title.
But what it came down to was as a technologist, even though it’s hard to get a job, newspapers are hiring more technologists because they see it as a investment in their future; right? Because technology is the future. So if you’re a newspaper, and you want to be around five, ten years from now, you have technologists now. Whereas at least from what I can tell, most newspapers don’t see that with photojournalists. And that’s the big gap I’ve noticed. Why hire photojournalist when you can get an image subscription? Or why hire photojournalists when we can have a reporter with an iPhone for local stuff? So I really wanted to just talk about where can photojournalism fit into the future of news? And does it even belong in the future of news?
So you’re allowed to be here and say, no, like, it’s the end. Maybe we’ll have a few, but it will never be as big as it once was.
So I hate talking, and I’m happy it’s a small group because it’s a lot easier to manage. But my entire introduction is just discussion points.
So I have a few to start. Anyone want to list some of their favorite pieces they remember recently?
I’ll tell you my recent favorite piece of photojournalism, and you’re allowed to be flexible about what photojournalism is or isn’t. But my favorite one recently is Tampa Bay times did their huge mental health investigation, and their lead was a narrated lead. And it was about a woman who was working at one of these facilities who ended up getting stabbed multiple times in the face by a patient, and it was because the facilities weren’t set up correctly, and it was a bunch of errors.
But you go through this lead and they have the photo of the woman what she looked like after the stabbing. And it had eyebrow, and it listed the stabbings. And that worked really well for me. So a flexible term. And flexible meaning newspaper, Instagram photos.
PARTICIPANT: A couple of years ago, we had a photographer who studied the anybody line of our marathon and took close up photos of people’s expressions at the finish line, and he did a 100 maybe. It was amazing to see the reaction on people’s faces, and it was really – I’ve never seen that kind of thing out of a marathon.
PARTICIPANT: Yeah. Cool. Anyone else?
PARTICIPANT: Brian in this northwest region did a series on the Ten Commandments. He did pictures of each commandment, and it was really cool to see the things – he chose a false idol, like, one of them was Elvis Presley and Santa Claus.
NEIL: Cool. Anyone else? H ow do you all work with photojournalists? And possibly it could be zero. You haven’t ever spoken to a photojournalist in your current job. I’m really looking at the entire range. So you can have an answer if you haven’t.
PARTICIPANT: I work extremely closely on our visuals team. And our solution has been combine technologists and photojournalists, like, actually put them on the same team. So our team is half designer and developers, I’m one of them, ask the other half is photo editors, researchers, and photojournalists. It’s about six and six. And that’s been really effective. So we can talk about more when –
NEIL: It has been very effective. Anyone else? Anyone from the other side of the spectrum?
PARTICIPANT: I’m the other side of the spectrum. York – we don’t do photojournalism that much.
NEIL: Sure. When you do use photos, what are they from?
PARTICIPANT: Typically what I’m thinking of when I have some shots mixed around us. But we also send people out to festivals and things like that and that’s telling the story of the festival. But as far as me as a developer, I don’t really interact with those – we get a dump of pictures and then that’s it. So we don’t know back and forth.That’s kind of why I’m here. I want to get more of a perspective of how that relationship works or should work.
PARTICIPANT: Sounds good. Anyone else?
PARTICIPANT: We currently don’t work with photojournalists. We’re from the Cornell project. One of the tools we’re building is the UGC tool, so one of the things that we’re currently does not but we will be trying to collect photos. So we want to learn some lessons photojournalism instead of how to best create galleries to tell stories with those photos.
NEIL: Sounds good.
PARTICIPANT: So I just walked in, and I’m doing photojournalism.
NEIL: And how is photojournalism right now?
PARTICIPANT: So I mean I really like it obviously. I think me personally I’m focusing a lot on the photo journal side, but there’s a lot of upgrading for the multimedia side as well. There’s an MPPA workshop here so it’s a bunch of visual journalism, and there’s people who have been in the business for 30 years just learning how to do video. So it’s a lot of mixing. If you’re doing photojournalism, you’re doing multimedia with it.
NEIL: Yeah, I’ve noticed a lot of people having to expand their expertise because photojournalism just isn’t enough anymore.
PARTICIPANT: I’m a computer programmer, but I’m interested in how to get into photography and also the cameras and everything. And I saw a really cool talk by someone who works on the camera systems for Androids who has been working on cameras for 30 years. And it’s actually super, super super complicated. And that’s obviously going to get better. And you don’t have a lens mount on your Android, so photographers won’t get it. But the fact of it that’s why we’re here. There’s a dedicated photographer and that’s the one person that is going to capture the moment in a world that is an interesting topic I think. So, yeah, that’s my angle on the photojournalist. But I have a camera with me all the time, and I take photos that I want to be able to contribute to those photos in a way. But I don’t identify as a photojournalist. I think there’s a cultural barrier between the traditional you’re a designated photographer, you have to go out with a mission in capturing this. Versus there’s so many hobby photographers now and thinking about capturing what they already have and giving them a voice.
NEIL: Yeah, that’s another question but that’s a very real part of what photojournalism is becoming right now. Smartphones in general has changed the game, and you see a lot of old photojournalists that are pissed off about it.
PARTICIPANT: Well, even – I got a full frame camera for $700 used. And it’s, like – I mean that’s crazy.
NEIL: I have friends. Photojournalists don’t make much off of that. But I’ve had friends who have had to have like 10-K worth of gear just to –
NEIL: And it’s weird I guess 10-K does push you over the line of separating you from other people. But before that, smartphone can compete with a lot of cameras now. Anyone else?
PARTICIPANT: So I do bigger long-term projects at our newsroom. So I work with photojournalists and photographers. Pretty extensively through the project, and we involve them very early on in discussing the stories and what we’re going to do and all of that. But there’s basically two problems. One is this often very chicken and egg problem of the photographer want a direction of what you want him to go and capture and the designer or me as the editor not really knowing what – how you’re going to structure the whole thing until you can see what you thought. So go out and shoot some basic stuff, come back, take a look at it, and then decide this is what we’re going to finally do and then get the proper stuff but also resource and time that never, ever happens. So that’s one of the big problems. And then the other problem is we’re a pretty big newsroom, but we still only have one staff photographer. So he is, like, literally the only guy I can go and have these longer term relationship and longer term discussion on the project. But the problem is that, like, he has a very distinctive style as a photographer; right? Really narrow field and everything. He’s the only guy I’ve got, and I can’t be having these questions with freelance photographers. So those are two things.
NEIL: That sounds very real.
PARTICIPANT: I actually manage our photo department. Not the day-to-day assignments but the next level up. I’ve had similar issues as to what Robin said. We have two and a half photographers. Two full-time, one part-time. So they’re always strapped for time and they don’t have time to come up with their own ideas, so they’re basically, like, order takers, which is frustrating for both them and us. Because it feels like you have to, like, give out all of these instructions of what exactly you’re looking for and everything instead of being, like, can you and the reporter just go out and use your brains and figure it out? But they’re never in the office, they don’t talk to each other, so we just have this cycle going of where I think we’re not using them to the fullest.
NEIL: And I don’t know if you want to speak to that. But NPR seems to solve.
PARTICIPANT: So we’re uniform; right? We’re a radio company. So the times we use anything beyond a wire photo is rank. And so we’re able to sort of treat our photojournalists with – at the end of the year we had someone who was killed in Afghanistan. He went to Afghanistan every year. Incredible. Even all those who go to Afghanistan or any other place. And that works because we didn’t need it for a while –
PARTICIPANT: You can be choosier about what they want.
PARTICIPANT: Yeah. We don’t have to take those, so it’s kind of what our own photo resources. But, yeah. If you can find a way to – and this gets harder and harder. But if you can – wire photos are great, they’re a wonderful resource. So if you can sort of get good photo editors. Photo editors are a huge piece. Huge, huge piece of making photojournalism. So get good photo editors, you can take good wide photos and go from there and use your photojournalists as people who can, like, really hammer out your best work.
PARTICIPANT: Can I add something to that?
NEIL: Sure.
PARTICIPANT: We have – we’re working on that approach and the push back we get from the photo department is that the stories that the wire services cover are the marquee stories.
PARTICIPANT: Sure.
PARTICIPANT: And they feel like they’re being left out or punished or whatever if they don’t get to go to the big political rallies or pro sports games and instead we’re asking them to do these local things, so that’s kind of a culture shift with struggling with –
PARTICIPANT: Certainly.
NEIL: Sure. Does photojournalism work better print or online right now?
PARTICIPANT: I strongly believe online.
PARTICIPANT: To counter that, I think it is not good in neither necessarily. Or as good as it could be and specifically talking about the online part, coming from a perspective of someone who builds online all the time. I’m, like, very disappointed in the state of sharing photos online. There’s, like, a bunch of different services that offer it, but they’re usually ridden with ads or they aren’t designed for public consumption. And, for instance, Google photos has three different ways to view photos. Two different ways on Google photos and on your Google drive. And it’s confusing about what the right way to share your photos is and none of them involve sharing them publically in a easy way. And flicker is opposite. Flicker has been reskinned all of these different times, and it’s okay sharing photos publically. But then you hit certain parts of the interface, and it’s a flashback to 2003. And I feel like obviously there’s a Facebook and Instagram but you’re constraint on Instagram 1,024 pixels. There’s something about a full size photo that that’s really where, like, photojournalism shines to me is when you get the maximum resolution. Like, that’s where the magic is. And a small meta photo in a picture is not good. And in general I’m sad how crappy photo ads are today. Especially when they pop up in photo galleries that are, like, using one fifth of your screen space. You know, like – I, like, want it to be better, nicer, bigger, faster, more resolution on the Web.
PARTICIPANT: I think that when you’re talking about online here, though, that kind of what he’s saying. Kind of have to split it in two experiences because you have the desktop experience and mobile experience. And the mobile experience, it sucks. You don’t get the impact because you’re looking on your phone, and you don’t get this nice, big right sized photo or whatever. So you have to zoom in and out on stuff that’s interesting in the picture or try to absorb or whatever you’re trying to convey on the screen. And it’s just really hard to get that. But that’s where we’re going now is mobile now so it’s how to get the impacts on your phone.
NEIL: And that’s tough because smaller screens since most readers use mobile now. One of the photos in print on the home page of the website, which has the bigger impact? And when were photojournalists more important?
PARTICIPANT: I don’t know about bigger impact, but maybe this is – on most home pages, the display photo is the same shape and size always, regardless of how that photo should be framed. And the newspaper you have the flexibility to run whatever shape and size it should be for what the content is. Which is very frustrating.
PARTICIPANT: Throughout the day more artists and –
PARTICIPANT: Maybe playing off what works better in offline or this day I get my news off Twitter. I’m seeing Seattle times posted this really cool march, and I’m seeing these really cool photos, and I’m stopping to look at them and also coming from a different state where I have a different appreciation for them. So, in my opinion, it’s working better online just because of access and whatnot. But I do agree, like, the difference of seeing a photo this small and then walking into a gallery and seeing it this big is a completely different feel. But at the end of the day how many people are doing that?
NEIL: Yeah, the reader has completely changed now.
PARTICIPANT: It reminds me, I’m a drummer, and I like to listen to drum solos. But when I talk to nondrummers, they hate drum solos. And I think photojournalism is the same. It’s the same problem where, like, if you’re a photographer, you only like photos in their fullest experience. But then most people are, like, I don’t care.
PARTICIPANT: Yeah. And just like even if you’re on Twitter, and you’re scrolling past, like, yeah, you’re going to stop. Most of the time readers want to read something when there’s something, like, a visual appearance. Like, that’s what’s grabbing them and entering them into it. If you had a newspaper that had zero photos next to one that was – had images all over. I’m sure we can all guess which one the reader is going to pick. But I think it has to do with, like, yeah, I have a different experience going through the photos than some people. But those photos also might be the same reasons on the story.
PARTICIPANT: Actually I have a question where you guys learned doing this?
PARTICIPANT: Yeah. We had a series of the visual stories. They were usually presented as sort of really fancy photo slide shows, like, they often integrated – this is my case. If you have resources that do this. But you’re able to integrate different forms of media. So allow them – some of them are told, like, what are tasks and use it to take out more interesting and just capturing and use it as a narrative builder. And sometimes we use audio, but not in like a video slide show kind of way, sort of a keeping them, like, they’re own – anyway we learned that. If you took out the text of these stories, 2- 3,000 word stories that are in depth, we see completion hits of those of 40, 50%. So they are really effective and effective for people to read through the story that is really long, and they wouldn’t normally read. So, yeah. That’s my case for online. But it is resources. We extend resources. That’s not something everyone has the luxury of doing, and I recognize that. And the thing you’re talking about flipping through, the person who wants to tell a story with a photo, yeah, we’re still struggling with that. That’s really hard. There’s a world of difference between the world.
NEIL: Going to a harder question. Photojournalism jobs are shrinking. Does it matter? Or maybe they should shrink right now.
PARTICIPANT: So I’ve been thinking besides, and I definitely think that photojournalism jobs are just changing. So like I was saying, like, you know, like, now you’re kind of being expected more for these people to do the multimedia pieces and can you – anything that’s a little bit more interactive than it was before. So I definitely think they’re shrinking, but more than anything, I just think they’re changing. And you of course have – all the people, you can take your iPhone out now and, like, do these things. So it’s making it a lot harder for the people who are, like, you spend three years in a degree and working towards it. But you can probably see the difference of just, like, the thought – like there is some things when you shoot a photo that are going to make an extreme difference. The angle you’re at, how close, how intimate the feel is, and I think people are going to have to adapt to those photos rather than what someone can take on a iPhone.
NEIL: Anyone else?
PARTICIPANT: I personally don’t care what someone calls themself, a photojournalist or full-time or part-time, it matters what results they get. Probably one of our best photographers right now actually was trained as a reporter and then just recently started moving into doing photos for us. I would say he’s still, like, maybe 20% of the time doing photojournalism, and he’s just as good as our guys who have been doing it for 20 years. So photojournalism matters and those jobs matter, but I think we shouldn’t get so hung up on how you were trained, and what you’ve always done, and how you call yourself, and things like that.
NEIL: Switching it up a bit. There have been quite a few – not quite a few. But a few papers that have fired their entire photojournalism staff recently. Does that matter? Do you think that’s the right choice? Wrong choice?
PARTICIPANT: I don’t know it’s just one of those things where I mean it’s going to suck either way. But, like, when you’re audience is changing, how your all by yourself audience is getting information changing, like, if you can’t change with the change, it’s no one’s fault but your own. Photojournalism is not what it was, so you need – you wanting to do this need to make the changes to just do it in any way that it’s working with the time.
PARTICIPANT: I would ask, like, if I can make one point. Are any newspapers without photojournalists, are they successful?
NEIL: The papers?
PARTICIPANT: Yeah. I can only think of the Chicago times.
NEIL: Before they fired them off, they had photojournalists that have done incredible work. But are they successful now? That’s a good question.
PARTICIPANT: Well, and I think – so me personally, like, I’m, like, yeah, what I’m told is I don’t really want to work in the newspaper, I’m not really sure. But I’m told that’s boot camp. You need to do it because it’s boot camp. And then from there, you have, like, personal projects that you’re working on that your people are applying for grants for, and you’re going to start working maybe, like, with actual companies doing other things that you want to do. So then you don’t get stuck with people who don’t want to go out and do those things because those people are only doing the things that they want to do. And hopefully they’re getting involved.
NEIL: Cool.
PARTICIPANT: Just one thing which is that oftentimes working with an outside freelancer doesn’t necessarily actually end up saving you. It actually ends up being more work. So not to do with photographers but illustrators, we had a project recently we needed illustration, and we went outside to work with a freelance illustrator and to make it really good, we actually putting one of our in-house designers full-time with liaising with the illustrator, so it ended uptaking two people’s time rather than if I had a really good in-house illustrator. So two people ended up doing maybe one person in-house could have done. You get whatever you get.
NEIL: Anything else?
PARTICIPANT: I think some of the BBC documentaries, they probably still do it this way. But there was one in 1994 called the world of cats I think, and they literally went to five continents to make a one-hour cat documentary. And they gave one person basically probably nine months, they flew them literally five – they went to Egypt, they went to Rome, they went to, like, China, they went to, like – it was insane. And, like, they didn’t make, like, 5’1” hour. They made one one hour. And I was, like, okay. That’s rad that the BBC does that. But at the same time, like, with the same amount of money and budget now, what could you do on a similar scale getting a bunch of small things out to individual artists with their voices? As opposed to doing one big project? And I wonder if photojournalism is going to go for, like, there’s a professional who gets to do big projects to, like, there’s a bunch of small individual artists that get to do – support themselves doing small projects and see it decentralize a little bit. And I would like to see more people who are upstarts where they don’t have to plan the big job. I wonder if because the job is going away that means it will just get replaced by a bunch of smaller distributed things and not even through traditional news outlets. But people just starting their own. And I think documentary is an interesting medium because it’s still stuck in the world where you make a documentary, and you get, like, an advancement on production company, and they own the rights and distribute it in physical theaters. And then after the theater runs in, you get DVDs. And I’m, like, Netflix is doing it as it’s happening. That’s what Netflix is doing, we don’t have to go through physical distribution or DVDs or our in-house computers. It doesn’t make sure anymore. But someone making those documentaries is still doing that. And it’s sad because, like, look at how Napster was and what happened with Spotify and streaming. That hasn’t happened for videos and photos yet, in my opinion, in terms of storytelling. Anyway I want to see more direct consumer to individual and less big jobs with big assignments where you get, like, a million dollars to make a one-hour video.
PARTICIPANT: And that’s kind of what I was kind of saying. Like, you’re going to end up with a lot more people just focusing on the things that they want to focus on and, like, having a good idea is half the battle of making a good project like that.
NEIL: Cool. Sorry. These are almost done. Photojournalist versus a reporter with a smartphone? Can newspapers have a journalist with a smartphone and never have to hire a photojournalist? Bad? Good? What do they lose? What do they gain?
PARTICIPANT: I think it really depends. I definitely think you can send a reporter out to a smartphone with a car accident and doing all of that stuff, and you can run it, and be fine. But I don’t know if I was doing let’s same I’m an editor that has a feature story on this professional soccer player, I probablimented want to send my reporter out with him with a smartphone to snap a couple of head shots. So I think it depends on the story and the daily news and stuff like that. Like, why not? They’re already there, and they can do it, then why not? But then when you have bigger projects maybe like feature stories and long-term things, like, that might be the time you would want someone.
PARTICIPANT: We assign stories basically by their impact and by the difficulty. So if all you’re looking for is a glorified head shot. A reporter can probably do that. But if you’re going into a sensitive situation. We recently did a story about a 5-year-old who was transgender, and we were not allowed to show her face. And so someone had to go in and not only gave them the trust of this little girl and the family, but then also know how do I show someone visually without ever showing the front of her? That’s not something I think a reporter would have been able to do. So we make those decisions based on where is the photo going to play? Is it going to be black and white? Is it a difficult just shot to frame? What’s the access like? And then decide from there how much skill and resources do we want to put into that?
PARTICIPANT: I also want to, like, underestimate the impact on the reporter doing the job out there to do originally, which is, like, to get the information. So if suddenly they have to think about I’m going to talk to this person but, no, I’m going to shoot the photo as well, shit, I have to record the audio. The more tasks you stack onto what a reporter has to do in what is often a really, really brief period of opportunity they have, you might end up using some other stuff as well.
PARTICIPANT: Yeah. And that’s another thing we take into account. Like, what’s their access? Is it one shot you’ve got to be in and out? Or can you do, like, I’m going to do my reporting and now can we sit and do a portrait?
PARTICIPANT: And coming from I’ve done that multiple times, and it’s absolutely horrible. Just because it’s so – it seems like it should be so easy to go out and take a photo, but it’s not at all. And to be – I don’t know who in here does that. But it’s a completely – you’re asking all of these questions but, like, the photojournalism, you’re taking pictures of the questions with the answers. I don’t know. So it’s, like – and then half the time you’re trying to do this and do this where both things end up being sub par instead of one really good.
NEIL: I would like to skip the last one because I do technically have an activity. Split into groups. Let’s do two groups of four and then the third five people. So why did I think of this? People don’t view photojournalism in the future view in their heads. And because of that no one is thinking about how to utilize the craft of photojournalism for a lot of the modern problems we’re dealing with. So your task at hand today is to take – each group is going to take whatever monetary problem they want. I put a list of them up there. Things like push notifications or social media posts or even you guys can take the project and think about that. And the task isn’t to make the most successful idea. It’s to make the most photo centric idea.
So you want to use the craft of photojournalism to the highest extent possible while doing this. So I’ll be a lot happier if you come up with something that no one would ever want to look at. But somehow just uses photos the entire process. Second rule, I guess should be technically possible. I don’t want holograms. But you’re allowed to stretch that if you know that the technology sort of there, you would need a lot of money but pretend you have all the money in the world.
Avoid ideas similar to work you’ve done in the past. Sorry, Tyler. And do draw mockups. We’re going to look at this afterwards. So have an idea of the topic you chose. What specific aspect of that topic are you looking to improve? And draw mockups and be able to explain how you think your idea solved that. And so the one example I had was photo galleries. Are you general that photo galleries suck because it’s a bit contradictive to photos? Or swiping through your phone, so you’ve lost impact. I don’t know why I said that. But hate how people were digesting music, assign to museums, never sold it. But I was thinking what if we just put photo galleries in massive VR getups where you actually walk through a museum to see a photo essay. So obviously nobody would ever want to do that. But that’s the extent of I’m enhancing photo experience, I’m enhancing – fixing what’s wrong with photo galleries right now. And it’s technically possible. We could technically do that right now. S o for first three to four, five minutes if you’re done introducing yourselves, pick a topic and what you want to do about it. I’ll time you and then after five minutes, we should have a topic. And then you’ll have about ten minutes to brainstorm and actually come up with a full – not a full mockup, but a drawing and an idea. So have at it.
[Group activity]
NEIL: Everyone should have a topic by now. Eight minutes to come up with an idea.
PARTICIPANT: So we kind of were talking about that people have to, like, interact with photos every couple of seconds and you can’t just chill and have the content delivered to you like in a video how easy it is to Netflix or TV to just be passive. So we had obviously there’s opportunities in VR to make it a little bit more interactive and then – but then we started talking about, like, less revolutionary ideas that VR would just approve. And we talked about what if we did a video of the future but have photos interspersed in the in the video and have a video that is a video but then you have photos on top. It’s basically you have a photographer, but you’re also a videographer. The thing that I have seen that does this okay is there’s this street photographer on YouTube called street hunter, and he walks around, and he’ll be walking – it’s, like, completely uncut half an hour of him walking through an area. And when he has a shot, he’ll superimpose the final edited shot on the video. But as you’re watching it, it’s sort of like watching a TV channel walking through his process, and then you see the photo, which is way better than the video. But the video also makes the photo better because you get the context and the storytelling. And you can always skip ahead if you’re bored.
So there’s that idea of sort of, like, instead of having to scroll through a bunch of videos or swipe through a bunch of photo galleries, like, do the work of making published timeline thing.
And then talking about the hybrid of the two where you have a photo capturing a period of time. And that’s as far as we got. But we felt like videos are inevitable. Or generally not video but interactive passive yet still interactive experiences where you’re not forced to scroll through a bunch of photos or swipe through a bunch of photos to see it. You can choose to skip ahead if you want, but you can also take a passive role. So use the option of being passive or active rather than forcing them to be active.
NEIL: Cool so extend photojournalism past its static form.
PARTICIPANT: Yeah, like a hybrid media form. Video and photo.
PARTICIPANT: What’s the name?
PARTICIPANT: Street hunters.
PARTICIPANT: Similar of you walk through a neighborhood, and you get a push notification with a picture.
PARTICIPANT: So, yeah, I was talking about mobile app but future in the iOS you’re going to have the ability to 3D touch or force top and a frame will pop up and anything can be in that frame. It could be a photo. So if you’re walking around and you have the app installed, you walk by some building. Here’s a photo of what it looked like 50 years ago, and you can press it and get the photo. And I don’t know what happens to the app if it goes to full screen, but if it did launch in the app.
NEIL: Cool. Pokémon Go for –
PARTICIPANT: Kind of. Yeah.
NEIL: Cool and you guys.
PARTICIPANT: So we kind of came up with, like, one of the points of the daily newsletter, so we started thinking about how do we get photo newsletter e-mail images. But our idea was essentially a photojournalist essay a day kind of aggregator where you get one big, beautiful image that will then take you to the Washington Post or NPR or whatever where you can start to explore. And then the idea being that you can also provide photo journals. They’re starting to do a little bit earlier. But people doing stuff on their own. They don’t have an outlet where they’re trying to get it. But we be that outlet, we can aggregate all of these different places and exposure hopefully to, you know, through the idea being that you get an image every day that propels you to – you don’t have to worry about cultivating experience because however they choose to present their story. Something in front of somebody every day.
PARTICIPANT: And then we talked about either having a comment view or, like, having an interactive place once you are on the site and looked at the photo. Kind of slow down the process. Liked it maybe there’s a little point you can pick at, and you can find out, like, pick the person you want to learn more about them, you click on the garden that’s there or the crop, and you learn a bit about the crop and how, like, maybe they just went through a drought or whatever maybe the farm belonged to their grandfather. So each photo it gives a context of why that’s chose kind of to implement that there. So that means people can slow down and enjoy it a little bit more.
NEIL: Cool. I think it has a little bit interactive.
PARTICIPANT: There’s a service called thing that does that. But it puts – it puts markers over the photos, so you can’t just, like, enjoy the photo.
NEIL: I’m out of time. But. Please keep continuing to talk.
PARTICIPANT: Thank you.
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Jason Kidd is a “teacher of the game,” says Jason Terry
Brandon Robinson
Jason Terry not only has the distinction of being teammates with Jason Kidd, he also was coached by the Hall of Famer as a member of the Milwaukee Bucks and Brooklyn Nets
“The thing about Jason, he is a teacher of the game,” Terry told Dallas reporter, Landon Buford.
“He allowed me to be in every coaching meeting the last two years in Milwaukee and the opportunity to see it. We had this thing called night school… He and I would come in to teach Giannis along with other rookies the game of basketball.”
Kidd was enshrined in the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame on Friday.
In 1,391 career games, Kidd averaged 12.6 points, 6.3 rebounds and 8.7 assists per game. He was a 10-time All-Star, the 1994-95 Co-Rookie of the Year with Grant Hill, made the All-Defensive team nine times and was part of the Dallas Mavericks team which won the 2011 championship over the Miami Heat.
Kidd has recorded the second most assists in NBA history, dishing out 12,091. He has also registered the third most triple-doubles of all-time, compiling 107. “It is a tremendous accomplishment, and he deserves every bit of it,” says Terry.
“He is a Hall of Fame player, but not only is he a Hall of Fame player, he is a hall of fame person. This guy is one of my great friends, and we speak a least two to three times a week and what he has done for me, and my family phenomenal. I can not thank him enough.”
Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson
Dallas Mavs
Scoop B
Previous articleDamian Lillard on Kidd: “I’m proud to come from the same place as him”
Next articleD‘Angelo Russell is motivated: ‘The sky is the limit’
Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson is a senior writer at Basketball Society Online, an NBA Insider and a TV analyst at MSG Networks. He's also a contributor at Heavy.com. You can hear him regularly on the Scoop B Radio Podcast by subscribing via Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Google Play, Tune In App & Stitcher App. He's a graduate of Eastern University, with a BA in Media Communication & Hofstra University with an MA in Journalism. Check out Brandon on the MYGM mode of the hit video game, NBA2K19. Follow him on Twitter: @ScoopB, Instagram: @Scoop_B & Facebook: ScoopB Visit ScoopB.com & ScoopBRadio.com for more info.
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HANSARD 1803–2005 → 1920s → 1927 → March 1927 → 31 March 1927 → Commons Sitting → ORDERS OF THE DAY.
WASHINGTON HOURS CONVENTION.
HC Deb 31 March 1927 vol 204 cc1513-58 1513
§ Mr. RHYS DAVIES
We make no apology for returning once again to the Washington Convention on hours of labour. On 28th February this House listened to a long discussion on the same question; but we are determined to raise this issue again and again, until the Government is pressed to do its duty. We have very special reasons for bringing this matter before the House once again; one of the most important is the statement made by the Parliamentary Secretary in the speech he delivered on 28th February, in which he said: On this issue of the Washington Hours Convention the Government have set up a Cabinet Committee which at this moment is charged with the duty of examining the whole position with a view to arriving at a definite conclusion. That was a very much more definite and clear declaration than the Parliamentary Secretary's chief made in a speech the same evening. I pay tribute to the hon. Member for being very much more clear than his chief on that occasion. I happened to say then, and I think it might as well be repeated now, that the Minister of Labour was very unhappy in the position in which he found himself; and I feel sure that the events which have transpired since that Debate have not made him any more comfortable.
The next point which gives me a. reason for raising this issue to-night is the statement in the "Times" of 8th March, to the following effect: It is understood that Lord Cecil has been appointed Chairman of the Cabinet Committee which is considering the whole question of the Washington 48 Hours Week Convention. The "Times" is not by any means inclined towards the Labour movement; but it is a very fair journal on this issue, and it goes on to say: It is hoped as a result of this inquiry that the decision of the Government on the question of ratification will be announced soon after Lord Cecil's return from Geneva. Lord Cecil has obviously returned from Geneva since then, and I think we are entitled therefore to ask what has been done. The statement of the hon. Gentleman that a Cabinet Committee has been appointed, and was actually sitting when the hon. Member spoke, and the fact that Lord Cecil has returned from Geneva, 1514 compel us to ask what is the result of all these deliberations. The hon. Member for Wallsend (Miss Bondfield) put a question on 23rd March, when she asked— Whether the Government had examined the Report of the Committee appointed to examine the position in relation to the Washington Hours Convention, and whether the right hon. Gentleman can state the policy of the Government with regard to the ratification of this Convention. The Prime Minister replied: I am not yet in a position to make any statement on the subject. A similar question was put to the Prime Minister yesterday to which he replied by using exactly the same words; he stated that he had nothing further to say on the subject. I think the time has arrived when we ought to have some decision from the Government on this important matter. We are getting tired of appealing to the Government; and we are also getting tired of something else. The situation on the Continent of Europe is becoming very serious. We are being pressed by labour organisations in other countries, particularly by Belgium, where they have ratified this Convention. These organisations are rightly asking what are we doing to bring our own country up to the level of Belgium. We are in honour bound, therefore, as labour representatives, to stand up in this House to urge the Government to do its duty in this connection.
I have a very serious complaint to make against Ministers of the Crown in this respect. I have here a list of the meetings of the Governing Body of the International Labour Organisation. It was customary up to the advent of this Government for Ministers to pay attention to, and, in fact, did attend, the meetings of the Governing Body and conferences of the International Labour Organisation. I do not know what that body has done to offend the hon. Gentleman who sits at the Box to-night, or the Minister of Labour, because I find that out of 15 meetings the hon. Gentleman has not attended more than about two. One was a meeting of the Governing Body and the other was the conference itself. Those two meetings were held in May, 1925. I know the Civil Service is an honourable body of men, and quite 1515 capable of representing this country in any conference, but I say that the Minister of Labour and his assistant ought themselves to attend the conferences at Geneva and the meetings of the Governing Body, because they cannot possibly know, even through the beat officials they send, the real opinions of the representatives of other Governments who meet at Geneva. I think it an insult to the League of Nations that Ministers of this great country do not attend those meetings. The Minister for Foreign Affairs attends the meetings of the League of Nations regularly: and I pay my tribute to him by saying that I do not know of any occasion when he has neglected his duty. But in relation to questions affecting labour and working people generally, and the employment of women and children, this Government, through its Labour Minister and his assistant, appear to take no notice whatever of these important organisations. We are entitled to complain of the inactivities and inattention of the Minister of Labour and his assistant on this particular question.
When we dealt with this Convention in February last, the main argument used against its ratification was that no other country where they had adopted the Convention—Belgium, in particular—and no great industrial country in competition with us, enforced their labour laws as effectively as we do in this country. I have since taken the trouble to find out what is the actual practice in countries on the Continent who are in competition industrially with ourselves. The only measurement of the enforcement of labour legislation in any country is the number of inspectors that they appoint, the number of inspections of factories and workshops, and the number of convictions for contraventions of the law. Let me deal with the last factor. After all, the number of convictions for contravention of factory legislation is surely a fair guide as to what is happening by way of enforcing the laws of any country. I will give the House some figures. Let it be remembered that the allegation is that, when we pass a piece of legislation in this House, that Act of Parliament is pursued and enforced very much more effect 1516 tively than is the case in any other country in the world.
Strong arguments can be adduced in support of that point of view. But I would ask hon. Gentlemen who took part in the discussion on the last occasion, and who threw that point against our argument, to note the figures I am about to give. The convictions in Belgium in 1925 for the violation of factory and workshop legislation were 650. In Czechoslovakia there were 1,054, and in France, where we were told they are more lax than in any other country in the world, the number was 6,596. In Germany there were 615 convictions. In Great Britain, however, where the enforcement of these laws is supposed to be more stringent than anywhere else, the figure, as against 6,596 in France, was just over 1,000. That is to say, for a smaller number of working people, a smaller number of factories and workshops, for every six convictions against persons violating these laws in France, there was only one in our own country. I say, therefore, that the point made by hon. Gentlemen, that we should not ratify the Convention because other industrial countries do not pursue their laws as we do, falls to the ground in view of the figures I have given.
As I have said, we are, as a country, placed in a very difficult position because of the non-ratification of this Convention. It is understood that Belgium has ratified unconditionally; France and Germany will ratify conditionally. I have here a copy of the Bill which is now before the German Reichstag; and, so far as I understand its provisions, there is nothing to prevent the German Government ratifying this Convention provided they get the guarantee that Great Britain ratifies it as well. We are determined that no stone shall be left unturned to try to induce this Government to ratify the Convention. as they are in honour bound to do. I know some of the arguments that are used against doing this. I have stated a few of them. I do not want to dwell unduly on that subject, because I want to pass on to something else, but, before I leave this issue, I want finally to emphasise two. points. I want, to know what has become of the deliberations of the Cabinet Committee to which the hon. Gentlemanl 1517 referred in his speech on the 28th February, and, also, what is the connection between the meeting which Lord Cecil attended and the Cabinet Committee to which the hon. Gentleman referred. I think we are now entitled to know exactly what has transpired in this connection.
The speech delivered by the Minister of Labour on that occasion was not hopeful at all. As a matter of fact, I characterised some of his statements as simply ridiculous. One of them was sufficient to indicate that the Government is absolutely undecided in the matter. It has no mind at all on this subject, even if it has a mind on anything whatsoever. It has obviously failed to come to a decision. When we dealt with the issue on the last occasion, the Minister of Labour simply floundered through his speech; but I was pleased that his assistant, as is very often the case, did better than his chief. He was very much more clear on the subject. I am pleased that the hon. Gentleman is in charge of the Debate to-night, and I feel sure that he will now be able to tell us something which will help us to understand exactly the position the Government takes up on this fundamental issue.
There is another point that I want to bring before the House—the failure of the Government to ratify another Convention, namely, that relating to the prohibition of the use of white lead in paint. It is not necessary to go over all the details which led up to the adoption of this Convention, but two events have transpired since which compel us to bring this subject once again before the notice of the House. One of them is the resignation—and I want to congratulate that gentleman on his courage—of the Chief Medical Inspector of Factories in the Home Office. It was he who helped to draft the Convention, and who supported the British Government in bringing pressure to bear upon other countries to get the Convention adopted. He went further; he represented the Government, and signed his name, so I understand, to this Convention. But when he found later that this Government, instead of ratifying the Convention, issued Regulations instead of prohibition, he resigned his position in the Home Office. I pay him tribute here and now for his honourable action. That is one 1518 event that has transpired in connection with the failure of the Government to ratify the Lead Paint Convention.
The most sinister of all is the one to which I referred in a question to the Under-Secretary of State for India last Monday. The Federation of British Industries does its work sometimes in the open, though at other times it works in devious and dark ways. What it has done in this connection is very interesting to the House of Commons, and particularly to those who sit on this side. I found in the official journal of the federation the other day that they had communicated with the India Office, asking that Office to send to the Bombay Government a communication to the effect, that, as the British Government had decided not to prohibit the use of white lead in paint, but to regulate it, the federation asked the Bombay Government to follow the lead of the British Government and destroy the provisions for prohibition that it had already set up. That is an appalling state of affairs. The British Government—it does not matter what its political colour may be—goes to an international Conference and signs a document in favour of prohibiting the use of white lead in paint. The tragedy connected with the use of white paint is very well known. It is not necessary to repeat the figures that we have given here before, but approximately they are these: About 50 operative painters die annually in this country from lead poisoning through the use of white lead in paint. There are over 200 operative painters always suffering from lead poisoning. That in itself, I should imagine, ought to induce any Government, of any political colour, to help to ratify this Convention; but the Government defy the Convention; they defy all expert opinion; they do not intend to Help the working classes to a better state in life. [Interruption.] When the history of this Government is written, it will be found without any hesitation—and I do not generally use strong words—that it is the most callous towards the working classes that has ever governed. Their action last year, when they adopted that piece of legislation in connection with the mining industry—
The House must not criticise its own acts, and especially on a Supply day. That is a matter of legisla- 1519 tion, which is not open to discussion in connection with Supply.
§ Mr. DAVIES
I bow to your ruling, Sir; I was led away. It is very seldom that a Welshman is led away by an Englishman. The point I was trying to make was that, the Government having failed to ratify this Convention, the utilisation of the machinery of the India Office to convey an invitation of this kind to the Bombay Government to destroy the Convention in that country, is, in my view, an awful thing to contemplate, and I want to raise my protest against it. I feel very keenly on this subject, because, when I put a supplementary question to the Under-Secretary of State for India, his reply destroyed every argument used in favour of regulation in this country. See what he says: As regards the question of the Convention generally, I would point out that the difficulty the Government of India feel in putting it into operation is that it is impossible for any Government to control the hundreds of thousands of small painters who have been working in the past."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 28th March, 1927; col. 834, Vol. 204.] That is exactly the argument we have used against regulating the use of white lead in paint—because no Government can accomplish the task. Now, a Tory Minister of State comes forth, because it suits his purpose, because it suits the purpose of the Federation of British Industries, and uses a Labour argument in favour of his action. They generally do that when it fits their case.
I do not want to take up too much of the time of the House on this issue, but I want to ask the hon. Gentleman who represents the Home Office whether he will be good enough to give me information on one other very important point. The Home Office on this question of lead paint, has issued a Circular, No. 503342, and I am informed on credible authority that this circular, although issued in December last, uses words to the effect that certain Conferences have been held. These Conferences were, in fact, held many years ago; and it is unfair to include in this circular any words relating to those Conferences, because they would imply that they were held just prior to the issue of the circular. I think that point ought to be cleared up at once by the repre- 1520 sentative of the Home office. I do not want to detain the House too long, but the issues are really fundamental to those on this side of the House. I have been a trade union official, in some capacity or other, for over 20 years. The one thing that I heard talk of most, that I have heard most agitation about, and the claim, above all, of the working people of this country for the last half-century, by resolution and otherwise, has been in favour of the 48-hour week. This Government, when it came into office, had an opportunity of doing something on those lines. They have failed; they stand condemned; and, when they are weighed in the balance of justice before the public tribunal at the next General Election, they will be condemned for their inaction in this as on other important issues.
§ The PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARY to the MINISTRY of LABOUR (Mr. Betterton)
The hon. Member for West-houghton (Mr. Rhys Davies), quite properly, if I may say so respectfully, did not reopen the question which we discussed at such great length only a month ago. If I gathered his object rightly, it was merely to ask one or two perfectly specific questions, to which I am quite prepared, and, indeed, anxious, to give an equally specific reply. The first question he asked was about the action of the Cabinet Committee to which I referred in my speech of a month ago, in which I said: The Government have set up a Cabinet Committee which at this moment is charged with the duty of examining the whole position with a view to arriving at an early conclusion."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 28th February, 1927; col. 162, Vol. 203.] 7.0 p.m.
Then the hon. Gentleman referred to a statement in the "Times," which I accept from him, though I do not for a moment recollect it, that Lord Cecil was the chairman of this Committee. It is quite true that Lord Cecil is, if not the chairman, at any rate a prominent member of the Committee. It is also true that Lord Cecil was at that time it-Geneva. The Committee was set up about five weeks ago, and for the last fortnight Lord Cecil has been, and is now, at Geneva, engaged on a matter which I am sure is at least as interesting, not only to the hon. Member but to the whole 1521 House, as the matter under discussion, the Disarmament Conference which is now going on there. For the last fortnight then the advantage of his presence on that matter has not been enjoyed.
The second point to which I wish to draw attention is this. I am not, of course, entitled, nor do I wish, to discuss legislation, but I am entitled to point out that ratification of this Convention is not to be obtained merely by registering ratification at Geneva or merely by passing a Resolution of this House to that effect. To ratify involves, in the first place, the bringing of the legislation of this country into conformity with the Convention which it is proposed to ratify. That, of course, involves a Bill, and a Bill needs very careful preparation before it is presented. Before you present a Bill on any subject, if you are well advised, you consider very carefully what you put in it. I am sure the hon. Gentleman would be the last to desire that important points, particularly when they are points raised by himself should not receive adequate consideration. May I mention one point which he himself raised a month ago? He said, in the course of his speech, complaining of the Government: Where the Convention meant something substantial and was going to cost this country something to put it into operation, to and behold, as in the White Lead case, they gave us a Bill which did not ratify the Convention at all. I say, therefore, that there is no virtue at all in the fact that this country has ratified more Conventions, as the Minister has told us, than any other country in the world, because those Conventions did not cost the country anything at all."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 28th February,) 1927; col. 150. Vol. 203.] I do not deny that this country should ratify the Eight Hours Convention if it is right that it should do so, but, when the hon. Member points out that such ratification should cost the country something, it is at least right that the Government should know what the cost would be and what the effect would be if the ratification were carried into force. As I have said, I do not pretend to discuss the merits of the case, which was gone into so fully only a month ago, but I am pointing out that there are matters which have to be most carefully considered before a final decision is come to. One hon. Gentleman, the right 1522 hon. Member for West Swansea (Mr. Runciman), referred to the importance of international agreement, and said: International cartels without uniform labour regulations are going to give an unfair advantage to the producers in the least progressive States. He also said about these questions: We have been doing it piecemeal, and it has done us no harm up to now, but if we could get international agreement, how much better it would be."—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 28th February, 1927; col. 106, Vol. 203.] So, therefore, it is idle to dismiss the value and importance of getting international agreement, because it is perfectly obvious,, as the right hon. Gentleman pointed out, that if you ratify this Convention without international agreement, you lose a very large portion of the benefit that you get if you succeed in securing international agreement.
Belgium has done it.
§ Mr. BETTERTON
Yes, it is perfectly-true Belgium has ratified the Convention. Then the hon. Member referred to Germany, and said that Germany has introduced a Bill for that purpose. What, in fact, Germany has done—I only-mention this not in criticism of the hon. Member, but to point out some of the matters we have to consider—is to circulate a Bill for the purpose of discussion. It is stated that under no circumstances will that Bill be introduced this session. I do not say that that Bill, if passed,, would not have the effect the hon. Gentleman says it will have, but it is quite a different thing to say that Germany has definitely introduced a Bill for the purpose of ratification. There is only one other point I wish to mention. I did not know the hon. Member was going to raise it. He seemed to complain that I had not myself attended at Geneva as often as I should like to have attended. I say at once that my substitute, who represents the Government at Geneva, is a gentleman of very great experience, in whom we have the most complete confidence, and he has represented the views of Great Britain very clearly and forcibly on every occasion when he has been en trusted with their expression. But when the hon. Gentleman goes on to say that the fact that I or some Minister has not on every occasion represented this Government at the meetings of the 1523 governing body at Geneva is a sign of inattention and incivility and even, as he said, an insult to the League of Nations, I must point out that there is no other Government represented on the governing body which has at any time been represented by a Minister at all. They have always been represented by someone qualified, by a civil servant of high standing, or some other gentleman who, in fact, is not a Minister. It is, therefore, quite unfair to say that the fact that I myself have not been there can be in any way regarded as an insult to that body or as not treating it with civility.
Is it not a fact that the Government are represented by a Minister at their annual Conference? Is it the intention of the Government to send a Minister to the next Conference in May?
With regard to the next Conference in May, I cannot say until the time comes. I may say that, with the exception of the Conference last May, I have always attended as a representative of the Government whenever I held the office I do hold. If the hon. Member will recall the facts of last May, he will realise at once that the situation here was such and the burden of responsibility cast upon the Minister was such, that it would not have been right for me to have gone at that time. That was not out of any discourtesy to the International Labour Office or to the League of Nations. It was entirely due to the fact—it may sound egotistical—that my right hon. Friend felt I ought to be here rather than there. Without going into the merits of this question, I have dealt, I hope clearly, with the points which the hon. Gentleman raised, and I will leave my hon. Friend beside me to deal with the rest.
Will he tell us whether the Government intend to ratify this Convention at all and, if so, when?
I have already tried to explain to the hon. Gentleman that that is the very matter under the consideration of the Cabinet Committee to which he quite rightly attaches so much importance.
§ The FINANCIAL SECRETARY to the WAR OFFICE (Captain Douglas King)
I only want to say a few words on the 1524 points raised by the hon. Member with regard to lead paint. He referred to the resignation of Sir Thomas Lane, but that point has been answered in the House several times by my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary. I would only point out that Sir Thomas Lane had reached the pensionable age nearly four years before resigning, and that for three years before his resignation he could have resigned at any time. Had he not retired at the moment that he did, he would have been compulsorily retired, on reaching the age of 65, early next year. With regard to ratification of the draft Convention, I think there is some misunderstanding as to the status of this International Labour Conference. The members on this Conference are not plenipotentiaries sent over to exercise the sovereign powers of the countries they represent. They are there merely to put forward recommendations or to make draft Conventions. That is made perfectly clear in the terms of the actual Peace Treaty. I would like to call the attention of the House very shortly to paragraph 405 of the Peace Treaty: Each of the Members undertakes that it will, within the period—bring the recommendation or draft convention before the authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, for the enactment of legislation or other action. That clearly recognises that it is only a recommendation which is to be made before the Legislature or sovereign body in the country to which the members belong. In the same Article it says: If on a recommendation no legislative or other action is taken to make a recommendation effective, or if the draft convention fails to obtain the consent of the authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, no if father obligation shall rest upon the Member. It is quite clear that there is no obligation upon this Government or any other Government represented there to ratify that draft Convention. It was laid before this House in 1923. It has since been considered and, as has been explained by my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary on the Second Reading of the Act, since the draft Convention was passed a new process was brought to light, the wet rubbing down process, by which it was hoped that many of the dangers—
That is just why I intervened earlier in the Debate. We are 1525 now criticising Acts passed last year. The only question on which lead paint can arise is the question arising out of the matter dealt with by the Government of Bombay.
§ Captain KING
I am afraid I am not competent to answer for the India Office or the Bombay Government. I shall only try to explain to the hon. Member the reason for the Regulations being brought in. I hope I am in order in replying to the criticisms which the hon. Member made in regard to the actual Order issued by the Home Office to the trade issuing these Regulations, because the hon. Member insinuated that we were making a false representation in issuing that Order. The actual words of the Order were: The terms of the regulation to 'be made by the Secretary of State have been discussed at a series of conferences held between the Home Office and various Departments. There is nothing in that to suggest that those conferences had taken place recently. It is true the conferences there referred to had taken plaice some considerable time before the Regulations were issued. On the other hand, since they have been issued there has been a further conference with the appropriate trade joint council, and I am informed agreement has been reached with that council, and the Regulations have been agreed with certain very small alterations which will be adopted by the Home Office.
§ Mr. KELLY
Which is that trade joint council?
I hope the hon. Member will allow me to quote it as the appropriate one. The Conferences held previously were with the Painters and Decorators Joint Industrial Council. I could ascertain, but I only know that it has been discussed quite recently by the appropriate Trade Joint Council, and agreement has been reached except on certain minor points which will be adjusted. The Home Secretary said the Regulations were on trial. It is hoped that we shall be able to remove the danger from the use of lead paint. If that is. not so he will have to come to the House for further powers.
§ Mr. VIANT
I regret that a representative of the Home Office is not present, because I appreciate the difficulty with which the hon. and gallant Gentleman is confronted in deputising for the Department. The draft of these Regulations was issued on 31st December, and there is no disputing the fact that the Circular that was sent out was misleading in that it led those into whose hands it got to believe that these conferences were of recent date.
There is nothing to say so.
No, that is where it is misleading. That is where the danger arises. A Government Department, when issuing Regulations of this character which are likely to affect the well-being of operators in the industry, ought not to consider it to be any light affair. This Circular created the impression that the Convention was going to be ratified, and that these Regulations were to apply to external and not to internal work. It would have been more honest to the industry had the Home Office convened another conference and taken into consideration the developments which have taken place as the result of the passing of the Act of last December. The industry was not consulted in the least. It issued these draft Regulations, and I should have thought the Home Office would have convened a special conference to consider the criticisms which had been levelled at the Regulations from this side of the House. But the Home Office did more than deal unwisely with the Regulations. Those who are engaged in the industry are very much concerned as to the developments which have taken place as the result of the issuing of these suggested Regulations. It has meant the resignation of a valued expert in she Home Office. I refer to Sir Thomas Legge. A question was put in the House asking the reasons for his resignation, and the House was led to believe that it was due to the fact that he had arrived at the pensionable age, and, furthermore, that he was not desirous of working the Regulations. That was grossly unfair, and it was not true. It is true that he had arrived at a pensionable age, but it is no uncommon thing for the term of service of a valued expert in any of our Departments to be extended, and an extended term of service of this valued expert 1527 would have been to the advantage of those concerned in the industry. Moreover, Sir Thomas Legge did not refuse to have anything to do with the Regulations. He said he was desirous of honouring the pledge he gave at Geneva, but, apparently, in order to get rid of him they accepted his resignation and led the House to believe that it was because he had arrived at a pensionable age. The letter that appeared in the "Times" on 16th February, signed by a respected Member of this House, the hon. and gallant Gentleman the Member for Ripon (Major Hills), the right hon. G. N. Barnes, and Mr. E. L. Poulton goes to confirm the views held by Sir Thomas Legge.
That, again, is raising a question which was debated at great length last year, the question of prohibition versus regulation. That was settled by the Bill which became an Act last year. We must not debate that question now.
I am desirous of reading this extract in order to prove that the view taken by Sir Thomas Legge was upheld by those who accompanied him as the expert at Geneva.
That was quite a proper point to deal with last year, but it is not now. It was settled for the time being by the Act passed last year. The hon. Member must not reopen it.
Sir Thomas was under the impression, and rightly, I think, that the pledge having been given, as a civil servant he must do his utmost to see that it was kept. In so doing he expressed a desire that he should not be prevailed upon to carry out these Regulations and, as a result, of course, he was compelled to resign. We feel that the whole of the facts were not stated to the House as they should have been by the Home Secretary, and that before anything of this kind occurs again, in the way of issuing Regulations, those concerned should be immediately called into conference, and a circular so misleading as the one issued by the Home Office should on no account be sent out.
With respect to the Eight Hours Convention, the Parliamentary Secretary read a quotation from a speech of the 1528 right hon. Gentleman the Member for West Swansea (Mr. Rinciman) and he said where cartels were developing it was desirable that we should have international agreement in respect of labour conditions. That is precisely what we desire, because we feel That unless we use the League of Nations at the various offices which may be set up for specific purposes we shall not be treating it as it should be treated, and we shall not be playing the practical part that we should, which will ultimately, I hope, invoke that spirit of confidence among the masses in those things that may be done through the agency of the League of Nations and ultimately arrive at international under- standings which will be for the general wellbeing. We feel the Government is losing a valuable opportunity in not ratifying the Eight Hours Convention and showing at least what can be done by way of levelling up the conditions of labour throughout the world and reducing, as we believe, the unnecessary and unfair competition that prevails at present.
§ Captain MACMILLAN
With regard to the Washington Convention and its proposed ratification, I should like to reiterate what was said in the Debates we had a short time ago and the very strong feeling of hope that the Government would see its way to ratify. The hon. Member who raised this Debate has not altogether done a service to the prospect of ratification. His argument led to the conclusion that you can judge the law-abiding character of people by the number of prosecutions for breach of the law, which did not seem to me altogether a sound argument. To raise this Debate so soon after the other Debate we had on this question is unfortunate. I hope that the Parliamentary Secretary and the Government will not fall into the danger of thinking that because this has been a very calm Debate, there is not a very strong feeling in all parts of the House on this question. The Parliamentary Secretary was not able to tell the House when the Cabinet Committee would be able to present its report. I appreciate the peculiar difficulties which surround Lord Cecil's position, with the very important disarmament conference and other important duties at Geneva which he has had to fulfil; but the report and the decision of the Government are very anxiously awaited. I do trust that the 1529 Government will remember the Debate which took place not very long ago; one of the most damaging Debates in the history, I should think, of almost any Government, when they received practically no support from any quarter of the House. I hope that the comparatively calm atmosphere of this Debate will not mislead them into thinking that there is not a very strong feeling on the matter. This Debate has come on without hon. Members interested in the subject realising that it was to be taken. I only want to emphasise the very strong opinion which is held by hon. Members in all quarters of the House, not least among the supporters of the Government, who earnestly desire that the Government will come to a rapid decision to ratify and enforce the Washington Eight Hours Convention.
§ Mr. WALLHEAD
I rise to protest against the use of lead paint. A protest is needed, because it is well known that the operative painters who suffer from the use of lead paint have protested against its continued use and desire its prohibition. In these circumstances, they might have been consulted in regard to the Regulations for the continued use of lead paint. It seems to me that the resignation of Sir Thomas Legge is the most striking condemnation of the Government's policy over this matter that could possibly be conceived. I do not think that these Regulations can be made
§ effective, and I speak as a practical man. I have heard many views on this matter. I have heard hon. Members speaking of the use of paint in such a way as to show that they did not understand what they are talking about. They described methods which are never practised by painters, and they described methods which no painters ever use or ever devise. I protested in Committee, and I protest once more not only against the Government's Measure which they carried out, but against their action in not allowing the men to discuss the matter with them before the Regulations which the men must put into operation were applied. It is not the employers or the manufacturers who use the lead paint; they do not suffer the danger or run the risk It is the men who suffer and run the risk, and it is the men who know whether or not the Measures will be effective. I prophesy that the Regulations will break down. My knowledge of the technique of painting and the practical method applied tells me that the Regulations will be impracticable as far as the use of lead paint is concerned. I protest against the methods by which these Regulations are put into operation.
§ Question put, "That Mr. Speaker do now leave the Chair."
§ The House divided: Ayes, 213; Noes, 77.
Division No. 71.] AYES. [7.36 p.m.
Acland-Troyte, Lieut.-Colonel Cautley, Sir Henry S. Everard, W. Lindsay
Agg-Gardner, Rt. Hon. Sir James T. Cayzer, Sir C. (Chester, City) Fairfax, Captain J. G.
Albery, Irving James Cecil, Rt. Hon. Sir Evelyn (Aston) Falle, Sir Bertram G.
Alexander, E. E. (Leyton) Chamberlain, Rt. Hn. Sir J. A. (Birm., W.) Fanshawe, Commander G. D.
Amery, Rt. Hon. Leopold C. M. S. Chapman, Sir S. Fielden, E. B.
Ashley, Lt.-Col. Rt. Hon. Wilfrid W. Charteris, Brigadier-General J. Finburgh, S.
Atholl, Duchess of Churchill, Rt. Hon. Winston Spencer Forrest, W.
Baldwin, Rt. Hon. Stanley Churchman, Sir Arthur C. Foxcroft, Captain C. T.
Balfour, George (Hampstead) Clarry, Reginald George Fraser, Captain Ian
Barclay-Harvey, C. M. Cobb, Sir Cyril Fremantle, Lieut.-Colonel Francis E.
Barnett, Major Sir Richard Cochrane, Commander Hon. A. D. Ganzoni, Sir John
Barnston, Major Sir Harry Cockerill, Brig.-General Sir G. K. Gault, Lieut.-Col. Andrew Hamilton
Beamish, Rear-Admiral T. P. H. Cohen, Major J. Brunel Gilmour, Lt.-Col. Rt. Hon. Sir John
Beckett, Sir Gervase (Leeds, N.) Colfox, Major Wm. Phillips Glyn, Major R. G. C.
Betterton, Henry B. Cope, Major William Goff, Sir Park
Bird, Sir R. B. (Wolverhampton, W.) Couper, J. B. Gower, Sir Robert
Boothby, R. J. G. Courthope, Colonel Sir G. L. Graham, Fergus (Cumberland, N.)
Bourne, Captain Robert Croft Cowan, Sir Wm. Henry (Islingtn., N.) Grant, Sir J. A.
Bowyer, Captain G. E. W. Crooke, J. Smedley (Derltend) Grattan-Doyle, Sir N.
Bridgeman, Rt. Hon. William Clive Crookshank, Cpt. H. (Lindsey, Gainsbro) Greene, W. P. Crawford
Brittain, Sir Harry Cunliffe, Sir Herbert Grenfell, Edward C. (City of London)
Broun-Lindsay, Major H. Curzon, Captain Viscount Gretton, Colonel Rt, Hon. John
Brown, Ernest (Leith) Davies, Sir Thomas (Cirencester) Grotrlan, H. Brent
Bull, Rt. Hon. Sir William James Davies, Dr. Vernon Guinness, Rt. Hon. Walter E.
Burman, J. B. Dean, Arthur Wellesley Gunston, Captain D. W.
Burton, Colonel H. W. Dixey, A. C. Hall, Capt. W. D'A. (Brecon & Rad.)
Butler, Sir Geoffrey Edmondson, Major A. J. Hanbury, C.
Campbell, E. T. Elliot, Major Walter E. Hannon, Patrick Joseph Henry
Cassels, J. D. Erskine, Lord (Somerset, Weston-s-M.) Harland, A.
Hartington, Marquess of Macquisten, F. A. Smithers, Waldron
Harvey, G. (Lambeth, Kennington) macRobert, Alexander M. Sprot, Sir Alexander
Haslam, Henry C. Maitland, Sir Arthur D. Steel- Stanley, Col. Hon. G. F. (Will'sden.E)
Hawke, John Anthony Malone, Major P. B. Stanley, Hon. O. F. G.(Westm'eland)
Headlam, Lieut-Colonel C. M. Manningham-Buller, Sir Mervyn Stott, Lieut.-Colonel W. H.
Henderson, Capt. R. R.(Oxf'd, Henley} Margesson, Capt. D. Streatfeild, Captain S. R.
Henderson, Lieut.-Col. V. L. (Bootie) Marriott, Sir J. A. R. Styles, Captain H. Walter
Heneage, Lieut-Colonel Arthur P. Meller, R. J. Sueter, Rear-Admiral Murray Fraser
Hennessy, Major Sir G. R. J. Milne, J. S. Wardlaw- Sugden, Sir Wilfrid
Herbert, Dennis (Hertford, Watford) Mitchell, S. (Lanark, Lanark) Sykes, Major-Gen. Sir Frederick H.
Hoare, Lt.-Col. Rt. Hon. Sir S. J. G. Mond, Rt. Hon. Sir Alfred Tasker, R. Inigo.
Hogg, Rt. Hon. Sir D. (St. Marylebone) Monsell, Eyres, Com. Rt. Hon. B. H. Templeton, W. p.
Hohler, Sir Gerald Fitzroy Moore, Sir Newton J. Thorn, Lt.-Col. J. G. (Dumbarton)
Holland, sir Arthur Nall, Colonel Sir Joseph Thomson, F. c (Aberdeen, South)
Holt, Captain H. P. Neville, R. J. Thomson, Rt. Hon. Sir W. Mitchell-
Hopkins, J. W. W. Newman, Sir R. H. S. D. L. (Exeter) Tinne, J. A.
Hopkinson, A. (Lancaster, Mossley) Newton, Sir D. G. C. (Cambridge) Titchfield, Major the Marquess of
Horlick, Lieut.-Colonel J. N. Nicholson, Col. Rt. Hn.W.G.(Ptrsf'ld.) Vaaghan-Morgan, Col. K. P.
Howard-Bury, Lieut.-Colonel C. K. Oman, Sir Charles William C. Wallace, Captain D. E.
Hudson, Capt. A. U. M.(Hackney, N.) Owen, Major G. Waterhouse, Captain Charles
Huntingfield, Lord Penny, Frederick George Watts, Dr. T.
Hurd, Percy A. Percy, Lord Eustace (Hastings) Wells, S. R.
Hurst, Gerald B. Peto, Sir Basil E. (Devon, Barnstaple) Wheler, Major Sir Granville C. H.
Hutchison, G.A.Clark (Midl'n & P'bl's) Peto, G. (Somerset, Frome) Williams, Com. C. (Devon, Torquay)
Hutchison, Sir Robert (Montrose) Pilcber, G. Williams, Herbert G. (Reading)
Inskip, Sir Thomas Walker H. Pownall, Sir Assheton Wilson, R. R. (Statford, Lichfield)
Jacob, A. E. Price, Major C. W. M. Windsor-dive, Lieut.-Colonel George
James, Lieut.-Colonel Hon. Cuthbert Radford, E, A. Winterton, Rt. Hon. Ean
Jones, G. W. H. (Stoke Newington) Rees, Sir Beddoe Wise, Sir Fredric
Joynson-Hicks, Rt. Hon. Sir William Reid, D. D. (County Down) Withers, John James
King, Captain Henry Douglas Remer, J. R. Wolmer, Viscount
Lamb, J. Q. Rhys, Hon. C. A. U. Womersley, W. J.
Lister, Cunliffe-. Rt. Hon. Sir Philip Ruggles-Brise. Major E. A. Wood, E. (Chest'r, Stalyb'dge & Hyde)
Little, Dr. E. Graham Russell, Alexander West (Tynemouth) Wood, Sir Kingsley (Woolwich, W.)
Lloyd, Cyril E. (Dudley) Salmon, Major I. Woodcock, Colonel H. C.
Locker-Lampson, G. (Wood Green) Samuel, Samuel (W'dsworth, Putney) Worthington-Evans, Rt. Hon. Sir L.
Lougher, Lewis Sandeman, N. Stewart Wragg, Herbert
Luce, Maj.-Gen. Sir Richard Harman Sanders, Sir Robert A. Young, Rt. Hon. Hilton (Norwich)
Macdonald, R. (Glasgow, Cathcart) Sancton, Lord
McDonnell, Colonel Hon Angus Shaw, R. G (Yorks, W.R., Sowerby) TELLERS FOR THE AYES.—
Macintyre, Ian Sheffield, Sir Berkeley Colonel Gibbs and Captain Lord
McLean, Major A. Skelton, A. N. Stanley.
Macmillan, Captain H. Smith. R. W.(Aberd'n & Kinc'dine, C.)
McNeill, Rt. Hon. Ronald John Smith-Carington, Neville W.
NOES.
Adamson, Rt. Hon. W. (Fife, West) Greenwood, A. (Nelson and Colne) Shiels, Dr. Drummond
Adamson, W. M. (Staff., Cannock) Griffiths, T. (Monmouth, Pontypool) Short, Alfred (Wednesbury)
Alexander, A. V. (Sheffield, Hillsbro'} Hardie, George D. Slesser, Sir Henry H.
Ammon, Charles George Hayday, Arthur Smillie, Robert
Baker, Walter Henderson, Right Hon. A. (Burnley) Smith, Ben (Bermondsey, Rotherhithe)
Barker, G. (Monmouth, Abertillery) Henderson, T. (Glasgow) Smith, Rennie (Penistone)
Bondfield, Margaret Johnston, Thomas (Dundee) Spoor, Rt. Hon. Benjamin Charles
Broad, F. A. Kelly, W. T. Stephen, Campbell
Bromley, J. Kennedy, T. Stewart, J. (St. Rollox)
Brown, James (Ayr and Bute) Lansbury, George Sutton, J. E.
Buchanan. G. Lawson, John James Taylor, R. A.
Buxton, Rt. Hon. Noel Lee, F. Tinker. John Joseph
Cape, Thomas Lindley, F. W. Townend, A. E.
Charleton, H. C. Lowth, T. Trevelyan, Rt. Hon. C. P.
Cluse, W. S. MacDonald, Rt. Hon. J.R. (Aberavon) Viant, S. P.
Connolly, M. Montague, Frederick Wallhead, Richard C.
Dalton, Hugh Morris, R. H. Wedgwood, Rt. Hon. Josiah
Davies, Evan (Ebbw Vale) Morrison, R. C. (Tottenham, N.) Wellock, Wilfred
Davies, Rhys John (Westhoughton) Naylor, T. E. Westwood, J.
Day, Colonel Harry Palin, John Henry Whiteley, W.
Duncan, C. Potts, John S. Wilson, R. J. (Jarrow)
Dunnico, H. Richardson, R. (Houghton-le-Spring) Windsor, Walter
Edwards, C. (Monmouth, Bedwelity) Roberts, Rt. Hon. F. O.(W.Bromwich) Wright, W.
Garro-Jones, Captain G. M- Robinson, W. C. (Yorks,W.R.,Elland)
Gardner, J. P. Salter, Dr. Alfred TELLERS FOR THE NOES.—
Gillett, George M. Scurr, John Mr. Allen Parkinson and Mr. Hayes
Gosling, Harry Sexton, James
Question put, and agreed to.
Supply accordingly considered in Committee.
§ [Captain FITZROY in the Chair.]
CLASS VII.
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Ritualized Catharsis: An Interview of Hyon Gyon
text by Adam Lehrer
South Korean New York-based visual artist and painter Hyon Gyon’s Chinatown studio is hard to miss. Walking down Canal Street past the skateboarders that grind the rails along the bike path at the bottom of the Manhattan side of the Manhattan bridge, the markets that smell ripe of fish and assorted edible sea creatures, and the dizzyingly busy intersection of a diverse population, you finally take a right on Eldridge Street. Quite visibly from the opposite end of the block your eye catches an out-of-place looking two floor building with a massive sign that reads “Hyon Gyon.” The building looks more like a hut or a place of worship than an emerging visual artist’s studio. Considering Gyon’s aesthetic and work, that notion could feel rather deliberate on part of the artist. But talking to Gyon for any length of time quickly dispels that notion. Her studio is just an outgrowth of her practice, and her practice lacks any grand conceptual conceit. She channels energy into her art. What you see is simply what has come out of her.
Inside that studio is a visual world perhaps even more rarified and indicative of Gyon’s work than the locale’s exterior. The first floor is half work space and half gallery displaying several of Gyon’s large-scale and quite spectacular paintings that combine the markings of abstract expressionism and traditional Korean shamanistic imagery alongside Gyon’s scattered work materials. The room is accented by vibrant Korean carpets that cover almost the entirety of the floor. Upstairs, Gyon maintains a sizable collection of art and design books and has been stockpiling an assortments of garments that Gyon has taken to painting, deconstructing, and refashioning. At the center of the artifacts and tasteful junk is Gyon herself: ethereally beautiful, petite, and adorned in a sparkly pink top over a Rolling Stones t-shirt, she abstractly resembles the ideas that flow out of her in her work.
Gyon was attending university when she decided to be an artist professionally. Initially interested in fashion and having even worked at a studio that designed traditional Korean garments, Gyon’s decision to work in the fine arts was catapulted by the death of her grandmother. When Gyon’s grandmother passed, her family took part in a gut (pronounced: “goot”) ritual for her; in these ceremonies, a Korean shaman leads a series of sacrifices, physical gestures and prayers to the gods that theoretically enable a peaceful transition for the human spirit to leave the physical plane and enter into the spiritual plane. But in a more tangibly relatable manner, the gut ritual serves the purpose of allowing the deceased’s loved ones to move on. To purge negativity. To experience catharsis. That ritualized catharsis had a deep impact on Gyon, and she knew then that she had found her subject manner. “It’s hard to describe what happened to me,” says Gyon referring to her catharsis felt during the gut ritual. “Something in me had changed. I knew that I wanted people to experience emotion through my work.”
Gyon focuses on bold paintings and abstract sculptures with textile elements that use the faces and bodies of monstrous characters, or “incarnations” as she calls them, that are emblematic of specific emotions from the wide scale of human feeling. After working and developing her practice in Japan for 13 years, Gyon moved to New York in 2013 on a residency supported by her new dealers at Shin Gallery. The residency first resulted in a pop-up show entitled Hyon Gyon and The Factory that referenced Warhol and saw Gyon producing at truly Warholian (or should we say Herculean?) rates. This year, Shin included Gyon’s work alongside titans like Balthus and Salvador Dali in a group show entitled I Wanna Be Me that used its Sex Pistols aping title to celebrate utterly personal expression in a world of appropriation. But the greatest testament to Gyon’s talents at this juncture was her first eponymous Shin Gallery solo show that ran over the summer. The centerpiece of the show was the sculptural Headpiece that saw Gyon applying oil paints to pillows. Every pillow was its own face unlike any of the other faces and, according to Gyon, each represented a human emotion. The stacking of the pillows on top of one another and fashioning them to collide into one another was emblematic of any single human being’s psychology: chaotic and disorganized but still working together to create a definable whole. While so much of the conceptual art world explores the anxiety and paranoia that technology has unleashed upon the world populace, Gyon looks toward a concept that is, if not divine, than spiritual. Her work is awake and tapped into something that lives above the cacophony of daily existence. I had to talk to her.
LEHRER: What were you going through emotionally while in university that led you to transition into creating art works?
Gyon: During my first master course, I was working through my own personal experiences with my grandmother having just passed and that prompted me to focus on my work. I was enjoying making art, but really didn’t know what I wanted to make and I wasn’t sure what my subject matter would be. I was looking for something. We held a a “gut” ritual for her and that had a big impact on me.
LEHRER: Obviously having your grandmother pass away is an emotional event, but what was it about the ceremony specifically that you connected with making artwork?
Gyon: I was not very close with my grandmother. I was not a good grandchild. I did very bad things to her. I regretted this. After she passed away, I couldn’t do anything for her. It made me so sad and I wanted to meet her again.
LEHRER: So you felt making art somehow would connect you to your grandmother in the way that you couldn’t while she was alive?
Gyon: Yes. During the Guy Ceremony, I felt I could meet my grandmother, like I could talk to my grandmother. I had such negative emotions in my mind and after the ceremony, they were gone. Not completely gone, but my emotions changed.
LEHRER: Your artwork is obviously very emotional. I was curious, I read that as a child, you liked burning textiles and that this became a part of your process later on. For you, was that destructive act also a creative act?
Gyon: Mhmm
LEHRER: Could you explain that a little bit?
Gyon: As a kid, I didn’t want to go out. I didn’t want to play with my friends. I just wanted to be alone. My mom had a lot of fabrics and I wanted to do something with them. Draw, paint, write. But, I used a lighter. It didn’t work. It all burned
LEHRER: I’ve read articles about the fashion designer Margiela when he was still around.
Gyon: I love him
LEHRER: When people asked why he sent ripped clothing down the runway, he said for him ripping clothes is just another creative act. It’s like you’re destroying something to create something else.
GYON: I use that process, always. When I make a painting, I’ll destroy it, remake it, destroy it. It’s much better in the end.
LEHRER: Your work has been broken down into these five different ideas: Incarnations, hair which I guess is a metaphor for life and how life can continue after death, the stigma of the shaman lifestyle of being ostracized or put away from your community, but called upon for important funerals and things like that, and catharsis. That sounds very specific. What sort of lead you to focus on these five ideas?
Gyon: I don’t think it’s so specific. It’s about life and death. Happy or unhappy.
LEHRER: So many contemporary artists now are dealing with the paranoia surrounding the digital age and surveillance technology. But your work is still dealing with the big themes of life, death, and spirituality. Obviously you have have a laptop and Wi-Fi, but do you feel yourself consciously disconnecting from technology to get in touch with your work?
Gyon: I’m not a huge technology person.
LEHRER: That helps
Gyon: I have to use laptop, i have to use iPhone. Instagram brought you and I together, it has a power. It’s so amazing. I use it, but I am very human.
LEHRER: Are you religious or just spiritual?
Gyon: I don’t have any religion. Shamans aren’t about religion, they are spiritual.
LEHRER: Right, and they can be like medicine men too? Healers?
Gyon: Yes, healers. That’s why I’m interested. I’m not very interested in religions. I mean, I used to go to church and used to go to Temple. You know, the Temple is a very interesting place in Chinatown.
LEHRER: I was wondering, too, because your work does have elements of abstract expressionism and also some figuration to it, were you influenced at all by the conventional schools of art history? Are you trying to blend these concepts of ritual with the traditions of art history?
Gyon: Blend. Everything is hybrid. I always use juxtaposition—so high culture and low culture. I am always trying to juxtapose emotion and culture. My work does not just focus on shamanism.
LEHRER: Yeah, because it still is in the context of contemporary art and art history and things like that. So for some of your work, Headcount for instance, when I first saw it I was amazed by the way it almost implies an explosive imagination. How do all those faces and characters appear to you? And how do they flow out of you?
Gyon: They just came out. And each piece is different, with different faces. I didn’t make them as a portrait, I just filled them in with emotions. I was transformed by other people. It just came out.
LEHRER: Do you think that they’re all feelings?
Gyon: Yes. I don’t know, it just came out and I can’t explain why. I made it by myself.
LEHRER: You don’t use assistants or anything?
Gyon: Some people helped me with the sewing and stuffing the cotton, but basically I do it by myself.
LEHRER: That’s what’s so interesting about art criticism is that sometimes we take meaning from the work that’s so much different than what’s intended.
Gyon: So different, yeah. And I really hate that people want to know what the meaning of the painting is, of these characters. It’s too much for me. I really don’t want to explain everything, every marking
LEHRER: One thing I did want to ask you though is you used to design traditional Korean garments? When did you notice the potential in those fabrics for other creative purposes?
Gyon: I always loved clothing. I always loved the fabrics. I wanted to be a designer more than a painter. I don’t know why I’m a painter. That experience was really amazing. I didn’t even want to be an artist because I thought that it was impossible to live as one. I just went to the interview and had no idea how to make the clothing, I still can’t do it, but the designer hired me because I was really good with using color and good at drawing. And so that’s how I started working there. It was amazing. Amazing. I didn’t know how beautiful the traditional Korean dresses were. I’m very proud of it. It’s super inspiring. I mean, that’s why I went to Japan, because I wanted to study fashion.
Follow Hyon Gyon on Instagram. text and interview by Adam Lehrer
In Interview Tags HYON GYON, south korea, manhattan, shaman, ritual, spirit, painting, abstract, sculptures, japan, korean, japanese, guy ceremony, art, contemporary, art history, religion, medicine men, healers, fabrics, creativity, headcount, margiela
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Speaker to discuss civic engagement in the digital age
May 13, 2019 - 9:51am
A Harvard University professor will discuss the ease with which people can participate in online petitions or conversations about current events can seduce some away from serious civic activities into “slacktivism.”
Working with a team of collaborators, political theorist Danielle Allen has developed 10 design principles for effective, equitable and self-protective civic agency in a digital age. These principles provide guidance to those functioning as civic actors and to those who are designing platforms or organizations to cultivate, support or channel civic involvement.
Allen will address “Ethics of Participation in the Digital Age” at 7:30 p.m. Tuesday, May 21, in Room 156, Straub Hall on the UO campus as the Oregon Humanities Center’s 2018-19 Kritikos Lecturer in the Humanities. Allen’s talk will be the final lecture in The Common Good series.
Allen is an analyst of history and contemporary events and a leader in higher education. She is currently director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard University as well as a professor in Harvard’s Department of Government and Graduate School of Education.
Before joining Harvard, she was UPS Foundation Professor in the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, the first African American faculty member to be appointed to the Institute that was Einstein’s home for two decades.
Of her upcoming talk, Allen writes, “’60s activists insisted the personal is political. Change-makers in the digital age get that idea and one-up it with another rallying cry: the political is social and cultural.”
Allen advises that “your platforms and digital strategies need to make this principle count, so that you, your peers and your audiences engage each other, and the allies you all want, in high-quality, equitable and effective participation in digital-age civics, activism and politics. What’s more, you need digital environments that actively support the secure development of your identities as participants in public spheres, so your civic and political engagement today doesn’t harm or haunt you later. Thinking that through comes first.”
Allen is the author of six books, including “Our Declaration: A Reading of the Declaration of Independence in Defense of Equality,” which won the Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians and the Chicago Tribune’s Heartland Prize for Nonfiction; and “CUZ: The Life and Times of Michael A.”
Allen’s lecture is free and open to the public and will be followed by a book sale and signing provided by J. Michaels Books. For information or disability accommodations, which must be made by May 14, call 541-346-3934 or contact ohc@uoregon.edu.
Summer Soup will offer campus some tasty entertainment
Celebrate 100 unexpected heroes and inspiring trailblazers
Better maps, apps and 100 dynamic Ducks in the latest OQ
The history of curiosity to be put under the pub talk lens
Remembering Marty Kaufman, past dean of College of Education
All Campus News
Jul 19 Summer Soup will offer campus some tasty entertainment
More Campus Events
Around the O is the UO’s go-to place for information about the university, its people and the difference they make in Oregon and around the world. We bring stories of the university’s groundbreaking research and world-class faculty and students to the broadest possible audience, while also serving as the hub for news, announcements and information of interest to the campus community.
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Languages: SpanishEnglishFrench
A Better World for All
This paper focuses on goal setting for development of the world. The paper highlights that the goals come from the agreements and resolutions of the world conferences organized by the United Nations in the first half of the 1990s. The paper focuses on seven goals that cover poverty, education, gender equality, infant and child mortality, maternal mortality, reproductive health, and environment. Each of the seven goals addresses an aspect of poverty. The paper also emphasizes that these goals should be viewed together because they are mutually reinforcing.
Setting the goals
Infant and child mortality
What it will take to achieve the goals
Notes and sources
Indicators for the international development goals
http://www.paris21.org/betterworld
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Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing June 2000 This report has been prepared by the staff of the four institutions and does not necessarily represent the views of their member countries
The contents may be freely reproduced for noncommercial purposes with attribution to the copyright holders
Designed, edited and produced by Communications Development, Washington DC. with its UK partner, Grundy & Northedge, London
Photo credits: page 2 and cover:
© Photodisc; pages 5, 6 and cover:
© Julio Etchart/Reportage/Still Pictures; pages 5, 8 and cover:
© Curt Carnemark/World Bank; pages 5,10, 12,14 and cover:
© World Bank; pages 5, 16 and cover: © Tony Stone; pages 5, 18 and cover: © Shehzad Noorani/ Still Pictures.
Progress towards the international development goals
Poverty in all its forms is the greatest challenge to the international community. Of special concern are the 1.2 billion people living on less than $1 a day and the additional 1,6 billion living on less than $2 a day.
Setting goals to reduce poverty is an essential part of the way forward. Building on the global United Nations conferences and summits of the 1990s, the development goals described in this report are broad goals for the entire world. They address some of the many dimensions of poverty and its effects on people’s lives. In accepting these goals, the international community makes a commitment to the world’s poorest and most vulnerable—and to itself.
The goals are set in precise terms—measured in numbers to ensure accountability. The openness and transparency of such numbers can help us chart a course to achieve the goals and track progress. But people are not numbers—happiness is not a statistic. These goals are worthwhile because they will improve the quality of human life. The world will be better, and safer, for its 6 billion people and for the projected 7 billion people in 2015.
Goals cannot be imposed—they must be embraced. Each country must identify its own particular goals, its own path to development, and make its own commitment through dialogue with its citizens. In this, the support of the international community is vital. And the high-income countries, because of their greater resources, have much to contribute.
It is essential for all the partners in this development effort to pursue faster, sustainable growth strategies that favour the poor. To spend efficiently—avoiding waste and ensuring that the mechanisms for accountability are always in place. To spend effectively—on activities aimed at human, social and economic development, not on excessive military capacity or on environmentally disastrous projects. And to spend wisely—not committing public resources to activities that can be best undertaken by the private sector.
What are the obstacles? Weak governance. Bad policies. Human rights abuses. Conflicts, natural disasters and other external shocks. The spread of HIV/AIDS. The failure to address inequities in income, education and access to health care, and the inequalities between men and women.
But there is more. Limits on developing countries’ access to global markets, the burden of debt, the decline in development aid and, sometimes, inconsistencies in donor policies also hinder faster progress.
What will it take to overcome these obstacles? True partnership—and a continuing commitment to eliminate poverty in its many dimensions. Our institutions are actively using these development goals as a common framework to guide our policies and programmes and to assess our effectiveness. We cannot afford to lose the fight against poverty. And we must be unshakeable in our unified desire to win that fight—for everyone.
Donald J. Johnston
Secretary-General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
James D. Wolfensohn
President of the World Bank Group
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Donna Cataldo to serve as 2018–19 University Senate president
Donna Cataldo will serve as the University Senate president at Arizona State University for the 2018–19 academic year.
Cataldo is a clinical professor and has taught in the kinesiology program at ASU since 2001. She has over 20 years of experience in exercise physiology and chronic disease management with a focus on heart rhythm analysis, endocrinology and women’s health. She is also the program coordinator for the graduate Clinical Exercise Physiology MS program that she created four years ago. Donna Cataldo Download Full Image
For over 20 years Cataldo has been a member of the Southwest American College of Sports Medicine and serves as the editor for their newsletter. She is also a 20-year member of the American College of Sports Medicine and serves as a contributor on the national Consumer Information Committee. Cataldo also serves on the newly formed national Consumer Outreach Committee providing information on current health issues for professionals and the general population.
During her tenure with the University Senate she has served as the co-chair of the Senate Online Education Task Force, served as the primary senate faculty liaison for the Learning Management System review and is a now a four-year member of the University Academic Council having served as the Downtown Phoenix campus Senate President during the 2016–17 school year.
Cataldo said she is both energized and humbled to be leading such an outstanding shared governance organization.
“I am amazed at the commitment of the ASU faculty members and academic professionals who involve themselves in our shared governance activities," she said. "Collectively, each of them represent thousands of other ASU faculty members and our ability to understand and effectively insert the faculty perspective into ASU decision-making is, I believe, a big part of what helps set our University apart both nationally and internationally.”
Cataldo indicated that in the upcoming year the senate will finish its work studying online education at ASU and press each of its committees to explore policy topics that will both enhance the university and improve the faculty and academic professional experience and effectiveness.
Shared governance at Arizona State University is rooted in both state law and Arizona Board of Regents policy. The University Senate is the official organization designated to fulfill this opportunity and represent the faculty and academic professional perspectives at Arizona State University. For more information visit the University Senate website.
ASU News University Faculty Announcements
Year in review: ASU Law continues to raise the bar with incoming class
Editor's note: This story is being highlighted in ASU Now's year in review. Read more top stories from 2018 here.For the second year in a row, the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University is welcoming a record-setting class of new students.With a median GPA of 3.76 and a median LSAT score of 163, the 2018 fall JD class comes in even more highly credentialed than the 2017...
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Editor's note: This story is being highlighted in ASU Now's year in review. Read more top stories from 2018 here.
For the second year in a row, the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University is welcoming a record-setting class of new students. The ASU Law 2018 incoming class receives its orientation. Photo by Lynn French/ASU Download Full Image
With a median GPA of 3.76 and a median LSAT score of 163, the 2018 fall JD class comes in even more highly credentialed than the 2017 class, which had set top marks for the law school. Hailing from more than 140 different undergraduate schools in more than 40 states, the 291 new students admitted in fall 2018 and taking first-year JD classes are a testament to ASU Law’s status as a destination law school. ASU Law received over 3,300 JD applications, a 64 percent increase over last year.
The rising talent level matches the upward trajectory of ASU Law; with just a half-century of operation, the law school is relatively young but has ascended to the top eight U.S. public law schools, as determined by U.S. News & World Report, and is rated the 22nd-best law school globally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. That burgeoning reputation is built on the credentials of the school’s instructors and the accomplishments of its alumni.
“Excellence breeds excellence,” ASU Law Dean Douglas Sylvester said. “We have the faculty, resources and dedication to offer a world-class legal education, that’s borne out by the incredible accomplishments of our graduates. Those results are attracting an increasingly talented pool of applicants from throughout the country, which allows us to keep aiming higher.”
ASU Law is also ranked 19th in the nation for percentage of graduates who land high-quality law jobs, at 89 percent, and it has placed in the top 20 for employment for the past five years, according to the American Bar Association. During that same five-year stretch, ASU Law’s bar-passage rate for graduates within two years of law school has been 93.4 percent, far exceeding the overall rate for Arizona law schools, which is just under 64 percent.
ASU Law’s home, the Beus Center for Law and Society, opened in 2016 in downtown Phoenix, a cross-section of federal, state, county and municipal government. That helps bring in top-level judges to teach as adjuncts and opens the door to nearby clerkships and externships. A total of 27 individuals from the graduating Class of 2018 secured 29 clerkships, including with the U.S. Court of Appeals, the U.S. District Court of Arizona, the Arizona Supreme Court and other state and tribal courts. The Class of 2019 already has 13 clerkships.
ASU Law also saw an increase in Master of Legal Studies graduate program enrollment with 45 MLS on-ground students and more than 140 MLS online students. With new initiatives that map to trending industry needs, such as the Entrepreneurship Law and Strategy and Health Care and Corporate Compliance programs, the program has seen an over 600 percent growth since its start a decade ago. The Master of Sports Law and Business program, which stemmed from the MLS, welcomed 71 new students including those who are part of ASU Law’s new Veterans Sports Law and Business program.
ASU Law’s incoming class total of over 600 students comes complete with nine Masters of Law as well as 45 JD transfer students from more than 30 different schools.
The diverse group of incoming students include athletes, musicians, and health and corporate professionals at the top of their field. They have captained swim teams, played lacrosse, hiked the Appalachian Trail and competed in medieval combat. They play the piano and saxophone and sing in the choir, and one student even appeared in the pilot episode of “Glee.”
They are all part of the most decorated incoming class in the school’s history, looking to continue ASU Law’s tradition of success.
ASU News Downtown Phoenix campus Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law Law Graduate student
Karen Sung
Executive Director, Marketing and Communications, Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law
480-727-9052 karen.sung@asu.edu
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Associate attorney Alberto Lugo Royo received his Juris Doctor degree from Florida Coastal School of Law. During law school, Alberto volunteered at the Refugee Immigration Project in Jacksonville Florida and also helped organize Citizenship Day, a pro bono event where the applications for naturalization for over 100 permanent residents were prepared and submitted. Alberto eventually became a Senior Clinician at the Florida Coastal School of Law Immigration and Human Rights clinic, where he worked on immigration cases for indigent clients. During his final semester, Alberto was an intern at the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo where he wrote appeals to the European Court of Human Rights in the war crimes context.
Before joining Arce Immigration Law, PA, Alberto worked in an immigration firm in Orlando, Florida where he handled investment and extraordinary ability cases, in addition to naturalization, adjustment of status to lawful permanent resident and others.
Alberto was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico and was raised in Central Florida. His hobbies include kayaking, paddle boarding, history, travel and languages. Alberto speaks English, Spanish, French and Portuguese.
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wiki.openrightsgroup.org » User:Ryan/Data Protection
el.wikibooks.org » Τεχνική Νομοθεσία Για Μηχανικούς Πληροφορικής/Προσωπικά Δεδομένα
<a href="http://archive.today/g6WFW"> <img style="width:300px;height:200px;background-color:white" src="https://archive.fo/g6WFW/c24c32b85cf4fbed33b2280c8cd0329c10c29694/scr.png"><br> Data Retention Directive - Wikipedia<br> archived 21 Feb 2018 04:07:20 UTC </a>
{{cite web | title = Data Retention Directive - Wikipedia | url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Retention_Directive | date = 2018-02-21 | archiveurl = http://archive.today/g6WFW | archivedate = 2018-02-21 }}
Data Retention Directive
Directive 2006/24/EC
European Union directive
Directive on the retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services or of public communications networks
European Parliament & Council
Made under
Article 95 TEC
Journal reference
L 105, pp. 54-63
Came into force
The Data Retention Directive, more formally "Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services or of public communications networks and amending Directive 2002/58/EC" was a Directive issued by the European Union and related to telecommunications data retention. According to the directive, member states had to store citizens' telecommunications data for a minimum of 6 months and at most 24 months. Under the directive the police and security agencies would have been able to request access to details such as IP address and time of use of every email, phone call and text message sent or received. A permission to access the information could be granted only by a court. On 8 April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union declared the Directive invalid in response to a case brought by Digital Rights Ireland against the Irish authorities and others[1][2][3] because blanket data collection violated the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, in particular the right of privacy.
2 Implementation
2.1 Romania
4 Annullment
In September 2005, during the United Kingdom's presidency of the European Council, a plenary session was held concerning the retention of telecommunications data, chaired by the UK's Home Secretary.[4] This led to an agreement reached by the Council at its meeting on the 1st and 2nd of December that was then adopted in March 2006, under the Austrian presidency.[5]
Implementation[edit]
See also: Telecommunications data retention § European Union
This section needs expansion with: all other EU countries. You can help by adding to it. (January 2014)
Romania[edit]
The EU directive has been transposed into Romanian law as well, initially as Law 298/2008.[6] However, the Constitutional Court of Romania (CCR) subsequently struck down the law in 2009 as violating constitutional rights.[7] The court held that the transposing act violated the constitutional rights of privacy, of confidentiality in communications, and of free speech.[8] The European Commission has subsequently sued Romania in 2011 for non-implementation, threatening Romania with a fine of 30,000 euros per day.[9] The Romanian parliament passed a new law in 2012, which was signed by president Traian Băsescu in June.[10] The Law 82/2012 has been nicknamed "the Big Brother law" (using the untranslated English expression) by various Romanian non-governmental organizations opposing it, as well as the Romanian media.[9][11][12] On July 8th 2014 this law too was declared unconstitutional by the CCR.[13]
The Data Retention Directive has sparked serious concerns from physicians, journalists, privacy and human rights groups, unions, IT security firms and legal experts.[14]
Annullment[edit]
On 8 April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union declared the Directive 2006/24/EC invalid for violating fundamental rights. The Council's Legal Services have been reported to have stated in closed session that paragraph 59 of the European Court of Justice's ruling "suggests that general and blanket data retention is no longer possible".[15] A legal opinion funded by the Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament finds that the blanket retention of data of unsuspicious persons generally violates the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, both in regard to national telecommunications data retention laws and to similar EU data retention schemes (Passenger name records, Terrorist Finance Tracking Programme, Terrorist Finance Tracking System, law enforcement access to the Entry-Exit-System, Eurodac, Visa Information System).[16]
Data Protection Directive
Written declaration 29, an adopted proposition signed by Anna Záborská and Tiziano Motti to extend the Data Retention Directive to monitor search engine traffic
Telecommunications data retention
The Court of Justice of the European Communities: Action brought on 6 July 2006 — Ireland v Council of the European Union, European Parliament
Arnbak, Axel (2013), "The Politics of the EU Court Data Retention Opinion: End to Mass Surveillance?", Freedom to Tinker .
Bignami, Francesca (2007), "Privacy and Law Enforcement in the European Union: The Data Retention Directive", Chicago Journal of International Law, 8 (1): 233–256 .
Breyer, Patrick (2005), "Telecommunications Data Retention and Human Rights: The Compatibility of Blanket Traffic Data Retention with the ECHR", European Law Journal, 11 (3): 365–375, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0386.2005.00264.x .
Stampfel, Gerald; Gansterer, Wilfried; Ilger, Michael (2008), Data Retention - The EU Directive 2006/24/EC from a Technological Perspective, Wien: Medien und Recht, ISBN 3-900741-53-0 .
de Vries, Bellanova, de Hert, Gutwirth: The German Constitutional Court Judgement on Data Retention
Feiler, Lukas (2010), "The Legality of the Data Retention Directive in Light of the Fundamental Rights to Privacy and Data Protection", European Journal of Law and Technology, 1 (3) .
^ "ECJ Press Release in Digital Rights Ireland Data Retention case" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^ "Case number C-293/12". Court of Justice of the European Union. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^ "Judgment of the ECJ in Digital Rights Ireland data retention challenge". EUR-Lex. Official Journal of the European Union. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^ "Justice and Home Affairs Informal". 2005-09-09. Archived from the original on 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
^ "PRESS RELEASE, 2709th Council Meeting, Justice and Home Affairs" (PDF). 2006-02-21. p. 2. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
^ "CE solicită României să transpună integral normele UE în privinţa păstrării datelolor | Romania Libera". Romanialibera.ro. 2011-08-16. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
^ "The Legality of the Data Retention Directive in Light of the Fundamental Rights to Privacy and Data Protection | Feiler | European Journal of Law and Technology". Ejlt.org. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
^ Romanian Constitutional Court Decision no.1258 of Oct. 8, 2009, Official Gazette no. 798 of Nov. 23, 2009.In: http://ejlt.org//article/view/29/75
^ a b "Traian Basescu a promulgat asa numita 'lege Big Brother' care prevede stocarea pentru sase luni a datelor de trafic ale tuturor utilizatorilor de telefonie si internet - Telecom - HotNews.ro". Economie.hotnews.ro. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
^ "EC drops case against Romania as data retention law passes". Telecompaper. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
^ "Preşedintele a promulgat "Legea Big Brother"". adevarul.ro. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
^ "Legea Big Brother a intrat in vigoare! Operatorii de telefonie si internet vor putea stoca o serie de date ale abonatilor". Avocatnet.ro. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
^ "Legea "Big Brother", prin care furnizorii de telefonie şi internet erau obligaţi să reţină date ale abonaţilor, declarată neconstituţională". mediafax.ro. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
^ Joint letter of 22 June 2010 to Cecilia Malmström, European Commissioner for Home Affairs, Viviane Reding, European Commission Vice-President with responsibility for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship and Neelie Kroes, European Commission Vice-President with responsibility for the Digital Agenda. (PDF, 88,5 kB)
^ http://www.vorratsdatenspeicherung.de/content/view/745/79/lang,en/
^ Boehm/Cole: Data Retention after the Judgement of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
Text of the directive and national provisions on data retention communicated by the member states. (HTML and PDF)
Overview of implementation in the EU
Arnbak, A.: The Politics of the EU Court Data Retention Opinion: End to Mass Surveillance?. Freedom to Tinker, December 2013.
Breyer, P.: "Telecommunications Data Retention and Human Rights: The Compatibility of Blanket Traffic Data Retention with the ECHR". European Law Journal, May 2005. (PDF-File, 82 KB)
Centre for European Policy Studies (CEP): Policy Brief on Data Retention (2011]. (PDF-File)
Crump, C.: Data retention: privacy, anonymity, and accountability online (2003). 56 Stanford Law Review 191-229. (PDF-File)
European Digital Rights: EDRI news tracking page on data retention (current)
Feiler, L.: The Data Retention Directive (2008). Seminar paper. (PDF-File)
Ganj, C.: The Lives of Other Judges: Effects of the Romanian Data Retention Judgment (December 4, 2009). (PDF-File)
Goemans, C. and Dumortier, J.: "Mandatory retention of traffic data in the EU: possible impact on privacy and on-line anonymity[permanent dead link]. Digital Anonymity and the Law, series IT & Law/2, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003, p 161-183. (PDF-File)
Kosta, E.: “The Way to Luxemburg: National Court Decisions on the Compatibility of the Data Retention Directive with the Rights to Privacy and Data Protection”, (2013) 10:3 SCRIPTed 339 (PDF-File)
Milford, P.: "The Data Retention Directive: too fast, too furious a response? (2008). LLM Dissertation – Southampton Business School. (PDF-File)
Mitrou, L.: "Communications Data Retention: A Pandora’s Box for Rights and Liberties?" From Digital Privacy: Theory, Technologies, and Practices edited by Alessandro Acquisti, Stefanos Gritzalis, Costos Lambrinoudakis and Sabrina di Vimercati. Auerbach Publications, 2008. (PDF-File)
Morariu, M.: "How Secure is to Remain Private? On the Controversies of the European Data Retention Directive" (2009). Amsterdam Social Science, Vol. 1(2): p. 46-65. (PDF-File)
Statewatch: The surveillance of telecommunications in the EU.
Walker, C., & Akdeniz, Y.: "Anti-Terrorism laws and data retention: war is over?". Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly, 54(2), Summer edition 2003, 159-182. (PDF-File, 97 KB)
Working Group on Data Retention: List of documents relating to communications data retention in the EU (current)
WorldCat Identities ·
VIAF: 214778283 ·
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_Retention_Directive&oldid=799027737"
European Union directives
2006 in law
2006 in the European Union
Data laws
Articles to be expanded from January 2014
Articles with dead external links from September 2017
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Norman Lebrecht Is Absolutely Correct
Wednesday, January 23rd, 2019 Friday, April 2nd, 2004 by Drew McManus
Arts Journal linked to one of Norman’s articles in La Scena Musicale today. Now the mere mention of Norman Lebrecht can cause a variety of responses from those involved with the orchestra business. You’ll see passionate support from some while others start to gather kindling and light torches. And in all fairness I’ve been in both of those crowds depending on the topic. But this time Norman is right on target with the problems in the reporting of American arts and culture.
See no evil, hear no evil, speak [write] no evil
Here’s an excerpt from Norman’s article:
The failure to challenge is a fundamental flaw in US arts journalism. The appointment of a visibly ailing James Levine to ‘revitalise’ the Boston’s Symphony Orchestra was reported uncritically in the Globe. The shenanigans at Lincoln Center, where heads roll periodically and reconstruction plans flounder, are immune to the scrutiny that attends any public project of comparable prominence. As an arts place, Lincoln is off-limits to investigative journalism. Critics are free to diss Philadelphia’s new concert hall and the New York Philharmonic’s performance under Lorin Maazel, but any inquiry into the workings of these organizations is ruled out by unstated convention.
Is there investigative cultural journalism in America? If so, it’s slipped passed me. More importantly, I think we should ask WHY we don’t have any investigative cultural journalism in this country. Norman goes into several good reasons in his article but one is left out; there is a belief among those involved with non-profit arts groups that the natural “goodness” of the enterprise should insulate them from the scrutiny associated with for-profit organizations. This invariably leads to defensive attitude and a remarkable lack of pragmatism when it comes to bad news, or news that isn’t accepted among the public within their expectations. Consequently, these organizations believe they are entitled to nothing but positive press and unwavering support on issues related to non-artistic topics. The outcome of this attitude is a lack of accountability among cultural executives and a lack of access for journalists to even the most basic of operational information.
I’ll share an example with you; in the course of gathering information for an article I’m writing, the marketing director for a particular orchestra complained to me that they’ve never had a journalist request as much information from them as I was. And as a result, that reason alone meant that they were not going to provide me with information I was requesting. And what was this information that was exceeding the limits of their department’s ability? I was asking about the number of performances they gave in the course of a year and how much of that year’s budget they allocated toward developing a new concert series. And this wasn’t some little $300k annual budget orchestra either, it was a mid level, multimillion dollar budget ICSOM orchestra.
Spin, spin, and spin some more
Here’s another excerpt from Norman’s article:
When the head of the Met decides (or is obliged) to step down, as Joseph Volpe did some weeks ago, he does so in a friendly interview with the New York Times which does not once inquire whether Volpe quit because he’s pushing 65 or because his box-office has gone dead since 9/11.
I remember reading one of the only articles at that time which was decidedly critical of Joe Volpe was by Greg Sandow, here on his blog at Arts Journal. I thought Greg’s piece was well written and fair based on the obvious evidence. But somehow there’s a puff piece in the times about Volpe’s “retirement”. When did it become “bad press” to let people know that a cultural executive is getting canned? The same thing happened here in Baltimore when John Gidwitz “announced his retirement”. The Baltimore Sun ran a big piece with a color photo detailing Gidwitz’s tenure here and his accomplishments. I will give the article’s author some credit though since he did mention a few controversial points in Gidwitz’s past. But the one thing not mentioned anywhere in the article was the fact that Gidwitz was currently running the orchestra into the ground: there’s the miserable Strathmore Hall project has cost the orchestra millions, the fact that the orchestra is millions more in debt and accumulating even more every day, the players have taken a cut in salary, their audience numbers are steadily dropping, and the orchestra’s operational expenses have skyrocketed out of control. And somehow the Baltimore public is supposed to feel better about Gidwitz leaving if they believe the spin that he’s “retiring”.
All that tells me is that the orchestra’s executive board doesn’t want to look like they let a leader stay on well past his prime when they should have gotten rid of him seven years ago. I would have much more confidence in the Baltimore Symphony as an organization if they just came out and canned him publicly. That tells me there’s someone on the board in charge who’s capable of seeing what’s wrong and what needs to be done to fix it.
An opposite example of this is when Enex Steele got caught stealing from the AFM’s Sound Recording Special Payments Fund they didn’t cover it up and let him leave “gracefully”. No, they came out and said out oversight procedures caught a crook and we’re doing something about it. They wrote detailed press releases saying what they thought was embezzled and the improper conduct they uncovered. That tells me the AFM is serious about making things better right here and now as well as improving them for the future.
Another troubling fact of critical press related to the internal workings of an orchestra or the people who manage them is how organizations respond to negative press. Take for example my criticism of the American Symphony Orchestra League, these people seem to be so ticked off at me that they won’t even respond to my email or return phone messages. Is the work they do so inherently good that they don’t deserve criticism? They respond by ignoring those that examine them. But that seems to be the standard operating procedure for these people: step one: dig hole, step two: insert head.
Since I started writing this column I’ve been fortunate enough to come into contact with a number of top notch journalists and writers. And they all complain about how much trouble they have obtaining information that may be considered “sensitive” by orchestra administrators. A journalist with a major metropolitan paper once told me that compared to people who spin for government agencies, national politicians, multinational corporations, and foreign governments, by far the most secretive, least professional, and inadvertently “Nixonesque” public relations people are those who work for orchestras and opera companies. All of these journalists stated the same reasons motivating this counterproductive behavior which you’re reading about here and in Norman’s article.
Orchestral organizations haven’t helped their situation by positioning themselves outside of the mainstream cultural consciousness either. By simply being so far removed from mass public concern, orchestra PR professionals have not had the same pressures to adapt to a changing public the same way for-profit institutions have. The only press they believe in is good press (this goes back to the “goodness” point above) so if you don’t tell them up front that you want to write a puff piece then it’s nothing but voice mail and unreturned emails for you as a writer. And if you even ask a question that they interpret as speculative, then the flow of communication quickly dries up. So what is a cultural writer supposed to do at this point?
The one thing that I like about the bloggers here at Arts Journal is their willingness to listen to, publish, and respond to criticism of their views in a non-defensive manner. It serves to further clarify the author’s positions and perhaps cause their readers to consider options they wouldn’t have otherwise. I love to receive criticism (constructive or otherwise, it’s all the same in the end) about the topics I write about. It’s why I regularly publish Reader Responses and allow many of the individuals I interview to include a written response in the article itself. In the end, it creates an ongoing cycle of feedback and self examination that provides a much more through outlook on any given topic. Public relations professionals in the cultural sector could learn from that example.
An Aside: Norman’s article mentions a quote from Sam Bergson; an obvious typo on the part of La Scena Musicale as regular readers know Norman is really quoting Sam Bergman.
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Some Worthwhile Links
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CR Poll: Public concerned about medical harm
Consumer Reports Poll Finds High Levels of Concern About Medical Harm & Support For Public Ratings on Hospital Safety
A new poll released today by the Consumer Reports National Research Center found high levels of public concern about hospital-acquired infections and other forms of medical harm as well as support for making it easier for the public to find out how each hospital ranks when it comes to patient safety.
According to the poll, 77 percent of respondents expressed high or moderate concern that they or someone in their family might be harmed by a hospital infection during treatment in the hospital. Seventy-one percent expressed high or moderate concern about being harmed by a medication error, and 65 percent were similarly concerned about surgical errors.
Virtually all consumers — 96 percent — said that hospitals should be required to report medical errors to state health departments, and 82 percent wanted each hospital’s medical error record to be available to the public.
“It’s not surprising to find such high levels of public concern about hospital-acquired infections and medical errors given that one in four patients is harmed during treatment,” said Lisa McGiffert, director of Consumers Union’s Safe Patient Project (www.safepatientproject.org). “Our poll found that the vast majority of the public wants to know more about their local hospital’s record for keeping patients safe and supports efforts to require disclosure of this critical patient safety information.”
The Consumer Reports National Research Center conducted a telephone survey using a nationally representative probability sample of telephone households. 1,026 interviews were completed among adults aged 18+. Interviewing took place over January 28-31, 2011. The sampling error is +/- 3.1 percentage points at a 95 percent confidence level. Among its key results, the poll found that:
• Six in ten consumers (57 percent) said that it was common for patients to be harmed by a medical error in the hospital, and nearly half (48 percent) said that it is very or somewhat common for patients to be seriously harmed by their care.
• Despite these high levels of concern, three-quarters (78 percent) of those interviewed thought that hospitals were effective at preventing medical errors, but only 21 percent thought that hospital prevention was very effective.
• Only 17 percent of respondents thought their doctor or other hospital staff would always inform them when a medical error was made during treatment, even though 97 percent always wanted to be informed. Forty-seven percent said that they expected to be informed rarely or never when medical errors occurred.
• Only one-quarter (26 percent) of respondents said they would know where to file a complaint about a medical error they experienced at a hospital, indicating that regulators need to do a better job of informing the public about their role in overseeing hospital safety.
Recent research has found that hospital infections and other medical harm are even more common than previously estimated. A November 2010 study by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of the Inspector General found that one in seven Medicare patients, or 13.5 percent, experienced serious or long-term medical harm (including infections) or death while they underwent treatment in the hospital. Another 13 percent of patients experienced temporary harm. The researchers estimated that hospital infections and medical errors involving Medicare patients contributed to approximately 180,000 deaths and $4.4 billion in additional hospital care costs each year.
Likewise, a November 2010 New England Journal of Medicine study in North Carolina hospitals found that one in four patients were harmed by the care they received, ranging from hospital acquired infections to surgical errors to medication mistakes. Other medical errors include serious bed sores, patient falls in the hospital from inattentive care, and diagnostic mistakes. The study, which covered a six-year period, found no significant improvement in patient safety.
Since 2003, Consumers Union’s Safe Patient Project has advocated for and helped pass hospital infection reporting laws throughout the nation. Twenty-seven states and the District of Columbia now require hospital-specific public reports on certain infection rates. So far, twenty-three states have issued reports.
Starting this year, hospitals throughout the country must track and report when patients get central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in intensive care units in order to get an annual two percent Medicare payment increase. Hospitals must report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Healthcare Safety Network, the same system being used under most state reporting laws. A national report on each hospital’s CLABSI infection rate is expected later in the year.
Twenty-six states require hospitals to report certain medical errors, but only 10 require public disclosure of hospital-specific information. The other 16 simply report statewide aggregated data to the public. Most of the states with reporting laws require hospitals to disclose errors that appear on the National Quality Forum’s “never event” list, which includes 28 errors that can be prevented and should never happen. This list is updated periodically.
“Most Americans have no way of finding out whether their hospital does a good job or not at preventing medical errors,” said McGiffert. “We need to hold hospitals accountable for the harm done to millions of patients each year through mandatory, public reporting of medical errors and of healthcare-acquired infections.”
Consumers Union has developed a model medical error reporting law and has been working this year to encourage states to adopt it. The model law attempts to address underreporting of these errors by requiring hospitals to report all medical harm rather than those covered by the “never event” list, and by requiring states to validate the accuracy of the data. It also establishes penalties for hospitals that fail to report medical harm.
For more information about Consumers Union’s patient safety campaign, see www.safepatientproject.org
Michael McCauley – 415-431-6747, ext 126; mccami@consumer.org
IssuesHealthProduct Safety
CR urges House Energy & Commerce Committee to protect patients from surprise medical bills
Consumer coalition letter urging Congress to support legislation prohibiting surprise medical bills
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Patrick J McNulty
Boylan Funeral Home Edison
10 Wooding Ave
Edison, New Jersey, United States
Obituary of Patrick J McNulty
Patrick J. McNulty, 59, of Edison passed away unexpectedly on October 31, 2018. He was born in 1958 to Joseph and Eileen (Lyons) McNulty. Patrick lived most of his life in Edison, and for over 39 years he worked as a Heavy Equipment Operator for Middlesex County Mosquito Commission in Edison. Patrick was an avid hunter, fisherman and a skilled trapper. He enjoyed gardening, photography, bottle collecting and bee keeping. He will be dearly missed by his family and friends.
He is predeceased by his father Joseph McNulty.
He is survived by; his loving wife Cindy (Fitzgerald) McNulty, son Patrick T. McNulty, mother Eileen, sisters and brothers-in-law; Kathleen and Steve Wcislo, Mary and Anthony Rendina II and Rose and Shawn Murphy. He is also survived by his nieces and nephews Eric, Brian, Stevie, Anthony, Ryan, Ella, Ronny, Jessica, Davey and Nickie.
Relatives and friends are invited to pay their respects on Wednesday November 7, 2018 from 6:00PM to 9:00PM at Boylan Funeral Home, 10 Wooding Avenue, Edison. A prayer service will be held on Thursday November 8, 2018 at 10AM at Boylan Funeral Home. His burial will follow immediately after at Franklin Memorial Park, North Brunswick.
In lieu of flowers, donations in memory of Pat can be made to Woodbridge River Watch. (woodbridgeriverwatch.org)
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Shared Intelligence: American Painting and the Photograph
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As Good as Can Be: Shenandoah County through the Lens of Hugh Morrison Jr.
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February 18, 2011 to September 4, 2011 – Museum of London An amazing collection of 'London Street Photography', spanning from 1860 to present day, is on display at The Museum of London. A great insight into street photography as well as the changes that ha… Organized by Museum of London | Type: exhibition
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Alice in WonderlandFantastic everyday life and everyday fantasy blend in Alice in Wonderland, a major international exhibition of contemporary photographic art in Turku, the European Capital of Cultur
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Eye Wonder: Photography from the Bank of America Collection
February 24, 2011 to May 22, 2011 – National Museum of Women in the Arts By selecting offbeat subjects, shooting intense close-ups, or manipulating focus and color, the artists featured in Eye Wonder have created dreamy and often haunting photographic images. As part of t… Organized by National Museum of Women in the Arts | Type: exhibition
Marcus Adams: Royal Photographer
February 25, 2011 to May 2, 2011 – The Queen’s Gallery Marcus Adams (1875-1959) photographed four generations of the Royal Family between 1926 and 1956. The son of the photographer Walton Adams, he established a reputation as a leading child photographe… Organized by The Royal Collection | Type: exhibition
HELIOS Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change
February 26, 2011 to June 7, 2011 – San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Similar to the Tate Britain exhibition which ended on 16/1/11. Best known for his revolutionary studies of human and animal locomotion, Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) was also an accomplished landsc… Organized by San Francisco Museum of Modern Art | Type: exhibition
Picturing Modernity
February 26, 2011 to June 7, 2011 – San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Organized in conjunction with Helios: Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change, this installation of the SFMOMA collection and Sack Photographic Trust examines the American West through the lens of 19… Organized by San Francisco Museum of Modern Art | Type: exhibition
Changing Tides: The New Bedford Waterfront in Transition (1870-1980)
February 26, 2011 to June 19, 2011 – New Bedford Whaling Museum Once as America's richest whaling port, to its current status as the nation's #1 commercial fishing port, the New Bedford waterfront and the work that goes on there have seen enormous transformation.… Organized by New Bedford Whaling Museum | Type: exhibition
The Original Copy: Photography of Sculpture 1839 to Toda
March 1, 2011 to May 15, 2011 – Museum Kunsthaus Zürich 'The Original Copy: Photography of Sculpture 1839 to Today' offers a critical assessment of the aesthetic and theoretical intersections of photography and sculpture, with special attention paid to ho… Organized by Museum Kunsthaus Zürich | Type: exhibition
In Search of Biblical Lands: From Jerusalem to Jordan in 19th-Century Photography
March 2, 2011 to September 12, 2011 – Getty Villa This exhibition f eatures rare, early daguerreotypes, salted-paper prints, and albumen silver prints, created between the 1840s and 1900s by the leading photographers of the time, including Felice Be… Organized by Getty Museum | Type: exhibition
"Where I was born…" : A Photograph, a Clue, and the Discovery of Abel Boulineau
March 5, 2011 to August 21, 2011 – Art Gallery of Ontario This exhibition features for the first time the work of a completely unknown French photographer and his photographs of French regional life at the turn of the 20th century. The group of 1,702 gelati… Organized by Art Gallery of Ontario | Type: exhibition
Pre-Raphaelite Photography - Pre-Raphaelite Painting and Artistic Photography in Great Britain (1848-1875)
March 8, 2011 to May 29, 2011 – Musée d'Orsay Coming a bit closer to home, I guess ! From the Washington show this autumn, as featured here, this exhibition will be heading to Paris in March 2011. So, a short hop on the Eurostar if you are keen… Organized by National Gallery of Art in association with the Musée d'Orsay, Paris | Type: exhibition
A Ballad of Love and Death: Pre-Raphaelite Photography in Great Britain, 1848-1875
March 8, 2011 to May 29, 2011 – Rooms 68 and 69, Musée d'Orsay In the second half of the 19th century, during the heyday of Victorian England, the aesthetic principles of the Pre-Raphaelite painters were frequently echoed by the photographers of the time who asp… Organized by National Gallery of Art, Washington and Musée d'Orsay | Type: exhibition
Ida Kar: Bohemian Photographer
March 10, 2011 to June 19, 2011 – Porter Gallery, National Portrait Gallery Ida Kar was the first photographer to have a retrospective exhibition in a major London Gallery. In the 1950s she stood at the heart of the creative avant-garde and the exhibition includes portraits… Organized by National Portrait Gallery | Type: exhibition
Exposure 2011: Jim Cooke, Anna Fox, Stuart Griffiths, Clarita Lulic, Regine Petersen & Vanessa Winship
March 10, 2011 at 10am to April 23, 2011 at 2pm – James Hyman Photography James Hyman Photography is pleased to present an exhibition of recent works by the six award winners of the 2010 National Media Museum Photography Awards.Selected from more than 200 applicants, these… Organized by Valérie C. Whitacre | Type: exhibition, and, british, photography
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March 16, 2011 at 10am to May 29, 2011 at 5pm – Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/photography-place/ Organized by Judy Annear | Type: exhibition
March 20, 2011 at 6pm to May 29, 2011 at 5pm – Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/photography-place/ [caption] Anne Ferran, from the series Lost to worlds 2008 digital print on aluminium 120 x 120cm. Collection Tasmanian Museum &… Organized by Judy Annear | Type: exhibition, and, related, symposium, april, 9
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March 22, 2011 to August 6, 2011 – UCR/California Museum of Photography Not every subject in these portraits is looking directly at the photographer, but all are aware that the camera is looking at them. In that sense, all are formal portraits, as opposed to candid ones… Organized by UCR/California Museum of Photography | Type: exhibition
Artifical Colouring: Painting in Photography
March 22, 2011 to May 21, 2011 – UCR/California Museum of Photography In announcing the invention of the daguerreotype to the French Academy of Sciences in 1839, Daguerre and his colleague Arago were quick to point out what they perceived as the photograph's main flaw:… Organized by UCR/California Museum of Photography | Type: exhibition
Elements of Genius: The Legacy of Chemistry in St Andrews
March 22, 2011 to May 21, 2011 – Gateway Galleries, University of St Andrews Coinciding with the 200th anniversary of the teaching of chemistry in St Andrews, and the International Year of Chemistry, Elements of Genius will showcase some of the most illustrious and distinguis… Organized by University of St Andrews | Type: exhibition
Controversies: A legal and ethical history of photography
March 24, 2011 to June 5, 2011 – MNAF Alinari National Museum of Photography Since its invention in 1839, photography has provoked numerous controversies and sensational trials. The photographic image has been at the centre of important ethical debates and legal questions thr… Organized by MNAF Alinari National Museum of Photography | Type: exhibition
History Drawn with Light: Early Photographs from the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society
March 25, 2011 to June 3, 2011 – Massachusetts Historical Society In 1840, almost a soon as photography arrived in America, the MHS began to collect images of notable figures, artifacts, and landscapes recorded with "the pencil of nature." Examples of these early p… Organized by Massachusetts Historical Society | Type: exhibition
Portraits of China (1875-1945) Photographs of British Collections
March 29, 2011 to April 30, 2011 – Navarre Public University The exhibition is organized by the Red Chinese Studies Navarra (RNECh) with the collaboration of the University of Bristol, and includes 50 photographs that cover the political and economic transform… Organized by Red Navarra de Estudios Chinos (Navarre Network of Chinese Studies), Universidad Pública de Navarra (Navarre Public University), University of Bristol, University of Lincoln and the East Asia Institute of Lyon | Type: exhibition
Icons of photography – Treasures from the Karin and Lars Hall collection
March 31, 2011 to August 15, 2011 – Statoil Office It is a great pleasure and honour for us to present such a unique collection of artists that have shaped the development of photography as an art form, says Jens R Jenssen, senior vice president of h… Organized by Karin Hall, Lars Hall and Arnt N Fredheim, Statoil art programm | Type: exhibition
Through the Colonial Lens: Photographs of 19th and 20th Century India
April 1, 2011 to September 4, 2011 – Pacific Asia Museum This exhibition will feature more than 70 images in 2 rotations selected for both their striking imagery and for what they reveal about the dynamism of India in this era. Through the Colonial Lens lo… Organized by Pacific Asia Museum | Type: exhibition
Kashmir in 19th Century Photography
April 4, 2011 to October 2, 2011 – Museum für Asiatische Kunst - (Museum of Asian Art) This veritable Shangri-La at the foot of the Himalayas, with its favourable climate and picturesque landscape, has captivated people on their travels around India ever since the Great Moguls made the… Organized by Museum für Asiatische Kunst - (Museum of Asian Art) | Type: exhibition
Chester through a Lens: The Photography of Thomas Pickthall
April 4, 2011 to June 30, 2011 – Chester History and Heritage This display explores the work of a very talented photographer. Thomas Pickthall whose photographs captured Chester during the 1930s and a little after. Thomas was a local man who started taking pict… Organized by Chester History and Heritage | Type: exhibition
Walking + Falling: Jim Campbell, Chris Marker and Eadweard Muybridge
April 4, 2011 to September 5, 2011 – Vancouver Art Gallery Walking + Falling presents the work of three notable artists who have utilized new media to explore and represent complex notions of time, movement and memory.Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) was an En… Organized by Vancouver Art Gallery and Bruce Grenville, senior curator | Type: exhibition
A look at Harsh light, without compassion. The Worker-Photography Movement, 1926-1939
April 6, 2011 to August 22, 2011 – Sabatini Building, Floor 3, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía The worker-photography movement is often marginalized in discussions of how photographic modernism evolved over the course of the 20th century. This visit to the exhibition is intended to help recti… Organized by Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía | Type: exhibition
PARKINSON PHOTOGRAPHS THE AGE OF INNOCENCE
April 8, 2011 at 10pm to July 3, 2011 at 5pm – Julia Margaret Cameron Trust Dimbola Lodge Museum Exhibition Parkinson Photographs the Age of innocence Dimbola Lodge The Julia Margaret Cameron Museum Isle of Wight UK Vintage Norman Parkinson Photographs from Angela Williams Archive Organized by Angela Williams Archive AWA | Type: exhibition, -, parkinson, photographs, age, of, innocence
Amateurs and Artists: Early photography and Plymouth
April 9, 2011 to July 30, 2011 – Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery Come and see some of the earliest photographs of Plymouth and discover the part played by the three towns of Plymouth, Devonport and Stonehouse in the development of photography. Amateurs and Artists… Organized by Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery/Royal Photographic Society | Type: exhibition
The Last Full Measure: Civil War Photographs from the Liljenquist Family Collection
April 12, 2011 to August 13, 2011 – The Library of Congress This exhibition, drawn from a recent gift from the Liljenquist family, will feature 379 Civil War-era ambrotypes and tintypes of enlisted Union and Confederate soldiers. These exceptional portraits d… Organized by The Library of Congress | Type: exhibition
New York's Civil War Soldiers – Photographs of Dr. R. B. Bontecou, Words of Walt Whitman
April 14, 2011 to August 1, 2011 – Merchant's House Museum Presented in collaboration with The Burns Archive, in honor of the 150th anniversary of the start of the American Civil War. Photographs of wounded Civil War soldiers from New York regiments, on disp… Organized by Merchant's House Museum | Type: exhibition
“Kez Gı Sirem İstanbul/Seni Seviyorum İstanbul” (“I love you İstanbul”)
April 14, 2011 to May 8, 2011 – Naregyan Gallery, Armenian Church of the Three Alters Curated by Bursa-born Engin Özendes, the exhibition, which will display over 100 images and documents, will show how İstanbul has changed through the eyes of Armenian photographers, based on three di… Organized by Engin Özendes | Type: exhibition
The Lives of Great Photographers
April 15, 2011 to September 4, 2011 – Gallery One, National Media Museum The Lives of Great Photographers is a compelling new exhibition drawn exclusively from the Museum’s extensive and diverse Photography Collection, including works from The Royal Photographic Societ… Organized by National Media Museum | Type: exhibition
American Dreams: 20th-Century Photography from George Eastman House
April 16, 2011 to July 10, 2011 – Bendigo Art Gallery George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film is the world's oldest photography museum and one of the world’s oldest film archives, first opening its doors to the public in Roches… Organized by Bendigo Art Gallery, | Type: exhibition
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British Steel proposes streamlining workforce to secure sustainable future
British Steel today announced it’s undergoing a streamlining process to ensure the long-term growth of the business.
As part of the company’s ongoing transformation – which has already seen it commit £170 million to improving its manufacturing operations during its first three years – the company is taking a number of further steps to secure a sustainable future.
They include the proposed reduction of 400 managerial, professional and administrative roles at its operations throughout the UK, Ireland, France and the Netherlands. Other steps include continuing to improve manufacturing performance and increasing turnover through strong sales.
The company remains committed to making significant investments in its core products – rail, wire rod, construction and special profiles – along with its iron and steel-making operations.
No closures are being considered as part of the process.
Roland Junck, British Steel’s Executive Chairman, said: “Following our launch and early growth as a new company, it’s important our business continues to evolve. It’s imperative we enhance our products and services and become more competitive so we can increase our foothold in the market.
“We’ve already committed £120 million to capital expenditure projects and are pressing ahead with the £50 million upgrade to our Scunthorpe Rod Mill, which we announced in July. However, the pace of change we need in this challenging industry requires further and continued investment along with more agile and efficient operations.
“To help us achieve this, we have to make difficult decisions and our plans unfortunately include the proposed reduction of 400 roles across our global workforce.
“We’re sad to be making this announcement, particularly for our colleagues who could be affected. The skill and dedication of our employees has helped us come a long way in a short period of time. However, it’s vital our transformation continues so we can build a sustainable future for the whole business, nearly 5,000 employees and many more people in the supply chain. We’re confident these proposals will help achieve this.
“We’ll further discuss our proposals, which would consider applications for voluntary redundancy, with senior union representatives. We’ll ensure this process is handled in a sensitive manner. We haven’t set any deadlines but aim to keep the period of uncertainty for our people as short as we can.
“We know this will be a worrying time for many and we’ll do everything possible to ensure our people continue to get the support they deserve, now and in the future.”
Since its launch in 2016, British Steel – which employs more than 5,000 people across the globe – has turned a business losing tens of millions of pounds a year into one making profit.
Under previous ownership in FY16, the business made a loss of £79 million. In British Steel’s first year, FY17, it secured a profit of £47 million – a £126 million turnaround. This summer it announced an EBITDA of £68 million pro forma for FY18 (excluding the £47m one-off cost of a blast furnace chill for which the company is pursuing an insurance claim). It reported a profit of £21 million for Q1 FY19.
Gerald Reichmann, British Steel’s Chief Financial Officer, said: “We’ve made a strong start to life as British Steel but our external environment is constantly changing. For example, raw materials are all traded in US dollars, so the weakening of the pound and euro have implications for us. Like any business we need to be able to flex and adapt to these changes.
“Strong market conditions support the approach we’re taking – we have a robust order book and continue to secure significant contracts with customers, old and new, around the world.
“It’s unfortunate we need to go through the proposed redundancy process but by focusing on profitable, niche products I’m confident we’ll create a long-term future for our business and the communities in which we operate.”
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CTG shuffles executive jobs
By David Robinson|Published Fri, Oct 31, 2014
Computer Task Group further shuffled its executive ranks Friday, naming Filip J.L. Gyde, its top executive in Europe as the Buffalo information technology company’s interim executive vice president of operations.
CTG also named John M. Laubacker, the company’s treasurer, as its interim chief financial officer, filling a vacancy that was created when Brendan M. Harrington, its CFO, was named interim CEO following the sudden death of chief executive James R. Boldt nearly three weeks ago.
The company also said that Michael J. Colson, the senior vice president of CTG’s solutions business, had resigned “to devote his energies to interests in community service and to pursue other career opportunities.”
CTG’s solutions business had been behind much of the company’s growth in recent years, but that market has stalled lately as cash-strapped hospitals have held back on making big investments in electronic medical records systems and other healthcare projects.
CTG also said it plans to resume making purchases of its own stock under an existing share buyback plan that has authorization to repurchase as many as 750,000 shares.
email: drobinson@buffnews.com
David Robinson – David Robinson is the deputy business editor for The News, where has worked since graduating from Syracuse University in 1985. A New Hampshire native, he started out in the News' Tonawanda bureau and moved into the business news department in October 1987, exactly a week after the stock market crash.
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Q&A with Charles Saatchi
On the eve of his gallery's 20th anniversary and its complete reinstalment with paintings, Charles Saatchi answers questions on the record for the first time ever.
You have been described both as a 'supercollector' and as 'the most successful art dealer of our times'. Looking back on the past 20 years, how would you characterise your activities?
Charles Saatchi: Who cares what I'm described as? Art collectors are pretty insignificant in the scheme of things. What matters and survives is the art. I buy art that I like. I buy it to show it off in exhibitions. Then, if I feel like it, I sell it and buy more art. As I have been doing this for 30 years, I think most people in the art world get the idea by now. It doesn't mean I've changed my mind about the art that I end up selling. It just means that I don't want to hoard everything forever.
Your practice of buying emerging artists work has proved highly contagious and is arguably the single greatest influence on the current market because so many others, both veteran collectors and new investors, are following your lead, vying to snap up the work of young, relatively unknown, artists. Do you accept that you are responsible for much of the speculative nature of the contemporary art market?
CS: I hope so. Artists need a lot of collectors, all kinds of collectors, buying their art.
Do you think this speculation has inflated prices for contemporary art over the last decade? Do you expect the bubble to burst soon?
CS: Yes. No.
Do you feel a sense of personal responsibility towards the artists whose work you collect? Artists who benefited from your patronage in the late 70s and early 80s, such as Sean Scully and Sandro Chia, felt an acute sense of betrayal when you offloaded their work in bulk onto the market. In the case of Chia, you have been accused of having destroyed his career. Do you regret how you handled these artists' works?
CS: I don't buy art to ingratiate myself with artists, or as an entrée to a social circle. Of course, some artists get upset if you sell their work. But it doesn't help them whimpering about it, and telling anyone who will listen. Sandro Chia, for example, is most famous for being dumped. At last count I read that I had flooded the market with 23 of his paintings. In fact, I only ever owned seven paintings by Chia. One morning I offered three of them back to Angela Westwater, his New York dealer where I had originally bought them, and four back to Bruno Bischofberger his European dealer where, again, I had bought those. Chia's work was tremendously desirable at the time and all seven went to big-shot collectors or museums by close of day. If Sandro Chia hadn't had a psychological need to be rejected in public, this issue would never have been considered of much interest. If an artist is producing good work, someone selling a group of strong ones does an artist no harm at all, and in fact can stimulate their market.
What do you look for when buying a work of art?
CS: There are no rules I know of.
Whom, if anyone, do you listen to for advice when buying art?
CS: Nobody can give you advice after you've been collecting for a while. If you don't enjoy making your own decisions, you're never going to be much of a collector anyway. But that hasn't stopped the growing army of art advisers building "portfolio" collections for their clients.
When you express interest in an artist, the art world takes immediate notice. The result is a rise in prices. Do you ever try to buy works anonymously to prevent this from happening?
CS: No.
Are you ever concerned about your influence on taste, when it comes to contemporary British art? Does it worry you that your purchases (or sales) have an impact on the market? Or is this something you enjoy?
CS: I never think too much about the market. I don't mind paying three or four times the market value of a work that I really want. Just ask the auction houses. As far as taste is concerned, as I stated earlier, I primarily buy art in order to show it off. So it's important for me that the public respond to it and contemporary art in general.
Which do you enjoy more: the hunt involved in collecting or the pleasure of owning major works of art?
CS: Both are good.
How do you decide what to sell and when to sell it?
CS: There is no logic or pattern I can rely on. I don't have a romantic attachment to what could have been. If I had kept all the work I had ever bought it would feel like Kane sitting in Xanadu surrounded by his loot. It's enough to know that I have owned and shown so many masterpieces of modern times.
Do you believe in philanthropy? Do you believe that people who are rich and successful have a responsibility towards society?
CS: The rich will always be with us.
You are a generous lender to exhibitions. However, some of your donations to art schools and colleges are arguably just a way of purging your collection of second-rate art that will be hard to sell. Is this a fair judgement?
CS: The artists whose work I have given to the national collections probably wouldn't thank you for your judgement of their work. And, for example, a large four-panelled Glenn Brown work I gave to the Arts Council would be easy to sell, and for about $500,000. I obviously like the work I give away, otherwise I wouldn't have bought it. But would I be a nicer person if I gave away all the most popular works in my gallery?
What made you decide to open a gallery to the public? Did you feel it was some sort of public duty or were there more pragmatic reasons?
CS: I like to show off art I like.
Have you ever fallen in love with the work of an artist whose work was not sellable, for example, a performance artist or someone who creates massive public installations?
CS: Lots of ambitious work by young artists ends up in a dumpster after its warehouse debut. So an unknown artist's big glass vitrine holding a rotting cow's head covered by maggots and swarms of buzzing flies may be pretty unsellable. Until the artist becomes a star. Then he can sell anything he touches. But mostly, the answer is that installation art like Richard Wilson's oil room [purchased by Saatchi in 1990] is only buyable if you've got somewhere to exhibit it. I was always in awe of Dia for making so many earthworks and site-specific installations possible; that is the exception- a collector whose significance survives. In short, sometimes you have to buy art that will have no value to anyone but you, because you like it and believe in it. The collector I have always admired most, Count Panza Di Biumo, was commissioning large installations by Carl Andre, Donald Judd and Dan Flavin at a time when nobody but a few other oddballs were interested.
Which artists do you display in your own home? Are you constantly changing the works you have there? Is there a core of favourites which stay there?
CS: My house is a mess, but any day now we'll get round to hanging some of the stacks of pictures sitting on the floor.
Excluding shows in your own gallery, what have been your favourite three exhibitions, either in a museum or commercial gallery, in the last 20 years?
CS: I'm restricting myself to non-blockbusters, so no Picasso at MoMA or El Greco at the National Gallery or the dozen other spectaculars I gratefully lapped up: 1. Clyfford Still at the Metropolitan Museum New York (1980); 2. Jeff Koons at International with Monument Gallery, New York (December 1985); 3.Goldsmiths College MA degree show (1997).
Why don't you attend your own openings?
CS: I don't go to other people's openings, so I extend the same courtesy to my own.
Do you think the UK press treats you unfairly?
CS: No. If you can't take a good kicking, you shouldn't parade how much luckier you are than other people.
Were you surprised that the National Gallery of Australia chose to opt out of taking the "Sensation" exhibition in 2000? How do you respond to the chief reason given for the cancellation, which was a serious concern about "museum ethics" in the blurring of lines between public and private interests? The then-director, Brian Kennedy, even wrote an essay about museum ethics, to which he directed the attention of the media. Do you feel there was any question of ethics involved?
CS: The National Gallery pulled out of "Sensation" because it was causing a kerfuffle in New York at the time, and some of your fine local politicians decided to jump on the bandwagon. Brian Kennedy rolled over and who can blame him. Life's hard enough without looking to be a hero. But "museum ethics" was just a feeble attempt to build a smoke screen. The central issue was the power of religious groups who it was feared would be enraged by a Black Madonna "covered" in elephant dung.
Did you personally burn, or did you contract with a professional arsonist to burn, your warehouse filled with your art?
CS: It wasn't terrifically amusing the first time dull people came up with this. Now it's the 100th time.
The concerns of an advertising executive centre upon novelty, immediacy of impact, and relevance to the target market. Many would say that these are the qualities that have characterised your collection. The concerns of the serious collector centre upon quality, the capacity to transcend time, high levels of skill and historical significance. To what degree do you feel these apparently divergent criteria to be in conflict?
CS: The "adman" theory is very appealing, very popular with commentators. But the snobbery of those who think an interest in art is the province of gentle souls of rarefied sensibility never fails to amuse. Heaven forfend that anyone in "trade" should enter the hallowed portals of the aesthete. I liked working in advertising, but don't believe my taste in art, such as it is, was entirely formed by TV commercials. And I don't feel especially conflicted enjoying a Mantegna one day, a Carl Andre the next day and a student work the next.
What do you think about the great transition in the external aesthetics of museum architecture? Is it detracting from the art within or is it now necessary to attract a bigger audience? Do you think we are now seeing the end of the white cube as a gallery space, because of the nature of modern art?
CS: If art can't look good except in the antiseptic gallery spaces dictated by museum fashion of the last 25 years, then it condemns itself to a somewhat limited vocabulary. In any event it is often more interesting to see art in appropriated buildings like the Schaffhausen in Switzerland, or the Arsenale in Venice, or that remarkable edifice that hosted "Zeitgeist" in Berlin. Buildings like these are flexible enough to display virtually anything an artist wants to make, and sometimes to better effect than somewhere swankily of-the-moment. So although a Bilbao or two is thrilling, there seems little point in spending millions on creating identical, austere Modernist palaces in every world city, rather than using the money to actually buy some art. But if you're looking for a "destination" venue that will bring happy hordes to your city, Frank Gehry is probably pretty good value.
Blake Gopnik, the Chief Art Critic for the Washington Post has stated that "painting is dead and has been dead for 40 years. If you want to be considered a serious contemporary artist, the only thing that you should be doing is video or manipulated photography." Do you agree or disagree and why?
CS: It's true that contemporary painting responds to the work of video makers and photographers. But it's also true that contemporary painting is influenced by music, writing, MTV, Picasso, Hollywood, newspapers, Old Masters. But, unlike many of the art world heavy hitters and deep thinkers, I don't believe painting is middle-class and bourgeois, incapable of saying anything meaningful anymore, too impotent to hold much sway. For me, and for people with good eyes who actually enjoy looking at art, nothing is as uplifting as standing before a great painting whether it was painted in 1505 or last Tuesday.
With your painting show, do you think you are setting a trend or following one? Haven't we all been here before with the 1981 show "A New Spirit in Painting"?
CS: You point out that "A New Spirit in Painting" was nearly a quarter of a century ago. So I am tickled by your suggestion that another survey of painting now is over-egging it. I don't have a particularly lofty agenda with "The Triumph of Painting". People need to see some of the remarkable painting produced, and overlooked, in an age dominated by the attention given to video, installation and photographic art. Just flick through the catalogues of the mega shows, the Documentas, the Biennales, of the last 15 years. But, of course, much of the painting our exhibition will be highlighting has itself been profoundly affected by the work of video and photographic art. In any event, who's to say what will one day appear to have been trendsetting? Sometimes artists who receive breathless acclaim initially, seem to conk out. Other artists who don't register so keenly at the time, prove to be trailblazers.
Are paintings a better investment than sharks in formaldehyde? The Hirst shark looks much more shrivelled now than it used to, but a Peter Doig canvas will still look great in 10 years and will be much easier to restore.
CS: There are no rules about investment. Sharks can be good. Artist's dung can be good. Oil on canvas can be good. There's a squad of conservators out there to look after anything an artist decides is art.
At the top end of the art market, public and commercial spaces have become almost interchangeable. For example, at "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida", a show of new work by Damien Hirst, Sarah Lucas, and Angus Fairhurst, at Tate Britain earlier this year, most of the work on display was for sale and it came from just two dealers: Jay Jopling of White Cube and Sadie Coles. Do you see a conflict of interest in a publicly funded museum being used as a sale room in this way?
CS: I like everything that helps contemporary art reach a wider audience. However, sometimes a show is so dismal it puts people off. Many curators, and even the odd Turner Prize jury, produce shows that lack much visual appeal, wearing their oh-so-deep impenetrability like a badge of honour. They undermine all efforts to encourage more people to respond to new art. So although I didn't adore "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida", it was nice to see something in the Tate that was fresh from the artist's studio. It helped make the Tate more relevant to today's artists. Of course the work had to come direct from the artists' dealers - it was brand new. Anyway what's wrong with Jay Jopling getting just a little richer?
How would you assess the Tate's performance as a museum of contemporary art?
CS: Obviously the Tate Modern is a stupendous gift to Britain, and Nicholas Serota [director of Tate] is my hero to have pulled it off so masterfully. I like some of the exhibitions at the Tate, but many are disappointing. The curators should get out more and see more studios and grass-roots shows. They evidently lack an adventurous curatorial ambition. And as for having outside curators called in to pick work at the Frieze art fair for the Tate collection... It isn't enough to rely on the latest Turbine Hall installation and the Turner Prize to generate interest. The Tate seems sadly disengaged from the young British art community. It ought to have reflected the energy and diversity of British art over the last 15 years in both its exhibitions and collecting policy. Puzzlingly, museums in Europe and the US are far more interested in examining Britain's recent artistic achievements.
Why do overseas museums have better collections of Britart than the Tate?
CS: Because the Tate curators didn't know what they were looking at during the early 90s, when even the piddliest budget would have bought you many great works. But I'm no better. I regularly find myself waking up to art I passed by or simply ignored.
After your death, would you like to see the core of your collection kept together and remain on public view?
CS: I don't buy art in order to leave a mark or to be remembered; clutching at immortality is of zero interest to anyone sane. I did offer my collection to Nicholas Serota at the Tate last year. This was about the time I was struggling with the problems at County Hall-both the alarming behaviour of the Japanese landlords, and my failure to get a grip on how to use the space well. I remembered that at the time Tate Modern opened, Nick had told me that there were new extensions planned that would add half again to the gallery capacity. But by the time I offered the collection to Nick, the Tate already had commitments for the extension. So I lost my chance for a tastefully engraved plaque and a 21-gun salute. And now the mood has passed, and I'm happy not to have to visit Tate Modern, or its storage depot, to look at my art.
Looking ahead in 100 years time, how do you think British art of the early 21st century will be regarded? Who are the great artists who will pass the test of time?
CS: General art books dated 2105 will be as brutal about editing the late 20th century as they are about almost all other centuries. Every artist other than Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Donald Judd and Damien Hirst will be a footnote.
Perhaps your greatest legacy will be that you, more than any other, have been responsible for pitching modern and contemporary art into the UK's cultural mainstream. Contemporary art is now discussed in taxis and government think tanks. Did you set out to achieve this from the start?
CS: Yes.
What do you think of the art world?
CS: David Sylvester [the late critic] and I used to play a silly little game. We used to ask ourselves, which of the following - artist, curator, dealer, collector or critic - we would least like to be stranded with on a desert island for a few years. Of course, we could easily bring to mind a repellent example in each category, and it made the selection ever-changing, depending on who we ran into that bored us most the previous week. Anyway, we pretty much agreed on the following:
An occupational hazard of some of my art collector friends' infatuation with art is their encounters with a certain type of art dealer. Pompous, power-hungry and patronising, these doyens of good taste would seem to be better suited to manning the door of a night-club, approving who will be allowed through the velvet ropes. Their behaviour alienates many fledgling collectors from any real involvement with the artist's vision. These dealers like to feel that they "control" the market. But, of course, by definition, once an artist has a vibrant market, it can't be controlled. For example, one prominent New York dealer recently said that he disapproved of the strong auction market, because it allowed collectors to jump the queue of his "waiting list". So instead of celebrating an artist's economic success, they feel castrated by any loss to their power base.And then there are visionary dealers, without whom many great artists of our century would have slipped by unheralded.
The art critics on some of Britain's newspapers could as easily have been assigned gardening or travel, and been cheerfully employed for life. This is because many newspaper editors don't themselves have much time to study their "Review" section, or have much interest in art. So we now enjoy the spectacle of critics swooning with delight about an artist's work when its respectability has been confirmed by consensus and a top-drawer show - the same artist's work that 10 years earlier they ignored or ridiculed. They must live in dread of some mean sod bringing out their old cuttings. And when Matthew Collings, pin-up boy of TV art commentary, states that the loss of contemporary art in the Momart fire didn't matter all that much - "these young artists can always produce more"- he tells you all you need to know about the perverse nature of some of those who mug a living as art critics. However, when a critic knows what she or he is looking at and writes revealingly about it, it's sublime.
With very few exceptions, the big-name globetrotting international mega-event curators are too prone to curate clutching their PC guidebook in one hand and their Bluffers Notes on art theory in the other. They seem to deliver the same type of Groundhog Day show, for the approval of 50 or so like-minded devotees. These dead-eyed, soulless, rent-a-curator exhibitions dominate the art landscape with their socio-political pretensions. The familiar grind of 70's conceptualist retreads, the dry as dust photo and text panels, the production line of banal and impenetrable installations, the hushed and darkened rooms with their interchangeable flickering videos are the hallmarks of a decade of numbing right-on curatordom. The fact that in the last 10 years only five of the 40 Turner Prize nominees have been painters tells you more about curators than about the state of painting today. But when you see something special, something inspired, you realise the debt we owe great curators and their unforgettable shows-literally unforgettable because you remember every picture, every wall and every juxtaposition.
However suspect their motivation, however social-climbing their agenda, however vacuous their interest in decorating their walls, I am beguiled by the fact that rich folk everywhere now choose to collect contemporary art rather than racehorses, vintage cars, jewellery or yachts. Without them, the art world would be run by the State, in a utopian world of apparatchik-approved, Culture-Ministry-sanctioned art. So if I had to choose between Mr and Mrs Goldfarb's choice of art or some bureaucrat who would otherwise be producing VAT forms, I'll take the Goldfarbs. Anyway, some collectors I've met are just plain delightful, bounding with enough energy and enthusiasm to brighten your day.
If you study a great work of art, you'll probably find the artist was a kind of genius. And geniuses are different to you and me. So let's have no talk of temperamental, self-absorbed and petulant babies. Being a good artist is the toughest job you could pick, and you have to be a little nuts to take it on. I love them all.
Credit: Saatchi Gallery Art Newspaper
Labels: Charles Saatch, Saatchi Gallery
Modern Art Photography - Shadowed Branches
Medium Format - B&W Landscapes
Digital Art - 1701
Chelsea International Fine Art Competition
Conceptual Art Stock
Medium Format - Ilford HP5
Medium Format - Ilford XP2 Tests
Medium Format - Ilford XP2
Medium Format Film - Ilford HP5
Photoshelter Widget
Indepth Arts News: Ecology.Design.Synergy
120 Film Photography - Stream
120 Film Photography - Sunset
120 Film Photography - Black & White
Saatchi Exhibition - Zoo Art Fair
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Princes William and Harry continue to fight, and Meghan Markle go assistants
Moving Meghan Markle and Prince Harry from Kensington Palace to the cottage Former aroused heated discussion online. The public can not understand that became the reason for the sudden decision of the Dukes of Sussex. Some decided that it was because of a quarrel of the princes, while others have preferred to consider the reason for the dislike Kate Middleton to Megan.
Insiders decided to warm up the discussion with your own information. A source told The Sun that the reason was the strife of the princes. Supposedly Harry accused William that he wanted to destroy his marriage, when he expressed his opinion about Megan. “I think Harry feels unable to protect his mother, so he struggles to protect his wife. It’s his way of redemption. He does not tolerate absolutely no criticism in relation to Megan, and he’s so sensitive that it often sees criticism or negative where there are none” — shared the source.
While the network dealt with the relations of the two darlings of Britain, from Megan leave assistants. Now going to leave the second nearest assistant Markle 50-year-old Samantha Cohen. Leaves office assistant after the couple first son is born. 17 years old, Samantha was a Secretary for public relations in the family of Windsor, and is a key member of staff. Most Megan, it helped to learn the Royal etiquette at the insistence of Queen Elizabeth.
We will remind, the father of Meghan Markle Thomas again gave an interview, which according to tradition, told interesting details about the life of his daughter. This time Thomas was told about the first wedding of Megan, which was a lot easier. Then he could personally hold the daughter to the altar and after the ceremony guests received a little bit of marijuana…not for Royal.
Though Thomas and promised not to give an interview about the life of the daughter, he again told some details. He explains this by the fact that he was tired of rumors that the first time he failed to hold the daughter to the altar. On the contrary, he then attended the wedding of Megan with producer Trevor Engels. The event took place on a Jamaican beach and in the roots differed from the Royal. A photo with the father not only because he was asked to focus on the newlyweds. However, one photo is! It is Megan’s dad before the ceremony.
“The photo was taken when I walked to her Bungalow just a few minutes before the ceremony. I was very proud and full of emotion when I saw my baby in a beautiful white dress. We took pictures, and then together with Dooriya held Megan to the altar,” says the Thomas.
Moscow model Alena Vanni graced the cover of L’officiel Wedding
Donald trump will not receive a Christmas gift from Melania
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Saints Unscripted Interview with Steven C. Harper
Our Editor in Chief, Steven C. Harper, recently was interviewed by Saints Unscripted in their new web series, “Firm Foundations”.
“In this episode special guest and historian Dr. Steven C. Harper explains how to critically and faithfully study church history. We discuss why what we know about history seems to change, how to use the historical method to find factual answers in historical documents, why people who study church history have different reactions to what they learn. In every Firm Foundations video we carefully craft the scripts and fact-check our stories. We examine facts, scriptures, doctrinal sources, historical documents, modern surveys, psychology, and scientific data. Hannah, as the writer, interprets this information through her own lens, as do all individuals. This is why it is so important to us that we include information that is not always flattering to one party or another, and that we use empathy when examining individuals’ choices. Because we want you to do the same, we always include links to our sources below each video, so that viewers can dig deeper into the source material, ask questions, and find the truth”
You can watch the video below or watch it on Youtube here.
Dr. Harper holds a PhD in early American History, is Editor in Chief of BYU Studies, a Professor of Religious Education at Brigham Young University and has written multiple books on early LDS history and doctrine. He also recommends this article as a source when studying Mormon history: “Doctrine: Models to Evaluate Types and Sources of Latter-day Saint Teachings”
Saints Unscripted
Firm Foundations Youtube
Interview "Getting to the Truth in LDS Church History"
Doctrine: Models to Evaluate Types and Sources of Latter-day Saint Teachings
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February 2, 2017 / 11:36 PM / 2 years ago
Afghan girls fight prejudice with martial arts
Mohammad Aziz
KABUL (Reuters) - On a snowy mountaintop to the west of Kabul, a group of Afghan girls practice the flowing movements of Wushu, a sport developed from ancient Chinese kung fu martial arts, stretching and bending and slashing the air with bright swords.
Sima Azimi (C), 20, a trainer at the Shaolin Wushu club, poses with her students after an exercise on a hilltop in Kabul, Afghanistan January 29, 2017. REUTERS/Mohammad Ismail
In a country where women’s sport is severely restricted, the Shaolin Wushu club in a part of Kabul that is home to the capital’s Hazara ethnic community, is a rare exception.
Sima Azimi, the 20-year-old leading the practice session, says Wushu teaches self-defense, but just as important, “it’s really effective for body and soul”.
She learned the sport in Iran, where she won a gold and bronze medal in competition, and she has been teaching in Kabul for about a year, encouraged by her father, with whom she trains at the club’s gym.
“I am working with Afghan girls to strengthen their abilities and I love to see Afghan girls improve the way other girls have improved in the world,” she said.
“My ambition is to see my students take part in international matches and win medals for their country.”
Martial arts of all kinds are popular in Afghanistan, but it is a notoriously hard country for women, and the girls of the Shaolin Wushu club face regular harassment and abuse in addition to the normal dangers of life in Kabul.
“The biggest challenge we faced is insecurity,” said 18-year-old Zahra Timori. “Most of the time, we can’t go to the club due to insecurity.”
Her friend Shakila Muradi said she hoped that sport could help create a more peaceful climate in Afghanistan in defiance of the daily reality the girls face.
“There are many people harassing us but we ignore them and follow our goals,” she said.
When possible, training goes on in a gym dominated by a poster of Hussain Sadiqi, a Hazara martial arts champion who fled to Australia in 1999 and later worked as a film stuntman.
So far, all the girls in the club are Hazara, a Persian-speaking, mainly Shi’ite group who have faced a series of attacks claimed by Islamic State militants over the past year.
Their generally more liberal social traditions give the girls more room to move outside the home and practice sports but Sima’s father, Rahmatullah Azimi says he hopes to see girls from other ethnic groups join in as well.
He said he worries about his daughter’s safety but said it was a joy to see her train other girls.
“I am really happy that I helped, encouraged and supported Sima,” he said.
For a Wider Image photo essay, click on reut.rs/2ku9AgP
Writing by James Mackenzie; Editing by Alison Williams
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Ruth 3–4, Acts 28, Jeremiah 38, Psalms 11–12
If you’re following the schedule, you should read these chapters today: Ruth 3–4, Acts 28, Jeremiah 38, Psalms 11–12. Click on any of those references to see all the passages in one long page on BibleGateway. If you can't do all the readings today, read Ruth 3-4.
Once again we see the godly character of Boaz on display in today’s two chapters from Ruth. His actions protecting and providing for Ruth in chapter 2 may indicate his personal attraction to her, but he is aware of the age difference (v. 10) and another man who was a closer relative to Ruth and, therefore, had the first right to marry her (vv. 12-13). According to Old Testament law, the other man was supposed to marry Ruth and, with her, produce a son who would be heir to Elimelek’s estate. This nearer relative (plus the age thing) may have been why Boaz did not make a move for Ruth himself. Regardless, Ruth comes to him secretly, at night, and requested his protection for her and Naomi through marriage. Although some have suggested that Ruth’s actions of “uncovering Boaz’s feet” was a sexual act, the text indicates the opposite. The wording in the passage was “uncovered his feet and lay down” (3:7) so this would have to be some kind of Hebrew idiom/euphemism such as when we say two people “slept together.” But the fact that Boaz slept through Ruth’s actions and, later something “startled him” (v. 8), indicates that the plain reading of the text is the correct one. Ruth pulled the covers off Boaz’s feet, laid down on the ground by his feet and waited.
Although the passage does not say so, it seems clear that Boaz was an unmarried man. Singleness was highly unusual in Israel; perhaps he was a widower whose original wife died before giving him any heirs, but we do not know. What we do know is that his blessing on Ruth (3:10) indicates his desire to be married to Ruth. Given that life during the period of the Judges resembled the wild west, Boaz may have been able to get away with undercutting the nearer relative of Ruth by marrying her before he was aware of her existence. However, despite his desire to marry Ruth and the possibility of doing so unrighteously, but without consequences, Boaz wanted to do the right thing. And, in chapter 4, he did. He gave the closer relative the opportunity to do right, then got what he wanted when the other man refused to do his duty.
And, you have to admire Boaz and give him some style points for how he approached Ruth’s nearer relative. He mentioned the benefit of doing the right thing first when he asked the man if he would redeem the land that Elimelek owned (4:3). When the man stated his intention to buy the land from Naomi, then Boaz mentioned the string that was attached, namely the responsibility to marry Ruth, too (4:5). Notice how, at the end of Ruth 4, when Obed was born, the women said, “Naomi has a son!” (v. 17). The reason they said this is that Obed was the heir to Elimelek’s land. This legal entanglement was the reason the closer relative to Ruth did not want to buy the land if it meant marrying her. If she were to have a son before the other man’s original wife had a son, there would be “firstborn issues” and Obed might get everything. That’s what he’s saying in verse 6 when he said, “…I might endanger my own estate.” Boaz thought about this before he invited the man to buy Naomi’s property. In other words, although Boaz was determined to do the right thing, even if that meant losing Ruth, he still presented the situation in the best possible way to get what he wanted, namely the legal right to marry Ruth.
The lesson from this, for us, is to be careful about pursuing desires that are outside of the moral will of God. It is so easy for us to see situations like this in clear black and white terms when we are looking at the responsibilities and actions of others. But, when we ourselves want something that maybe outside of God’s will for us, we can easily make excuses that justify doing what we want to do. Couples who are considering marriage can do this kind of justifying when it comes to crossing lines of sexual activity. “We’re planning on getting married,” they might reason, “so it’s not wrong for us as long as we do get married anyway.” It is so easy to justify what we want to do and so hard, when our desires are engaged, to do what God commands us to do. But a man of moral character like Boaz and a woman of godly character like Ruth will seek to do right and wait for the Lord.
Now for your thoughts: What stood out in your Bible reading for today? What questions do you have about what you read? What are your thoughts about what I wrote above? Post them in the comments below or on our Facebook page. And, feel free to answer and interact with the questions and comments of others. Have a great day; we'll talk scripture again tomorrow.
Tagged: ruth, ruth 3, ruth 4, righteousness, 66in16
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JAMES HOLZHAUER/ABC photo
I have never watched Jeopardy, and consequently I have no vested interest in how James Holzhauer has run up his record-setting winning streak. I can’t help knowing, however, that there is a kerfuffle over it in which some critics say Holzhauer is ruining the game for others. If I understand the complaint correctly, the issue is that Holzhauer’s success has as much to do with his mastery of the buzzer as it has to do with the breadth of his knowledge. Considering other moral and ethical issues confronting the Republic at the moment, I’m not sure now much urgency to assign to this one.
Dr. JOYCE BROTHERS/Denver Post
The dust-up did remind me, though, of Dr. Joyce Brothers, the psychologist, who was known for the bulk of her career as a television personality and author but who first burst into the public’s consciousness as a contestant on The $64,000 Question. Several of the contestants on that show become instant celebrities. In Joyce Brothers’ case, the immediate interest was in the fact that this young woman was presenting herself as an expert on boxing. I have read that the producers recommended that topic to her, but I don’t know if that is true.
Dr. Brothers decided to seek a spot on the show in 1955 in order to shore up her family’s finances while she was caring for her daughter and her husband, Milton, was in a low-paying medical residency. She had quit teaching positions at Columbia University and Hunter College in order to stay home with her child.
HAL MARCH/Host of “The 64,000 Question”/TV Guide
Whether she or the producers chose the topic, Dr. Brothers was not historically a boxing aficionado. Apparently a person with a strong will and outstanding capacities for concentration and retention, she memorized dozens of reference books on boxing. As a result, she won the top prize. Two years later, she won the top prize on The $64,000 Challenge in which she was pitted against seven experts on the prize ring.
The $64,000 Question was later mired in scandal as it was revealed that some of the contestants had been fed answers in advance, but Dr. Brothers was not implicated in any such scheme. In fact, it has been reported that the producers tried to derail her progress by throwing obscure questions at her, but she answered them correctly.
Whether Dr. Brothers’ approach was any less in the spirit of the show than Holzhauer’s, I’ll leave to minds more acute than my own.
Meanwhile, the name of The $64,000 Question obviously derives from the idiomatic expression “The $64 question,” meaning the most important or perplexing question in a given situation. The idiom itself originated on a radio show of the 1940s, Take It or Leave It, on which the top prize was $64—about $925 today—which a person won by answering “the $64 question.” The big prize was paid in 64 silver dollars.
Time magazine reported at the time as follows:
“Take It or Leave It gives each of five people from the studio audience a chance to answer seven questions correctly (or quit with a cash prize after any number of correct answers less than seven). Seven correct answers in a row nets the maximum $64.”
Members of the studio audience would encourage or heckle the contestants with each decision to take the money and run or move on to the next level.
The host of the show was a comic actor named Phil Baker. Time, reporting in 1944, gave this account of an incident that reflects the character of the show:
“The program pays out about $250 a week, mostly to servicemen on leave and other citizens who can use the money. Men are much more apt to shoot the $64 works than women. Men are also more apt to get Phil Baker in the kind of trouble he encountered recently when a sailor, asked to give the navy definition of ‘noise,’ gave not ‘celery,” which was right, but ‘Boston beans.” Baker gave the sailor $64 and told him to get back to his ship.”
Apparently, the producers of Take It or Leave It didn’t have to worry about ringers.
Posted in American History, boxing, Celebrities, Early television, Popular Culture, Radio, Television | Tagged James Holzhauer, Jeopardy, Joyce Brothers, Phil Baker, Take It or Leave It, Television, The $64 Question, The $64000 Question | Leave a Comment »
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Son of Satyamurthy
Posted on April 12, 2015 by Heather Wilson
After their previous success with Julayi, Allu Arjun and Trivikram are back together again with Son of Satyamurthy. The film features appearances from Ali, Brahmi and most of the Telugu film industry stalwarts, but despite the plethora of comedy uncles, it strives for a more serious tone and is a more traditional family drama. Bunny puts in a restrained performance compared to his earlier films, and it appears that Trivikram has concentrated on character development rather than glitzy glamour and full-on action of most Telugu cinema. The storyline has plenty of potential and I loved the inclusion of villains who are not wholly evil but have the capacity for reformation, but there are a few misses. The film is undermined by the inclusion of a few unnecessary characters that reduce the overall impact and at times the sheer number of protagonists threatens to drown the main storyline. However the central theme of a young man determined to stick to his father’s principles stands strong and Bunny does a fantastic job in a more serious role than usual.
Prakash Raj is Satyamurthy; a rich man who is happy to lend money to all and sundry without judgement or seemingly any expectation of repayment. He has strong principles and his values have been absorbed by his family even if they don’t always agree with his open-handed policies. And perhaps they had a point, since Satyamurthy’s sudden death reveals a large amount of debt. The family lose their affluent lifestyle and downsize their house, possessions and expectations when Satyamurthy’s son, Viraj Anand (Allu Arjun), refuses to default on the loans and insists on doing the right thing – as his father would have wanted.
In an odd addition, Vennela Kishore plays Viraj’s older brother who is incapacitated by his father’s death, but as his character is played mainly for laughs (which are never very funny and don’t add anything to the story), there doesn’t seem to be any real need for his inclusion. Similarly, Ali appears as Parandhamayya, some sort of assistant to Viraj in his new job, who is another character who could have been omitted without losing too much from the story. I rarely find Ali’s brand of comedy funny but here he is less slapstick than usual and generally rather muted, so while I can’t see much point to his character at least he is tolerable and occasionally amusing.
Although businessman Sambasiva Rao (Rajendra Prasad) blackballs Viraj, a friend helps by giving Viraj a job as a wedding event manager. Viraj is dumped by his own fiancée when loss of his fortune makes him less desirable as a husband, and naturally his first event is the marriage of his ex, Pallavi (Adah Sharma). This makes Viraj deal with his loss of wealth and prestige fairly early on in the film and also reinforces the contrast between his own morals and those of Pallavi’s rich but dishonest father (Rao Ramesh). In classic filmi style, Viraj manages to reconcile the various family members and in the course of events falls in love with one of the wedding guests. M.S. Narayana appears in his final film appearance here, and it is bitter-sweet to see him in one of his classic drunken uncle roles, especially when his role fits well into the storyline.
Bunny’s Viraj is a sensible and responsible young man and he does a great job of making his character principled without becoming preachy or overly moralistic. The only misstep is his tendency to invoke stories of Hindu Gods that sounds a little odd coming from someone who hadn’t previously demonstrated any evidence of a virtuous attitude. It would have made more sense to me if he’d quoted his father instead, but perhaps that is due to my lack of Telugu and reliance on the subtitles which may not have been too accurate – going by the atrocious spelling as a general guide to overall quality!
Subbalakshmi, aka Sameera (Samantha) is the wedding guest that Viraj takes a fancy to, and to her credit she immediately realises that Viraj is a keeper. In a move away from standard filmi heroines, Sameera is introduced holding a drink and a cigarette, and for some reason she is also a diabetic, although there didn’t seem to be any particular point to this other than as a brief comedy scene. I generally like Trivikram’s approach to his heroines, but he seems to lose interest once he moves on to the action and sadly Samantha disappears for much of the second half. However she is excellent in her role and has great onscreen chemistry with Arjun. The couple look good together in the songs too, which pepper the first half and allow Bunny to demonstrate why he truly is the ‘stylish star’. There is some annoying hair discontinuity, but since the worst bouffy hair only appears in the songs it’s actually no bad thing that Bunny’s hair length is shorter for the rest of the film.
Rajendra Prasad and Upendra are the other standout performers and they both help bring the film to life. Much of the comedy is between Rajendra and Bunny, and is much funnier than the specific comedy threads with Brahmi and Ali. The two bounce lines off each other to good effect and are really much better than any of the assorted comedy uncles who fall flat in comparison. Upendra appears as the villain of the piece, and is as vicious and violent as required (per Telugu standard bad guy guidelines) but shows a different side when dealing with his wife and sister. He’s an interesting character and Upendra is excellent in the role, switching from demonic goggle-eyed evil one moment to concerned husband the next, but with so much else going on his role isn’t developed as much as I would like. Sneha is also very good as his sweet and serene wife, but Nithya Menen seems a little wasted in her role as a rival for Viraj’s affections. That’s a shame too as her character starts off well with an interesting plan of attack but it’s lost in the hodge-podge of action and Brahmi comedy that makes up the rest of the film.
There is a lot going on in Son of Satyamurthy and it does evoke films of yesteryear with the convoluted storyline, sheer number of characters and focus on honour, values and moral principles. The songs from Devi Sri Prasad aren’t too memorable, but they are well choreographed and smoothly flow into the storyline. Bunny dances better than ever and also looks amazing with Peter Hein’s fight choreography. Interestingly the fights aren’t as brutal and violent as usual (there is a hose as a weapon for instance), but the wirework and acrobatics are outstanding and very effective. I really enjoyed Son of Satyamurthy and although it would have benefitted from fewer characters and less formulaic comedy it’s an entertaining story with some excellent performances. Well worth seeing on the big screen to really appreciate Bunny’s dancing if you can.
This entry was posted in Tollywood and tagged Ali, Allu Arjun, Brahmi!, Devi Sri Prasad, M.S. Narayana, Nithya Menen, Peter Hein, Prakash Raj, Rajendra Prasad, S/o Satyamurthy, Samantha, Sneha, Son of Satyamurthy, Telugu, Trivikram, Upendra, Vennela Kishore. Bookmark the permalink.
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Pingback: S/O Satyamurthy | Mega Power Chit-Chat
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Tag Archives: wild
Review: The Internship
The Internship is a smart collaboration between Shawn Levy’s 21 Laps and Vince Vaughn’s Wild West Productions. It’s intelligently crafted, to the minutest detail, making it yet another pleasurable viewing experience from the director of Date Night and Real Steel. Worthy of ownership, it was perhaps an easily overlooked movie that might be disregarded as more of the same in a sea of mundane comedies. With the familiar faces of Owen Wilson and Vince Vaughn headlining the film you may feel as though you’d seen it before and at the very least, the word fresh is not one that would creep into your preconceptions.
But Levy does with the natural talents of Wilson and Vaughn, what he did for Tina Fey and Steve Carell, and the collaboration turns out wonderfully shaped performances. The finished product is a perfectly paced, lean comedy that takes advantage of each moment to generate and reinforce positive interest in the story. The result for the viewer is an engaging experience with plenty of laughs and quotable dialogue that is very re-watchable. The strength of the story is almost like that of a Pixar movie. It’s not likely to bring a tear to anyone’s eye by any stretch of the imagination, but it is carefully plotted and the comedy is driven just as much by the ensemble of lovable misfits as it is by the circumstances.
We open up with Billy and Nick, a couple of great salesman getting psyched on the way to a crucial meeting with a client. They are a confident team who know what they are doing, but the company is in trouble, so the pressure is on. No time is wasted introducing these guys and getting the audience to empathize, Within minutes they learn that the company is over and that they are out of jobs. Rather than take another sales job that will allow them to continue to scrape by, the two decide to jump headlong into a new field created by the technology that rendered their skills obsolete. They take an internship at Google, where a series of challenges are laid before a variety of teams in a winner takes all race for employment. Since everyone is much younger and more educated, they avoid Billy and Nick like the plague leaving them to be scooped up with the rest of the losers after all the teams are chosen. The hostile group of hopeless loners must act like a team in order to survive and find friendship along the way. It’s not original. It sounds a lot like Dodgeball if you think about it– or the more recent Monsters University– But the genius of it is not in the originality of the plot. All throughout it are elements of many classic comedies, and yet it stands alone as unique, because of what transpires between the bullet points. It’s funny, it’s familiar, but it’s also new and has a strong identity of its own. A couple of the best examples is the two or three key stages in the middle act that reveal a lot about the characters and energize the plot; and the sweet, underplayed subplots for Nick and Billy.
I think, what makes the movie work most is that it has heart under the surface, but the focus is always comedy. There is a kind of slight of hand at play, that I think is mostly due to Levy’s role as director, but also the finely honed sense of comedy Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson have their own reputations for. It goes beyond the clash between cynicism and idealism in the fight for the American dream. The Internship is sharply focused and deeply felt so that the plot becomes an exercise in fun and frivolity, with a firm spine to carry it through.
Posted in DVD, Home Video, reviews
Tagged 21, bluray, classic, comedy, craft, director, dvd, funny, google, internship, laps, levy, memorable, owen, productions, quotable, shawn, story, vaughn, vince, west, wild, wilson, writing
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Fathers and “paternalists”
About a month ago, I had an op-ed in The Boston Globe about the rise of single motherhood and what it means for fathers — ironically, at a time when equal parenting as an ideal has been making a lot of inroads. A couple of days later, there followed this commentary from Shannon LC Cate on the Strollerderby parenting blog. I meant to reply to it sooner, but first I was busy with other things and then I decided to put it off until Father’s Day. So, here is it.
Ms. Cate’s post is titled “Unwed Motherhood on the Rise; Paternalists on the Warpath.” Evidently, to point out that in general, children are better off having a father (and that, among other things, the glorification of the mother-child family unit takes us back to the not-very-feminist notion of child-rearing as women’s work) is to be a “paternalist on the warpath.”
Filed under fatherhood, feminism, gender issues, men, motherhood, women
New Russia article: Barack Obama’s Moscow trip and U.S.-Russian relations
In anticipation of Barack Obama’s Moscow trip, my new article on U.S.-Russian relations runs in The Weekly Standard.
Today, more than a year into the Medvedev presidency, it is obvious that there has been no change of course at the Kremlin. The extent of Medvedev’s true authority remains unclear, and Putin is still a figure to contend with. While Medvedev may seem more sympathetic to domestic liberalism–he doesn’t, for instance, share his patron’s open, visceral aversion to journalists and activists critical of the state–his rhetoric on foreign affairs has been no less aggressive than Putin’s. Any “reset,” then, would have to be based on a change in American policy.
Indeed, most American critics of the “new Cold War”–on both the left at the Nation and the paleocon right at the American Conservative–share the belief that the recent chill between the United States and Russia was caused primarily by American arrogance and insensitivity. In this view, Russia extended a hand of friendship to the United States after September 11 only to be repaid with repeated slaps in the face: the Bush administration’s withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2002, NATO expansion into Eastern Europe and the former USSR, support for regime change in ex-Soviet republics (particularly the 2004 “Orange Revolution” in Ukraine), and plans for a missile shield that Russians fear is directed mostly at them. Supporters of a “fresh start” undoubtedly hope Obama’s Moscow trip will include apologies for at least some of these perceived wrongs.
The perception, however, is quite tendentious.
Filed under Dmitry Medvedev, Russia, Russian-American relations, US foreign policy
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Was I unfair to Gloria Steinem?
Dusting off my blogging hat, at least for now.
The occasion:
Last weekend, RealClearPolitics.com ran my column on Gloria Steinem, her Presidential Medal of Freedom, and her role in twentieth and twenty-first century feminism. It is, shall we say, not complimentary. Barry Deutsch of Alas, a Blog, with whom I’ve crossed reasonably friendly swords before, comments and raises some points that require a response. Sorry it’s taken me a week to put this up; it’s been a bit crazy lately, time-wise. (And will continue to be, so I warn in advance that I probably won’t have time for a lot of back-and-forth.)
Barry thinks my column on Steinem is an unfair, one-sided hit piece (though I’m glad to see he agrees with some of my criticisms, particularly on Steinem’s deplorable role in the child sex abuse mania of the 1980s and early 1990s and its particularly grotesque offshoot, the satanic ritual abuse panic). You know what? I’ll concede that this is not the most, ahem, fair and balanced article I’ve ever written. It was not a complete overview of Steinem’s career; it was a critique, based on my belief that Steinem bears a lot of responsibility for the woeful misdirection of feminism—from a philosophy of gender equity, individual rights, and gender-role flexibility to what Betty Friedan called “sex/class warfare” and, in particular, a focus on various male horrors visited upon women. Obviously, Steinem did not single-handedly steer the women’s moment in that direction, but her influence was huge.
And now, I’m going to address what Barry believes are unfair or petty criticisms.
1. I wrote that, as evidenced by her appearance on John Stossel’s 1997 ABC News special, “Boys and Girls Are Different: Men, Women, and the Sex Difference,” Steinem verges on what Daphne Patai and Noretta Koertge termed “biodenial” in her insistence that innate psychological/intellectual differences between the sexes are nonexistent and physical ones are almost entirely irrelevant. Barry suggests that Steinem’s line which I quoted, referring to scientific research on brain differences between men and women as “anti-American crazy thinking,” may have been taken out of context. The full Steinem quote, on this page linked by Barry from Stossel’s book (where it’s misattributed, presumably due to a typo, to Heritage Foundation analyst Kate O’Beirne, Steinem’s conservative adversary on his program) is, “It’s really the remnant of anti-American, crazy thinking to do this kind of research. It’s what’s keeping us down, not what’s helping us.”
Is it possible, as Barry suggests, that Steinem was referring to some specific research project that was genuinely outrageous (for instance, one that set out to prove that women shouldn’t be able to vote or attend college because of differences in the “wiring” of their brains), and not to any of the studies reported in the special? Perhaps, but it is worth noting that Steinem was surely aware of the program and has never claimed to have been quoted out of context.
Barry also chides me for ridiculing Steinem’s assertion that strength tests requiring prospective firefighters to carry a dummy—challenged and discarded in many urban fire departments as discriminatory toward women—are unnecessary and that, when rescuing someone from a burning building, it makes more sense to drag them along the floor than to carry them, since “there’s less smoke down there.”
Here, I have to give a point to Barry and concede that Steinem’s statement, which has earned her a lot of conservative derision, is not quite as risible as it first appears. Barry cites evidence that dragging rather than carrying has actually been the preferred rescue method in firefighting for a while, in part because there are fewer noxious/toxic fumes at the lower level. I did not know this, and I will readily admit that I should have done better research rather than rely on a recycled criticism. So, to quote a famous Dead White Male: A hit, a very palpable hit!
I will add that even without this information, when I first saw Stossel’s program, I was put off by O’Beirne’s gibe about being “dragged by my ankles as my head hits every single stair going down three stories.” It sounded like she was deliberately reducing the opposing view to caricature; there was no reason the rescuer couldn’t grab the person under the arms, which is indeed the standard technique (this article on fire engineering, which describes the drag as the preferred method, specifically states that dragging by the feet is a no-no).
But here’s why I still think Steinem is not only wrong but dangerously wrong. As the article linked above points out, dragging is not always possible; for instance, if the stairs are inaccessible and you must get an unconscious person down a fire ladder, there is no option other than to carry them.
While doing my own actual research, I came across this very interesting 1984 article from The Pittsburgh Press, discussing objections to a revised physical test for firefighters that eliminated the requirement of lifting a 125-pound sandbag and carrying it on one’s shoulders while going up and down a staircase. (It was replaced with dragging a 145-pound dummy around an obstacle course.) Interestingly, one person objecting to the change—made with the express purpose of allowing more women to qualify—was the city’s lone female firefighter, Toni McIntosh, who was concerned that lowering the standards could endanger everyone.
One of McIntosh’s male co-workers pointed out that there were many situations in which dragging was highly inadvisable: “There may be broken glass or other debris on the ground … or your partner may have fallen through a week floorboard and you’ll need to lift him out.” Fire Chief Charles Lewis, who supported the new exam as a way to meet federal non-discrimination guidelines, was quoted as saying that “a drag would not work in all rescues, but neither would a lift” and that both techniques were included in the training. But why not in the test? Because, said Lewis, “Women’s groups are likely to challenge an exam when there are things in it they can’t do.”
As far as I know, no fire department has ever dropped the lift-and-carry test for any other reason than concerns about sex discrimination—either to comply with a court order or to avoid lawsuits. And that, I think, is a problem as far as giving feminism a bad name. The perception is that feminists like Steinem are willing to dilute the standards for physically demanding jobs to accommodate women even if it endangers public safety. Is this perception is based on right-wing misinformation, as I’m sure Barry would say? I think it would have been fair for Stossel to acknowledge that the drag method of rescue is a widely accepted firefighting practice, not some weird figment of feminist fantasy. But, for the reasons explained above, I think the point still stands. For Steinem to suggest that the lift-and-carry test is based on nothing more than some silly idea of “macho” is glib and unfair, and a cheap shot at male firefighters.
2. Barry defends Steinem’s advocacy of the American Association of University Women study on the “crisis” in girls’ self-esteem as well as the study itself, and specifically notes that the article I linked for reference, by Amy Saltzman in U.S. News & World Report, does not describe the AAUW study as “shoddy” (as I do). Yes, I am aware of that, and I actually hesitated for that very reason about using that reference. I ended up using it because (1) the article is a pretty thorough overview of the debate and (2) it does state that the bulk of research does not support the claim that adolescent girls suffer a drop in self-esteem compared to boys (except for body dissatisfaction).
For the record, I did review the AAUW dataset back in 1994 when Christina Hoff Sommers challenged the study in Who Stole Feminism?, and I think her critique is entirely on target. I also think Saltzman is flat-out wrong in her assertion that using only “always true” responses to “I’m happy the way I am” as a measure of self-esteem (as the AAUW did) was “standard practice” and that including “sort of true” and “sometimes true/sometimes false” responses would have been “bad science.” The Pew Research Center, for instance, routinely combines the “extreme” responses—“very,” “always,” “completely” etc.—with “somewhat” and “mostly” ones as an overall measure of agreement; see here, for example. (Also for the record, I would not be inclined to think well of anyone over the age of twelve who was always happy with him- or herself.)
3. Barry takes issue with my assertion that Steinem has a tendency to vilify men. Specifically, he says that the quotation I use from her 1992 book, Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem—“The most dangerous situation for a woman is not an unknown man in the street, or even the enemy in wartime, but a husband or lover in the isolation of their own home”—is taken out of context and refers only to the statistical probability that a woman is more likely to be murdered by an intimate partner than a stranger. He also accuses Sommers of using the same quotation in a downright “dishonest” manner.
Sommers writes:
Gloria Steinem’s portrait of male-female intimacy under patriarchy is typical: “Patriarchy requires violence or the subliminal threat of violence in order to maintain itself…. The most dangerous situation for a woman is not an unknown man in the street, or even the enemy in wartime, but a husband or lover in the isolation of their own home.”
According to Barry, “Sommers took a partial sentence from page 259 of Steinem’s book, put it next to a sentence about crime statistics from page 261, and then pretended the two separate passages formed a single thought,” supposedly altering the meaning of the passage.
As Barry says, it is true that American women are more likely to be murdered by a current or former male partner than by a stranger—partly because stranger homicide for women is an extremely rare event. (I also suspect that the 2009 Bureau of Justice Statistics report Barry cites, Female Victims of Violence, inflates the percentage of female homicide victims killed by partners and ex-partners, which it places at about 45%. A footnote in that paper notes that about one in three homicides reported by local law enforcement to the FBI are missing information about the offender—often because the offender is not identified. The analysis assumes that the distribution of homicides with missing offenders is roughly the same as for ones with known offenders. But surely stranger homicides would be far more likely to remain unsolved?)
But that quibble aside: is it “dishonest” to accuse Steinem of using homicide statistics to support her view that male brutality toward women is close to a norm “under patriarchy” (which includes modern Western societies)? Well, let’s look at the actual context of the first part of the quotation used by Sommers:
And, of course, [domestic] violence also has the larger political purpose of turning half the population into a support system for the other half. It polices and perpetuates gender politics by keeping the female half fearful of the moods and approval of the male half. In fact, patriarchy requires violence or the subliminal threat of violence in order to maintain itself. Furthermore, the seeming naturalness of gender roles makes male/female violence seem excusable, even inevitable. As G.H. Hatherill, Police Commander of London, put it: “There are only about twenty murders a year in London and not all are serious—some are just husbands killing wives.”
Oy vey.
So, in the Steinem worldview, American (and, generally, Western) society in the late 20th Century is one in which male batterers act as enforcers for the patriarchy; the female half of the population (I’m hoping that Steinem doesn’t mean the entire female half and is resorting to hyperbole) is cowed and terrorized by the male half; and murders of wives by husbands are dismissed as trivial. (Steinem’s quote from George Hatherill, Detective Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard in the 1940s and ’50s, is sourced to something called The Lovers’ Quotation Book by Helen Handley, published in 1986; I have not found it anywhere else and have no idea if it’s genuine.)
Is this really the kind of feminism we want to be promoting?
I will concede (having re-read parts of Revolution from Within the other day, for the first time in twenty-plus years) that I was oversimplifying when I said that Steinem’s writings usually depict men “under patriarchy” as dangerous brutes; it’s certainly not true, for instance, of her discussion of Rochester in Jane Eyre. Except … except that Steinem has made comments that do paint men, collectively, in just such a light. Here’s one particularly outrageous example. While stumping for Hillary Clinton in Austin, Texas in 2008, Steinem told an interviewer that many Americans want to vote for Obama because they “want redemption for racism, for our terrible destructive racist past”—but not as many “want redemption for the gynocide.” For instance, she noted, while Americans generally “acknowledge racism—not enough, but somewhat,” they are not as ready to acknowledge that “the most likely way a pregnant woman is to die is murder from her male partner.”
Leaving aside the obscene suggestion that America is guilty of “gynocide,” Steinem’s claim about murderous men as the biggest danger to pregnant women is a blatant falsehood. According to a 2005 report in The American Journal of Public Health, of some 7,300 deaths of American women during pregnancy or in the postpartum period in 1991-1999, 57 percent were for medical reasons while 27 percent were due to various injuries. Among the injury deaths, 44 percent were car accidents while 31 percent were homicides—not always by male partners, of course. (While some researchers believe these statistics undercount homicide of pregnant women, their analysis indicates that all pregnancy-related mortality may be undercounted, since death certificates don’t always mention pregnancy.) To suggest that men are routinely slaughtering their pregnant wives and girlfriends is a pretty grotesque slander.
(Oh, and on that same trip to Austin, while speaking to a Hillary Clinton campaign rally, Steinem made comments ridiculing John McCain’s military service and captivity in Vietnam—and slamming military service in general—that the Clinton campaign was forced to publicly disown. If Hillary runs in the next election, as I hope she does, could Steinem do her a big favor and stay off the trail?)
My objection to Steinem’s the Medal of Freedom is not that she has used some shoddy statistics and made dubious claims. It’s that she often promotes a toxic brand of gender-war feminism that unfortunately tends to cancel out her achievements. And that’s even aside from her support for the child sex abuse witch-hunts, the recovered memory movement and the Satanism craze—all of which left untold numbers of wrecked lives in their wake. (Like this woman, who was brainwashed into believing that she grew up in a family of baby-murdering, child-raping Satanists; the “therapist” responsible for this atrocity and others like it, Dr. Bennett Braun, is named by Steinem is the acknowledgments for Revolution from Within.) For that, Steinem has never apologized.
I think I’ll stop before this blogpost balloons to a magazine-length essay. I’m glad Barry’s article prodded me to do some more research (and, just maybe, to get back to blogging a bit!). I stand by my basic points, but I also agree that I should have done my homework better. If nothing else, I could have used better quotes.
Tagged as Barry Deutsch, feminism, Gloria Steinem, the women's movement
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All-Time Recipients
2016 Scott Murray Davey O'Brien Foundation Board of Trustees & former local broadcaster
2015 Verne Lundquist Davey O'Brien Selection Committee Chairman & National Sportscaster and Sportswriters Hall of Fame
2014 Hunt Family Community Supporter & Owners of Kansas City Chiefs
2013 Dr. Robert "Bobby" Brown Davey O'Brien Foundation Board of Trustees and former President of the American League
2012 Pat Evans & Bobby McGee Past Presidents of Davey O’Brien Foundation
2009 Keith Jackson Davey O'Brien Foundation Advisory Committee & National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Hall of Fame
2008 Bob Lansford & JPMorgan Chase Davey O'Brien Foundation Board of Trustees & community supporter
2007 William E. Scott Foundation Community supporter
2006 American Airlines & The Fort Worth Club Community supporters
2005 Lamar Hunt Davey O'Brien Foundation Board of Trustees & founder of American Football League
2005 Don Looney Davey O’Brien teammate with TCU Horned Frogs and Philadelphia Eagles
2004 Dan Poland Past President of Davey O’Brien Foundation
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From Remedy and Sam Lake, the creative powers behind Quantum Break and the Max Payne series comes a new game where everyday reality is unlike anything we know. Control premiered at E3 this year and quickly became one of the most anticipated titles for 2019.
Coherent Labs and Remedy joined forces in late 2016. At that time, they were looking for a UI solution that could be the stronger alternative to their old in-house UI technology. Our products were undeniably the best choice on the market for them. They were particularly fond of how easy integrating our middleware was and how much power it gave to their own front-end technology.
Coherent’s technology allowed them to make live iterations on the UI while the game is still running, which is one unique feature of our software. In turn, this allows Remedy to save time and fit within schedule. They can also rely on us to provide them with the best tool for their team and project. Through our development process, we always make sure that the technology remains the fastest and works at an optimal level.
Our partnership on the code-named P7, now officially Control, began in August 2017, and all of the UI in the game would be created using Coherent technology. But we are sure you want to know more about the game itself, right? Control is a third-person action-adventure shooter where you play as Jesse Faden, a woman with a dark mystery in her past. Her story begins as the new Director of the US Federal Bureau of Control, the agency that investigates and deals with supernatural phenomena.
You begin your journey at the Oldest House, the stark and brutalist-inspired headquarters of the Bureau. Inspired by New Weird, a subgenre of sci-fi that deals with the unexplainable, the House is a complex, unpredictable world. Unlike previous games, Remedy wants to offer a lot less linear experience for players, with secrets and side-quests to find around every corner.
Control also focuses much more on gameplay than previous games. You can unlock and upgrade supernatural abilities so that you have an individual approach to combat. As the Director, you are also the owner of the Service Weapon, an ancient gun that you can customize and develop according to your needs.
The creators wanted to keep the Remedy weirdness their fans love, but also try something new. Instead of building the game around the character as they usually did, this time they first started with creating a world that the players would want to go back to and develop the story from there. You are the one who decides where this world would take you...or are you?
The game is going to come out on PlayStation, Xbox, and PC. We cannot wait until 2019 to regain Control, can you?
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Blockchain, FinTech, Government, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Extends Migrant Policy to Facilitate DLT and FinTech Professionals
Ayush Saraswat July 2, 2019, 12:45 pm July 2, 2019 108
A new Hong Kong government initiative seeks to attract professionals in Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) by simplifying the immigration policy, according to a press release published August 28.
On Thursday, the government of Hong Kong published its first Talent List aimed at attracting “highly skilled” experts in 11 different fields, including fintech, DLT, and cyber security, from around the world. The move designates the government’s intention to “support Hong Kong’s development as a high value-added and diversified economy.”
According to the press release, Hong Kong will facilitate successful applicants under the Talent List through the Quality Migrant Admission Scheme (QMAS). The QMAS has an annual quota of 1,000 people. The Chief Secretary for Administration and Chairman of the Human Resources Planning Commission, Matthew Cheung Kin-chung, said:
“The promulgation of the Talent List is one of our major initiatives to enhance our competitive advantages in attracting international talents, creating cluster effects, stimulating the development of local talents and propelling Hong Kong forward.”
While Hong Kong continues taking regulatory actions towards digital currencies and Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), stating that the new technology “comes with risks,” it seems to have set sights on becoming an international blockchain hub.
Last month, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) announced the launch its own blockchain trade finance solution with 21 banks in August, aiming to substantially reduce paperwork, costs, and security risks for participants.
In June, the HKMA signed a fintech collaboration agreement with the Financial Services Regulatory Authority of the Abu Dhabi Global Market “to start a dialogue on the opportunity to build a cross-border trade finance network using [DLT].” That month, Alibaba subsidiary Ant Financial trialled its first blockchain remittances, sending a transaction in three seconds between its AliPayHK app in Hong Kong and Filipino payment app GCash.
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Business School (HKUST) recently received a $20 million research grant to improve the security capabilities of electronic payment systems earlier this month.
Additionally, the HKUST in partnership with the University of Hong Kong are planning to explore blockchain technology applications, and discuss the possibility of Hong Kong’s transformation into a global fintech hub.
Source : Coin Telegraph
BlockchaincointelegraphFinTechGovernmentHong Kong
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Josh Heupel College football Football Sports College sports FBS College Football Playoff Mike Norvell Athlete recruiting
The American UCF Memphis
Ball State at Central Michigan 10/13/2018
Memphis running back Darrell Henderson (8) runs for a first down as he is hit by Central Florida linebacker Eriq Gilyard (40) during the first half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 13, 2018, in Memphis, Tenn. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski)
Memphis quarterback Brady White (3) scores a touchdown on a 11-yard run against Central Florida during the first half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 13, 2018, in Memphis, Tenn. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski)
Memphis quarterback Brady White, left, celebrates with wide receiver Damonte Coxie (10) after Brady scored a touchdown on a 11-yard run against Central Florida during the first half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 13, 2018, in Memphis, Tenn. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski)
Central Florida defensive back Brandon Moore (20) breaks up a pass intended for Memphis wide receiver Damonte Coxie (10) during the first half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 13, 2018, in Memphis, Tenn. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski)
Central Florida quarterback McKenzie Milton (10) dives over Memphis defensive back Josh Perry (4) as he scores the go-ahead touchdown on a 7-yard run during the second half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 13, 2018, in Memphis, Tenn. Central Florida won 31-30. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski)
Central Florida quarterback McKenzie Milton (10) dives over Memphis defensive back's Josh Perry (4) and T.J. Carter (2) as he scores the go-ahead touchdown on a 7-yard run in the second half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 13, 2018, in Memphis, Tenn. Central Florida won 31-30. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski)
Central Florida quarterback McKenzie Milton (10) falls in front of Memphis defensive back T.J. Carter (2) as he scores the go-ahead touchdown on a 7-yard run during the second half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 13, 2018, in Memphis, Tenn. Central Florida won 31-30. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski)
Central Florida wide receiver Gabriel Davis (13) pushes away Memphis defensive back Tito Windham (24) after catching a pass during the second half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 13, 2018, in Memphis, Tenn. Central Florida won 31-30. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski)
Central Florida defensive lineman Titus Davis (10) holds up the football after recovering a fumble against Memphis during the second half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 13, 2018, in Memphis, Tenn. Central Florida won 31-30. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski)
FILE - In this Oct. 13, 2018, file photo, Central Florida head coach Josh Heupel watches players warm up before an NCAA college football game against Memphis, in Memphis, Tenn. The seventh-ranked Knights (11-0, 8-0, No. 8 CFP) are one victory away from their second straight American Athletic Conference championship, a likely New Year's Six bowl bid and bolstering their argument that they are deserving of consideration for a berth in the College Football Playoff. None of that is possible, though, without beating Memphis (8-4, 5-3) in Saturday's AAC title game.(AP Photo/Mark Zaleski, File)
Nov. 30, 2018 02:38 PM EST
FILE - In this Oct. 13, 2018, file photo, Memphis head coach Mike Norvell watches players warm up before an NCAA college football game against Central Florida, in Memphis, Tenn. The seventh-ranked Knights (11-0, 8-0, No. 8 CFP) are one victory away from their second straight American Athletic Conference championship, a likely New Year's Six bowl bid and bolstering their argument that they are deserving of consideration for a berth in the College Football Playoff. None of that is possible, though, without beating Memphis (8-4, 5-3) in Saturday's AAC title game.(AP Photo/Mark Zaleski, File)
FILE - In this Oct. 13, 2018, file photo, Central Florida defensive back Brandon Moore (20) breaks up a pass intended for Memphis wide receiver Damonte Coxie (10) during the first half of an NCAA college football game, in Memphis, Tenn. The seventh-ranked Knights (11-0, 8-0, No. 8 CFP) are one victory away from their second straight American Athletic Conference championship, a likely New Year's Six bowl bid and bolstering their argument that they are deserving of consideration for a berth in the College Football Playoff. None of that is possible, though, without beating Memphis (8-4, 5-3) in Saturday's AAC title game. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski, File)
FILE - In this Oct. 13, 2018, file photo, Memphis head coach Mike Norvell watches players warm up before an NCAA college football game against Central Florida, in Memphis, Tenn. The portal is the NCAA’s cryptic name for the database it maintains to track which athletes, in all sports, have notified their schools they wish to transfer. (AP Photo/Mark Zaleski, File)
May. 13, 2019 01:30 AM EDT
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No US-Colombia FTA this year: US ambassador
by Hannah Stone January 22, 2010
U.S. Congress is unlikely to ratify free trade agreement with Colombia this year, U.S. ambassador to Bogota, William Brownfied, announced on Friday.
“If you offered me a bet on the likelihood that the agreement is approved by Congress this year, I probably would not accept it,” said Brownfield. “Congress has never approved a trade agreement during an election year.”
The ambassador said that although the deal would benefit both countries, and is supported by President Barack Obama, there is strong opposition from “certain groups.”
The deal was signed by both countries in late 2006, but has yet to be ratified by U.S. Congress, due to Democratic concerns about Colombia’s record on human rights and the persecution of organised labour.
The UN has declared the extrajudicial killings by the military, known as “false positives,” to be a “crime against humanity,” while a recent film about Colombian labor rights says that more than 470 workers’ leaders have been killed in the country since 2002, making it “the trade-union murder capital of the world.”
William Brownfield
FARC rank alongside Taliban among world’s biggest drug traffickers
Uribe overreacted to Chavez ‘war rhetoric’: WikiLeaks
Officials suspected foul play in admiral’s acquittal: WikiLeaks
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Program evaluation and technical assistance
K–12 education programs
Early Childhood Systems
Strengthening and Disseminating Research
About Christine
Christine Ross has expertise in designing and conducting rigorous evaluations of program impacts and descriptive, policy-focused studies in the areas of early childhood education, K–12 education, and child welfare policies and programs.
Ross has designed and conducted evaluations of early childhood education programs, including Mathematica’s national evaluation of Early Head Start and the Early Reading First program. She led a descriptive study of classroom quality and children’s outcomes in full- and part-day Head Start programs and prekindergarten programs in Chicago. She has also conducted and led systematic reviews of research evidence on early childhood education practices and curricula for the federal government’s What Works Clearinghouse, a trusted source of what works in education.
Ross is currently the content lead for the universal prekindergarten review area of the What Works Clearinghouse and principal investigator for the Regional Education Laboratory—Mid-Atlantic’s study of New Jersey’s principal evaluation system. Additionally, she leads an evaluation technical assistance team to provide support to grantees developing interventions to improve housing stability for youth who have been in foster care.
Ross holds a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Before joining Mathematica in 1989, she worked as a research associate for the National Academy of Sciences and an associate analyst for the Congressional Budget Office.
Systematic Reviews Bridge Conflicting Studies to Help Support Policy and Program Decisions
In recent years, systematic reviews have been used to inform new policy initiatives, especially at the federal level, as well as funding decisions and program development. Systematic reviews involve a thorough review of the research literature on an issue, and use an objective and transparent approach...
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Maryville Junior High School Calendar and Updates
Maryville Junior High School Calendar and Updates in Tennessee
You can download Class Updates and sign up for Maryville Junior High School to start using our Calendar and instant push notification update functions for your Android, iPhone, or iPad today. As a Maryville Junior High School student, teacher, or faculty member at Maryville Junior High School in Maryville Junior High School you can gain instant access to course schedules, Maryville Junior High School sports events, upcoming tests, and more. Tennessee school board members promote the use of Class Updates as an innovative technology that is helping students to stay up to date and focused on the latest school events, activities, and calendar updates at Maryville Junior High School.
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A Mind of Infinite Complexity
For Lauder, the first thought of the day was, "Yes." Nothing more, and no matter how he really felt; just this simple affirmation. He wasn't much of an optimist, and the word was autogenic if anything. It was followed by a short meditation, a clearing of the mind, as if he were preparing a playing field for the day's activities.
Lauder was an inventor, specializing in design patterns for ship parts, and was employed in the research section of his corporation. He was in his late twenties, a brilliant designer who'd spearheaded the recent invention drive and been primarily responsible for a good part of the datacores coming out of his company.
He also suffered from depression. And he clung to prayers like lifeblood, but they weren't religious ones, leastwise not in the traditional sense. He'd have loved being religious, to give his mind over to an outside force and trust in that force to put things right, but he simply couldn't. It wasn't in the nature of engineers to trust in faith and blind luck. If something wasn't working, you went in there and fixed it yourself.
Instead, he used autosuggestion. He told himself, in the repetitive, monotonous chanting of a pious monk, that the day would go fine; that all was well, all was well, and all manner of things would be well. It was a litany of positivities, and he knew it really wasn't that far removed from actual prayer, but despite his slight uneasiness at doing it in this manner, he persisted. It was a stepping stone, a rung on the ladder, and nothing more.
Once he'd get to work, he knew, everything would improve. His job was highly cerebral: He worked with abstract models and pattern relationships, and spent most of his time discovering connections between them. He had a highly developed visual system for these patterns, one that virtually permitted him to pick out seemingly unrelated units and string them together, like beads on a string, to discover that they were in fact related in some cryptic but potentially useful manner. He loved doing this, and when it was going well he was almost acting out of his own body, watching himself pick out the patterns, then watching the way they interacted and clicked with one another to make some new thing of beauty. When it was not going well, every action of the day could turn into a choice. "Should I piece together this collection of patterns," he'd think, "or go blow my head off in the hybrid testing room?"
So his morning environment, that one place he had to face before he could go to work, and the major factor in his mood for the rest of the day, he kept as positive as possible. A plasma screen in the kitchen showed sunrise over farmland, and the borders of the screen even displayed a painted wooden window frame, giving rise to the illusion that the watcher was sitting inside his own little farmhouse. Soft music played, a mix of birdsong and ambient tones. There was a myriad of electronic and mechanical equipment in Lauder's kitchen, remnants from countless late-night experiments, and he often had to dig through a pile of strange-looking metal objects to get to his early-morning coffee and cigarettes. These days he was working on improvements to the new armor rigs, the antipumps in particular, and as a result had, in his kitchen, several test canisters of the liquid used as a pressurant in the pump hydraulics. It was a tarry, scentless concoction, and he'd been very careful not to accidentally pour any into his drinking cups. The liquid didn't taste too bad and even had some mildly intoxicating properties, and thus, by regulation, was laced with an antabus reageant. A good sip of it would make you wish you'd brought more reading material.
That plasma screen on the wall was put to good use, too. Once Lauder had set the coffeepot gently bubbling away - it could be done instantly, but this was a ritual - he stood in front of the screen, in a spot kept clear of any mechanical contrivances, and said out loud, "Unfocus."
Before him, the image on the screen began to fade in and out of focus, one minute crisp and clear, the other slightly fuzzy around the edges like a painting. Not only that, but the positioning of certain elements was adjusted slightly, so that the cattle on the left seemed to drift outward to the edge of the screen, the fields on the right shifted and undulated, and the farmhouse in the middle receded ever so slightly towards its own vanishing point.
Lauder unfocused his eyes, relaxing them and trying to see into and past the screen. He tensed up a number of muscles, in his hands, in his abdomen and at the back of his neck, and felt his customized optic implant activate. It took him a little while to drift off, until he at last found himself outside his quarters, outside everything, and inside the picture itself.
He stood there, surveying the land and taking his time. Eventually, he knew, he would have to turn and start his preparations, but for these brief moments of unreality he was content to watch the landscape. He stood on a small grassy plain in front of the farmhouse, regarding it, the trees that grew beside it, and the sun beyond. The sun was bright, but not so much that he couldn't look at it. A gentle wind fanned the leaves on the trees. To his left he heard the cattle trudge through the grass, its tails swishing at flies. Somewhere in the distance, a brook babbled. It was perfect, really.
He sighed, not so much from exasperation but from simple enjoyment drawn to a close, and turned.
It was like going from day to night. The vista before him had no single light source, but there were luminous paths leading everywhere, and the buildings - no, not buildings, the constructs - that dotted the landscape also seemed aglow with a soft, pulsating fire. The area was a patchwork that shifted as Lauder's gaze roved over it: Here, a patch of desert, on which lay a series of interconnected brick shacks, each one of their tan surfaces decorated with murals of maroon clay. There, misty swampland, beset with wooden cabins that seemed to float on the grungy water and that, every now and then, would arise on massive but spindly legs and reposition themselves. In the distance, forested hills, over which towered massive stone castles, their spires aimed to pierce the sky. Everything was low-tech, and everything shifted, like reflections on water droplets. Lauder concentrated and the swampland disappeared, replaced with a series of a promontories, each holding a tall tower that looked half like a lighthouse and half like a minaret. From the corner of his eye he saw a few paths that seemed to go nowhere, and frowned, but paid them no more heed for the time being.
This was his unconscious mind. This was the place where his eyes didn't go.
He walked down a path to one of the lighthouses. In reality the trip should have taken him hours, but distances were deceptive here, and he was by the front door in a split second. Before opening it, he looked up; the tower was so tall that he couldn't even see its top section.
He looked back down at the door. It was made of wood and decorated with multitudinous carvings, ones that, the closer you looked, the more detail you saw. Lauder took a moment to look them over, taking in only the most general of details. Then he opened the door, and walked into the lighthouse.
On the inside it was more like a gallery. The walls were covered with objet d'arts: Paintings, etchings, carvings, collages, any style one could think of. The ground was littered with sculptures, and even the floor itself was a mosaic of abstract patterns. What was especially odd about the mass of art was that it followed no period, no theme and really no style at all. A realist painting of a space station hung beside a child's drawing of a family sitting in their car, and beside it, fluttering gently on some barely detectable breeze, was a jagged cutout from a picture book on general mechanics.
Despite the apparently haphazard selection and ordering of items, they each had a definite purpose. Taken one by one they were useless, but it was their sequencing and their precise placement that did the trick. Taken together, the objects in each house formed pattern collections, mnemonics of the innumerable design patterns that Lauder had to work with. He didn't even think of the buildings as houses, but gave them their proper term instead: Memory palaces. If all went well, Lauder would travel through several palaces before his breakfast was done, and by the time he was finished, he would be well prepared for the day's design work, able with ease to call up from memory a myriad of patterns with a rapidity that astounded his coworkers.
The technique was old and had long since fallen out of popular favour, but Lauder had found that by privately modifying limited optic and memory augmentations he could put it to good use. It could be argued that a proper memory implant would do just as well, but they were so expensive that Lauder hadn't been able to afford one at the outset. Once he'd finally made enough money to buy one, he found that he didn't much want it. The mnemonic linking techniques stood him in good stead. And besides, there were other reasons why he wanted to come here.
He travelled through the gigantic tower at high speed, slowing only to momentarily inspect a few of the newer sequences. Once done, he flickered back to the door and left the tower, intending to travel to the next one in line.
Except that the paths didn't lead there anymore. There was nothing left of the original pathways except faint, thin lines. The new paths, glowing and pulsating, stretched across the land and into the distance, towards dark clouds and darker territory. Lauder looked around and saw that the paths to every one of the other palaces had reconfigured themselves accordingly. They all led straight into the shadowlands.
Lauder sighed and rubbed his eyes. The palaces were his memory, but the paths were, quite literally, his thoughts. And if he didn't do something about this, he knew he was going to have a very rough time.
There sounded a faint but insistent beeping noise, and Lauder vanished.
He came to in the kitchen. The beeps were issuing from his oven, which had heated up to the proper temperature. Lauder opened his fridge, took out a couple of prepared sandwiches, unwrapped them and put them on a metal tray, then slid the tray into the oven. This same process could be achived in ten seconds by a microwave, but Lauder didn't care. He needed the slow mornings, not only to familiarize himself with the pattern data, but to deal with crises like the one now looming on the horizon. He checked on the coffee, which he had set to an extremely slow drip, and found that the pot was half ready. He'd have enough time for what he needed to do, without having to break routine.
He sighed again, and steeled himself. He hated having to do this. But already he could feel the darkness creeping into his conscious thoughts, like drops of ink into water. The very dread at having to go back into the other world and face the shadowlands told him that he'd better do it while he still could.
He looked at the plasma screen again. The scenery was the same, and gave him some small comfort. He unfocused, activated the implants, and after a moment's disorientation he was inside.
The sky was overcast now, full of menacing clouds. There was noticeably less light among the palaces, and the pulsing pathways, all of them leading to the same shapeless void, did not ease his mind.
The pathways were an abstraction, he knew, but they were close to the real thing. He was looking at the actual neural pathways in his brain, as near as he could ever get to true self-analysis. Were he to let enough time pass, he would find himself propelled down the paths and into the murky depths of depression, pulled by the unseen hand of his deeper self. And once he had been sucked in, there was no easy way back, except to survive the best he could until the paths allowed him safe return. It was absolute hell.
He'd managed to avoid it for weeks now, with proper diet, exercise, enough sleep, the right amount of challenging work, and a host of little self-congratulatory acts he performed whenever he could: Smiling at his success in some tiny little task, buying good food for himself, silently reciting mantras of positivity and cheer whenever he felt a downturn. And it had done him good. He felt strong, and very annoyed that his mind was trying to take him down that ugly route.
If he got stuck in the shadowlands, the palaces back here would start to fade, until, if it took long enough, he would have to rebuild most of them from the ground up. The thought of all that work reduced to rubble pushed him beyond annoyance and frustration, and made him feel very angry indeed.
And somewhere in the midst of that anger, the realization came to him that perhaps this time he could successfully fight back.
There had been times, so many times, where he tried and failed. But not always. And he'd done well for so long, built up so much strength...
He decided to stop analyzing it. The more he thought about it, the more he'd fear the failure, and worry about the extra expenditure of energy when he might need it all for the onset of depression. If this went wrong, he'd be utterly powerless.
He stood very still, took one last look at the palaces and at the ever-growing shadowlands that threatened to engulf them, then closed his eyes. Back in the real world, his body tensed up and activated a little-used function of his brain implants, one used only in dire need. It was a wetware reset.
The world grew black. He could feel the pulsating warmth of the path he stood on, and hear the crackling sounds as the shadowlands, with glacial speed and inexorability, tore up all that he had created. He quieted his mind, emptied it as best he could, and waited.
For how long he stood there, he didn't know, but at least he heard it. The small but unmistakable trickle of water. The trickle turned to a gurgle, which escalated to a steady drip, a pour, a gushing that got louder and louder, until at last it seemed as if he were standing in the middle of a massive river, its overflowing torrents washing away everything in their path. He felt nothing on him, no pressure, but yet the sound got even louder, as if he were standing on the breaking point of a tsunami that held, held, held ... and now crashed down, like a sweeping hand of God, clearing the lands at last.
The sound faded away. He stood stock still, not daring to move. Any action on his part could reawaken neural paths that had to be left alone, and the reset could only be done once in a row without risking his very mind in the process.
It was a faint but unmistakable scent that helped him rejoin the world: He smelled the freshness of the land after rain, the olfactory confirmation that everything had been washed clean. There would be no more reassurances, he knew. He took a deep breath, and opened his eyes.
The swamp had returned in place of the desert, and all the landscape had a decidedly drenched look. In the distance, the flags from the castle spires hung limp and heavy. The sealine at the promontories had definitely risen.
He took in these details in brief desperation, trying to prove to himself that the shadowlands had been washed away without having to look in their actual direction. But it didn't last; he had to look.
They were gone. They had been eliminated. The skies were clear all around; the void had, for lack of a better word, vanished; and all the pathways that had once led to oblivion were washed clean, not disappeared but left inert, unused, dim.
The path he stood on was straight and narrow, leading only to a focal point on a nearby hill, where Lauder saw that it crisscrossed with a number of other paths that all led safely to a palace. Aside from the reappearance of swampland, the palace grounds and buildings seemed safe and undamaged.
Lauder felt immense relief. The only worry that remained was what he'd done in the real world. The reset played havoc with his head, and would at times activate neural pathways that probably should have been left untouched. It also broke his safeguards, so he wouldn't return to consciousness even if he'd been in an accident. Most of the time his behaviour bore passable similarity to his daily routine, so he fervently hoped he hadn't done anything stupid like take off his clothes and walk naked to work.
The world faded, replaced by reality. Lauder found himself lying on the floor in a fetal position. He got up, brushed off his clothes and looked around. Everything seemed in order. Better than that, even. The sandwiches had been taken from the oven - using the oven mitts, thankfully, so his fingers were unblistered - and put on the kitchen table alongside a coffeecup and some juice in a carton.
Lauder was flooded with relief. All had gone well. It was amazing. And nobody was pointing, taking pictures, covering their children's eyes, or anything.
He sat at the table, mind awash with gratitude toward nothing in particular. Impulsively he reached for the sandwich and nibbled on it. It'd be a good day, he thought. And the sandwich was just right. He was just about to head out for work when he grabbed the coffeecup and took a big swallow, and in that instant realized two things: one, that the coffeepot was still full on the stove, and two, that an open canister of the antabus-laced armor rig hydraulic fluid stood on the kitchen table.
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Encrypted Chats Are Now Available In Skype
by Web Aggregator | Sep 7, 2018 | Blog, Business Technology, Home Technology, Security
Earlier this year, Microsoft announced that it had entered into a partnership with Open Whisper Systems, the makers of the Signal app. The purpose of the partnership was to bring Signal’s open source, end-to-end encryption protocol to Skype.
As of the latest Skype builds, that is now a reality. Stable versions of Skype have been released for Windows, macOS, Linux, android, and iOS. If you haven’t yet upgraded to the latest versions and want to begin making use of the new protocol, you should upgrade to Skype v8.15.0.306 if you’re an Android user, or Skype v8.28.0.41 if you’re a Windows user.
The new feature is called “Skype Private Conversations.” To access it, just press the “+Chat” button at the top of your contacts sidebar and select “New Private Conversation.”
A couple of caveats here. First, both parties will have to have the latest version of Skype to make use of the feature. Second, a new private conversation needs to be started from each device.
Assuming that’s the case, Skype sets up keys to encrypt the conversation. Note that as the name of the protocol indicates, this is end-to-end encryption, which means that the messages remain in an encrypted state even while in transit between the two devices that are communicating.
It’s a good feature, and a long-overdue addition that makes Skype even more useful. At present, however, the implementation is a bit cumbersome. It won’t see widespread adoption until a majority of the Skype user base has upgraded to the latest version.
Nonetheless, this is an excellent development that will, over the medium term, make communications more secure. Be sure your team is aware, and if you want to begin using encrypted chat right away, make sure that all users upgrade to the latest version.
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Sleep, Don't Cram, Before Finals for Better Grades
MONDAY, Dec. 10, 2018 (HealthDay News) -- It's a college tradition to pull "all-nighters" during final exams. But students may get better grades if they simply go to bed early, two new studies suggest.
Researchers found that students who met an "8-hour sleep challenge" during finals week did better on their exams than those who slept less.
The results prove that the college ritual of "cramming" is not necessary for success -- and may actually be counterproductive, the study authors said.
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"The findings aren't shocking, on one hand -- but they are shocking relative to our culture," said Michael Scullin, a researcher at Baylor University who conducted both studies.
In general, he said, college students expect that finals week will involve staying up until 3 a.m., downing caffeine and poring over notes. It's all part of a wider societal attitude that values all-nighters over a good night's sleep, according to Scullin, an assistant professor of psychology and neuroscience at the Texas-based university.
Scullin pointed to a recent survey by the National Sleep Foundation, where only 10 percent of Americans said they make adequate sleep a priority.
"We are widely underappreciating the importance of sleep," he said.
College students are particularly bad sleepers. They average around five or six hours of shut-eye per night, according to Dr. Charles Czeisler, chief of the sleep and circadian disorders division at Brigham and Women's Hospital, in Boston.
But the problem goes beyond sleep duration, said Czeisler, who was not involved in the new research.
To fully benefit from the "restorative" effects of sleep, he explained, people need a regular sleep schedule -- going to bed and rising around the same time every day. But college students generally have schedules that are all over the map.
"One of the most critical aspects of sleep is its regularity," Czeisler said, "and that's a problem for many students."
In a recent study of Harvard undergrads, his team found that those with regular sleep schedules had better grades, on average, than those with irregular sleep patterns.
And when the researchers measured the students' levels of the "sleep hormone" melatonin, they found a biological effect: In students with irregular sleep schedules, the "body clock" was shifted nearly three hours later, versus students with consistent sleep habits.
According to Czeisler, that means an exam at 9 a.m. would feel, to the body clock, like 6 a.m. -- a time when performance is relatively dulled.
The latest findings are based on two studies that tested the same "sleep challenge." One, reported recently in the Teaching of Psychology journal, included 34 undergrads in a psychology course.
The students were offered the chance to take or decline the sleep challenge -- where they could earn extra credit if they averaged 8 hours of sleep per night during finals week. To keep them honest, the students wore wrist devices that recorded their activity levels.
Overall, Scullin's team found, students who met the challenge fared better than those who either declined to participate, or tried and failed: Successful sleepers typically scored 5 points higher on their exams (not counting the extra credit).
The other study, published recently in the Journal of Interior Design, involved 22 interior design students who attempted the challenge, and 22 who did not.
As a whole, students who took the sleep challenge did just as well on their final projects as the comparison group -- even though they allowed themselves to get more rest. (They slept for an average of 98 minutes more per night.)
In addition, students who managed consistent sleep schedules performed better than those with irregular sleep habits during finals, the findings showed.
"You don't have to stay up until 3 a.m.," Scullin said. "You need to get better at prioritizing, and consolidating your study time during the day."
That advice is not just for college students, though. "We should all take an honest look at how we spend our time during the day, and see if we can manage it a little better," Scullin said. "Ask yourself, 'How much garbage time is there in my day?'"
Not surprisingly, that includes assessing your device time. According to Scullin, research shows that when college students are studying, they are typically interrupted by social media notifications every few minutes or so.
His advice is to put the phone away and go to bed earlier. "You'll probably find that it actually feels good to get more sleep," Scullin said.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more on sleep basics.
SOURCES: Michael Scullin, Ph.D., assistant professor, psychology and neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas; Charles Czeisler, M.D., Ph.D., chief, sleep and circadian disorders division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; Nov. 29, 2018, Teaching of Psychology online; Nov. 18, 2018, Journal of Interior Design, online
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You are here: Home / Archives for capabilities
March 22, 2017 By cs
How an acquisition can jeopardize pending bids
When acquiring a government contractor, review and analysis of the target’s current government contracts is a central focus of due diligence for purposes of assessing the legal and business risks. Pending bids and proposals, however, also present unique issues and challenges and could have a significant impact on the anticipated value of the business.
Post-acquisition, the loss of resources from a former parent company or affiliated company may jeopardize the target company’s pending proposals. This situation could arise both where the proposal is successful and a protester challenges the award to the successor contractor, and where the successor contractor is not the successful awardee and itself seeks to challenge the procuring agency’s award decision. This article discusses recent decisions issued by the U.S. Government Accountability Office and the U.S. Court of Federal Claims and highlights key issues for both sellers and buyers arising from pending proposals. The decisions highlight the potential impact a merger or acquisition may have on a target company’s outstanding proposals and the importance of careful review of these proposals during due diligence.
The issues presented by pending proposals, like all issues presented in a due diligence review and risk assessment, must be considered in the context of the broader deal. Typically, this will involve negotiation of key provisions in the acquisition and ancillary agreements, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings in the context of a public deal, Hart-Scott-Rodino reviews, and approvals by the U.S. Department of Justice or the Federal Trade Commission and avoidance of “gun-jumping” under the antitrust laws. Additionally, there is often the need to maintain secrecy and limit knowledge of the deal to a confined, manageable deal team with a “need to know.”
For a publicly traded company, prior to a public announcement of an acquisition, it would be unlawful for the company to share information about the proposed transaction with the procuring agency or others in advance of the public announcement or the required filing with the SEC. Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) prevents a public company from selectively disclosing material nonpublic information to certain individuals or entities without making public disclosure of such information. The upshot is that when a target has a significant portfolio of pending proposals that could be material to the deal and the future value, and sustainability of the acquired business, the acquirer should appoint a team to review each pending proposal and, based on its terms, decide what needs to be disclosed to the contracting agencies, or risk disqualification or loss of a contract in a post-award protest. This also means that notice to agencies must be coordinated with notices to the SEC and public announcements. Risks concerning pending proposals may, of course, also arise in acquisitions of privately held companies.
Keep reading this article at: http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=576436
Filed Under: Government Contracting News Tagged With: award protest, capabilities, capacity, COFC, DOJ, due diligence, FTC, GAO, protest, responsibility, SEC
April 29, 2013 By cs
Space acquisition no longer broken, getting better, says GAO
Less than five years ago, almost every major unclassified space program was grossly over budget and behind schedule.
The rock stars of rottenness were the weather satellite program known as NPOESS and the missile warning satellite program called SBIRS, but they were not alone. These problems ate at the soul of the Air Force and the space community, which had both been justifiably proud of the remarkable accomplishments they had wracked up during the first quarter century of the space age.
Now the Government Accountability Office — which most people in industry and many in the Pentagon will tell you never met a program it liked — has given its tentative stamp of approval to space acquisition with a report bearing this euphonious title: “DOD Is Overcoming Long-Standing Problems, but Faces Challenges to Ensuring Its Investments Are Optimized.” It sounds as if space acquisition is halfway out of the woods.
Here’s the nub of the GAO testimony delivered before House Armed Services strategic forces subcommittee:
“For the portfolio of major satellite programs, new cost and schedule growth is not as widespread as it was in prior years, but DOD is still experiencing problems. For example, total program costs have increased approximately $180 million from a baseline of $4.1 billion for one of two satellite programs that are in the earlier phases of acquisition. Though satellite programs are not experiencing problems as widespread as in years past, ground control systems and user terminals in most of DOD’s major space system acquisitions are not optimally aligned, leading to underutilized satellites and limited capability provided to the warfighter.”
Keep reading this article at: http://defense.aol.com/2013/04/25/space-acquisition-no-longer-broken-getting-better-says-gao.
Filed Under: Government Contracting News Tagged With: acquisition strategy, capabilities, cost overrun, DoD, GAO, schedule overrun
May 17, 2012 By cs
Government contract marketing workshop a success
Eighty business people participated in a half-day workshop at Georgia Tech on May 16th, taking advantage of expert instruction on how to market to the federal government.
“Victory in Procurement: Marketing to the Government” was co-sponsored by American Express OPEN and The Contracting Education Academy at Georgia Tech.
The workshop was led by Denise Rodriguez-Lopez, an American Express OPEN Advisor on Government Contracting. She provided practical guidance to participants on how to put together both a two-minute elevator speech as well as a written Capabilities Statement. When put to use, both of these marketing techniques are designed to effectively convey an entrepreneur’s experience and expertise. Attendees also received a sample Capabilities Statement, written instructions for constructing an elevator speech, and worksheets for creating a marketing strategy.
A panel, consisting of successful business leaders and government decision-makers, provided workshop attendees with insights into how the government contracting process works. The panelists included Tina Baker, president and CEO of the Cadence Group; Lesa Adeboyé, CEO and founder of The Alliance Group, Inc.; JoAnn Braxton, Business Development Specialist with the Georgia District Office of the U.S. Small Business Administration; and Gwen Miles, Small Business Specialist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The panelists interacted with the audience, providing feedback on marketing techniques that work and crtitiques of individual elevator speeches that were crafted by workshop participants.
Information also was provided to participants on the services provided by the Georgia Tech Procurement Assistance Center and the professional education courses offered by The Contracting Education Academy at Georgia Tech.
To download a copy of the workshop presentation, please click here.
Filed Under: Academy News Tagged With: capabilities, marketing, SBA
May 9, 2012 By cs
OFPP dispels 8 more agency, vendor communications myths
The solution to many of the problems with federal procurement comes down to communication between industry and government. So it’s to that end the Office of Federal Procurement Policy is taking a second turn at dispelling some of the most commonly held myths.
As Federal News Radio first reported, OFPP issued its Mythbusters 2 memo today detailing eight more fictional reasons why agencies and contractors can’t talk, and the real truths about why they can communicate freely. The administration issued the first Mythbusters memo in February 2011 with the goal of breaking down barriers in how contracting officers and program managers talk to vendors.
Keep reading this article at http://www.federalnewsradio.com/?nid=517&sid=2855399.
Filed Under: Government Contracting News Tagged With: capabilities, communication, industry days, market resaerch, myth-busting, OFPP
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Tuesday, February 18, 2014 A.D. Leave a Comment
In our sophisticated, modern world the concept of demonic possession seems like religious kookiness to many. That is understandable for those who do not believe in God and Satan. For the rest of us, our personal experience with it is typically non-existent so we too often see it as far-fetched. Even the Church is prudently very cautious in reaching such a conclusion. While rare, it does exist and is quite serious. All the psychiatrists, drugs and restraints in the world can not “cure” the truly posessed.
The Ammon family of Gary Indiana found this out first hand. Everyone tried to pin their behavior and physical problems on something else. Child Protective Services suspected the mother of mental illness or abuse, probably both.
New Evangelists Monthly contributing author Patti Armstrong covered the story in an exclusive interview for the National Catholic Register. Father Michael Maginot, the investigator and exorcist, recounts the events:
What had been happening to the Ammon family?
The Ammon family had gone to their physician out of desperation, not knowing what to do about the strange behaviors and occurrences in their family. The children went into trances and spoke with demonic voices, reported being choked, levitated and were thrown into things. The youngest boy claimed to see another little boy who visited with him in a closet. No one else saw the visitor, who would talk about what it was like to be dying or getting killed.
At the doctor’s office, the boys growled and cursed in demonic voices. The medical staff saw the youngest one thrown into a wall. Then the boys passed out. An ambulance and police were called to take the children to the Methodist hospital. Then CPS was also called to investigate LaToya for suspected mental illness or abuse of the children.
The oldest boy woke up at the hospital, but the younger one screamed and acted like [he was] in a trance. He was waiting in the psychiatrist’s office with his grandmother when he walked up the wall backwards, then flipped over his grandmother and landed on his feet. The nurse and CPS worker ran from the room. When the psychiatrist came in, he tried to get the boy to do it again, but it was impossible, and the boy could not even remember doing it.
What was your first meeting with the family like?
LaToya and her mother were staying with a relative, but they agreed to meet me at the house the next day, Sunday, at 6pm to tell me their story. Both women were Baptist and said they never dabbled in anything occult. The mother never missed church on Sundays, and LaToya sometimes went.
They told me their story. It all started when the family moved into the house in November 2011. The first day, something strange happened. There were horseflies everywhere in their screened-in porch, even though it was almost winter. They cleaned them up, but then, for several more days, there were flies again. In the basement, sand appeared all over the floor – around two buckets full.
One time, the grandmother woke up at 3am and saw the shadow of someone in her house. The next morning, she checked to see if anything was taken, but only saw muddy boot prints that seemed to come from the basement. Later, the family would sometimes hear footsteps coming up from basement. Sometimes there was knocking on the door or growling like a dog, but, when it was opened, nothing was there.
The family started getting sick. The kids were waking up with bloody gums, noses and ears. Sometimes they went to school, and there would be blood, but the school nurse would find no reason for it. At one point, the grandmother saw the daughter levitate over her bed then fall back down.
Family and friends were afraid to come to the house. LaToya and her mother could not afford to move. They asked people from their church to help, but they refused. A group from a charismatic church agreed to come to pray. A lady with the group, who said she was clairvoyant, claimed there were 200 demons in the basement. She ran from the house, with the others following close behind.
Around Easter time, everyone was watching TV, and a Febreze bottle lifted in front of them. It was thrown into the mother’s bedroom, smashing her lamp. When they got up to look, a black figure looked out at them from an open closet. The mother yelled for everyone to pack some clothes and get out of the house. They stayed in a hotel that night; then LaToya’s brother agreed to take them in.
Did anything strange happen when you were there?
Yes, around 8:30pm. It was then that LaToya told me that things got much worse, right after her ex-boyfriend came by the house in March. He said he wanted to give something to the boys. He gave them both $5 to remind them to be good and said the girl did not need anything to be good.
I said I wanted to know more about the boyfriend, and that’s when a series of interruptions occurred. The bathroom light flickered. Every time I went to investigate, it stopped, but started again when I walked away. “Well, I guess it’s scared of me,” I said. Then it started flickering again, as if in defiance.
I ignored it and said, “Let’s get back to the boyfriend.” That’s when the Venetian blinds in the kitchen started to sway back and forth. The strings for pulling them up were perfectly still; just the blinds swayed. The swaying kept the same speed, then the swaying went from window to window, room to room.
Find out what happened in the complete interview at the Register: Parish Priest Aids Family in Fight Against Demons. The Indy Star also has coverage of this story, including a video.
New Advent has Catholic Encyclopedia articles on exorcism and exorcists. Catholic Essentials also has a good piece on possession and exorcism. Catholic Doors has a FAQ.
Previous Post: A Sacramental Marriage
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Interkontinentale WM-Playoffs: Honduras - Australien
Jackson Irvine of Australia struggles for the ball with Emilio Izaguirre
SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - NOVEMBER 10: Jackson Irvine of Australia struggles for the ball with Emilio Izaguirre of Honduras during a first leg match between Honduras and Australia as part of FIFA World Cup Qualifiers Play Off at Estadio Olimpico Metropolitano on November 10, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. (Photo by Hector Vivas/Getty Images)
Australia's Jackson Irvine (L) and Honduras' Henry Figueroa run for the ball
Australia's Jackson Irvine (L) and Honduras' Henry Figueroa run for the ball during the first leg football match of their 2018 World Cup qualifying play-off in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, on November 10, 2017. / AFP / Orlando SIERRA
Australia's Aaron Mooy (L) and Honduras' Jorge Claros vie for the ball
Australia's Aaron Mooy (L) and Honduras' Jorge Claros vie for the ball during the first leg football match of their 2018 World Cup qualifying play-off in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, on November 10, 2017. / AFP / Orlando SIERRA
Australia's Mile Jedinak and Honduras' Emilio Izaguirre (covered) jump for the ball
Australia's Mile Jedinak and Honduras' Emilio Izaguirre (covered) jump for the ball during the first leg football match of their 2018 World Cup qualifying play-off in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, on November 10, 2017. / AFP / Orlando SIERRA
Australia's Jackson Irvine (R) is marked by Honduras' Henry Figueroa
Australia's Jackson Irvine (R) is marked by Honduras' Henry Figueroa during the first leg football match of their 2018 World Cup qualifying play-off in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, on November 10, 2017. / AFP / Orlando SIERRA
Australia's Aaron Mooy (C) passes the ball as Honduras' Emilio Izaguirre (L) and Jorge Claros look on
Australia's Aaron Mooy (C) passes the ball as Honduras' Emilio Izaguirre (L) and Jorge Claros look on during the first leg football match of their 2018 World Cup qualifying play-off in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, on November 10, 2017. / AFP / Orlando SIERRA
Australia's Josh Risdon (L) and Honduras' Johnny Palacios vie for the ball
Australia's Josh Risdon (L) and Honduras' Johnny Palacios vie for the ball during the first leg football match of their 2018 World Cup qualifying play-off in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, on November 10, 2017. / AFP / Orlando SIERRA
Massimo Luongo of Australia struggles for the ball with Jorge Carlos of Honduras
SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - NOVEMBER 10: Massimo Luongo of Australia struggles for the ball with Jorge Carlos of Honduras during a first leg match between Honduras and Australia as part of FIFA World Cup Qualifiers Play Off at Estadio Olimpico Metropolitano on November 10, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. (Photo by Hector Vivas/Getty Images)
Honduras' Romell Quioto (L) and Australia's Bailey Wright vie for the ball
Honduras' Romell Quioto (L) and Australia's Bailey Wright vie for the ball during the first leg football match of their 2018 World Cup qualifying play-off in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, on November 10, 2017. / AFP / Orlando SIERRA
Honduras' Jorge Claros (top) jumps for the ball next to Australia's Tomi Juric (C)
Honduras' Jorge Claros (top) jumps for the ball next to Australia's Tomi Juric (C) during the first leg football match of their 2018 World Cup qualifying play-off in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, on November 10, 2017. / AFP / Orlando SIERRA
Tomi Juric of Australia reacts
SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - NOVEMBER 10: Tomi Juric of Australia reacts during a first leg match between Honduras and Australia as part of FIFA World Cup Qualifiers Play Off at Estadio Olimpico Metropolitano on November 10, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. (Photo by Hector Vivas/Getty Images)
Tony Juric of Australia struggles for the ball with Johnny Palacios of Honduras
SAN PEDRO SULA, HONDURAS - NOVEMBER 10: Tony Juric of Australia struggles for the ball with Johnny Palacios of Honduras during a first leg match between Honduras and Australia as part of FIFA World Cup Qualifiers Play Off at Estadio Olimpico Metropolitano on November 10, 2017 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. (Photo by Hector Vivas/Getty Images)
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A Child's Garden of Verses
by E. (Ethel) Mars
Poetry > Children's Poetry & Nursery rhymes
Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson, or Robert Louis Stevenson, as the world knows him, was still a boy when he published this rare volume of "A Child's Garden of Verses," although by the calendar he was thirty-five years old. You and I have sighed, no doubt, to be a boy again, but here was one who, while he outgrew his knickerbockers, never outgrew the quick sympathy, the brave heart, the fresh outlook, the confident faith and buoyant spirit of the little Scotch boy who roamed the hills 'round Edinburgh. Better than any man of any time he was able to enter into the heart of a boy, to view things with a boy's eyes, and to write of them in simple verse, touched with the warmth and color of his rich imagination. In these "Verses" he writes as a child rather than about children, and in this lies much of the charm which they possess for little readers. There is in them the surprise of reality, the beauty of a simple rhythm, and the mysterious flavor of magic that grips a boy's heart and will not let him go until the book has become a part of him. Surely this is a rare quality in schoolbooks.
The Stevensons had been famous engineers for more than a hundred years, building lighthouses along the Scottish coast, and it was natural that his father should have expected Robert Louis to follow in the family footsteps. But the slim boy with brown eyes, who at eight had written a "History of Moses," and illustrated it with his own pen; who was slow to learn from books, but quick to understand things that he saw and felt; the boy who carried a volume of history in one pocket and a notebook in another, had other plans for himself, and even his father came to see the wisdom of his son's choice of a literary life. As early as 1873, when only twenty-three years old, Stevenson was ordered south for the winter by his physician, to ward off impending consumption. For more than twenty years, or until his death in Samoa late in 1894, he was never far from this pursuing enemy. It followed him over tossing seas and through many lands as he journeyed in search of health; yet through all these years he carried a brave and happy heart, and wrote at the end this Requiem, the last three lines of which are upon his tomb on the mountain-top in Samoa;
"Under the wide and starry sky,Dig the grave and let me lie.Glad did I live and gladly die,And I laid me down with a will."This be the verse you grave for me:Here he lies where he longed to be;Home is the sailor, home from sea,And the hunter home from the hill."
Robert Louis Stevenson's first book, "An Inland Voyage," was published in 1878, when he was twenty-eight years old, and is a fresh and charming account of a canoe trip up the rivers of Holland. It was during this journey that he wrote: "If we were charged so much a head for sunsets, or if God sent around a drum before the hawthorn came into flower, what a work we should make about their beauty! But these things, like good companions, stupid people early cease to observe."
The next year came his "Travels With a Donkey," which told in the same naïve style the story of his journey through the Cevennes Mountains with no other companion than a donkey, whose gait he describes as being "As much slower than a walk as a walk is slower than a run."
He first visited America in 1879, in search of health, returning in 1880 to Scotland with Mrs. Stevenson, whom he had married in California. In 1887 he came again with the hope that a dry winter in the Adirondack Mountains would stand off the hand of Death. But he was little benefited, and took up his search for health by chartering a yacht for a voyage through the South Seas. It was on this trip that he fell in love with the beauty of the scenery and the healthful climate of Samoa, and in 1890 he took up his home there, never again to leave the island except for occasional visits to Honolulu and Sydney. And when the time came for him to die, the natives, with their knives and axes cut a path up the steep mountain-side and carried him on their broad shoulders to his grave on the mountain-top.
"A Child's Garden of Verses" was first published in London in 1885, and long ago became a children's classic; yet it is now for the first time made available as a supplementary reader for the primary grades in a suitable form and at a possible price....
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893.80 Annotation Pushing the Reset Button on Wisconsin's Governmental Immunity Doctrine. Bullard. 2014 WLR 801.
893.82 893.82 Claims against state employees; notice of claim; limitation of damages.
893.82(1)(1) The purposes of this section are to:
893.82(1)(a) (a) Provide the attorney general with adequate time to investigate claims which might result in judgments to be paid by the state.
893.82(1)(b) (b) Provide the attorney general with an opportunity to effect a compromise without a civil action or civil proceeding.
893.82(1)(c) (c) Place a limit on the amounts recoverable in civil actions or civil proceedings against any state officer, employee or agent.
893.82(2) (2) In this section:
893.82(2)(a) (a) “Civil action or civil proceeding" includes a civil action or civil proceeding commenced or continued by counterclaim, cross claim or 3rd-party complaint.
893.82(2)(b) (b) “Claimant" means the person or entity sustaining the damage or injury or his or her agent, attorney or personal representative.
893.82(2)(c) (c) “Damage" or “injury" means any damage or injury of any nature which is caused or allegedly caused by the event. “Damage" or “injury" includes, but is not limited to, any physical or mental damage or injury or financial damage or injury resulting from claims for contribution or indemnification.
893.82(2)(d) (d) “State officer, employee or agent" includes any of the following persons:
893.82(2)(d)1. 1. An officer, employee or agent of any nonprofit corporation operating a museum under a lease agreement with the state historical society.
893.82(2)(d)1m. 1m. A volunteer health care provider who provides services under s. 146.89, except a volunteer health care provider described in s. 146.89 (5) (a), for the provision of those services.
893.82(2)(d)1n. 1n. A practitioner who provides services under s. 257.03 and a health care facility on whose behalf services are provided under s. 257.04, for the provision of those services.
893.82(2)(d)1r. 1r. A physician under s. 251.07 or 252.04 (9) (b).
893.82(2)(d)2. 2. A member of a local emergency planning committee appointed by a county board under s. 59.54 (8) (a).
893.82(2)(d)3. 3. A member of the board of governors created under s. 619.04 (3), a member of a committee or subcommittee of that board of governors, a member of the injured patients and families compensation fund peer review council created under s. 655.275 (2), and a person consulting with that council under s. 655.275 (5) (b).
893.82(2m) (2m) No claimant may bring an action against a state officer, employee or agent unless the claimant complies strictly with the requirements of this section.
893.82(3) (3) Except as provided in sub. (5m), no civil action or civil proceeding may be brought against any state officer, employee or agent for or on account of any act growing out of or committed in the course of the discharge of the officer's, employee's or agent's duties, and no civil action or civil proceeding may be brought against any nonprofit corporation operating a museum under a lease agreement with the state historical society, unless within 120 days of the event causing the injury, damage or death giving rise to the civil action or civil proceeding, the claimant in the action or proceeding serves upon the attorney general written notice of a claim stating the time, date, location and the circumstances of the event giving rise to the claim for the injury, damage or death and the names of persons involved, including the name of the state officer, employee or agent involved. Except as provided under sub. (3m), a specific denial by the attorney general is not a condition precedent to bringing the civil action or civil proceeding.
893.82(3m) (3m) If the claimant is a prisoner, as defined in s. 801.02 (7) (a) 2., the prisoner may not commence the civil action or proceeding until the attorney general denies the claim or until 120 days after the written notice under sub. (3) is served upon the attorney general, whichever is earlier. This subsection does not apply to a prisoner who commences an action seeking injunctive relief if the court finds that there is a substantial risk to the prisoner's health or safety.
893.82(4)(a)(a) Except as provided in par. (b), if the civil action or proceeding under sub. (3) is based on contribution or indemnification, the event under sub. (3) is the underlying cause of action, not the cause of action for contribution or indemnification, and, except as provided in sub. (5m), the 120-day limitation applies to that event.
893.82(4)(b) (b)
893.82(4)(b)1.1. If the claimant under par. (a) establishes that he or she had no actual or constructive knowledge of the underlying cause of action at the time of the event under sub. (3), except as provided in sub. (5m), the 120-day limitation under sub. (3) applies to the earlier of the following:
893.82(4)(b)1.a. a. The date the cause of action for contribution or indemnification accrues.
893.82(4)(b)1.b. b. The date the claimant acquired actual or constructive knowledge of the underlying cause of action.
893.82(4)(b)2. 2. The claimant has the burden of proving he or she had no actual knowledge of the underlying cause of action under this paragraph.
893.82(5) (5) The notice under sub. (3) shall be sworn to by the claimant and shall be served upon the attorney general at his or her office in the capitol by certified mail. Notice shall be considered to be given upon mailing for the purpose of computing the time of giving notice.
893.82(5m) (5m) With regard to a claim to recover damages for medical malpractice, the provisions of subs. (3), (3m), and (4) do not apply. The time periods for commencing an action under this section for damages for medical malpractice are the time periods under ss. 893.55 (1m), (2), and (3) and 893.56.
893.82(6) (6) The amount recoverable by any person or entity for any damages, injuries or death in any civil action or civil proceeding against a state officer, employee or agent, or against a nonprofit corporation operating a museum under a lease agreement with the state historical society, including any such action or proceeding based on contribution or indemnification, shall not exceed $250,000. No punitive damages may be allowed or recoverable in any such action.
893.82(7) (7) With respect to a state officer, employee or agent described in sub. (2) (d) 3., this section applies to an event causing the injury, damage or death giving rise to an action against the state officer, employee or agent, which occurs before, on or after April 25, 1990.
893.82(8) (8) This section does not apply to actions commenced under s. 19.37 or 19.97.
893.82(9) (9) For purposes of this section, any employee of the state of Minnesota performing services for this state pursuant to a valid agreement between this state and the state of Minnesota providing for interchange of employees or services is considered to have the same status an as employee of this state performing the same services for this state, and any employee of this state who performs services for the state of Minnesota pursuant to such an agreement is considered to have the same status as when performing the same services for this state in any action brought under the laws of this state.
893.82 History History: 1973 c. 333; 1977 c. 29; 1979 c. 221; 1979 c. 323 s. 30; 1979 c. 355; Stats. 1979 s. 893.82; 1983 a. 27; 1985 a. 66, 340; 1987 a. 342; 1987 a. 403 s. 256; 1989 a. 187, 206, 359; 1991 a. 39, 269; 1993 a. 27, 28; 1995 a. 158, 201; 1997 a. 133; 2003 a. 111; 2005 a. 96; 2007 a. 79, 130; 2009 a. 42, 278; 2011 a. 32; 2013 a. 241.
893.82 Note Judicial Council Committee's Note, 1979: This section is previous s. 895.45 renumbered for more logical placement in restructured ch. 893. The previous 90-day time period in which to file written notice of a claim against an employee of the state of Wisconsin has been increased to 120 days to make the time period consistent with the period for filing notice of claims with other governmental bodies allowed in s. 893.80. (See note following s. 893.80). [Bill 326-A]
893.82 Annotation The court had no jurisdiction over state employees alleged to have intentionally damaged the plaintiff when the complaint failed to comply with the notice of claim statute. Elm Park Iowa, Inc. v. Denniston, 92 Wis. 2d 723, 286 N.W.2d 5 (Ct. App. 1979).
893.82 Annotation Noncompliance with the notice of injury statute barred suit even though the defendant failed to raise the issue in responsive pleadings. Mannino v. Davenport, 99 Wis. 2d 602, 299 N.W.2d 823 (1981).
893.82 Annotation The court properly granted the defendant's motion to dismiss since a notice of claim of injury was not served upon the attorney general within the 120 day limit. Ibrahim v. Samore, 118 Wis. 2d 720, 348 N.W.2d 554 (1984).
893.82 Annotation Sub. (3) does not create an exception for a plaintiff who is unaware that a defendant is a state employee. Renner vs. Madison General Hospital, 151 Wis. 2d 885, 447 N.W.2d 97 (Ct. App. 1989).
893.82 Annotation Under an administrative-services-only state group insurance contract, the insurer is an agent of the state, and the plaintiff must comply with the notice provisions under this section to maintain an action. Smith v. Wisconsin Physicians Services, 152 Wis. 2d 25, 447 N.W.2d 371 (Ct. App. 1989).
893.82 Annotation A possible finding that a state employee was acting as an apparent agent of a non-state hospital does not permit the maintenance of a suit against the state employee absent compliance with the notice requirements. Kashishian v. Port, 167 Wis. 2d 24, 481 N.W.2d 227 (1992).
893.82 Annotation Actual notice and lack of prejudice to the state are not exceptions to the 120-day notice requirement. Carlson v. Pepin County 167 Wis. 2d 345, 481 N.W.2d 498 (Ct. App. 1992).
893.82 Annotation The certified mail requirement under sub. (5) is subject to strict construction. Kelley v. Reyes, 168 Wis. 2d 743, 484 N.W.2d 388 (Ct. App. 1992).
893.82 Annotation Records relating to pending claims need not be disclosed under s. 19.35. Records of nonpending claims must be disclosed unless an in camera inspection reveals attorney-client privilege would be violated. George v. Record Custodian, 169 Wis. 2d 573, 485 N.W.2d 460 (Ct. App. 1992).
893.82 Annotation Sub. (3) does not apply to claims for injunctive and declaratory relief. Lewis v. Sullivan, 188 Wis. 2d 157, 524 N.W.2d 630 (1994).
893.82 Annotation Sub. (5) requires a notice of claim to be sworn to and to include evidence showing that an oath or affirmation occurred. Kellner v. Christian, 197 Wis. 2d 183, 539 N.W.2d 685 (1994), 93-1657.
893.82 Annotation The discovery rule does not apply to sub. (3). The failure to apply the discovery rule to sub. (3) is not unconstitutional. Oney v. Schrauth, 197 Wis. 2d 891, 541 N.W.2d 229 (Ct. App. 1995), 94-3298.
893.82 Annotation The constitutional mandate of just compensation for a taking of property cannot be limited in amount by statute. A taking may result in the state's obligation to pay more than $250,000. Retired Teachers Association v. Employee Trust Funds Board, 207 Wis. 2d 1, 558 N.W.2d 83 (1997), 94-0712.
893.82 Annotation A state “agent" under sub. (3) means an individual and not a state agency. Miller v. Mauston School District, 222 Wis. 2d 540, 588 N.W.2d 305 (Ct. App. 1998), 97-1874.
893.82 Annotation A defendant is not relieved from filing a notice of claim under this section when a state employee also performs functions for a private employer. The notice of claim provisions are constitutional. Riccitelli v. Broekhuizen, 227 Wis. 2d 100, 595 N.W.2d 392 (1999), 98-0329.
893.82 Annotation This section does not provide an administrative remedy for purposes of filing a federal civil rights claim under 42 USC 1983 and therefore the failure to file a notice of claim under this section was not a failure to exhaust administrative remedies justifying denial of a petition. State ex rel. Ledford v. Circuit Court for Dane County, 228 Wis. 2d 768, 599 N.W.2d 45 (Ct. App. 1999), 99-0939.
893.82 Annotation The factors relevant to a master/servant relationship are relevant to deciding whether a person is a state employee under sub. (3). A state employee's affiliation with another entity does not vitiate his or her status as a state employee for purposes of sub. (3) as long as the act sued upon grows out of or was committed in the course of duties as a state employee. Lamoreux v. Oreck, 2004 WI App 160, 275 Wis. 2d 801, 686 N.W.2d 722, 03-2045.
893.82 Annotation A notice is properly served on the attorney general under sub. (5) if a claimant sends the notice by certified mail addressed to the attorney general at his or her capitol office, Main Street office, post office box, or any combination of those three addresses, assuming that the notice otherwise complies with sub. (5). Hines v. Resnick, 2011 WI App 163, 338 Wis. 2d 190, 807 N.W.2d 687, 11-0109.
893.82 Annotation Kellner sets forth two requirements in order for a notice of claim to be properly “sworn to" under sub. (5). First, a formal oath or affirmation must be taken by a claimant. Second, the notice of claim must contain a statement showing that the oath or affirmation occurred. Neither requirement demands that a false notice of claim be punishable for perjury or that a notice of claim must contain a statement by a notary that an oath or affirmation was administered. Estate of Hopgood v. Boyd, 2013 WI 1, 345 Wis. 2d 65, 825 N.W.2d 273, 11-0914.
893.82 Annotation Sub. (3)'s time-of-the-event requirement only requires a plaintiff to include the time of the event giving rise to a claim when it is possible to do so. To require otherwise essentially bars recovery for plaintiffs with claims that are not set in a single moment in time and creates an absurd result. The plaintiffs' claims in this case did not arise from a singular event occurring at a fixed moment in time, but were based on numerous events that transpired over a duration of time. Requiring them to set forth the exact moment in time that each of these events occurred was unreasonable. Mayo v. Boyd, 2014 WI App 37, 353 Wis. 2d 162, 844 N.W.2d 652, 13-1578.
893.82 Annotation Subsection (2m) mandates strict compliance with the requirements of this section in order to institute an action against a state employee. Delivering notice by personal service does not comply with the plain language of sub. (5), which requires service of notice of claim on the attorney general by certified mail. Sorenson v. Batchelder, 2016 WI 34, 368 Wis. 2d 140, 885 N.W.2d 362, 14-1213.
893.82 Annotation Members of the Investment Board, Employee Trust Fund Board, Teachers Retirement Board, Wisconsin Retirement Board, Group Insurance Board, and Deferred Compensation Board are subject to the limitations on damages under this section and are entitled to the state's indemnification for liability under s. 895.46. OAG 2-06.
893.82 Annotation This section provides no affirmative waiver of the state's immunity to suit, but forecloses suit when its procedures are not followed. The state has not waived its immunity under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act. Luder v. Endicott, 86 F. Supp. 2d 854 (2000).
893.82 Annotation The injury caused by a misdiagnosis arises when the misdiagnosis causes greater harm than existed at the time of the misdiagnosis. Under sub. (6), discovery occurs when the plaintiff has information that would give a reasonable person notice of the injury, that is, of the greater harm caused by the misdiagnosis. McCulloch v. Linblade, 513 F. Supp 2d 1037 (2007).
893.825 893.825 Statutory challenges.
893.825(1)(1) In an action in which a statute is alleged to be unconstitutional, or to be in violation of or preempted by federal law, or if the construction or validity of a statute is otherwise challenged, the attorney general shall be served with a copy of the proceeding and is entitled to be heard.
893.825(2) (2) In an action in which a statute is alleged to be unconstitutional, or to be in violation of or preempted by federal law, or if the construction or validity of a statute is otherwise challenged, the speaker of the assembly, the president of the senate, and the senate majority leader shall also be served with a copy of the proceeding and the assembly, the senate, and the joint committee on legislative organization are entitled to be heard.
893.83 893.83 Damages caused by accumulation of snow or ice; liability of city, village, town, and county. No action may be maintained against a city, village, town, or county to recover damages for injuries sustained by reason of an accumulation of snow or ice upon any bridge or highway, unless the accumulation existed for 3 weeks. Any action to recover damages for injuries sustained by reason of an accumulation of snow or ice that has existed for 3 weeks or more upon any bridge or highway is subject to s. 893.80.
893.83 History History: 2003 a. 214 ss. 136, 137, 189; 2011 a. 132.
893.83 Note NOTE: 2003 Wis. Act 214, which affected this section, contains extensive explanatory notes.
893.83 Annotation The plaintiff's oral notice to the chief of police, who said he would file a report, and direct contact and negotiation with the city's insurer, within 120 days, was sufficient compliance to sustain an action for damages against the city. Harte v. City of Eagle River, 45 Wis. 2d 513, 173 N.W.2d 683 (1972).
893.83 Annotation A spouse's action for loss of consortium is separate and has a separate dollar limitation from the injured spouse's claim for damages. Schwartz v. Milwaukee, 54 Wis. 2d 286, 195 N.W.2d 480 (1970).
893.83 Annotation Shoveling snow from a sidewalk to create a mound along the curb does not create an unnatural or artificial accumulation that renders a city liable. Kobelinski v. Milwaukee & Suburban Transport Corp. 56 Wis. 2d 504, 202 N.W.2d 415 (1972).
893.83 Annotation This section creates a secondary liability on a municipality or county for highway defects that cause damage only when the act or default of another tortfeasor also contributes to the creation of the defect. Dickens v. Kensmoe, 61 Wis. 2d 211, 212 N.W.2d 484 (1973).
893.83 Annotation City liability arising from snow and ice on sidewalks is determined under the standard of whether, under all the circumstances, the city was unreasonable in allowing the condition to continue. Circumstances to be considered include location, climactic conditions, accumulation, practicality of removal, traffic on the sidewalk, and intended use of the sidewalk by pedestrians. Schattschneider v. Milwaukee & Suburban Transport Corp. 72 Wis. 2d 252, 240 N.W.2d 182 (1976).
893.83 Annotation An insurance policy was construed to waive the recovery limitations this section. Stanhope v. Brown County, 90 Wis. 2d 823, 280 N.W.2d 711 (1979).
893.83 Annotation Recovery limitations under this section are constitutional. Sambs v. City of Brookfield, 97 Wis. 2d 356, 293 N.W.2d 504 (1980).
893.83 Annotation Immunity under this section does not exist for injuries resulting from ice on a stairway connecting 2 sidewalks. Henderson v. Milwaukee County, 198 Wis. 2d 748, 543 N.W.2d 544 (Ct. App. 1995).
893.83 Annotation If a plaintiff's injuries occurred by reason of insufficiency or want of repairs of any highway, a governmental entity is not afforded immunity under s. 893.80 (4). Morris v. Juneau County, 219 Wis. 2d 543, 579 N.W.2d 690 (1998), 96-2507.
893.83 Annotation As used in this section, “highway" includes the shoulder of the highway. Morris v. Juneau County, 219 Wis. 2d 543, 579 N.W.2d 690 (1998), 96-2507.
893.83 Annotation A person other than a municipality with any lability for a defect is primarily liable for the entire resulting judgment. If a contractor settles with the injured party for less than the amount of the ultimate award, the municipality is not liable for the balance. VanCleve v. City of Marinette, 2002 WI App 10, 250 Wis. 2d 121, 639 N.W.2d 792, 01-0231.
893.83 Annotation Under this section, a municipality may not be held primarily liable, and there can be neither joint, nor primary, liability on the municipality's part if any other party has any liability. Municipal liability is successive and is only for the damages and costs that the party with primary liability is unable to pay. VanCleve v. City of Marinette, 2003 WI 2, 258 Wis. 2d 80, 655 N.W.2d 113, 01-0231.
893.83 Annotation A municipality's liability is triggered only if execution has been issued against the party with primary liability and returned unsatisfied. By entering into a settlement and release with a defendant found by a jury to be liable, a plaintiff indirectly waives any right to hold the municipality secondarily liable because the release prevents taking a judgment against and executing upon the primarily liable defendant. VanCleve v. City of Marinette, 2003 WI 2, 258 Wis. 2d 80, 655 N.W.2d 113, 01-0231.
893.83 Annotation A “highway" is an area that the entire community has free access to travel on. A public parking lot is available to the entire community for vehicular travel, and as such, a city's public parking lot is a “highway" for purposes of this section. Ellerman v. City of Manitowoc, 2003 WI App 216, 267 Wis. 2d 480, 671 N.W.2d 366, 03-0322.
893.83 Annotation When an accumulation of ice is created by natural conditions a municipality has 3 weeks to address the problem. Actions based on artificial accumulations are actionable without the 3-week requirement. To be an artificial condition, grading must be part of a drainage design plan or be shown to divert water from other sources onto the sidewalks. If not, grading, by itself, does not create an artificial condition on land even if the municipality had notice that a hazardous condition existed. Gruber v. Village of North Fond du Lac, 2003 WI App 217, 267 Wis. 2d 368, 671 N.W.2d 692, 03-0537.
subch. IX of ch. 893 SUBCHAPTER IX
STATUTES OF LIMITATION; ACTIONS BY THE STATE, STATUTORY LIABILITY AND MISCELLANEOUS ACTIONS
893.85 893.85 Action concerning old-age assistance lien.
893.85(1)(1) An action to collect an old-age assistance lien filed under s. 49.26, 1971 stats., prior to August 5, 1973, must be commenced within 10 years after the date of filing of the required certificate under s. 49.26 (4), 1971 stats.
893.85(2) (2) No claim under s. 49.25, 1971 stats., may be presented more than 10 years after the date of the most recent old-age assistance payment covered by the claim.
893.85 History History: 1977 c. 385; 1979 c. 323.
893.85 Note Judicial Council Committee's Note, 1979: This section is previous s. 893.181 renumbered for more logical placement in restructured ch. 893. [Bill 326-A]
893.86 893.86 Action concerning recovery of legal fees paid for indigents. An action under s. 757.66 to recover an amount paid by a county for legal representation of an indigent defendant shall be commenced within 10 years after the recording of the claim required under s. 757.66 or be barred.
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A thinking woman sleeps with monsters April 21, 2019
Posted by dolorosa12 in books, fangirl, reviews.
Tags: all my dangerous friends, books, emily a duncan, reviews, something dark and holy, wicked saints
I’m not sure I’ve ever encountered a book that glories in, and commits to, its darkness and the sheer seductive joy of villainy as much as Emily A. Duncan’s debut young adult novel, Wicked Saints. Most other young adult literature like this that I’ve read tends to hold back, pulling its punches. These books soften the men, making them less villainous, giving them a reasonable explanation for their behaviour that makes it justifiable. Or they take the opposite route, allowing the heroine to recognise the villainy at the last minute and recoil in righteous horror. But Duncan doesn’t just embrace the darkness — she revels in it, and lets her heroine follow her path without judgement.
The heroine in question is Nadya, a young cleric who can commune with her country’s, Kalyazin’s, pantheon of saints, raised in seclusion in a monastery until the moment she’s ready to be released like a weapon in the long, religious war her country is waging against its near neighbour Tranavia. Unfortunately, the war comes to her door before Nadya is ready, forcing her into a temporary, unwilling alliance with Malachiasz, a renegade blood mage from Tranavia whose motives are shrouded in secrecy. Serefin, the heir to the Tranavian throne — who drowns his father’s disappointment in drink and battlefield heroics — rounds out our trio of messed-up primary characters. Wicked Saints is, in many ways, the story of Nadya’s journey from righteous moral clarity to moral ambiguity and beyond. Much of the story takes place in enemy territory, as Nadya goes undercover at the behest of Malachiasz, and becomes mired in the various political intrigues that swirl around the Tranavian court. Nadya is at once attracted and repelled by Malachiasz, and her attempts to understand and second guess him come up short until the very end. I follow Duncan on social media, and so I was pretty sure I knew where the story was heading, but for those more steeped in the expectations and conventions of YA fantasy, the twist at the end — and how far Duncan allows Nadya to fall — is likely to come as a shock.
The world of Wicked Saints is certainly aesthetically Slavic (specifically Poland and Russia), but unlike recent fantasy works such as Katherine Arden’s Winternight trilogy, Rena Rossner’s Sisters of the Winter Wood, and Naomi Novik’s Uprooted and Spinning Silver, Duncan doesn’t seem to draw much on existing Slavic folklore or history. In this the book has much in common with Leigh Bardugo’s Grishaverse novels, which use their Slavic setting as scaffolding and structure, visible in the names of characters and places, and the look and feel of the landscape and cities, but then move beyond this real-world inspiration.
For those who, like me, found Bardugo’s original Grishaverse trilogy enjoyable but ultimately frustrating, Wicked Saints is a welcome breath of (chilling, gothic) fresh air. Bardugo’s heroine Alina Starkov’s story concluded with one of my least favourite tropes: a powerful young teenage girl, brimming with terrifying magical abilities, gives it all up because her own power frightens her and she yearns for an ordinary life. Not so Duncan’s Nadya: here is an unabashed power fantasy for teenage girls that doesn’t judge them for this fantasy or try to direct it in a more morally or socially acceptable direction. Sometimes power, villainy and darkness are attractive — and that’s okay.
In many lands April 20, 2019
Posted by dolorosa12 in books, reviews.
Tags: books, reviews, the true queen, zen cho
When I heard, after more than three years, that Zen Cho was returning to the fabulous world she’d first created in her debut novel, Sorcerer to the Crown, I was relieved and delighted. Sorcerer to the Crown was one of my favourite books, with a fabulous cast of characters, vivid setting, and, most impressive of all to me, a story that managed the difficult feat of being at once hilariously funny, and sharp social commentary. On the back of that debut success, a sequel was announced almost immediately. But for authors, sometimes a beloved and well received first novel can be a double-edged sword, and Cho has written frankly about her struggles to build on the success of Sorcerer, starting and restarting the book that would eventually become The True Queen, as if the weight of expectation (her own, her readers’, her publisher’s) was an impediment. Knowing the backstory to this second book’s creation, I approached it with a mix of trepidation and anticipation. I shouldn’t have worried: Cho’s return to the world of Sorcerer to the Crown is a triumph. She’s once again perfected exactly the same deft navigation between light and darkness, humour and horror, whimsy and pointed sharpness that I loved in her first book. And although it’s set in the same universe — a fantasy Regency Britain in which certain individuals openly possess magical power, with a whole political and social structure set up to accommodate this — the point-of-view characters are different, meaning we explore the same world, but with fresh eyes.
In the first book, the focus was firmly on Cho’s heroine Prunella, the penniless orphaned daughter of an Indian mother and a white British father, with powerful magical abilities, and her love interest Zacharias, the first African Sorcerer-Royal, and their attempts to navigate the intrigues and plots of a racist, sexist society which tolerated them at best, and only grudgingly allowed them entrance, requiring them to be extraordinary where their white counterparts would have been accepted as ordinary or even mediocre. In The True Queen, our protagonist is Muna, a young woman who journeys to Britain from Janda Baik in the Malacca Strait, seeking help from Prunella on the advice of the witch Mak Genggang. Although Muna arrives in Britain alone, she had washed up on the shores of Janda Baik with her sister Sakti, having lost her memory. Sakti has magical abilities, while Muna has none, and the two become separated from each other while travelling through an otherworldly forest on their way to England. Muna arrives at Prunella’s door desperate to be reunited with her sister, but quickly finds herself embroiled in intrigues in both England and the otherworld. Prunella may have clawed her way to her position as Sorceress-Royal through sheer magical power, and created her school for magical girls and women on the strength of her own bluster and chutzpah, but her position — and that of her school — is far from secure, and enemies both human and supernatural are waiting for a moment of weakness so they can pounce. Muna steps into this hornets’ nest with secrets of her own, and must navigate the treacherous waters of aristocratic Regency England with little information and few allies.
The result is a book that focuses on the stories of women, and shows us the many different ways that women’s power can look. At its heart, of course, The True Queen is a story about two sisters, and that central relationship between Sakti and Muna — love, generosity, support and frustration — is one of my favourite things about the book. But there is also Prunella — revelling in her unconventionality while at the same time wielding people’s racist assumptions about her like a weapon — and the little community she’s trying to build in her school for magical girls and women. There’s Prunella’s friend and fellow magical educator Henrietta, trying to find a way to stay true to herself and her hidden magical abilities while also complying with the expectations of her family. Henrietta’s own relationship with her sisters is like a little echo of that of Muna and Sakti. And, best of all, Cho’s novel is full to the brim with fabulous, powerful older women: chief among them is the glorious Mak Genggang, who was one of my favourite presences in Sorcerer to the Crown, and I was so happy to see her back again in The True Queen.
This book is such a celebration of women, and in particular the networks they form among themselves, and the stories and adventures they have, unwritten, unnoticed and unrecorded. It’s a glorious and triumphant return to the world of Sorcerer to the Crown, and a very worthy successor. I can only hope that The True Queen is not Cho’s last foray into this universe, and that she finds new stories to tell about these characters, and this richly imagined world.
Out of the abyss March 3, 2019
Posted by dolorosa12 in books, meta, reviews.
Tags: books, reviews, samantha shannon, tell them stories, the priory of the orange tree
When Samantha Shannon announced several years ago that she was pausing her Bone Season dystopian fantasy series to write a new standalone novel that had taken hold of her imagination, I was intrigued. I’d been a fan of her work since The Bone Season was first published, rejoicing in its wonderful protagonist, alternate London setting, and richly inventive system of magic and the supernatural, and was keen to see what she would do in a slightly different subgenre. Watching the novel which eventually became The Priory of the Orange Tree take shape over the past three years has been wonderful: a story that blends elements of real-world history (in particular Tudor England, the Reformation and subsequent tensions between Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe, and Tokugawa Japan) with lore about dragons from both East Asian and European cultures, and whose characters stand poised on the brink of apocalyptic annihilation. The result is an ambitious, sweeping fantasy that is epic in every sense of the word, from its stakes and scope to its immense weight and page length. In Priory, Shannon has moved from the tight, first-person narration and personal focus of her Bone Season series to a story told from four points of view, a cast of characters that fills several pages, and the intricate political manouevring of more than four kingdoms, and a secret religious order as well! She handles this complexity deftly — despite its length, Priory never feels bloated, and the shifting between several continents and points of view serves to underscore her broader point about the fluidity of history, and how interpreting the past is, ultimately, a matter of priorities and perspective.
Shannon has been very clear in interviews and promotional writing that much of her motivation for writing Priory stems from a desire to speak back to history — and its misuses. One of the story’s main inspirations is the legend of St George and the dragon, which has a long history of being coopted for English nationalistic purposes; I’ve certainly witnessed it being used by the far right to advance an Islamophobic agenda, argue in favour of Brexit, and in other similar contexts. However, when digging into the roots of the legend, Shannon uncovered a whole other story that had been lost in the noise and bluster of nationalism: that it had uncomfortable undertones of religious intolerance, and hints of several interesting women, pushed to the margins but with intriguing stories of their own waiting to be told. These are brought to the fore in Priory. One of the powers in her imagined world, Inys, draws its authority from its legendary inheritance as a queendom ruled by the descendants of a dragon-slaying George-like figure, and the damsel he supposedly rescued from a fiery end. Its current ruler, Sabran — whose personal circumstances seem like a blend of those of the two Tudor queens, Mary and Elizabeth — is embattled, facing a hostile, dragon-ruled kingdom on the one hand, intrigue among her courtiers on the other, along with pressure to marry and give birth to an heir, and increasing political isolation. Her lady-in-waiting, Ead (one of the point of view characters) has secrets of her own, among them knowledge of the bed of lies on which Inys’s political legacy has been built. On the other side of the world, in the Japan-inspired island of Seiiki, the orphaned Tané aspires to become an elite dragon-rider. Seiiki itself stands in sharp rebuke to Inys, showing up its hatred of dragons for the disproportionate, convenient lie that it is. Both Tané and Ead live on opposite sides of an unquiet rift, the site upon which an ancient foe was cast down, but whose simmering menace has never quite been defeated.
Tané and Ead are the two female point of view characters of the four, and their centrality to the story (the two male point of view characters both have important roles to play, but, I would argue, not quite to the extent that Tané and Ead’s stories drive the narrative) reflects Shannon’s broader focus on the experiences of, and relationships between, women. In spite of the real-world periods of history she draws on (each with its fair share of sexism), she has, for the most part, created a world free of sexism, where female characters in positions of political and military authority are as unremarkable as their male counterparts, and where locations and occupations (such as a queen’s suite of private rooms and the women who work there) generally dismissed as unimportant women’s spaces are recentred as the sites that drive the plot forward. Most of the important relationships in the book are between women — mothers and daughters, religious communities of women, women working together to serve their queen, and so on. Although there are some secondary and tertiary relationships that involve men (some romantic, some familial), the primary romantic relationship is between two women, and it’s absolutely marvellous to see this queer romance brought front and centre.
Shannon’s two main female characters, Tané and Ead, are just some of the many people who must put aside their differences to contront the terrifying, supernatural threat to their entire world. I couldn’t help but feel there was an element of the real-world threat of climate change underlying Priory‘s tale of demonic adversaries and fiery chaos. In Shannon’s epic fantasy, things have got to such a dire, catestrophic state, and the only solution requires people who hate, mistrust and fear each other, who have extremely different perspectives, aims and motivation to make common cause, because what they’re up against is so huge, so destructive, so relentless, and so awful that this is what it will take to defeat it. As you can imagine, it takes a lot to get her characters to this point, and, like anyone who fears for the future of my own planet, I can only hope that we recognise the gravity of the existential threat facing humanity sooner — because we don’t have the luxury of sentient dragons, magic, or enchanted swords! For us, as for the characters of Priory, there is no elsewhere.
Living legends January 29, 2019
Tags: all my dangerous friends, blogging, katherine arden, reviews, roshani chokshi, s a chakraborty, tell them stories, the daevabad trilogy, the gilded wolves, the kingdom of copper, the winter of the witch, the winternight trilogy
In some ways, 2019 had a most auspicious beginning for me, at least as far as reading was concerned: three of my most anticipated books of the year were published in consecutive weeks of January. This meant that each week began with a new literary delight appearing in my ereader for me to savour. By a strange coincidence, each book represented a different stage in a trilogy — one the explosive beginning, another the middle book, doing far more than just bridging the gap between introduction and conclusion, and the third the extremely satisfying conclusion to an extraordinary series. And each book, in its own way, built on a foundation of religion, myth, and fairy tales to construct something exquisite, powerful and page-turning.
First off the mark was Katherine Arden, with The Winter of the Witch, the final book in her medieval Russian fantasy Winternight trilogy. In this series, Arden weaves folklore and fourteenth-century Russian history with a sweeping, all-encompassing battle of good against evil. Her heroine, Vasilisa (Vasya) Petrovna, the eponymous witch, can perceive the ancient supernatural powers of the land — these range from pagan gods of death and winter to smaller deities of hearth and home and gateyard — and has found herself as entangled in their supernatural battles as she is in the more earthly political struggles facing the rulers of her land. Both temporal and supernatural Russia stands at a crossroads: there are tensions between the old religion and the new, the threat of invasion from the Mongols is ever-present, and indeed the region we now know as ‘Russia’ is only beginning to conceive of itself in this way, giving birth to itself amid war, fire and violence. Meanwhile, various supernatural beings are taking advantage of the chaos to fight battles of their own, while — as Arden has elected to go for an underlying mythology in which gods require belief in order to exist — struggling to survive in a world which increasingly denies their existence.
Arden is a master at balancing these grander, broader struggles with the more personal concerns of her heroine. As the story progresses, Vasya uncovers more buried secrets about her uncanny family history, grows in self-knowledge and confidence in her own powers, and embraces the role her magical mentor and protector Morozko envisaged for her: as a bridge between the earthly and supernatural, the old religion and the new, and the otherworldly power struggles of immortals and the violent birth of the Russian state. In previous books in the series, Vasya would have fled from such a destiny, protesting that her preference was for a quiet life roaming the forests with her beloved horse Solovey, but in The Winter of the Witch she has accepted the inevitable — and realises that she relishes the role of bridge-builder and protector. Part of this lies in accepting her connection with Morozko, and all that this implies, and the way that this renders her partly monstrous, and the old death god partly human is beautifully done and one of my favourite elements of the series. The result is a land protected on both supernatural and earthly fronts, leaving Vasya free to roam the stark, wintry landscapes, the line between otherworldly and mundane forever blurred.
We move from the ice and frost of medieval Russia to the deserts of the Arabian peninsula and the beautiful cities of Central Asia in The Kingdom of Copper, the second book in S.A. Chakraborty’s Daevabad Trilogy. To be more precise, these landscapes are the otherworldly equivalent of their real-world counterparts, inhabited by djinn and invisible to the human eye. The simmering political tensions of Chakraborty’s imagined world were on the brink of bubbling over, with various djinn factions jostling for supremacy and — being long-lived, if not immortal — unable to let go of long remembered grievances. In the previous book, we had left the trio of point-of-view characters in rather desperate circumstances: Dara, the murderous nightmare or courageous freedom fighter (depending on one’s political perspective) and Ali, the frustrated young prince locked in a fight to the death, and Nahri, the lost daughter of a legendary healer making bargains and compromises (including a political marriage) in order to survive the cut-throat power struggles surrounding her. After setting her pieces in place, Chakraborty jumps the narrative forward by five years, to see how the various split-second decisions made by these three characters are working out for them. For the most part, things are going disastrously: Ali has been politically and geographically isolated, Nahri, hampered by a chronic inability to trust and a genuine fear for her life, is unable to effect real change, and Dara is swept up in a rebellion which values him for his ability to deal terror and violence.
Chakraborty draws deftly on Islamic legend and lore about djinn and other supernatural beings, as well as extensive historical research into Abbasid-era Baghdad, and the result is a tense political thriller in which the fantastical elements blend seamlessly. She is particularly skilled in showing how her characters’ personal weaknesses and blind spots hamper their ability to solve the larger political problems of their kingdom — Dara’s prejudices, Nahri’s wariness and suspicion of others’ skills and motives, and Ali’s dogmatism and inflexibility — and how, were they to pool their resources and compromise, the results were extraordinary. Ali and Nahri’s personalities are particularly conflicting, and for this reason every scene they had together was explosive and a joy to read, especially as the book hurtled towards its denouement. I cannot wait to read the concluding book in this trilogy to find out what happens next.
One of the subtler themes of the Daevabad books is the idea of appropriation — Chakraborty’s djinn profess to detest humans, and view them with contempt, but they relish human innovations from architecture and engineering to food and fashion. Where Chakraborty keeps this theme understated and metaphorical, Roshani Chokshi brings it front and centre in The Gilded Wolves, the first in a fantasy trilogy set in Belle Époque Paris. Hers is a world in which magic is concentrated in the hands of a few spectacularly wealthy families, who supplement their power with magical objects that they ‘acquire’ and make use of. Chokshi’s magical acquisitions are, like their real-world museum counterparts, more often than not looted, uprooted by colonial powers with no thought as to their cultural significance or the moral right of colonised people to retain ownership of their own treasures. In keeping with this story that asks readers to look beyond the comforting pieties former colonist countries tell themselves, Chokshi’s main cast of characters are almost all people marginalised by empire in some way. Two are the mixed-race sons of powerful French men, and women from countries colonised by France, grudgingly accepted into the halls of power if they constantly deny and devalue half of their heritage. One is a migrant from India who has to perform a palatable version of her culture for public consumption, and who defensively embraces this sense of performance of the ‘exotic East’ as a way to maintain a semblance of control. Another — a Polish-Jewish scientist — reads to me as a hint at the antisemitic Dreyfus affair and the associated ugliness lurking at the heart of supposedly progressive and rational countries. My favourite character is a Filipino-Spanish archivist who hangs around on the fringes of revolutionary Filipino groups, yearning for acceptance and longing to commit himself to their cause.
What brings this marvellous cast of characters together is a spectacular heist, and, like the best of all heist stories, The Gilded Wolves is filled with puzzles, races against time, and the squabbles and struggles of a fractious group of people whose skills they bring to the job do not compensate for their clashing personalities and disparate personal aims and motives. I love a good heist novel, particularly if — as is the case here — the characters responsible for pulling it off are marginalised, somewhat traumatised outsiders who find a family in each other. Their resourcefulness, talents, and, ultimately, ‘us against the world’ mentality stand in sharp rebuke to the society that views them as lesser, other and outsiders. Their presence amid the champagne flutes, Art Nouveau architecture, and bank vaults stuffed with looted treasures is a reminder on whose backs empires were built, the ugliness sitting like poison at the heart of even the most beautiful places. Chokshi has created a powerful and resonant work, and I can only hope that the remainder of the trilogy continues as it has started.
In full bloom January 12, 2019
Posted by dolorosa12 in blogging, books, reviews.
Tags: books, felicia davin, nightvine, reviews, shadebloom, the gardener's hand trilogy, thornfruit
I am not, in general, a person who buys books on the strength of their covers, so Felicia Davin’s Gardener’s Hand trilogy was a bit of a departure for me. But the series’ eye-catching covers, spotted at some point when I was scrolling through my Goodreads feed, and the fact that the trilogy appeared to feature a central relationship between two women was enough to spark my interest, and I’m very grateful for the serendipitous moment that brought these excellent books to my attention. At its heart, this is a series about survival — surviving harsh landscapes, oppression and injustice, cruel family history, and threats both supernatural and mundane. It’s also a series about found family, with a pleasingly ‘us against the world’ dynamic that I always find really appealling.
The setting of these novels is a tidally locked planet, and the various societies that have sprung up within such an unforgiving landscape have found different ways to cope with its inherent problems. Some, on the ‘Dayward’ side of the planet use shades to block out the eternal sunshine, and make ingenious use of courtyards, open windows, and gardens as ways to escape the heat, while other cultures have no taboo against nudity and wear minimal clothing to keep as cool as possible. Those in the hottest possible habitable zone live in carefully engineered underground cities, making clever use of mirrors, skylights and tunnels to let daylight shine into the depths. In the ‘Nightward’ side of the planet, there are heated, enclosed cities carved out of the ice.
But the challenges of this setting are not merely due to excessive sunlight (or its complete absence): there are frequent but unpredictable earthquakes and tsumanis, poisonous ‘medusas’ (which seem to be like giant squids) lurking in the ocean, and the constant human threat against any person exibiting magical powers.
One such individual is Alizhan, one of the two heroines of the series, who can read minds, and whose very touch causes pain. She has been raised in isolation as a weapon by Iriyat, a woman with secrets of her own. While Iriyat attempts to wield Alizhan against the various political intrigues of her city, Alizhan has other ideas, and, together with Ev, a physically tough but very soft-hearted childhood friend, she makes a break for freedom, inadvertently uncovering multiple conspiracies and unravelling clues into her own mysterious past. As the narrative unfolds, the two characters begin to realise the extent of what they’re up against: a devastating existential threat against an entire city, and an all-powerful antagonist determined to use this threat for personal and political gain.
The series ranges widely throughout Davin’s imagined world, and it’s a joy to spend time in all its regions, getting to know the cast of characters who appear, disappear and reappear over the course of the series, helping or hindering Ev and Alizhan. My favourite among these would have to be Thiyo, a self-assured, extroverted young man with a flair for the dramatic and the magical ability to learn and speak all languages fluently without any effort. He joins Alizhan and Ev midway through their quest, and his flashy confidence and openness is a great contrast to their guarded, angst-ridden awkwardness.
Most pleasing of all about this trio of characters is their inherent, unwavering goodness. Beneath Thiyo’s attention-seeking and drama, Alizhan’s blunt tactlessness, and Ev’s shyness lies a common heroism, a desire to fight against all injustices, and the refusal to be daunted by the enormity of their task. And, set gloriously against this grander struggle are their own human struggles and growth — all three are in love with each other, and the resolution Davin chooses to deal with this made me so happy. Yes, this trilogy is that rare beast: a love triangle with three bisexual characters (Thiyo had past relationships with men and women) with a satisfactory resolution and a happy ending. For that alone I would recommend it.
We are not things November 17, 2018
Posted by dolorosa12 in blogging, books, meta, reviews.
Tags: books, emily hauser, emily wilson, for the most beautiful, pat barker, reviews, tell them stories, the iliad, the odyssey, the silence of the girls, writing
Ever since I first read the Iliad as a teenager, so long ago the exact translation into English escapes me, I was struck by the secondary story that seemed submerged beneath the war, honour, and claims to immortality through militaristic deeds of heroism: the story of the women. I never had much interest in the long recitations of characters’ ancestry, names of warriors killed on the battlefield, wooden horses or lucky arrows shot through vulnerable heels. Instead, I focused on the story that whispered in the margins: the calamity of war to the women and children it made most vulnerable, the ways such women coped with the ever-present threat of male violence, and the simmering presence of this violence even in ostensible peacetime, in spaces where women were surrounded by their own families. I sought out retellings of the Iliad that brought this story to the fore, finding hints of it in medieval and early modern versions of the story of Troilus and Cressida, an unsubtle and clumsy rendering of it in The Firebrand, Marion Zimmer Bradley’s story of Cassandra, and, later, Euripides’ The Trojan Women, a powerful tragedy which gives the Iliad‘s victims their voice. With the notable exception of Adèle Geras’ Troy (which is constrained by its young adult status, meaning it needs to steer clear of a lot of the darker pathways an examination of the effect of the siege of Troy on Trojan teenage girls should take), most modern female character-centric Iliad retellings have been a monumental disappointment. My suspicion is that the authors of these retellings often want to tell some kind of love story — and to make any love story palatable to a modern readership, they need to make what are pretty contemptible male characters palatable to that readership, resulting in pulled punches and attempts to redeem the actions of violent, destructive men who see nothing wrong with parcelling out women as spoils of war. At worst, you get attempts to turn the relationship of Achilles and Briseis into a love story (see: the ghastly film Troy), or to make the whole war a kind of backdrop for Achilles and Patroclus’ epic romance (see: Madeleine Miller’s The Song of Achilles, which renders the captive Briseis as a sort of chaste cheerleader for the Achilles/Patroclus relationship). As someone who is really interested in stories that take Briseis out of the margins and into the centre of the page, I find this incredibly frustrating — but it doesn’t stop me from reading every Briseis-centric Iliad retelling, searching for that elusive story that truly lets her speak.
It was through this roundabout, decades-long search, that I arrived at Pat Barker’s incredible, astonishing The Silence of the Girls. The title is a deliberate misnomer: hers is a book where Briseis — so silent for most of the Iliad — truly speaks, giving voice to the horrors she endures as a captive of first Achilles and then Agamenmon and bringing the experiences of the Trojan captives in the Greek camp vividly to life. Barker’s book sticks close to the plot of the Iliad proper, and plays straight the supernatural elements of Homer’s epic: the gods appear, Achilles is the semi-divine son of a sea nymph, and so on. Where she diverges is in the weight given to the perspectives of those dispossessed or unnoticed in Homer’s original narrative: women, both free and captive, children, and the unnamed hordes of mercenary soldiers brought over to Troy on the promise of fame and plunder.
There are so many moments of devastating power in Barker’s brilliant story that it’s hard to select just a few to give an impression of the narrative. There’s the point, early on in the book, where Briseis (at this point the young wife of a petty king of a city allied to Troy) is trapped, waiting a battle’s outcome with the other women of the palace, knowing that defeat in the battle will mean rape and enslavement, and she realises that all the slave women hiding with her have already experienced this at the hands of her husband and male relatives. There’s her constant focus, once captured, on Achilles’ moods and hands and body; like all women trapped in a situation of domestic violence, she has to maintain a state of constant vigilence to minimise the harm done to her and ensure her reactions to volatile male tempers don’t spark life-threatening brutality. There’s the scene where Priam — having slipped into the Greek camp to plead with Achilles for his son Hector’s body, and kissed Achilles’ hands in an attempt to persuade him — carries on as if this act of kissing were the greatest sacrifice and humiliation imaginable (something ‘no man has ever done before’), and Briseis reflects scathingly on the ubiquity of what she, and all women affected by war, have been forced to endure. It’s so ubiquitous that it goes entirely unremarked and unnoticed, like something of the fabric of the world.
At the same time, Barker focuses relentlessly on the resilient, fractious, messy community of captive women that has sprung up in the Greek camp over the ten years of the Trojan War. The war itself is essentially a half-seen backdrop: the real action takes place in the laundry tents, weaving huts, and at the edges of racous warriors’ feasts, where women circulate, pouring wine. All find different ways to cope with their situation: some force themselves to fall in love with their captors, or try to persuade one captor to fall in love with them, because one rapist is easier to endure than a whole camp of them. Others take refuge in maintaining a pretence of respectability, remaining secluded, weaving cloth, and only venturing outside when wearing veils, as if behaving like proper married matrons will convince the world that nothing has changed in their status. Briseis’ technique is to remain hypervigilent, not just to the mood in her own tent, but within the camp as a whole — and in this she is aided by the network of captive women, who move about unnoticed, slipping into spaces where they can pick up news with ease, and spreading it rapidly around to their fellow captives. Briseis is well aware that her only power is to be prepared: to know what is being done to her before it happens. She cannot avoid the blows, but she can brace herself for when they fall.
Barker is an author whose works frequently focus on the horrors war visits on ordinary people, and so the experience of women, swept up in the brutal violence of the Trojan War is a story she’s well suited to tell. She does so with honesty, clarity, and illumination of the small acts of resistance that go unnoticed when women are perceived to lack agency.
I wish I could say the same of Emily Hauser’s For the Most Beautiful, a story recommended to me as one that did justice to Briseis. Instead, what I got was a syrupy YA romance between captive and captor. I’m not averse to this kind of story (see, for example, my recent review of Aliette de Bodard’s Beauty and the Beast retelling, In the Vanishers’ Palace), but it needs to either embrace the darkness, or work harder to convince me that the captor is as trapped by their circumstances as the captive. When the captor is Achilles, a violent, volatile warrior whose talent, identity and sense of honour and prestige is entirely bound up in his ability to kill and wage war, the author is going to have work pretty hard. Hauser’s attempts remain, to me, unconvincing. It was a moment of almost comedic horror when I realised her Briseis was going to forgive and sleep with Achilles on the instant she realised he had just returned from killing her brothers on the battlefield. The justification for this forgiveness — if her brothers’ and her captor’s positions had been reversed, she would have felt his actions entirely reasonable, and that, as a mercenary leader his job is to wage war wherever he’s hired, so he’s as trapped in his role as scourge of Troy as she is in hers as a slave whose body is not her own — is outrageous. In the hands of a stronger writer, For the Most Beautiful could perhaps have served as the story of the pretty lies a captive tells herself to endure an intolerable situation, and the portrait of a fragmented and fraying mind, but Hauser seems to want us to see a love story. For the Most Beautiful certainly suffers in comparison with The Silence of the Girls, not least because it lacks the latter’s sense of a community of enslaved women, finding strength in each other, and navigating their circumstances with ingenuity, giving voice to those treated as nameless things in the original Iliad narrative.
It was interesting to read both these retellings in parallel with Emiy Wilson’s intelligent, perceptive, and remarkable translation of the Odyssey. While obviously needing to stick to the story that is actually there on the page, Wilson, like Barker, shines a light in areas that previous translations of the story chose not to emphasise. Where previous translators used the word ‘handmaid’ or ‘servant’, Wilson uses ‘slave’, ensuring readers will not look away from these slaves’ eventual slaughter. There is equal weight given to women’s work at the loom and the conversations that take place in women’s spaces, and Odysseus’s travails on his long journey home. Even Wilson’s choice of book cover is deliberate, featuring a trio of women, rather than the more normal ships on unquiet seas. As she has noted on several occasions, just as much of the Odyssey‘s plot takes place around the looms, laundries, bedrooms and kitchens of women as on Odysseus’ convoluted ocean voyages, so a book cover that highlights the latter is making a deliberate choice about what — and whose — stories are worthy of attention.
While it is rare for most authors to get as much input into cover design as Wilson clearly did, it is worth noting that For the Most Beautiful has the sadly typical stock image of a headless woman, while The Silence of the Girls shows not only women and children in full, fleeing in terror, it also does not shy away from depicting what they’re fleeing from: the male warriors who have burnt their city. (There are, of course, other editions of these books with different covers.) When modern authors tackle the Iliad and the Odyssey — two epics which have occupied prime position in the Western literary canon for millennia — they are faced with many choices. What they choose to emphasise, whose story they choose to tell, and who they choose to forgive and redeem have a powerful effect. At brilliant best, like Barker, their choices bring justice and give voice to women silenced both the original narrative and myriad retellings. At worst, like Hauser, the choices of an author will take that voice away.
Hope in the ruins November 3, 2018
Tags: aliette de bodard, books, in the vanishers' palace, novellas
A dark retelling of Beauty and the Beast where both characters are female, the cultural setting is Vietnamese, and the Beast is a dragon: there is nothing about that sentence I don’t like. As you can imagine, therefore, I was awaiting Aliette de Bodard’s latest novella, In the Vanishers’ Palace, with great anticipation. It was definitely worth the wait! Her Beauty analogue is Yên, a failed scholar eking out a precarious existence helping her mother with her medical work in a community that despises them. An attempt to heal one of her friends of sickness has unintended consequences, and results in Yên being given to a dragon, Vu Côn, in indenture. Yên fears abuse and death at the dragon’s hands, but from this unpromising start, love, hope, and healing blossom. Like the fairytale original, In the Vanishers’ Palace is a love story between captor and captive — and it certainly doesn’t shy away from this element — but it takes that love story in intriguing and unexpected directions. Instead of being a lonely and cruel recluse, Vu Côn is a worried and overworked mother, and Yên becomes tutor to her two children. And instead of Yên’s love making her monstrous lover human, Vu Côn’s dragon identity is part of the appeal, and she remains a dragon to the end.
In the Vanishers’ Palace takes place in a world reeling from rapacious colonialism. The eponymous Vanishers are no longer present, but the effects of their greed had reverberations felt long after their departure, from the depletion and degradation of food sources to the supernatural threats that haunt the margins of the story. Rồng, or dragon spirits in Vietnamese folklore, are benevolent, but Vu Côn, responsible for killing people made ill by the plagues left behind by the Vanishers, has become something to be feared. And, as de Bodard notes, the Vanishers’ cruellest act of devastation is to the colonised people themselves, whose very values and sense of self have been transformed (and not for the better), leaving them unmoored and ill-equipped to deal with the difficulties they face.
De Bodard opted to self-publish this work, and has stated at several points that this was a conscious decision in order to avoid any painful compromises in terms of plot, characterisation and representation. While the resulting work is excellent, it’s a pretty damning indictment of the current SFF publishing scene if the only way to end up with a story where queer relationships are normative, trans and/or nonbinary people are present and visible, and where colonised people are allowed to express fury and rage at their predicament without editorial pushback is to self-publish. It may be that this self-publishing choice was merely a precautionary measure, but if not, I sincerely hope that the quality and reception of In the Vanishers’ Palace makes things easier for other authors hoping to (self- or traditionally) publish work in its vein.
This being an Aliette de Bodard story, there are all the familiar and fabulous features that I’ve come to expect in her work: loving and mouth-watering descriptions of food and cooking, a refusal to flinch away from the devastating effects of empire and colonialism, and an intricate exploration of the different ways survival can look. This last is crucial, and resonates deeply with me. De Bodard rejects an individualistic interpretation of heroism, where a lone, special individual bravely solves the world’s problems alone. Instead, courage in her writing is all about (inter)dependence and community building — the little acts that forge and strengthen networks, reinforce familial and non-familial bonds, and the way that sometimes merely surviving and helping others survive is its own victory. De Bodard’s writing is at its exquisite best when it’s focused on hope in the ruins, and this shines through most beautifully in In the Vanishers’ Palace.
Winterheart October 5, 2018
Tags: all my dangerous friends, books, naomi novik, reviews, spinning silver, tell them stories
When you clear away the whimsy and Disneyfication, fairytales are pretty terrifying. They are concerned, above all, with survival, and all the tricks their resourceful characters employ to navigate the web of threats and danger they face in a terrifying, incomprehensible, and unyielding world. Contemporary reworkings of these fairytales that grasp this dark heart that lurks at the centre of enchanted forests are an absolute joy to read. Naomi Novik has done just that with Spinning Silver, her second novel that draws on fairytales for inspiration. In it, she takes familiar fairytale tropes: an unbreakable bargain with an unknowable, capricious otherworldly being, a brave woman forced to reckon with marriage to a monster, and poor children, starving in a frozen, famished landscape, given sustenance as a reward for their innate goodness, and gives them depth and complexity. Whether you like her take on these tales is going to depend a lot on how much you enjoyed her previous fairytale-inspired fantasy, Uprooted, as both involve very similar character dynamics and resolutions to their stories’ conflicts. Luckily for me, I adored Uprooted — and found Spinning Silver, if anything, even more to my taste.
In this new work, Novik weaves the stories of three brave, resourceful women, living in the harsh landscapes of pre-modern Lithuania. There is Irina, a noblewomen dealing with forced marriage to the Tsar, whose cruel behaviour hides an even darker secret. Wanda, a peasant girl, is struggling to keep herself and her younger brothers fed after the death of their mother and in the face of their father’s alcoholism and abuse. And, at the heart of the story is Miryem, the daughter of an unsuccessful moneylender who is struggling to keep her family afloat amidst poverty and antisemitism. The three women’s stories interweave, and in different ways all three become embroiled in the supernatural, which sits uneasily beside the human world, always threatening to intrude, with destructive consequences.
Novik has chosen Rumplestiltskin as the frame on which to hang her own broader story, and she gets right to the dark heart of this fairytale (which, like all fairytales, has incredibly disturbing undertones when you read it closely), bringing its themes of unequal bargains and exchange to the fore. In her own tale of Jewish moneylenders and superstitious villagers, mercantile ability and honest bargains are made heroic and magical, with Miryem’s skills that she developed as a moneylender (in marked contrast to her father’s lack of success in this area) saving both the human and supernatural worlds from myriad dangers. Miryem’s mercantile work sits beside the novel’s more general emphasis on the day-to-day work of everyday people, particularly women, with this work constantly reiterated as heroic and life-saving. Irina, who, as the wife of a tsar can hardly be said to be an everyday person, is nevertheless saved countless times by skills built up in women’s spaces, such as castle fireplaces where groups of women congregate to embroider and sew clothes. Meanwhile, Wanda’s hard labour with outdoor farmwork and indoor housework is equally valorised, and the novel also emphasises that the steps she takes to appease and placate her violent father and deflect his anger and abuse are a kind of labour of their own, one which takes its toll. And, in the novel’s exploration of another kind of marginalisation, Spinning Silver makes the point that living with the horrifying threat of anti-Semitism, the ever present fear that their peaceful neighbours will at any moment turn on them as a howling, violent mob, is an experience that, sadly, will aid its Jewish characters in dealing with other, more supernatural dangers.
There were so many fabulous little details that gave the world of Spinning Silver a truly lived-in feeling, but what I most appreciated were those which emphasised Miryem’s identity as an observant Jewish woman. Rather than fearing that eating otherworldly food will bar her way to the human world forever, she worries if the food is kosher (it turns out to be uncooked fruit, and thus safe). Her fears at being unable to measure the passage of time in the otherworld are less because she fears returning to the human world hundreds of years later, but rather because she needs to know when to observe Shabbat. Rather than being viewed as a barrier to Miryem’s participation in magical, supernatural adventures, her Jewish identity is a source of strength. Similarly, in a genre rife with dead mothers (and, to be fair, Spinning Silver does have its share of these), it was refreshing to observe the warm, supportive relationship between Miryem and her very much alive mother, as well as that of Irina and her former nurse, who was something of a maternal stand-in.
This is a world in which women save themselves — and each other — using the tools at hand. It is a world in which the work of a market stall seller, or a noblewoman presiding over a rowdy feasting hall, or a girl feeding chickens is given equal weight to magical powers. Indeed, it’s a world in which supernatural beings view prosaic, human skills as having a kind of magic of their own. In other words, in Spinning Silver Novik has married two of my favourite tropes: ordinary ‘women’s work’ made heroic, and supernatural beings viewing ordinary human skills as magical and powerful. It’s an absolute joy to read, and I very much hope Spinning Silver is not her last foray into fairytale-inspired fantasy fiction.
‘That love of maidens for monsters’ September 15, 2018
Tags: all my dangerous friends, blogging, books, katherine arden, reviews, the bear and the nightingale, the girl in the tower, the winternight trilogy
Every so often, a work of fiction, whether series or standalone, will creep up on me like a welcome surprise, seemingly crafted to appeal to my exact tastes, its combination of elements so perfectly designed to fill a void in my reading I didn’t even know existed. Katherine Arden’s Winternight Trilogy, of which two books are currently published — The Bear and the Nightingale, and The Girl in the Tower; the third, The Winter of the Witch, will be published in January, 2019 — is one such series of books. Arden’s series is a work of historical fantasy, set in a slightly tweaked version of fourteenth-century Russia (or rather, to be more precise, the region we now know as Russia) in which the supernatural hovers just out of sight, where elemental gods and magical horses roam the snow-filled forests, and where most people’s beliefs comfortably accommodate both the icons and pageantry of Orthodox Christianity and the more earthy household gods of kitchen and stable.
Through this intriguing landscape strides Vasilisa (Vasya) Petrovna, the daughter of an aristocrat whose lands are in the frozen north, in a liminal encompassing both farm and dense forest, and a mysterious witch who died giving birth to Vasya, her fifth child. In The Bear and the Nightingale, Vasya grows up wild in her father’s lands, equally at home on the capacious stove in the kitchen, listening to her nurse’s stories, and roaming from river to stables to forest, chattering with the supernatural, otherworldly beings that only she can see. Arden’s is a world where gods require belief and offerings in order to survive, and Vasya provides these happily, while attracting the particular attention of Morozko, the old god of winter, frost, and death. This fragile peace is shattered by the arrival first of a new stepmother, a princess who would have preferred to remain unmarried and in a convent, and later of a zealous, charismatic priest sent north by the secular rulers concerned that his popularity could make him a rival to their own power. Both find Vasya’s unconventional nature disturbing and threatening, and, as she grows from a girl to a teenager, they seek to contain and constrain her, and attempt to stamp out the lingering pagan beliefs still held by the people of the household. Their zeal, however, has unintented, far-reaching consequences, inadvertently unleashing a horrific supernatural threat that will require all of Vasya’s skill, courage, and ingenuity to overcome.
The Girl in the Tower paints on a wider canvas, as Vasya leaves her familiar northern home, travelling to Moscow on Solovey, the magical horse given to her by Morozko, disguised as a boy, seeking her older sister Olga. However, her plans are thwarted by broader politics both earthly and otherworldly, as mysterious raiders ransack villages, stealing children, and the Grand Prince of Moscow weighs up whether to challenge the Mongol khans whose power wavers but who still extract tribute from their vassals in Russia. At the same time, a new supernatural threat emerges, a shadowy being who needs Vasya for purposes of his own. Vasya does her best to navigate these treacherous waters, but is challenged at every turn by the constraints placed on women in her society, yearning to ride free and unencumbered on Solovey in a world that would see her confined in either married women’s quarters or convent — or else as a threat that must be destroyed.
For all the latter book’s emphasis on the grand sweep of medieval Russian politics, the scope and focus of the series is pleasingly domestic — whether the kitchen stove of Vasya’s family home, or the private suites of rooms that comprise the women’s quarters of Olga’s marital palace. Arden makes much of the everyday labour of women: preparing food, sweeping hearths, embroidering elaborate headdresses, assisting in the birth of children. The lives of these women may be circumscribed, lived within a narrow space, travelling between hearth, bathhouse, and church, but they are not inconsequential. This is a series in which the labour of a mother giving birth to a child is of greater supernatural significance than the outcome of a battle, where a girl slipping bread crusts to household gods does more to forge alliances than the political machinations of men in Moscow palaces. I have praised this kind of emphasis in fiction before, and I’m very pleased to see it’s becoming more prevalent.
This is a series that revels in its darkness. There is no attempt to soften or humanise Morozko (although Arden does make use of one of my favourite tropes: the monster who loves a human for her humanity, and the human who loves a monster for his monstrosity, who are able to reach an uneasy accommodation of humanity and monstrosity together), and the cruel harshness of the landscape and the capricious beings that inhabit it is constantly reiterated. But these are the indifferent cruelties of nature, which is indiscriminate in the hurt it causes. True viciousness in Arden’s works is reserved for human beings, who make their own choice to be violent or hurtful. And then, fairytale-like in its contrast is the shining, luminous goodness of those like Vasya, whose integrity and moral courage light the way through fear, and danger, and darkness.
Pressing on boundaries June 2, 2018
Tags: blogging, books, hild, nicola griffith, reviews
I normally avoid reading historical fiction (whether told straight, or with fantasy elements added) set in early medieval Britain or Ireland. It’s too hard to switch off my medievalist brain and nitpick every inaccuracy or tired cliché. Although there are some works set in this time I enjoy, it’s generally a time period and genre I approach with caution. This may explain why it took me so long to get to Hild, Nicola Griffith’s astonishing, complex, and beautifully crafted novel about Hild, a seventh-century Anglo-Saxon princess who became the founding abbess of Whitby and was later made a saint (if a school, college, or church in the UK is named St Hilda’s, it’s likely named after her). As with many figures living in this time of history, contemporary written records about Hild are lacking, but Griffith has done a wonderful job of filling in the blanks in a way that is both plausible and engaging.
The Britain of Griffith’s novel is a tumultuous place of shifting allegiances, diplomatic marriages of convenience, fluid boundaries, and fast-paced political, religious and cultural change that is leaving its inhabitants disoriented and uncertain. Amidst all this turmoil is Hild — a child at the novel’s beginning, an older teenager by its close — whose early life is spent in exile, followed by a period with her mother and sister at her uncle’s court. Her mother’s ambition is to be a powerbroker behind the throne, and she uses all the tools at her disposal, including roping her daughters into her schemes, teaching them to see the connections, tensions and patterns between the powerful people around them, and to subtly influence the political direction of their kingdom without the men in power perceiving it. Hild finds this at once a talent that comes naturally to her, and a frightening, sometimes crushing burden. Without being able to command and control people directly, she is essentially unable to put a halt to actions and choices she feels will cause harm and destruction, while at the same time she feels responsible for decisions she has influenced indirectly. Ever since her birth, Hild’s mother has encouraged an air of supernatural power around her daughter, creating a legend that turns Hild into a seer who can predict the future, and it’s this visionary role that allows her to speak freely in contexts where women’s voices would normally be unwelcome, hiding her political manoeuvring in a cloud of prophetic symbolism. The problem with being a prophet is that people expect your predictions to come true, which is an additional weight on Hild’s shoulders.
Where Griffith really succeeds is in her depiction of women’s lives — particularly the parts of those lives that happen out of the view of men. Hild abounds with such scenes: women discussing pregnancy, abortion and childbirth in whispers in a bedroom, women spinning and weaving in a corner of the hall, women out herding animals, women subtly directing the political events of their day. It’s a particular breath of fresh air to see the smaller, quieter moments treated with as much seriousness and granted as much importance as the sorts of things that are normally perceived to have had real historical impact. Thus, a small girl wearing heavy, ornate jewellery and carrying a cup of mead around the hall is shown to have as much, if not more, political significance as a battle, and is carried out with a similar level of tactical planning.
The world of Hild is visceral, and Griffith revels in the muck and dirt of it, bringing readers with her into muddy fields, smelly cowsheds, rooms where women’s hands are soft with lanolin as they spin wool, and halls sharp with the tang of strong mead. One of the most striking and memorable scenes to me involves a group of farm workers constructing a hedgerow, piling mounds of earth between stones, and weaving bushes fragrant with the scent of hawthorn into the hedge, so that the whole construction is a living, breathing thing. The sheer effort involved, the cooperative labour, and the sense of work well done are all conveyed with clarity and strength. It’s just one of many such moments in the book — bringing things back down to earth, and imbuing the ordinary work of everyday life with a luminous sense of mystery and power. This quality reminded me of other books that have been formative and important to me — Ursula Le Guin’s fantasy novels, the work of Monica Furlong (set in a very similar time period, and with a similar focus on ‘women’s work’), and, more recently, the epic fantasy of Kate Elliott. It’s something I’m always glad to see in fiction, and I can only hope that Griffith’s follow up to Hild continues to retain this same element.
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Home News Breaking News Trump Wants A Border Wall – And This Sheriff Is Offering To...
Trump Wants A Border Wall – And This Sheriff Is Offering To Have His Inmates Help Build It
January 5, 2017 10:16 pm
As a new presidency nears, a New England sheriff has promised President-elect Donald Trump that inmates in Bristol County, Mass., will help him build his contentious wall along the U.S.-Mexico border.
Bristol County Sheriff Thomas Hodgson said at his inauguration ceremony Wednesday that he plans to put inmate volunteers from the Bristol County House of Correction to work along the southern border. It’s part of Hodgson’s proposal for a nationwide network of inmate workers who could help with things like natural disaster cleanup and large infrastructure projects.
“I can think of no other project that would have such a positive impact on our inmates and our country than building this wall,” the Republican sheriff said at Bristol Community College during his swearing-in ceremony for his fourth six-year term in office, according to the Herald News.
“Aside from learning and perfecting construction skills, the symbolism of these inmates building a wall to prevent crime in communities around the country, and to preserve jobs and work opportunities for them and other Americans upon release, can be very powerful,” he said.
During the presidential campaign, Trump proposed building a massive wall along the 2,000-mile border, at Mexico’s expense – an effort to keep out undocumented immigrants, terrorists and illegal drugs.
The idea became a focal point at Trump’s campaign rallies, with supporters chanting “Build that wall!” Trump has remained resolute in his plan.
Hodgson, a longtime opponent of illegal immigration, said Trump’s wall must be built.
“We won’t have legitimate immigration reform in this country until we build a wall,” he said Wednesday, according to the Herald News.
Amid debate over who would foot the bill for the wall, Hodgson announced Project NICE (National Inmates’ Community Endeavors), a program aimed at rehabilitating inmates by giving them work skills while also providing free labor for big jobs. He said inmates will respond to needs across the country, including cleanup and repairs after catastrophic events such as earthquakes, hurricanes and tornadoes. They would also work on major projects such as Trump’s border wall.
“Think of how much good could come of 500 or 1,000 extra hands in rebuilding a community after a disaster, and the inmates would learn valuable construction skills and on-the-job training as part of their rehabilitation,” Hodgson said Wednesday, according to a statement from the Bristol County Sheriff’s Department.
Jonathan Darling, a spokesman for the sheriff’s office, told The Washington Post on Thursday that getting Project NICE off the ground will be a top priority for Hodgson during his next six years in office.
Darling said Hodgson has been speaking to sheriffs across the country about his plan for a national network of inmate workers, which would divide the country into four regions. Then, when a natural disaster strikes, Darling said, inmates in that area who have volunteered to be in the work program will respond.
Although Hodgson did not say Wednesday who would pay to transport and secure inmates on-site, Darling said the sheriff is hoping to partner with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), an arm of the Department of Homeland Security, and use federal funding to help cover those costs.
Now that the sheriff has announced his plan for Project NICE, he is working to make it official, Darling said. The Bristol County Sheriff’s Department will soon give a formal presentation at the annual meeting for the National Sheriffs’ Association.
The sheriff’s office has also reached out to Trump’s transition team to formally offer to help build the wall; sheriff’s officials had not heard back as of Thursday morning, Darling said. Trump transition officials did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
The proposal has drawn rebuke from the American Civil Liberties Union in Massachusetts, which called the sheriff’s plan “perverse.”
“It’s inhumane, and it’s most likely unconstitutional,” Laura Rótolo, staff counsel with the ACLU, told the Boston Globe. “It’s also likely an attempt by Sheriff Hodgson just to ride this wave and become famous nationally. . . . I hope we don’t have to take this proposal seriously.”
Rótolo said the ACLU is prepared to take the sheriff to court over the matter.
“If Sheriff Hodgson follows through on this gimmick, the ACLU of Massachusetts is prepared to use every tool in our toolbox, including litigation, to stop him,” Rótolo told the newspaper. “The wall itself . . . is based on racism and hatred, and no self-respecting Massachusetts official should have anything to do with it.”
“The idea of using modern-day slave labor to send people thousands of miles away from their Massachusetts home to build a wall to keep out other vulnerable populations, it’s just preposterous,” she added.
Darling, the Bristol County Sheriff’s Department spokesman, stressed that only inmates who volunteer for the work program will be called on.
“We would never force them to do it,” he said.
Darling called it a “benefit” for qualifying prisoners in Bristol County (and beyond) to take part in existing inmate work programs, which help shave time off their sentences and give them vocational skills they can use once they are released. He noted, however, that the Bristol County Sheriff’s Department doesn’t send violent offenders to help through the inmate work program – nor would it expect other departments to do so through Project NICE.
Asked about the border wall, Darling said the sheriff thought it would be a good project both for the inmates and the country. Hodgson, he said, hopes to be shovel-ready within six months to a year.
(c) 2017, The Washington Post · Lindsey Bever
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B"H January 5, 2017 at 11:08 pm
It sounds a lot more humane than what usually goes on in prison. But what about the potential for escape?
It’s the same left that fear helping these ppl before thay land in prison bc thay need to keep them Slavs to the Dem party through all the benefits they bribe them with so they get their votes.
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Interview: Hayleys Leggs “I seem to add a different job title to my resume every year”.
5th December 2018 By Gary Trueman
Hayley Leggs will be familiar to many in the alternative scene. She can be found at festivals interviewing bands, performing on stage as a fire act both with Nympherno and also solo and she has also modelled for many years. Gary Trueman dropped in for a chat at the Leggs HQ and talked about her recent marriage, being tall and drumming for Adam Ant.
You’ve got a lot of strings to your bow, do you think it’s important to be able to do lots of different jobs to be able to survive these days?
“Absolutely, in this kind of scene, and apart from that I’d just get bored doing the same thing all the time. I seem to add a different job title to my resume every year.”
You’re well known on the modelling scene, are you reining that in a bit more now as you do other things?
“I wouldn’t say I was well known on the modelling scene, I just do shoots when someone asks me to do one. Usually I’m happy to do it if it’s something I like the sound of, something a bit interesting. I’ve not really taken a deliberate step away, I’ve just done fewer and fewer so fewer people knew that was something I did, and I’ve focused more on other things.”
Some people may be unaware that you’ve played the drums in the past too and drummed for Adam Ant at one point. Was that something you started early on in your life?
“I started playing drums when I was about 14, I’d tried a bunch of other instruments before then, I’d been playing piano for about four years before then. The first rock band I got into was Muse and from there I got into metal and had this desperate urge to play drums. I begged my parents for a kit for a couple of years and finally got one. I was in a couple of teenage bands. When I joined Adam Ant I hadn’t played for a few years so I was pretty rusty but the style of drums that he has is exactly the style I like. Compared to the metal that I’m into it’s a lot simpler.”
Any plans to continue drumming in the future?
“Unfortunately not because if you live in London and you don’t have a band and drums are your instrument it’s really difficult to keep up because you can’t really practice at home. I did have an electronic kit for a while but just did not have the urge to play it. It didn’t give me that satisfaction that a real kit provides. I just got out of the habit and sold my kit last year when I didn’t have the storage any more. I think about it often and fantasize that I’d carried on.”
Moving on to something else that you do and that’s performing with fire as part of Nympherno (with Amy Harris, Kelly Sabrina and Kate Lomax). What’s the status of that now because Amy had a baby recently?
“Nympherno was always the four of us and within that we would perform solo and duo shows as well. Amy left and had a baby. Kate doesn’t really feel like doing fire any more, she’s moved on to all the other stuff she does. Kelly and I still perform but we’re in a place at the moment where we’re not sure to keep the name as just the two of us or get a couple of guest performers in. We just know that we want to carry on doing what we’re doing. Kelly and I have worked together for so long, around a third of my life, and we work together so well and have a really good time so it never feels like work. I love doing the solo shows as well, they’re good fun too.”
You do TV work as well and have had quite a bit of praise for it. Is that something you’d like to develop?
“I started off by doing a radio show and from that I was interviewing bands. It wasn’t something I pushed it was just something I did when I was asked to. I did a show called the Electric Guitar Show which was fun, I did news reading for Loaded TV which was an unusual experience. I still do interviews for my YouTube channel and it’s something I definitely want to keep up for a long time. I should work harder to push that really.”
You recently got married. Has that changed your perspective on what you do or altered what you do in any way?
“No not really because my husband is very much into all the same stuff as me. He’s happy to go to festivals with me and he’s happy for me to go to festivals by myself so it hasn’t really changed anything for me. It just means I’m in a bit of a happier place not having to worry about dealing with dickhead men, haha. I have one who isn’t a dickhead. How romantic, haha. He’s been filming for me the last couple of times I’ve been to Hellfest. He’s my cameraman but he’s not the best at it because he gets a bit over excited when he meets his favourite band members and accidentally turns off the camera. But we do get to do that together and he’s very encouraging.”
As the name Hayley Leggs would imply, you’re very tall. What’s the best and worst of being a tall person?
“The best is definitely at gigs because I can see over everyone’s heads. The worst is that I bang my head all the time. If I’m on a bus in London my legs don’t fit in the seats so it’s uncomfortable. It has its ups and downs. I often have women saying I’m so lucky you’re so tall but I say I probably have a fair bit of brain damage from the amount of times I’ve bashed my head. I’ve also given myself back problems in the past from where if you’re standing in a group, if you’re taller than people you subconsciously crouch down and it’s really bad for your posture. I’ve had to train myself out of that but I still catch myself doing it.”
If you could go back in time and give a 15 year old Hayley Leggs one piece of advice what would it be?
“I would probably say to keep up the drums no matter what. Just work hard at it and pay all the money you have to have a rehearsal space. Just push it and become an amazing rock star.”
Interview and photos by Gary Trueman
Hayley Leggs
Interview: Divine On Fire - Producer James Goodchild talks about a new film for 2019
News: Bloodstock Festival announces another four for 2019!
Divine On Fire is a new film featuring a lot of people that many on the alternative scene might recognise. Model Dani Divine...
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Residential Air Conditioning Sales
Edgerton, Inc. Heating & Air Conditioning is the local leader in Connecticut air conditioning sales. We sell and install only top-rated AC brands for long-term reliability and performance. We are a factory-trained and authorized dealer for the most trusted names in air conditioning with a variety of available models to help you choose the perfect cooling system for your home. Our staff members have years of experience in HVAC installation to deliver superior service. We choose to sell the brands and models that we believe offer the best performance, reliability, and value to Connecticut homeowners.
Ready to install a new central air conditioner in your home or replace an aging system? Learn more about the top-rated brands we sell and install.
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Trane has been a world leader in home air conditioning and heating since 1913. It’s also one of the few heating and cooling brands that still manufacturers its own compressor which is called the Climatuff. The compressor is the heart of the modern AC system and our HVAC technicians have found that the Climatuff compressor can take heavy use and abuse. This compressor is so impressive that it’s built Trane’s reputation. The company’s slogan — It’s hard to stop a Trane — was built on the back of their signature compressor.
Bryant Air Conditioner Sales
Bryant central air conditioners are a good choice if you want a quiet system with innovative energy efficiency features. Bryant’s inverter technology delivers extremely efficient yet ultra-quiet operation with some of the most efficient air conditioners on the market. Factory authorized Bryant dealers like Edgerton, Inc. Heating & Air Conditioning meet the company’s high standards for service and skill with a 100% satisfaction guaranteed promise.
Carrier Air Conditioner Sales
Willis Carrier is responsible for designing and building the first modern electric air conditioning system at the turn of the 20th century. Since 1902, New York-based Carrier has been a leader in innovative air conditioning design and is responsible for the first central air conditioning system in the world. Carrier was the first to install home air conditioning, window AC units, and ship air conditioners. Today, Carrier is known for its line of energy-efficient home cooling and heating systems with a dedication to innovation and performance. Carrier provides a 10-year limited warranty on parts for all of its Infinity, Performance, and Comfort series AC systems.
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Tag: overproduction
new fossil fuel sources + overproduction = bankruptcy for greedy developers
❝ For decades, elected leaders and corporate executives have chased a dream of independence from unstable or unfriendly foreign oil producers. Mission accomplished: Oil companies are producing record amounts of crude oil and natural gas in the United States and have become major exporters…With a global glut driving down prices, many are losing money and are staying afloat by selling assets and taking on debt…
❝ In the last four years, roughly 175 oil and gas companies in the United States and Canada with debts totaling about $100 billion have filed for bankruptcy protection. Many borrowed heavily when oil and gas prices were far higher, only to collectively overproduce and undercut their commodity prices. At least six companies have gone bankrupt this year, and Weatherford International, the fourth-leading oil services company, which owes investors $7.7 billion, is expected to file for bankruptcy protection…
❝ One concern is that the industry will be forced to leave oil and gas in the ground as climate change prompts environmental restrictions on drilling or a shift to alternative fuels.
As usual, the fossil fuel barons relied on their political bubbas in the White House and Congress to stand in the doorway to blockade any changeover to cleaner and cheaper energy generation. Climate change deniers from both parties were doing their share. Trump was elected and pledged to continue his own variety of populist ignorance to support backwards as the only true American direction.
A funny thing happened on the way to the bank, though. The rest of the world ignored our crooks and hustlers. As did a number of state governments. Not the majority. Just the states that understand that science and engineering, progressive policies result in cleaner, forward-looking economies.
Doesn’t mean problems are all solved. “Backwards” still includes a lot of federal flunkies calling themselves Democrats and Republicans. Change is only coming in the fullest sense of the word if all the deadwood is cleared out of the way.
Chile has so much solar power it’s being given away
June 5, 2016 June 5, 2016 4 Comments
❝ On green power, you have to hand it to Chile…The country is producing so much solar power that it’s giving loads of it away for free.In some parts of the country, there is such a big oversupply that consumers aren’t paying a penny to power their homes.
It turns out that spot prices for solar power dropped to zero for 113 days of the year, with more days of free electricity to come.
❝ The country’s central grid is producing four times more electricity than it was three years ago, fed by 29 solar farms, Bloomberg reports.
Unfortunately not everyone is feeling the benefits – there’s also a grid in the north of the country, and that’s not as good…It means there’s a lot of catching up to do, with work underway to build a new 3,000km transmission line between the two grids by next year.
❝ Salvatore Bernabei, head of Enel Green Power SpA’s operations in Chile, said: ‘The rapid development of renewables was a surprise and now we have to react quickly.’
Positively unAmerican behavior, eh? Good thing we needn’t worry about problems like this in the GOUSA.
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Analysis Copyright EU Reform Featured
(English) When Lies are Told…or How the Meme Illustration Shows its Merits
Caroline De Cock 1 year ago
As one would expect, the intense coverage by serious news outlets of the dangers of the Copyright Directive over the past weeks, with the ‘threat to the meme’ as tagline exemplifying the fact that Article 13 has a far reaching impact stretching into the absurd, has triggered the rightholders camp to spread out their own version of the ‘legal status’ of memes under Article 13. Kudos to the fact that they used an infographic and to the creativity they displayed in dismantling everything everyone ever said about Article 13. Such great effort certainly merits some scrutiny on our part.
The best way to influence a discussion is to put the conclusion you want your reader to reach at the top. In this case, the conclusion this graphic is aiming for, is to disprove everything academics and experts have written so far and to lure you into believing ‘everything will be fine’ in an EU that adopts Article 13. In the process, it nicely highlights that memes can consist of images, videos of excerpts of texts, which is not unimportant, as we will see further down.
So memes are ok because there are exceptions on parody and quotation that would cover them?
The exceptions mentioned as safeguards are voluntary in each Member State. As a result: they have in some cases not been transposed at all, and in others transposed in very different ways.
For example, the parody exception was only transposed in the UK in 2014 and is still not transposed properly in many Member States (even if some can rely on freedom of speech to protect some forms of parody). Its interpretation also varies from country to country (is political parody ok or not? Should it be funny? – cf. CJEU Deckmyn case). The depth of the mess in interpreting the parody exception was beautifully summarized in four tweets by the European Commission: read them and weep.
Similarly, the quotation exception has been implemented in varied ways from one Member State to another, as it is limited to text in many countries (i.e. not audio or audiovisual), and in some countries limited in scope (e.g. in Germany, quotations are only allowed if done in the context of commenting or criticizing what you quote, e.g. in a research paper or a blog on a given subject, not for memes). Not unimportant considering the variety of formats memes can come under.
This means that memes are often already illegal in many EU Member States currently, but that this has not lead to massive enforcement by rightholders under the current notice & take down procedure set in place by the e-Commerce Directive. There have been quite some take downs in the US however under the Digital Millenium Copyright Act, some of which are listed here.
But look: the good news is that only a few platforms will be covered…
Oh, wait a minute: doesn’t that contradict the fact that even the Rapporteur MEP Axel Voss admitted that he had no clue which platform will actually fall under this Article? And isn’t the extent of the scope illustrated by the continuous addition of half-defined carve outs they have been continuously adding (e.g. encyclopedia because not Wikipedia; online retailers because not eBay; open source platforms because not Github…oh wait they’re not all open source…hmmm).
And then we haven’t even talked about entrusting all of this to blind algorithms, that block anything that looks like existing works or other subject matters.
The claims that there is a ‘safety clause’ and that platforms will have to reinstate content that was wrongfully blocked forgets to explain how complex and uncertain this procedure will be for the users. Moreover, it neglects the fact that the majority of the users will not be aware of their rights, and will thus not ask for their content to reinstated in the first place, or simply won’t bother and will stop sharing that type of content. My teenagers at home would certainly not bother!
It also ignores the fact that there is a risk of losing the momentum for your content. A good illustration can be found in this Zeit Online article, which writes about the case of the feminist organization Pinkstinks: one of their videos was automatically suspended by ContentID for an alleged copyright infringement of material from RTL, even though it was not Pinkstinks who had used content from RTL, but RTL who actually used their content in a broadcast without marking the source. The video, which was a crucial part of a recent campaign by Pinkstinks, was offline for 8 hours due to this, making them lose the viral effect it had initially flown on.
Ah, but you see, the system is already flawed today: look at the mistakes ContentID makes!
Yes, exactly. And maybe we should curb and frame those excesses instead of encouraging them at a larger Internet-scale? Maybe that is what we should have been talking about, as well as a User-generated content exception that is fit for purpose in the 21st century? Not extending faulty censorship machines in the hands of private corporations?
OK, so now you’ve officially offended the God of memes and everyone’s intelligence in the process. That deserves a meme:
Tagsarticle 13censorshipmachineEuropean Parliamentmemes
Caroline De Cock
Caroline is coordinator of the Copyright 4 Creativity (C4C) coalition. She is also the founder and Managing Director of N-square Consulting (N²), a Brussels-based public affairs firm. She is the author of ‘iLobby.eu: Survival Guide to EU Lobbying, Including the Use of Social Media’. [All content from this author is made available under a CC BY 4.0 license]
RightCopyright
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Records of the Philadelphia General Hospital Committee on the Celebration at the Philadelphia General Hospital of the 200th Anniversary of the building of the Philadelphia Almshouse
The records of the Committee on the Celebration at the Philadelphia General Hospital of the 200th Anniversary of the Building of the Philadelphia Almshouse range in date from 1929 to 1939; most of the records date from 1931 to 1932. The collection consists of the files of Robert J. Hunter, chairman of the committee. Most of the files are correspondence files containing incoming letters and copies of Hunter's outgoing letters. The correspondence, which is primarily with other committee members, concerns the planning and organization of the bicentennial celebration held at the Philadelphia General Hospital in December 1932. Also included are regret and acceptance letters from people who were invited to the celebration.
The "Society Programs" file contains correspondence with representatives of various medical and historical societies in the Philadelphia area. Hunter encouraged these institutions to hold special meetings in conjunction with the bicentennial of the Philadelphia General Hospital. Much of the correspondence is with committee member John A. McGlinn, who was in charge of this aspect of the program. Also present is correspondence concerning the decision to postpone the bicentennial celebration until December 1932. File 2 contains correspondence with companies from the United States and abroad who did business with the Philadelphia General Hospital during the 18th century. Hunter asked these companies to write congratulatory letters to the Philadelphia General Hospital in honor of its bicentennial.
The general correspondence file contains letters pertaining to the organization of the program and the selection of speakers for the bicentennial celebration. Correspondents include committee members David Riesman and George Wilson, as well as the Surgeon General, H. S. Cumming, and the Mayor of Philadelphia, J. Hampton Moore, both of whom presented addresses in association with the Philadelphia General Hospital's bicentennial.
The "Program, Invitations, Etc." file includes posters announcing the bicentennial celebration, as well as drafts and final copies of the program. "Data from the 200th Anniversary" contains lists of people who were invited to the celebration, including former Philadelphia General Hospital residents and interns, officials from state and local government, prominent Philadelphia social figures, the presidents of medical colleges and universities, representatives from hospitals and medical societies, and notable individuals from the medical community.
The files of donations, acceptances, and "Bicentenary Regrets" contain incoming correspondence only. Included are letters from individuals who donated funds to help finance the bicentennial celebration, as well as regret and acceptance letters from the individuals who were invited to the celebration.
The "Miscellaneous" file contains correspondence, most of which pertains to the initial formation of the committee and the selection of committee members. Correspondents include committee members David Riesman, Robert G. Torrey, and E. B. Krumbhaar. Other correspondents include Harry A. Mackey, the Mayor of Philadelphia in 1931, and J. Norman Henry, the Director of Public Health in Philadelphia. Also included in the "Miscellaneous" file are minutes from three committee meetings and the committee's final report, submitted in December 1932.
In processing the collection, Hunter's original filing system was preserved as much as possible. When available, the labels Hunter wrote on his file folders were maintained; they appear in quotation marks on the finding aid. The original order of the files is uncertain, so they are arranged chronologically. The highly acidic typescript carbon copies of Hunter's outgoing correspondence were photocopied onto acid free paper. The carbon copies were discarded unless they contained any holograph markings, in which case the original was preserved in an acid free folder and kept with the photocopy.
Philadelphia General Hospital (Organization)
Copyright restrictions may apply. Please contact the College of Physicians Historical Medical Library for with requests for copying and for authorization to publish, quote or reproduce the material.
2.0 containers
The Committee on the Celebration at the Philadelphia General Hospital of the 200th Anniversary of the Building of the Philadelphia Almshouse was established in September 1929. The committee, consisting of five members of the Medical Board of the Philadelphia General Hospital, was appointed by the President of the Medical Board. The committee was responsible for fund raising, promotion, planning the program, selecting speakers, and making out the guest list. The bicentennial celebration was initially planned for December 1931. In August 1931, due to lack of funds, the committee decided to postpone the celebration until the following year. The bicentennial was finally celebrated on 6 December 1932. The records of the Committee on the Celebration at the Philadelphia General Hospital of the 200th Anniversary of the Building of the Philadelphia Almshouse span 1929 to 1939; most of the records date from 1931 to 1932. The collection consists of the files of Robert J. Hunter, chairman of the committee. Most of the files are correspondence files containing incoming letters and copies of Hunter's outgoing letters. The correspondence, which is primarily with other committee members, concerns the planning and organization of the bicentennial celebration held at the Philadelphia General Hospital in December 1932. Also included are regret and acceptance letters from people who were invited to the celebration.
The Committee on the Celebration at the Philadelphia General Hospital of the 200th Anniversary of the Building of the Philadelphia Almshouse was established in September 1929. The committee, consisting of five members of the Medical Board of the Philadelphia General Hospital, was appointed by the President of the Medical Board, Herman B. Allyn. Joseph McFarland, E. B. Krumbhaar, David Riesman, and Robert G. Torrey were appointed to serve on the committee, with Robert J. Hunter acting as chairman. The committee was responsible for fund raising, promotion, planning the program, selecting speakers, and making out the guest list. Hunter expanded his group by appointing almost twenty additional members to serve on the committee, including other members of the Medical Board, ex residents of the Philadelphia General Hospital, and representatives from the Nurses' Training School and the Women's Advisory Council.
The bicentennial celebration was initially planned for December 1931. In August 1931, due to lack of funds, the committee decided to postpone the celebration until the following year. The bicentennial was finally celebrated on December 6, 1932. The Committee on the Celebration at the Philadelphia General Hospital of the 200th Anniversary of the Building of the Philadelphia Almshouse presented its final report on December 19, 1932.
Immediate Source of Acquisition note
The records of the Committee on the Celebration at the Philadelphia General Hospital of the 200th Anniversary of the Building of the Philadelphia Almshouse were placed on permanent loan in the Historical Collections of the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia by the Philadelphia City Archives on 18 January 1978. The records are owned by the City of Philadelphia.
College of Physicians of Philadelphia: There are several collection regarding the Philadelphia General Hospital. Researchers should consult the College of Physicians Historical Medical Library website (http://www.collphyphil.org/Site/manuscripts.html) for a complete list.
The collection was processed and catalogued in 1992.
Blockley Almshouse
Hunter, Robert J. (Robert John)
Philadelphia General Hospital. School of Nursing
Urban hospitals
Philadelphia General Hospital Committee on the Celebration at the Philadelphia General Hospital of the 200th Anniversary of the building of the Philadelphia Almshouse records
The creation of the electronic guide for this collection was made possible through generous funding from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, administered through the Council on Library and Information Resources’ “Cataloging Hidden Special Collections and Archives” Project. Finding aid entered into the Archivists' Toolkit by Holly Mengel.
[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], MSS 6/0005-01, Philadelphia General Hospital Committee on the Celebration at the Philadelphia General Hospital of the 200th Anniversary of the building of the Philadelphia Almshouse records, 1929-1939 (bulk: 1931-1932), College of Physicians Historical Medical Library. http://localhost:8081/repositories/2/resources/8 Accessed July 17, 2019.
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Happy birthday to… Bruce McConnell
Bruce McConnell
A very happy birthday to Bruce McConnell, the former information technology chief at the Office of Management and Budget who went on to be the founder and head of McConnell International and Government Futures, which he recently sold.
Some of the events and birthdays on this date:
I’m watching NBC’s Meet the Press and Tom Brokaw, who is interviewing Republican presidential candidate Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), just noted that this is the anniversary that McCain was shot down. He was flying his 23rd bombing mission over North Vietnam, when his A-4E Skyhawk was shot down by a missile over Hanoi. McCain fractured both arms and a leg, and nearly drowned when he parachuted into Truc Bach Lake.[33] Some North Vietnamese pulled him ashore, then others crushed his shoulder with a rifle butt and bayoneted him. McCain was then transported to Hanoi’s main Hoa Lo Prison, nicknamed the “Hanoi Hilton.”
(A total aside, but… one of the analysts on Meet the Press this morning is Charlie Cook, who watches congressional races carefully in his Cook Political Report. Meet the Press is coming from Iowa today, but… he is going to be at IAC’s ELC 2008 tonight. Let’s hope there are no flight delays.)
On the other side, it’s the birthday of Sen. Hillary Clinton. (More over on the public radio’s Writer’s Almanac.)
It is the birthday of Mahalia Jackson, the American known as the queen of gospel singing, was born. Following her death on Jan. 27, 1972, her obituary appeared in The New York Times.
Big events on this date:
1774 The First Continental Congress adjourned in Philadelphia.
1825 The Erie Canal opened, connecting Lake Erie and the Hudson River in upstate New York. Again, from public radio’s Writer’s Almanac:
It’s the anniversary of the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825. It was built to connect the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes. The canal was 360 miles long, 40 feet wide, and four feet deep — just deep enough to float barges carrying 30 tons of freight. When the canal was finished, cannons were lined up along the towpath just barely in earshot of each other. They fired one after another from Lake Erie to New York City, finishing the relay in 81 minutes.
1881 The gunfight at the OK Corral took place in Tombstone, Ariz., as Wyatt Earp, his two brothers and “Doc” Holliday confronted Ike Clanton’s gang. Three members of Clanton’s gang were killed; Earp’s brothers were wounded.
More events and birthdays after the break, including one of Charlie’s Angles and a country music star.
More events on this date:
1962 In one of the most dramatic verbal confrontations of the Cold War, American U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson asked his Soviet counterpart during a Security Council debate whether the USSR had placed missiles in Cuba.
1967 The Shah of Iran crowned himself and his queen after 26 years on the Peacock Throne.
1984 A newborn with a severe heart defect was given the heart of a baboon in an experimental transplant in Loma Linda, Calif. She lived for 21 more days.
2001 President George W. Bush signed the USA Patriot Act, giving authorities unprecedented ability to search, seize, detain or eavesdrop in their pursuit of possible terrorists.
Other birthdays:
63 Pat Conroy
63 Jaclyn Smith
Actress (“Charlie’s Angels”)
62 Pat Sajak
TV game show host (“Wheel of Fortune”)
55 Keith Strickland
Rock musician (The B-52’s)
47 Dylan McDermott
Actor (“The Practice”)
45 Natalie Merchant
Rock singer (10,000 Maniacs)
41 Keith Urban
People born on this date in history:
Charles William Post (10/26/1854 – 5/9/1914), U.S. manufacturer of breakfast cereals
Francois Mitterand (10/26/1916 – 1/8/1996), the French president (1981-95)
Posted in birthdays, Circuit, community
Tagged with birthdays
« Oprah thinks the Kindle is great too!
IAC’s ELC 2008 — Sunday night: political analyst Charlie Cook »
[…] star was born today… which senator was born today… and earlier we told you about the birthday of one of Charlie’s Angles — another “Angle” shares Evans’ birthday today… Find out more after […]
Happy birthday to… Karen Evans « DorobekInsider.com
Reading @GovExec: Does the Hatch Act Need a Makeover for the Trump Era? White House resistance to the special couns… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 1 hour ago
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The Wall - an obstacle to educating Palestinian youth
Adri Nieuwhof and Jeff Handmaker The Electronic Intifada 7 November 2005
A gate in the separation wall at the West Bank village of Abu Dis on the edge of Jerusalem October 10, 2005. (MAANnews/Moti Milrod)
The United Nations Human Rights Special Rapporteur for the Palestinian territories, John Dugard, wrote in a report in August this year, with respect to human rights in the Palestinian territories, that “the quality of education has deteriorated because schools have been obliged to shorten teaching hours as a result of wall gate-opening times. Furthermore, children are forced to drop out of school either to help supplement diminishing family incomes or because their parents can no longer afford to send them to school.”1
The Birzeit University Right To Education Campaign has repeatedly warned that nearly seven hundred teachers employed by Arab schools in East Jerusalem are unable to reach their classrooms and that the situation is worsening.2
On 26 October 2005, we received an alarming report from the Palestinian Authority Minister of State for Jerusalem Affairs, Hind Khoury, on the impact of the wall on the education sector in East Jerusalem.3 The report makes it clear that Palestinian youth seeking to get an education are paying a high price for the occupation.
Educational institutions in East Jerusalem
Israel’s Compulsory Education Law requires the government to provide free and compulsory education for every child aged between 5 and 15 years, regardless of whether a child has been registered in the Ministry of Interior’s Population Registry or even if the child’s parents are illegal residents. Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs proudly claims this as part of its commitment to social and welfare rights.4
In 2002, Israel was called upon by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child to “explain how much was spent on … education” and “why (its) report does not contain any information on the implementation of the Convention in the Occupied Palestinian Territories”.5
As the report from the Palestinian Authority on the impact of the wall on the education sector in East Jerusalem confirms, Israel treats its own citizens unequally and refuses to acknowledge its responsibilities to Palestinians in occupied territories, in violation of international law.
Unequal treatment
Israel’s ‘commitment’ is therefore aimed at Jewish children only, whether in Israel or in settlements in occupied Palestinian Territory.
In occupied East Jerusalem, 48 schools (kindergartens excluded) of the Jerusalem Municipality teach according to the separate “Arab Educational System”. In the academic year 2002-2003, approximately 39,000 Palestinian students (61 per cent) attended these Israeli government schools. After a lawsuit was brought on behalf of 915 Palestinian children who were denied access to the government school system, the Israeli High Court of Justice ordered in 2001 that the Municipality build 245 classrooms within four years. Since then, only 13 new classrooms have been built, out of a mere 47 that were budgeted for.
Only 20 per cent of the students (± 4,350) enrolled in 72 private schools in East Jerusalem hold West Bank Identification Documents (IDs). This figure excludes seven UNRWA schools. Merely half of the teachers in 28 private schools operating in coordination with the Palestinian Authority hold West Bank IDs.
The strict restrictions on movement impact even more heavily on students enrolled in tertiary education.
An estimated 17.5 per cent of the students (±40) at Bethlehem University and 25 per cent of the students (±85) at Birzeit University live in East Jerusalem and have to cross through checkpoints to receive their education.
Migration into Jerusalem
Those who live on the wrong side of the Wall have been more immediately impacted.
Palestinian families with a Jerusalem ID that live on the ‘Palestinian’ side of the Wall risk losing their Jerusalem residency for lack of adequate links to the city, with very significant, negative economic consequences. Due to this impending threat, many have decided to relocate to Jerusalem within the ‘Israeli’ side of the wall in order to safeguard their Jerusalem residency.
It is expected that this influx will bring thousands of new students and place more pressure on an already overstretched school system in East Jerusalem. The Israeli municipal schools, which have long shown a hostile attitude towards the needs of the Palestinian student population, will be under increased pressure as well.
The wall is an obstacle
The wall blocks free access to schools on both sides of the wall. Traversing checkpoints on the way to school or university is a burden to both students and teachers.
In the first place, it involves daily confrontation with the Israeli soldiers. The waiting time at checkpoints can vary from a couple of minutes to several hours and the checking of IDs in public transport make it impossible to be sure of arriving at school on time. If the students are on time, the teacher might not be in the classroom yet because of problems related to crossing the wall’s checkpoints.
Checkpoints may furthermore be closed altogether, at the discretion of the military commander.
Another problem is that after the construction of the wall, some students have been completely cut off from school where there are no checkpoints close by and where the wall cuts straight through their neighbourhood. For example, some students living in Abu Dis now have to travel over 20 kilometres around the wall to reach their classes.
There are also the increased costs of transport between checkpoints to consider. For example, students living in Ramallah and who study in Jerusalem must take transport to Qalandia checkpoint. After crossing Qalandia checkpoint they take transport to Ram checkpoint and finally from Ram checkpoint they take a third form of transport to get to school.
No Israeli permits now for many teachers
Teachers with West Bank IDs require permits from Israel to travel to their work in East Jerusalem. In July 2005, the Palestinian Authority requested the issue of permits for 375 teachers. Weeks after the 2005 academic year began permits had still not been issued, despite international pressure. Israel claims it has been working on the matter, but teachers who have not yet been issued a permit feel very insecure about their ability to earn an income.
Role of the international community
The international community must act upon the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice, which stated that building the wall on occupied Palestinian territories is illegal and that Israel should immediately stop construction and begin dismantling it.
Every day that this situation is prolonged represents another day of denying Palestinian youth adequate access to education, either because there are not sufficient Israeli municipal schools, or because they or their teachers cannot reach school in time.
The wall is an obstacle to the right of Palestinian youth to have an education. The international community should not remain silent — it must act now.
Adri Nieuwhof is a psychologist and human rights advocate. Jeff Handmaker is a human rights lawyer in The Hague and part-time Ph.D. researcher at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM), Utrecht University.
[1] Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on
Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied by Israel since 1967 (PDF) A/60/271, (18 August 2005)
[2] Birzeit University, Right to Education Campaign
[3] Tearing the social fabric of East Jerusalem: Israel’s wall and Palestinian education, Ministry of State for Jerusalem Affairs.
[4] See Yoram Rabin, A Free People in Our Land: Welfare and Socio-Economic Rights in Israel, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1 April 2005); CRC factsheet: Israel, CRC/C/8/Add. 44 (27 February 2002)
[5] United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, 31st Session (10 - 14 June 2002)
BY TOPIC: Israel’s Apartheid Wall
BY TOPIC: Education
BY TOPIC: Children
EU legal opinion likens Israeli wine to apartheid South Africa goods
Adri Nieuwhof 17 June 2019
German firm escalates its war crimes against Palestinians
Greece bids for role in Israeli settler railway
Adri Nieuwhof 18 April 2019
Israeli discrimination drives kids from school
Mel Frykberg 15 September 2010
The 'Atarot Arab Orphan School under Threat
Israel issues demolition orders for Jerusalem school
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Posts tagged “BBC”
Passionate Highlander Mash-Ups, and Voting Yes.
I have never owned a set-top box, a freeview box, a digital signal thing, or whatever other gadgets are or were required to watch television in the past ten years. I buy or borrow DVDs to watch, and sometimes download things. The upside is that I save (or rather, do not spend) about £150 a year as I am not required to pay for a licence. The downside is that I miss out on things which all of social media is clearly watching. The most alienated I have felt, in this regard, was last week – when everyone else on the planet watched Germany destroy Brazil seven goals to one.
Similarly, I miss the source of the weekly outpouring of irritation, disbelief, and consternation which Twitter users hash-tag #BBCQT. The BBC’s Question Time seems to incite a lot of indignation, and so in that sense I feel I do not exactly “miss out” on the political discussion show – more that I “do not see” it.
Of course, there are occasional characters who crop up on the panel or in the audience. The eccentric, the ignorant, the misguided, and the plain wrong, all filter through to some degree, thanks in part to their dissemination via YouTube, Vine, and latterly Facebook and Twitter. This week’s unlikely hero, or anti-hero, has been Nigel the pro-union Passionate Highlander. Speaking passionately, thus justifying his own description of himself, he vowed – in the name of Jesus – that we will never change. Change being one of life’s inevitabilities, we will. Even if the No campaign win the referendum (God forbid, since we are now invoking deities), there are aspects to this new political movement which cannot be easily undone. Once you have collectively imagined a better future, it cannot be un-imagined.
That aside, Nigel’s proclamation, “In the name of Jesus,” is phrased identically to a sample used by the band Front 242 in 1988. Their track “Welcome To Paradise” – from the album Front By Front – took various snippets of speech from American Televangelists and incorporated them to great effect. It was relatively easy, as someone for whom that anthem was a gateway into the band’s extensive catalogue, to segue from one to the other. With the slightest of technical know-how, I hastily merged the Question Time footage with the song. With captions quickly typed and assembled, the end result is not the hardest-hitting argument you will hear in favour of Scottish independence. It is, however, light-hearted and true to my strong belief that we will all – Scots and English – benefit from an overwhelming Yes vote.
Here, then, is Nigel the Passionate Highlander accompanied by the Belgian pioneers of Electronic Body Music:
July 12, 2014 | Categories: Absurd, Humour, Independence, Scotland, Scottish | Tags: BBC, Front 242, In The Name Of Jesus, Indy Ref, Jesus, Passionate Highlander, Question Time, Referendum, Vote Yes, Welcome To Paradise | Leave a comment
Dubious Claims To Fame – 22
I logged in to my Twitter account the other day, prior to setting up a dedicated account for this blog in order to try and reach a wider readership. So far, the blog page is being followed by ten people, and is not yet what you might call a roaring success. If you are on Twitter, you can help me change that if you are so inclined. Please be inclined.
I always have a quick look at my Timeline, to see what people I follow are posting, before switching to the “Interactions” page so as to avoid being swamped by a million new-tweet notifications. This has changed now that I have begun using Tweetdeck to manage my personal account, this blog’s account, and the account for my “Adventures In The World Of Stand-Up Comedy” blog. However, that was my routine on the day in question.
The top of my Timeline was filled with retweets from comedian Sarah Millican, and from them it was fairly evident that she had posted about swallowing her chewing gum. Most of the “funny” answers had already been given and, as I have an aversion to being in any way “hack” with my jokes, I was prepared to skip straight to the page telling me how little I had been socially interacted with since last signing in. That was when I noticed the tweet I was drawn to reply to.
Neil “Doctor” Fox was a fixture of my childhood, his nationally-syndicated weekend chart show playing in the car on our way to or from various shopping malls, supermarkets, and trips to see one or other of my grandparents. More than anything, I remember the constant jingle that cut the word “Fox” onto a truncated sample of Robert Palmer singing “Doctor, Doctor,” from his song about having a “Bad Case Of Loving You.”
I tried to find a clip of that particular jingle, with no luck, but I did find this track by Kunt And The Gang. They appear to be offering sexual favours in return for a high chart position.
I have loved Chris Morris ever since I first stumbled upon an episode of The Day Today on BBC 2 one night, and mistook it for a factual programme for about thirty seconds. Its subversive genius soon became apparent, and it has subsequently made televised news impossible to watch. I was fortunate enough to then see the original broadcasts of his equally brilliant Brass Eye and the darkly twisted sketch show Jam. I have watched all of them innumerable times since, able to quote large amounts of all of them and awed by the beauty of his turns of phrase. “Proof if proof be need be”; “Quadrospazzed on a Life-Glug” ; “Cake is a made-up drug … A big, yellow death-bullet in the head of some poor user, or ‘custard gannet,’ as the dealers call them.”
“When dancing, lost in techno trance, arms flailing, gawky Bez. Then find you snagged on frowns, and slowly dawns… you’re jazzing to the bleak tone of a life support machine, that marks the steady fading of your day-old baby daughter. And when midnight sirens lead to blue-flash road-mash; stretchers, covered heads, and slippy red macadam, and find you creeping ‘neath the blankets, to snuggle close a mangle bird, hoping soon you too will be freezer-drawered. Then welcome… mmm… ooh, chemotherapy wig, welcome. In Jam. Jam. Jam. Jam. Jam. Jaaaaam.” – Intro to Episode 1
Brass Eye’s most infamous episode was the one-off special, Paedogeddon. From Wikipedia:
“To illustrate the media’s knee-jerk reaction to the subject, various celebrities were duped into presenting fatuous and often ridiculous pieces to camera in the name of a campaign against paedophiles. Gary Lineker and Phil Collins endorsed a spoof charity, Nonce Sense, (pronounced “nonsense”—”nonce” being British slang for people convicted or suspected of molestation or sexual crimes), Collins saying, “I’m talking Nonce Sense!” Tomorrow’s World presenter Philippa Forrester and ITN reporter Nicholas Owen were shown explaining the details of HOECS (pronounced “hoax”) computer games, which on-line paedophiles were using to abuse children via the internet. Capital Radio DJ Neil “Doctor” Fox told viewers that “paedophiles have more genes in common with crabs than they do with you and me”, adding “Now that is scientific fact — there’s no real evidence for it — but it is scientific fact”.”
That last quote, from “Doctor” Fox, is one of many that I can easily recite verbatim. Here he was on Twitter, espousing an obviously nonsensical “fact” in reply to Sarah Millican’s tweet, and I replied without a second’s hesitation – quoting his own assertion about facts and evidence.
I did not expect a reply – I figured it would be an episode of his life that he would be embarrassed to be reminded of, since various celebrity interviewees later denounced the show while publicly expressing their anger at being duped. I did not anticipate a reply from Sarah Millican either, as she has previously ignored me. Kind of. We have a mutual friend, a professional comedian who once publicly posted the link to my film “Jerry Generic” – which is a short satire of stand-up and of hack jokes and topics. Ms. Millican “replied” to it, but only insofar as to send an unrelated tweet to the friend off the back of it. I saw it as I was named in the original tweet, but the reply was not directed at, and did not concern, me. I presumed that it was easier to tack a new message onto that one rather than hit the “compose” button, and took that communication to be an act of convenience rather than a personal slight.
It came as some surprise, then, to find a reply from Foxy a few days later. He had taken my tweet in his stride, seeming to praise me for making the reference, and candidly referring to the occasional repercussions of his appearance on that show. I accepted that at face value and decided not to reply further – instead resorting to just retweeting it for others to read.
April 27, 2013 | Categories: Absurd, Comedy, Conversation, DVD, Fame, History, Humour, Life, Satire, Twitter, Writing | Tags: @ComedyAdventure, @TrueAbsurdTales, Adventures In The World Of Stand-Up Comedy, BBC, Brass Eye, Chart Show, Chris Morris, Custard Gannet, Day Today, Doctor, Dr, Fox, Foxy, Gawky Bez, Hack, Hoecs, ITN, Jam, Jerry Generic, Jokes, Kunt And The Gang, Life-Glug, Modern Comedian, Neil "Dr" Fox, Neil Fox, Network, Nonce Sense, Paedogeddon, Pepsi, Quadrospazzed, Retweet, Robert Palmer, Sarah Millican, Swallow Chewing Gum, Tweetdeck | 2 Comments
Dubious Claims To Fame – 19 (b)
This minor incident is included purely for completeness, inasmuch as I have met and had stuff autographed by all three of Iron Maiden’s vocalists. There isn’t a great deal to tell about the time I saw Bruce Dickinson in person, one of the few encounters I have documented on here that involved virtually no conversation between us beyond a cursory “would you mind signing this, please?”
It was 2004, and Bruce was recording his BBC 6 Music show in Glasgow’s Cathouse Rock Club. The show would feature live and recorded interviews with some of the bands playing the Scottish edition of the Download Festival on Glasgow Green, the one year that the promoters brought a scaled-down version of the festival north ahead of the renowned Donington version.
It was the time when my interest in Maiden was peaking, if it had not already peaked, and it was less than a year before I first discovered Combichrist – the band who would replace Maiden in my affections and in a much more sociable way. Given the chance to finally see, probably meet, and certainly be close to the world famous Air Raid Siren, I picked up my free ticket and armed myself with the sleeves from some of the rarest Maiden releases and promos that I had by then lovingly accumulated. Bruce’s vocal booth was set up on stage-right, and there was a sofa centre stage for his interview guests. Although he did interview the Lostprophets, this was pre-recorded backstage at the festival, and all I remember of the band that he interviewed live in front of us is that I had never heard of, or had no interest in, them.
The crowd barrier had been set up, and I stood at the front for about three boring hours. People would use the breaks while songs were playing to pass items to the security guys, who would hand them to Bruce and then pass them back appended with that famous hastily-scrawled signature – a B and a squiggle and an overlapping D and a longer squiggle. I followed suit, one item at a time as was the rule they were enforcing, and at the end of the evening I engineered myself into a position where I could get a couple of other bits signed too as Bruce left the stage. His manner was, at the risk of punning, brusque. Although he did autograph the things I presented in front of him, there was no warmth from him. I suspect he was probably looking for friends, family, alcohol, or the green room – his evening’s work done.
Anyway, that’s it. It’s not much of a story, save for the nostalgia aspect of people reading this and remembering that Download did once do a festival in Scotland (Metallica, Korn, Slipknot, and Iggy Pop were some of the headliners.) It does, at least, account for the signed Maiden stuff I now have and will one day sell. The only real claim to fame is that, for a while, the BBC illustrated their 6 Music site dedicated to that show/broadcast with a photo of the crowd, taken from the stage. I was clearly visible and identifiable, but for whatever reason I didn’t right-click on the image and Save As, and that page of the site has long since disappeared. But there’s the claim to fame, and what a dubious one it really is – I once got the widely-acknowledged premier heavy metal frontman to scribble his name on things that cost me a small fortune to obtain, and then had my face plastered on the associated BBC website.
November 11, 2012 | Categories: Absurd, Fame, Gigs, Glasgow, Life, Music, Nightclub, Scotland, Scottish | Tags: 2004, 6 Music, Air Raid Siren, Autograph, BBC, Bruce Dickinson, Cathouse, Combichrist, Donington, Donington Festival, Download, Download Festival, Eddie, Iggy, Iggy pop, Interview, Iron Maiden, Korn, Lostprophets, Maiden, Metal, Metallica, Monsters Of Rock, Rock, Slipknot, The Stooges | Leave a comment
When I was a kid, I was involved in a handful of local youth theatre groups. I remember vividly the time I auditioned to join one based in a nearby church, gathered with other young hopefuls in a side room by the main hall. The group’s founder and director was conducting various singing and acting exercises, partly done as groups and partly on a one-to-one basis, as I recall. I was accepted to join, and began rehearsals for a production of “Bugsy Malone” (in which I was cast as gym owner Cagey Joe – despite having rather have had the role of Leroy Smith), but shortly into the process the director had to abandon his beloved theatre group because of the pressure of continuing work commitments with the BBC, and he left.
I remember that first evening of auditions, that as I was leaving a couple of girls went up to the director and asked for his autograph. I had no idea who he was, or why they would do that, but when I went home I read for the first time the plea for cast members that had appeared in the local paper. It turned out he was in a programme that I was then too young to have ever seen, called Rab C. Nesbitt.
Years later, and I mean decades, when I mentioned to my then-flatmate that I’d been in a youth theatre group run by Eric Cullen – Wee Burney in the first few series of that famous Scottish sitcom – she made a disgusted face, as if (to keep it topical) I had just told her that I’d once appeared on an episode of Jim’ll Fix It. I protested to her at the time, that he was never convicted of child abuse or paedophilia, wasn’t charged with rape, and didn’t spend a long time in prison or die there. I remembered the case – it was so widely publicised in Scotland at the time that I think most people still do – but since I did have the vaguest of personal involvements with the man concerned, I had kept reasonably abreast of developments. I googled it then for my flatmate, and found this very clear and concise site, written by a close friend of Eric’s, which sets the record straight. As does the wikipedia page.
On that first site, from an interview conducted and printed by The Big Issue, I quote: “In his summing up at Hamilton Sheriff Court, sheriff Alexander MacPherson stated that extensive investigations into all aspects of Cullen’s case established beyond doubt that he was not involved in child abuse of any form.”
It was a massive circus that engulfed him, and everybody had an opinion or a rumour or a joke about it. He was cleared and released from jail on probation, but his reputation took a while to begin recovery. If you have the time, I recommend you read some of the facts and interviews from that case. It is tragic reading, that someone who finally stood up to his abusers (and ultimately got them convicted) was instead initially tarred with the same brush.
I saw Eric a couple of times after he had left the theatre group – he had come back to see our show, and I got him to sign inside the back page of my script. I still have that page in storage somewhere, and drew a border around it with a yellow highlighter I was testing out (and which I later regretted), but I think I lost or binned the rest of the book – when we read it in English class in second or third year, I looked for my own copy of the edition we were reading from, and couldn’t find it. It was just by chance that, a few years later and while at a park/zoo in East Kilbride, I saw and walked past Eric in the car park. He was with friends, and looked happy, but I doubted he would remember me – I had only met him half a dozen times, and I’d barely started acting in his theatre company before he moved away. Rather than go through the rigmarole of interrupting him and reintroducing myself in order to merely say hello, I just kept walking. It was a week, if that, before he died of a heart attack.
If you have the time or inclination, read some of the first-person witness statements, evidence, and interviews about what happened. It’s also mentioned in a more recent article about the return of Rab C. I didn’t know him well, but I remember him fondly – perhaps even moreso now that the facts of his case and troubled life are established.
November 4, 2012 | Categories: Absurd, Fame, History, Life, Scotland, Theatre, World | Tags: Barbara Rafferty, BBC, BBC Scotland, Beat It, Bugsy Malone, Burnie, Cagey Joe, Cotter, Elaine C Smith, Ella, Eric Cullen, Gash, Gregor Fisher, Hamilton West Church Theatre Group, Ian Pattison, Jamesie, Leroy Smith, Mary Doll, Marydoll, Rab, Rab C, Rab C Nesbitt, Sit Com, Sitcom, Television, Tony Roper, TV, Wee Burney | Leave a comment
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Posts Tagged ‘Baltic Sea’
Posted: January 19, 2013 in 11th Plenum, Banned, Herrmann Zschoche, Karl-Ernst Sasse, Teenagers
Tags: Baltic Sea, Hans Hardt-Hardtloff, Inge Keller, Jutta Hoffmann, teachers
1966 was a rough year for film in East Germany. The 11th Plenum of the previous December pulled the rug out from under some of the most intelligent and creative film talent to come out of any country at any time. East German cinema was on the verge of matching the French New Wave in creativity while their colleagues in West Germany were still making schmaltzy Heimatfilme and Edgar Wallace Krimis.
Karla (unnecessarily retitled Carla for the U.S. release) was based on a news report about a teacher that screenwriter Ulrich Plenzdorf read. He contacted the teacher, and from there the story evolved. Karla is a young, idealistic teacher, fresh out of school in Berlin. Her first teaching assignment takes her to a small town near the Baltic Sea. She believes that one must be honest above all else, and she hopes to put this into practice in her classroom. As one might imagine, the real world has a lesson in store for her.
An idealistic teacher running up against the harsh realities of the world isn’t a new idea. We’ve seen it before and since, in everything from Blackboard Jungle to The Forest for the Trees (Der Wald vor lauter Bäumen). Karla of the title is closer to Eva Lobau’s starry-eyed fish-out-of-water in the latter film than Glenn Ford’s man on the cusp of a societal quantum shift in the first, but Karla has her finger on the pulse of the nation, which makes her dangerous to her superiors, Unfortunately it also made the film dangerous to Walter Ulbricht and his cronies. Before the movie ever saw the light of day, it was shelved and wouldn’t arrive in theaters until 1990.
The film starts with Karla’s graduation ceremony in Berlin and follows her exploits through her first year of teaching. As with other films of this sub-genre, there is the problem kid in class, although in Karla he is portrayed more sympathetically than usual for this type of story. He, like Karla, values truth and honesty above all else. True to its characters, the film confronts controversial subjects head on. When a student questions the honesty of East German television reports about the space race, Principal Alfred Hirte uses peer pressure to negate the students concerns. A tactic Karla finds reprehensible. But even Principal Hirte is portrayed sympathetically. He, too, is an idealist, but one who understands better than Karla and her charges how the world works.
Karla stars Jutta Hoffmann, one of East Germany’s most talented actors and a woman who had a remarkable knack for choosing controversial material. She appeared in or worked on five of the twelve films banned by the 11th Plenum (Karla, The Rabbit is Me, Just Don’t Think I’ll Cry, Wenn du groß bist, lieber Adam, and The Trace of Stones), another film that was almost banned (Her Third), and an East German TV movie that managed to get itself banned in Switzerland (Ursula). In 1978, Ms. Hoffmann was one of the many DEFA stars and technicians that signed the petition protesting the expatriation of singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann. Everyone who signed the petition found it much harder to get work, and many of them eventually emigrated to the west, including Ms. Hoffmann, who moved to West Berlin in 1982. She continued to act in movies and television, and taught acting at the Hamburg School of Music and Theater from 1993 to 2006.
Acting as sort of Greek chorus, the film cuts from time to time to the conversations between the school district’s administrator and the principal, played by Inge Keller and Hans Hardt-Hardtloff respectively. Inge Keller was a popular actress who was described by Deutsches Theater director Thomas Langhoff as the “only vamp in the GDR.” During the early fifties, she was married to the infamous host of Der schwarze Kanal, Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler. Their daughter, Barbara Schnitzler, went on to become a successful actor in her own right (see All My Girls). After the Wende, she continued to work on stage and in film, and notably played the older Lilly Wust in Max Färberböck’s excellent film, Aimee & Jaguar. Hans Hardt-Hardtloff got his start in acting much earlier than Ms. Keller. He left home at the age of sixteen to join the theater. He studied acting at the Volkstheater Millowitsch in Cologne, and spent the Nazi years performing in plays outside of Germany. He appeared in several DEFA films and even more TV productions. A character actor, he appears in small roles in several classic East German films, including, Divided Heaven, The Rabbit is Me, Sons of the Great Bear, and The Legend of Paul and Paula. He died in 1974.
Karla’s author, Ulrich Plenzdorf, was one of the most well-respected and successful screenwriters in East Germany, but he was also its most controversial. The son of communists, Plenzdorf was a believer in the cause of the GDR, and thought that the building of the wall would help stem the economic problems intentionally provoked by the Bundesrepublik (see Look at This City!). Like folksinger Wolf Biermann, his strongly pro-communist views counted for little with the devolving SED leadership. After the 11th Plenum, Plenzdorf’s work was not welcome at DEFA again until 1969, when he rejoined Karla’s director, Herrmann Zschoche, to make Weite Straßen – stille Liebe (Wide Streets – Silent Love). In 1973, he co-wrote the screenplay with director Heiner Carow for The Legend of Paul and Paula as well as the lyrics to the hit songs from the film, “Geh zu ihr,” and “Wenn ein Mensch lebt.” When his screenplay titled The New Sorrows of Young W. (Die neuen Leiden des jungen W), was rejected by DEFA, he turned it into a novel and then into a play. The play was a huge hit on both sides of the Iron Curtain and was made into a movie in West Germany. A fact that did not endear him to the East German powers that be. Today, the book is recognized as a classic of modern German literature. After the Wende, Plenzdorf continued to write screenplays, and joined Jurek Becker (Jacob the Liar) to help write screenplays for the fourth season of the popular law series, Liebling Kreuzberg, which starred his friend Manfred Krug. He also wrote the screenplay for Abgehauen (Ran Off), which is based on Krug’s account of his final days in East Germany. Plenzdorf died in 2007 after a protracted illness.
Herrmann Zschoche is best known in the Eastern Bloc countries for directing the 1978 coming-of-age movie, Seven Freckles, and in the west for his languorous and kitschy science-fiction film, Eolomea. Zschoche got his start as a cameraman on the East German news program, Aktuelle Kamera. He studied filmmaking at the Babelsberg film school and worked as an assistant director on Frank Beyer’s classic, Königskinder (Star-Crossed Lovers). He made his directorial debut in 1961 with the kid’s film, Das Märchenschloß (The Fairytale Castle). Over the next few years, he would make more movies, but with the 11th Plenum’s ruling on Karla, he suddenly found himself effectively blacklisted and had to rebuild his career. It would be three years before he would get to make another movie, starting with Leben zu zweit in 1968. From there he proceeded more cautiously, but controversy still managed to find him. His 1977 film, Feuer unter Deck (Fire Below Deck), was prevented from being shown in theaters for no better reason than it starred Manfred Krug, who had decided to defect to the west right before the film was to be released. In 1983, he ran up against the authorities again with Insel der Schwäne (Island of the Swans), which was also scripted by Ulrich Plenzdorf. Zschoche was forced to cut several scenes, insert a scene where the protagonist talks about the advantages of the new apartment buildings, and—like Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner from the previous year—replace the ambiguous open ending with a more positive one. After the Wende, Zschoche made one more DEFA film (Das Mädchen aus dem Fahrstuhl), but otherwise worked exclusively in television. He directed episodes of the popular West Germany TV shows, Drei Damen vom Grill, Tatort, and others. He retired from directing in 1997.
The film is scored by the ubiquitous Karl-Ernst Sasse. Here he gets to demonstrate his classical chops, taking his cues from Mozart with one of the loveliest themes from any East German film ever made. Some films are driven by their scores, while others use music as a form of punctuation. Karla falls firmly into the latter category. Music is used to segue between scenes and does not follow the characters around. Nonetheless, the theme has managed to show up on a few compilations of film themes although, shockingly, it is sometimes listed as “Serenade Für Klara” (sic).
The man who suffered the most at the hands of the 11th Plenum had to be cinematographer, Günter Ost. Ost was responsible for the innovative and striking cinematography on And Your Love Too, but even here he was stirring up controversy for his imaginative work. He first worked with Herrmann Zschoche on Engel im Fegefeuer (Angel in Purgatory). The two made a good team. Zschoche’s use of the wide-screen aspect ratio and Ost’s combinations and deep and shallow focus created some interesting scenes. When Karla is called into the principal’s office for a supposed indiscretion with a student, Karla is seated to the left in focus, with the school administrator slightly out of focus in the background and the back of the blurry nape of the principal’s neck in the foreground. In other scenes we see Karla lingering right at the edge of the frame. At the time this film was made, only Sergio Leone was making better use of the widescreen format (Leone, it must be said, would have managed to keep all three of these elements in focus, but he had the advantage of newer equipment).
Having been the cinematographer for some of the most visually imaginative films to come out of DEFA during the early sixties, Ost was an easy target for the people crying about the so-called “Rabbit films” (named after The Rabbit is Me, the shining example of the kind of films the folks at the 11th Plenum detested). Ost’s career at DEFA was over. Ost continued to work with film, but his name does not show up on anymore films from the East German film studio.
It was Ost who, after the film reels were recovered from DEFA’s archives, reconstructed the film. After its screening in 1990, Karla was given its proper place as one of the best films to come out of the DDR and demonstrated to everyone the real damage to the East German film industry caused by the 11th Plenum.
IMDB page for this film.
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Posted: December 29, 2011 in Angelica Domröse, DEFA, Film, Musical, Pop Culture
Tags: Baltic Sea, beach party, Bruno Mondi, collective, hot summer, Joachim Hasler, musical, Regine Albrecht, teenagers
By the end of the sixties, it was obvious to all but the most iron-headed autocrats that East Germany was facing a crisis of culture. In spite of every effort to seal the public off from the invidious influences of the west, information was getting through, and the young people of the GDR were becoming more and more dissatisfied with the state of things. At DEFA they decided to try a different tack. If the kids wanted youth-oriented films that could match the likes of the AIP Beach Party movies, then DEFA was going to give them what they wanted, but with a distinctly communist slant. Thus was born the first East German Beach Party film, Hot Summer (Heißer Sommer).
In Hot Summer, a group of boys from Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz) and group of girls from Leipzig that have just finished school and are ready for a summer vacation (like its Hollywood counterparts, everyone in this film is considerably older than the character they play). They meet on their way to the Baltic Sea, with each group trading turns singing about the joys of a hot summer. Unlike the American Beach Party movies, which usually start with the boys and girls getting along at first and then fighting later, the boys and girls of Hot Summer are at each other from the start. The boys are led by Kai, played by the popular East German singer, Frank Schöbel, and the girls are led by Stupsi, played by Chris Doerk, a tomboy with a 100-watt smile and a voice that could have knocked down the wall by itself.
By the time Hot Summer was made, Chris Doerk and Frank Schöbel—a married couple in real life—were already media darlings in East Germany. Both appeared regularly on TV variety shows. Although there is some sexual tension between Kai and Stupsi, it never amounts to much. Aside from a scene where the two of them are singing atop a railroad train and then jump into a haystack (done without stunt doubles, I might add), they never quite connect. Kai has the hots for Stupsi’s pal, Britt, a flirtatious young woman who wants to have it all—in this case, all meaning both Kai and his friend Wolf.
In a Hollywood film, Britt would be the bad girl, who learns the hard way that living for the moment has its consequences (see Yvette Mimieux’s character in Where the Boys Are for the classic example of this). She would be chastised because sex for its own enjoyment is seen as a bad thing. In the east, her behavior is frowned on because it leads to party disunity. The rivalry over Britt threatens to tear the fabric of the community apart and everyone learns that the needs of the collective are more important than the needs of the individual. Britt is played by Regine Albrecht, who exudes a an easy-going, inconsiderate charm. Ms. Albrecht was primarily a stage actress, but she appeared in several films in the GDR. Since the late nineties, she has worked with the Hans Otto Theater in Potsdam, where she lives. She is also well-known for her voice dubbing, and has done the German voices for several popular American television shows and movies, including The Gilmore Girls, and Brokeback Mountain.
The director, Joachim Hasler, who was already a well-respected cinematographer when he made this film. After serving an apprenticeship at the ORWO labs in Wolfen (then still called AGFA), he became an apprentice cameraman at DEFA, working under the famous Bruno Mondi (see Rotation for more information on Mondi). His first screen credit as cinematographer was on Martin Hellberg’s anti-American classic, Das verurteilte Dorf (The Condemned Village). From there he went on to film some of the best DEFA movies of the late fifties and early sixties, including The Silent Star, and Das Lied der Matrosen (The Sailor’s Song). He began directing films in 1957, starting with Gejagt bis zum Morgen (Hunted Until Morning), and he scored a big hit in 1965 with Chronik eines Mordes (The Story of a Murder), which starred Angelica Domröse of The Legend of Paul and Paula fame.
The term auteur is often bandied about in film criticism and suggests that the director is the driving creative force behind a movie. Auteur theory falls to pieces in the east, where that kind of project ownership was actively discouraged. But Hot Summer comes closer to fitting the concept than most DEFA films. Joachim Hasler not only directed the film, but—like Kubrick and Soderberg—he was also the cinematographer and the co-author of the screenplay.
In spite of this seemingly heavy message, Hot Summer is light fun. The cast is as attractive as any western equivalent, and the songs are ridiculously catchy. After a couple listenings, you’ll find yourself humming them for the rest of the day. [Note: in German, they call a song that gets stuck in your head an Ohrwurm—literally, an “ear worm.”] The music was composed by the father and son team of Gerd and Thomas Natschinski. Gerd got his start after WWII as the conductor of the radio orchestra in Leipzig (Große Unterhaltungsorchester des Leipziger Rundfunks). He studied with Hanns Eisler in Berlin and also conducted the Berlin Radio Orchestra (Berliner Rundfunk). He began by scoring short films, and moved to feature films in 1954 with Hexen and Carola Lamberti – Eine vom Zirkus. He composed several theater pieces, including the musical Mein Freund Bunbury (My Friend Bunbury), and a ballet version of The Tales of Hoffmann. He also composed the music for Meine Frau macht Musik (My Wife Wants to Sing), and Revue um Mitternacht (Midnight Revue)—two of DEFA’s most successful musicals.
Gerd knew how to compose classical and stage music but Hot Summer was more pop than anything he had done before. To help him with this, he enlisted the aid of his 21-year-old son Thomas. The younger Natschinski was already a successful rock musician in East Germany, whose band, Team 4, had scored a hit in 1964 with “Mokka-Milch-Eisbar,” an extremely popular (and catchy) song about the joys of an ice cream parlor on East Berlin’s Karl-Marx-Allee. From there he went on to lead or work with several other groups, including Karat and Veronika Fischer (see DEFA Disko 77). In the late seventies, he started composing music for East German television shows, and continued this after the wall came down with nary a pause. In 2008, he published his biography (co-written with journalist, Christine Dähn), Verdammt, wer hat das Klavier erfunden (Damn it, Who Invented the Piano).
Hot Summer was a hit at the box-office. In the west, this would have led to an immediate sequel or two (in the case of Beach Party, three sequels were made in the following year alone). But the GDR didn’t work that way. It took five years for anything resembling a sequel to this film to make it to the big screen. In 1975, Joachim Hasler got together a second time with Doerk and Schöbel to create Nicht schummeln, Liebling! (No Cheating, Darling!), a film about the battle of the sexes and soccer. The film was not the hit that Hot Summer was. Critics liked the music, but hated the movie. It was Hasler’s last film as a cinematographer, but he continued to direct films for the next few years, including the popular TV-movie, Ein Engel im Taxi (An Angel in a Taxi), and Der Mann mit dem Ring im Ohr (The Man with the Ring in His Ear).
Today, the comparison to the films of Frankie and Annette has faded. More often, the film is compared to Grease, even though Grease came out after Hot Summer (the play in 1971, and the film in 1978). Nonetheless, it is an apt comparison. Both Grease and Hot Summer were dismissed by critics as pop culture kitsch appealing only to the lowest common denominator, yet both were box office hits that transcended the criticism with an infectious exuberance and plenty of catchy songs. Both have experienced revivals, of sorts. While Grease continues to enjoy repertory theater screenings and road shows of its theatrical version (as well as the occasional movie-house sing-along), Hot Summer went the opposite route, starting as a film and migrating to the stage in Rostock and Grünau. It is easy to sniff at a fluffy little film like Hot Summer, but it is far more enjoyable to simply let yourself go with it and accept it for what it was intended to be: a welcome relief from the drab duties of daily life.
IMDB page for Hot Summer.
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Buta-1,3-diene
Justification for classification or non-classification
In Vitro Studies
The key studies are considered to be bacterial mutation assays (Araki et al 1994, Madhusree et al 2002) and a mammalian cell cytogenetic assay (Asakura et al 2008). These are two recognised core assay types for investigating mutation in vitro.
1,3-Butadiene was tested in a standard Ames test and with exposure to the chemical contained in gas bags. S. typhimurium (TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100) and E. coli (WP2 uvrA and WP2P uvrA) were treated with 1,3-butadiene both with and without auxiliary metabolic activation from rat liver (S9) at concentrations up to 50% in the atmosphere. Positive results were obtained in Salmonella strain TA1535 in the presence of S9 in both studies, and a limited response in TA100 in one study (Araki et al 1994). Negative results were obtained in the absence of S9. Similar positive responses in the presence of S9 have been reported by other investigators (EU RAR, 2002). 1,3-Butadiene is mutagenic in bacterial gene mutation assays. Asakura et al (2008) examined 1,3-butadiene in an in vitro cytogenetic assay with CHL cells in both the absence and presence of S9. The test system was designed to allow a contained exposure to gaseous materials and concentrations up to 20% 1,3-butadiene were used. An increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations was observed, and a positive response reported both in the absence and presence of S9. The positive response in the absence of S9 is not consistent with the Ames test results but nevertheless the overall result indicates that 1,3-butadiene is clastogenic in mammalian cells in vitro.
There are additional reports of positive responses in mammalian cell gene mutation assays, but due to protocol or reporting deficiencies these are considered unreliable (EU RAR 2002). The REACH requirement for an adequate in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells is waived, as adequate data are available from in vivo gene mutation tests (Column 2 adaptation). Conflicting responses have been reported in studies examining for the endpoint of sister chromatid exchange (EU RAR 2002). 1,3-butadiene is considered to be mutagenic in vitro.
In Vivo Studies – Non-Human Information
The key studies are considered to be somatic cell cytogenetic and gene mutation studies in the mouse (Adler et al 1994, Cunningham et al 1986, Cochrane and Skopek 1994), and dominant lethal studies in the mouse (Adler et al 1994, Brinkworth et al 1998) and the rat (Hughes et al 1996). These are recognised core assay types for investigating mutation in vivo.
The induction of micronuclei in bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes was investigated in mice by Adler et al 1994). Adult (102/E1xC3H/E1)F1 mice were exposed to 0, 50, 200, 500 or 1,300 ppm (110, 442, 1106 or 2876 mg/m3) 1,3-butadiene, 6 hours/day for 5 days and bone marrow and blood samples taken 18-24 hours after the last exposure. There was a statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood at all exposure concentrations. It was also observed that male mice were more sensitive than females at the higher exposure levels. Similar positive results in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test were obtained by Cunningham et al (1986). Male B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 1,3-butadiene at concentrations of from 10 to 10,000 ppm (22-22126 mg/m3) (6h/day for 2 consecutive days). A significant dose-dependent increase in micronuclei induction was observed at concentrations of 100 ppm (221 mg/m3) and above.
The ability of 1,3-butadiene to cause gene mutation in vivo was investigated at the hprt locus in splenic T cells in male B6C3F1 mice (Cochrane and Skopek 1994). Animals were exposed to 0 or 625 ppm (1383 mg/m3) 1,3-butadiene for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks and sacrificed 2 weeks later. Splenic T cells were isolated and cultured for 10 days to allow growth of mutant hprt- colonies. A statistically significant increase in mutation frequency to 5 times the control value was observed. It was concluded that repeated exposure to 1,3-butadiene causes gene mutations in mice. Age and gender dependent differences in 1,3-butadiene-induced mutagenicity were investigated at the hrtp locus in splenic T cells in mice (Meng et al, 2007; Walker et al., 2009a). Values obtained in this study were compared with those obtained in previous studies (Meng et al 1998, 1999, Walker and Meng 2000). To investigate age differences, female mice aged 8-9 weeks or 4-5 weeks were exposed to 1250 ppm (2765 mg/m3)(6 h/day, 5 days/week) of 1,3- butadiene for 2 weeks. 1,3- butadiene was mutagenic to female mice, with higher peak Hprt mutant frequencies achieved in the 4 -5 week old mice compared to the 8 -9 week old mice. However when the mutation potency (the mutation response over time) was compared between the two groups, there was no significant difference. To investigate sex differences, mice aged 4-5 weeks were exposed to 1250 ppm of 1,3-butadiene for 2 weeks. Mutation frequencies in treated males were 6.2-fold greater than in control males whilst the figure in female mice was 2.3-fold higher than that in males. Female mice are therefore more susceptible to 1,3-butadiene-induced hrpt mutations than male mice. Exposure to 3 ppm BD for 2 weeks also induced a weak mutagenic response in female mice, with an increase of 1.6 fold Hprt mutant frequency over control female mice (Walker et al., 2009a).
There are a number of further reports of positive results for 1,3-butadiene in mice including both cytogenetic studies and gene mutation studies (EU RAR 2002). Adler et al 1994 and Cunningham et al (1986) provide examples. In a positive mouse spot test, pregnant female mice were exposed to 1,3-butadiene at 500 ppm (1106 mg/m3), 6h/day from days 8 -12 of gestation. An increased incidence of coat colour spots of genetic relevance were found in offspring (Adler et al 1994). Male B6C3F1mice were exposed to 1,3-butadiene by inhalation, at concentrations from 10 to 10,000 ppm (22-22,126 mg/m3), 6h/day, for 2 consecutive days in a sister chromatid exchange assay. There was a significant increase in sister chromatid exchanges in mouse bone marrow cells at concentrations ≥ 100 ppm and the test was judged to be positive (Cunningham et al, 1986).
A limited number of studies has been conducted in the rat, and 1,3-butadiene has been found to be non-mutagenic in this species. Cunningham et al (1986) exposed male B6C3F1 mice and male Sprague-Dawley rats to 0 or 10 – 10,000 ppm (22-22126 mg/m3)1,3-butadiene for 6 hours/day on two consecutive days. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the second exposure and the bone marrow sampled to examine for the presence of micronuclei. A dose-related increase in the incidence of micronuclei was seen at 1,3-butadiene concentrations of 100 ppm and higher in the mouse, but there was no difference in the incidence of micronuclei between control and exposed rats at any concentration. Cunningham et al (1986) conducted a sister chromatid exchange assay in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1,3-butadiene by inhalation, at concentrations from 10 to 10,000 ppm (22-22126 mg/m3), 6h/day, for 2 consecutive days. Bone marrow cells were evaluated for the induction of sister chromatid exchanges. No significant increases in sister chromatid exchanges occurred.
Gene mutation at the hrpt locus has also been investigated in rats (Meng et al., 2007; Walker et al., 2009b). Mutation frequencies in splenic T cells were determined in male rats exposed to 1,3- butadiene at 1250 ppm (2765 mg/m3)(6 h/day, 5 days/week) for 2 weeks and compared to previous results in female rats (Meng et al 1998, 1999, Walker and Meng 2000). 1,3-Butadiene was weakly mutagenic in rats, mutation frequencies in treated male rats were 1.9-fold greater than in control males whilst the figure in female rats was 1.9-fold higher than that in males. Hrpt mutations in female rats were also seen after exposure to the lower dose of 62.5 ppm (138mg/m3)1,3- butadiene for 4 weeks (Meng et al., 2007). A small but statistically significant increase in mutation frequency over controls occurred
1,3-butadiene is therefore mutagenic in somatic cells in the mouse but not in the rat in standard cytogenetic and gene mutation studies. A weak positive response was seen for hrpt mutations in the rat. Studies on the oxidative metabolites of 1,3-butadiene—but-3-ene-1,2-diol (i.e. butadiene monoepoxide diol) and 2-(oxiran-2-yl)oxirane (i.e. butadiene diepoxide)—in mice and rats indicate that these metabolites are mutagenic in both species (Walker et al., 2009c,d), and indicate that the substantial differences in mutagenic response to 1,3-butadiene between the species are largely the result of toxicokinetic differences in the systemic burden of toxic metabolites.
1,3-Butadiene has also been examined for germ cell mutagenicity. Adler et al (1994) reported a dominant lethal assay in which male (102/E1xC3H/E1)F1 mice were exposed to 0 or 1,300 ppm (2876 mg/m3) 1,3-butadiene 6 hours/day for 5 days. Each male was then mated with pairs of unexposed females for a period of 4 consecutive weeks. Pregnant females were sacrificed on days 14-16 of gestation and the uterine contents were examined for the presence of live and dead implants. A positive result for dominant lethal mutations was based on post-implantation losses seen primarily in the second week post-exposure. Male mice were exposed to 1,3-butadiene (12.5 or 125 ppm; 27 or 276 mg/m3) for 10 weeks or for a single 6 h period. 1,3-Butadiene caused a statistically significant increase in dominant lethality at 125 ppm but not 12.5 ppm. No significant increase in testicular DNA repair was found with either dose level or exposure period while only 6 h exposure to 125 ppm caused a small but significant increase in DNA damage as detected by the Comet assay. These effects demonstrate the genotoxicity of 1,3-butadiene to germ cells at 125 ppm (276 mg/m3) in the mouse but do not confirm its ability to cause abnormalities in the offspring via the sperm (Brinkworth et al, 1998).
Pacchierotti et al (1998) however, showed cytotoxic genetic effects in the sperm of male mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene (up to 1300 ppm; 2876 mg/m3) and chromosome-type structural aberrations in first-cleavage embryos conceived by these males (see Section on Toxicity to Reproduction).Other studies have reported positive results for 1,3-butadiene in the dominant lethal assay in the mouse (EU RAR 2002).
The potential for 1,3-butadiene to induce dominant lethal mutations in the rat was investigated by BIBRA (1996). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 65, 400 or 1,250 ppm (143, 885 or 2765 mg/m3) 1,3-butadiene for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks. Each male was then allowed to mate with two untreated females over a 10 day period. Females were sacrificed on day 20 of pregnancy and numbers of corpora lutea, live implantations, early deaths, late deaths and dead fetuses were recorded. 1,3-Butadiene had no effect on the parameters measured.
1,3-butadiene is therefore mutagenic in germ cells in the mouse but not in the rat.
In Vivo Studies – Human information
There is a significant body of genotoxicity information from human occupational studies; these studies have been reviewed by Albertini et al (2010). BD-exposed workers from both BD monomer production and the polymerization plants were examined for both gene mutation endpoints and cytogenetic analysis. Internal exposure and production of epoxide metabolites did occur in these workers based on biomarkers of exposure. Most of the studies did not show any association between BD exposure and increased gene mutations, primarily HPRT mutations. However, using a different method to measure HPRT mutations, one group of investigators showed a relationship in workers exposed to BD in monomer production and in the styrene-butadiene rubber industry. Co-exposures in these studies may not have been adequately accounted for. A recent study from these investigators using their same method have shown that reduced exposures to all potential genotoxic agents in these facilities have resulted in negative findings (Wickliffe et al, 2009). Sram et al (1998) reported increased chromosomal aberrations in BD-exposed Czech workers, but subsequent analyses of the same blood samples failed to show any positive relationship between adducts and chromosome changes (Zhao et al, 2001). Increased micronuclei were reported in workers exposed to very high levels of BD at a Chinese facility (Wang et al, 2010). In the review by Albertini et al (2010), it was concluded that, with the exception of the recent Chinese study, all other studies have failed to find an association between chromosome-level mutations and BD.
1,3-Butadiene has been examined for mutagenicity both in vitro and in vivo in a range of recognised core assay types. It has shown positive results for mutagenicity in vitro in both bacterial and mammalian cell systems, and in vivo in both somatic cells and germ cells in the mouse. A more limited, but nevertheless adequate evaluation in rat somatic and germ cells using comparable endpoints has given negative results. There is therefore evidence for species differences in regard to the genotoxicity of 1,3-butadiene. It is known to require metabolism in order to produce genotoxic entities, and it is likely that the response of species to the material will in part depend on the nature and extent of metabolism (see Section on Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Distribution). Studies on several groups of BD-exposed workers, both in BD monomer production and in the BD polymerization plants, have not found an association between chromosome-level mutation and BD, with the exception of a recent study in China showing increased micronuclei in workers exposed to very high levels of BD.
It is concluded that the available data indicate that 1,3-butadiene is genotoxic in vitro and in vivo in both somatic and germ cells in the mouse but is not genotoxic in vivo in both somatic and germ cells in the rat. Similar conclusions have been published in the EU RAR (2002) and SCOEL (2007). A weak positive response was seen for hrpt mutations in the rat.
EU RAR (2002). European Union Risk Assessment Report for 1,3-butadiene. Vol. 20. European Chemicals Bureau (http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/DOCUMENTS/Existing-Chemicals/RISK_ASSESSMENT/REPORT/butadienereport019.pdf)
SCOEL. (2007). Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits: risk assessment for 1,3-butadiene. SCOEL/SUM/75 final (updated Feb 2007).
Short description of key information:
In non-human studies, 1,3-butadiene is genotoxic in vitro and is genotoxic in vivo in both somatic and germ cells in the mouse. The available data on several groups of 1,3-butadiene-exposed workers did not show any association between 1,3-butadiene exposure and increased gene mutations, primarily HPRT mutations. No 1,3-butadiene-related chromosome aberrations have been demonstrated in humans.
Endpoint Conclusion: Adverse effect observed (positive)
1,3 -Butadiene is genotoxic in vitro and in vivo in both somatic and germ cells in the mouse. It therefore warrants classification of Muta.Cat 2: R46 (May cause heritable genetic damage) under Dir 67/548/EEC and Germ Cell Mutagenicity Cat1B: H340 (May cause genetic defects) under GHS/CLP.
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What I Learned From Charles Ingalls (This Week)
Our family loves watching Little House on the Prairie. As a homeschoolers, it has been a great way to discuss some pretty big topics with our kids, like alcoholism, racism, bullying, and more. (Confession: I want to be Charles Ingalls when I grow up!) We just finished season four. In the final two episodes (which TV Guide put on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list), the big railroad companies were flexing their muscle to gain more power, engaging in questionable tactics that were putting farmers in rural areas out of business. Walnut Grove, the town where the Ingalls family lived, was rapidly dying.
It was a big deal. Livelihoods were drying up, businesses were closing, and desperate people had to abandon their homes in search of new opportunities. But Landon’s character, Charles — a farmer with a lot to lose — couldn’t have cared less.
He’d just found out his oldest daughter was going blind.
Weeks earlier, the economic catastrophe would have rocked his world. But as he sat alone, depressed, angry, and still in shock, he remarked to his friend how much time we spend worrying about things that just don’t matter.
Guilty as charged.
With some honesty and perspective, most of the stuff we worry about, lose sleep over, and get all stressed out about doesn’t actually matter all that much. Who cares if you don’t ace that test, score that promotion, or win that election?
Kim and I have friends whose daughter has spent the better part of her high school years in hospitals, battling cancer.
Another friend, a mom of six in her early thirties, just suffered a heart attack and underwent a surgery that required the insertion of five stents.
I’m sure you could share a story of your own about someone you know. Someone you love.
I don’t know that I have anything particularly profound to say about all this. I do know that Adultitis is most dangerous when weighing us down with the burden of trivial matters. It skews our perspective so that we spend too much time making mountains out of molehills while taking the truly important things for granted.
In the grand scheme of life, very, very few things actually matter.
An emotional episode from an old television show reminded me of this. It’s a reminder I can’t seem to receive nearly enough when I allow myself to fret over missing a flight or fixing a rusty muffler.
Maybe you, dear reader, are currently stressed out by something that, in the grand scheme of things, doesn’t really matter all that much.
Maybe this message is the reminder you need to let go of it and stay focused on (and appreciative of) the things that do.
Filed Under: Family, Parenthood, Workplayce, You & Improved
5/22/2017 at 3:54 am
I’m actually going through “something that does matter” (it’s not life threatening, as such) but it’s a matter that has invisibly followed me around the majority of my life (over 6 decades) – it’s one (actually it’s a sum of many parts), that I have somehow managed to deal with (most of the time) UNTIL last week when a PhD researcher asked me a very innocent question:
“What kind of life/career do you think you would’ve had if you didn’t have these disabilities?”
I answered at the time, more recreational and sports life …. but when I came home to reflect on the question (& I have sent an email about it to him) I realised that was the “wrong answer”
I’ll probably do what I’m done the last 6 decades – find a way to overcome the matter, that sits right with me…but for now it’s in my mind’s eye…and it’s not budging right now :-)
Sometimes the right question is more important than all the answers in the world!
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Roy Kapur Films And Netflix To Collaborate For Yeh Ballet
After Priyanka Chopra and Farhan Akhtar Starring The Sky Is Pink, the Roy Kapur Films are all set to collaborate with Netflix for forthcoming dance musical drama titled Yeh Ballet.
Yeh Ballet, directed by the writer of Salaam Bombay Sooni Taraporevala and produced by Roy Kapur Films, is a story about two boys from very low income families who discover ballet and through it a way to escape their challenging circumstances.
The film stars Achintya Bose, Manish Chauhan, Julian Sands and Jim Sarbh in the leading roles.
The trade analyst Taran Adarsh dropped the motion poster of the film along with other details. He wrote, “Siddharth Roy Kapur starts new film #YehBallet... Dance-musical written-directed by Sooni Taraporevala... Netflix original film... Stars Achintya Bose, Manish Chauhan, Julian Sands and Jim Sarbh”
Yeh Ballet explores the universal theme of rising above one’s circumstances and finding acceptance and belonging, through the riveting true story of two young boys from Mumbai who discovered themselves through ballet.
Netflix has partnered with Indian filmmakers to come out with 10 new original films by the end of 2020. The line up includes the horror anthology film Ghost Stories, directed by the team of Lust Stories – Karan Johar, Zoya Akhtar, Dibakar Banerjee and Anurag Kashyap – Sooni Taraporevala’s feature adaptation of her documentary Yeh Ballet and Shirish Kunder’s murder mystery Mrs Serial Killer.
Salman Khan And Katrina Kaif Looks Stunning On Bharat Poster
Mental Hai Kya Gets A Release Date, Starring Kangana Ranaut And Rajkummar Rao
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MRUS - Merus N.V.
NasdaqGM - NasdaqGM Real Time Price. Currency in USD
Merus N.V.
Yalelaan 62
Utrecht 3584 CM
http://www.merus.nl
Sector: Healthcare
Industry: Biotechnology
Full Time Employees: 97
Dr. Ton Logtenberg Pres, CEO, Principal Financial Officer & Exec. Director N/A N/A 1958
Mr. John de Kruif Ph.D. CTO & Sr. VP N/A N/A 1964
Mr. Mark Throsby Ph.D. Chief Scientific Officer & Exec. VP N/A N/A 1967
Mr. Peter B. Silverman J.D. Exec. VP, Gen. Counsel & Chief Intellectual Property Officer N/A N/A 1978
Mr. Alexander Berthold Hendirk Bakker Ph.D. CDO & Sr. VP N/A N/A 1967
Amounts are as of and compensation values are for the last fiscal year ending on that date. Pay is salary, bonuses, etc. Exercised is the value of options exercised during the fiscal year. Currency in USD.
Merus N.V., a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company, engages in developing bispecific antibody therapeutics. Its bispecific antibody candidate pipeline includes MCLA-128, which is in a Phase II clinical trial for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer; and Phase I/II clinical trial for the treatment of gastric and non-small cell lung cancers. The company is also developing MCLA-117 that is in Phase I clinical trial for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia; and MCLA-158, which is in a Phase I clinical trial for the treatment of solid tumors with an initial focus on colorectal cancer. In addition, its research and development stage bispecific antibody candidates include MCLA-129, which is being developed in collaboration with Betta Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd; MCLA-145, which is being developed in collaboration with Incyte Corporation; and clinical programs to explore new potential combination therapies or indication. The company was founded in 2003 and is headquartered in Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Merus N.V.’s ISS Governance QualityScore as of N/A is N/A. The pillar scores are Audit: N/A; Board: N/A; Shareholder Rights: N/A; Compensation: N/A.
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Shocking Truth About The Indonesia Tsunami (End Times)
Mega Tsunami Reeks Havoc Creating A Scene The Looks Like The End Times. Subscribe to Right Wing to stay updated.
The Lie We Live — We Are Running Out Of Time!
We humans are so much better than we are acting, the majority of us care about our planet, we were in-sync once we can do it again not under the directions of those who have enslaved us and broken every moral code that humanity has. There time will come when they have to face there own judgment on there death bed. And then they will suffer at there own hands. There is no one who judges ones self harsher than there own self.
Something Biblical is Happening in China!
always do what laws your government tells you until your government goes against your religion when that happens go against your government
Gerald Celente – Economic Meltdown Worse Than Great Depression Coming
Renowned trends researcher Gerald Celente is making a big change to his 2018-2019 economic forecast. What is the timeline for this coming market meltdown? Celente says, “The timeline is tough, but look . . . all you need is one major failure or one major hedge fund pulling out because that’s who is running the show. You look at the number of stocks that have declined . . . . Look at the big hedge funds and the private equity groups that are running this, and look at their debt level. It does not take a genius to figure this out. If you have $250 trillion worth of (global) debt and interest rates are going up, and it’s costing you more to borrow as you are making less, what is going to happen? It’s going to collapse. . . . You’ve got to pay more on your debt, and your debt is ballooning. Of course, it’s going to crash. It’s a Ponzi scheme. . . .It’s going to be worse than the Great Depression. When this thing crashes, it is gone.” Celente says you should have is physical gold, but don’t wait too long to buy it. Celente says, “There is going to be a spike to the $2,000 per ounce mark when it gets past $1,450. It won’t be a gradual increase.”
An Empire Crumbles to Dust
Rome, soon coming to an economy near you.....
What If Your Blue Chip Shares Became A Penny Stock? This is the Decaying Economy.
...if you're "Not Allowed" to invest in low cost stocks, you are forced into the overinflated bubbelicious stocks...low cost has the POTENTIAL for GREAT gains...overpriced stocks can only go DOWN! WHO are they REALLY protecting? If your bank says put your money here... DON'T! Look at where the bank is investing
Q anon 9/29/18 "Check In"
Once again on soon to be Justice K getting blackballed on his nomination, but is it bait? Also i bring in my good friend Dr Steven to illuminate us on Ford-Blaseys background. An odd pic of an ariplane 1st class section, we need to get out and vote Red.
Americans Struggling to Make Ends Meet
From fast food workers to shuttle bus drivers, many Americans aren't able to afford housing or pay the bills on current wages.
Is a University Degree a Waste of Money?
University degrees don't seem to guarantee stable careers anymore. The shift is prompting some graduates to rethink their futures and one university to offer a "jobs guarantee."
Political Prisoners of the USSA: Cody Wilson Joins Snowden, Assange, Ulbricht
This happens to men everyday and everywhere in the USA. Every man should wear a body cam or record everything whenever around a woman.
Max Keiser : Helicopters in Demand as Empire Crumbles
In this episode of the Keiser Report, Max and Stacy discuss the helicopter money being promised to rescue stock markets for the next crash and the helicopter rescue of reserve currency status as more and more nations - including Germany - reject the hubris of a hegemon which rejects competition. In the second half, Max interviews David Morgan of TheMorganReport.com about the latest in bond markets, whether or not the yield will invert and what next for precious metals.
Internal Secretary Warns US Could Use Navy for Blockade On Russian Energy Exports
US could use its Navy to prevent Russia’s potential energy supplies to the Middle East, Internal Secretary Ryan Zinke said, Washington Examiner reports. The blockade would actually mean an “act of war,” Russian Senator fired back. Zinke alleged that Russia’s engagement in Syria – notably, where it is operating at the invitation of the legitimate government – is a pretext to explore new energy markets. "I believe the reason they are in the Middle East is they want to broker energy just like they do in eastern Europe, the southern belly of Europe,” he has reportedly said.
Central Bankers Scramble, Protect System, Push Tariff Narrative
The establishment, central bank are trying to build their narrative of why the economy is about to crash. The real estate is hit the top and will start to implode at an accelerated pace. We need to understand why the system is falling apart. If we go back in time the central bankers restructured the entire global economy so people won't notice what was really happening. The economy was collapsing.
How The Mafia Has Profited From the Migrant Crisis
The Mafia And The Migrants: Italy has, since 2014, found itself of the frontline of the Migrant crisis drawing refugees and economic migrants from across the Med. With the state on the ropes in terms of finances, migrant detention contracts were handed over to the private sector, and caught the attention of local mafia syndicates as a means of collecting public money.
Q Anon | Dem's Playbook: Impeach Kavanaugh
So Trump should have an investigation. This will fall back on senators. This accusation is proven a lie. He has the proof. So let’s investigate her. And her background. Let’s get her phone records and who she talked to. Let’s find out the initial contact between Feinstein and Ford. Let’s get the prof of that. How old is the letter. How about some forensics on the paper the ink. This woman should have an investigation but they need to be put on notice that their intentions will be exposed. How about due process. Counter suit in the name of obstruction. They are not going to get away with this. Investigation
Soros -- This is the END, Hungarian FRIEND
Orban is a World HERO. ELOHIM Bless him, Protect him, and all those unwilling to accept the... "death by globalism"
California Governor Vetoes Patently Unconstitutional and Ridiculous ‘Fake News’ Bill
California Governor Jerry Brown vetoed a bill Thursday, SB 1424, that would have created a state advisory group to study the problem of “fake news” and make recommendations for intervening in social media to deal with it. As Breitbart News reported in April, the original bill was far more aggressive: “The bill, filed quietly in late February as SB 1424, requires all California-based websites to develop a plan to fight ‘fake news,’ to use ‘fact-checkers,’ and to warn readers — including via social media — of ‘false information.’”
The Military Industrial Complex,
Is there a military industrial complex that we should be afraid of? How does the science of war get going, and can the government control it? Are there any truths in the warnings of President Eisenhower? Find out on this weeks episode! The Mad Scientist Podcast is a show about the science, philosophy, and history of paranormal, pseudo-scientific, and otherwise weird claims. Hosted by Christopher Cogswell and Marie Mayhew, the show delves deep into serious and funny topics with a mix of in depth, well researched episodes on a variety of topics and round-tables featuring the less serious side of the strange.
Global Liquidity Is Drying Up and That Means A Recession Is GUARANTEED To Happen!
They'll QT and push up rates in prep for the future slashing of rates and another QE. The creeping collapse of "emerging markets" is analogous to creeping collapse of 08's subprime. Basically "emerging markets" made a bet that the dollar would fall and they were wrong so they are failing. You'll notice we are taking from Peter to pay Paul as 1st world's are backstopping "emerging markets". The creeping backstopping will reach a wall and at that point you'll have slashed rates and QE again. It comes down to which 1st worlder says no mas first.
The Truth About President Trump's Economy. Prepare Yourself.
Dr. Robert P. Murphy is an Austrian Economist, Senior Fellow at the Mises Institute, the Research Assistant Professor at Texas Tech University’s Free Market Institute and is the author of several books including; “The Politically Incorrect Guide to Capitalism,” “The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Great Depression and the New Deal,” “Choice: Cooperation, Enterprise, and Human Action,” and the recently released “Contra Krugman: Smashing the Errors of America's Most Famous Keynesian.” Dr. Murphy also co-hosts the weekly Contra Krugman podcast with Tom Woods – where the duo regularly refute and eviscerate Paul Krugman’s New York Times writings.
Gerald Celente - Avoid Media False Flags. These Warning Signs Are Flashing Market Crash
The USA doesn't have a moral leg to stand on. It's a criminal enterprise populated by drugged up giggling imbeciles.
The System is about to Fall On It's Own Sword:Rob Kirby
The whole world is a fraud... It's spy/blackmail entanglement... Banksters created Intelligence agencies because through history INFO was a source of power and profit...
END TIMES SIGNS LATEST STRANGE EVENTS (SEP 29, 2018) THIS HAPPENED ON OUR EARTH | EXTREME WEATHER
END TIMES SIGNS LATEST STRANGE EVENTS (SEP 29, 2018) THIS HAPPENED ON OUR EARTH | EXTREME WEATHER Events that are happening today, which are fulfilling prophecies related to the Return of Christ. We are truly in the end times and really close to the return of Christ, help us reach out to those who don’t know Jesus so they can be saved, please and thank you! God bless you all.
The Rise of Putin and The Fall of The Russian-Jewish Oligarchs
This documentary outlines the rise and fall of the Russian-Jewish oligarchs after the fall of the Soviet Union. The reason why this period in history is important is because it delivered to us and into the political arena, Vladimir Putin, the now Russian President, and the antidote to President Obama who's serving on behalf of Zionist Jewry and their total control of the United States of America. Had this not taken place, the world we live in would now have been very different with possibly more wars and conflicts and we would be further in the grip of International Jewry. President Vladimir Putin is truly remarkable because he, and he alone, thwarted Zionist Jewry and the U.S. puppet president Obama in their attempt to overthrow the Syrian government thus changing the geopolitical climate in the Middle East in favor of Israel, as was Iraq, and allowing for a future invasion of Iran. One need only to look at the countries and presidents the U.S. boycotts and criticizes to figure out who Zionist Jewry are targeting and then everything will fall into place. Putin has been compared to Hitler for a variety of reasons, one because he won't allow the West to meddle in Russian affairs and try to change the political and social climate through "democratic revolutions" or challenging authority through "human right campaigns" aimed at legalizing homosexual Gay Pride parades which outrage the people, but mostly because he revived his country out of the rubble that Jewish Bolshevism created, which even Putin himself admits was Jewish: http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/j... Of course the Jews, as usual, claim Putin perpetuates this as an "anti-semitic lie": http://www.jewishpress.com/news/break... But what happened to the Jewish oligarchs after Putin became president? Berezovsky was exiled and allegedly committed suicide, Khodorkovsky rots in prison at this very moment, others fled to Israel or the West, but people like Abramovich stayed and were most likely forced to pledge allegiance, not to International Jewry, but to Russia as loyal law-abiding citizens. And as for the Jewish community in Russia, at some point in time it was made clear to them that there would be no conspiring with their tribal brethren in the West to meddle with the affairs in Russia and they had to declare their allegiance to the country as well as is suggested by this article: http://forward.com/articles/183459/ru... We can only look to the future with hope and keep our eyes and ears open and most importantly, inform people on what's happening and why it's happening, and one day we'll also be able to put a president like Putin to power!
50 Million Facebook Users Hacked
Jason of WeAreChange gives you the latest breaking news on the 50 million facebook users who were just hacked, the plan for a Chinese search engine, the protests in Gaza, and the Kavanaugh confirmation vote will go to the Senate...possibly with a provision.
Qanon - Feinstein threatens Murkowski? Delay, Delay Delay! Q upda
It was odd that Graham and Cornyn were very cool about it at the end...and then Grassley allowed the vote and then exited very quickly...is there is a plan here....they knew Flake was wobbly and they knew how the Dems would play the whole hearing.....the only thing I can think of is that the FBI already has or they’re confident they will have, something on Avenetti puppets or something to prove that Ford is wrong...or worse....lying. By allowing the world to see that the Dems pushed the FBI review, yet it was a Republican that drove it....imagine how the outcome will play out if the investigation shows she has done something untoward, immoral or illegal...yikes! That would be amazing wouldn’t it!? Give them enough rope..
Global Economy Breakdown Has Accelerated
According to Edmunds new vehicle sales for September are exptected to collapse, the auto makers are blaming the tariffs but we know that they are running out of sub prime people and channel stuffing is not working anymore. The global housing crisis has gotten worse, the US is not the only country with a housing bubble there are many countries that have the same problem. The economy is declining at an accelerated pace and the plan is in motion.
This Man Exposed Everything.. (See This Before it is Deleted 2018-2019)
You can either poison your mind or feed it. You can choose to drown in the mainstream or forge a new path all on your own. You are watching Anonymous because you’ve woken up to the lie. You are aware that there is more to our story than we’ve been led to believe. We’ve found a great resource to uncovering deep truths, hidden agendas and suppressed wisdom that you need to be aware of. It’s called Gaia. We’ve teamed up with them to amplify our message and continue to move the masses towards positive change. Gaia’s mission is to empower the evolution of consciousness and we share a similar belief… if enough of us wake up, we all wake up. This is how we win. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget.
Russian TV Report: China Refuses to Back Down in Escalating Trade Clash With US
China is constructing the world. They just gave Africa 60 billion. They don't need the dollar, the yuans gold backed.
Catastrophic Tsunami Strikes Indonesian City Of 300,000 People
A disaster has stricken the 300,000 people and vacationers of a city in Indonesia after authorities lifted a tsunami warning - giving the all okay - and telling people that things were safe. Striking the city of Sulawesi, a Tsunami crashed over the shore line after video showed a giant wall of water, gaining a white-capped top nearing the beach. Soon after the wave levels shoreline homes and businesses and crashed through the city as onlookers could only run for higher ground at the last moment. What is the moral of this story? Gather your own information for disaster preparedness. Do not rely solely upon the word of officials because mistakes can be made. If you like in an area that is near the shore, even if that area is not predispositioned to tsunamis, get to higher ground in the event of an earthquake. Have a go-bag ready and on hand. Take your family to higher ground when a near shore earthquake strikes.
Brett Kavanaugh Testimony: Final Thoughts
Approximately 24-hours after Supreme Court nominee Judge Brett Kavanaugh gave his Senate Judiciary Committee testimony against the unsubstantiated accusations made by Northern California psychology professor Christine Blasey Ford - Stefan Molyneux has his final thoughts on the proceedings.
India's Cashless Economy Is FAILING! - Debt CRISIS As Markets Face Turmoil
Josh Sigurdson talks with author and economic analyst John Sneisen about the countless problems in India as the country centralizes itself into chaos. As we see a debt crisis in the non-banking financial sector, India's central bank has said they will buy 100 billion Rupees of government bonds. This is all part of an effort to reassure investors, but we know this will simply lead in the same direction long term that all of this massive market manipulation and centralization has. All the while, Blackstone has announced they're planning a 7% yield for India's first REIT IPO. It will include 33 million square feet. Also in the news, India's bank non-performing loans rise to $150.2 billion at the end of March! Bad loans held by India's banks rose 10.36 trillion Rupees at the end of March the government recently announced. All the while, India's top court just upheld Aadhaar, the biometric system that utilizes finger prints, retina scans and other digital identification tools which help the government track people and control them under the guise of convenience as the country falls into a cashless system. That is what this is really all about. The state and banking system is scrambling as the country flips into this technocratic system, moving from a system that has historically been very supportive of cash, especially gold to this new digital system. In the past, India had a flourishing free market among merchants. That has all changed as the government cracked down on free markets and is attempting to force everyone into bank accounts, allowing them to track every move in a race against China to unroll a completely cashless system with Modi at the helm. It's not all going as planned as they are quickly finding out like so many before them throughout history that centralization of an economy doesn't work and restriction of the markets pushes people into poverty causing massive problems with debt and development, not to mention a brewing crisis among the populace who feel disenfranchised. It's a perfect test ground. Start with a culture that loves cash and move along throughout the rest of the world abolishing cash and forcing them into a digital centralized currency. If your money's in the bank, it's not yours, it's the bank's. If your money's always going through the bank via digital transactions and legal tender laws, it's never your money and it's always the banks and you know what that makes you. Subservient. Stay tuned as we continue to unravel this serious issue in the world's second most populated country.
We are at war with China
Douglas Gabriel, American Intelligence Media, and Michael McKibben, CEO of Leader Technologies, uncover some amazing intel from the swamp that will leave you reeling. Don’t get angry. Get EVEN! Learn what the MSM will never tell you, but all patriots should know.
Leo Zagami Interview Archbishop Vigano New Letter Confirms Pope Francis is the Devil
My talk with Leo Zagami about Archbishop Vigano's new letter about the Pope Francis cover up of pedophiles and Archbishop McCarrick in the Vatican, his slander and hypocrisy, refusing to investigate or even comment, which would of course prove his own complicit guilt.
China : The world First Digital Dictatorship
Exposing China's Digital Dystopian Dictatorship | Foreign Correspondent China is marrying Big Brother to Big Data. Every citizen will be watched and their behaviour scored in the most ambitious and sophisticated system of social control in history. Matthew Carney reports.
Trade Wars Could Collapse US Car Sales And Slash 715K Jobs
The most significant and dangerous risks stem from policymaking. And on top of the list is, of course, the protectionist crusade of the Trump administration to disrupt the post–World War II global economic order the US was instrumental in building.
The Truth About The Kavanaugh Circus!
Luke and Jason of WeAreChange join the audience live to explain what is happening on Capitol Hill today regarding the Kavanaugh Hearing and how it has turned into a circus.
What they don't want you to know | George Carlin
Be happy with what you got. Because the owners of this country don't want that. I'm talking about real owners now. The real owners. The big wealthy business interests that control things and make all the important decisions. Forget the politicians! Politicians are put there to give you the idea that you have a freedom of choice. You don't! You have no choice. You have have owners. They own you. They own everything. They own all the important land. They own and control the corporations... they've long since bought and paid for the senate, the congress, the state houses, the city halls; they got the judges in their back pockets, and they own all the big media companies so that they control just about all the news and information you get to hear. They got you by the balls! They spend billions of dollars every year! Lobbying to get what they want! Well we know what they want. They want more for themselves, and less for everybody else. But I'll tell you what they don't want. They don't want a population of citizens, capable of critical thinking. They don't want well informed, well educated people, capable of critical thinking. They're not interested in that, that doesn't help them... That's against their interests! You know what they want? They want obedient workers! Obedient... Workers! People who are just smart enough to run the machines and do the paperwork. And just dumb enough to passively accept all these increasingly shittier jobs, with the lower pay, the longer hours, the reduced benefits, the end of overtime, and the vanishing pension that and the vanishing pension that you go to collect it. And now they want your social secutiry money. They want your f*cking retirement money, they want it back! So they can give it to their criminal friends on Wall Street. And you know something they'll get it, they'll get it all from you sooner or later. Because they own this f*cking place! It's a big club... and you ain't in it! You and I, are not in the big club! By the way, it's the same big club they used to beat you over the head with, all day long when they tell you what to believe. All day long, beating you over the head in their media telling you what to believe, what to think... And what to buy. The table is tilted folks. The game is rigged. Nobody seems to notice, nobody seems to care. Good, honest, hard-working people continue to elect these rich these rich c*cksuckers who don't give a f*ck about them. It's called the American dream, because you have to be asleep to believe it. Human beings are nothing more than ordinary jungle beasts... Savages. No different from the Cro Magnon people who lived twenty five thousand years ago in the plasticine forest eating crubs off rotten logs. No different. Our DNA hasn't changed substantially in a hundred thousand years. We're still operating out of the lower brain. The reptilian brain. Fight or flight. Kill or be killed. Now... We like to think we've evolved and advanced because we can build a computer, fly an airplane, travel under water... We can write a sonet, paint a painting, compose an opera, but you know something? We're barely out of the f*cking jungle! Barely out of the f*cking jungle. What we are, is semi civilised beasts, with baseball caps and automatic weapons. It just seems to me, that only a low IQ population could have taken this beautiful continent... This magnificent American landscape that we inherited... Well actually, we stole it from the Mexicans and the Indians, but hey, it was nice when we stole it. Only a nation of unenlightened half-wits could have taken this beautiful place and turn it into what it is today... A shopping mall. Mile after mile, of mall after mall. Many, many malls, major malls, and mini malls. They put the mini malls in between the mini marts. :Speaker: George Carlin
Government Is The Biggest Threat To Humanity with Mike Maloney
Jeff Berwick interviews Mike Maloney of GoldSilver.com, well known author of 'The Guide to Investing in Gold and Silver' and 'The Hidden Secrets of Money' video series. Topics include: most of the strife of mankind comes from government, over-regulation and taxation, economic inefficiency, voluntary transactions create prosperity, people are typically good, $30,000 to file a tax return, stolen purchasing power, government doesn't do anything well, EOS and the blockchain future, maximum prosperity comes from maximum freedom
2018...The Bible Says This is Exactly How it Would Look Before the End
How close are we to the Biblical Peace Treaty, the revealing of the Antichrist, the rapture of the church and the Seven Year Tribulation? Events are unfolding at a rapid pace that point to the end of days and Jesus return. Current Events Linked To Biblical Prophecies...2018 Daniel 9:27 Then he shall confirm a covenant with many for one week; But in the middle of the week He shall bring an end to sacrifice and offering. And on the wing of abominations shall be one who makes desolate, Even until the consummation, which is determined, Is poured out on the desolate.”
President Trump hosts a news conference
LIVE: Trump holds news conference in New York City
X ANON ..HILLARY AND RUSSIA GATE
she is a traitor. Why isn't she in a federal prison ? The whole thing is utterly scandalous. I think she will get what's coming to her, one way or the other.
World Moving to De-dollarize?
Anya Parampil brings us the latest comments made by U.S. President Donald Trump at the 73rd United Nation General Assembly, where he was laughed at by world leaders for claiming to be the most accomplished U.S. President in history. Former U.K. member of parliament George Galloway and Euro Pacific Capital CEO Peter Schiff join Anya to discuss Trump’s further isolation on the international stage.
After All This What's Coming Next?
The Elite's no longer need normal people they have AI so they are trying to kill off the majority of humanity so nobody can rebel against them
The Internet Is A Scam - And This Is Why - David Icke
This planet is a prison you get told you are free but you are far from being free we are all trapped working to eat and keep a roof over our heads id love to opt out go find a good spot of land to build a house and live off the land if I am free why cant I do this if I tried I would be evicted and probably jailed for flouting planing laws we are trapped from birth this is not a natural way to live....... the internet is just anther tool to control us.......
Fighting a God
It was time to shut Yahweh down. The plan was perfect. What could possibly go wrong? In the end, Yahweh does what Yahweh does best: ultimatums. One man dared to defy him, and both he and Yahweh have surprises in store. It's not over yet!
Gang Rape? Brett Kavanaugh Sexual Assault Allegations Continue!
Less than 24 hours prior to the Senate Judiciary Committee Thursday hearing with Judge Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford - Lawyer Michael Avenatti published accusations of Kavanaugh's 'gang rape' involvement from a woman named Julie Swetnick.
North Korea 'Ready To Accept' Rothschild Controlled Central Bank
North Korean leader Kim Jong-un to open doors to Rothschilds. June's historic summit between U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un offered a glimmer of hope for a peaceful resolution for the first time.
Dr. Bruce Lipton Explains HOW WE ARE PROGRAMMED AT BIRTH
The point is, society wants you to fail and wants you to limit yourself.. Break free from that. Stop caring what others think and how others want you to live your life. Do what you love, work hard, and be grateful. Results will come.
The Truth About Kavanaugh
I believe these women were dug out of the woodworks and paid to bring forth false allegations. The dirty left have to stoop so low to try to bring down Kavanagh because they are afraid that his strong Conservative values will overshadow their immoral ideology.
Steve Bannon on how the strategy that elected Trump is going global
The ABC's Sarah Ferguson speaks with political strategist Steve Bannon, the man who helped get Trump elected to the Whitehouse and is now attempting to stir a global populist revolution. He says he believes Australia is ripe for a working-class revolution as the influence of China grows.
President Donald Trump Sends POWERFUL Warning to China on Targeting Farmers with Propaganda
Must Watch: President Donald Trump Sends POWERFUL Warning to China on Targeting Farmers with Propaganda
Neil deGrasse Tyson: We Might Be Living In Higher Dimensions…But Our Senses Can’t Tell Yet.
During the presentation of his latest book “Astrophysics for the rest of us”, Neil deGrasse Tyson answers questions about events that cannot be explained by our traditional senses, like near death experience. With Robert Krulwich, June 2017.
David Icke On Alchemy Radio - Full Interview
The military industry got it popping and locking always looking for a way to justify the Wolfowitz doctrine.
5G - so you can download a film in 60 seconds (as opposed to the current 5 minutes) ... and then it takes you 90 minutes to watch it! I sincerely worry about the mental capacity of these clowns that think this is a wonderful idea
Julian Assange's last word's "Intelligent Evil Dust, it's everywhere in everything" cut off air.
We will be looking at what Julian Assange was talking about as he mentioned "Intelligent Evil Dust" #EvilDust. Please comment, Subscribe and Share this video: #ProTruth 5G, Nanotechnology and Ai are now working together creating an Intelligent #EvilDust we are forced to breath in.
ROTHSCHILD'S ISRAEL II
The acknowledgment of the existence of the order is key to dissolving its power. The order, simply put, are people wielding power whom have a long standing agenda of consolidating that power, hence the term A New World Order. ( of which is epitomized within the state of "Israel" and US support of it ) By long standing, I mean to say, that their ideology is indefinite and spans centuries; of course this agenda is cloaked in secrecy giving rise to such legends as vampires. Our distinct disadvantage is that the people's interests are merely a secondary consideration to the order, our individual concerns die with us, in other words, our agendas no matter how noble or shallow die with us. Power is a corrupting force, which gives one the sense of superiority, and of being part of the chosen (ordained by God himself) that is destined to rule over the inferior. The true message behind the "Crucifixion" is contained within the words the enlightenment or awakening, which means the masses are being made aware that their interests are not being served by those in power, by those who falsely claim to serve the people. The constant task of the order is to put the awakened masses back to sleep, and reestablish their dominance. I.e. through empire, religion, revolutions, education, forms of governance, false flags, disinformation, divisiveness, war, and causes that serve the order. The guiding light of said enlightenment is partly to shed light on the order, but mostly to shed light on ourselves, and our own weaknesses such as our greed and self-centeredness of which the order takes advantage of. This is what or where the order derives its power from. Martin Luther King said it best when he spoke of the content of one's character, to be able to judge or see people by the content of their character automatically changes your own, and therefore your consciousness. In other words the light within us, the goodness within in each individual being brought to the fore, will be the most effective way to fight, to dismantle or render powerless for all of time THE ORDER . . .
The Lehman Brothers Crash
We’re talking to Prof. Ron Filler as we get an insider look into the fall of Lehman Brothers! Trinity Chavez gives us her thoughts on the Kors takeover of Versace, while we turn our radios on as Steve Malzberg gives us his take on the latest Pandora news. And could DNA testing companies be more hassle than their worth? We sat down and asked Mollye Barrows!
X ANON ...CHILD RITUALS - BOHEMIAN GROVE
Alex Jones ran a video of this place years ago.Most wouldn't believe it at the time.
A RED WAVE OF JUSTICE IS COMING
Bix Weir returns to SGT Report to discuss military tribunals for the bad guys and the big red wave of justice that's coming for the deep state criminals. We also discuss JP Morgan's silver position, Bitcoin, Litecoin and much more. Thanks for tuning in.
Third Temple in Jerusalem: Zionists Using Trump, Alex Jones to Fulfill Bible Prophecy - Adam Green
Adam Green from "Know More News" joins Henrik to talk about the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem, the third temple. America is being used by Zionists to manifest this biblical prophecy. We discuss Israels role in the New Global World Order and how both Trump and Alex Jones might be playing a part in creating a "Greater Israel."
Trump Planning Mass Arrests Of VIP ‘Deep State’ Traitors
According to a number of government documents from the U.S. Federal Register, Trump will declare temporary martial law in order to fulfil his promise of draining the D.C. swamp.
The World Has Changed And We Are The Cause!
it's the corrupt governments and the corrupt rich as far as we the people we're not doing this to ourselves they're doing it to us and always have been making us there slaves is disgusting We the People are sick and tired of the world's governments taking a dump on all of us..!
President Donald Trump URGENT Speech to the United Nations General Assembly
President Donald Trump will give his second speech at the United Nations General Assembly MUST WATCH: President Donald Trump URGENT Speech to the United Nations General Assembly
Verizon Experiencing Massive Nationwide Outages
This is the second day in a row that Verizon has seen connection issues across the country. You can track the current reports at the downdetector link below.
End Of The Global Real Estate Boom - Australia Braces For Impact
Is this it? Is this the top of the real estate bubble? Mike Maloney thinks so, and the signs are everywhere. New York, Sydney, Toronto, London, Los Angeles…the world over, signs of real estate market excess and its resultant stress are emerging. In the Australian real estate market alone, $1.7 trillion in interest-only subprime loans have allowed a nation of borrowers to “buy” houses well beyond their means. Over the next 4 years, $500B-worth of these ticking time bombs come due, and are set to trigger a wave of defaults. This is just one example of the crazy eye-popping madness that has come to permeate world real estate markets. Join Mike as he explores what may well be the beginning of the end for the largest real estate bubble of all time.
END TIMES PROPHECY & LATEST EVENTS (Sept 25, 2018)
Current and up to date news coming from around the world, watch all the top stories in one quick video. Watch all important news in less time. 2018, Current news, end times signs, end times events. Focus on end time news events in a nutshell. There are multiple warnings found in scripture and we are waiting for some to still come to pass. Receive up to date information as we endure until the end, JESUS is coming soon.
Geo-economics of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
Having pledged 62 billion USD in dozens of energy and infrastructure projects, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is one of the largest commercial initiatives in South Asia. The corridor stretches along the length of Pakistan and the combined value of all the projects equals to all the foreign direct investment in the country since 1970. The megaproject also marks as China’s biggest overseas investment. Yet, a plan of this magnitude is not without its geo-economic challenges.
Politicians behaving badly
Here's a question. Do we ever get any answers in Question Time? It's supposed to be an important part of the parliamentary process, a chance to keep the government accountable on important issues of the day. In reality, it's become a screaming match of insults and abuse, and a grubby window through which we’ve witnessed a decade of brutal politics and the career execution of four prime ministers. As a result, people outside the Canberra bubble are increasingly cynical about out of touch MPs, mostly men, who seem to seem to delight in bullying each other and their female colleagues. In a special report for 60 MINUTES, the Nine Network's political editor Chris Uhlmann speaks with former Foreign Minister Julie Bishop who reveals Australian politics has become an international joke, the ‘coup capital of the world’. But there is some positive news. Free from the constraints of her jet-setting ministerial position, Ms Bishop has committed to an even more significant leadership role: improving behavior in the Australian parliament.
Why Do Mass Shootings Keep Happening In America?
Current Events Linked To Biblical Prophecies. Everything is unfolding just as the bible foretold. Wars, Volcanic Eruptions, Earthquakes, Extreme Weather, Christian Persecution, Violence and more! Matthew 24:3-14 3 Now as He sat on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to Him privately, saying, “Tell us, when will these things be? And what will be the sign of Your coming, and of the end of the age?” 4 And Jesus answered and said to them: “Take heed that no one deceives you. 5 For many will come in My name, saying, ‘I am the Christ,’ and will deceive many. 6 And you will hear of wars and rumors of wars. See that you are not troubled; for all[a] these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet. 7 For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. And there will be famines, pestilences,[b] and earthquakes in various places. 8 All these are the beginning of sorrows.
Is Human Cloning Science or Science Fiction? #CloneGate Examined
Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. Born: July 5, 1996, Scotland, United Kingdom Died: February 14, 2003 Cause of death: Lung disease and severe arthritis Named after: Dolly Parton Offspring: Six lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally and Rosie; triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton) These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly By Dennis Normile Jan. 24, 2018 , 12:00 PM Chinese scientists have produced two genetically identical long-tailed macaques using the same technique that gave us Dolly the sheep, the world’s first cloned mammal. The feat is a first for nonhuman primates, and despite limitations, it could lead to batches of genetically uniform monkeys for biomedical research. http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/0... Engineering Implantable, Laboratory-Grown Organs To Cure Disease Though medical science may still be years away from growing a heart outside of the human body, the scientists at Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM) are getting closer every day to reproducing and perfecting many of the tissues, blood vessels and other organs of the human body. Engineering laboratory-grown organs to implant into humans is why the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM) exists. After all, they were the first in the world to do it in 1999 with engineered bladder tissue. (WFIRM director, Dr. Anthony Atala, M.D. announced long-term success in children and teenagers who received bladders grown from their own cells in 2006). https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinsea...
Eric Schmidt Says There Will Be 2 Distinct Internets
There's already 2 distinct Internets: commonly used public web and the dark web. The current dark web is many magnitudes larger than the currently used public web. If there is another pubic web (like China), that would be a third Internet.
Israel to Blame for Halt in Gaza Cease Fire Negotiations
Israel government only want war and animosity, they don't care about the people. We must see that this is all an act so that we go along with their agenda. We need all the help we can get to expose the corruption that has us hating and killing each other. We must break free from the illusion
John Perkins Interview Self Empowerment Spiritual Awakening Ayahuasca
My talk with John Perkins about self empowerment, spiritual awakening, Ayahuasca, the changes so many people are feeling deep inside themselves, and the yearning in us all for more happiness, connection to ourselves, and freedom.
Rosenstein Out? Deep state in Panic Mode | Jack Posobiec Periscope
Jack Posobiec is an Author of Citizens for Trump. Conservative. Veteran intelligence officer.
Former NYC Mayor Ed Koch on Anti-Semitism & Being Jewish
In a 2012 interview with Ed Koch, the former NYC mayor talked about his pride in being Jewish, the killing of WSJ reporter Daniel Pearl and anti-Semitism worldwide.
Benjamin Fulford : Khazarian Mafia Seeks Chinese Protection as Military Tribunals Loom
Benjamin Fulford Sept 24 2018
The satan-worshipping Khazarian mafia is in a frenzy of fear as military tribunals loom. As a result, they are offering the world (as if it were theirs to give) to China in exchange for protection, according to Gnostic Illuminati and Asian secret society sources. In addition to this, they are threatening to unleash pandemics, blow up the Yellowstone Caldera, set off a massive EMP attack, and cause other mayhem in a futile effort (as these attempts will be neutralized) to blackmail themselves out of the reach of long-delayed justice. Also, they are carrying out a foolish and widely derided smear campaign to derail the appointment of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. Pentagon sources say they used “the threat of 9/11 declassification, which may soon happen, to force George Bush Jr. to publicly back Kavanaugh, whose confirmation would unleash military tribunals.” Remember, Kavanaugh said during his confirmation hearings that the U.S. has been under martial law since shortly after 9/11 and as a result, military tribunals could try, and even sentence to death, civilians guilty of treason. In addition to this, the sources say that “because of the interference in the 2016 U.S. election by the Jewish mafia, which supported Hillary Clinton, Trump may use FISA declassification leverage to force the UK and Australia to purge Zionists and Israeli dual-citizens from positions of influence.” The rogue state of Israel, for its part, has been trying to seek Russian and Chinese protection as it loses control of the United States. However, this is backfiring, big time. Here is the U.S. military’s analysis of where these efforts are leading.
X ANON ... CLINTON BODY COUNT
The Clinton body count keeps piling up.The socialist main stream media keeps rolling out their daily fake propaganda,The demon-cratic party keeps poisoning America with their Marxist agenda,and Trump....JUST KEEPS ON WINNING!!!!!!!!....Finally,a true American patriot,leading our republic....Stand with him in November,and vote these socialist scags out.Your children's children will thank you
PANIC IN DC ... & BEYOND
This is a news update for September 23, 2018. Michael Moore's new anti-Trump movie was dead on arrival at the box office, it's clear that there will be no "blue wave" in November IF the integrity of US elections is maintained. Also the "PANIC IN DC' is palpable AND spreading... all the way to the UK and the British Crown.
Economic Collapse Is Confirmed! $63 Trillion Dollar Dark Cloud Of EM Debt - 2018 Stock Market CRASH!
The wait for the next economic collapse is over. Major currencies all over the planet are in a “death spiral”, many global stock markets are crashing, and economic activity is beginning to decline at a stunning rate in quite a few nations. Over the past 16 years, the emerging market debt bubble has grown from 9 trillion dollars to 63 trillion dollars. Yes, you read that correctly. Now that emerging market debt bubble is imploding, and as a result emerging market currencies all over the globe are in “complete meltdown”. In fact, at least 20 different currencies have fallen by double-digit percentages against the U.S. dollar so far in 2018, and nobody is quite sure what is going to happen next but many expert sounding the alarm about the upcoming global economic collapse. The financial crisis has engulfed countries across the globe — from economies in South America, to Turkey, South Africa and some of the bigger economies in Asia, such as India and China. A number of these countries are seeing their currency fall to record levels, high inflation and unemployment, and in some cases, escalating tensions with the United States. When I say that the world has been on the greatest debt binge in human history since the last economic collapse, I am not exaggerating one bit. The emerging market debt bubble is now three times larger than it was in 2007, and it is seven times larger than it was in 2002. Since the stock market crash are not happening here in the United States yet, most Americans do not really seem to be concerned about this economic crisis at this point. But that is a mistake. The economic collapse has started with the weaker nations, but ultimately what we are witnessing is an “unraveling” of the entire global financial system… I am entirely convinced that we have reached a major turning point. For several years it has seemed like things have been getting “better”, but it was largely an illusion. Our ridiculously high standard of living was financed by the greatest debt binge in the history of the world, and it was inevitable that a day of reckoning would arrive. Now that day of reckoning is knocking on the door, and our society is completely and utterly unprepared for what is going to happen next.
Sandy Hook Families vs. Alex Jones
Just because Alex Jones is going back on what he said about Sandy Hook doesn't mean that he was wrong in the first place he's basically bowing down right now Because of the position the media has put him in of course Alex Jones is in perfect no one is he's been around for a long time and I've course he has said some wrong things and some mistakes were made I'm sure I'm still thankful that Infowars still exist Alex Jones really isn't my favorite person to listen to on Infowars but his organization is a good thing
Keeping 9/11 Secret - Former British MI5 Officer on how it's Possible
9/11 revisited - In attempting to debunk the idea that 9/11 was a false-flag operation, the argument is often espoused that “with so many people who would have been involved, it would be impossible to keep it a secret – somebody would have talked.” That is not necessarily the case, as former British MI5 officer Annie Machon describes in this video: “...there might be one or two people who have the over-all picture, and then other people would have compartmentalized views of what happened...it’s very much a “need to know.” “...even if it were the case that thousands of people were involved in something illegal on 9/11 that came out of the American administration - the American government - they would probably keep quiet. Where would their interest lie in going public about it? One, it would certainly ruin their livelihood, and it might well jeopardize other things, up to and including their lives. So those are strong incentives to keep quiet if you’re involved in those sorts of things.” In addition, if a false-flag operation took place during same-day drills for the same kind of attack (9/11 and London’s 7/7 drills), most people involved would be simply performing their normal duties.
The Battle For The Internet Is Here!
In this video, Luke Rudkowski and Jason Bermas of WeAreChange joins the audience live to explain why the media is ignoring the suspension of James Woods twitter account due to a very tame meme targeted at Democrats, plus Trump may begin to take executive action against technology companies, and much more.
Simpsons Predict FUTURE OF AMERICA 2018
the writers of this strip are telling us how it's going to go and most Americans will laugh it off.
Zionist Terrorism (what you need to know)
WHEN SPEAKING TRUTH TO POWER You will have to bear the slings and arrows that the corrupt and power itself will hurl at you. You will have to endure the ignorance, and the harsh words of your peers, who have been conditioned to identify with the elite. The propagandist says that spiritualism is materialism, and that truths are lies, the propagandists frame the world in which we know, as us against them in an effort to divide and rule, when in reality we are one. The structure, the deep state creates the crisis in order to implement its plans. It is this truth that is the very first hurdle one must jump, it is this truth that removes the rose colored glasses. Those who are charged to look out and to protect you, have been compromised, have sold their souls for a bag a silver, they took the pay offs and kick backs that made them look the other way. Seek and you shall find, listen and you will hear, (know thyself) it is part of life's journey to see the world as it is, in listening it is the language of love that you will begin to hear. It is our civic duty, our calling to counter the propaganda, first of all within ourselves, and then without. We are the brethren and soldiers of truth, who despite all the odds, despite the might and power of the opposition, we will prevail. Why, because it is the truth that drives us, and it is the truth that these liars despise. When you speak the truth, you will be hated. Hated by the unjust, by those who's injustices you are exposing. Though you are agents of change, the material rewards are few, and matter little, because it is your character that you are building. For this journey will surely end, although the spiritual temple you have built will not . . .
The Truth About the China World Order
In this video, Luke Rudkowski of WeAreChange gives you the latest breaking news on the China World Order and why it is here on purpose. We talk about the real news while exposing fake news media censorship on the topic of China with James Corbett of the Corbett report."
FBI evacuated and closed the Sunspot solar observatory in New Mexico What Happened?
FBI agents showed up at the Sunspot solar observatory in tiny Sunspot, New Mexico, on Friday and shut down the facility, evacuating the local area, including the town post office. "There was a Blackhawk helicopter, a bunch of people around antennas and work crews on towers, but nobody would tell us anything," Otero County Sheriff Benny House told the Alamogordo Daily News. "I don't know why the FBI would get involved so quickly and not tell us anything."
A Path To War? China Russia warn US of consequences over sanctions China Cancels US Trade Talks
Moscow and Beijing lashed out Friday at Washington's new anti-Russian sanctions that also target China for the first time, warning the United States could face consequences. The United States is "playing with fire", Russia's deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov said, while Beijing voiced "strong indignation" over the move. United in their resentment of America's global influence, China and Russia have sought in recent years to tighten up their ties and this month conducted week-long joint military drills, Moscow's largest ever war games.
Jim Grant -- The Calm before the Storm : Defaults Ahead
We are in uncharted waters, in terms of low and negative interest rates and seemingly worldwide and unprecedented currency devaluation. While Grant is reluctant to offer timing for the next correction, in what he calls the "default cycle," he believes the US economy is already overdue. He also fears the next correction could be even more severe and long lasting than the previous one.
GERALD CELENTE - We Are At A Critical Point
Can you handle the truth? Most people can’t and world problems will never change until they can. Everything we were taught since coming into this world for the most part is a lie. The truth is out there for those wishing to find it. We live in a cause and effect world, so what your desires are can be yours if you put your energy behind it. History is a total lie (Here-story), the people in control worldwide and they are all the same group of people that have been erasing and rewriting history for a very long time. Anything written is suspect to being controlled information. The best way to control a population is to control all information being feed to them and then they become self policing (anyone who speaks out against excepted norms is ridiculed by the herd). We are taught throughout our life belief in authority and we have been feed false logic long before we could develop the skills to analyze the incoming information and discern between fact and fiction. Also we live in a consensus reality where lies are repeated over and over and we as society except them as truth, which is reality by consensus an agreed upon lie or lies. Let me just say this “the rabbit hole goes very deep” it will be hard for most people to wrap their mind around how totally fake everything we are taught is. The bigger the lie the easier it is to fool people. Imagine thousands of people working or involved in something on such a grand scale as say for instance “The heavy water experiments” which led to the creation of the atom bomb in the nineteen forties. Who would accept that as being a total lie? This is short list of major lies that can change your view of the world if you can handle it. We live on a flat earth there is no space as we know it. We live under a dome which I think is water over us. Ever wonder why the sky is blue? Next time you look at a partial moon during the day notice the area which is not visible “is blue like the rest of the sky”. The moon is not a solid object neither is the sun. If the earth was spinning at 1,100 mph why don’t we feel it? Or why if through something straight up into the air does it not land west from where I threw it? Anyway you tube has some great channels which give some good solid reasoning behind flat earth.All news is fake with the exception of some local news and this has been going on for a very long time. Some examples: the sinking of the Titanic, The JFK assassination , The OJ Simpson trial, Sandy hook, The Boston bombing. Let me just say they lie about everything to a point where it defies logic in my mind. Again You tube is good resource for learning, but beware most of the channels are setup to also deceive you. The best way I can put it is there are many layers to the onion and the people in control are masters at exchanging one lie for another.Fossil fuels is a lie which began around the 1850’s and started out by the discovery of dinosaur bones, another lie, as there are no such things as dinosaurs, but it laid the ground work for fossil fuels. All fuels we use today come from plants through processes of cold pressing to get oils and other means. I say other means because the best keep secrets are how everything is produced such as all our common everyday elements. This short video may expand your mind on how thing can be produced. You will have to watch it at home as You tube is a restricted site. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zor7TwEng5c Nuclear power is another hoax as I mentioned earlier about heavy water experiments. Also no such things as atoms or molecules and you will never see either. The 3 mile island disaster was another hoax to promote nuclear as being real. In short all the lies being promoted today have what are called “Back stories” these are used all the time to reinforce the main lies they wish to promote.Power plants are another big hoax and this is where things get deep. You see the idea that we need fossil fuels and nuclear power is to hide the mother of all cover ups “no not flat earth”, “Free energy” and it has been used all along, hidden in plain sight. My current state of learning is that many free energy devices were made to disappear back in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. I think most people of that era were illiterate and would not even notice or think about how such devices worked. The promotion of public education back then made it easier for them to control our thoughts and our reality, but it also opened up the potential for people to start to figure things out so they had to hide technology being used in people’s homes and work places before they were schooled. All our electricity comes from “power lines” not “power plants” it is all atmospheric electricity that powers everything and always has been. Ever wonder what all those power lines that run through the woods are for? or How come they are so tall? The higher up the greater the potential for electricity. As I mentioned before the bigger the lie the easier it is to fool people, they spend billions every year worldwide building or talking about building power plants, because they have to keep it in your mind’s eye that we need them. I can talk for hours on this just trying to explain what I’ve learned. Aaron Dovers You tube Channel is the best source for learning more about this and many other topics.We could all have cars that don’t require any liquid dinosaur juice. All gas turbines run on compressed air, also trains, ships, planes regardless of weather they have piston engines or gas turbine engines. No liquid fuel is consumed. Check out the specs. On gas turbine engines for any commercial plane and see what they state about fuel consumption, then calculate the weight and volume required to go a certain distance. It is not even remotely possible they can use fuel. Some of the rich people in the early 1900’s had cars that run on compressed air. The Walt Disney movie Chitty Chitty Bang BangReal science comes from observation and experimentation, not from a book. This is painful for people who have invested a lot of time and money to get degrees. The system promotes schooling to keep us in the box. Real education comes through critical thinking, something they hope you will never figure out. The science colleges today for the most part just regurgitate information in books, real experimentation stopped back in the 50’s & 60’s. You are supposed to except or not even think about the idea that all things in science have already been figured out and there is no need to look at or for new ideas and information.Wars are a hoax. Imagine going into combat, going on maneuvers, just traveling from place to place. Then stories circulate about this battle happening over there. What is really taking place are controlled demolition which you come across or even here close by, but never actually see. I’m not going to go on, on all these topics I’m just trying to inspire people to start to question and look into things.The legal system is all admiralty law, the law of the seas.
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Luis Enrique resigns as coach of Spanish national team By James Masters and Patrick Sung Cuadrado, CNN Jun 19, 2019
Posted by collinsdecc on Jun 20, 2019 Jun 20, 2019
(CNN) – Spain’s head coach Luis Enrique resigned from his post, the Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) announced on Wednesday.
“Luis Enrique has informed us that he will not continue as manager,” the Spanish Football Federation president Luis Rubiales said. “I have to thank you. We don’t have the slightest reproach. We’ve been united with him. He will always have the RFEF doors open.”
Enrique has not been part of the Spain camp since March after missing the victory over Malta because of what the national football association called “serious family problems.”
Enrique’s assistant, Robert Moreno, took charge of the recent European Championship qualifying victories of Faroe Islands and Sweden. The 41-year-old Moreno has been named as Enrique’s successor.
In a statement, Enrique said: “Due to the fact that the reasons that stopped me from normally performing my functions as national team coach since last March are still ongoing today, I have decided to leave the post.
“All of my appreciation to the executives at the RFEF for the confidence and understanding they’ve shown me.
“I want to thank in particular all of those people who form part of the staff and the players for their professionalism. Without forgetting the press for its discretion and respect for the situation.”
Enrique, 49, was appointed as national team coach in July 2018 after the team’s catastrophic World Cup.
He signed a two-year deal and replaced interim boss Fernando Hierro who took the job after Julen Lopetegui was sacked two days before the team’s first game in Russia.
Enrique, who played for both Real Madrid and Barcelona, also enjoyed huge success as head coach at Camp Nou winning the La Liga title, domestic cup and Champions League in 2015.
TM & © 2019 Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.
A Warner media Company.
Source….. CNN.
Published by collinsdecc
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You are here: Home Page > Law > Employment & Labor Law > Migrants at Work
Migrants at Work
Immigration and Vulnerability in Labour Law
Edited by Cathryn Costello and Mark Freedland
Identifies an important new area of law, the intersection of migration and labour law
Focuses on the impact of migration and migration law on labour law and employment relations
Takes a multidisciplinary, comparative and international approach, with contributions by leading scholars in the fields of political economy, migration studies, and domestic and international law
Examines UK, EU, and international law on migration, labour rights, human rights, and human trafficking and smuggling, developing cross-jurisdictional and multi-level perspectives
There is a highly significant and under-considered intersection and interaction between migration law and labor law. Labor lawyers have tended to regard migration law as generally speaking outside their purview, and migration lawyers have somewhat similarly tended to neglect labor law. The culmination of a collaborative project on 'Migrants at Work' funded by the John Fell Fund, the Society of Legal Scholars, and the Research Centre at St John's College, Oxford, this volume brings together distinguished legal and migration scholars to examine the impact of migration law on labor rights and how the regulation of migration increasingly impacts upon employment and labor relations.
Examining and clarifying the interactions between migration, migration law, and labor law, contributors to the volume identify the many ways that migration law, as currently designed, divides the objectives of labor law, privileging concerns about the labor supply and demand over worker-protective concerns. In addition, migration law creates particular forms of status, which affect employment relations, thereby dividing the subjects of labor law.
Chapters cover the labor laws of the UK, Australia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and the US. References are also made to discrete practices in Brazil, France, Greece, New Zealand, Mexico, Poland, and South Africa. These countries all host migrants and have developed systems of migration law reflecting very different trajectories. Some are traditional countries of immigration and settlement migration, while others have traditionally been countries of emigration but now import many workers. There are, nonetheless, common features in their immigration law which have a profound impact on labor law, for instance in their shared contemporary shift to using temporary labor migration programs. Further chapters examine EU and international law on migration, labor rights, human rights, and human trafficking and smuggling, developing cross-jurisdictional and multi-level perspectives.
Written by leading scholars of labor law, migration law, and migration studies, this book provides a diverse and multidisciplinary approach to this field of legal interaction, of interest to academics, policymakers, legal practitioners, trade unions, and migrants' groups alike.
1. Migrants at Work and the Division of Labour Law, Mark Freedland and Cathryn Costello
Part I: Dividing the Objects of Labour Law
2. Precarious Pasts, Precarious Futures, Bridget Anderson
3. Employers and Migrant Legality: Liberalization of Service Provision, Transnational Posting, and the Bifurcation of the European Labour Market, Georg Menz
4. Immigration and Labour Market Protectionism: Protecting Local Workers' Preferential Access to the National Labour Market, Martin Ruhs
5. Migrant Workers in Agriculture: A Legal Perspective, ACL Davies
6. The EU's Internal Market and the Fragmentary Nature of EU Labour Migration, Elspeth Guild
Part II: Dividing the Subjects of Labour Law
7. Migration Status in Labour and Social Security Law: Between Inclusion and Exclusion in Italy, Silvana Sciarra and William Chiaromonte
8. The Sectoral Regulatory Regime: When Work Migration Controls and the Sectorally Differentiated Labour Market Meet, Einat Albin
9. Migrants, Unfree Labour, and the Legal Construction of Domestic Servitude: Migrant Domestic Workers in the UK, Judy Fudge and Kendra Strauss
10. Migrant Labour in the United States: Working Beneath the Floor for Free Labour?, Maria Ontiveros
11. Enforcement of Employment Rights by Migrant Workers in the UK: The Case of EU-8 Nationals, Catherine Barnard
12. The Right of Irregular Immigrants to Back Pay: The Spectrum of Protection in International, Regional and National Legal Systems, Elaine Dewhurst
13. Employer Checks of Immigration Status and Employment Law, Bernard Ryan
Part III: Reintegration through Equality and Human Rights
14. Migrant Workers and the Right to Non-discrimination and Equality, Shauna Olney and Ryszard Cholewinski
15. The European Social Charter on Migrant Rights, Colm O'Cinneide
16. Black Women Workers and Discrimination: Exit, Voice, and Loyalty...or 'Shifting'?, Iyiola Solanke
17. Migration, Labour Law, and Religious Discrimination, Lucy Vickers
Part IV: Reintegrative Responses from Labour Law
18. Reconciling Openness and High Labour Standards? - Sweden's Attempts to Regulate Labour Migration and Trade in Services, Samuel Engblom
19. Links between Individual Employment Law and Collective Labour Law: Their Implications for Migrant Workers, Alan Bogg and Tonia Novitz
20. Organizing against Abuse and Exclusion: the Associational Rights of Undocumented Workers, Virginia Mantouvalou
21. Home from Home: Migrant Domestic Workers and the ILO Convention on Domestic Workers, Sandra Fredman
22. Conflicted Priorities? Enforcing Fairness for Temporary Migrants, Mary Crock, Sean Howe, and Ron McCallum
Cathryn Costello, Andrew W Mellon Associate Professor in International Human Rights and Refugee Law, University of Oxford,Mark Freedland, Emeritus Professor of Employment Law, St John's College, Oxford
Cathryn Costello is Andrew W. Mellon Associate Professor in International Human Rights and Refugee Law, at the Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford, with a fellowship at St Antony's College. From 2003-2013, she was Francis Reynolds Fellow & Tutor in EU & Public Law at Worcester College, Oxford, during which time she also and completed her DPhil studies on EU asylum and immigration law. She began her academic career at the Law School, Trinity College Dublin, and from 2000-2003, she also held the position of Director of the Irish Centre for European Law. Cathryn has published widely on many aspects of EU and human rights law, including asylum and refugee law, immigration, EU Citizenship and third country national family members, family reunification, and immigration detention. Her monograph on the Human Rights of Migrants in European Law will be published in OUP in 2014.
Mark Freedland is a Research Fellow of the Oxford Institute of European and Comparative Law, an Emeritus Research Fellow of St John's College, Oxford, and an Honorary Professor in the Law Faculty of University College London. He is also a Fellow of the British Academy, a Bencher of Gray's Inn, and an Honorary Queen's Counsel. He was first initiated into labour law (or 'Industrial Law' as it was then called) as an undergraduate student of Professor Roger Rideout, at UCL, in 1963-66. Following postgraduate studies at the University of Oxford (under the tutelage of Sir Otto Kahn-Freund) he went on to become one of the Law Tutors of St John's College, and a Reader in the Oxford Law Faculty with the title of Professor, his research and writing being in the fields of Labour Law and Public Law.
Einat Albin is Lecturer in law and the Academic Director of the Clinical Legal Education Center at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
Bridget Anderson is Professor of Migration and Citizenship and Deputy Director at the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) at the University of Oxford.
Catherine Barnard is Professor of European Union Law and Employment Law at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Trinity College.
Alan Bogg is Professor of Labour Law at the University of Oxford and a Fellow and Tutor in Law at Hertford College.
William Chiaromonte is Researcher in Labour Law at the University of Florence Law School.
Ryszard Cholewinski is a Migration Policy Specialist in the Labour Migration Branch, Conditions of Work and Equality Department at the International Labour Organization (ILO).
Cathryn Costello is Andrew W. Mellon Associate Professor in International Human Rights and Refugee Law, at the Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford, and a fellow of St Antony's College.
Mary Crock is Professor of Public Law and Associate Dean of Research at the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney.
ACL Davies is Professor of Law and Public Policy at the University of Oxford, and the Garrick Fellow and Tutor in Law at Brasenose College.
Elaine Dewhurst is a Lecturer in Employment Law at the University of Manchester.
Samuel Engblom is the chief legal advisor of TCO - The Swedish Confederation for Professional Employees.
Sandra Fredman is Rhodes Professor of the Laws of the British Commonwealth and the USA and a fellow of Pembroke College Oxford.
Mark Freedland is Emeritus Professor of Employment Law in the University of Oxford, an Emeritus Research Fellow of St John's College, Oxford, and an Honorary Professor in the Law Faculty of University College London.
Judy Fudge is Professor at Kent Law School, University of Kent.
Elspeth Guild is Jean Monnet Professor ad personam at Queen Mary, University of London and Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands, a partner at Kingsley Napley, and an associate senior research fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels.
Sean Howe is an Associate to Deputy President Peter Sams AM at the Fair Work Commission in Sydney, Australia.
Virginia Mantouvalou is Reader in Human Rights and Labour Law at University College London (UCL) and Co-Director of the UCL Institute for Human Rights.
Ron McCallum is Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney.
Georg Menz is Professor of Political Economy and Jean Monnet Chair in European Integration at Goldsmiths College, University of London.
Tonia Novitz is Professor of Labour Law at the University of Bristol.
Colm O'Cinneide is a Reader in Law at University College London.
Shauna Olney is Chief of the Gender, Equality and Diversity Branch, in the Conditions of Work and Equality Department of the ILO.
Maria Ontiveros is Professor of Law at the University of San Francisco.
Martin Ruhs is Associate Professor of Political Economy at the Department for Continuing Education at the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of Kellogg College.
Bernard Ryan is Professor of Migration Law at the University of Leicester.
Silvana Sciarra is Professor of Labour law and European social law at the University of Florence Law School and external Professor at LUISS Guido Carli in Rome.
Iyiola Solanke is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Law at the University of Leeds, a Visiting Professor at Wake Forest University Law School and an Academic Fellow of the Inner Temple.
Kendra Strauss is an Assistant Professor in the Labour Studies Program at Simon Fraser University and an Associate Member of the Department of Geography.
Lucy Vickers is Professor of Law at Oxford Brookes University.
"Instead of viewing migrants as opponents to local workers, who 'threaten' the job opportunities of local workers, the majority of contributors emphasize migrants' identities as workers who deserve fair treatment and rights protection. The equal and fair protection of migrant workers can only be achieved by minimizing the divisive effects of immigration laws." - Desai Shan, Cardiff University, SAGE Journals
The Idea of Labour Law
Guy Davidov and Brian Langille
Handbook of Law, Women, and Employment in India Policies, Issues, Legislation, and Case Law
Surinder Medriatta
Disability Discrimination in Employment
Spencer Keen and Richard Oulton
Regulating Flexible Work
Deirdre McCann
The Economics of Lawmaking
Francesco Parisi and Vincy Fon
Robert Upex, Richard Benny, and Stephen Hardy
Sovereign Equality and Moral Disagreement
Brad R. Roth
The Development Agenda
Neil Weinstock Netanel
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You are here: Home Page > Arts & Humanities > Philosophy > Restoring Layered Landscapes
Restoring Layered Landscapes
History, Ecology, and Culture
Edited by Marion Hourdequin and David G. Havlick
Draws upon a diverse set of international perspectives from established scholars in environmental philosophy, geography, environmental history, and sociology to form new visions for restoration that embraces social and ecological histories and values
Presents a new approach to ecological restoration that attends to concerns about historical fidelity while also recognizing the role of human influences and changing environments of the Anthropocene
Contributions include a mix of theoretical concern along with specific, case-based examples that connect theory to practice
Restoring Layered Landscapes brings together historians, geographers, philosophers, and interdisciplinary scholars to explore ecological restoration in landscapes with complex histories shaped by ongoing interactions between humans and nature. For many decades, ecological restoration - particularly in the United States - focused on returning degraded sites to conditions that prevailed prior to human influence. This model has been broadened in recent decades, and restoration now increasingly focuses on the recovery of ecological functions and processes rather than on returning a site to a specific historical state. Nevertheless, neither the theory nor the practice of restoration has fully come to terms with the challenges of restoring layered landscapes, where nature and culture shape one another in deep and ongoing relationships.
Former military and industrial sites provide paradigmatic examples of layered landscapes. Many of these sites are not only characterized by natural ecosystems worth preserving and restoring, but also embody significant political, social, and cultural histories. This volume grapples with the challenges of restoring and interpreting such complex sites: What should we aim to restore in such places? How can restoration adequately take the legacies of human use into account? Should traces of the past be left on the landscape, and how can interpretive strategies be creatively employed to make visible the complex legacies of an open pit mine or chemical weapons manufacturing plant?
Restoration aims to create new value, but not always without loss. Restoration often disrupts existing ecosystems, infrastructure, and artifacts. The chapters in this volume consider what restoration can tell us more generally about the relationship between continuity and change, and how the past can and should inform our thinking about the future. These insights, in turn, will help foster a more thoughtful approach to human-environment relations in an era of unprecedented anthropogenic global environmental change.
Chapter 1: Ecological Restoration and Layered Landscapes
Marion Hourdequin and David Havlick
PART ONE: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE RESTORATION OF LAYERED LANDSCAPES
Chapter 2: Ecological Restoration, Continuity, and Change: Negotiating History and Meaning in Layered Landscapes
Marion Hourdequin
Chapter 3: The Different Faces of History in Postindustrial Landscapes
Jozef Keulartz
Chapter 4: Nature and Our Sense of Loss
Alan Holland
Chapter 5: Layered Industrial Sites: Experimental Landscapes and the Virtues of Ignorance
Matthias Gross
PART TWO: APPROACHING LAYERED LANDSCAPES: RESTORATION IN CONTEXT
Chapter 6: Restoring Wildness to the Scottish Highlands: A Landscape of Legacies
Holly Deary
Chapter 7: Environmental Versus Heritage Stewardship: Nova Scotia's Annapolis River and the Canadian Heritage River System
Jennifer Welchman
Chapter 8: 'Get Lost in the Footnotes of History': The Restorative Afterlife of Rocky Flats, Colorado
Peter Coates
Chapter 9: Restoration, History, and Values at Transitioning Military Sites in the U.S.
David Havlick
PART THREE: REPRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF LAYERED LANDSCAPES
Chapter 10: Slavery, Freedom, and the Cultural Landscape: Restoration and Interpretation of Monocacy National Battlefield
Chapter 11: Re-Naturalization and Industrial Heritage in America's Largest Superfund Site: The Case of the Warm Springs Ponds in Montana's Clark Fork Superfund Site
Fred Quivik
Chapter 12: Material Transformations: Urban Art and Environmental Justice
Mrill Ingram
Chapter 13: Layered Landscapes, Conflicting Narratives and Environmental Art: Painful Memories, Embarrassing Histories of Place
Martin Drenthen
Chapter 14: Layered Landscapes as Models for Restoration and Conservation
David Havlick and Marion Hourdequin
Marion Hourdequin is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Colorado College.
David Havlick is Associate Professor of Geography and Environmental Studies at the University of Colorado in Colorado Springs.
Dr. Peter Coates is Professor of American and Environmental History at the University of Bristol, UK. He specializes in nineteenth and twentieth-century American (U.S.) history, especially environmental history. He has written books on a variety of subjects, including Nature: Western Attitudes Since Ancient Times (University of California Press, 1998/2005); Salmon, a
Holly Deary is a Ph.D. student in Geography and Sustainable Development at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland. She graduated from the University of St Andrews with a B.Sc (Hons) degree in Geography, after which she worked in UK marine conservation policy and designated protected areas. Her current research interests lie in the areas of environmental management, nature conservation, and land use policy, and her doctoral work focuses on wild land management in the Scottish Highlands and the emerging environmental ethic of
Dr. Martin Drenthen is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Radboud University Nijmegen (The Netherlands). He has published about the significance of Nietzsche's critique of morality for environmental ethics, the concept of wildness in moral debates on ecological restoration, ethics of place, and environmental hermeneutics. He is author of Bordering Wildness: The Desire for Wilderness and the Meaning of Nietzsche's Critique of Morality for Environmental Ethics [2003, in Dutch]. He co-edited Ethics of Science Communication (2005, in Dutch], New Visions of Nature: Complexity and Authenticity (Springer 2009), Place: Philosophical Reflections on Connectedness with Nature and Landscape [2011, in Dutch], Interpreting Nature: The Emerging Field of Environmental Hermeneutics (Fordham University Press, 2013), Environmental Aesthetics: Crossing Divides and Breaking Ground (Fordham University Press, 2014), and Old World and New World Perspectives in Environmental Philosophy (Springer 2014). His most recent research focuses the relation between rewilding landscapes, cultures of place, and moral identity.
Dr. Matthias Gross is professor of environmental sociology at Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, and, by joint appointment, the University of Jena, Germany. His recent research focuses on alternative energy systems, risk and ignorance, ecological restoration and design, and experimental practices in science and society. He is a founding editor of the journal Nature + Culture. Publications include the books Inventing Nature: Ecological Restoration by Public Experiments (Lexington Books, 2003); Ignorance and Surprise: Science, Society, and Ecological Design (MIT Press, 2010); and his most recent monograph, Renewable Energies (with R. Mautz, 2015, Routledge).
Dr. David Havlick is associate professor of Geography and Environmental Studies at the University of Colorado in Colorado Springs. He is the author of No Place Distant: Roads and Motorized Recreation on America's Public Lands (Island Press, 2002), and publications in Science, Ecological Restoration, Progress in Physical Geography, Conservation, and High Country News. He is a co-founder of Wild Rockies Field Institute, and has degrees from Dartmouth College, the University of Montana, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Dr. Alan Holland is Emeritus Professor of Applied Philosophy, Department of Politics, Philosophy, and Religion, Lancaster University, England, UK. Dr. Holland is an environmental philosopher and the author of Environmental Values (with John O'Neill and Andrew Light, Routledge, 2007). He also co-edited Animal Biotechnology and Ethics (with Andrew Johnson, Springer, 1997); and Global Sustainable Development in the Twenty-First Century (with Keekok Lee and Desmond McNeill, Edinburgh University Press, 2000).
Dr. Marion Hourdequin is associate professor of Philosophy and director of the Environmental Program at Colorado College. She is the author of Environmental Ethics: From Theory to Practice (Bloomsbury, 2015), and publications in Environmental Ethics, Environmental Values, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, and the Journal of Chinese Philosophy. Her research focuses on collective action problems such as climate change, moral learning and moral motivation, and the ethics of ecological restoration. She has earned degrees from Princeton University, the University of Montana, and Duke University.
Dr. Mrill Ingram is Associate Project Director, Farley Center for Peace, Justice and Sustainability, Madison, WI. Dr. Ingram is the co-author of The Power of Narrative in Environmental Networks (with Raul Lejano and Helen Ingram, MIT Press, 2013) and was formerly editor of the journal Ecological Restoration. Her scholarship focuses on human-nonhuman relations, geographies of knowledge, science and environmental policy, ecological restoration, and alternative agriculture. She has published specifically on microbial biopolitics in food safety, alternative farmer networks in the U.S., and the making of U.S. federal organic regulations.
Dr. Jozef Keulartz is Associate Professor of Applied Philosophy, Wageningen University, Netherlands. Dr. Keulartz is an environmental philosopher with an emphasis on science, technology, and nature. He is author of The Struggle for Nature: A Critique of Radical Ecology (Routledge, 1998); and co-editor of Pragmatist Ethics for a Technological Culture (Kluwer, 2002); New Visions of Nature: Complexity and Authenticity (Springer, 2009); and Environmental Aesthetics: Crossing Divides and Breaking Ground (Fordham University Press, 2014). He has published in journals including Science, Technology, and Human Values; Frontiers in Ecology; Environmental Values; Environmental Ethics; Landscape and Urban Planning; and Restoration Ecology.
Dr. Fredric L. Quivik is an associate professor of history in the Department of Social Sciences at Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan. Before moving to Michigan Tech in January 2010, he worked for many years as an expert witness (expert historian) in Superfund and related environmental litigation, including the Clark Fork Superfund case, U.S. v. ARCO. He has also served as a consultant in the historic preservation field, specializing in cultural resources that have an engineering or industrial character. Much of his work in litigation and historic preservation has involved the history of mining in the American West. A graduate of St. Olaf College and the University of Minnesota's School of Architecture, he has a master's degree in historic preservation from Columbia University and a PhD in History and Sociology of Science from the University of Pennsylvania. He has published several articles on topics at the intersection of history of technology and environmental history, and he is the editor of IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology.
Dr. John H. Spiers is a Visiting Assistant Professor of History at Boston College. His research focuses on how civic and social activists have shaped metropolitan development and environmental protection in the United States during the 20th and early 21st centuries. He is currently revising a book manuscript entitled, Contesting Growth: Politics, Social Action, and the Environment in Metropolitan Washington that will be published by the University of Pennsylvania Press for its series on Politics and Culture in Modern America. He teaches courses on U.S. environmental and urban history, American politics, and the history of modern empires.
Dr. Jennifer Welchman is Professor of Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, University of Alberta, Canada. Dr. Welchman's areas of specialization include ethics, history of ethics, and applied ethics. She is the author of Dewey's Ethical Thought (Cornell University Press, 1995) and editor of The Practice of Virtue: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Virtue Ethics (Hackett, 2006). She has also published in journals including Environmental Ethics, Philosophy and Geography, Journal of Social Philosophy, and the Canadian Journal of Philosophy. She is currently working on a monograph, tentatively titled, The Ethics of Environmental Stewardship: a Pragmatic Approach.
"Reading this book gave a wide and thorough understanding of the many aspects that belongs to the effort of restoring (layered) landscapes." -- Environmental Values
Shrinking the Earth
Donald Worster
Person, Polis, Planet
Having in Mind
Joseph Almog and Paolo Leonardi
The Plundered Planet
Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics
Mark Timmons
Wetland Archaeology and Beyond
Francesco Menotti
David Day
A Greener Faith
Roger S. Gottlieb
Musical Understandings
The Frontier of Leisure
Lawrence Culver
Climate Ethics
Stephen Gardiner, Simon Caney, Dale Jamieson...
Moral Reasoning
Louis Groarke
Arts & Humanities > Philosophy
Arts & Humanities > History > Environmental History
Arts & Humanities > Philosophy > Practical Ethics
Science & Mathematics > Environmental Science > Environmentalist & Conservationist Organizations
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Michael Barutciski
Michael Barutciski is Associate Editor of Global Brief.
Barutciski is an associate professor at Glendon College, York University, Toronto. He is the only scholar to have held the most prestigious fellowships in refugee law: the Atle Grahl-Madsen Fellowship in Law at York University’s Centre for Refugee Studies, and the Prince El Hassan bil Talal Fellowship in Law at Oxford University’s Refugee Studies Centre.
Prior to joining the Glendon faculty, Barutciski directed the diplomacy programme at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, where he held a tenured appointment in both the law school and the department of political science. Upon his return to Canada, he chaired the Department of Multidisciplinary Studies at Glendon College and helped create the Glendon School of Public and International Affairs, where he served for several years as director of graduate studies. He was also editor-in-chief of Refuge (Canada’s Journal on Refugees).
Barutciski has conducted research in conflict zones and refugee camps in Asia, Africa and the Balkans, and has authored various UN and governmental reports. His early academic work in the 1990s influenced the UNHCR to refocus on its core mandate in order to avoid mission creep following the end of the Cold War. His publications have been used in university courses on all continents, as well as to train government officials and humanitarian workers. He has been a visiting lecturer at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University in Romania, a visiting fellow at the Institute of International Public Law and International Relations in Greece, and a visiting scholar at the University of Michigan Law School.
Barutciski’s latest book is Les dilemmes de protection internationale des réfugiés. He holds a doctorate in international law from the Université Paris II (Panthéon-Assas), and has been a member of the Quebec bar for over 25 years.
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Special US envoy begins 6-nation tour for ‘intra-Afghan’ dialogue
Zalmay Khalilzad travels to Belgium, Germany, Turkey, Qatar, Afghanistan, and Pakistan
Top Pentagon chief arrives in Kabul amid a push for peace with the militant group
by Web Desk | Published on February 11, 2019 (Edited February 11, 2019)
WASHINGTON – US Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation Zalmay Khalilzad has left Washington, leading an inter-agency delegation to Belgium, Germany, Turkey, Qatar, Afghanistan and Pakistan from February 10-28. The US Department of State said in a statement that Khalilzad’s trip
WASHINGTON – US Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation Zalmay Khalilzad has left Washington, leading an inter-agency delegation to Belgium, Germany, Turkey, Qatar, Afghanistan and Pakistan from February 10-28.
The US Department of State said in a statement that Khalilzad’s trip is part of an overall effort to facilitate a peace process that protects US national security interests and brings all Afghan parties together in an intra-Afghan dialogue through which they can determine a path for their country’s future.
The envoy will meet with US allies and partners including Belgium, Germany and Turkey to discuss mutual efforts to advance that goal and will consult with the Afghan government throughout the trip, the statement added.
The 6-nation trip, which began on Sunday, will continue till Feb 28, when the chief US negotiator is expected back in Washington for consultations.
Khalilzad has made several trips to regional countries in quest for Afghan peace after being appointed US special envoy for Afghan peace in September last year.
He has held talks with the Taliban with the latest round in Qatar in January. The next round of talks is expected to be held in the same venue on February 25.
Khalilzad has said that the sides agreed to a framework of a peace deal that would require the Taliban to prevent use of Afghanistan by terrorists and US to withdraw its troops from the country.
On Sunday, Khalilzad said that he consulted with colleagues across the US government on the progress “we‘re making in facilitating the Afghan peace process.”
“We’re working hand in hand on peace and security,” he said.
I took the opportunity last week in DC to consult with colleagues across the US government on the progress we're making in facilitating the Afghan peace process. It was especially good to meet with @jointstaff #GenDunford. We're working hand in hand on peace and security. pic.twitter.com/VqCTsFAD3P
— U.S. Special Representative Zalmay Khalilzad (@US4AfghanPeace) February 10, 2019
The US envoy said at a Washington think tank on Friday that Pakistan had played a positive rule in facilitating peace talks and also released a senior Taliban leader, Mullah Baradar, at his request. He said the US administration recognised Pakistan’s role and wanted better relations with this “important country”.
Although the Afghan government was kept out of the Moscow talks held last week, an official from Afghanistan’s High Peace Council said that some parts of the Moscow resolution would be added to their agenda.
The resolution includes a demand for the withdrawal of all foreign troops, support to Doha talks, removing Taliban members from the UN blacklist, the release of their prisoners and legitimising Taliban’s Qatar office.
TALIBAN ‘PREFER TO STAY IN DOHA OFFICE’
Also on Sunday, Afghan President Ashraf Ghani said the Taliban were welcome to open an office in Kabul, Kandahar or Nangarhar to continue the peace talks that have so far been held in Doha, Qatar.
But a Taliban spokesman later told reporters that they would prefer to stay in Doha, where they have had an office since 2013, and would try to get international recognition of this outpost.
PENTAGON CHIEF ON FIRST VISIT TO AFGHANISTAN
Meanwhile on Monday, US Acting Defense Secretary Pat Shanahan arrived in Afghanistan on an unannounced trip to meet with military commanders and Afghan officials.
Shanahan told reporters traveling with him that he will stress in talks with Afghan leaders that they will be the ones to ultimately decide their future, including the final nature of any potential peace with the Taliban.
Shanahan also said he has no instructions from the White House to reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from the current 14,000.
Reports have circulated that President Donald Trump is looking to cut about half of the force as part of efforts to reduce US military involvement in the region.
In recent days, I’ve heard some individual Taliban officials claim we have a troop withdrawal timetable for Afghanistan. Today, they correctly retracted that claim. To be clear: no troop withdrawal timetable exists.
— U.S. Special Representative Zalmay Khalilzad (@US4AfghanPeace) February 7, 2019
Trump has already said he is pulling out all 2,000 US troops in Syria, where they have been aiding a Syrian Arab and Kurdish alliance fighting against the Islamic State and other insurgent groups.
It was not immediately clear if Shanahan and Khalilzad would be conducting joint discussions during their trips.
This is Shanahan’s first visit to Afghanistan since he assumed the post of the acting US Secretary of Defense.
The United States and its allies invaded Afghanistan 17 years ago and the war with the Taliban has since killed nearly 150,000 people, including Afghan civilians, security forces, insurgents and more than 2,400 American soldiers, according to an American University study released recently.
The longest war effort in US history has also cost Washington nearly one trillion dollars. The Taliban has expanded its insurgent activities and currently controls or hotly contests about half of Afghanistan. The conflict is said to have killed more Afghan civilians and security forces in 2018 than in any other year.
Pakistan hosts US, Taliban in UAE for peace talks
Afghanistan hosts Pakistan and China for peace talks
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Front > Comment > Stella Korin-Lieber
Leumi's new chairman: Breaker of glass ceilings
Directors won't improve until some go to jail High time to close down our National Institutions
Stella Korin-Lieber
It is not just his Arab ethnicity that makes Dr. Samer Haj-Yehia a remarkably enterprising choice for Israel's biggest bank.
1. More than one local glass ceiling was broken yesterday with the appointment of Dr. Samer Haj-Yehia as chairman of Bank Leumi (TASE: LUMI). "The Jerusalemites", senior government officials, particularly at the Ministry of Finance, who have become accustomed to a smooth transition to plum jobs in the banking system, were routed.
The fact that Dr. Haj-Yehia is an Israeli Arab has also made a considerable crack in the ceiling. Haj-Yehia was not appointed because he is an Arab, unlike the case with senior civil service appointments, since no requirement of affirmative action for non-Jews applies to Bank Leumi. Nor was he chosen despite being an Arab, proof of which is that there was no ambivalence about his selection. Ethnicity was not a consideration - a very good thing, and about time too.
2. Of the twelve members of Bank Leumi's board of directors, four competed for the chairmanship, which meant that only eight directors could participate in the first round of voting. Had there been another round, ten could have voted.
Here are the numbers of votes received by each candidate: Ohad Marani - 1; Shmuel (Muli) Ben-Zvi - 1; Yitzhak Sharir - 1; Samer Haj-Yehia - 5. A decisive result. Haj-Yehia swayed most of the directors - and they have sat and worked closely together for a long time, clocking up many joint hours, and all of them subject to the same pressures. They know him well.
3. Haj-Yehia's term as chairman of Bank Leumi will last four and a half years. Not nine years, as with his predecessor David Brodet, and not fourteen, as with Brodet's predecessor Eitan Raf. Under the Bank of Israel's Banking Supervision Department's guidelines, a director of a bank can serve for nine years. Haj-Yehia has been a director of Bank Leumi for four and a half years. He will be chairman until his nine years are up.
4. The Bank Leumi board's choice yesterday evening also signals the bank's future direction, by skipping a generation. Brodet, who was once director-general of the Ministry of Finance, is retiring at age 75. The candidate thought to be Haj-Yehia's closest rival, Ohad Marani, also a former director-general of the Ministry of Finance, is 64. Samer Haj-Yehia is 49. The board made its choice with an eye to the future, to totally digital banking.
Leumi appoints Samer Haj-Yehia chairman
Leumi CEO Rakefet Russak-Aminoach to step down
5. Haj-Yehia had a flourishing career in the US. He returned to Israel when he was Vice President of Financial Engineering at Fidelity Investments. He was also an outstanding lecturer at MIT, Harvard, Hebrew University, and the Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, and an expert consultant on financial markets, regulation, and financial technology. He told his friends: "My children reached the age at which I had to decide either that they would be Americans, or that we would return to be part of the family in Taybeh." So he returned. To Taybeh. To the big family.
6. Haj-Yehia faces several immediate tasks. The first is to choose a CEO, someone to fill Rakefet Russak-Aminoach's large and successful shoes. The choice has to fit in with the bank's goals and the challenges it will face in the coming years, while at the same time ensuring continuity, following a series of departures from the bank's senior management in recent years.
Then there is the critical matter of improving customer service. The banks, under regulatory guidelines and with the aim of cutting costs, have closed many branches and left behind many affronted and bewildered customers.
Thirdly, the next CEO will have to be capable of grooming potential successors, to ensure future management continuity, under the close direction and supervision of the chairman and the board.
A fourth challenge is digitalization, which will be crucial to banking. Leumi is strong in this area, but the world is moving forward fast.
Then there are the bank's overseas branches in the UK and the US. How can Leumi extract value from them? A decision has to be made on whether to sell them, or issue shares in them, and whether to expand them.
Ron Stein
עוד דעות של Stella Korin-Lieber
לדף של Stella Korin-Lieber >>
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'Star Wars' headed to TV as weekly series
At the Siggraph 2005 computer graphics convention in Los Angeles, California Tuesday, Star Wars creator George Lucas unveiled plans for a weekly computer-animated series based on the science fiction saga.
The new show, to be called Clone Wars, will be a 3-D animated spinoff of the series and is to be produced in a Lucas facility in Singapore. Lucas already has done limited-run 2-D traditional animated television with Star Wars: Clone Wars shorts on the U.S. cable channel, Cartoon Network.
Lucas said advances in digital technology allow an animated television series to do what otherwise would be too expensive.
Sheigh Crabtree. "Lucas sees new worlds to conquer" — The Hollywood Reporter, August 3, 2005 (free registration required)
Aaron Ricadela. "Lucas Plans Animated 'Star Wars' TV Show" — InformationWeek, August 2, 2005
The text of this article has been released into the public domain. In the event that this is not legally possible, this article may be used for any purpose, without any condition, unless such conditions are required by law. This applies worldwide. Copyright terms on images, however, may vary, so please check individual image pages prior to duplication.
Please note that this only applies to Wikinews content created prior to September 25, 2005. All content created after that date is released under a Creative Commons license which is mentioned at the bottom of each article. This is currently the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.
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Barbican Centre, York
This article is about the entertainment venue in York. For the performing arts centre in London, see Barbican Centre.
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Barbican Centre is an indoor entertainment venue located in York, England. Named after the nearby barbican attached to Walmgate Bar, the centre hosts various music events, family shows and community events throughout the year and is also a venue for conferences. It has a 1,500 seating capacity and a 1,900 standing capacity.[1]
53°57′12.42″N 1°4′27.27″W / 53.9534500°N 1.0742417°W / 53.9534500; -1.0742417Coordinates: 53°57′12.42″N 1°4′27.27″W / 53.9534500°N 1.0742417°W / 53.9534500; -1.0742417
City of York Council
SMG Europe
1,900 standing; 1,500 seated
http://www.yorkbarbican.co.uk
The Barbican Centre has also been a regular snooker venue for the second biggest-ranking tournament, the UK Championship since 2001, with the championships returning to the venue in 2011.[2]
The centre is located on the southern end of York city centre, opposite the city walls.[3]
The current facility was built in 1989 at a price of £15 million by York Council, adding to a swimming pool, which had been previously constructed on the site in 1980.[4] The 1989 construction added a sports hall and auditorium, with a climbing wall facility, café and bars. Despite offering the largest concert facility and a wide range of classes and local events (such as the annual York Interschool Battle of the Bands), the Barbican consistently made losses while it was operated by the council, and in 2000, both the swimming pool and new facilities were placed on the market in a bid to pass them on to private management.
By 2003, a single bidder had emerged as the preferred company to develop the site. Proposals to build new swimming facilities were part of the plans. However, a local group of residents, 'Save Our Barbican' (S.O.B.) spearheaded local opposition to the proposals circulated in the public consultation.[5] Later planned developments suggested apartments on the site, or a casino and nightclub facility. By the end of 2004, with no plans accepted and a legal case going forward by the resident group, the Barbican centre was closed and lay empty for years to come. The swimming pool building was demolished, and the 1989 building began to show signs of weathering and vandalism and closed down.
In spring 2011, it finally reopened after a £1.5 million refurbishment, owned by the council but managed by SMG (UK), an international venue operator.[6]
^ "York Barbican Centre". visityork.org. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "UK Snooker Championship". Yorkbarbican.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
^ "How to find York Barbican". Yorkbarbican.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
^ "Save Our Barbican - history". Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
^ "About York Barbican". Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barbican Centre, York.
The 'Save Our Barbican' Site
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbican_Centre,_York&oldid=899365571"
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Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea
(Redirected from Central Military Commission (DPRK))
The Central Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (CMC) is an organ of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) which is responsible for coordinating the Party organizations within the Korean People's Army (KPA). One of the CMC’s primary functions is to authorize defense and munitions spending and product orders, and to determine how natural resources and products from military-controlled production units are earmarked and distributed domestically and for sale abroad. According to the WPK Charter, the CMC directs WPK activities in the KPA and is chaired by the WPK Chairman.[not verified in body] The CMC relies on a number of organizations to carry out its mandate, including the KPA General Political Department, the WPK Military Department, and the WPK Machine-Building Department. The CMC also uses the WPK Military Affairs Department to transmit guidance and indoctrination of North Korea's reserve military training units.
The Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea was established at the 5th plenary meeting of the 4th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea held on 10-14 December 1962.[1][2] During its establishment, it was a committee subordinate to the WPK Central Committee under the full name Military Committee of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea.
The committee was organized to its present form at the 6th plenary meeting of the 6th WPK Central Committee held on 29-31 August 1982.[3] An amendment to the WPK charter in 1982 is believed to have made the CMC equal to the Central Committee, enabling it (among other things) to elect the WPK leader.[4] The last public listing of the CMC was at the 21st Plenary Session of the 6th Central Committee in December 1993.[5] By the 3rd Conference, seven of its nineteen 1993 members remained; the other twelve had either died, retired or were purged.[5] The CMC was revitalized at the 3rd Conference, with Kim Jong-un and Ri Yong-ho elected as deputy chairmen.[5] Except for his Central Committee membership, this was Kim Jong-un's only title at this time; in many ways, the CMC enabled him to develop a patronage network.[5] New members included Vice Marshal Kim Yong-chun (Minister of People's Armed Forces), General Kim Myong-ruk (Chief of the Operation Bureau of the General Staff), General Yi Pyong-chol (Commander of the Korean People's Air Force), Admiral Chong Myong-do (Commander of the Korean People's Navy), Lieutenant General Kim Yong-chol, Colonel General Choe Kyong-song (heads of the KPA's special forces) General Choe Pu-il and Colonel General Choe Sang-ryo (members of the General Staff).[5] Civilians, such as Jang Song-thaek (head of the Administrative Department), also had seats on the commission.[5] At the 4th Conference, Choe Ryong-hae was appointed CMC deputy chairman; Vice Marshal Hyon Chol-hae, General Ri Myong-su and Kim Rak-gyom were elected to the commission.[6]
OrganizationEdit
The Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea is headed by the Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea as its chairman, and includes a number of members.
The 3rd WPK Conference in September 2010 created the position of vice chairman. It was later abolished by at the 7th WPK Congress in May 2016.
Current membershipEdit
Find sources: "Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chairman: Marshal Kim Jong-un
Vice Marshal Hwang Pyong-so
Premier of the DPRK Kim Jae-ryong
General of the Army Pak Yong-sik, Minister of the People's Armed Forces
Vice Marshal Ri Myong-su
General Kim Yong-chol, Director, NDC Reconnaissance General Bureau, North Korea's intelligence service[7]
Ri Man-gon, Director of the Machine-Building Industry Department of the Workers' Party of Korea
General Kim Won-hong, Minister of State Security
General Choe Pu-il, Minister of People's Security
General Kim Kyong-ok, First Deputy Secretary, WPK Organization and Guidance Department
General Ri Yong-gil, Chief of the KPA General Staff Department
Colonel General So Hong-chang, Vice Minister of the People's Armed Forces
Pak Pong-ju, former Premier of the DPRK
North Korea portal
Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
PRC Central Military Commission
Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam
^ "당중앙군사위원회". NKchosun. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
^ "당중앙위원회 전원회의 - 제4기". NKchosun. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
^ "[조선노동당] 조선노동당 중앙군사위원회". NK Watch. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
^ Gause 2013, p. 43.
^ a b c d e f Gause 2013, p. 35.
^ "Kim Jong Un Appointed "First Secretary" of Korean Workers' Party". North Korea Leadership Watch. April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
^ David E. Sanger and Martin Fackler (January 18, 2015). "N.S.A. Breached North Korean Networks Before Sony Attack, Officials Say". The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
Haggard, Stephen; Herman, Luke; Ryu, Jaesung (July – August 2014). "Political Change in North Korea: Mapping the Succession". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 54 (4): 773–780. doi:10.1525/as.2014.54.4.773. JSTOR 10.1525/as.2014.54.4.773.
Kim, Nam-Sik (Spring–Summer 1982). "North Korea's Power Structure and Foreign Relations: an Analysis of the Sixth Congress of the KWP". The Journal of East Asian Affairs. Institute for National Security Strategy. 2 (1): 125–151. JSTOR 23253510.
Buzo, Adrian (1999). The Guerilla Dynasty: Politics and Leadership in North Korea. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1860644147.
Gause, Ken E. (2011). North Korea Under Kim Chong-il: Power, Politics, and Prospects for Change. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313381755.
— (2013). "The Role and Influence of the Party Apparatus". In Park, Kyung-ae; Snyder, Scott (eds.). North Korea in Transition: Politics, Economy, and Society. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 19–46. ISBN 1442218126.
Kim, Samuel (2000). "North Korean Informal Politics". Informal Politics in East Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521645387.
Lankov, Andrei (2007). Crisis in North Korea: The Failure of De-Stalinization, 1956. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824832078.
Suh, Dae-sook (1988). Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader (1st ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231065736.
Staff writer (2014) [2012]. Understanding North Korea. Ministry of Unification.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea&oldid=904760080"
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Dennis E. Nolan
Dennis E. Nolan (April 22, 1872 – February 24, 1956) was a career officer with the United States Army through three wars. He distinguished himself by heading the first modern American military combat intelligence function during World War I. Nolan served as the head football coach at the United States Military Academy in 1902, compiling a record of 6–1–1.
Dennis Edward Nolan
Gen. Dennis E. Nolan
(1872-04-22)April 22, 1872
February 24, 1956(1956-02-24) (aged 83)
Chief, Intelligence Services, American Expeditionary Force
55th Brigade – 28th Infantry Division
Director, Military Intelligence Division G-2
2nd Infantry Division
Fifth Corps Area
Second Corps Area
First United States Army
Spanish–American War
Philippine–American War
Distinguished Service Cross
Order of the Crown – Italy
National Order of Merit – Chile
President, U.S. Military Academy Association of Graduates
Born in Akron, New York, outside of Buffalo, New York, Nolan was the son of an Irish immigrant. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1896.[1]
During the Spanish–American WarEdit
He was commissioned a second lieutenant and joined the Third Infantry. Nolan served with the Sanitary Corps, during the Spanish–American War.[2]
Football coaching careerEdit
In 1902, Nolan coached the Army football team to a record of 6 wins, 1 loss and 1 draw.[3] The New York Times of 1930s noted that many contemporary U. S. Generals (Nolan, Leon Kromer, Malin Craig, Paul Bunker) were connected by past football experience at West Point.[4][5]
Later military careerEdit
During World War I, Nolan organized the Intelligence Section for the American Expeditionary Forces' general headquarters.[6]
Starting in August 1920, Nolan, then a brigadier general, served for a year as the War Department Chief of Military Intelligence Division.[7]
From 1927 to 1931, Nolan was commander of Fifth Corps Area, headquartered at Fort Hayes at Columbus, Ohio,[8] one of and geographically the largest of nine corps areas established in the continental United States for the administration of the regular army and reserves by the National Defense Act of 1920. As a corps area commander, he oversaw peacetime training for Army Reserves and the National Guard. In time of war, the corps areas would theoretically have ready made corps combat command structures in place to administer regiments of Regular Army, Reserve and National Guard. During the lean post-war and Great Depression years of military spending, he as well other corps commanders were expected to maintain good relations with the public and civilian officials.
Nolan accepted his final posting as commanding general of Second Corps Area, in charge of army units and facilities in New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Puerto Rico on December 1, 1931. On October 1, 1933, U.S. First Army was reestablished, co-located and co-staffed with Second Corps Area at Fort Jay, Governors Island, New York. Nolan became First Army's first peace time commander. Nolan ended his active duty army career upon retirement on April 30, 1936.[9]
AwardsEdit
Nolan received the Distinguished Service Cross, the Army Distinguished Service Medal, and 2 Silver Star Citations.[10] He also received the Croix de Guerre with Palm and the Medal of Solidaridad from Panama. He was made a Commander of the Order of the Bath, a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and a Commander of Order of the Crown.[11]
He married Julia Grant Sharp on August 21, 1901. She was the daughter of Alexander Sharp and Ellen "Nellie" Dent. Nellie Dent Sharp was the sister of Ulysses S. Grant's wife Julia Boggs Dent. In addition to her aunt Julia, Julia Sharp's family included uncle Frederick Tracy Dent. Dennis and Julia Nolan were the parents of two children: Dennis and Ellen Honora.[12]
Death and legacyEdit
Nolan died on February 24, 1956 in New York City[13] and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[14] General Nolan is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.
Head coaching recordEdit
Bowl/playoffs
Army Cadets (Independent) (1902)
1902 Army 6–1–1
Army: 6–1–1
World War I portal
^ Davis Jr., Henry Blaine (1998). Generals in Khaki. Pentland Press, Inc. p. 284. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151.
^ "Dennis E. Nolan". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on 2016-08-09.
^ Many of Army's Football Stars Now Hold High Rank in Service. The New York Times, October 16, 1935.
^ Many West Point Athletes Who Became Generals. The New York Times, August 2, 1931.
^ "Valor awards for Dennis Edward Nolan".
^ Patterson, Michael Robert. "Dennis Edward Nolan, Major General, United States Army".
Kovach, Karen (1998). The Life and Times of Dennis E. Nolan, 1872-1956: The Army's First G2 (PDF). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: United States Army, History Office, Office of the Chief of Staff, Intelligence and Security Command.
Hunter Liggett Commanding General of the First United States Army
1 October 1933 to 30 April 1936 Succeeded by
Fox Conner
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Ferdinand II of Aragon
(Redirected from Ferdinand V of Spain)
Ferdinand II (Aragonese: Ferrando; Catalan: Ferran; Basque: Errando; Spanish: Fernando; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called the Catholic (Spanish: el Católico), was King of Aragon[1] from 1479 until his death. His marriage in 1469 to Isabella, the future queen of Castile, was the marital and political "cornerstone in the foundation of the Spanish monarchy".[2] As a consequence of his marriage to Isabella I, he was de jure uxoris King of Castile as Ferdinand V from 1474 until her death in 1504. At Isabella's death the crown of Castile passed to their daughter Joanna, by the terms of their prenuptial agreement and her last will and testament. Following the death of Joanna's husband Philip I of Spain, and her alleged mental illness, Ferdinand was recognized as regent of Castile from 1508 until his own death. In 1504, after a war with France, he became King of Naples as Ferdinand III, reuniting Naples with Sicily permanently and for the first time since 1458. In 1512, he became King of Navarre by conquest. In 1506 he married Germaine of Foix of France, but Ferdinand's only son and child of that marriage died soon after birth; had the child survived, the personal union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile would have ceased.
Ferdinand the Catholic
Portrait by Michael Sittow
King of Aragon
King of Sicily 1468–1516
King of Aragon 1479–1516
King of Majorca 1479–1516
King of Sardinia 1479–1516
King of Valencia 1479–1516
Count of Barcelona 1479–1516
King of Naples 1504–1516
King of Navarre 1512–1515
20 January 1479 – 23 January 1516
Joanna I and Charles I
King of Castile
(jure uxoris)
15 January 1475 – 26 November 1504
Isabella I
Joanna I
Co-monarch
Sada Palace, Sos, Aragon
23 January 1516 (aged 63)
Madrigalejo, Extremadura
Royal Chapel of Granada
Isabella I of Castile
Germaine of Foix
(m. 1506)
Isabella, Queen of Portugal
John, Prince of Asturias
Joanna, Queen of Spain
Maria, Queen of Portugal
Catherine, Queen of England
Trastámara
John II of Aragon and Navarre
Juana Enríquez
Ferdinand had a role in inaugurating the first European encounters in the future Americas, since he and Isabella sponsored the first voyage of Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), in 1492. That year was the final victory in the war with Granada which defeated the last Muslim state in Iberia and all of Western Europe. This brought to a close the centuries-long Christian reconquest of Iberia. For that Christian victory, Pope Alexander VI, born in the Kingdom of Valencia, awarded the royal couple the title of Catholic Monarchs. At Ferdinand's death Joanna's son, Ferdinand's grandson, Charles I, who was co-ruler in name over all the several Iberian kingdoms except for Portugal, succeeded him, making Charles the first King of Spain. However, during the regency of Ferdinand, many called him the King of Spain as distinct from his daughter Joanna, "queen of Castile".[3]
Acquiring titles and powersEdit
Ferdinand was born in Sada Palace, Sos del Rey Católico, Kingdom of Aragon, as the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez.[4] He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon.[5] Isabella also belonged to the royal House of Trastámara, and the two were cousins by descent from John I of Castile. They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto "tanto monta, monta tanto". He became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474 to be crowned as Queen Isabella I of Castile. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joan of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful.[5][6] When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same Crown.[7] (The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into a single Spain occurred under Philip V in 1707–1715.)
Ferdinand the Catholic swearing the fueros of Biscay as their Lord at Guernica in 1476
Columbus soliciting aid of Ferdinand's wife Isabella.
The first years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Nasrid dynasty of the Emirate of Granada (Moorish Kingdom of Granada), the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula, completed in 1492.[5][8]
The completion of the Reconquista was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued the Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree,[9] a document which ordered all Jews either to be baptised and convert to Christianity or to leave the country.[10] It allowed Mudéjar Moors (Islamic) and converso Marrano Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews from Castile and Aragon (most Jews either converted or moved to Islamic lands of North Africa and the Ottoman Empire). 1492 was also the year in which the monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, which resulted in the Spanish arrival in the Americas.
In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion purposes – by a north–south line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean.
Forced conversionsEdit
Ferdinand violated the 1491 Treaty of Granada peace treaty in 1502 by dismissing the clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso Moriscos, to Catholicism, or else be expelled. Some of the Muslims who remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practised by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano Jewish population of Spain. The main architect behind the Spanish Inquisition was King Ferdinand II.
Ferdinand destroyed over ten thousand Arabic manuscripts in Granada alone, burning them.[citation needed]
Wedding portrait of King Ferdinand II of Aragón and Queen Isabella of Castile.
The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with disputes with successive Kings of France over control of Italy, the so-called Italian Wars. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II, who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and stepson of Ferdinand's sister, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and accession of his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII, who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart and, over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French, finally succeeding by 1504.
The King of France complains that I have twice deceived him. He lies, the fool; I have deceived him ten times and more.
— Ferdinand the Catholic[11]
Some time before 1502 Andreas Palaiologos, the last exiled claimant to the Byzantine throne of his house, sold his titles and royal and imperial rights to Ferdinand. Those, however, had never been made use of, due to the doubtful nature of the deal.[12]
After IsabellaEdit
Isabella made her will on 12 October 1504, in advance of her 26 November 1504 death. In it she spelled out the succession to the crown of Castile, leaving it to Joanna and then to Joanna's son Charles. Isabella was dubious of Joanna's ability to rule and was not confident of Joanna's husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand moved quickly after his wife's death to continue his role in Castile. "On the day of his wife's death, Ferdinand formally renounced his title as king of Castile, which he had held since 1474, and instead became governor (gobernador) of the kingdom", as a way to become regent. Philip deemed his wife sane and fit to rule. A compromise was forged between Philip and Ferdinand, which gave Ferdinand a continued role in Castile.[13] Ferdinand II had served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile.
In the Treaty of Villafáfila of 1506, Ferdinand renounced not only the government of Castile in favor of his son-in-law Philip I of Castile but also the lordship of the Indies, withholding a half of the income of the "kingdoms of the Indies".[14] Joanna of Castile and Philip immediately added to their titles the kingdoms of Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea. But the Treaty of Villafáfila did not hold for long because of the death of Philip; Ferdinand returned as regent of Castile and as "lord the Indies".[15]
The widowed Ferdinand made an alliance with France in July 1505 and married Germaine of Foix, also of the house of Trastámara, cementing the alliance with France. She was the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. Had Ferdinand's son with Germaine, John, Prince of Girona, born on 3 May 1509, survived, "the crown of Aragon would inevitably been separated from Castile"[13] and denied his grandson Charles the crown of Aragon. But the infant Prince John died within hours and was buried in the convent of Saint Paul in Valladolid, Kingdom of Castile and Leon, and later transferred to Poblet Monastery, Vimbodí i Poblet, Catalonia, Kingdom of Aragon, traditional burial site of the kings of Aragon.[16]
Ferdinand had no legal position in Castile, with the cortes of Toro recognizing Joanna and her children as heirs and Ferdinand left Castile in July 1506. After his son-in-law Philip's untimely death in September 1506, Castile was in crisis. Joanna was allegedly mentally unstable, and Joanna's and Philip's son, Charles, the future Emperor Charles V, was only six years old. Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom, was made regent, but the upper nobility reasserted itself. Ferdinand led an army against the marquis of Priego of Córdoba, who had seized control there by force.[17]
Statue of Ferdinand in the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid
In 1508 war resumed in Italy, this time against the Republic of Venice, in which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the 'Holy League' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand II and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against Navarre and France ahead of the Castilian invasion of Navarre as of July 1512. After the fall of Granada in 1492, he had manoeuvred for years to take over the throne of the Basque kingdom, ruled by Queen Catherine of Navarre and King John III of Navarre, also lords of Béarn and other sizeable territories of the Pyrenees and western Gascony. Ferdinand annexed Navarre first to the Crown of Aragon, but later, under the pressure of Castilian noblemen, to the Crown of Castile. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.
Ferdinand II died on 23 January 1516 in Madrigalejo, Extremadura, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. He is entombed at Capilla Real, Granada, Kingdom of Castile and Leon. His wife Isabella I, daughter Joanna I, and son-in-law Philip I rest beside him there.
Legacy and successionEdit
Ferdinand by an unknown painter, c. 1520s
Ferdinand the Catholic, by the "Meister der Magdalenen-Legende"
Ferdinand and Isabella established a highly effective sovereignty under equal terms. They utilised a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to his joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta [or monta tanto], Isabel como Fernando" ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever had been; the crown power was centralised, at least in name; the reconquista was successfully concluded; the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid; a legal framework was created; the church was reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for the first modern world power.
During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain pursued alliances through marriage with Portugal, Habsburg Austria, and Burgundy. Their first-born daughter Isabella was married to Alfonso of Portugal, and their first-born son John was married to Margaret of Austria. However, the deaths of these children, and the death of Isabella, altered the succession plan forcing Ferdinand to yield the government of Castile to Philip of Habsburg the husband of his second daughter Joanna.[18]
In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza, and Parliaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia in Barcelona, as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King.[19][20] So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon, and his grandson Charles became Governor General (regent).[21] Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X. Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent, Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him[22] as King of Aragon jointly with his mother.[23]
Ferdinand's grandson and successor Charles, was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Austrian and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere, of the first truly global Empire.
ChildrenEdit
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Main article: Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
With his wife Isabella I the Catholic (whom he married 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had seven children:
Isabella (1470–1498), Princess of Asturias (1497–1498). She married first Afonso, Prince of Portugal, then after his death married his uncle Prince Manuel, the future King Emanuel I of Portugal. She died in childbirth delivering her son Miguel da Paz (Michael of Peace), Crown Prince of both Portugal and Spain who, in turn, died in infancy.
A son miscarried on 31 May 1475 in Cebreros
John (1478–1497), Prince of Asturias (1478–1497). He married Margaret of Habsburg (daughter of Emperor Maximilian I). He died of tuberculosis and his posthumous child with Margaret was stillborn.
Joanna I (1479–1555), Princess of Asturias (1500–1504), Queen of Castile (1504–1555), Queen of Aragon (1516–1555). She married Philip I (Philip the handsome) (son of Emperor Maximilian I); and was the mother of King Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor). Ferdinand made her out to be mentally unstable and she was incarcerated by him, and then by her son, in Tordesillas for over 50 years. Her grandson, Philip II of Spain, was crowned in 1556.
Maria (1482–1517). She married King Emanuel I of Portugal, the widower of her elder sister Isabella, and was the mother of King John III of Portugal and of the Cardinal-King, Henry I of Portugal.
A stillborn daughter, twin of Maria. Born 1 July 1482 at dawn.
Catalina, later known Catherine of Aragon, queen of England, (1485–1536). She married first Arthur, Prince of Wales, son of and heir to King Henry VII of England and, after Prince Arthur's death, she married his brother Henry, Duke of York, who also became Prince of Wales and then King Henry VIII. She thus became Queen of England and was the mother of Queen Mary I.
With his second wife, Germaine of Foix, niece of Louis XII of France (whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois, Kingdom of France), King Ferdinand had one son:
John, Prince of Girona, who died hours after being born on 3 May 1509.
He also left several illegitimate children, two of them were born before his marriage to Isabella:
With Aldonza Ruiz de Iborre y Alemany, a Catalan noblewoman of Cervera, he had:
Alonso de Aragón (1469–1520). Archbishop of Zaragoza and Viceroy of Aragon.
With Joana Nicolaua:
Juana de Aragón (1469 – bef. 1522). She married Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, 1st Duke of Frías.
With Toda de Larrea:
María Esperanza de Aragón (? – 1543). Abbess of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas.
With Beatriz Pereira:
(? – 1550). Nun at Madrigal de las Altas Torres.
Ancestors of Ferdinand II of Aragon
16. Henry II of Castile[29]
8. John I of Castile[26]
17. Juana Manuel[29]
4. Ferdinand I of Aragon[24]
18. Peter IV of Aragon[30]
9. Eleanor of Aragon[26]
19. Eleanor of Sicily[30]
2. John II of Aragon
20. Alfonso XI of Castile[27]
10. Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque[27]
21. Eleanor of Guzman[27]
5. Eleanor of Alburquerque[24]
22. Peter I of Portugal[27]
11. Beatrice of Portugal[27]
23. Inês de Castro[27]
1. Ferdinand II of Aragon
24. Fadrique Alfonso[25]
12. Alonso Enríquez[25]
6. Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza[25]
26. Pedro González de Mendoza (es)[31]
13. Juana de Mendoza (es)[25]
27. Aldonza de Ayala[31]
3. Juana Enríquez
28. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba[32]
14. Diego Fernández de Córdoba (es)[28]
29. María García Carrillo[32]
7. Mariana Fernández de Córdoba[25]
30. Pedro Suárez de Toledo (es)[33]
15. Inés de Ayala (es)[28]
31. Juana Meléndez de Orozco[33]
HeraldryEdit
Heraldry of Ferdinand of Aragon
Monarch of the Crown of Castille (with Isabella I)
After the conquest of Granada.
With the arms of Granada.
DescriptionEdit
The Arms quarter the arms of Castile and León with the arms of Aragon and Aragonese Sicily, the last combining the arms of Aragon with the black eagle of the Hohenstaufen of Sicily.[34]
Sovereign of AragonEdit
Coat of arms of Ferdinand II, in La Aljafería in Zaragoza.[34]
Common design
1479–1492[34]
Version with supporters
Lord of BiscayEdit
Depiction in film and televisionEdit
1951 Hare We Go Robert McKimson Mel Blanc
1976 La espada negra Francisco Rovira Beleta Juan Ribó
1985 Christopher Columbus Alberto Lattuada Nicol Williamson
1992 Christopher Columbus: The Discovery John Glen Tom Selleck
1992 1492: Conquest of Paradise Ridley Scott Fernando García Rimada
1992 Carry On Columbus Gerald Thomas Leslie Phillips
1990 Shaheen Mohsin Ali Rashid Mehmood (actor)
2001 Juana la Loca Vicente Aranda Héctor Colomé
2016 Assassin's Creed Justin Kurzel Thomas Camilleri
TV seriesEdit
1991 Réquiem por Granada TVE
2004 Memoria de España TVE
2011 Muhteşem Yüzyıl Show TV
2012 Isabel, mi reina TVE
Catholic Monarchs
Spanish Empire
^ Aragonese crown included the kingdoms of Majorca, Sardinia, Sicily, and Valencia, as well as the Principality of Catalonia.
^ Bethany Aram, "Monarchs of Spain" in Iberia and the Americas, vol. 2, p. 725. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio 2006.
^ Aram, "Monarchs of Spain", p. 725.
^ Edwards, John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. xiii
^ a b c Palos, Joan-Lluís (28 March 2019). "To seize power in Spain, Queen Isabella had to play it smart: Bold, strategic, and steady, Isabella of Castile navigated an unlikely rise to the throne and ushered in a golden age for Spain". National Geographic History Magazine. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
^ Edwards, John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 1–37
^ Edwards, John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 38–39
^ Joseph F. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1983), 24. ISBN 0-8014-9264-5. Preview of cited page available on Google Books as of 10 March 2011. See also: Richard Fletcher, "The Early Middle Ages, 700–1250", in Spain: A History, ed. Raymond Carr (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). ISBN 0-19-280236-4.
^ Michael C. Thomsett, The Inquisition: A History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc., 2010), 158.
^ Bernard Lewis, Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims and Jews in the Age of Discovery (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 35–36. ISBN 0-19-509026-8
^ Miles H. Davidson, Columbus then and now: a life reexamined, University of Oklahoma Press 1997, ISBN 0-8061-2934-4, p. 474.
^ Norwich, John Julius, Byzantium: The Decline and Fall, p. 446
^ a b Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, p. 288.
^ Memoria del Segundo Congreso Venezolano de Historia, del 18 al 23 de noviembre de 1974 (in Spanish). Academia Nacional de la Historia (Venezuela). 1975. p. 404.
^ Sánchez Prieto, Ana Belén (2004). La intitulación diplomática de los Reyes Católicos: un programa político y una lección de historia (PDF) (in Spanish). III Jornadas Científicas sobre Documentación en época de los Reyes Católicos. p. 296.
^ De Francisco Olmos, José María: Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517), Revista General de Información y Documentación 13, 133–153, 2003. URL: L. Külső hivatkozások
^ Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, pp. 288–289.
^ Elliot, J. H. Imperial Spain 1469–1716. Penguin Books (New York: 2002), p. 208. ISBN 0-14-100703-6
^ Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid), page 137
^ Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid), page 299
^ Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid) page 138
^ Historia general de España; Modesto Lafuente (1861), pp. 51–52.
^ Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866) Archived 10 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, page 64 Archived 10 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John II of Aragon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ a b c d e Ortega Gato, Esteban (1999). "Los Enríquez, Almirantes de Castilla" [The Enríquezes, Admirals of Castille] (PDF). Publicaciones de la Institución "Tello Téllez de Meneses" (in Spanish). 70: 42. ISSN 0210-7317.
^ a b Ferdinand I, King of Aragon at the Encyclopædia Britannica
^ a b c d e f de Sousa, Antonio Caetano (1735). Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza [Genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal] (in Portuguese). 2. Lisboa Occidental. p. 497.
^ a b "Mariana de Ayala Córdoba y Toledo". Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John I of Castile" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ a b Louda, Jirí; MacLagan, Michael (1999), Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.), London: Little, Brown and Company
^ a b "Juana de Mendoza". Diccionario Biográfico Español (in Spanish). Real Academia de Historia. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ a b "Diego Fernández de Córdoba". Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
^ a b "Inés de Ayala y Toledo". Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
^ a b c d e f Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, Faustino (2004) «Los Reyes Católicos», El escudo de España, Madrid, Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía; Ediciones Hidalguia. ISBN 978-84-88833-02-0
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Azcona, T. (20 July 1998). "Ferdinand II, king of Spain". Encyclopædia Britannica.
House of Trastámara
Born: 10 March 1452 Died: 23 January 1516
John the Great King of Sicily
Joanna the Mad
King of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca,
Count of Barcelona
Isabella the Catholic
as sole monarch King of Castile and León
with Isabella the Catholic
Charles the Affable Count of Roussillon and Cerdagne
Louis III King of Naples
Catherine and John III King of Navarre
Titles of nobility
Charles of Viana Prince of Girona
John of Asturias
John the Great Lord of Balaguer
Duke of Gandía
1461–1479 Merged with the Crown
Juana Enríquez Lord of Casarrubios del Monte
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon&oldid=904410490"
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Health (gaming)
(Redirected from Health points)
A health bar, a possible representation of the health of a character.
Health or vitality is an attribute assigned to entities such as characters or objects within role-playing games and video games, that indicates their continued ability to function.[1] Health is usually measured in hit points or health points, shortened to HP which lowers by set amounts when the entity is attacked or injured. When the HP of a player character or non-player character reaches zero, that character is incapacitated and barred from taking further action. In some games, such as those with cooperative multiplayer and party based role playing games, it may be possible for an ally to revive a character who has reached 0 hit points and let them return to action. In single player games, running out of health usually equates to "dying" and (in the case of a player character) losing a life or receiving a Game Over.
Any entity within a game could have a health value, including the player character, non-player characters and objects. Indestructible entities have no diminishable health value. Health might be displayed as a numeric value, such as "50/100". Here, the first number indicates the current amount of HP an entity has, and the second number indicates the entity's maximum HP. In video games, health can also be displayed graphically, such as with a bar that empties itself when an entity loses health (a health bar, typically red), icons that are "chipped away", or in more novel ways.[2][3]
Dungeons & Dragons co-creator Dave Arneson described the origin of hit points in a 2002 interview. When Arneson was adapting the medieval wargame Chainmail (1971) to a fantasy setting – a process that, with Gary Gygax, would lead to Dungeons & Dragons – he saw that the emphasis of the gameplay was moving from large armies to small groups of heroes and eventually to the identification of one player and one character that is essential to role-playing as it was originally conceived. Players became attached to their heroes and did not want them to die every time they lost a die roll. Players were thus given multiple hit points which were incrementally decreased as they took damage. Arneson took the concept, along with armor class, from a set of a naval American Civil War game's rules.[4]
The US Navy used a similar concept in their tactical war games already in 1920s and 1930s. In their simulation, each ship had a "life" parameter. The unit of Life of the ship was a number of "equivalent penetrative 14-inch shell hits". The Navy considered, e.g., that a Kongō-class battlecruiser had 12 Life points and a Nagato-class battleship had 18.8.[5]
A visual power meter representing stamina was used in Nintendo's 1983 arcade game Punch-Out!!.[6]
In action video games as well as in role-playing games, health points can usually be depleted by attacking the entity. A defense attribute might reduce the amount of HP that is lost when a character is damaged. It is common in role-playing games for a character's maximum health and defense attributes to be gradually raised as the character levels up.[7][unreliable source?] In game design, it is deemed important that a player is aware of it when they are losing health, each hit playing a clear sound effect. Author Scott Rogers states that "health should deplete in an obvious manner, because with every hit, a player is closer to losing their life."[3] The display of health also helps to dramatize the near-loss of a life.[8]
RegenerationEdit
Player characters can often restore their health points by consuming certain items, such as health potions, food or first-aid kits.[1] Staying a night at an inn fully restores a character's health in many role-playing video games.[9] In general, the different methods of regenerating health has its uses in a particular genre. In action games, this method is very quick, whereas role-playing games feature slower paced methods to match the gameplay and realism.[8]
Some video games feature automatically regenerating health, where lost health points are regained over time. This can be useful to not "cripple" the player, allowing them to continue even after losing a lot of health. However, automatically regenerating health may also cause a player to "power through" sections they might otherwise have had to approach cautiously simply because there are no lasting consequences to losing a large amount of health. To strike a balance between these extremes, many games have implemented a hybrid system, whereby the player only automatically regenerates health to a certain point; they must seek other means (such as traditional pick-ups) to restore the rest.[10]
This mechanic initially appeared in action role-playing games, with early examples including the Hydlide series, the Ys series,[11][12] and Woody Poco.[13] In Woody Poco, the rate at which health recharges is based on food level.[13] In Hydlide and Ys, the player character has to stand still for their health to automatically regenerate.[14] This system was popularized in first-person shooters by Halo: Combat Evolved (2001),[3] though regenerating health in The Getaway (2002) has been cited to be more comparable to later use of the mechanic in first-person shooters.[11]
DisplayEdit
Heart-shaped icons can indicate the amount of health a player has left.
The way health is displayed on the screen has an effect on the player. Many games only show the health of the player character, while keeping the health of enemies hidden. This is done in the Legend of Zelda series, Minecraft and Monster Hunter series to keep the player's progress in defeating their enemy unclear and therefore exciting. In these games, the fact that the enemies are being damaged is indicated by their behavior.[15] On the other hand, many fighting games, such as the Street Fighter series, use easy-to-read health bars to clearly indicate the progress the player is making with each hit.[16]
It is common in first-person shooters to indicate low health of the player character by blood spatters or by a distorted red hue on the screen, attempting to mimic the effects of wounding and trauma. These visual effects fade as health regenerates.[17]
^ a b Moore, Michael (2011-03-23). Basics of Game Design. CRC Press. pp. 151, 194. ISBN 1439867763. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
^ Antista, Chris (2010-08-17). "The 10 most creative life bars". GamesRadar. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2014-12-28.
^ a b c Rogers, Scott (2010-09-29). Level Up!: The Guide to Great Video Game Design. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 276–277. ISBN 0470970928. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
^ Rausch, Allen (2004-08-19). "Dave Arneson Interview". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2004-08-22. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
^ Zimm, Alan D. (July 2009). "American Calculations of Battleline Strength, 1941-2" (PDF). The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord. XIX (3): 291–317. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-14.
^ "Glass Joe Boxes Clever". Computer + Video Games. Future Publishing: 47. August 1984. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
^ Nickogibson (2012-09-12). "What is an RPG - Intro to RPG Games". Slideshare. Retrieved 2015-01-09.
^ a b Fullerton, Tracy (2008-02-08). Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games. CRC Press. pp. 72, 73. ISBN 0240809742. Retrieved 2014-12-19.
^ Duggan, Michael (2011). RPG Maker for Teens. Cengage Learning. pp. 109, 141. ISBN 1435459679. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
^ Moriarty, Jonathan (2010-12-02). "Video Game Basics: The Health Bar". Baltimoregamer.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
^ a b Dunn, Jeff (2012-11-15). "Stop, Drop, and Heal: The history of regenerating health". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
^ Sulliven, Lucas (2014-03-10). "Top 7… Games you didn't know did it first". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
^ a b Szczepaniak, John (2015-11-04). "dB-SOFT Gaming 101". The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers. 2. ISBN 978-1518655319.
^ Szczepaniak, John (7 July 2011). "Falcom: Legacy of Ys". GamesTM (111): 152–159 [153]. (cf. Szczepaniak, John (July 8, 2011). "History of Ys interviews". Hardcore Gaming 101. Retrieved 6 September 2011. )
^ Martindale, Jon (2012-10-03). "Let's Kill off Health Bars". Kit Guru Gaming. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
^ Novak, Jeannie (2013-04-11). The Official GameSalad Guide to Game Development. Cengage Learning. p. 31. ISBN 1133605648. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
^ Call, Josh (2012-11-02). "Disposable Bodies: Cyborg Regeneration and FPS Mechanics". In Voorhees, Gerald A.; Call, Josh; Whitlock, Katie (eds.). Guns, Grenades, and Grunts: First-Person Shooter Games. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 1441191445. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
Media related to HP bar at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=891901930"
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Jeff Moss
For other uses, see Jeff Moss (disambiguation).
Jeffrey Arnold "Jeff" Moss (June 19, 1942 – September 24, 1998) was a composer, lyricist, playwright and television writer, best known for his award-winning work on the children's television series Sesame Street.
Jeffrey Arnold Moss
September 24, 1998(1998-09-24) (aged 56)
Manhattan, New York City, New York
composer and lyricist
writing songs for Sesame Street
Moss was born in New York City; his father was a stage and screen actor, Arnold Moss, and his mother, Stella Reynolds gave up acting to become a soap opera writer. He attended the Browning School, a prestigious New York private school, and was #1 in his class.
He attended Princeton University, and was a member of the Princeton Triangle Club theater company. After graduating in 1963, he took a job as a production assistant at the children's television show Captain Kangaroo (he also got an offer to work for CBS News, which he later said he had turned down because "I've seen the news").
Sesame StreetEdit
In 1969, he became the first head writer, along with a composer and lyricist, for Sesame Street. He would eventually win fourteen Emmy Awards for the show.[1] Songs he wrote for the show include "I Love Trash", "Who Are the People in Your Neighborhood", and "Rubber Duckie". "Rubber Duckie" became a surprise mainstream hit, reaching #16 on the Billboard Hot 100 in September 1970. Moss is also credited with, among other things, creating the character of Cookie Monster, based on a puppet Jim Henson had created called "Boogle Eyes".[citation needed]
Moss wrote the song "Nasty Dan", which Johnny Cash sang when he appeared on Sesame Street; it later appeared on the 1975 The Johnny Cash Children's Album. In 1976, the song became a #1 hit in France for Claude François, who recorded it with French lyrics under the title "Sale Bonhomme". In 1984, Moss wrote the music and lyrics for The Muppets Take Manhattan.[citation needed]
Other worksEdit
In the late 1970s, Moss wrote Double Feature, a musical which received good reviews when it opened in New Haven, Connecticut. Moss worked with Mike Nichols and Tommy Tune, but when Moss became adamant about not implementing changes Nichols wanted, Nichols and Tune walked out, and the show opened off-Broadway to poor reviews in October 1981, and quickly closed.[1] In 1993, he penned the music for a Rita and Runt song, "I'm Nobody's Mama", for Animaniacs, along with show writer Deanna Oliver.
Moss wrote many children's books, including the 1989 book "The Butterfly Jar" and the 1992 "Bob and Jack: A Boy and His Yak". He also wrote some under the Sesame Street brand name, such as "The Sesame Street Book of Poetry" and The Sesame Street Songbook.[citation needed]
His other works include "The Other Side of the Door" (1991), "Hieronymus White: A Bird Who Believed That He Always Was Right" (1994), "Bone Poems" (1998) and "The Dad of the Dad of the Dad of Your Dad."
RecognitionEdit
Moss was credited with winning fourteen Emmy Awards, and in 1984, was nominated for an Academy Award for the music and lyrics he wrote for The Muppets Take Manhattan.[1]
In 2007, Princeton University ranked Moss as one of its 26 most influential alumni, citing the effect of his songs and characters on the Sesame Street audience.[1][2]
In 1994, Moss was diagnosed with colon cancer, from which he died at his home in Manhattan, New York, on September 24, 1998, at the age of 56. He was survived by his wife, Anne Boylan; his son, Alexander Moss; and his stepson, Jonathan Boylan Smith.[1] He died on Jim Henson's and Steve Whitmire's birthday.
^ a b c d e Davis, Michael (2008). Street Gang. New York, New York: Penguin Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-14-311663-9.
^ Bernstein, Mark F. (January 23, 2008). "Princeton's most Influential alumni". Princeton University. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
Jeff Moss on IMDb
Jeffrey B. Moss at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Jeff Moss obituary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Moss&oldid=902719039"
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List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg
Find sources: "List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Prime Minister of Luxembourg (French: Premier ministre du Luxembourg) is the head of government in Luxembourg. His official residence and office is in the Hôtel de Bourgogne at 4 rue de la Congrégation in the city of Luxembourg.
Since 1989, the title of Prime Minister has been an official one,[1] although the head of the government had been unofficially known by that name for some time. Between 1857 and 1989, the Prime Minister was styled the President of the Government,[2] with the exception of the 25-day premiership of Mathias Mongenast.[3] Before 1857, the Prime Minister was the President of the Council. In addition to these titles, the Prime Minister uses the title Minister of State, although this is usually relegated to a secondary title.
This is a list of Prime Ministers and governments since the post was founded, in 1848. In larger font are the dates of the Prime Ministers entering and leaving office. The smaller dates, during the respective premierships, are those of the Prime Ministers' governments. Luxembourg has a collegial governmental system; often, the government will present its resignation, only for the successor government to include many, if not most, of the previous ministers serving under the same Prime Minister. Each of the smaller dates reflects a change in the government without a change of Prime Minister.
The era of independents (1848–1918)Edit
From the promulgation of the first constitution, in 1848, until the early twentieth century, Luxembourgish politics was dominated by independent politicians and statesmen.[4] The prerogative powers of the Grand Duke remained undiluted, and, as such, the monarch actively chose and personally appointed the Prime Minister. As a result, the Prime Minister was often a moderate, without any strong affiliation to either of the two major ideological factions in the Chamber of Deputies: the secularist liberals and the Catholic conservatives.
In the early twentieth century, the emergence of socialism as a third force in Luxembourgish politics ended the dominance of independents, and further politicised the government of the country.[4] This did not affect the Prime Minister's position until 1915, when the long-serving Paul Eyschen died in office. His death created a struggle for power between the main factions, leading to the establishment of the formalised party system.[5]
Prime ministers of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890Edit
(Birth-Death)
Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine
1 August 1848 6 December 1848
First Prime Minister. Resigned following a Vote of no confidence.[6]
Jean-Jacques Madeleine Willmar
6 December 1848 23 September 1853
Dismissed by the Governor[7]
Charles-Mathias Simons
8 23 September 1853
15 July 1859 23 September 1854
Coup of 1856. President of the Council until November 1857;
thereafter President of the Government. Resigned.[8]
Victor, Baron de Tornaco
18 June 1867 9 September 1863
Shortest cabinet, December 1866. Luxembourg Crisis; Treaty of London.
Resigned following a Vote of no confidence.[9]
Lambert Joseph Emmanuel Servais
5 3 December 1867
25 May 1873 30 September 1869
Resigned.[10]
Félix, Baron de Blochausen
6 26 December 1874
12 October 1882 26 April 1875
Dismissed by the Grand Duke.[11]
Jules Georges Édouard Thilges
20 February 1885 22 September 1888
Kingdom of the Netherlands shared the same monarchs with Grand Duchy of Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890.Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has its own monarchs since 1890.
Prime ministers of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg since 1890Edit
Monarchs of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
(Reign)
Paul Eyschen
3 March 1915 26 October 1892
(23 November 1890 – 17 November 1905)
Guillaume IV
(17 November 1905 – 25 February 1912)
Longest premiership. Longest cabinet 1896–1905.
Luxembourg occupied by Germany on 2 August 1914. Died in office.[5]
Mathias Mongenast
12 October 1915 6 November 1915
Marie-Adélaïde
(25 February 1912 – 14 January 1919)
Shortest premiership. Ruled as President of the Council. Resigned.[3]
Hubert Loutsch
6 November 1915 24 February 1916
Minority government.[13] Resigned following a Vote of no confidence.[13]
Victor Thorn
24 February 1916 19 June 1917
National Union Government. Resigned.[14]
Léon Kauffman
19 June 1917 28 September 1918
The party system (1918–present)Edit
In 1918, towards the end of the First World War, a new Chamber of Deputies was elected with the explicit ambition of reviewing the constitution.[15] To this end, formalised parties were formed by the main political blocs, so as to increase their bargaining power in the negotiations. The revisions to the constitution introduced universal suffrage and compulsory voting, adopted proportional representation, and limited the sovereignty of the monarch.
Since the foundation of the party system, only one cabinet (between 1921 and 1925) has not included members of more than one party. Most of the time, governments are grand coalitions of the two largest parties, no matter their ideology; this has made Luxembourg one of the most stable democracies in the world.[16] Two cabinets (between 1945 and 1947) included members of every party represented in the Chamber of Deputies.
During the occupation of Luxembourg by Nazi Germany, Luxembourg was governed by a Nazi Party official, Gustav Simon. Pierre Dupong continued to lead the government in exile in the United Kingdom until the liberation of Luxembourg in December 1944, whereupon the constitutional Luxembourg government returned to the Grand Duchy. Thus, although Luxembourg was formally annexed on 30 August 1942, the Prime Minister of the government in exile, Pierre Dupong, is assumed to have remained Prime Minister throughout.
Political Party: PD PNI CSV DP
Émile Reuter
PD —
1922 28 September 1918
15 April 1921 5 January 1920
20 March 1925 Reuter PD, LL
PD, LL
(14 January 1919 – 12 November 1964)
First partisan government. Armistice; Constitution amended.[15] Only one-party cabinet 1921–25. Resigned.[17]
Pierre Prüm
PNI 1925 20 March 1925 16 July 1926 Prüm PNI, PRS
Only PNI premiership. Resigned.[18]
Joseph Bech
(1st time)
PD 1928, 31
1937 16 July 1926
27 December 1936 11 April 1932
5 November 1937 Bech PD, LdG
PD, PRL
Longest party-era cabinet 1926–32. Resigned.[19]
Pierre Dupong
— 5 November 1937
6 April 1940 7 February 1938
10 May 1940 Dupong-Krier PD, POL, PRL
PD, POL
— 10 May 1940 23 November 1944 Govt. in Exile PD, POL
CSV —
21 April 1945 23 February 1945
14 November 1945 Liberation CSV, LSAP
29 August 1946 29 August 1946
1 March 1947 National Union CSV, LSAP, GD, KPL
1948 1 March 1947
3 July 1951 Dupong-Schaus CSV, GD
1951 3 July 1951 23 December 1953 Dupong-Bodson CSV, LSAP
World War II; Luxembourg remained neutral.[20] Emergency government; Nazi occupation; government in exile.
Liberation Governments;[21] neutrality ended.[22] National Union Governments.[23] Died in office.[24]
(2nd time)
1954 29 December 1953
29 March 1958 Bech-Bodson CSV, LSAP
Pierre Frieden
CSV 1959 29 March 1958 23 February 1959 Frieden CSV, LSAP
Won 1959 election; died in office.[26]
Pierre Werner
CSV — 2 March 1959 15 July 1964 Werner-Schaus I CSV, DP
— 15 July 1964
3 January 1967 3 January 1967
6 February 1969 Werner-Cravatte CSV, LSAP
(12 November 1964 – 7 October 2000)
— 6 February 1969
19 September 1972 5 July 1971
15 June 1974 Werner-Schaus II CSV, DP
Longest party-era premiership. Went into opposition following 1974 election.[27]
Gaston Egmond Thorn
DP 1974
— 15 June 1974
16 July 1979 Thorn DP, LSAP
First DP premiership. Became Deputy Prime Minister under Werner when CSV returned to government following 1979 election.[28]
CSV 1979
3 March 1980 3 March 1980
22 November 1980 Werner-Thorn CSV, DP
21 December 1982 21 December 1982
20 July 1984 Werner-Flesch
Retired at 1984 election.[29]
Jacques Louis Santer
CSV 1984 20 July 1984 14 July 1989 Santer-Poos I CSV, LSAP
13 July 1994 Santer-Poos II
1994 13 July 1994 26 January 1995 Santer-Poos III
President of the Government until 1989; Prime Minister from 1989. Appointed EC President.[30]
— 26 January 1995
4 February 1998 4 February 1998
7 August 1999 Juncker-Poos CSV, LSAP
1999 7 August 1999 31 July 2004 Juncker-Polfer CSV, DP
(7 October 2000 – present)
2004 31 July 2004 23 July 2009 Juncker-Asselborn I CSV, LSAP
2009 23 July 2009 4 December 2013 Juncker-Asselborn II
Longest uninterrupted party-era premiership. Former President of the Euro Group.
Xavier Bettel
DP 2013 4 December 2013 5 December 2018 Bettel-Schneider DP, LSAP, DG
2018 5 December 2018 incumbent Bettel-Schneider II
Second DP premiership.
List of monarchs of Luxembourg
List of Presidents of the Council of State of Luxembourg
Lists of incumbents
^ Thewes (2003), p.209
^ Thewes (2003), p.21
^ a b Thewes (2003), p.65
^ a b Thewes (2003), p.8
^ a b c Thewes (2003), p.76
^ Weston, Steve (2 March 2003). "Luxembourg Country Commercial Guide FY 2003: Political Environment". Retrieved 28 June 2006. [dead link]
Thewes, Guy (July 2003). Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848 (PDF) (in French) (Édition limitée ed.). Luxembourg City: Service Information et Presse. ISBN 2-87999-118-8. Retrieved 2 August 2006.
"Les gouvernements de 1848 à nos jours" (in French). Service Information et Presse. 31 July 2004. Archived from the original on 8 July 2006. Retrieved 2 August 2006.
Website of the Prime Minister of Luxembourg (in French)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Luxembourg&oldid=903972608"
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(Redirected from Penske-Kranefuss Racing)
Team Penske (formerly Penske Racing) is an American professional motorsports organization which has teams involved in open wheel, stock car, and sports car racing. These teams currently compete in the NTT IndyCar Series, NASCAR Monster Energy Cup and Xfinity Series, IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, and, in partnership with Dick Johnson Racing, the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship. Debuting at the 1966 24 Hours of Daytona,[1] the organization has also competed in various other types of professional racing such as Can Am, Trans Am and Formula One. Altogether, Team Penske has earned over 500 victories in all of auto racing.[2] Team Penske is a division of Penske Corporation, and is owned and chaired by Roger Penske. The team president is Tim Cindric.
Roger Penske
Principal (s)
Tim Cindric
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
Virgin Australia Supercars Championship
Race drivers
IndyCar Series:
2. Josef Newgarden
3. Hélio Castroneves (part-time)
12. Will Power
22. Simon Pagenaud
Monster Energy Cup Series:
2. Brad Keselowski
12. Ryan Blaney
22. Joey Logano
Xfinity Series:
12. Brad Keselowski, Joey Logano, Ryan Blaney, Paul Menard, (part-time)
22. Austin Cindric
Virgin Australia Supercars Championship:
(as DJR Team Penske):
12. Fabian Coulthard
17. Scott McLaughlin
IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship:
6. Dane Cameron
Simon Pagenaud
7. Hélio Castroneves
Ricky Taylor
Verizon, Shell V-Power/Pennzoil, PPG Paints, Menards, DXC Technology, AAA, Hitachi, DeVilbiss, Siemens
2. Discount Tire, AutoTrader.com, Miller Lite, Alliance Truck Parts, Würth, Fitzgerald Glider Kits, SKF, Siemens, Thomas Built Buses
12. Menards (Peak, Pennzoil, Libman, Richmond, Duracell, Sylvania, Knauf Insulation), DEX Imaging, DeVilbiss/Carlisle, PPG, Fleetwood RV/REV Group, Bodyarmor, VF Workwear
22. Shell Pennzoil, AAA, Duralast GT, AutoTrader.com, Siemens
12. Fitzgerald Glider Kits, Mazak, Pirtek, Menards/Mastercraft Doors, Lasik Vision Institute, Wabash National
22. Fitzgerald Glider Kits, Discount Tire, Fleetwood RV/REV Group, Snap-On, Siemens, MoneyLion
Virgin Australia Supercars:
Shell V-Power, PPG Paints, Pirtek, Siemens
IndyCar: Chevrolet
NASCAR: Ford
Supercars: Ford
IMSA DPi: Acura
1968 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)
1972 Winston Western 500 (Riverside)
1997 Kenwood Home & Car Audio 300 (Fontana)
Craftsman Truck Series:
1996 Craftsman 200 (Portland)
ARCA Racing Series:
2000 Flagstar 200 (Michigan)
Latest race
2019 Honda Indy Toronto (Exhibition Place)
2019 Quaker State 400 (Kentucky)
2019 Alsco 300 (Kentucky)
1996 GM Goodwrench/AC Delco 300 (Phoenix)
2016 General Tire#AnywhereIsPossible 200 (Pocono)
Drivers' Championships
USAC: 10
IndyCar Series: 3
Monster Energy Cup Series: 2
Xfinity Series: 1
Craftsman Truck Series: 0
ARCA Racing Series: 0
Indy 500 victories
18 (1972, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2015, 2018, 2019)
Race victories
177 (NASCAR)
Monster Energy Cup Series: 112
Xfinity Series: 65
Former logo used until 2013.
Team Penske No. 2 hauler set for parade down Las Vegas Strip – 2015
IndyCar SeriesEdit
IndyCar HistoryEdit
Will Power's car at the 2010 Indianapolis 500.
Bobby Unser's Penske Indy car.
Roger Penske has been involved with IndyCar racing since 1968, when his team first fielded a stock block-powered Eagle with Mark Donohue. The organization first competed at Indianapolis in 1969, and within three years had become the team to beat, winning the race with Donohue in 1972. In 1978, Penske along with Pat Patrick, Dan Gurney, and several other team owners who had been participating in USAC events involving cars known as Champ Cars and IndyCars formed Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART). As of June 27, 2018, Penske Racing has won the Indianapolis 500 17 times, won the Indianapolis 500 pole position 17 times, as well as 200 open wheel IndyCar wins in USAC, CART and IRL (as of May 19, 2018), 29 of which are in 500-Mile Races and 13 open wheel championships. Penske Racing has 1,463 starts in IndyCar races, 231 pole positions, 71 wins from pole, 47 double wins of which 8 are 1–2–3 finishes from the Pocono race on June 26, 1977, to January 1, 2015.
In 2001, team Penske marked its return to the Indy 500 after a five-year absence due to the open wheel split, after the 1995 PPG IndyCar World Series season. Later, in 2001 Roger Penske announced he would leave CART for the IRL IndyCar Series.
Team Penske currently fields four cars: the No. 2 Verizon Dallara/Chevrolet for Josef Newgarden,[3] the No. 3 Shell Oil Company Dallara/Chevrolet driven by Hélio Castroneves (a part-time entry since 2018 season), the No. 12 Verizon Wireless Dallara/Chevrolet driven by Will Power, and the No. 22 Penske Truck Rental Dallara/Chevrolet driven by Simon Pagenaud. Castroneves has won the Indianapolis 500 three times (2001, 2002 and 2009), as well as other CART and IRL races with Team Penske. Sam Hornish Jr. is the 2006 Indianapolis 500 winner and the (2001, 2002, and 2006) IndyCar Series Champion, with 16 IndyCar Wins. His 2001 and 2002 championships were with Panther Racing, prior to joining Team Penske.
The open-wheel racing portion of Penske Racing had been based in Reading, Pennsylvania since 1973 with the cars, during the Formula One and CART era, being constructed in Poole, Dorset, England as well as being the base for the F1 team.[4][5] On October 31, 2005, Penske Racing announced after the 2006 IRL season, they would consolidate IRL and NASCAR operations at the team's Mooresville North Carolina facility;[6] with the flooding in Pennsylvania in 2006, the team's operations were moved to Mooresville earlier than expected.
Cigarette brand Marlboro had been a sponsor with Team Penske since the 1989 Indianapolis 500, and primary sponsor of all Team Penske IndyCars since 1991. Late in 2005, Team Penske announced that Marlboro would not appear on the cars any longer in accordance with the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement restricting cigarette advertising by name. In 2007, the IndyCar Series cars began to carry "Team Penske" insignia and sponsorship from Mobil 1 (although the cars remained painted in the Marlboro color scheme—in Formula 1 the Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro has a similar set up). For 2009, Verizon Wireless, joined Exxon Mobil as associate sponsors, and the team was billed as Verizon Championship Racing. The third car was driven by Will Power, originally a substitute for Castroneves, carried the No. 12 and featured primary sponsorship of both Verizon Wireless brand and Roger Penske's truck rental business.
In 2010, Phillip Morris USA discontinued their relationship with Team Penske, ending a 19-year partnership. The team subsequently changed their livery to black and white (similar to McLaren when they had a black-silver livery from 1997–2005 reflecting Mercedes-Benz engines and West sponsorship), reflecting Verizon sponsorship. Team Penske became a three-car team for the first time since 1994, with the addition of a full-time team for Power.
Roger Penske announced a switch to Chevrolet powerplants for the 2012 IndyCar Series season.[7] Once again, Penske would dominate the early portion of the season, winning 4 consecutive races, with Castroneves taking the season opener at St. Petersburg, and Power capturing wins at Barber, Long Beach, and São Paulo. Briscoe would have struggles throughout the season, but managed to find victory lane at Sonoma. However, Power would come up short in the championship after a crash at the season finale. Briscoe left the team after 2012 for other opportunities.
In 2014, Will Power took the IndyCar Championship for Team Penske after 3 concurrent runner up finishes in 2010-2012.[8]
The 2015 season started well for Team Penske, Juan Pablo Montoya won the first race of the season, his second win for Penske since he arrived from NASCAR in 2014, with teammates Will Power, Helio Castroneves and Simon Pagenaud (first season with the team) finishing 2nd, 4th and 5th. Power got a win at the Grand Prix of Indianapolis in the 5th race of the season and just 2 weeks later, the Colombian Montoya won Indy 500 leading again teammate Will Power. Juan Pablo Montoya would lose the championship in the final race on a tie-breaker to Scott Dixon.[9]
Team Penske would go on to dominate 2016, filling the top 3 positions in the final standings. Capping the season with a dominating race victory, Simon Pagenaud won his first IndyCar championship, becoming the ninth Penske driver to be crowned champion. Roger Penske's organization claimed its 14th such title and its second in three years (Power won in '14).[10]
1994 PPG IndyCar World SeriesEdit
1994 Penske PC-23 Speedway Oval Package. The car displayed was driven by Al Unser, Jr..
Penske's 1994 IndyCar World Series Championship was one of, if not the most dominating performance from a race team in history of American open wheel racing. Roger Penske had found the key to win but also found a way to run from the competition. The new Penske PC-23 chassis with the Ilmor- Indy V8 engine would power the Penske drivers of Al Unser, Jr., Paul Tracy, and Emerson Fittipaldi. The team racked up 12 wins out of 16 races, collecting 10 poles and 28 podium finishes on their way to the championship. The team also dominated a controversial May at Indianapolis. Penske debuted a radical new Mercedes-Benz engine at Indy, the 500I. This engine used a provision in the rules intended for stock block pushrod engines such as the V-6 Buick engines that allowed an extra 650 cm³ and 10 inches (4.9 psi/33.8 kPa) of boost. This extra power (at least 900 horsepower, and rumored to be in excess of 1000) allowed the Penskes to run significantly faster, giving them the pole and outside front row on the grid for the 78th Indianapolis 500. Al Unser, Jr. and Emerson Fittipaldi dominated the race, eventually lapping the field with 16 laps to go in the 200 lap race when Fittipaldi made contact with the wall coming out of Turn 4, giving Al Unser, Jr. the lead and win. The only driver who finished on the lead lap was rookie Jacques Villeneuve. This one season gave Penske the Driver's Championship with Al Unser, Jr., Constructor's Cup with the Penske PC-23, and Manufacturer's Cup with the Ilmor-Indy V8 engine. (In the 1995 Indy 500 Penske failed to qualify any cars for the race)
Drivers who have raced for Team Penske in American Open-wheel RacingEdit
Penske's No. 3 Dallara-Honda at the 2007 Indianapolis 500
Ryan Briscoe, Hélio Castroneves, and Roger Penske at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for Miller Lite Carb Day in 2009.
Mark Donohue (1968–1975)
David Hobbs (1971)
Gary Bettenhausen (1972–1974)
Gordon Johncock (1972)
Mike Hiss (1972, 1974)
Bobby Allison (1973, 1975)
Tom Sneva (1975–1978)
Mario Andretti (1976–1980)
Rick Mears (1978–1992)
Bobby Unser (1979–1981)
Bill Alsup (1981)
Kevin Cogan (1982)
Al Unser (1983–1989)
Johnny Rutherford (1984) (injury replacement)
Mike Thackwell (1984) (injury replacement)
Danny Sullivan (1985–1990)
Geoff Brabham (1989) (injury replacement)
Emerson Fittipaldi (1990–1996)
Paul Tracy (1991–1994, 1996–1997)
Al Unser, Jr. (1994–1999)
Jan Magnussen (1996) (injury replacement)
André Ribeiro (1998)
Alex Barron (1999, 2003; 2003 as injury replacement)
Gonzalo Rodriguez (1999) (killed at Laguna Seca Raceway)
Tarso Marques (1999) (injury replacement)
Gil de Ferran (2000–2003)
Hélio Castroneves (2000–present)
Max Papis (2002) (injury replacement)
Sam Hornish, Jr. (2004–2007)
Ryan Briscoe (2008–2012)
Will Power (2009–present) (legal replacement, 1 race; two other races in No. 12 in 2009, full-time in 2010 beyond)
A. J. Allmendinger (2013)
Juan Pablo Montoya (2014–2017)
Simon Pagenaud (2015–present)
Oriol Servia (2016) (injury replacement)
Josef Newgarden (2017–present)
Note: This does not include Greg Moore, who in mid-1999 signed a contract with Penske Racing to join the team for the 2000 season. Moore was killed in a crash on Lap 10 of the Marlboro 500 at the Auto Club Speedway in the last race of the 1999 season while in his last race for Forsythe Championship Racing. Castroneves, who had been driving for Hogan Racing, which shut down after the 1999 season, was tapped to fill that seat.
NASCAREdit
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup SeriesEdit
Penske's NASCAR Garage in Mooresville, North Carolina.
Formerly known as Penske Racing, Kranefuss-Penske Racing, Penske Racing South, Penske-Jasper Racing, Penske Championship Racing, and now simply known as Team Penske to conform with Penske's other teams, Penske's NASCAR team made its debut in 1972 at Riverside International Raceway. Mark Donohue was driving a factory-sponsored red-white-blue American Motors Matador. It was dubbed the "flying brick" by many noting its squarish aerodynamics. The car finished 39th after rear end problems. The team ran part-time for a few years, fielding cars for several drivers including Donohue (won the 1973 Western 500 in the #16 Matador), Dave Marcis, Donnie Allison, and Bobby Allison. The team went full-time with Bobby Allison in 1976 with a new, more aerodynamic fastback coupe, finishing 4th in the points. In 1980, the team fielded two races for Rusty Wallace, finishing 2nd in his first race at Atlanta. Penske sold his machinery to the Elliott family in 1977 and got out of NASCAR.[11]
The team did not run for eleven years, returning in 1991 with Wallace at the wheel again, with Rusty moving his Miller beer dollars to the new team from the recently suspended operations of Raymond Beatle's Blue Max Racing team. Early in 2008, Roger Penske and Penske Racing won the 2008 Daytona 500 with Ryan Newman, the first time Penske has won a restrictor plate race, winning with a 1–2 finish.
In 2003, Penske switched from fielding Fords to Dodges. By 2011, however, Penske was the only NASCAR team running Dodges full-time as most of the former Dodge teams had either folded or switched to other brands such as Chevrolet, Ford or Toyota. Owner Roger Penske announced on March 1, 2012 that the team would return to Ford in 2013.[12]
In 2012, with Dodge, Brad Keselowski brought home Penske's first Sprint Cup title.
For the 2016 season Penske Racing South fielded the No. 2 Miller Lite Ford Fusion for Keselowski and the No. 22 Shell/Pennzoil Ford Fusion for Joey Logano. The team also supplies cars to the historic NASCAR team, Wood Brothers Racing, who fields Penske development driver Ryan Blaney on a full-time basis.
In 2014, the team changed their name branding from "Penske Racing" to "Team Penske" to match their IndyCar name.[13]
In 2018, the team fielded the No. 2 Ford Fusion full-time for Brad Keselowski, the No. 22 Ford Fusion full-time for Joey Logano, and the No. 12 Ford Fusion full-time for Ryan Blaney in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, as well as the No. 22 Ford Mustang full-time for part-time drivers Brad Keselowski, Joey Logano, Ryan Blaney, and Paul Menard, and full-time driver Austin Cindric, and the No. 12 Ford Mustang part-time for full-time driver Austin Cindric in the NASCAR Xfinity Series. Cindric split his full time 2018 schedule between the 22 and 12 for Team Penske, and the 60 of Roush Fenway Racing, before being signed by Penske for the full 2019 Xfinity Series season in the No. 22 car. Joey Logano won the Cup Series championship, giving Penske his second Cup title as an owner.
Car No. 06 historyEdit
Sam Hornish, Jr. in the No. 06 at the 2007 Ford 400
In 2004, Penske occasionally ran a fourth car numbered 06, sponsored by Mobil 1. Craftsman Truck Series driver Travis Kvapil attempted four races, failing to qualify at Darlington, with a best finish of 21st at Martinsville. He would replace Brendan Gaughan in the 77 in 2005. Chad Blount also ran the car at Talladega, finishing 41st.
The No. 06 returned in 2007 with Sam Hornish, Jr. in preparation for moving full-time in the 77 the next year. The No. 06 was sponsored by Penske Truck Rental and Mobil 1 Hornish, Jr. attempted eight races, but only qualified for the final two races of the season, with a best finish of 30th at Phoenix.
Car No. 06 ResultsEdit
Chad Blount
DAY CAR LVS ATL DAR BRI TEX MAR TAL CAL RCH CLT DOV POC MCH SON DAY CHI NHA POC IND GLN MCH BRI CAL RCH NHA DOV TAL
41 KAN CLT
Travis Kvapil
32 PHO DAR
DNQ HOM
Sam Hornish Jr.
DAY CAL LVS ATL BRI MAR TEX PHO TAL RCH DAR CLT DOV POC MCH SON NHA DAY CHI IND POC GLN MCH BRI CAL RCH NHA
DNQ DOV
DNQ KAN TAL
DNQ CLT
DNQ MAR
DNQ ATL
DNQ TEX PHO
Car No. 2 historyEdit
See also: Rusty Wallace, Kurt Busch, and Brad Keselowski
Rusty Wallace's black Miller scheme in 1994
The No. 2 car in 2008 with Kurt Busch driving
Origins with Blue Max Racing (1983-1990)
The No. 2 car's history can be traced back to the late 1970s with M. C. Anderson and Benny Parsons. Cale Yarborough drove the 27 Valvoline car in 1981 and 1982 respectively. In 1983, the team switched hands to Raymond Beadle and Blue Max Racing with Tim Richmond driving. The team picked up Rusty Wallace in 1986 and won a Championship in 1989. In 1990, the team barely made it through the season with the help of Roger Penske funding the team to keep going. By late 1990, the team was purchased as a base for Roger's new team. During the offseason, the team changed numbers from 27 to 2 (Wallace's old racing number) and kept the Miller Sponsorship.
Rusty Wallace (1991-2005)
The No. 2 team has not seen many changes since its debut under the Penske banner at the 1991 Daytona 500, where it finished 27th after a crash late in the race. Wallace drove the car from 1991 to 2005, with some form of Miller Beer as the primary sponsor of the team. Wallace moved to Penske from Blue Max Racing, which suspended operations after 1990. The team in its first year won two races and finished 10th in points. In 1992, Wallace won one race and finished 13th in points. Things then turned around for him and Penske, winning 25 races over the next four years, despite never winning the championship.
The team switched from Pontiac to Ford in 1994.[14] The season finale at Atlanta Motor Speedway and the entire 1996 season saw a small change when the popular Miller Genuine Draft paint scheme was replaced with a red, blue and yellow splashed scheme that advertised the Miller brand. After winning five races that season, Wallace donned the blue and white colors of Miller Lite in 1997. After winning one race a piece over the next three years, he put together four wins and won nine Bud poles in 2000, the highest total of his career. In 2002, he failed to win races, marking the first year since 1985 that he was winless throughout a season. After that year, the team switched manufacturers from Ford to Dodge. In 2004, Wallace announced the 2005 season would be his last in the CupSeris, citing his son's racing career and wanting to concentrate on his Busch Series team, Rusty Wallace Racing, for the departure. During that season, Wallace returned to victory lane for the first time since 2001 at Martinsville, one of his historically strong racetracks. Although he would not win a race during his final season, Wallace qualified for the Chase for the Nextel Cup and finished eighth in series points.
Brad Keselowski won the 2012 Sprint Cup Series Championship.
Kurt Busch (2006-2010)
In order to replace the retiring Wallace, Penske tabbed 2004 Nextel Cup Champion Kurt Busch. However, this caused a problem with Busch's then-current team, Roush Racing, as he was still under contract for the 2006 season. The situation was resolved thanks in part to the resolution of another disputed contract with Roush. Roush Racing signed Jamie McMurray to drive their No. 6 car for the 2006 season but his previous team owner, Chip Ganassi, would not let him drive for Roush. Eventually, an agreement was struck where McMurray was released from his team to replace Busch in the No. 97 car (which was then renumbered to 26), therefore freeing up Busch to drive the No. 2 car. He quickly brought the team back to victory lane by winning in his fifth start with the team at Bristol, his only win of 2006. The No. 2 team finished 16th in the season points. Busch won six additional races with the No. 2 car, his last being the 2010 Coca-Cola 600. He qualified for the Chase three times, with a best finish of fourth in the final standings.
Brad Keselowski (2011-present)
In 2011, the No. 2 team swapped numbers with the No. 12 team of Brad Keselowski, which secured Keselowski's run with the No. 2 team's points. Jay Guy was replaced by Nationwide Series crew chief Paul Wolfe as the team's crew chief. The No. 2 team with Keselowski and Wolfe initially struggled for the first half of the season, although they won a fuel-mileage race at Kansas. The team's performance started to improve dramatically after Keselowski injured his leg during a testing crash at Road Atlanta. Keselowski and Wolfe grabbed two more wins at Pocono and at Bristol and rallied to make the 2011 Chase field. However, the final 10 races would be an up and down affair for the team, and they were knocked out of contention after finishing 18th at Phoenix. Nonetheless, Keselowski managed a fifth-place finish in points, a dramatic turnaround from his 2010 performance.
2012 would be Keselowski's breakout season, as he won five races at Bristol, Talladega, Kentucky, Chicagoland, and Dover, with the last two being his first Chase wins. He would ultimately win Team Penske its first Sprint Cup title after a close battle with Jimmie Johnson. This would also be the final year of Dodge in the Cup series.
With Dodge's departure, Team Penske switched back to Ford in the 2013 season. Compared to his 2012 championship run, Keselowski's 2013 season was a step back, as he opened the season with four top fives but struggled with consistency from there and eventually missed the Chase altogether. He would win a single race, at Charlotte in October, and rallied to finish fourteenth in points, the highest rank outside the Chase field (due to the Richmond scandal that resulted in Jeff Gordon getting an additional Chase berth).
Keselowski recovered quickly in 2014, winning the third race of the year at Las Vegas after Dale Earnhardt Jr. ran out of gas on the final lap. He later dominated and won Kentucky to become the first two-time winner at the track, and dominated the July race at Loudon and the September race at Richmond as well, to secure the top seed in the reformatted Chase for the Sprint Cup. Keselowski then won back-to-back for the first time in his career in the first Chase race at Chicagoland, to secure an immediate transfer into the Contender round of the new Chase. After suffering a blown tire at Kansas and tussling with Matt Kenseth and Denny Hamlin at Charlotte, Keselowski went to Talladega needing to win to make the Eliminator round, which he ultimately did after outbattling Ryan Newman on the final lap. However, he suffered a mechanical failure that caused him to wreck at Martinsville, and subsequently tangled with Gordon at Texas, which led to a post-race brawl that became one of the highlights of the season. Keselowski would ultimately be eliminated from the Chase after Phoenix, and finished fifth in the final points, with his six wins being a career high.
Keselowski won his first race of 2015 at California after taking advantage of two late cautions to run down the dominant car of ex-teammate Kurt Busch. This would prove to be the only win of his season, but Keselowski once again advanced to the Eliminator round of the Chase before suffering another wreck at Martinsville, and after leading the majority of the Texas race only to be passed by Jimmie Johnson with six laps to go, Keselowski was once again eliminated from championship contention after Phoenix.
Keselowski got back to his winning ways in 2016, breaking through at Las Vegas for the second time in three seasons. He also scored his third win in the GEICO 500 at Talladega, then found his first Daytona win in the Coke Zero 400, followed by his third career win at Kentucky.
Keselowski got his first win in 2017 after Kevin Harvick had trouble in the pits at Atlanta Motor Speedway. He was leading at Las Vegas when something broke in the car with two to go. He hung on for fifth. He remained consistent, winning the STP 500 for his first Martinsville win. He continued to be consistent until a strange crash early in the Coca-Cola 600, when a piece of metal from Jeffrey Earnhardt pierced Chase Elliott's grill and went into his engine, causing a mass oil leak and fire. Brad slid in the oil, right to Elliott's rear end. Keselowski would go on to make the playoffs for the sixth time in his cup series career and score an additional win in the wreck infested Alabama 500 at the Talladega Superspeedway and have the dominant car at Martinsville before a late race caution and contact with Chase Elliott took him out of contention for the win and he would finish 4th. Keselowski made the final round at Homestead-Miami speedway finished 7th in the race and 4th in the final standings to champion Martin Truex Jr.
In 2018, Keselowski scored three wins in a row at Darlington, Indianapolis, and Las Vegas, but his run at the Playoffs was marred by bad finishes at the Charlotte Roval, Talladega, and Dover, resulting in his elimination from the Round of 12. Keselowski finished the season eighth in points.
Keselowski started the 2019 season with a 12th place finish at the Daytona 500. A week later, he won at Atlanta; this gave him his 60th overall win with Team Penske and the first MENCS win for the new Ford Mustang GT. Keselowski also scored wins at Martinsville and Kansas.
Car No. 2 ResultsEdit
Rusty Wallace
1 NWS
3* POC
27 CAR
1* DOV
2* NWS
28* ATL
1* RCH
1* TAL
2* DAR
1* MAR
1* CLT
1* PHO
1* MCH
1* DAY
3* ATL
16* TAL
36 NWS
15* CLT
33* TEX
6 IND
1* CAR
11* NHA
10* SON
2* GLN
1* BRI
6* LVS
13* MAR
1* CAL
11* KAN
17* CHI
1* IND
1* CHI
1* KAN
1* KEN
31* KEN
17* BRI
1* TEX
7 TAL DOV KAN CLT POC MCH SON CHI DAY KEN NHA POC GLN MCH BRI DAR IND LVS RCH CLT DOV TAL KAN MAR TEX PHO HOM
-*
Main article: Michael Kranefuss
Jeremy Mayfield won 3 races in the 12 car from 1998 to 2001.
Kranefuss-Haas Racing (1994-1997)
The current 12 car started out in 1994 at Michigan as the No. 07 Ford driven by Robby Gordon and owned by German-American businessman and former Ford executive Michael Kranefuss along with Newman/Haas Racing co-principal Carl Haas. The car started and finished 38th after Gordon crashed on lap 70. After another start with Geoff Brabham at the Brickyard 400, the team— known as Kranefuss-Haas Racing— went full-time in 1995 with John Andretti driving the Kmart/Little Caesars-sponsored No. 37 Ford. Andretti won the pole at the Mountain Dew Southern 500 and finished 18th in the points. The team struggled in 1996 and Kranefuss decided to replace Andretti with Jeremy Mayfield in what amounted to a driver swap between Kranefuss-Haas and Cale Yarborough's team as Andretti replaced Mayfield in Yarborough's No. 98. The team picked up co-sponsorship from Royal Crown Cola for the following season and improved to be 13th in the points in 1997, but it was obvious the team wouldn't succeed if it only fielded one team. At the end of the season Kranefuss and Haas dissolved the partnership and the Kmart sponsorship moved over to Travis Carter's team, which became Haas-Carter Motorsports and the Little Caesars sponsorship left the team.
Jeremy Mayfield (1998-2001)
In 1998, Kranefuss and Penske Racing announced a merger, with Mayfield coming aboard to drive the No. 12 Mobil 1-sponsored Ford Taurus as a teammate to Rusty Wallace. The move turned out to be a success, and Mayfield became the next big star. He won the pole at Texas, and at one point in the season, found himself in the points lead. Mayfield won his first race at the 1998 Pocono 500 in June and his breakout year ended with a seventh-place finish in the points. He struggled in 1999 with no wins and an 11th place finish in the standings. In 2000, he won at California and Pocono. Midway through the season, Kranefuss sold his share of the team to Penske. Mayfield then suffered a concussion while practicing for the Brickyard 400. He missed two races recuperating from his injury and finished 24th in points. In 2001, Mayfield posted seven top ten finishes, but was fired following the race at Kansas. Rusty Wallace's younger brother Mike Wallace took over, and came close to winning at Phoenix before settling for second place to Jeff Burton.
Ryan Newman (2002-2008)
Ryan Newman and his Alltel team took over the No. 12 car in 2002, although Mobil 1 stayed on as primary sponsor for several races per season. In his rookie year, Newman waged a spirited battle with Jimmie Johnson for NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors. Newman won The Winston, and the fall event at New Hampshire, as well as six poles. Although he did not win as many races as Johnson (one versus Johnson's three) and finished behind him in the points (sixth place, seven points behind fifth-place Johnson), he finished ahead of Johnson to win the Rookie of the Year honors. After the switch to Dodge in 2003, Newman won eight races and eleven poles, and finished sixth in points.
The No. 12 car in 2007.
In 2004, Newman won twice, earned nine pole positions, qualified for the inaugural Chase for the Nextel Cup, and finished seventh in points. Newman finished 2005 with eight pole positions, but only one win. He qualified for the Chase for the Cup for a second year in a row and ended up sixth in the final standings. He failed to win a race and missed the Chase in both 2006 and 2007. However, he found himself back in the winners circle early in 2008, taking victory in the 50th running of the 2008 Daytona 500 (the No. 2 of Kurt Busch finished second) to open the season, claiming Penske's first Daytona 500 win. Following the Daytona 500, the team struggled and Newman announced during the summer that he would leave to drive the No. 39 Chevrolet for Stewart-Haas Racing.
David Stremme (2009)
The No. 12 car lost its sponsor in 2009 as Cellco Partners, a joint venture of Verizon and Vodafone, closed the deal to purchase Alltel in January 2009, thus voiding the terms of the grandfather clause that allowed the No. 12 car to run with a sponsor that is a direct competitor to that NASCAR series' sponsor, Sprint Corporation. The team announced that they would move the Wireless sponsorship to the IndyCar Series and the NASCAR Nationwide Series and renamed the team to Verizon Championship Racing, a reference to Verizon Wireless' Penske-wide marketing through both its IndyCar and NASCAR sponsorships, complete with its heritage of champions (especially on Vodafone's side, as it was a sponsor of Scuderia Ferrari). Penske hired David Stremme to race the car in a largely unbranded fashion for 2009, but he did not produce results and was fired toward the end of the season.
Brad Keselowski (2009-2010)
Brad Keselowski, who had recently signed with Penske when he was unable to procure a seat at Hendrick Motorsports, took over the car toward the end of the 2009 season. He then ran the No. 12 full-time in 2010 unsponsored, although FloTV and AAA sponsored several races. Keselowski moved to the No. 2 car following the season to replace Kurt Busch, who moved to the new No. 22.
Part time and hiatus (2011-2017)
The No. 12 did not run any races in 2011. In 2012, Sam Hornish Jr. drove the No. 12 at Kansas in April with SKF sponsorship. The No. 12 was also scheduled to run at the October Talladega race with Hornish, but after the termination of A. J. Allmendinger from the No. 22, Hornish replaced him full-time. Hornish's SKF sponsorship was transferred to the No. 22 for this race.
In 2013, Hornish again qualified at Kansas, but crashed out of the race in a multi-car wreck. He attempted the fall Talladega race, but failed to make the race after qualifying was rained out.[15]
With Hornish leaving for Joe Gibbs Racing, the part-time No. 12 was split by various Penske drivers in 2014. SKF sponsored three races, with Ryan Blaney at Kansas in April and Talladega in October, and Juan Pablo Montoya at Michigan in June. Montoya also drove the No. 12 in the Brickyard 400 with sponsorship from Penske Truck Leasing.[16]
Ryan Blaney (2018-present)
In June 2017, Penske implied that Blaney would soon drive a third Ford for Penske Racing. This was later confirmed a month later when they announced that Blaney would drive the No. 12 car in 2018, with Paul Menard replacing him in the No. 21 Wood Brothers Racing car, continuing the technical alliance that the two teams have. Blaney started the 2018 season with a seventh place finish at the Daytona 500 and stayed consistent with five top-fives and eleven top-10s before qualifying in the Playoffs. He scored his first win with Team Penske at the inaugural Charlotte Roval race after Jimmie Johnson and Martin Truex Jr. spun out before the finish line. Following the Kansas race, Blaney was eliminated from the Round of 12 of the Playoffs. He finished the season 10th in points.
Jeremy Mayfield
1* SON
41* POC
41* RCH
29* PHO
Kyle Petty
Tom Hubert
GLN
5* NHA
David Stremme
DAY PHO LVS BRI CAL MAR TEX KAN
19 RCH TAL DAR CLT DOV POC MCH SON KEN DAY NHA IND POC GLN MCH BRI ATL RCH CHI NHA DOV TAL CHA KAN MAR TEX PHO HOM
37 RCH TAL DAR CLT DOV POC MCH SON KEN DAY NHA IND POC GLN MCH BRI ATL RCH CHI NHA DOV KAN CLT TAL
DNQ MAR TEX PHO HOM
DAY PHO LVS BRI CAL MAR TEX DAR RCH TAL KAN
27 CLT DOV POC TAL
22 MAR TEX PHO HOM
23 POC GLN MCH BRI ATL RCH CHI NHA DOV KAN CLT
25 TAL DOV KAN CLT POC MCH SON CHI DAY KEN NHA POC GLN MCH BRI DAR IND LVS RCH CLT DOV TAL KAN MAR TEX PHO HOM
See also: Jasper Motorsports and Joey Logano
Penske's No. 22 team originally began running in the ARCA RE/MAX Series in 2000 as the No. 27 Ford sponsored by Alltel and driven by Ryan Newman.[17] Later in the year, the team made its NASCAR Cup Series debut with Newman at Phoenix as the No. 02 Alltel Ford, finishing 41st due to engine failure. In 2001, Newman split time between ARCA, the NASCAR Busch Series, and the NASCAR Cup Series.[18][19] He drove in 15 Busch races and won at Michigan. In the Cup Series, he participated in seven events, and almost won The Winston Open before his engine expired in the closing laps. He put together two top-five finishes, which included a second-place finish at Kansas, and a pole in his abbreviated schedule.
Sam Hornish, Jr. at Daytona in 2008.
Brendan Gaughan (2004)
In 2004 after Penske merged with Jasper Motorsports. Brendan Gaughan was hired as the driver and the car was renumbered to 77, with Kodak sponsoring. Gaughan had four top-ten finishes and finished 28th in points in his rookie year. Gaughan was fired for lack of performance at the end of the season.
Travis Kvapil (2005)
Gaughan was immediately replaced by Travis Kvapil in 2005. Kodak continued to sponsor the team, though Mobil 1 came on to sponsor one race. Kvapil had two top-tens and finished 33rd in points. The No. 77 team shut down for the next two years due to a lack of sponsorship.
Sam Hornish Jr. (2008-2010)
In late 2007, Penske Racing announced that the No. 77 team would return to racing with Mobil 1 as a sponsor and that Sam Hornish, Jr., one of Penske's IndyCar series drivers, would switch to NASCAR full-time and drive the car in 2008. The team underwent a points swap with Kurt Busch's No. 2 car to guarantee Hornish a spot in the first five races while allowing Busch to qualify automatically if necessary with his Past Champion's Provisional starts.
The team did the same in 2009 as Bill Davis (formerly of Bill Davis Racing) sold the owner points from his No. 22 Toyota to Penske, which guaranteed Hornish a spot in the first five races of the season. Hornish's performance improved enough in this year that the No. 77 ended the year in the top 35 in owner points.
Joey Logano's crew performs a pit stop at Las Vegas Motor Speedway in 2014
Kurt Busch (2011)
With the departure of Mobil 1 to Stewart Haas Racing for the 2011 season, Shell and Pennzoil came over to Penske and sponsored the newly renumbered No. 22 Cup car in 2011 with Kurt Busch (who had previously driven the team's No. 2). The No. 22 shared the Shell sponsorship with Penske's IndyCar driver Hélio Castroneves. The team won two races at Sonoma and Dover and made the Chase, but poor finishes during the Chase left Busch 11th in points. Busch and Penske Racing agreed to mutually part December 5, 2011.[20] though there was strong speculation that he was fired for an incident involving reporter Jerry Punch that was caught on amateur video.
A.J. Allmendinger (2012)
On December 21, 2011, A. J. Allmendinger was announced as the driver for the 2012 season, moving over from Richard Petty Motorsports. He would team up with newly promoted crew chief Todd Gordon after the departure of Steve Addington to Stewart-Haas Racing.[21] Allmendinger got off to a slow start to the season, but took advantage of a late wreck among the leaders to finish second at Martinsville. After he failed a drug test before the July Daytona race, he was removed from the car. Penske Nationwide series driver Sam Hornish, Jr. was named as replacement for the remainder of the season.[22] Hornish challenged for a win at Watkins Glen, and ended up finishing fifth. After failing to record another top-10 finish, Penske removed him from the car at season's end.
Joey Logano (2013-present)
On September 4, 2012, Joey Logano was announced as Hornish's replacement in the No. 22 car in 2013.[23] Logano became the fourth driver of the No. 22 in three years, but had a successful 2013 season, making the Chase, and returned in 2014, becoming the first driver to return to the No. 22 car for more than a single season. Logano won five races in 2014, two more than in his entire previous career, and made the Championship round of the revamped Chase, only to suffer pit road miscues at Homestead that relegated him to fourth in the standings.
Logano then began the 2015 season by winning the Daytona 500. He then won five further races, including repeat wins in the Bristol Night Race and the Kansas Chase race, part of a streak of three wins in a row that allowed him to sweep the Contender round of the 2015 Chase. However, a feud with Matt Kenseth derailed Logano's season when Kenseth wrecked him out of the lead at Martinsville; heavy damage from a blown tire the next week at Texas and his failure to win at Phoenix resulted in Logano's elimination from the Chase.
Logano's 2016 season saw him making it all the way back to Homestead, this time with three wins (Michigan, Talladega, Phoenix) with a shot to win the title. Logano was able to get past a late race incident with Carl Edwards and finished second in the standings behind Jimmie Johnson.
Logano's 2017 run was a disappointment. He won the spring Richmond race, but the victory was encumbered after his car was revealed to have a rear suspension issue during post-race inspection. This was followed by a string of disappointing finishes, which resulted in Logano missing the Playoffs and finishing 17th in the standings.
The 2018 season saw the No. 22 returning to competitive form, winning the spring Talladega race and securing the team in the Playoffs. A win at the fall Martinsville race locked Logano in the Championship 4. Logano won the 2018 Ford EcoBoost 400 and became the 2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Champion.
For the 2019 season, Logano scored wins at the Gander RV Duel 2 at Daytona and at Las Vegas.
DAY CAR LVS ATL DAR BRI TEX MAR TAL CAL RCH CLT DOV MCH POC SON DAY NHA POC IND GLN MCH BRI DAR RCH NHA DOV MAR CLT TAL CAR PHO
41 HOM ATL
DAY CAR LVS
33 ATL DAR BRI TEX MAR TAL CAL RCH CLT
43 DOV MCH
5 POC SON DAY CHI NHA POC IND
31 GLN MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV KAN
19 MAR TAL PHO
40 CAR HOM ATL NHA
Brendan Gaughan
A.J. Allmendinger
20* GLN
7 MCH SON CHI DAY KEN NHA POC GLN MCH BRI DAR IND LVS RCH CLT DOV TAL KAN MAR TEX PHO HOM
1st*
Xfinity SeriesEdit
Penske's first entry in the now Xfinity Series was in 1997, with Cup driver Rusty Wallace at Auto Club Speedway. Wallace started 37th and finished 21st in his Miller Lite Ford.
Car No. 02 / 39 / 48 historyEdit
Penske Racing's next foray into the Busch Series was in 2001. Ryan Newman drove 15 races in the 02 Alltel Ford in preparation for moving up to the NASCAR Cup Series the next year. "Rocket Man" Newman had 6 poles and only two starts outside the top 5. Newman had eight top 10s including a win at Michigan International Speedway, and would finish 28th in points despite running less than half the season.
In 2005, Penske returned to the second-tier series with Ryan Newman. Newman drove an Alltel/Mobil 1/Sony Dodge numbered 39, his sprint car number whose digits coincidentally add up to the number 12 he used in the Cup Series. He ran only 9 of 25 races, but had four poles and six victories. In 2006, Newman and Kurt Busch shared the ride. Busch ran seven races and won twice; Newman's best finish was 2nd in six starts. IndyCar Champion Sam Hornish, Jr. began racing the No. 39 in the last two races of the year, crashing out of both races. Newman also ran a 02 car at Watkins Glen, finishing 41st after an engine failure.
The only race for the 39 in 2007 was at Watkins Glen International, where Kurt Busch started on the pole and finished 3rd.
In 2013, Penske ran a third team part-time, numbered 48. Joey Logano ran the car at Watkins Glen with Discount Tire as the sponsor,[24] starting 3rd and finishing 21st. Ryan Blaney then ran the car at Phoenix with AutoZone, finishing 10th.[25] Brad Keselowski ran the car at Homestead with Discount Tire, winning the race.[26]
The No. 12 Nationwide Series car driven by Sam Hornish Jr. spinning out in 2007.
Justin Allgaier's Verizon Dodge in 2010.
The 12 car debuted in 2007, running 20 total races. Kurt Busch ran 3 races with Penske Truck Rental, with a best finish of 4th at Las Vegas. Sam Hornish Jr. ran 9 races but had no top 10s and four crashes. Ryan Newman ran 8 races with Kodak and Alltel, with a best finish of 3rd at Richmond.
The team returned return on limited basis in 2008, with Hornish driving most of the races early in the season. Hornish attempted 10 races (failing to qualify for two) with fewer DNFs and a best finish of 11th at Darlington. ARCA Champion Justin Allgaier ran four races later in the year, with an 11th-place finish at Phoenix.
Justin Allgaier (2008-2010)
In 2009, Justin Allgaier moved into the car full-time. After Verizon, taking on the sponsorship responsibilities of Alltel, was barred from sponsoring the No. 12 Cup car under terms of the Viceroy Rule – preventing competition with title sponsor Sprint NEXTEL – the company moved their sponsorship to the Nationwide Series.[27] Allgaier was involved in a close rookie battle with Michael McDowell and Scott Lagasse Jr., but eventually won the 2009 Rookie of the Year, scoring 12 top 10s en route to a 6th-place points finish. Allgaier and Verizon returned for 2010. Justin took his first career victory in the fourth race of the season at Bristol Motor Speedway. The team had an impressive 20 top 10s and finished 4th in points.
The No. 12 in the race shop in 2013
Sam Hornish Jr. in the 12 car in 2012.
Due to Verizon's departure from NASCAR for Penske's IndyCar team, the No. 12 team scaled back to a limited schedule in 2011, prompting Allgaier to move to Turner Motorsports. Sam Hornish Jr., recently losing his Cup ride with Penske, took over the car on a limited basis with Alliance Truck Parts sponsoring his effort. Hornish won his first Nationwide Series race at Phoenix, a track where he had had success in IndyCar. Alex Tagliani drove the No. 12 in Montreal with sponsorship from Hot Wheels.
Hornish returned for the full season in 2012, with expanded sponsorship from Alliance Truck Parts. Hornish had arguably his strongest season in stock cars to date after struggles in past Sprint Cup and Nationwide endeavors, scoring 10 top 5s and 22 top 10s en route to a fourth-place points finish.
Hornish returned to the car in 2013, and scored his second NASCAR victory at Las Vegas. He was a strong contender for the drivers' title, earning 4 poles, 16 top 5s and 25 top 10s, but ultimately finished second to Austin Dillon in the final points standings, despite Dillon not winning a race. Hornish was left without a full-time ride, as longtime owner Roger Penske did not have any opportunities for his former champion, though he did say Hornish deserved another opportunity at NASCAR's top level.[28] Sponsors Alliance Truck Parts, WURTH, and Detroit Genuine Parts would move up to sponsor Brad Keselowski's Sprint Cup car in 2014.[29]
Part Time (2014-present)
In 2014, after Hornish left for Joe Gibbs Racing, Team Penske narrowed down their Nationwide Series fleet to one full-time ride – the No. 22 team –leaving the No. 12 as a part-time ride. Ryan Blaney ran four races in the car, with Joey Logano running a single race at Watkins Glen, with sponsorship from Snap-on Tools and Western Star Trucks. Logano would win the pole with a new track record, and go on to win the race.
In 2016, Ryan Blaney drove the No. 12 in May at Charlotte and again in July at Kentucky. Joey Logano then drove the No. 12 at Watkins Glen in August and again at Charlotte in October, winning both races. Snap-On Tools was the primary sponsor for all the races except the October Charlotte race, where PPG Industries was the primary sponsor.
On August 12, 2016, Team Penske announced that the No. 12 would return to full-time competition. However, after sponsorship failed to materialize, the car would be brought out on a limited basis. Logano and Blaney would drive the car during the first half of the season, with Logano winning at Las Vegas and Blaney winning the summer Charlotte race.
Main article: Brad Keselowski
Brad Keselowski won his first Nationwide Championship in 2010.
In 2009, Penske developmental driver Parker Kligerman made his debut at Kansas Speedway, winning the pole, leading 7 laps, and finishing a respectable 16th. Parker also attempted the season finale at Homestead, but failed to qualify, running the No. 42 car instead.
For 2010, Penske Racing ran two full-time Nationwide series cars with Discount Tire and Ruby Tuesday coming on board to sponsor Brad Keselowski in the No. 22. They continued to use Dodge engines, despite Dodge cutting their Nationwide support. On November 6, 2010, Brad Keselowski and the No. 22 Discount Tire/Ruby Tuesday Nationwide team secured the NASCAR Nationwide driver championship by finishing 3rd at Texas Motor Speedway. By holding an insurmountable 465-point lead over Carl Edwards with two races left in the season, the No. 22 team delivered Roger Penske's first NASCAR title of any kind.
For the 2011 season, Penske continued to run the No. 22 full-time with Brad Keselowski. In August, Keselowski suffered a hard crash while testing at Road Atlanta. He was replaced in the No. 22 by Hornish Jr., Kurt Busch, and Parker Kligerman. Formula 1 Champion Jacques Villeneuve drove the No. 22 at the road courses. The No. 22 team scored five wins with Keselowski and another with Busch at Watkins Glen.
Multiple Drivers (2012-2018)
In 2012, Keselowski was scheduled to split the 22 ride, with Parker Kligerman running between 5 and 7 races. However, after only running three races with the team, Kligerman was replaced in both the Nationwide Series and his Camping World Truck Series ride at BKR with fellow up-and-coming driver Ryan Blaney, who ran the standalone oval races.[30] Villeneuve was named to drive at Road America and Montreal for the team.[31]
The No. 22 won the 2013 owner's championship. Pictured is A. J. Allmendinger's winning car at Road America.
In 2013, Brad Keselowski and Ryan Blaney were scheduled to share the No. 22, joined by new Penske driver Joey Logano. In June, former Penske Cup driver A. J. Allmendinger signed on to run two races in the 22, at the road courses Road America and Mid-Ohio.[32] Allmendinger won the pole at Road America,[33] then proceeded to win the race, his first career Nationwide win, after leading 29 laps.[34] Allmendinger then won at Mid-Ohio after starting second and leading 73 of 94 laps.[35] Ryan Blaney then won his first career race at Kentucky Speedway, after leading 96 of the final 100 laps of the race.[36] The team won the Nationwide Owners' Championship on the strength of twelve total race victories among the four drivers. This was the first Nationwide Owners title for Team Penske.[26]
In 2014, the No. 22 car was shared by Joey Logano, Brad Keselowski, Ryan Blaney, and Alex Tagliani in hopes of defending the Nationwide Owners' Championship. Michael McDowell ran the car at Kentucky in September, the fifth driver to run the car in 2014.[37] The No. 22 team beat the No. 54 JGR team once again for the owner's title. They again beat the No. 54 team for the owners title in 2015, before going winless in 2016. In 2017 Brad Keselowski brought the 22 back to victory lane at Pocono after a last lap pass on Kyle Larson. Keselowski won another race at the fall Richmond race and Ryan Blaney won the fall Dover race. The 22 won the owners championship again at Homestead with Sam Hornish Jr. driving the car to a second place finish.
The No. 22 team is known for its competition for the Nationwide Owner's Championship with the equally strong Joe Gibbs Racing and their No. 18 and No. 20 teams.
Austin Cindric (2019)
For the 2019 season, Austin Cindric was announced as the full-time driver of the No. 22 with sponsorship from MoneyLion. On July 11, 2019, crew chief Brian Wilson was suspended for one race after the car scheduled to race at Kentucky was discovered to have an illegal body modification. The L1-level penalty also resulted in a deduction of 10 points for the team and Cindric, and a $10,000 fine.[38]
Parker Kligerman in 2010
In an alliance with K-Automotive Racing (owned by Brad Keselowski's brother Brian), Penske fielded the 26 car in select races in 2010, primarily Car of Tomorrow races. Nineteen-year-old Parker Kligerman debuted in the car at Daytona with Discount Tire, starting on the outside pole and finishing 13th.[39] His next race was Montreal, where he scored a strong 8th-place finish. He then finished 15th at Richmond. At Charlotte in October, Kligerman qualified 8th, but crashed after only 3 laps and finished last.[40] Sam Hornish Jr. ran the season finale in the 26, finishing 21st.
Sports car racingEdit
Team principal(s)
Roger Penske (founder)
Tim Cindric (President)
Former series
Rolex Sports Car Series, United States Road Racing Championship, Can-Am, Trans-Am series, American Le Mans Series
Dane Cameron
Helio Castroneves
Drivers'
7 ('06, '07, '08 ALMS, '72, '73 Can-Am, '67, '68 USRRC)
Trans-Am SeriesEdit
Penske first fielded a blue Sunoco 1967 Chevrolet Camaro driven by Mark Donohue in this series designed for Pony cars like the Ford Mustang. Penske-entered Camaros won the series championship in 1968 and 1969. Later they [41] switched to a red/white/blue American Motors backed 1970 AMC Javelin, and later the restyled 1971 AMC Javelin AMX which had an aerodynamic tail spoiler and other features suggested by Donohue. American Motors won the Over 2.5 liter title in 1971, after which Penske withdrew from the championship. Penske Racing also had an alliance with pioneer Trans-Am team, Jocko's Racing which won the 1976 Trans-Am Series championship in a Penske-leased car.
Can-Am SeriesEdit
Penske Racing entered a Lola T70 in the 1966 Can-Am Series for Mark Donohue, resulting in one win at Mosport. In 1967, Penske Racing entered two Lolas, one for Mark Donohue and one for George Follmer. 1968 saw Penske switch to a McLaren M6, which had won the series in 1967. Donohue won one race that year in Can-Am at Bridgehampton. With the McLaren domination of the Can-Am, Penske switched back to Lola Cars for his 1969 Can-Am efforts, but only entered the car in one race at Mid-Ohio.
From 1972 to 1974, Penske was Porsche's official partner in the CanAm Series. In late 1971, Penske and Mark Donohue helped to develop the tubocharged version of the Porsche 917. George Follmer won the series in 1972, and Donohue dominated CanAm in 1973 with the ultimate evolution of the 917, the 917/30. The rules were changed for 1974, and Penske raced only once this year.
Porsche 917/30, in Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen Museum
Endurance racingEdit
A Lola T70 Mk IIIb entered by Penske was the surprise winner of the 1969 24 Hours of Daytona.
During the 1970 season the competition between the 5-liter sportscars of Porsche and Ferrari turned to the advantage of the Porsche 917. In 1971, Ferrari decided to give up any official effort with the 5-liter Ferrari 512. In order to prepare the 1972 season, the new works prototype Ferrari 312PB was presented and engaged by the factory in several races.
Roger Penske bought a used 512 M chassis that was totally dismantled and rebuilt. The car was specially tuned for long races receiving many unique features, among them were a large rear wing and an aviation inspired quick refueling system. The engine was tuned by CanAm V8 specialist Traco, and was probably able to deliver more than 600 hp (450 kW). As of today it's unknown to what extent Penske's initiative was backed by Ferrari works. This 512M was painted in a blue and yellow livery and was sponsored by Sunoco and the Californian Ferrari dealer Kirk F. White. The car made the pole position for the 1971 24 Hours of Daytona and finished second despite an accident. For the 12 Hours of Sebring the "Sunoco" made the pole again but finished the race at the sixth position after making contact with Pedro Rodrigez's 917. Despite this misfortune the car had proved to be a serious opponent for the 917. Not only this car was the fastest on track in Daytona and Sebring but it was also the car that had the shortest refueling time.
The presence of the 512 M "Sunoco" forced Porsche to pursue his effort of research and development on the 917: The 917K short tail was modified, and the 917 LH aerodynamics received further improvements. New Magnesium chassis were developed. An entirely new car, the 917/20 was built as test-bed for future CanAm parts and aerodynamic "low-drag" concepts.
In Le Mans the "Sunoco" Ferrari was unable to break the 200 mph (320 km/h) barrier on the straight while the Porsche 917 LH were lightning quick at speeds of over 240 mph (380 km/h). Mark Donohue qualified fourth anyway, which was obviously the result of an aerodynamic configuration that favored downforce over drag, which helped in the twistier sections. The car did not have much luck in the race though.
American Le Mans SeriesEdit
Both of Penske's RS Spyders at the 2007 Generac 500 where they scored an overall victory.
In April 2005, it was announced that Porsche would build an Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) sanctioned LMP2 Class Prototype that would be entered by Penske Racing in the American Le Mans Series. The Porsche RS Spyder made its successful debut at the ALMS season final race at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. The "Porsche Junioren" factory drivers Sascha Maassen and Lucas Luhr finished 1st in LMP2 Class and 5th Overall in the 4–Hour Endurance Race. The livery of Penske Racing American Le Mans Series team was inspired by Jordan EJ12's DHL Formula 1 livery driven by Giancarlo Fisichella and Takuma Sato.
In 2006, Penske Motorsports fielded two LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder in the American Le Mans Series, but did not run the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans in June. The Penske cars combined to win seven class victories and the overall win at Mid-Ohio. Penske Racing won the LMP2 team championship. Drivers Sascha Maassen and Lucas Luhr tied for first place in the driver's championship, while Timo Bernhard finished fifth, Romain Dumas finished sixth, and Emmanuel Collard finished tenth.
2006 team lineup:
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder No. 6: Sascha Maassen, Lucas Luhr (with Emmanuel Collard for endurance events)
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder No. 7: Timo Bernhard, Romain Dumas (with Patrick Long for endurance events)
In 2007, Penske Motorsports fielded two LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder Evo in the American Le Mans Series. Penske Motorsports for the 2nd year in a row did not compete in 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans in June. Penske's two cars combined for eleven class victories and eight overall victories during the twelve race season. Penske won the LMP2 team championship, and team drivers Romain Dumas and Timo Bernhard finished tied for first in the LMP2 driver's championship, while Sascha Maassen and Ryan Briscoe tied for third place.
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder No. 6: Sascha Maassen, Ryan Briscoe (with Emmanuel Collard for endurance events)
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder No. 7: Timo Bernhard, Romain Dumas (with Hélio Castroneves (Sebring only) and Patrick Long (Road Atlanta only) for endurance events)
Penske started out their 2008 season with an overall win in the 12 Hours of Sebring. This was Porsche's first overall win in the race since 1988 in a Porsche 962.
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder No. 5: Hélio Castroneves, Ryan Briscoe (Road Atlanta and Laguna Seca only)
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder No. 6: Sascha Maassen, Patrick Long
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder No. 7: Timo Bernhard, Romain Dumas (with Emmanuel Collard for endurance events)
In 2009, the No. 6 and No. 7 ALMS teams were used for Penske's No. 12 Indycar, driven by Will Power in five races. The team announced in late 2009 that the ALMS teams would be dissolved and turned into the new No. 12 Verizon sponsored Indycar for Will Power to run full-time in 2010.
IMSAEdit
In 2017, it was announced that Penske Racing would make a comeback to sportscar racing in IMSA's WeatherTech SportsCar Championship for the 2018 season. They will run 2 Acura ARX-05 DPis in the prototype (P) class. They ran the last race of 2017, the Petit Le Mans using the Oreca 07 LMP2 that the Acura DPi is based off, placing third.
2018 line-up:
No. 6 Acura ARX-05: Juan Pablo Montoya, Dane Cameron (full season), Simon Pagenaud (endurance)
no. 7 Acura ARX-05: Hélio Castroneves, Ricky Taylor (full season), Graham Rahal (endurance)
Formula OneEdit
A Penske PC3 being raced in a Historic Grand Prix at the Lime Rock Park circuit in 2009.
Penske entered the Formula One World Championship from 1974 to 1976. Although the cars were built at the British base in Poole,[42] the team held an American licence.[43] In 1971, Penske had sponsored the second McLaren entry in the 1971 Canadian and US GP, entering Mark Donohue, who took the car to a podium finish. The team returned three years later, in the 1974 Canadian GP, with their own chassis, the PC1, a standard tub built around a Cosworth DFV engine and a Hewland gearbox. Donohue took the car to 12th place on its debut. In 1975, Roger Penske mounted a full season attack with the PC1, Donohue managing to score a fifth place in the Swedish GP. However, the car was retired after the French GP and Penske entered a March 751 for the next three races, scoring another fifth in the British GP. However, Donohue crashed the car in the final practice session of the 1975 Austrian Grand Prix at Spielberg and later died from his injuries. Penske missed the Italian race, returning only for the US GP, abandoning the March 751 in favor of the PC1 with Northern Irish driver John Watson.
For 1976, Penske signed a sponsorship deal with Citibank and entered a brand new PC3 for Watson. In spite of a fifth place scored at the South African Grand Prix at Kyalami, the PC3 was evolved into the PC4, which was much more competitive, allowing Watson to score two podiums in France and Britain. Then, in the Austrian Grand Prix, the team scored their only F1 win, "forcing" John Watson to shave his trademark beard. So far this has been the last time an American constructor won a F1 race.[44][45] Still, Roger Penske was tired of Europe and at the end of the year decided to concentrate solely on Indycar racing, selling the remains of his European operations to Günther Schmidt of Germany.
For 1977, the car was entered by Schmidt's ATS Wheels business and run under the name of ATS Racing Team. The ATS-Penske PC4, now painted yellow, debuted in the 1977 United States Grand Prix West with Jean-Pierre Jarier at the wheel, where the Frenchman scored the team's single point of the season. A second PC4 was eventually entered for Hans Heyer (who famously started the 1977 German Grand Prix despite failing to qualify) and Hans Binder (3 races) but the team's fortunes sunk and Schmidt quit after the Italian GP, before returning in 1978 with his own chassis. A third PC4 was built by Penske for Interscope Racing, who entered the car in the United States and Canadian Grands Prix, driven by American Danny Ongais with no results.
In 1979 Penske designed and built the HR100 for wealthy Mexican 'gentleman driver' Héctor Rebaque. The car was entered for the final three races of the season, but either failed to qualify or to finish in each case.
Supercars ChampionshipEdit
Main article: DJR Team Penske
In 2015, Team Penske entered the Australian V8 Supercars Championship, having purchased a 51% stake in Dick Johnson Racing in September 2014. The team is known as DJR Team Penske.[46] The team raced a single Ford Falcon FG X in 2015, initially with Marcos Ambrose driving car No. 17[47] and Scott Pye as a co-driver in the Endurance Cup. Following the Australian Grand Prix support race, Ambrose requested to step aside from driving to let Scott Pye become the main driver from Round 2 at Symmons Plains onwards. Ambrose then became the endurance co-driver in the Endurance Cup.[48]
In October 2015, DJR Team Penske announced a return to a two-car team in 2016 with Fabian Coulthard to drive car No. 12 and Scott Pye in car No. 17.[49] Roger Penske later confirmed that Ambrose elected not to continue as a co-driver in 2016.[50]
For the 2017 season, Scott McLaughlin joined the team and became the new driver for the No. 17 Ford Falcon FG X Supercar.[51] DJR Team Penske took out the 2017 Teams Championship, and in the following year Scott McLaughlin took out the 2018 Drivers Championship in the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship.
Indianapolis 500 statisticsEdit
Penske Racing has the most Indianapolis 500 victories of any team in auto-racing history with 18 victories. In 1972, Penske driver Gary Bettenhausen led the most laps but lost an engine with 24 laps to go. His teammate Mark Donohue led the waning laps en route to Penske's first Indianapolis 500 victory. In 1979, Penske driver Bobby Unser led the most laps of the Indianapolis 500 while teammate Rick Mears won the race, from the pole.
Penske's next 500 victory was one of the most controversial finishes in IndyCar history. Penske driver Unser won the pole position and led the most of the final 100 laps. On lap 140, Bobby Unser and former Penske driver Mario Andretti came out of the pits. Unser passed 11 cars under a yellow flag while Andretti passed 2 cars. Unser won the race, but was stripped of the victory the next morning in favor of Andretti. After a lengthy appeal, Unser was reinstated the victory and was instead fined $40,000 ($104,000 in today's money). Unser retired from racing after the season was over in the fall-out of the controversy.
Penske's next Indy 500 win was with Rick Mears in 1984. Mears and former Penske driver Tom Sneva battled for the lead in the final 100 laps but after Sneva dropped out with a broken CV joint, Mears led the final 40 laps unchallenged to win by 2-laps ahead of the field. The next year, first-year Penske driver Danny Sullivan led the final 61 laps en route to his first Indianapolis 500 victory after winning a 4-lap shootout with Mario Andretti. In 1987, Penske driver Danny Ongais got taken out of the race due to injuries and former Penske driver Al Unser was tabbed as a temporary replacement. Unser won the race.
1988 was one of the most dominating performances by Penske Racing in the history of the Indianapolis 500. Penske's team members, Sullivan, Unser and Mears qualified in the front row and proceeded to lead 192 of the race's 200 laps, 91 by Sullivan, 89 by Mears, and 12 by Unser. Mears won the race. In 1991, Mears won an 18-lap duel with Michael Andretti to win his 4th Indianapolis 500. Emerson Fittipaldi won the 500 in 1993 but angered American fans by drinking orange juice instead of the traditional milk.
In 1994, the Penske team, consisting of Al Unser Jr., Paul Tracy and Emerson Fittipaldi led 193 of the race's 200 laps, thanks to a new engine invented by Penske that went up to 1000 horsepower. The engine was later banned, which resulted in Penske Racing not qualifying a single car in the 1995 Indianapolis 500.
Due to the open-wheel split, Penske did not field a car at the Indianapolis 500 from 1996-2000. In 2001, Penske Racing crossed a picket-line by fielding the team in the 500, consisting of rookie Hélio Castroneves and Gil de Ferran. The duo proceeded to lead the most laps, en route to the victory, giving Penske Racing a 1-2 finish, the first time in the team's history. In a post-race interview, Roger Penske said that after the heartbreak in 1995, the win was the biggest of all his Indy 500 wins.
In 2002, Castroneves barely beat Paul Tracy to win his second consecutive Indy 500. Controversy overshadowed the race when video tapes appeared to have shown that Tracy was ahead of Castroneves at the moment of a final-lap caution. After a lengthy appeal, Castroneves' win was upheld on July 2. In 2003, Gil de Ferran won his first 500 and then retired when the season was over. Penske Racing has since proceeded to win the 500 in 2006, 2009, 2015, 2018, and 2019.
Penske Racing MuseumEdit
Penske and Dallara Indy cars on display at the Penske Racing Museum in Scottsdale, Arizona.
Opened in 2002, the Penske Racing Museum in Scottsdale, Arizona, is located within a complex of Penske Automotive Group car dealerships at the Scottsdale 101 Auto Collection. The two-story, 9,000-square-foot (840 m2) museum houses approximately 20 historically significant Penske Racing cars, along with trophies, artwork, engines and other memorabilia dating from Penske Racing's earliest origins up to the present day. Displays are rotated on a regular basis, but the museum focuses primarily on the team's successes in the Indy 500 and NASCAR, with lesser emphasis on F1 and sports car racing.
Racing resultsEdit
USAC Championship Car resultsEdit
(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
HAN1 LVG PHX1 TRE1 INDY MIL1 MOS LAN1 PIP CDR NAZ IRP LAN2 MTR SPR MIL2 DQSF ISF TRE2 SAC MIC
PHX2 RIV
Eagle 68 Offy 159 tc
Mark Donohue 12 6 4 21
PHX1 HAN INDY MIL1 LAN PIP CDR NAZ TRE1 IRP MIL2 SPR DDIS DQSF ISF BRN TRE2 SAC KEN PHX2 RIV
Lola T152 4WD Offy 159 tc
Mark Donohue 66 7 DNQ 7 4 16 21
PHX1 SON TRE1 INDY MIL1 LAN CDR MIC IRP SPR MIL2 ONT DQSF ISF SED TRE2 SAC PHX2
Lola T154 Chevy V8
Mark Donohue 68 25 2
Ford DOHC tc 2 30
RAF PHX1 TRE1 INDY MIL1 POC MIC MIL2 ONT TRE2 PHX2
Lola T153 Ford DOHC tc
Mark Donohue 68 6 19
David Hobbs 20
McLaren M16A Offy 159 tc
Mark Donohue 66 25 1 1 18 6 16
PHX TRE INDY MIL MIC POC MIL ONT TRE PHX
McLaren M16A/B Offy 159 tc
Gary Bettenhausen 7 4 1 14 3 24 19
Gordon Johncock 22
Mark Donohue 66 17 19 1 2 2 16
Mike Hiss 2
TXS TRE INDY MIL POC MIC MIL ONT MIC TRE TXS PHX
McLaren M16C Offy Drake tc
Gary Bettenhausen 5 2 6 17 5 3 27 24 20 2 19 2 8 24 1
Eagle 72 Offy 159 tc 6
Bobby Allison 12 32
Mark Donohue 66 15 17 29
McLaren M16B
Al Loquasto (R) 86 DNQ
ONT PHX1 TRE1 INDY MIL1 POC MIC1 MIL2 MIC2 TRE2 TRE3 PHX2
Gary Bettenhausen 8 11 20 DNQ 32 2 31
Eagle 72 Offy 159 tc 14
ONT PHX1 TRE1 INDY MIL1 POC MIC1 MIL2 MIC2 TRE2 PHX2
McLaren M16C/D Offy Drake tc
Bobby Allison 16 6 32 25 27 17
Tom Sneva 68 9 6 7 6 22 29 2 3 1 13 2
PHX1 TRE1 INDY MIL1 POC MIC1 TXS1 TRE2 MIL2 ONT MIC2 TXS2 PHX2
Mario Andretti 6 8 5
Tom Sneva 17 3 6 13 7 6 16 3 13 26 5
ONT1 PHX1 TXS1 TRE INDY MIL1 POC MOS MIC1 TXS2 MIL2 ONT2 MIC2 PHX2
McLaren M24 Cosworth DFX
Tom Sneva 8 14 16 1 10 2 2 1 3 18
Penske PC5/77 4 5 3 10 17
McLaren M24
Mario Andretti 9 DNQ 16 26 2 4 4
Penske PC5/77 20
PHX1 ONT1 TXS1 TRE1 INDY MOS MIL1 POC MIC1 ATL TXS2 MIL2 ONT2 MIC2 TRE2 SIL BRH PHX2
Penske PC-6/78 Cosworth DFX
Tom Sneva 1 22 2 2 3 2 4 15 3 2 8 5 15 23 2 3 3 2 16
Mario Andretti 7 DNS 15 5 13 12 23 DNS 20 1 7
Mike Hiss Rpl1
Rick Mears 5 2 1 22 1 9 2 9 2 1
George Snider DNS
Source[52]
1 Mike Hiss was hired by Penske to qualify Mario Andretti's #7 car for the 1978 Indianapolis 500 while Andretti was racing in Formula One; Andretti would then drive the car on race-day.
Complete PPG CART Indycar World Series/CART FedEx Championship Series resultsEdit
(key)
Pts Pos
PHX ATL INDY TRT MCH WGL TRT ONT MCH ATL PHX
Penske PC-6/7 Cosworth DFX
Rick Mears 9 2 5 2 1 5 7 4 5 2 1 2 3 1 3 1st 4,060
Penske PC-7
Bobby Unser 12 5 7 4 5 1 1 19 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2nd 3,820
Bill Alsup (R) 68 DNQ 15th 400
Mario Andretti 99 3 DNQ 11th 700
ONT INDY MIL POC MDO MCH WGL MIL ONT MCH MXC PHX
Rick Mears 1 21 5 5 12 9 4 2 2 3 3 1 7 4th 2,866
Bobby Unser 11 23 19 1 1 15 2 1 3 1 2 2 DNQ 2nd 3,714
Mario Andretti 12 20 17 1 2 16th 580
Tom Gloy 61 6 5 9 14th 680
PHX MIL ATL MCH RIV MIL MCH WGL MXC PHX
Penske PC-9B Cosworth DFX
Bobby Unser 3 2 21 13 6 16 9 3 7 17 15* 2 7th 99
Rick Mears 6 4 1 1* 3 1* 2 1 1 1 8 1st 304
Bill Alsup 7 8 8 4 3 11 4 5 17 2nd 175
PHX ATL MIL CLE MCH MIL POC RIV ROA MCH PHX
Penske PC-10 Cosworth DFX
Rick Mears 1 1* 1* 3 4 15* 12* 1* 1* 5 25 2 1st 294
Kevin Cogan 4 3 18 5 10* 14 5 2 10 25 22 4 6th 136
ATL INDY MIL CLE MCH ROA POC RIV MDO MCH CPL LAG PHX
Penske PC-11/10B Cosworth DFX
Rick Mears 1 8* 3 7 4 17 3 19 9 1* 13 21 17 6th 92
Al Unser 7 2 2 2 1* 2 3 11 11 4 5 4 11 4 1st 151
LBH PHX INDY MIL POR MEA CLE MCH ROA POC MDO SAN MCH PHX LAG CPL
Penske PC-12
March 84C Cosworth DFX
Al Unser 1 22 21 5 27 8 10 30 3 8 8 13 4 17 6 14 9th 76
Rick Mears 6 21 18 1* 2 10 10 4 3 4 2 5* DNQ 4th 110
March 84C
Johnny Rutherford 5 14* 11 22nd 20
Mike Thackwell 18 20 40th 0
LBH INDY MIL POR MEA CLE MCH ROA POC MDO SAN MCH LAG PHX MIA
Danny Sullivan 4 3 4 27 18 27 14 13 5 2 5 8 8 4 1 4th 126
Rick Mears 1 21 10th 51
5 3 30 1 2
Al Unser 5 4 3 3 7 27 13* 2 1* 4 1st 151
11 4 2* 3 12
PHX LBH INDY MIL POR MEA CLE TOR MCH POC MDO SAN MCH ROA LAG PHX MIA
March 86C Chevrolet 265A
Cosworth DFX
Rick Mears 1 19 3 16 4 8 12 8 17 8 3 20 8th 89
Penske PC-15 20 19 18 17 3
March 86C 4 3*
Danny Sullivan 4 11 11 11 1 1* 2 25 16 3* 5 12 6 2 2 3rd 147
Penske PC-15 26
March 86C 1 9
Chevrolet 265A
Al Unser 11 14 20 15 41st 0
Penske PC-15 18 22
LBH PHX INDY MIL POR MEA CLE TOR MCH POC ROA MDO NAZ LAG MIA
Penske PC-16 Chevrolet 265A
Danny Sullivan 3 22 11 11 11 9th 87
March 86C 13 20 4 2 4 17 5 3 22 2 12
Rick Mears 8 9 20 21 3 18 7 5th 102
March 86C 23 10 21 1* 9 4 3 3 5
Danny Ongais 25 Inj 42nd 0
Al Unser 1 13th 39
Penske PC-16 Chevrolet 265A 9 DNQ
PHX LBH INDY MIL POR CLE TOR MEA MCH POC MDO ROA NAZ LAG MIA
Rick Mears 5 22 8 1 1 6 23 6 3 13 23 3 12 7 5 2 4th 129
Danny Sullivan 9 23 13 23* 2 1 3 2 4 1 18 5 4 1 1 5 1st 182
Al Unser 1 3 19th 23
PHX LBH INDY MIL DET POR CLE MEA TOR MCH POC MDO ROA NAZ LAG
Danny Sullivan 1 3 8 28 10 24 8 3* 23 1 5 1 3 14 7th 107
Geoff Brabham 14 39th 0
Al Unser 10 16th 14
Rick Mears 4 1 5 23 1 5 8 5 4 5 7 2 6 3 2 1 2nd 186
PHX LBH INDY MIL DET POR CLE MEA TOR MCH DEN VAN MDO ROA NAZ LAG
Emerson Fittipaldi 1 5 2 3 3 7 9 3 6 20 17 18 6 12 2 1 6 5th 144
Rick Mears 2 1 6 5 2 4 5 8 2 12 14 7 4 7 3 2 4 3rd 168
Danny Sullivan 7 6 3 32 8 14 4 1 14 4 21 2 2 5 16 18 1 6th 139
SFR LBH PHX INDY MIL DET POR CLE MEA TOR MCH DEN VAN MDO ROA NAZ LAG
Rick Mears 3 3 4 5 1 15 5 6 17 3 20 1 8 6 6 15 15 5 4th 145
Emerson Fittipaldi 5 19 17 3 11 8 1 2 2 7 21 20 2 17 2 6 8 4 5th 140
Paul Tracy (R) 17 21 7 25 21st 6
SFR PHX LBH INDY DET POR MIL NHA TOR MCH CLE ROA VAN MDO NAZ LAG
Penske PC-21 Chevrolet 265B
Emerson Fittipaldi 5 1 3 3 24 8 2 4 21 19 13 1* 1* 19 1 7 19 4th 151
Al Unser 4 12 16th 15
Rick Mears 2 8 6 26 7 16 4 16 13th 47
Paul Tracy 16 21 19 17 23 16 12th 59
Penske PC-20 Chevrolet 265A 7 4 20 2 2 3
SFR PHX LBH INDY MIL DET POR CLE TOR MCH NHA ROA VAN MDO NAZ LAG
Penske PC-22 Chevrolet 265C
Emerson Fittipaldi 4 2 14 13 1 3 23 1 2 2 13 3 5 7 1 5 2 2nd 183
Paul Tracy 12 21 16 1 30 20 9 3 1 1 19 2 1 13 25 3 1 3rd 157
SFR PHX LBH INDY MIL DET POR CLE TOR MCH MDO NHA VAN ROA NAZ LAG
Penske PC-23 Ilmor 265D
Emerson Fittipaldi 2 2 1* 21 2 2 2 20 3 10 3 3* 9 3 3 4 2nd 178
Mercedes-Benz 500I 17*
Ilmor 265D
Paul Tracy 3 16 23 20 3 1 3 3 5 16 2* 2 20 18* 1* 1* 3rd 152
Mercedes-Benz 500I 23
Al Unser, Jr. 31 14 2 1* 1* 10* 1* 1* 29 8 1 1 1 2 2 20 1st 225
Mercedes-Benz 500I 1
MIA SFR PHX LBH NAZ INDY MIL DET POR ROA TOR CLE MCH MDO NHA VAN LAG
Penske PC-24 Mercedes-Benz IC108B
Al Unser, Jr. 1 15 6 8 1* 13 DNQ 2* 5 1* 28 26 18 2 1 3 1* 6 2nd 161
Lola T95/00 11 DNQ
Reynard 94i 21 DNQ
Emerson Fittipaldi 2 24 18 3* 20 1 DNQ 23 10 21 15 10 25 5 21 5 7 16 11th 67
Lola T95/00 9 DNQ
Penske PC-23 89 DNQ
MIA RIO SFR LBH NAZ 500 MIL DET POR CLE TOR MCH MDO ROA VAN LAG
Penske PC-25 Mercedes-Benz IC108C
Al Unser, Jr. 2 8 2 9 3 3 8 2* 22 4 4 13 4 13 10* 5 16 4th 125
Paul Tracy 3 23* 19 22 4 5 7 3 17 27 9 5 DNS 12 18 29 13th 60
Jan Magnussen (R) 14 24th 5
MIA SFR LBH NAZ RIO GAT MIL DET POR CLE TOR MCH MDO ROA VAN LAG FON
Penske PC-26 Mercedes-Benz IC108D
Al Unser, Jr. 2 27 27 4 3 7 18 20 8 25 4 20 20 22 7 5 11 22 13th 67
Paul Tracy 3 2 19* 7 1* 1 1 6 Wth 7 7 10 4 27 28 28 26 26 5th 121
MIA MOT LBH NAZ RIO GAT MIL DET POR CLE TOR MCH MDO ROA VAN LAG HOU SFR FON
Penske PC-27 Mercedes-Benz IC108E
Al Unser, Jr. 2 22 2 29 15 16 19 3 24 5 17 17 22 6 27 5 6 7 22 27 11th 72
Andre Ribeiro 3 17 9 22 DNS 22 20 18 16 15 22 23 28 10 25 7 14 17 13 28 22nd 13
MIA MOT LBH NAZ RIO GAT MIL POR CLE ROA TOR MCH DET MDO CHI VAN LAG HOU SRF FON
Penske PC-27B Mercedes-Benz IC108E
Al Unser, Jr. 2 26 24 12 13 15 22 7 21st 26
Lola B99/00 12 19 16 5 9 9 15 25 25 25 Wth
Penske PC-27B
Tarso Marques (R) 14 25 28th 4
Lola B99/00 24
Alex Barron 18 24 27th 4
Lola B99/00
Gonzalo Rodríguez (R) 12 DNS† 33rd 1
MIA LBH RIO MOT NAZ MIL DET POR CLE TOR MCH CHI MDO ROA VAN LAG GAT HOU SRF FON
Reynard 2Ki Honda HR-0
Gil de Ferran 2 6* 7* 17 9 1 12 9 1 14 6 18 3 2 25 5 2 8 3* 23 3 1st 168
Hélio Castroneves 3 25 2 24 13 16 16 1 7* 21 16 5* 21 1* 9 20 1* 9 5 6 9 7th 129
MTY LBH TEX NAZ MOT MIL DET POR CLE TOR MCH CHI MDO ROA VAN LAU ROC HOU LAG SRF FON
Reynard 01i Honda HR-1
Gil de Ferran 1 2 3 C1 23 13 7 6 13 4 14* 24 3 2 5 2 8 1* 1* 3* 4 6 1st 199
Hélio Castroneves 3 8 1* C1 11 2* 26 1* 17 12 19 8 7* 1* 7* 18 12 4 5 6 20 22 4th 141
† Gonzalo Rodríguez was killed during qualifying for the Laguna Seca race.
1 The Firestone Firehawk 600 was canceled after qualifying due to excessive g-forces on the drivers.
Complete IRL IndyCar Series resultsEdit
PHX HMS ATL INDY TXS PPIR RIR KAN NSH KTY GAT CHI TXS
Dallara IR-01 Oldsmobile Aurora V8
Gil de Ferran 66 24 2 28th 46
Hélio Castroneves 68 18 1* 24th 64
HMS PHX FON NAZ INDY TXS PPIR RIR KAN NSH MCH KTY GAT CHI TXS
Dallara IR-02 Chevrolet Indy V8
Hélio Castroneves 3 3 1 5 5 1 4 2 17 3 9 6 5 2* 4 2* 2nd 511
Gil de Ferran 6 2 2 4 3* 10 16 1* 2* 5 2 5 21 1 23 3rd 443
Max Papis 21 43rd 16
HMS PHX MOT INDY TXS PPIR RIR KAN NSH MCH GAT KTY NAZ CHI FON TXS
Dallara IR-03
G-Force GF09 Toyota Indy V8
Hélio Castroneves 3 3 2 22 2 7 12 2 2 3 17 1* 5 1* 20 6 13 3rd 484
Gil de Ferran 6 2* 14 1 8 3 3 3* 1 7 3 9 4 12 15 1* 2nd 489
Alex Barron 17 17th 216
HMS PHX MOT INDY TXS RIR KAN NSH MIL MCH KTY PPIR NAZ CHI FON TXS
Dallara IR-04 Toyota Indy V8
Hélio Castroneves 3 2* 6 3 9 12 3 7 3 12 10 12 6 5* 10 7* 1* 4th 446
Sam Hornish, Jr. 6 1 15 19 26 4 11 8 2 3 4 14 18 11 6 4 17 7th 387
HMS PHX STP MOT INDY TXS RIR KAN NSH MIL MCH KTY PPIR SNM CHI WGL FON
Hélio Castroneves 3 5 2 20 11 9 5 1* 8 5 16 21 5 4 21 2 12 9 6th 440
Sam Hornish, Jr. 6 2 1 15 7 23* 2 18 12 2 1* 5 7 2* 17 3 7 5 3rd 512
HMS STP MOT INDY WGL TXS RIR KAN NSH MIL MCH KTY SNM CHI
Dallara IR-05 Honda HI6R V8
Hélio Castroneves 3 2 1* 1* 25 7 1 10 6 5 14 1 3 5 4 3rd 473
Sam Hornish, Jr. 6 3* 8 4 1 12 4 1* 1* 14 2 19 1 9 3 1st 475
HMS STP MOT KAN INDY MIL TXS IOW RIR WGL NSH MDO MCH KTY SNM DET CHI
Hélio Castroneves 3 9 1* 7 3 3 16* 16 8 11 18 6 3* 17 9 2 14 4 6th 446
Sam Hornish, Jr. 6 3 7 5 6 4 9 1* 14 15 2 4 14 9 18 5 12 3* 5th 465
HMS STP MOT LBH KAN INDY MIL TXS IOW RIR WGL NSH MDO EDM KTY SNM DET CHI SRF1
Hélio Castroneves 3 4 2 2 4 4 5 2* 14* 2 16 3 2 2* 2 1* 2 1* 7 2nd 629
Ryan Briscoe 6 19 23 9 7 23 1 3 7 15 12* 23 1* 6 7 2 9 3 1 5th 447
STP LBH KAN INDY MIL TXS IOW RIR WGL TOR EDM KTY MDO SNM CHI MOT HMS
Hélio Castroneves 3 7 2 1 11 1 7 17 4 18 2 4 12 18 20 10 5 4th 433
Will Power 6 19th 215
12 2 5 3 1* 9 DNS
Ryan Briscoe 6 1 13 4 15 2* 2* 2* 19 2 2 4 1 2 2 1* 18 2* 3rd 604
SAO STP ALA LBH KAN INDY TXS IOW WGL TOR EDM MDO SNM CHI KTY MOT HMS
Hélio Castroneves 3 9 4 1 7 4 9 20 2 9 24 10 3 5 6 1 1* 5 4th 531
Ryan Briscoe 6 14 3 6 8 6 24 1* 4 2 18 4 6 4 11* 24 4 4 5th 482
Will Power 12 1 1* 4 3 12 8 14 5 1* 1 2* 2 1* 16 8 3 25 2nd 597
STP ALA LBH SAO INDY TXS MIL IOW TOR EDM MDO NHM SNM BAL MOT KTY LSV
Hélio Castroneves 3 20 7 12 21 17 10 4 9 7 17 2 19 17 2 17 22 29 C2 11th 312
Ryan Briscoe 6 18 21 2* 3 27 6 3 11 6 7 10 16 8 3 14 20 8 C2 6th 364
Will Power 12 2 1* 10 1* 14 3 1* 4 21 24* 1* 14 5 1* 1* 2 19 C2 2nd 555
STP ALA LBH SAO INDY DET TEX MIL IOW TOR EDM MDO SNM BAL FON
Dallara DW12 Chevrolet IndyCar V6t
Ryan Briscoe 2 5 14 7 25 5 16 3 14 18 19 8 7 1 2 17 6th 370
Hélio Castroneves 3 1 3 13 4 10 17 7 6 6* 6 1 16 6 10 5 4th 431
Will Power 12 7 1 1 1* 28 4 8 12 23 15 3 2* 2* 6* 24 2nd 465
STP ALA LBH SAO INDY DET TXS MIL IOW POC TOR MDO SNM BAL HOU FON
A. J. Allmendinger 2 19 23 7 25 25 16 27th 79
Hélio Castroneves 3 2 3 10 13 6 5 8 1* 2 8 8 6 2 6 7 9 18 23 6 2nd 550
Will Power 12 16 5 16 24 19 8 20 7 3 17 4 15* 18 4 1 18* 12 1* 1* 4th 498
STP LBH ALA IMS INDY DET TXS HOU POC IOW TOR MDO MIL SNM FON
Juan Pablo Montoya 2 15 4 21 16 5 12 13 3 2 7 1 16 18 19 11 2 5 4* 4th 586
Hélio Castroneves 3 3 11 19 3 2 5* 1* 8 9 21* 2 8 2 12* 19 11 18 14 2nd 609
Will Power 12 1* 2 5 8 8 1 2 2* 14 11 10 14 10 3 6 1* 10* 9 1st 671
STP NOL LBH ALA IMS INDY DET TXS TOR FON MIL IOW MDO POC SNM
Will Power 1 2* 7 20 4 1* 2 4 18 13 4* 19* 22 10 14 4 7 3rd 493
Juan Pablo Montoya 2 1 5* 3 14 3 1 10 10* 4 7 4 4 24 11 3 6 2nd 556
Hélio Castroneves 3 4 2 2 15 6 7 6 19 3 3 23 2 11 15 16 15 5th 453
Simon Pagenaud 22 5 20 4 9 25 10 3 14 11 11 9 9 14 3 7 16 11th 384
STP PHX LBH ALA IMS INDY DET ROA IOW TOR MDO POC TXS WGL SNM
Juan Pablo Montoya 2 1 9 4 5 8 33 3 20 7 20 20 11 8 9 13 3 8th 433
Hélio Castroneves 3 4 11 3* 7 2 11 5 14 5 13 2 15 19 5 3 7 3rd 504
Will Power 12 DNS 3 7 4 19 10 20 1 1* 2 1 2 1 8 20 20 2nd 532
Oriol Servià 18 24th 72
Simon Pagenaud 22 2* 2 1 1* 1* 19 13* 2* 13 4 9 1 18 4 7 1* 1st 659
STP LBH ALA PHX IMS INDY DET TEX ROA IOW TOR MDO POC GAT WGL SNM
Simon Pagenaud 1 2 5 3 1* 4 14 16 5 3 4 7 5 4 4 3 9 1* 2nd 629
Josef Newgarden 2 8 3 1 9 11 19 4 2 13 2 6 1* 1* 2 1* 18 2 1st 642
Hélio Castroneves 3 6 9 4 4 5 2 7 9 20 3 1* 8 7 7 4 4 5 4th 598
Will Power 12 19 13 14* 2 1* 23 18 3 1* 5 4 21 2 1 20 6 3 5th 562
Juan Pablo Montoya 22 10 6 24th 93
STP PHX LBH ALA IMS INDY DET TEX ROA IOW TOR MDO POC GAT POR SNM
Josef Newgarden 1 7 1 7 1* 11 8 9 15 13 1* 4* 9 4 5 7 10 8 5th 560
Hélio Castroneves 3 6 27 32nd 40
Will Power 12 10 22* 2 21 1* 1 7 2 18 23 6 18 3 2 1 21 3 3rd 582
Simon Pagenaud 22 13 10 24 9 8 6 17 10 2 7 8 2 8 8 4 6 4 6th 492
STP COTA ALA LBH IMS INDY DET TEX ROA TOR IOW MDO POC GAT POR LAG
Josef Newgarden 2 1* 2 4 2 15 4 1* 19 1 3 4 1st* 434*
Hélio Castroneves 3 21 18 27th* 33*
Will Power 12 3 24* 11 7 7 5 18 3 9 2 18 5th* 306*
Simon Pagenaud 22 7 19 9 6 1 1* 6 17 6 9 1* 3rd* 395*
* Season still in progress
^ Non-points-paying, exhibition race.
^ The final race at Las Vegas was canceled due to Dan Wheldon's death.
Complete Formula One World Championship resultsEdit
Main article: Penske Grand Prix results
(italics indicates non-works entries; bold indicates championships won)
Formula One results
Penske-White Racing McLaren M19A Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G
David Hobbs N/A
1972 – 1973: Team Penske did not compete.
Penske Cars Penske PC1 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 66
Mark Donohue 0 -
Penske Cars Penske PC1
March 751 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 28
John Watson 2 12th
Citibank Team Penske Penske PC3
Penske PC4 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 28
John Watson 20 5th
F&S Properties Penske PC3 39
Boy Hayje
ATS Racing Team Penske PC4 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 33 / 35
Hans Binder
Jean-Pierre Jarier
Hans Heyer 1 12th
Interscope Racing 14
Danny Ongais
Team Championship and Major WinsEdit
IndyCar championsEdit
Tom Sneva 2 McLaren M24
Penske PC-5 Cosworth Goodyear
Tom Sneva (2) 0 Penske PC-6 Cosworth Goodyear
Rick Mears 3 Penske PC-7
Rick Mears (2) 6 Penske PC-9B Cosworth Goodyear
Rick Mears (3) 4 Penske PC-10 Cosworth Goodyear
Al Unser 1 Penske PC-11 Cosworth Goodyear
Al Unser (2) 1 March 85C Cosworth Goodyear
Danny Sullivan 4 Penske PC-17 Chevrolet A Goodyear
Al Unser, Jr. 8 Penske PC-23 Ilmor, Mercedes-Benz Goodyear
Gil de Ferran 2 Reynard 2KI Honda HR-0 Firestone
Gil de Ferran (2) 2 Reynard 01i Honda HR-1 Firestone
Sam Hornish Jr. 4 Dallara IR-05 Honda HI6R Firestone
Will Power 3 Dallara DW12 Chevrolet IndyCar V6t Firestone
Simon Pagenaud 5 Dallara DW12 Chevrolet IndyCar V6t Firestone
Josef Newgarden 4 Dallara DW12 Chevrolet IndyCar V6t Firestone
Indianapolis 500 victoriesEdit
Mark Donohue McLaren M16B Offenhauser Goodyear
Rick Mears Penske PC-6 Cosworth Goodyear
Bobby Unser Penske PC-9B Cosworth Goodyear
Rick Mears (2) March 84C Cosworth Goodyear
Danny Sullivan March 85C Cosworth Goodyear
Al Unser March 86C Cosworth Goodyear
Rick Mears (3) Penske PC-17 Chevrolet A Goodyear
Emerson Fittipaldi Penske PC-22 Chevrolet C Goodyear
Al Unser, Jr. Penske PC-23 Mercedes-Benz 500I Goodyear
Hélio Castroneves Dallara IR-01 Oldsmobile Aurora V8 Firestone
Hélio Castroneves (2) Dallara IR-02 Chevrolet Indy V8 Firestone
Gil de Ferran G-Force GF09 Toyota Indy V8 Firestone
Sam Hornish Jr. Dallara IR-05 Honda HI6R Firestone
Hélio Castroneves (3) Dallara IR-05 Honda HI9R Firestone
Juan Pablo Montoya Dallara DW12 Chevrolet IndyCar V6t Firestone
Will Power Dallara DW12 Chevrolet IndyCar V6t Firestone
Simon Pagenaud Dallara DW12 Chevrolet IndyCar V6t Firestone
NASCAR Cup Series ChampionsEdit
Brad Keselowski 5 Dodge Charger Dodge Goodyear
Joey Logano 3 Ford Fusion Ford Goodyear
NASCAR Xfinity Series ChampionEdit
Brad Keselowski 6 Dodge Charger/Challenger Dodge Goodyear
Daytona 500 victoriesEdit
Ryan Newman Dodge Charger Dodge Goodyear
Joey Logano Ford Fusion Ford Goodyear
Supercars ChampionEdit
Scott McLaughlin 9 Ford Falcon Ford Dunlop
^ Team Penske - Year by Year Highlights, www.teampenske.com Retrieved 8 January 2015
^ "Keselowski delivers Team Penske's 500th win". racer.com. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
^ "Penske signs Newgarden to replace Montoya". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
^ "Motorsports Hall of Fame of America and Museum:Roger Penske". Mshf.com. December 15, 2011. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ "Constructors: Penske Racing". Grandprix.com. March 10, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ Cavin, Curt. "Motor Sports | Indianapolis Star". indystar.com. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ "Chevy, Penske explain new partnership". Racer.com. November 12, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ "Will Power wins his first IndyCar championship". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
^ Martin, Bruce. "IndyCar: Team Penske coming to terms with championship loss". FOX Sports. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
^ "Simon Pagenaud, Chevrolet win finale, Verizon IndyCar Series Championship for Team Penske". Autoweek. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
^ "Bill's Driving 'em Bananas". CNN. July 22, 1985.
^ Joe Menzer, NASCAR.COM (August 7, 2012). "Dodge pulling out of NASCAR at season's end – Aug 7, 2012". Nascar.Com. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ Owens, Jeff (January 9, 2014). "Penske changes name of team to Team Penske". Sporting News. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
^ Siano, Joseph (January 2, 1994). "AUTO RACING; Hey, Rusty Wallace and Roger Penske, Have You Driven a Ford Lately?". The New York Times.
^ "Talladega Qualifying and Starting Lineup". Jayski's Silly Season Site. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
^ Ryan, Nate (April 30, 2014). "Juan Pablo Montoya returning to NASCAR at Indy, Michigan". USA Today. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
^ Penske Racing South (July 19, 2000). "ALLTEL Corporation Teams Up With Penske Racing South: Ryan Newman to Run Selected ARCA Events". PR Newswire. Mooresville, North Carolina. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
^ Radebaugh (October 14, 2000). "Ryan Newman dominates at Charlotte". Concord, North Carolina: motorsport.com. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
^ Rodman, Dave (October 10, 2000). "Penske buys Kranefuss' share". Mooresville, North Carolina: motorsport.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
^ "Penske Racing, Kurt Busch Mutually Agree to Separation". Penske Racing. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ "Allmendinger to Drive Shell-Pennzoil Dodge in 2012". Penske Racing. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
^ Gelston, Dan. "NASCAR: Penske dumps Allmendinger after drug test » Sports » Goshen News, Goshen, IN". Goshennews.com. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ Newton, David (September 6, 2012). "Joey Logano joins Penske Racing". ESPN.com. ESPN Inc. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
^ Gluck, Jeff (July 31, 2013). "Why will Joey Logano drive No. 48 car at Watkins Glen?". USA Today. USA Today. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
^ "Blaney Driving The No. 48 AutoZone Ford In Nationwide Series". ryanblaney.com. ryanblaney.com. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
^ a b Spencer, Reid (November 16, 2013). "AUSTIN DILLON CLAIMS TITLE; KESELOWSKI TAKES WIN". nascar.com. Homestead, Florida: NASCAR. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
^ "Wheels & Deals: Verizon To Sponsor Penske Nationwide Entry". Sports Business Daily. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
^ Long, Mark (November 17, 2013). "Roger Penske says maybe he started Sam Hornish Jr.'s career going 'backwards'". Autoweek. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
^ Broomberg, Nick (January 22, 2014). "Additions of Wurth and Alliance round out 2014 sponsorship for Brad Keselowski". Yahoo! Sports. Yahoo!. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ Moody, Dave (July 17, 2012). "Blaney Replaces Kligerman in Penske Nationwide Entry". godfathermotorsports.com. godfathermotorsports.com. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ Penske Racing (May 17, 2012). "Penske Racing names Villeneuve for Road America and Montreal events". motorsport.com. Mooresville, North Carolina: motorsport.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ Penske Racing (June 1, 2013). "AJ Allmendinger to race in NNS events at Road America and Mid-Ohio for Penske Racing". motorsport.com. Mooresville, North Carolina: motorsport.com. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ Staff Report (June 22, 2013). "ALLMENDINGER WINS COORS LIGHT POLE AT ROAD AMERICA". NASCAR.com. Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin: NASCAR. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ Staff Report (June 22, 2013). "ALLMENDINGER WINS AT ROAD AMERICA". NASCAR.com. Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin: NASCAR. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ Vincent, Amanda (August 18, 2013). "Allmendinger dominates Mid-Ohio to earn the victory". motorsport.com. motorsport.com. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ Vincent, Amanda (September 22, 2013). "Ryan Blaney scores his first NNS win at Kentucky". motorsport.com. motorsport.com. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ NASCAR Wire Service (September 18, 2014). "Familiar faces Hornish and McDowell return to action with owner points title implications". motorsport.com. motorsport.com. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ "No. 22 Xfinity Series team issued L1 penalty; crew chief escorted from garage". NASCAR.com. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. July 11, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
^ Penske Racing (July 3, 2010). "Daytona II: Parker Kligerman race report". motorsport.com. Daytona Beach, Florida: motorsport.com. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
^ Dodge Motorsports (October 17, 2010). "Charlotte II: Dodge teams race quotes". motorsport.com. motorsport.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
^ javelinamx.com Archived July 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Case History". Corktree.tripod.com. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
^ "1974 United States Grand Prix Entry list".
^ "Penske 'anxious' to see how Haas F1 fares". March 14, 2016.
^ Though American-owned, Shadow achieved a victory at the 1977 Austrian Grand Prix having raced with a British licence.
^ "DJR Penske clarifies ownership, key staff". Speedcafe. September 15, 2014.
^ "Penske confirms 2015 V8 Supercar entry". Speedcafe. September 15, 2014.
^ "Ambrose to take a back seat in Tasmania". V8 Supercars. March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
^ "Fabian Coulthard signs with DJR Team Penske in expanded two-car lineup for 2016 V8 Supercars season". October 13, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
^ Bartholomaeus, Stefan (November 8, 2015). "Ambrose elects against enduro return for 2016". Speedcafe. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
^ Fogarty, Mark (2016-06-25). "V8 Supercars: Scott McLaughlin to join DJR Team Penske". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
^ "Champcar complete: Penske". Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penske Racing.
IndyCar Team Page
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Team_Penske&oldid=906623812"
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Tulsa Oilers (baseball)
For the minor league ice hockey team, see Tulsa Oilers.
The Tulsa Oilers, located in Tulsa, Oklahoma, were a minor league baseball team that existed on-and-off in multiple leagues from 1905 to 1976. For most of their history, they played at Oiler Park, which opened on July 11, 1934, and was located on the Tulsa County Fairgrounds at 15th Street and Sandusky Avenue.[1][2]
(1905–1908, 1910, 1914, 1919–1929, 1932–1942, 1946–1976)
Team logo Cap insignia
Class-level
Triple-A (1966–1976)
Minor league affiliations
American Association (1969–1976)
Previous leagues
Pacific Coast League (1966–1968)
Texas League (1933–1942, 1946–1965)
Western League (1919–1929, 1932)
Western Association (1910, 1914)
Oklahoma–Kansas League (1908)
Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League (1907)
South Central League (1906)
Missouri Valley League (1905)
Major league affiliations
St. Louis Cardinals (1959–1976)
Philadelphia Phillies (1957–1958)
Chicago Cubs (1956)
Cleveland Indians (1955)
Cincinnati Reds (1948–1954)
Chicago Cubs (1940–1942, 1946–1947)
Pittsburgh Pirates (1932)
Minor league titles
Dixie Series titles (1)
League titles (15)
Team data
Previous parks
Oiler Park (1934–1976)
Fairgrounds Park (1932–1934)
McNulty Park (1919–1929)
others (1905–1917)[1]
In 1905, the Oilers were part of the Missouri Valley League. They finished 44 and 58 under manager Charley Shafft. The Missouri Valley League folded after 1905, and the Oilers became a charter member of the South Central League.
Under managers Frank Smith and Bill Rupp, the Oilers finished the 1906 season with a 45 and 42 record. The League folded, and the Oilers played in the Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League in 1907. They finished with a 37 and 60 record, under Hall of Fame manager Jake Beckley. The Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League saw two teams leave, so in 1908 the Oilers played in the Oklahoma–Kansas League, which was just the aforementioned Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League minus a couple teams. They finished with the second best record in the league – 69 and 55 under managers Harry B. "Deacon" White and Stu McBirney. The league folded after only one year of existence as well.
The Tulsa Oilers did not organize in 1909. However, in 1910, they played in the Western Association. On July 22, the Tulsa Oilers team disbanded.
From 1911 to 1913, the Tulsa Oilers were not involved in organized baseball. However, in 1914 they rejoined the Western Association, leading the league with a 74 and 49 record under manager Howard Price. Even after such an impressive season, the Oilers disbanded again, and baseball would not be played under that name until 1919. (Until 1917 Tulsa had a team in the Western Association called the Tulsa Producers.[2][3])
Western LeagueEdit
In 1919, the Oilers joined the Western League, where they played from 1919 until 1929, and in 1932. Their performance during those years can be seen in the following chart.[4]
1919 Western League A 77-63 2nd Spencer Abbott League Champs
1920 Western League A 92-61 1st Spencer Abbott none League Champs
1921 Western League A 65-103 8th Jimmy Burke / Bill Clymer none
1922 Western League A 103-64 1st Jack Lelivelt none League Champs
1923 Western League A 101-67 2nd Jack Lelivelt none
1924 Western League A 98-69 3rd Jack Lelivelt none
1925 Western League A 75-91 7th Lyman Lamb / Marty Berghammer none
1926 Western League A 86-78 4th Marty Berghammer none
1927 Western League A 101-53 1st Marty Berghammer none League Champs
1928 Western League A 96-69 2nd Marty Berghammer League Champs
1929 Western League A 95-66 1st Marty Berghammer / Nick Allen none League Champs
1932 Western League A 98-48 1st Art Griggs League Champs
From 1922 to 1924, Oilers star Lyman Lamb hit 68, 71 and 100 doubles, respectively – the latter of which is a minor league record.
In 1930, McNulty Park was declared unsuitable by the city. The team opted to move Topeka, Kansas for a spell while plans for a replacement were drawn up. In 1930 and 1931, they were known as the Topeka Senators. They returned to Tulsa in 1932, temporarily playing at Fairgrounds Park.
Although 1932 was the Oilers' final season in the Western League, it was also the first season in which they were actually affiliated with a Major League team – the Pittsburgh Pirates. That affiliation lasted that year only, however. The 1932 Oilers were recognized as number 83 on Minor League Baseball's list of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time.[5]
Texas LeagueEdit
From 1933 to 1942, the Oilers played in the Texas League. From 1940 to 1942, they were affiliated with the Chicago Cubs. The Texas League was shut down from 1943 to 1945 due to World War II, but when it started up again in 1946, the Oilers again played in the league until 1965. In 1946 and 1947, they were affiliated with the Cubs, but in 1948 they became affiliated with the Cincinnati Reds. They stayed affiliated with the Reds until 1954. In 1955, they were a Cleveland Indians affiliate; in 1956, they were again a Cubs affiliate. From 1957 to 1958, they were a Philadelphia Phillies affiliate. For the rest of their existence, they were a St. Louis Cardinals affiliate.
In their second year in the Texas League, the Oilers got a new home, Texas League Park. However, it was not well maintained over the years; its dilapidated condition was obvious as early as the 1950s. In 1961, the team was nearly moved to Albuquerque partly due to the stadium's poor state of repair, but A. Ray Smith bought out the previous owner and heavily renovated the park, renaming it Oiler Park.[6] The following shows the Oilers' performance during their years in the Texas League:[4]
1933 Texas League A 65-86 6th Art Griggs
1934 Texas League A 77-75 5th Jake Atz
1935 Texas League A 82-79 4th Art Griggs Lost in 1st round
1936 Texas League A1 80-74 3rd Marty McManus League Champs
1937 Texas League A1 89-69 2nd Bruce Connatser Lost in 1st round
1938 Texas League A1 86-75 4th Bruce Connatser Lost in 1st round
1939 Texas League A1 78-82 6th Bruce Connatser / Stanley Schino
1940 Texas League A1 76-82 5th Roy Johnson
1941 Texas League A1 86-66 2nd Roy Johnson Lost League Finals
1946 Texas League AA 84-69 4th Gus Mancuso Lost in 1st round
1948 Texas League AA 93-63 2nd Al Vincent Lost League Finals
1949 Texas League AA 90-64 2nd Al Vincent League Champs
1950 Texas League AA 83-69 3rd Al Vincent Lost League Finals
1951 Texas League AA 67-94 7th Al Vincent
1952 Texas League AA 78-83 6th Joe Schultz
1953 Texas League AA 83-71 2nd Joe Schultz Lost League Finals
1955 Texas League AA 86-75 5th Dutch Meyer / Hank Schenz
1956 Texas League AA 77-77 4th Al Widmar Lost in 1st round
1958 Texas League AA 71-81 7th Al Widmar (45-54) / Jim Fanning (26-27)
1959 Texas League AA 77-67 3rd Vern Benson Lost in 1st round
1960 Texas League AA 76-68 3rd Vern Benson League Champs
1961 Texas League AA 83-55 2nd Whitey Kurowski Lost in 1st round
1962 Texas League AA 77-63 2nd Whitey Kurowski League Champs
1963 Texas League AA 74-66 3rd Grover Resinger League Champs
1964 Texas League AA 79-61 2nd Grover Resinger Lost League Finals
1965 Texas League AA 81-60 1st Vern Rapp Lost League Finals
AAA yearsEdit
In 1966, the Oilers moved up to AAA baseball as part of the Pacific Coast League. In their first year, they won the Eastern Division, then lost the championship series to the Seattle Angels, 4 games to 3. The following year, future Hall of Famer Warren Spahn took over as manager; he would ultimately become the winningest manager in Oilers history.[7] After a poor 1967 season, in 1968 the Oilers had one of their best seasons ever, winning the Eastern Division, then winning the PCL championship series 4 games to 1 over the Spokane Indians.[8] Oiler outfielder Jim Hicks was named MVP of the PCL.[9]
1966 Pacific Coast League AAA 85-62 1st Charlie Metro Lost League Playoff
1967 Pacific Coast League AAA 65-79 11th Warren Spahn
1968 Pacific Coast League AAA 95-53 1st Warren Spahn League Champs
During their final eight years of existence, the Oilers were members of the American Association. They won the league championship twice. In 1973, the Oilers led the West Division, then won the league playoff 4 games to 3 over the Iowa Oaks. The Oilers went on to play in the 1973 Junior World Series, where they lost 4 games to 1 to the Pawtucket Red Sox.[10] The Oilers repeated as league champions in 1974, again winning the West Division and then beating the Indianapolis Indians 4 games to 3. (There was no Junior World Series that year.) The following chart lists their performance during their final eight years of existence:[4]
1969 American Association AAA 79-61 2nd Warren Spahn none
1970 American Association AAA 70-70 5th Warren Spahn
1971 American Association AAA 64-76 7th Warren Spahn / Gary Geiger
1972 American Association AAA 78-62 3rd Jack Krol
1973 American Association AAA 68-67 3rd Jack Krol League Champs
1974 American Association AAA 76-58 2nd Ken Boyer League Champs
1975 American Association AAA 73-63 3rd Ken Boyer
1976 American Association AAA 65-70 5th Ken Boyer
Through their many years of existence, the Oilers had had many big names both play for and manage the team. Jake Beckley, Gus Weyhing, Deacon White, Gus Mancuso, Marty McManus, Whitey Kurowski, Warren Spahn and Ken Boyer all managed for the team at one point or another. Steve Carlton, Mike Torrez, Ted Simmons, Nelson Briles, Jerry Reuss, Keith Hernandez, Bob Forsch, Dal Maxvill and Mike Easler all played for the team.
By the end of the 1976 season, the Oilers were again faced with the deteriorating condition of Oiler Park. Smith had poured significant resources into keeping the park at something approaching Triple-A standards. However, it was obvious that the park was nearing the end of its useful life. When Smith was unable to get commitments for a new park, or at least further public or private funding for badly-needed upgrades to Oiler Park, he moved the team to New Orleans after the 1976 season. For one year they were the New Orleans Pelicans, then moved on to Springfield, Illinois, and in 1982 to Louisville, Kentucky, where the team set minor league attendance records[6] and is now called the Louisville Bats.
Tulsa was not without baseball for long, however; shortly after the Oilers announced they were leaving town, the Lafayette Drillers of the Texas League moved to Tulsa as the Tulsa Drillers. The Drillers have been a mainstay of the Texas League ever since; they played at Oiler Park from 1977 to 1980 until Robert B. Sutton Stadium, later Tulsa County Stadium and then Drillers Stadium, opened in 1981. They now play at ONEOK Field.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tulsa Oilers (baseball).
^ a b Tulsa's Pro Baseball Homes, Tulsa World, April 4, 2010.
^ a b Wayne McCombs, Baseball in Tulsa (Charleston, South Carolina:Arcadia Publishing, 2003), ISBN 0-7385-2332-1, pp. 13, 26.
^ "Western Association". Baseball-Reference.com. 2008-07-31. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
^ a b c "Tulsa Oilers – BR Bullpen". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
^ "83. 1932 Tulsa Oilers". MiLB.com. 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
^ a b "Ex-baseball owner Smith dies", Tulsa World, June 29, 1999.
^ "Warren Spahn: 1921–2003: The greatest lefty", Tulsa World, November 25, 2003.
^ John A. Ferguson, "Spahn's '68 Oilers Wore Their PCL Colors Proudly", Tulsa World, May 2, 1993.
^ Pacific Coast League Most Valuable Players at Baseball-Reference.com.
^ 1973 Junior World Series at Baseball-Reference.com.
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Vowel
(Redirected from Vowel backness)
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IPA: Vowels
ɨ
ʉ
ɯ
Near-close
ɪ
ʏ
ɨ̞
ʉ̞
ɯ̞
ʊ
ɘ
ɵ
ɤ
e̞
ø̞
ɤ̞
o̞
ɛ
ɜ
ɞ
ʌ
ɔ
Near-open
ɐ
ɶ
ɒ̈
ɑ
ɒ
IPA help
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract[1]. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (length). They are usually voiced, and are closely involved in prosodic variation such as tone, intonation and stress.
The word vowel comes from the Latin word vocalis, meaning "vocal" (i.e. relating to the voice).[2] In English, the word vowel is commonly used to refer both to vowel sounds and to the written symbols that represent them.[3]
DefinitionEdit
There are two complementary definitions of vowel, one phonetic and the other phonological.
In the phonetic definition, a vowel is a sound, such as the English "ah" /ɑː/ or "oh" /oʊ/, produced with an open vocal tract; it is median (the air escapes along the middle of the tongue), oral (at least some of the airflow must escape through the mouth), frictionless and continuant.[4] There is no significant build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as the English "sh" [ʃ], which have a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract.
In the phonological definition, a vowel is defined as syllabic, the sound that forms the peak of a syllable.[5] A phonetically equivalent but non-syllabic sound is a semivowel. In oral languages, phonetic vowels normally form the peak (nucleus) of many or all syllables, whereas consonants form the onset and (in languages that have them) coda. Some languages allow other sounds to form the nucleus of a syllable, such as the syllabic (i.e., vocalic) l in the English word table [ˈtʰeɪ.bl̩] (when not considered to have a weak vowel sound: [ˈtʰeɪ.bəl]) or the syllabic r in the Serbo-Croatian word vrt [ʋr̩̂t] "garden".
The phonetic definition of "vowel" (i.e. a sound produced with no constriction in the vocal tract) does not always match the phonological definition (i.e. a sound that forms the peak of a syllable).[6] The approximants [j] and [w] illustrate this: both are without much of a constriction in the vocal tract (so phonetically they seem to be vowel-like), but they occur at the onset of syllables (e.g. in "yet" and "wet") which suggests that phonologically they are consonants. A similar debate arises over whether a word like bird in a rhotic dialect has an r-colored vowel /ɝ/ or a syllabic consonant /ɹ̩/. The American linguist Kenneth Pike (1943) suggested the terms "vocoid" for a phonetic vowel and "vowel" for a phonological vowel,[7] so using this terminology, [j] and [w] are classified as vocoids but not vowels. However, Maddieson and Emmory (1985) demonstrated from a range of languages that semivowels are produced with a narrower constriction of the vocal tract than vowels, and so may be considered consonants on that basis.[8] Nonetheless, the phonetic and phonemic definitions would still conflict for the syllabic /l/ in table, or the syllabic nasals in button and rhythm.
ArticulationEdit
X-rays of Daniel Jones' [i, u, a, ɑ].
The original vowel quadrilateral, from Jones' articulation. The vowel trapezoid of the modern IPA, and at the top of this article, is a simplified rendition of this diagram. The bullets are the cardinal vowel points. (A parallel diagram covers the front and central rounded and back unrounded vowels.) The cells indicate the ranges of articulation that could reasonably be transcribed with those cardinal vowel letters, [i, e, ɛ, a, ɑ, ɔ, o, u, ɨ], and non-cardinal [ə]. If a language distinguishes fewer than these vowel qualities, [e, ɛ] could be merged to [e], [o, ɔ] to [o], [a, ɑ] to [a], etc. If a language distinguishes more, [ɪ] could be added where the ranges of [i, e, ɨ, ə] intersect, [ʊ] where [u, o, ɨ, ə] intersect, and [ɐ] where [ɛ, ɔ, a, ɑ, ə] intersect.
The traditional view of vowel production, reflected for example in the terminology and presentation of the International Phonetic Alphabet, is one of articulatory features that determine a vowel's quality as distinguishing it from other vowels. Daniel Jones developed the cardinal vowel system to describe vowels in terms of the features of tongue height (vertical dimension), tongue backness (horizontal dimension) and roundedness (lip articulation). These three parameters are indicated in the schematic quadrilateral IPA vowel diagram on the right. There are additional features of vowel quality, such as the velum position (nasality), type of vocal fold vibration (phonation), and tongue root position.
This conception of vowel articulation has been known to be inaccurate since 1928. Peter Ladefoged has said that "early phoneticians... thought they were describing the highest point of the tongue, but they were not. They were actually describing formant frequencies."[9] (See below.) The IPA Handbook concedes that "the vowel quadrilateral must be regarded as an abstraction and not a direct mapping of tongue position."[10]
Nonetheless, the concept that vowel qualities are determined primarily by tongue position and lip rounding continues to be used in pedagogy, as it provides an intuitive explanation of how vowels are distinguished.
HeightEdit
Vowel height is named for the vertical position of the tongue relative to either the roof of the mouth or the aperture of the jaw. However, it actually refers to the first formant (lowest resonance of the voice), abbreviated F1, which is associated with the height of the tongue. In close vowels, also known as high vowels, such as [i] and [u], the first formant is consistent with the tongue being positioned close to the palate, high in the mouth, whereas in open vowels, also known as low vowels, such as [a], F1 is consistent with the jaw being open and the tongue being positioned low in the mouth. Height is defined by the inverse of the F1 value: The higher the frequency of the first formant, the lower (more open) the vowel.[a]
The International Phonetic Alphabet defines seven degrees of vowel height, but no language is known to distinguish all of them without distinguishing another attribute:
close (high)
near-close (near-high)
close-mid (high-mid)
mid (true-mid)
open-mid (low-mid)
near-open (near-low)
open (low)
The letters [e, ø, ɵ, ɤ, o] are typically used for either close-mid or true-mid vowels. However, if more precision is required, true-mid vowels may be written with a lowering diacritic [e̞, ø̞, ɵ̞, ɤ̞, o̞]. The Kensiu language, spoken in Malaysia and Thailand, is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid with close-mid and open-mid vowels, without any difference in other parameters like backness or roundness.
Although English contrasts six heights in its vowels, they are interdependent with differences in backness, and many are parts of diphthongs. It appears that some varieties of German have five vowel heights that contrast independently of length or other parameters. The Bavarian dialect of Amstetten has thirteen long vowels, which are reported to distinguish five heights (close, close-mid, mid, open-mid and open) each among the front unrounded, front rounded, and back rounded vowels as well as an open central vowel, for a total of five vowel heights: /i e ɛ̝ ɛ/, /y ø œ̝ œ/, /u o ɔ̝ ɔ/, /ä/. Otherwise, no language is known to contrast more than four degrees of vowel height.
The parameter of vowel height appears to be the primary cross-linguistic feature of vowels in that all spoken languages that have been researched till now use height as a contrastive feature. No other parameter, even backness or rounding (see below), is used in all languages. Some languages have vertical vowel systems in which at least at a phonemic level, only height is used to distinguish vowels.
BacknessEdit
Idealistic tongue positions of cardinal front vowels with highest point indicated.
Vowel backness is named for the position of the tongue during the articulation of a vowel relative to the back of the mouth. As with vowel height, however, it is defined by a formant of the voice, in this case the second, F2, not by the position of the tongue. In front vowels, such as [i], the frequency of F2 is relatively high, which generally corresponds to a position of the tongue forward in the mouth, whereas in back vowels, such as [u], F2 is low, consistent with the tongue being positioned towards the back of the mouth.
The International Phonetic Alphabet defines five degrees of vowel backness:
near-front
near-back
To them may be added front-central and back-central, corresponding to the vertical lines separating central from front and back vowel spaces in several IPA diagrams. However, front-central and back-central may also be used as terms synonymous with near-front and near-back. No language is known to contrast more than three degrees of backness nor is there a language that contrasts front with near-front vowels nor back with near-back ones.
Although some English dialects have vowels at five degrees of backness, there is no known language that distinguishes five degrees of backness without additional differences in height or rounding.
RoundednessEdit
Main article: Roundedness
Roundedness is named after the rounding of the lips in some vowels. Because lip rounding is easily visible, vowels may be commonly identified as rounded based on the articulation of the lips. Acoustically, rounded vowels are identified chiefly by a decrease in F2, although F1 is also slightly decreased.
In most languages, roundedness is a reinforcing feature of mid to high back vowels rather than a distinctive feature. Usually, the higher a back vowel, the more intense is the rounding. However, in some languages, roundedness is independent from backness, such as French and German (with front rounded vowels), most Uralic languages (Estonian has a rounding contrast for /o/ and front vowels), Turkic languages (with a rounding distinction for front vowels and /u/), and Vietnamese with back unrounded vowels.
Nonetheless, even in those languages there is usually some phonetic correlation between rounding and backness: front rounded vowels tend to be more front-central than front, and back unrounded vowels tend to be more back-central than back. Thus, the placement of unrounded vowels to the left of rounded vowels on the IPA vowel chart is reflective of their position in formant space.
Different kinds of labialization are possible. In mid to high rounded back vowels the lips are generally protruded ("pursed") outward, a phenomenon known as exolabial rounding because the insides of the lips are visible, whereas in mid to high rounded front vowels the lips are generally "compressed" with the margins of the lips pulled in and drawn towards each other, a phenomenon known as endolabial rounding. However, not all languages follow that pattern. Japanese /u/, for example, is an endolabial (compressed) back vowel, and sounds quite different from an English exolabial /u/. Swedish and Norwegian are the only two known languages in which the feature is contrastive; they have both endo- and exo-labial close front vowels and close central vowels, respectively. In many phonetic treatments, both are considered types of rounding, but some phoneticians do not believe that these are subsets of a single phenomenon and posit instead three independent features of rounded (exolabial) and compressed (endolabial) and unrounded. The lip position of unrounded vowels may also be classified separately as spread and neutral (neither rounded nor spread).[12] Others distinguish compressed rounded vowels, in which the corners of the mouth are drawn together, from compressed unrounded vowels, in which the lips are compressed but the corners remain apart as in spread vowels.
Front, raised and retractedEdit
Front, raised and retracted are the three articulatory dimensions of vowel space
The conception of the tongue moving in two directions, high–low and front–back, is not supported by articulatory evidence and does not clarify how articulation affects vowel quality. Vowels may instead be characterized by the three directions of movement of the tongue from its neutral position: front, raised, and retracted. Front vowels ([i, e, ɛ] and, to a lesser extent [a, ɨ, ɘ, ɜ], etc.), can be secondarily qualified as close or open, as in the traditional conception, but rather than there being a unitary category of back vowels, the regrouping posits raised vowels, where the body of the tongue approaches the velum ([u, o, ɨ], etc.), and retracted vowels, where the root of the tongue approaches the pharynx ([ɑ, ɔ], etc.):
retracted
Membership in these categories is scalar, with the mid-central vowels being marginal to any category.[13]
NasalizationEdit
Main articles: Nasal vowel and Nasalization
Nasalization occurs when air escapes through the nose. Vowels are often nasalised under the influence of neighbouring nasal consonants, as in English hand /hæ̃nd/. Nasalised vowels, however, should not be confused with nasal vowels. The latter refers to vowels that are distinct from their oral counterparts, as in French /ɑ/ vs. /ɑ̃/.
In nasal vowels, the velum is lowered, and some air travels through the nasal cavity as well as the mouth. An oral vowel is a vowel in which all air escapes through the mouth. Polish and Portuguese also contrast nasal and oral vowels.
PhonationEdit
Main article: Phonation
Voicing describes whether the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation of a vowel. Most languages have only voiced vowels, but several Native American languages, such as Cheyenne and Totonac, contrast voiced and devoiced vowels. Vowels are devoiced in whispered speech. In Japanese and in Quebec French, vowels that are between voiceless consonants are often devoiced.
Modal voice, creaky voice, and breathy voice (murmured vowels) are phonation types that are used contrastively in some languages. Often, they co-occur with tone or stress distinctions; in the Mon language, vowels pronounced in the high tone are also produced with creaky voice. In such cases, it can be unclear whether it is the tone, the voicing type, or the pairing of the two that is being used for phonemic contrast. The combination of phonetic cues (phonation, tone, stress) is known as register or register complex.
TensenessEdit
Main articles: Tenseness and Checked and free vowels
Tenseness is used to describe the opposition of tense vowels vs. lax vowels. This opposition has traditionally been thought to be a result of greater muscular tension, though phonetic experiments have repeatedly failed to show this.[citation needed]
Unlike the other features of vowel quality, tenseness is only applicable to the few languages that have this opposition (mainly Germanic languages, e.g. English), whereas the vowels of the other languages (e.g. Spanish) cannot be described with respect to tenseness in any meaningful way.[citation needed]
One may distinguish the English tense vs. lax vowels roughly, with its spelling. Tense vowels usually occur in words with the final silent e, as in mate. Lax vowels occur in words without the silent e, such as mat. In American English, lax vowels [ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ʌ] cannot appear in stressed open syllables.[14]
In traditional grammar, long vowels vs. short vowels are more commonly used, compared to tense and lax. The two sets of terms are used interchangeably by some because the features are concomitant in some varieties of English.[clarification needed] In most Germanic languages, lax vowels can only occur in closed syllables. Therefore, they are also known as checked vowels, whereas the tense vowels are called free vowels since they can occur in any kind of syllable.[citation needed]
Tongue root positionEdit
Main articles: Advanced and retracted tongue root and Vowel harmony
Advanced tongue root (ATR) is a feature common across much of Africa, the Pacific Northwest, and scattered other languages such as Modern Mongolian.[citation needed] The contrast between advanced and retracted tongue root resembles the tense-lax contrast acoustically, but they are articulated differently. Those vowels involve noticeable tension in the vocal tract.
Secondary narrowings in the vocal tractEdit
Main article: Pharyngealization
Pharyngealized vowels occur in some languages like Sedang and the Tungusic languages. Pharyngealisation is similar in articulation to retracted tongue root but is acoustically distinct.
A stronger degree of pharyngealisation occurs in the Northeast Caucasian languages and the Khoisan languages. They might be called epiglottalized since the primary constriction is at the tip of the epiglottis.
The greatest degree of pharyngealisation is found in the strident vowels of the Khoisan languages, where the larynx is raised, and the pharynx constricted, so that either the epiglottis or the arytenoid cartilages vibrate instead of the vocal cords.
Note that the terms pharyngealized, epiglottalized, strident, and sphincteric are sometimes used interchangeably.
Rhotic vowelsEdit
Main article: R-colored vowel
Rhotic vowels are the "R-colored vowels" of American English and a few other languages.
AcousticsEdit
Related article: Phonetics
Spectrogram of vowels [i, u, ɑ]. [ɑ] is a low vowel, so its F1 value is higher than that of [i] and [u], which are high vowels. [i] is a front vowel, so its F2 is substantially higher than that of [u] and [ɑ], which are back vowels.
An idealized schematic of vowel space, based on the formants of Daniel Jones and John Wells pronouncing the cardinal vowels of the IPA. The scale is logarithmic. The grey range is where F2 would be less than F1, which by definition is impossible. [a] is an extra-low central vowel. Phonemically it may be front or back, depending on the language. Rounded vowels that are front in tongue position are front-central in formant space, while unrounded vowels that are back in articulation are back-central in formant space. Thus [y ɯ] have perhaps similar F1 and F2 values to the high central vowels [ɨ ʉ]; similarly [ø ɤ] vs central [ɘ ɵ] and [œ ʌ] vs central [ɜ ɞ].
The same chart, with a few intermediate vowels. Low front [æ] is intermediate between [a] and [ɛ], while [ɒ] is intermediate between [ɑ] and [ɔ]. The back vowels change gradually in rounding, from unrounded [ɑ] and slightly rounded [ɒ] to tightly rounded [u]; similarly slightly rounded [œ] to tightly rounded [y]. With [a] seen as an (extra-)low central vowel, the vowels [æ ɐ ɑ] can be redefined as front, central and back (near-)low vowels.
The acoustics of vowels are fairly well understood. The different vowel qualities are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the relative values of the formants, acoustic resonances of the vocal tract which show up as dark bands on a spectrogram. The vocal tract acts as a resonant cavity, and the position of the jaw, lips, and tongue affect the parameters of the resonant cavity, resulting in different formant values. The acoustics of vowels can be visualized using spectrograms, which display the acoustic energy at each frequency, and how this changes with time.
The first formant, abbreviated "F1", corresponds to vowel openness (vowel height). Open vowels have high F1 frequencies, while close vowels have low F1 frequencies, as can be seen in the accompanying spectrogram: The [i] and [u] have similar low first formants, whereas [ɑ] has a higher formant.
The second formant, F2, corresponds to vowel frontness. Back vowels have low F2 frequencies, while front vowels have high F2 frequencies. This is very clear in the spectrogram, where the front vowel [i] has a much higher F2 frequency than the other two vowels. However, in open vowels, the high F1 frequency forces a rise in the F2 frequency as well, so an alternative measure of frontness is the difference between the first and second formants. For this reason, some people prefer to plot as F1 vs. F2 – F1. (This dimension is usually called 'backness' rather than 'frontness', but the term 'backness' can be counterintuitive when discussing formants.)
In the third edition of his textbook, Peter Ladefoged recommended using plots of F1 against F2 – F1 to represent vowel quality.[15] However, in the fourth edition, he changed to adopt a simple plot of F1 against F2,[16] and this simple plot of F1 against F2 was maintained for the fifth (and final) edition of the book.[17] Katrina Hayward compares the two types of plots and concludes that plotting of F1 against F2 – F1 "is not very satisfactory because of its effect on the placing of the central vowels",[18] so she also recommends use of a simple plot of F1 against F2. In fact, this kind of plot of F1 against F2 has been used by analysts to show the quality of the vowels in a wide range of languages, including RP,[19][20] the Queen's English,[21] American English,[22] Singapore English,[23] Brunei English,[24] North Frisian,[25] Turkish Kabardian,[26] and various indigenous Australian languages.[27]
R-colored vowels are characterized by lowered F3 values.
Rounding is generally realized by a decrease of F2 that tends to reinforce vowel backness. One effect of this is that back vowels are most commonly rounded while front vowels are most commonly unrounded; another is that rounded vowels tend to plot to the right of unrounded vowels in vowel charts. That is, there is a reason for plotting vowel pairs the way they are.
Prosody and intonationEdit
Main articles: Prosody, Intonation, and Vowel length
In addition to variation in vowel quality as described above, vowels vary as a result of differences in prosody. The most important prosodic variables are pitch (fundamental frequency), loudness (intensity) and length (duration) However, the features of prosody are usually considered to apply not to the vowel itself, but to the syllable in which the vowel occurs. In other words, the domain of prosody is the syllable, not the segment (vowel or consonant). [28] We can list briefly the effect of prosody on the vowel component of a syllable.
Pitch: in the case of a syllable such as 'cat', the only voiced portion of the syllable is the vowel, so the vowel carries the pitch information. This may relate to the syllable in which it occurs, or to a larger stretch of speech to which an intonation contour belongs. In a word such as 'man', all the segments in the syllable are sonorant and all will participate in any pitch variation.
Loudness: this variable has been traditionally associated with linguistic stress, though other factors are usually involved in this. Lehiste (ibid) argues that stress, or loudness, could not be associated with a single segment in a syllable independently of the rest of the syllable (p. 147). This means that vowel loudness is a concomitant of the loudness of the syllable in which it occurs.
Length: it is important to distinguish two aspects of vowel length. One is the phonological difference in length exhibited by some languages. Japanese, Finnish, Hungarian, Arabic and Latin have a two-way phonemic contrast between short and long vowels. The Mixe language has a three-way contrast among short, half-long, and long vowels.[29] The other type of length variation in vowels is non-distinctive, and is the result of prosodic variation in speech: vowels tend to be lengthened when in a stressed syllable, or when utterance rate is slow.
Monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongsEdit
Main articles: Monophthong, Diphthong, Triphthong, and Semivowel
A vowel sound whose quality does not change over the duration of the vowel is called a monophthong. Monophthongs are sometimes called "pure" or "stable" vowels. A vowel sound that glides from one quality to another is called a diphthong, and a vowel sound that glides successively through three qualities is a triphthong.
All languages have monophthongs and many languages have diphthongs, but triphthongs or vowel sounds with even more target qualities are relatively rare cross-linguistically. English has all three types: the vowel sound in hit is a monophthong /ɪ/, the vowel sound in boy is in most dialects a diphthong /ɔɪ/, and the vowel sounds of flower, /aʊər/, form a triphthong or disyllable, depending on dialect.
In phonology, diphthongs and triphthongs are distinguished from sequences of monophthongs by whether the vowel sound may be analyzed into different phonemes or not. For example, the vowel sounds in a two-syllable pronunciation of the word flower (/ˈflaʊər/) phonetically form a disyllabic triphthong, but are phonologically a sequence of a diphthong (represented by the letters ⟨ow⟩) and a monophthong (represented by the letters ⟨er⟩). Some linguists use the terms diphthong and triphthong only in this phonemic sense.
Written vowelsEdit
Main article: Writing system
The name "vowel" is often used for the symbols that represent vowel sounds in a language's writing system, particularly if the language uses an alphabet. In writing systems based on the Latin alphabet, the letters A, E, I, O, U, Y, W and sometimes others can all be used to represent vowels. However, not all of these letters represent the vowels in all languages that use this writing, or even consistently within one language. Some of them, especially W and Y, are also used to represent approximant consonants. Moreover, a vowel might be represented by a letter usually reserved for consonants, or a combination of letters, particularly where one letter represents several sounds at once, or vice versa; examples from English include igh in "thigh" and x in "x-ray". In addition, extensions of the Latin alphabet have such independent vowel letters as Ä, Ö, Ü, Å, Æ, and Ø.
The phonetic values vary considerably by language, and some languages use I and Y for the consonant [j], e.g., initial I in Italian or Romanian and initial Y in English. In the original Latin alphabet, there was no written distinction between V and U, and the letter represented the approximant [w] and the vowels [u] and [ʊ]. In Modern Welsh, the letter W represents these same sounds. Similarly, in Creek, the letter V stands for [ə]. There is not necessarily a direct one-to-one correspondence between the vowel sounds of a language and the vowel letters. Many languages that use a form of the Latin alphabet have more vowel sounds than can be represented by the standard set of five vowel letters. In English spelling, the five letters A E I O and U can represent a variety of vowel sounds, while the letter Y frequently represents vowels (as in e.g., "gym", "happy", or the diphthongs in "cry", "thyme");[30] W is used in representing some diphthongs (as in "cow") and to represent a monophthong in the borrowed words "cwm" and "crwth" (sometimes cruth).
Other languages cope with the limitation in the number of Latin vowel letters in similar ways. Many languages make extensive use of combinations of letters to represent various sounds. Other languages use vowel letters with modifications, such as ä in Swedish, or add diacritical marks, like umlauts, to vowels to represent the variety of possible vowel sounds. Some languages have also constructed additional vowel letters by modifying the standard Latin vowels in other ways, such as æ or ø that are found in some of the Scandinavian languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet has a set of 28 symbols to represent the range of basic vowel qualities, and a further set of diacritics to denote variations from the basic vowel.
The writing systems used for some languages, such as the Hebrew alphabet and the Arabic alphabet, do not ordinarily mark all the vowels, since they are frequently unnecessary in identifying a word[citation needed]. Technically, these are called abjads rather than alphabets. Although it is possible to construct simple English sentences that can be understood without written vowels (cn y rd ths?), extended passages of English lacking written vowels can be difficult to understand; consider dd, which could be any of dad, dada, dado, dead, deed, did, died, diode, dodo, dud, dude, odd, add, or aided. (But note that abjads generally express some word-internal vowels and all word-initial and word-final vowels, whereby the ambiguity will be much reduced.) The Masoretes devised a vowel notation system for Hebrew Jewish scripture that is still widely used, as well as the trope symbols used for its cantillation; both are part of oral tradition and still the basis for many bible translations—Jewish and Christian.
ShiftsEdit
The differences in pronunciation of vowel letters between English and its related languages can be accounted for by the Great Vowel Shift. After printing was introduced to England, and therefore after spelling was more or less standardized, a series of dramatic changes in the pronunciation of the vowel phonemes did occur, and continued into recent centuries, but were not reflected in the spelling system. This has led to numerous inconsistencies in the spelling of English vowel sounds and the pronunciation of English vowel letters (and to the mispronunciation of foreign words and names by speakers of English).
The existence of vowel shifts should serve as a caution flag to anyone who is trying to pronounce an ancient language or, indeed, any poetry (in any language) from two centuries ago or earlier.
Audio samplesEdit
SystemsEdit
The importance of vowels in distinguishing one word from another varies from language to language. Nearly all languages have at least three phonemic vowels, usually /i/, /a/, /u/ as in Classical Arabic and Inuktitut, though Adyghe and many Sepik languages have a vertical vowel system of /ɨ/, /ə/, /a/. Very few languages have fewer, though some Arrernte, Circassian, Ndu languages have been argued to have just two, /ə/ and /a/, with [ɨ] being epenthetic.
It is not straightforward to say which language has the most vowels, since that depends on how they are counted. For example, long vowels, nasal vowels, and various phonations may or may not be counted separately; indeed, it may sometimes be unclear if phonation belongs to the vowels or the consonants of a language. If such things are ignored and only vowels with dedicated IPA letters ('vowel qualities') are considered, then very few languages have more than ten. The Germanic languages have some of the largest inventories: Standard Danish has 11 to 13 short vowels (/(a) ɑ (ɐ) e ə ɛ i o ɔ u ø œ y/), while the Amstetten dialect of Bavarian has been reported to have thirteen long vowels: /i y e ø ɛ œ æ ɶ a ɒ ɔ o u/.[citation needed] The situation can be quite disparate within a same family language: Spanish and French are two closely related Romance languages but Spanish has only five pure vowel qualities, /a, e, i, o, u/, while classical French has eleven: /a, ɑ, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ, u, y, œ, ø/ and four nasal vowels /ɑ̃/, /ɛ̃/, /ɔ̃/ and /œ̃/. The Mon–Khmer languages of Southeast Asia also have some large inventories, such as the eleven vowels of Vietnamese: /i e ɛ ɐ a ə ɔ ɤ o ɯ u/. Wu dialects have the largest inventories of Chinese; the Jinhui dialect of Wu has also been reported to have eleven vowels: ten basic vowels, /i y e ø ɛ ɑ ɔ o u ɯ/, plus restricted /ɨ/; this does not count the seven nasal vowels.[31]
One of the most common vowels is [a̠]; it is nearly universal for a language to have at least one open vowel, though most dialects of English have an [æ] and a [ɑ]—and often an [ɒ], all open vowels—but no central [a]. Some Tagalog and Cebuano speakers have [ɐ] rather than [a], and Dhangu Yolngu is described as having /ɪ ɐ ʊ/, without any peripheral vowels. [i] is also extremely common, though Tehuelche has just the vowels /e a o/ with no close vowels. The third vowel of Arabic-type three-vowel system, /u/, is considerably less common. A large fraction of the languages of North America happen to have a four-vowel system without /u/: /i, e, a, o/; Nahuatl and Navajo are examples.
In most languages, vowels serve mainly to distinguish separate lexemes, rather than different inflectional forms of the same lexeme as they commonly do in the Semitic languages. For example, while English man becomes men in the plural, moon is not a different form of the same word.
Words without vowelsEdit
See also: English words without vowels
In rhotic dialects of English, as in Canada and the United States, there are many words such as bird, learn, girl, church, worst, wyrm, myrrh that some phoneticians analyze as having no vowels, only a syllabic consonant /ɹ̩/. However, others analyze these words instead as having a rhotic vowel, /ɝː/. The difference may be partially one of dialect.
There are a few such words that are disyllabic, like cursor, curtain, and turtle: [ˈkɹ̩sɹ̩], [ˈkɹ̩tn̩] and [ˈtɹ̩tl̩] (or [ˈkɝːsɚ], [ˈkɝːtən], and [ˈtɝːtəl]), and even a few that are trisyllabic, at least in some accents, such as purpler [ˈpɹ̩.pl̩.ɹ̩], hurdler [ˈhɹ̩.dl̩.ɹ̩], gurgler [ˈɡɹ̩.ɡl̩.ɹ̩], and certainer [ˈsɹ̩.tn̩.ɹ̩].
The word and frequently contracts to a simple nasal ’n, as in lock 'n key [ˌlɒk ŋ ˈkiː]. Words such as will, have, and is regularly contract to ’ll [l], ’ve [v], and 's [z]. However, none of them are pronounced alone without vowels, so they are not phonological words. Onomatopoeic words that can be pronounced alone, and that have no vowels or ars, include hmm, pst!, shh!, tsk!, and zzz. As in other languages, onomatopoeiae stand outside the normal phonotactics of English.
There are other languages that form lexical words without vowel sounds. In Serbo-Croatian, for example, the consonants [r] and [rː] (the difference is not written) can act as a syllable nucleus and carry rising or falling tone; examples include the tongue-twister na vrh brda vrba mrda and geographic names such as Krk. In Czech and Slovak, either [l] or [r] can stand in for vowels: vlk [vl̩k] "wolf", krk [kr̩k] "neck". A particularly long word without vowels is čtvrthrst, meaning "quarter-handful", with two syllables (one for each R). Whole sentences can be made from such words, such as Strč prst skrz krk, meaning "stick a finger through your neck" (follow the link for a sound file), and Smrž pln skvrn zvlhl z mlh "A morel full of spots wetted from fogs". (Here zvlhl has two syllables based on L; note that the preposition z consists of a single consonant. Only prepositions do this in Czech, and they normally link phonetically to the following noun, so do not really behave as vowelless words.) In Russian, there are also prepositions that consist of a single consonant letter, like k "to", v "in", and s "with". However, these forms are actually contractions of ko, vo, and so respectively, and these forms are still used in modern Russian before words with certain consonant clusters for ease of pronunciation.
In Kazakh and certain other Turkic languages, words without vowel sounds may occur due to reduction of weak vowels. A common example is the Kazakh word for one: bir, pronounced [br]. Among careful speakers, however, the original vowel may be preserved, and the vowels are always preserved in the orthography.
In Southern varieties of Chinese, such as Cantonese and Minnan, some monosyllabic words are made of exclusively nasals, such as [m̩˨˩] "no" and [ŋ̩˩˧] "five".
So far, all of these syllabic consonants, at least in the lexical words, have been sonorants, such as [r], [l], [m], and [n], which have a voiced quality similar to vowels. (They can carry tone, for example.) However, there are languages with lexical words that not only contain no vowels, but contain no sonorants at all, like (non-lexical) shh! in English. These include some Berber languages and some languages of the American Pacific Northwest, such as Nuxalk. An example from the latter is scs "seal fat" (pronounced [sxs], as spelled), and a longer one is clhp'xwlhtlhplhhskwts' (pronounced [xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬːskʷʰt͡sʼ]) "he had had in his possession a bunchberry plant". (Follow the Nuxalk link for other examples.) Berber examples include /tkkststt/ "you took it off" and /tfktstt/ "you gave it". Some words may contain one or two consonants only: /ɡ/ "be", /ks/ "feed on".[32] (In Mandarin Chinese, words and syllables such as sī and zhī are sometimes described as being syllabic fricatives and affricates phonemically, /ś/ and /tʂ́/, but these do have a voiced segment that carries the tone.) In the Japonic language Miyako, there are words with no voiced sounds, such as ss 'dust', kss 'breast/milk', pss 'day', ff 'a comb', kff 'to make', fks 'to build', ksks 'month', sks 'to cut', psks 'to pull'.
Words consisting of only vowelsEdit
It is not uncommon for short grammatical words to consist of only vowels, such as a and I in English. Lexical words are somewhat rarer in English and are generally restricted to a single syllable: eye, awe, owe, and in non-rhotic accents air, ore, err. Vowel-only words of more than one syllable are generally foreign loans, such as ai (two syllables: /ˈɑːi/) for the maned sloth, or proper names, such as Iowa (in some accents: /ˈaɪ.oʊ.ə/).
However, vowel sequences in hiatus are more freely allowed in some other languages, most famously perhaps in Bantu and Polynesian languages, but also in Japanese and Finnic languages. In such languages there tends to be a larger variety of vowel-only words. In Swahili (Bantu), for example, there is aua 'to survey' and eua 'to purify' (both three syllables); in Japanese, aoi 青い 'blue/green' and oioi 追々 'gradually' (three and four syllables); and in Finnish, aie 'intention' and auo 'open!' (both two syllables), although some dialects pronounce them as aije and auvo. Hawaiian, and the Polynesian languages generally, have unusually large numbers of such words, such as aeāea (a small green fish), which is three syllables: ae.āe.a. Most long words involve reduplication, which is quite productive in Polynesian: ioio 'grooves', eaea 'breath', uaua 'tough' (all four syllables), auēuē 'crying' (five syllables, from uē (uwē) 'to weep'), uoa or uouoa 'false mullet' (sp. fish, three or five syllables). The longest continuous vowel sequence is in Finnish word hääyöaie ("wedding night intention").
English phonology
Great Vowel Shift
Inherent vowel
List of phonetics topics
Mater lectionis
Scale of vowels
Table of vowels
Vowel coalescence
Words without vowels
Words without consonants
Zero consonant
^ According to Peter Ladefoged, traditional articulatory descriptions such as height and backness "are not entirely satisfactory", and when phoneticians describe a vowel as high or low, they are in fact describing an acoustic quality rather than the actual position of the tongue.[11]
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996, p. 281.
^ "Vowel". Online Etymology dictionary. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
^ Dictionary.com: vowel
^ Cruttenden, Alan (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (Eighth ed.). Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781444183092.
^ Laver, John (1994) Principles of Phonetics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 269.
^ Crystal, David (2005) A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics (Fifth Edition), Maldern, MA/Oxford: Blackwell, p. 494.
^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
^ Ladefoged & Disner (2012) Vowels and Consonants, 3rd ed., p. 132.
^ IPA (1999) Handbook of the IPA, p. 12.
^ Ladefoged, Peter (2006) A Course in Phonetics (Fifth Edition), Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 189.
^ IPA (1999), p. 13.
^ John Esling (2005) "There Are No Back Vowels: The Laryngeal Articulator Model", The Canadian Journal of Linguistics 50: 13–44
^ Ladefoged, Peter & Johnson, Keith. (2011). Tense and Lax Vowels. In A Course in Phonetics (6th ed., pp. 98-100). Boston, MA: Cengage.
^ Ladefoged, Peter (1993) A Course in Phonetics (Third Edition), Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 197.
^ Ladefoged, Peter (2001) A Course in Phonetics (Fourth Edition), Fort Worth: Harcourt, p. 177.
^ Ladefoged, Peter (2006) A Course in Phonetics (Fifth Edition), Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 189.
^ Hayward, Katrina (2000) Experimental Phonetics, Harlow, UK: Pearson, p. 160.
^ Deterding, David (1997). "The formants of monophthong vowels in Standard Southern British English Pronunciation". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 27 (1–2): 47–55. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005417.
^ Hawkins, Sarah and Jonathan Midgley (2005). "Formant frequencies of RP monophthongs in four age groups of speakers". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35 (2): 183–199. doi:10.1017/S0025100305002124.
^ Harrington, Jonathan, Sallyanne Palethorpe and Catherine Watson (2005) Deepening or lessening the divide between diphthongs: an analysis of the Queen's annual Christmas broadcasts. In William J. Hardcastle and Janet Mackenzie Beck (eds.) A Figure of Speech: A Festschrift for John Laver, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 227-261.
^ Flemming, Edward and Stephanie Johnson (2007). "Rosa's roses: reduced vowels in American English" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 37: 83–96. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.536.1989. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002817.
^ Deterding, David (2003). "An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English". English World-Wide. 24: 1–16. doi:10.1075/eww.24.1.02det.
^ Salbrina, Sharbawi (2006). "The vowels of Brunei English: an acoustic investigation". English World-Wide. 27 (3): 247–264. doi:10.1075/eww.27.3.03sha.
^ Bohn, Ocke-Schwen (2004). "How to organize a fairly large vowel inventory: the vowels of Fering (North Frisian)" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 161–173. doi:10.1017/S002510030400180X.
^ Gordon, Matthew and Ayla Applebaum (2006). "Phonetic structures of Turkish Kabardian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 36 (2): 159–186. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.233.1206. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002532.
^ Fletcher, Janet (2006) Exploring the phonetics of spoken narratives in Australian indigenous languages. In William J. Hardcastle and Janet Mackenzie Beck (eds.) A Figure of Speech: A Festschrift for John Laver, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 201-226.
^ Lehiste, Ilse, Suprasegmentals, M.I.T 1970, pp 42, 84, 147
^ Ladefoged, P. and Maddieson, I. The Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwell (1996), p 320
^ In wyrm and myrrh, there is neither a vowel letter nor, in rhotic dialects, a vowel sound.
^ Values in open oral syllables Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
^ Audio recordings of selected words without vowels can be downloaded from "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-06-19. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link).
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, 1999. Cambridge University ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
Johnson, Keith, Acoustic & Auditory Phonetics, second edition, 2003. Blackwell ISBN 978-1-4051-0123-3
Korhonen, Mikko. Koltansaamen opas, 1973. Castreanum ISBN 978-951-45-0189-0
Ladefoged, Peter, A Course in Phonetics, fifth edition, 2006. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth ISBN 978-1-4130-2079-3
Ladefoged, Peter, Elements of Acoustic Phonetics, 1995. University of Chicago ISBN 978-0-226-46764-1
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
Ladefoged, Peter, Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages, 2000. Blackwell ISBN 978-0-631-21412-0.
Lindau, Mona. (1978). "Vowel features". Language. 54 (3): 541–563. doi:10.2307/412786. JSTOR 412786.
Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). Acoustic phonetics. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT. ISBN 978-0-262-19404-4.
Stevens, Kenneth N. (2000). "Toward a model for lexical access based on acoustic landmarks and distinctive features". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 111 (4): 1872–1891. doi:10.1121/1.1458026. PMID 12002871.
Watt, D. and Tillotson, J. (2001). A spectrographic analysis of vowel fronting in Bradford English. English World-Wide 22:2, 269–302. Available at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/langling/resources/Watt-Tillotson2001.pdf[permanent dead link]
This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Vowel" dated 2005-07-18, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
Look up vowel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
IPA chart with MP3 sound files
IPA vowel chart with AIFF sound files
Vowel charts for several different languages and dialects measuring F1 and F2[failed verification]
Materials for measuring and plotting vowel formants
Vowels and Consonants Online examples from Ladefoged's Vowels and Consonants, referenced above.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vowel&oldid=905373109#Backness"
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Popular Science Monthly/Volume 48/March 1896/Educational Values in Elementary School
< Popular Science Monthly | Volume 48 | March 1896
←Acclimatization I
Popular Science Monthly Volume 48 March 1896 (1896)
Educational Values in Elementary School by Michael Vincent O'Shea
The Velocity of Electricity→
1232212Popular Science Monthly Volume 48 March 1896 — Educational Values in Elementary School1896
EDUCATIONAL VALUES IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL.
By Prof. M. V. O'SHEA.
IT is perhaps safe to say, without attempting to enter into the question in detail, that there has scarcely ever been a time when intelligent people have not been concerned about what their children should be taught in the schools. Leaving the attitude of bygone ages out of view, it is apparent to a careful observer that in our own time and country there is marked interest manifested in the question. What materials of instruction are of greatest value to be employed in elementary education? The last quarter century has witnessed many and important changes in the curricula of the elementary school; new subjects have been introduced and old ones dropped, or less time and emphasis put upon them. The recent appearance of two of the most important educational documents of modern times,[1] both considering in the main the relative worth of branches of instruction; and the rapid growth of book and periodical literature dealing with the same problem, are indications of the importance which is being attached to this matter by all educators. Our educational gatherings, too, in every part of the country are largely given over to the discussion of this old but yet very new question; and not only teachers, but parents and statesmen take sides in the debates, some maintaining that the classic three R's furnish superior material for the scholastic training of childhood, while others believe that the many new subjects of history, literature, science, music, and art are better adapted to prepare our youth for the circumstances they will encounter when they leave the room. So there are taking place in the educational arena warm contests between the champions of conservatism and those of radicalism; between those who cling to the things of the past as adequate for the exigencies of the present, and those who feel that the complexity of our modern life demands somewhat different training in the schools, and who realize that contributions from recent scientific investigation along various lines have given us many valuable ways and means for improving and extending the work of the schoolroom that could not have been known or appreciated a century ago. Perhaps in no matter of public interest, all things considered, is there such ferment of ideas as in elementary education; and one potent cause of this disturbance is our changing standards of educational values.
Whatever things are contributing to alter the opinions of people as to the comparative values of various materials of instruction, there are at least two or three agencies whose influence may be clearly and easily traced. In the first place, modern psychological inquiry is leading toward a very different view of the mind and the mode of its development from that which has been held in previous times. This is not so much to be wondered at, though, for psychology, while a very old subject is a very new science, at least in its applications to the choosing of educational materials and the determination of educational processes; and some of the theories advocated a hundred years ago by eminent teachers show that the knowledge of mental activities in those days was extremely meager and formal, as perhaps those who follow us a century hence will be able to say of our present notions. One view commonly held at that time, and which seems to have determined school work ever since, maintained that the mind is composed of parts, each of which may accumulate general power by exercise in any special direction, in some such manner as we believe the muscles of the body grow and develop for future use in all sorts of ways by being disciplined in the gymnasium in youth. Now, it seems evident that, referring to physical things, the employment of the muscular system upon any kind of work develops a capacity which may be of service, at least in a measure, in all kinds of work, A young man, for example, who has passed his youth upon a farm engaged in manual labor is generally a more promising candidate for the football eleven or the crew when he enters college than is an individual whose early life has been spent in intellectual pursuits, or amid the idlenesses and luxuries of the city. A crew in preparation for a race, to illustrate further, spend a portion of the training period in running, believing that the strength and endurance accumulated in this way may be advantageously used in the final great effort, which will require activity of a different kind from that necessitated by the training. But it is not needful to multiply examples; the proposition will be granted to be true, in a general way at any rate, although it has been pointed out by many[2] that it does not hold absolutely, in the sense that the power developed by one special line of work can be used as well to perform other kinds as the particular kind by which the power is accumulated. That is, to illustrate, a blacksmith can not use his strength so advantageously in farming or carpentry as in making horseshoes, or performing other kinds of labor common to the forge and anvil.
This reference to physical things is important for us here only in illustration of certain theories that have been, and are still perhaps, extensively held concerning the development of the mind, and that have been largely influential in determining the material and method of elementary education. Reasoning from analogy, which seems to have been the principal method followed by early psychologists, it would appear that exercising any part or faculty of the mind in a given direction would create a power in the part exercised that could be employed with equal advantage in all directions. Thus if memory were employed in recalling and retaining any kind of facts—whether in language, in science, in mathematics, or in history—there would result a general power which in later life could be profitably used to remember anything and everything that was desired. It would follow, then, that if a pupil should master the vocabulary of a language so that it could be recalled readily, he would because of the power thus generated more easily remember legal matters after he left the school if he became a lawyer, medical matters if he became a physician, commercial matters if he became a merchant, or theological matters if he became a minister of the gospel. In the same way, and perhaps in a more serious sense even, if a pupil should pass some time in reasoning upon any kind of material in the schoolroom, he would thereby be prepared to reason accurately and readily upon all sorts of things after he left the school, just to the degree that he reasoned accurately and keenly upon the special thing in the school. The conclusion rushes upon us that if you wish men and women to be reflective beings, judging wisely upon all matters with which they may be concerned in daily life, you should require boys and girls to reason much in school; and that kind of material of instruction should be chosen that gives the greatest opportunity for the exercise of the ratiocinative faculty. Until recently—perhaps we ought to include our own time—this material was supposed to have been most largely comprised in mathematics; and as reason has been regarded as the highest faculty of the mind, the ability to exercise which keenly and readily was the thing most to be coveted in life, it was a natural result that mathematics should have formed the backbone of school studies. And since we are still in that period when reasoning is regarded by most people as the highest attribute of man, we of necessity must have arithmetic as the most important subject in the elementary school curriculum.
It will not be possible within the limits imposed upon us here to examine in detail the theories of this "faculty" psychology: it will suffice to say, although perhaps in a dogmatic manner, that in our own day students of the mind are breaking away from these old notions, and establishing what seems to be a much more rational and simple system of psychology; and following upon this there must come a different appraisal of educational materials, and a consequent change in the subjects taught in our schools. To be very brief, one important general conception of modern educational psychology is that the mind is a unit, and develops as a unity. As an inference from this it can be seen that the material of instruction in the school must be chosen with a view to train the whole individual—his perceiving, remembering, imagining, judging, and reasoning faculties, so called, and not any one of them singled out from all the others. And not only must this material train one intellectually as a unity, but it must affect him emotionally and volitionally as well—that is, it must develop character. We have had in the past, as every one knows, a kind of educational philosophy which declared that there should be one subject to train one faculty, another subject another faculty, and so on throughout the list of faculties and subjects; and there should also and particularly be special material to cultivate the emotions and furnish proper incentives to the will. The error of this sort of thing must be plainly apparent to any one who will study the problem concretely, by observing and interpreting the activities of his own mind, and looking into the various types of mind in his environment. If one will become introspective for a little time he will see that his perceptions are not divorced from his memory and reason along the lines that he is perceiving; and he will also discover that what he perceives, remembers, or reflects upon has its effect upon his emotions and will in leading him to some sort of action, immediate or in the future. One never sees a physician who is keen and ready in his perceptions of things relating to the practice of medicine who can not and does not remember, reason, and imagine equally well in regard to those matters; nor is his character, his personality free from the shaping influences of his system of thought. The same may, of course, be said of the lawyer, the merchant, or any other type of individual. The truthful view of the case seems to be that perception, memory, imagination, and reasoning are phases of one process, and they can not be separated from each other except by logical procedure; nor can the intellect be considered apart from the emotions and will. There is no virtue either in this separation except for the mere purpose of analysis, for in daily life these faculties are never divorced in their activities from each other; and in training the individual in school, educational psychology declares it to be a serious mistake to try to separate one faculty from the others and train it by the use of some special material.
The workings of this old analytic and analogical psychology are especially apparent in its teaching that the exercise of the mind in any direction generates a capacity which may be used equally well in all directions. The very statement of this doctrine would seem to show its falsity, but yet belief in it has practically determined the subjects taught in our schools for the last three centuries. No one, upon reflection, would maintain that an extended study of mathematics would prepare a man for the practice of medicine so well as would the special study of physiology and the effect of medicinal agencies upon the human system. Nor would such mathematical discipline be the very best thing to prepare for the profession of law, or theology, or any other business which does not directly call into play a large body of mathematical knowledge. Common-sense philosophy long ago concluded, and thoroughly believes now, that one who is to be engaged in the practice of some art should wisely acquire all the knowledge possible relating thereto; and it esteems this of far greater account than to be concerned in getting some foreign matter for the sake of whatever discipline this will give. Thus one who is to become an architect could spend his time to greater advantage in familiarizing himself with those things that relate to the successful conduct of his business, than he could to study profoundly into chemistry, botany, or theology in the belief that the general power gained by such mental gymnastics would make him more expert in architectural matters; and the illustration may be multiplied at pleasure.
To carry our point a step further, it must be obvious to any one who has thought about the matter that what an individual studies, and what he thereby gets to know, determines almost entirely what he can get to know in the future; not along general lines either, but in special directions. The mathematician, for example, is enabled by the abundance of his learning in geometry and calculus to appreciate and interpret further mathematical facts; but he is by no means empowered, by virtue of his mathematics merely, to be a competent or appreciative judge of historical, legal, psychological, or linguistic matters. It has become a truism in the public mind that a mere specialist grows more narrow every day of his life, and there seems to be plenty of evidence in one's environment to give rise to such speculation. The argument in favor of liberal culture before a man takes up his specialty is based upon a recognition of the fact that knowledge of one kind only predetermines a man to be able to appreciate and interpret things of a similar nature, and these merely. There are two reasons for this, as one can readily see from a little study of humanity around him. In the first place, what a man knows determines what he is interested in; and common-sense philosophy has often declared that people are essentially selfish, because they are interested only in their own kinds of business, their own pursuits, their own specialties, and they lack that many-sided interest which is necessary for any title to unselfishness. The lawyer feels little interest in what the medical fraternity are doing, and perhaps will never be seen at a medical lecture; the scholar, pure and simple, troubles himself little about questions of government, and is a very insignificant warrior indeed in the political camp. The mechanic reads theology or listens to a theological sermon with the greatest difficulty. But each of these types has the deepest interest for readings, lectures, and everything else that relate to his own specialty, or to the thing he is most familiar with. It sometimes happens, it is true, that a poet may be interested in psychology or theology, but this is the case only when he is already well versed upon these subjects; and other apparent exceptions to the general rule may probably be explained in the same way.
The second point in proof of this law, that what one knows determines what he can get to know, is that, psychologically speaking, ideas create the ability to appreciate and interpret other ideas of a similar nature. This also may be abundantly illustrated by the circumstances of daily life. A man very widely read in history may be unable to understand a lecture upon biology, mechanics, or any subject unrelated to history. The general power which he has accumulated in his historical researches can not be applied to the ready and easy mastery of all sorts of things, as the old psychology stoutly maintained. Again, one who has pursued mathematical studies to great length is not thereby qualified to become a statesman; the power which may be generated by the study of mathematics is not transferable immediately to the solution of social problems. Educational psychology, then, may be said to declare in a very broad way that ideas create capacity for the reception of ideas of similar kind, but that there is practically no such thing as the acquisition of general power by the mastery of special subject-matter. In explanation of this practically, it should be said that any kind of intellectual activity, no matter what it be, tends to create habits that may be carried into all kinds of study or business. One who has patiently, day after day and year after year, solved arithmetical or algebraic problems in the school, has by such exercise acquired habits of careful reflection and weighing of evidence that will lead him to dwell with somewhat the same care upon all matters that are brought to his attention; but unless he has sufficient data upon these new matters his reflections, of course, will come to but little. The practical conclusion is, and the one of importance in education, that study along any line limits excellence in perceiving, remembering, imagining, or reasoning to matters along this same line.
Applying this principle to the work of the schoolroom, we see that no subject should be studied merely for the discipline it may be supposed to give. The old theory that the school should cultivate the senses, the memory, and the reasoning powers of pupils, means nothing as a matter of pure discipline; in the light of modern psychology we must understand that the only way to secure this cultivation is in special directions determined by the peculiar nature of the material upon which the mind is exercised. Assuming, then (for it will not be deemed necessary to argue the matter here), that one ideal of our civilization is to have an individual understand himself in relation to his natural environment, so that he may be able to adapt himself to natural laws and turn them to the promotion of his own happiness and welfare, it follows that the study of natural law, the method of adapting one's self to it, and the industries that are based upon an adequate comprehension of it, should form an important part of school work; and it is some such argument that has introduced Nature-study into many elementary schools, giving it a prominent place there. In like manner, if it is desirable for one to be able to adjust himself in the best way possible to his social environment, he should study the organization of society, and the ethical and material conditions upon which his own and others' welfare and advancement depend. These considerations have been at the bottom of changes in the school curriculum, and are now at work in the endeavor to introduce still further improvements, as many educators think.
At all events, the old idea of formal discipline is gradually losing the breath of life, and we can think no better of it than that the sooner it releases its hold upon those who make school curricula, the sooner will the material of instruction be more nearly adapted to prepare the individual for his needs in after life. Whatever may be said in favor of the study of any branch for its disciplinary value, because of the good habits which are formed in its pursuit, may be said with equal force of those subjects which have direct worth in giving the pupil knowledge that will be of service to him outside the schoolroom, for these also will create habits of attention, reflection, and industry equally well. Thus, in the study of history, literature, or science, habits of careful observation and reflection may be formed with as great readiness and surety as in the study of algebra, English grammar, Latin, or Greek. And, moreover, the conditions for accurate observation and reasoning in science or in the conduct of society are somewhat different, as every one will admit, from what they are in Greek, Latin, or arithmetic; and if the purpose is to lead the pupil ultimately to observe keenly and accurately and interpret readily and serviceably facts of Nature or the phenomena of social intercourse, then the more he has to do of this in the school the more will he become familiar with right methods for future activity. On the other hand, if the object is to make the pupil keen in the appreciation of linguistic matters, then, of course, he must study language; and we might speak in a similar way of any special subject.
We have, therefore, this broad conception, that study along special lines does not create general but only special power. There follows a second principle of equal importance in determining the relative value of materials of instruction; but this, like the one just considered, has not yet received universal recognition among teachers. It has been maintained from aforetime that arithmetic, grammar, spelling, and the mechanical side of reading, writing, and the art subjects should receive particular attention because of the paramount necessity that the pupil should be master of these things before he leaves the school, in order to be able to make any progress in his learning thereafter; and there has always accompanied this first argument another, close of kin, that these branches afford opportunity for excellent discipline of the mind. Enough has already been said perhaps to indicate that the idea of pure discipline (or, as Prof. Hinsdale calls it, "the dogma of formal discipline"[3]) is not founded upon good philosophy; it remains to examine briefly this second position which many teachers, with their faces always turned toward the setting sun, declare with fervor to be impregnable. A survey of the subjects in the elementary school curriculum will show that they fall naturally into three great classes, usually styled (1) the real or content subjects, including history, literature, geography, and Nature-study or science; (2) the form or symbolic subjects, including language, grammar, arithmetic, and the mechanical side of reading, writing, music, and art; (3) the industrial or "psycho-manual" subjects, including manual training, sewing, and cookery. It has been held hitherto that the elementary school should be concerned very little if at all with the real or content subjects, because these could not be studied with profit until a considerable body of symbols had been acquired, by the ready use of which a pupil would be enabled to talk, read, write, spell, draw, and cipher in the expression of what he gained from his investigations; and, moreover, is it not impossible for one to study history, literature, or science until he has mastered a vocabulary that will enable him to intelligently comprehend what he is trying to study about? That is to say, must he not first study words so that through them as symbols he may finally get to know about the realities symbolized? It is doubtless familiar to every one who has looked into the matter that there has been a reversing of this doctrine in many places of late years, and the aim is now to acquire familiarity with symbols through the things which they represent. It has become a truism of modern educational psychology that a symbol is learned with great difficulty and with little serviceableness unless it be connected with the thing or thought it is to symbolize; it is learned only after great effort, because, in the first place, it possesses no characteristic in itself but that of form, and in the case of words and figures very simple forms at that, which increases the difficulty of mastery. A mature person looking at the end of a pencil in the endeavor to fix it in the mind so that it may be identified in the future from similar pencils, would find the task well-nigh impossible, although it appears so entirely simple; but if the same effort be made in remembering a horse, or large and complex object of any kind, the problem is very much easier, because there are more evident characteristics to fix the thing in the mind, and by which it may be identified when it appears there again. Now, in the case of learning the symbolic subjects in the schoolroom, the ease of mastery depends upon every word and figure learned being connected with the thought or thing it symbolizes; the thought being previously aroused in the mind, and the symbol fused with it, as it were. Hence the maxim now frequently heard: First the thought, then the symbol. Psychological observation has shown also that the use of a symbol can become automatic in acquiring or expressing thought (which is the sole ultimate object in the teaching of the form subjects) only when that symbol has been connected a great many times in one act of thought with the thing it represents; and then whenever the symbol appears in the mind the thing symbolized will be automatically suggested. It is illustrated every day of our lives that when two or more things are perceived or experienced as connected with each other in time or space, one being thought of or experienced again, the other invariably accompanies it in the manner of the original appearance. Psychology has long recognized that contiguity is the essential principle of memory; and it is particularly applicable to the automatic memory, upon which, as already said in substance, the teaching of the symbolic subjects must depend. The object is to have thought spontaneously suggested by symbols, with no conscious attention upon the symbols themselves; and, of course, there is the co-ordinate purpose to acquire power to use the means of expression automatically to convey thought. Neither of these objects may be secured if the learning of forms is divorced from their constant use in the ready acquisition and clear conveyance of thought; which, when applied to the work of the schoolroom, means that the study of arithmetic, language, grammar, or the mechanics of reading, writing, and drawing, apart from their natural connections with the pursuit of the content subjects, history, literature, science, and geography is a mistake. Common sense maintains, in everyday life at least, that the mechanism necessary to the performance of any art may be most advantageously acquired through actual practice of the art; and one never learns the mechanics of bicycle-riding, baseball playing, typewriting, and similar arts before he begins to ride the bicycle, play ball, or use the typewriter; but he acquires skill in doing these things by applying himself to their execution at the outset. A child at its mother's knee learns to talk by talking, and to walk by walking, rather than in either case to acquire beforehand the theory and mechanics of each in the hope to apply them some time later in life. But common sense, which has always been slow in carrying its philosophy of the activities of daily life into the work of the schoolroom, is just now beginning it seems to appreciate in a way that what is true concerning the mastery of the mechanics of doing things in daily life applies also to the formal subjects of education, in the sense that they may be most serviceably acquired in an incidental manner, while using them, continually to acquire and express thought aroused by the study of real things. It is, no doubt, necessary to have much drill upon these formal things to make their use automatic; but this drill must follow and depend upon the use of the symbolic subjects in the study of the real subjects at any time rather than to aim at mastering a body of forms which may be applied at some future period.
From the foregoing (and there are other arguments, such as the greater interest which the pupil will have in the study of the formal subjects when they are thus connected with the real subjects, which can not be entered into here) it may be concluded that the formal branches of instruction acquire a value from their connection with the study of content subject-matter; and taught by themselves they are, comparatively speaking, empty and valueless. What has been said of the symbolic studies may be said also, without repeating arguments here, of the psycho-manual or industrial subjects: they, too, must be concerned with the expression, and hence with the deepening and intensifying of thought gained from the pursuit of history, literature, and science. Thus when the pupil studies about the industries in his environment and gains an impression of the activities of the mechanic, farmer, seamstress, and so on, he makes his ideas effective and lasting by imitating these activities himself. But to require him to learn the rules and mechanism of these industries before having an opportunity to perform them is to create an indifference or distaste for them all because of the formality and emptiness of such work. In drawing, too, the object should be to have the pupil express what has been gained from the study of some real object, or to illustrate some scene from history or literature; and when the mere grammar of drawing is learned before putting it to any use, not only interest but effectiveness in the work is lost.
Other matters should be considered in a complete and thorough analysis of educational values in elementary education; but from what it has been possible to say here it may be concluded that in the arrangement of the elementary school curriculum the central place should be given to the real or content studies—literature, history, geography, and science—and all other subjects must follow and depend upon them in the acquisition and expression of thought gained from their pursuit. As to whether the literary or the scientific subjects should receive greater emphasis there seems not to be so great agreement among psychologists and educators; although the ideal of the development of moral character in our schools, so frequently spoken of nowadays by teachers, would seem to argue the superiority of those studies that have a moral content—that is, those that deal with moral matters. Educational psychology points out a danger people are liable to fall into in thinking that because the material of instruction used treats of moral questions the result upon the character of the pupil must of necessity be moral. If this were true it would follow that the learning of moral subject-matter, as literature and history, would constitute adequate means for the training of exemplary men and women. In somewhat the same way it was once thought by religious teachers, and may be yet in some places, that the study of the catechism would cause an individual to become religious. But a little observation of types in one's environment will show that these theories do not hold absolutely, at any rate. If it necessarily follows that the study of history produces an estimable moral character, then we should find historians to be exemplary above all other men, and statesmen to be infinitely more than politicians. Taking things literally, we should expect all those individuals whose calling leads them to study history more or less, as the lawyer, the politician, historical teachers, and others to be distinguished for their morality above the scientist, the mathematician, or any one else in the community; but if this be so, it has not yet impressed itself upon the public mind. The more just view to take of this question is (to be dogmatic for the sake of brevity) that those activities which tend to become habitual are the ones that determine character; and an individual may study profoundly about charity, for instance, without ever exercising that quality himself; while, on the other hand, one may be little familiar with the literature of benevolence, but an exemplary person in its practice. Although it seems eminently true that our thoughts tend to get worked out into appropriate activities, yet we make a serious mistake when we conclude that those ideas which we get from books are uppermost in our minds when we are inspired to action; rather those impressions that have already become deepened and fixed through previous expressions are the ones that get mastery when we are about to act. This does not imply that literature and history have not great moral culture value when rightly used to furnish incentives and models for moral activities that become actually realized in the pupil's life—in the child immediately under the guidance of the teacher, in the older person at a more remote period perhaps. But at the same time it should be understood that character in a true sense includes the whole of personality, and a defect in any part is essentially a moral defect; so that what one can and does do, in a material sense, is as important to be looked after in elementary education as how he may think or feel in a bookish sense. These considerations alone (and there are other important arguments that might be advanced) indicate that, so far as values are concerned, the study of science, and of the various industries that maybe understood and improved upon only by a comprehension of its laws, should hold a place in the elementary school co-ordinate with that of literature and history. One may not dogmatize here, though, considering the present state of our knowledge upon the most effective means for training moral character; and it is to be sincerely hoped that we may ere long be in possession of further contributions along this line from psychologists and educators.
Cutting telegraph wires is, according to Mr. P. V. Luke, of the British-Indian Chitral Expedition, a favorite amusement with frontier tribes. They find the wire useful. Sometimes, too, they convert the hollow iron posts of which the telegraph poles are made into guns, by lapping them round with wire; and they cut the wire up for bullets.
↑ The Report of the Committee of Ten, 1893; and the Report of the Committee of Fifteen, 1895.
↑ For example, by Prof. Hinsdale, in the Educational Review for September, 1894.
↑ Educational Review, September, 1894.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_48/March_1896/Educational_Values_in_Elementary_School&oldid=8846420"
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The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Fairfax, Rear-Admiral Henry
←Eyre, Edward John
Fairfax, Rear-Admiral Henry
Fairfax, Hon. John→
1373003The Dictionary of Australasian Biography — Fairfax, Rear-Admiral HenryPhilip Mennell
Fairfax, Rear-Admiral Henry, C.B., second son of Colonel Sir Henry Fairfax, Bart., was born in 1837, and entered the Royal Navy in 1850, becoming commander in 1862, captain in 1868, and rear-admiral in 1885. He was naval attaché to Sir Bartle Frere's mission to Zanzibar in 1872-3; private secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty in 1873-4; and was created C.B. (Civil Division) in 1879, and Military Division in 1882. He commanded H.M.S. Monarch at the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882, for which he received a medal, the Khedive's bronze star and the 3rd class Osmanlieh. He was naval aide-de-camp to the Queen from 1879 to 1885 and Commander-in-Chief on the Australian station from 1887 to 1889, assuming the command on the 17th of April in the former year. In 1889 Admiral Fairfax became Second Naval Lord of the Admiralty. Admiral Fairfax married, in 1872, Harriet, daughter of Sir David Kinloch, 9th Bart.
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The Wealth of Nations/Book I/Chapter 10
< The Wealth of Nations
←Chapter 9
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: Book I by Adam Smith
Chapter 10: Of Wages and Profit in the different Employments of Labour and Stock
2735An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: Book I — Chapter 10: Of Wages and Profit in the different Employments of Labour and StockAdam Smith
The whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock must, in the same neighbourhood, be either perfectly equal or continually tending to equality. If in the same neighbourhood, there was any employment evidently either more or less advantageous than the rest, so many people would crowd into it in the one case, and so many would desert it in the other, that its advantages would soon return to the level of other employments. This at least would be the case in a society where things were left to follow their natural course, where there was perfect liberty, and where every man was perfectly free both to choose what occupation he thought proper, and to change it as often as he thought proper. Every man's interest would prompt him to seek the advantageous, and to shun the disadvantageous employment.
Pecuniary wages and profit, indeed, are everywhere in Europe extremely different according to the different employments of labour and stock. But this difference arises partly from certain circumstances in the employments themselves, which, either really, or at least in the imaginations of men, make up for a small pecuniary gain in some, and counterbalance a great one in others; and partly from the policy of Europe, which nowhere leaves things at perfect liberty.
The particular consideration of those circumstances and of that policy will divide this chapter into two parts.
Part 1: Inequalities arising from the Nature of the Employments themselvesEdit
The five following are the principal circumstances which, so far as I have been able to observe, make up for a small pecuniary gain in some employments, and counterbalance a great one in others: first, the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employments themselves; secondly, the easiness and cheapness, or the difficulty and expense of learning them; thirdly, the constancy or inconstancy of employment in them; fourthly, the small or great trust which must be reposed in those who exercise them; and, fifthly, the probability or improbability of success in them.
First, the wages of labour vary with the ease or hardship, the cleanliness or dirtiness, the honourableness or dishonourableness of the employment. Thus in most places, take the year round, a journeyman tailor earns less than a journeyman weaver. His work is much easier. A journeyman weaver earns less than a journeyman smith. His work is not always easier, but it is much cleanlier. A journeyman blacksmith, though an artificer, seldom earns so much in twelve hours as a collier, who is only a labourer, does in eight. His work is not quite so dirty, is less dangerous, and is carried on in daylight, and above ground. Honour makes a great part of the reward of all honourable professions. In point of pecuniary gain, all things considered, they are generally under-recompensed, as I shall endeavour to show by and by. Disgrace has the contrary effect. The trade of a butcher is a brutal and an odious business; but it is in most places more profitable than the greater part of common trades. The most detestable of all employments, that of public executioner, is, in proportion to the quantity of work done, better paid than any common trade whatever.
Hunting and fishing, the most important employments of mankind in the rude state of society, become in its advanced state their most agreeable amusements, and they pursue for pleasure what they once followed from necessity. In the advanced state of society, therefore, they are all very poor people who follow as a trade what other people pursue as a pastime. Fishermen have been so since the time of Theocritus. A poacher is everywhere a very poor man in Great Britain. In countries where the rigour of the law suffers no poachers, the licensed hunter is not in a much better condition. The natural taste for those employments makes more people follow them than can live comfortably by them, and the produce of their labour, in proportion to its quantity, comes always too cheap to market to afford anything but the most scanty subsistence to the labourers.
Disagreeableness and disgrace affect the profits of stock in the same manner as the wages of labour. The keeper of an inn or tavern, who is never master of his own house, and who is exposed to the brutality of every drunkard, exercises neither a very agreeable nor a very creditable business. But there is scarce any common trade in which a small stock yields so great a profit.
Secondly, the wages of labour vary with the easiness and cheapness, or the difficulty and expense of learning the business.
When any expensive machine is erected, the extraordinary work to be performed by it before it is worn out, it must be expected, will replace the capital laid out upon it, with at least the ordinary profits. A man educated at the expense of much labour and time to any of those employments which require extraordinary dexterity and skill, may be compared to one of those expensive machines. The work which he learns to perform, it must be expected, over and above the usual wages of common labour, will replace to him the whole expense of his education, with at least the ordinary profits of an equally valuable capital. It must do this, too, in a reasonable time, regard being had to the very uncertain duration of human life, in the same manner as to the more certain duration of the machine.
The difference between the wages of skilled labour and those of common labour is founded upon this principle.
The policy of Europe considers the labour of all mechanics, artificers, and manufacturers, as skilled labour; and that of all country labourers as common labour. It seems to suppose that of the former to be of a more nice and delicate nature than that of the latter. It is so perhaps in some cases; but in the greater part is it quite otherwise, as I shall endeavour to show by and by. The laws and customs of Europe, therefore, in order to qualify any person for exercising the one species of labour, impose the necessity of an apprenticeship, though with different degrees of rigour in different places. They leave the other free and open to everybody. During the continuance of the apprenticeship, the whole labour of the apprentice belongs to his master. In the meantime he must, in many cases, be maintained by his parents or relations, and in almost all cases must be clothed by them. Some money, too, is commonly given to the master for teaching him his trade. They who cannot give money give time, or become bound for more than the usual number of years; a consideration which, though it is not always advantageous to the master, on account of the usual idleness of apprentices, is always disadvantageous to the apprentice. In country labour, on the contrary, the labourer, while he is employed about the easier, learns the more difficult parts of his business, and his own labour maintains him through all the different stages of his employment. It is reasonable, therefore, that in Europe the wages of mechanics, artificers, and manufacturers, should be somewhat higher than those of common labourers. They are so accordingly, and their superior gains make them in most places be considered as a superior rank of people. This superiority, however, is generally very small; the daily or weekly earnings of journeymen in the more common sorts of manufactures, such as those of plain linen and woollen cloth, computed at an average, are, in most places, very little more than the day wages of common labourers. Their employment, indeed, is more steady and uniform, and the superiority of their earnings, taking the whole year together, may be somewhat greater. It seems evidently, however, to be no greater than what is sufficient to compensate the superior expense of their education.
Education in the ingenious arts and in the liberal professions is still more tedious and expensive. The pecuniary recompense, therefore, of painters and sculptors, of lawyers and physicians, ought to be much more liberal; and it is so accordingly.
The profits of stock seem to be very little affected by the easiness or difficulty of learning the trade in which it is employed. All the different ways in which stock is commonly employed in great towns seem, in reality, to be almost equally easy and equally difficult to learn. One branch either of foreign or domestic trade cannot well be a much more intricate business than another.
Thirdly, the wages of labour in different occupations vary with the constancy or inconstancy of employment.
Employment is much more constant in some trades than in others. In the greater part of manufacturers, a journeyman may be pretty sure of employment almost every day in the year that he is able to work. A mason or bricklayer, on the contrary, can work neither in hard frost nor in foul weather, and his employment at all other times depends upon the occasional calls of his customers. He is liable, in consequence, to be frequently without any. What he earns, therefore, while he is employed, must not only maintain him while he is idle, but make him some compensation for those anxious and desponding moments which the thought of so precarious a situation must sometimes occasion. Where the computed earnings of the greater part of manufacturers, accordingly, are nearly upon a level with the day wages of common labourers, those of masons and bricklayers are generally from one half more to double those wages. Where common labourers earn four and five shillings a week, masons and bricklayers frequently earn seven and eight; where the former earn six, the latter often earn nine and ten; and where the former earn nine and ten, as in London, the latter commonly earn fifteen and eighteen. No species of skilled labour, however, seems more easy to learn than that of masons and bricklayers. Chairmen in London, during the summer season, are said sometimes to be employed as bricklayers. The high wages of those workmen, therefore, are not so much the recompense of their skill, as the compensation for the inconstancy of their employment.
A house carpenter seems to exercise rather a nicer and more ingenious trade than a mason. In most places, however, for it is not universally so, his day-wages are somewhat lower. His employment, though it depends much, does not depend so entirely upon the occasional calls of his customers; and it is not liable to be interrupted by the weather.
When the trades which generally afford constant employment happen in a particular place not to do so, the wages of the workmen always rise a good deal above their ordinary proportion to those of common labour. In London almost all journeymen artificers are liable to be called upon and dismissed by their masters from day to day, and from week to week, in the same manner as day-labourers in other places. The lowest order of artificers, journeymen tailors, accordingly, earn there half a crown a-day, though eighteenpence may be reckoned the wages of common labour. In small towns and country villages, the wages of journeymen tailors frequently scarce equal those of common labour; but in London they are often many weeks without employment, particularly during the summer.
When the inconstancy of employment is combined with the hardship, disagreeableness and dirtiness of the work, it sometimes raises the wages of the most common labour above those of the most skilful artificers. A collier working by the piece is supposed, at Newcastle, to earn commonly about double, and in many parts of Scotland about three times the wages of common labour. His high wages arise altogether from the hardship, disagreeableness, and dirtiness of his work. His employment may, upon most occasions, be as constant as he pleases. The coal-heavers in London exercise a trade which in hardship, dirtiness, and disagreeableness, almost equals that of colliers; and from the unavoidable irregularity in the arrivals of coal-ships, the employment of the greater part of them is necessarily very inconstant. If colliers, therefore, commonly earn double and triple the wages of common labour, it ought not to seem unreasonable that coal-heavers should sometimes earn four and five times those wages. In the inquiry made into their condition a few years ago, it was found that at the rate at which they were then paid, they could earn from six to ten shillings a day. Six shillings are about four times the wages of common labour in London, and in every particular trade the lowest common earnings may always be considered as those of the far greater number. How extravagant soever those earnings may appear, if they were more than sufficient to compensate all the disagreeable circumstances of the business, there would soon be so great a number of competitors as, in a trade which has no exclusive privilege, would quickly reduce them to a lower rate.
The constancy or inconstancy of employment cannot affect the ordinary profits of stock in any particular trade. Whether the stock is or is not constantly employed depends. not upon the trade, but the trader.
Fourthly, the wages of labour vary accordingly to the small or great trust which must be reposed in the workmen.
The wages of goldsmiths and jewellers are everywhere superior to those of many other workmen, not only of equal, but of much superior ingenuity, on account of the precious materials with which they are intrusted.
We trust our health to the physician: our fortune and sometimes our life and reputation to the lawyer and attorney. Such confidence could not safely be reposed in people of a very mean or low condition. Their reward must be such, therefore, as may give them that rank in the society which so important a trust requires. The long time and the great expense which must be laid out in their education, when combined with this circumstance, necessarily enhance still further the price of their labour.
When a person employs only his own stock in trade, there is no trust; and the credit which he may get from other people depends, not upon the nature of his trade, but upon their opinion of his fortune, probity, and prudence. The different rates of profit, therefore, in the different branches of trade, cannot arise from the different degrees of trust reposed in the traders.
Fifthly, the wages of labour in different employments vary according to the probability or improbability of success in them.
The probability that any particular person shall ever be qualified for the employment to which he is educated is very different in different occupations. In the greater part of mechanic trades, success is almost certain; but very uncertain in the liberal professions. Put your son apprentice to a shoemaker, there is little doubt of his learning to make a pair of shoes; but send him to study the law, it is at least twenty to one if ever he makes such proficiency as will enable him to live by the business. In a perfectly fair lottery, those who draw the prizes ought to gain all that is lost by those who draw the blanks. In a profession where twenty fail for one that succeeds, that one ought to gain all that should have been gained by the unsuccessful twenty. The counsellor-at-law who, perhaps, at near forty years of age, begins to make something by his profession, ought to receive the retribution, not only of his own so tedious and expensive education, but that of more than twenty others who are never likely to make anything by it. How extravagant soever the fees of counsellors-at-law may sometimes appear, their real retribution is never equal to this. Compute in any particular place what is likely to be annually gained, and what is likely to be annually spent, by all the different workmen in any common trade, such as that of shoemakers or weavers, and you will find that the former sum will generally exceed the latter. But make the same computation with regard to all the counsellors and students of law, in all the different inns of court, and you will find that their annual gains bear but a very small proportion to their annual expense, even though you rate the former as high, and the latter as low, as can well be done. The lottery of the law, therefore, is very far from being a perfectly fair lottery; and that, as well as many other liberal and honourable professions, are, in point of pecuniary gain, evidently under-recompensed.
Those professions keep their level, however, with other occupations, and, notwithstanding these discouragements, all the most generous and liberal spirits are eager to crowd into them. Two different causes contribute to recommend them. First, the desire of the reputation which attends upon superior excellence in any of them; and, secondly, the natural confidence which every man has more or less, not only in his own abilities, but in his own good fortune.
To excel in any profession, in which but few arrive at mediocrity, is the most decisive mark of what is called genius or superior talents. The public admiration which attends upon such distinguished abilities makes always a part of their reward; a greater or smaller in proportion as it is higher or lower in degree. It makes a considerable part of that reward in the profession of physic; a still greater perhaps in that of law; in poetry and philosophy it makes almost the whole.
There are some very agreeable and beautiful talents of which the possession commands a certain sort of admiration; but of which the exercise for the sake of gain is considered, whether from reason or prejudice, as a sort of public prostitution. The pecuniary recompense, therefore, of those who exercise them in this manner must be sufficient, not only to pay for the time, labour, and expense of acquiring the talents, but for the discredit which attends the employment of them as the means of subsistence. The exorbitant rewards of players, opera-singers, opera-dancers, etc., are founded upon those two principles; the rarity and beauty of the talents, and the discredit of employing them in this manner. It seems absurd at first sight that we should despise their persons and yet reward their talents with the most profuse liberality. While we do the one, however, we must of necessity do the other. Should the public opinion or prejudice ever alter with regard to such occupations, their pecuniary recompense would quickly diminish. More people would apply to them, and the competition would quickly reduce the price of their labour. Such talents, though far from being common, are by no means so rare as is imagined. Many people possess them in great perfection, who disdain to make this use of them; and many more are capable of acquiring them, if anything could be made honourably by them.
The overweening conceit which the greater part of men have of their own abilities is an ancient evil remarked by the philosophers and moralists of all ages. Their absurd presumption in their own good fortune has been less taken notice of. It is, however, if possible, still more universal. There is no man living who, when in tolerable health and spirits, has not some share of it. The chance of gain is by every man more or less overvalued, and the chance of loss is by most men undervalued, and by scarce any man, who is in tolerable health and spirits, valued more than it is worth.
That the chance of gain is naturally overvalued, we may learn from the universal success of lotteries. The world neither ever saw, nor ever will see, a perfectly fair lottery; or one in which the whole gain compensated the whole loss; because the undertaker could make nothing by it. In the state lotteries the tickets are really not worth the price which is paid by the original subscribers, and yet commonly sell in the market for twenty, thirty, and sometimes forty per cent advance. The vain hope of gaining some of the great prizes is the sole cause of this demand. The soberest people scarce look upon it as a folly to pay a small sum for the chance of gaining ten or twenty thousand pounds; though they know that even that small sum is perhaps twenty or thirty per cent more than the chance is worth. In a lottery in which no prize exceeded twenty pounds, though in other respects it approached much nearer to a perfectly fair one than the common state lotteries, there would not be the same demand for tickets. In order to have a better chance for some of the great prizes, some people purchase several tickets, and others, small share in a still greater number. There is not, however, a more certain proposition in mathematics than that the more tickets you adventure upon, the more likely you are to be a loser. Adventure upon all the tickets in the lottery, and you lose for certain; and the greater the number of your tickets the nearer you approach to this certainty.
That the chance of loss is frequently undervalued, and scarce ever valued more than it is worth, we may learn from a very moderate profit of insurers. In order to make insurance, either from fire or sea-risk, a trade at all, the common premium must be sufficient to compensate the common losses, to pay the expense of management, and to afford such a profit as might have been drawn from an equal capital employed in any common trade. The person who pays no more than this evidently pays no more than the real value of the risk, or the lowest price at which he can reasonably expect to insure it. But though many people have made a little money by insurance, very few have made a great fortune; and from this consideration alone, it seems evident enough that the ordinary balance of profit and loss is not more advantageous in this than in other common trades by which so many people make fortunes. Moderate, however, as the premium of insurance commonly is, many people despise the risk too much to care to pay it. Taking the whole kingdom at an average, nineteen houses in twenty, or rather perhaps ninety-nine in a hundred, are not insured from fire. Sea risk is more alarming to the greater part of people, and the proportion of ships insured to those not insured is much greater. Many fail, however, at all seasons, and even in time of war, without any insurance. This may sometimes perhaps be done without any imprudence. When a great company, or even a great merchant, has twenty or thirty ships at sea, they may, as it were, insure one another. The premium saved upon them all may more than compensate such losses as they are likely to meet with in the common course of chances. The neglect of insurance upon shipping, however, in the same manner as upon houses, is, in most cases, the effect of no such nice calculation, but of mere thoughtless rashness and presumptuous contempt of the risk.
The contempt of risk and the presumptuous hope of success are in no period of life more active than at the age at which young people choose their professions. How little the fear of misfortune is then capable of balancing the hope of good luck appears still more evidently in the readiness of the common People to enlist as soldiers, or to go to sea, than in the eagerness of those of better fashion to enter into what are called the liberal professions.
What a common soldier may lose is obvious enough. Without regarding the danger, however, young volunteers never enlist so readily as at the beginning of a new war; and though they have scarce any chance of preferment, they figure to themselves, in their youthful fancies, a thousand occasions of acquiring honour and distinction which never occur. These romantic hopes make the whole price of their blood. Their pay is less than that of common labourers, and in actual service their fatigues are much greater.
The lottery of the sea is not altogether so disadvantageous as that of the army. The son of a creditable labourer or artificer may frequently go to sea with his father's consent; but if he enlists as a soldier, it is always without it. Other people see some chance of his making something by the one trade: nobody but himself sees any of his making anything by the other. The great admiral is less the object of public admiration than the great general, and the highest success in the sea service promises a less brilliant fortune and reputation than equal success in the land. The same difference runs through all the inferior degrees of preferment in both. By the rules of precedency a captain in the navy ranks with a colonel in the army; but he does not rank with him in the common estimation. As the great prizes in the lottery are less, the smaller ones must be more numerous. Common sailors, therefore, more frequently get some fortune and preferment than common soldiers; and the hope of those prizes is what principally recommends the trade. Though their skill and dexterity are much superior to that of almost any artificers, and though their whole life is one continual scene of hardship and danger, yet for all this dexterity and skill, for all those hardships and dangers, while they remain in the condition of common sailors, they receive scarce any other recompense but the pleasure of exercising the one and of surmounting the other. Their wages are not greater than those of common labourers at the port which regulates the rate of seamen's wages. As they are continually going from port to port, the monthly pay of those who sail from all the different ports of Great Britain is more nearly upon a level than that of any other workmen in those different places; and the rate of the port to and from which the greatest number sail, that is the port of London, regulates that of all the rest. At London the wages of the greater part of the different classes of workmen are about double those of the same classes at Edinburgh. But the sailors who sail from the port of London seldom earn above three or four shillings a month more than those who sail from the port of Leith, and the difference is frequently not so great. In time of peace, and in the merchant service, the London price is from a guinea to about seven-and-twenty shillings the calendar month. A common labourer in London, at the rate of nine or ten shillings a week, may earn in the calendar month from forty to five-and-forty shillings. The sailor, indeed, over and above his pay, is supplied with provisions. Their value, however, may not perhaps always exceed the difference between his pay and that of the common labourer; and though it sometimes should, the excess will not be clear gain to the sailor, because he cannot share it with his wife and family, whom he must maintain out of his wages at home.
The dangers and hairbreadth escapes of a life of adventures, instead of disheartening young people, seem frequently to recommend a trade to them. A tender mother, among the inferior ranks of people, is often afraid to send her son to school at a seaport town, lest the sight of the ships and the conversation and adventures of the sailors should entice him to go to sea. The distant prospect of hazards, from which we can hope to extricate ourselves by courage and address, is not disagreeable to us, and does not raise the wages of labour in any employment. It is otherwise with those in which courage and address can be of no avail. In trades which are known to be very unwholesome, the wages of labour are always remarkably high. Unwholesomeness is a species of disagreeableness, and its effects upon the wages of labour are to be ranked under that general head.
In all the different employments of stock, the ordinary rate of profit varies more or less with the certainty or uncertainty of the returns. These are in general less uncertain in the inland than in the foreign trade, and in some branches of foreign trade than in others; in the trade to North America, for example, than in that to Jamaica. The ordinary rate of profit always rises more or less with the risk. It does not, however, seem to rise in proportion to it, or so as to compensate it completely. Bankruptcies are most frequent in the most hazardous trades. The most hazardous of all trades, that of a smuggler, though when the adventure succeeds it is likewise the most profitable, is the infallible road to bankruptcy. The presumptuous hope of success seems to act here as upon all other occasions, and to entice so many adventurers into those hazardous trades, that their competition reduces their profit below what is sufficient to compensate the risk. To compensate it completely, the common returns ought, over and above the ordinary profits of stock, not only to make up for all occasional losses, but to afford a surplus profit to the adventurers of the same nature with the profit of insurers. But if the common returns were sufficient for all this, bankruptcies would not be more frequent in these than in other trades.
Of the five circumstances, therefore, which vary the wages of labour, two only affect the profits of stock; the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the business, and the risk or security with which it is attended. In point of agreeableness, there is little or no difference in the far greater part of the different employments of stock; but a great deal in those of labour; and the ordinary profit of stock, though it rises with the risk, does not always seem to rise in proportion to it. It should follow from all this, that, in the same society or neighbourhood, the average and ordinary rates of profit in the different employments of stock should be more nearly upon a level than the pecuniary wages of the different sorts of labour. They are so accordingly. The difference between the earnings of a common labourer and those of a well employed lawyer or physician, is evidently much greater than that between the ordinary profits in any two different branches of trade. The apparent difference, besides, in the profits of different trades, is generally a deception arising from our not always distinguishing what ought to be considered as wages, from what ought to be considered as profit.
Apothecaries' profit is become a bye-word, denoting something uncommonly extravagant. This great apparent profit, however, is frequently no more than the reasonable wages of labour. The skill of an apothecary is a much nicer and more delicate matter than that of any artificer whatever; and the trust which is reposed in him is of much greater importance. He is the physician of the poor in all cases, and of the rich when the distress or danger is not very great. His reward, therefore, ought to be suitable to his skill and his trust, and it arises generally from the price at which he sells his drugs. But the whole drugs which the best employed apothecary, in a large market town, will sell in a year, may not perhaps cost him above thirty or forty pounds. Though he should sell them, therefore, for three or four hundred, or at a thousand per cent profit, this may frequently be no more than the reasonable wages of his labour charged, in the only way in which he can charge them, upon the price of his drugs. The greater part of the apparent profit is real wages disguised in the garb of profit.
In a small seaport town, a little grocer will make forty or fifty per cent upon a stock of a single hundred pounds, while a considerable wholesale merchant in the same place will scarce make eight or ten per cent upon a stock of ten thousand. The trade of the grocer may be necessary for the conveniency of the inhabitants, and the narrowness of the market may not admit the employment of a larger capital in the business. The man, however, must not only live by his trade, but live by it suitably to the qualifications which it requires. Besides possessing a little capital, he must be able to read, write, and account, and must be a tolerable judge too of, perhaps, fifty or sixty different sorts of goods, their prices, qualities, and the markets where they are to be had cheapest. He must have all the knowledge, in short, that is necessary for a great merchant, which nothing hinders him from becoming but the want of a sufficient capital. Thirty or forty pounds a year cannot be considered as too great a recompense for the labour of a person so Accomplished. Deduct this from the seemingly great profits of his capital, and little more will remain, perhaps, than the ordinary profits of stock. The greater part of the apparent profit is, in this case too, real wages.
The difference between the apparent profit of the retail and that of the wholesale trade, is much less in the capital than in small towns and country villages. Where ten thousand pounds can be employed in the grocery trade, the wages of the grocer's labour make but a very trifling addition to the real profits of so great a stock. The apparent profits of the wealthy retailer, therefore, are there more nearly upon a level with those of the wholesale merchant. It is upon this account that goods sold by retail are generally as cheap and frequently much cheaper in the capital than in small towns and country villages. Grocery goods, for example, are generally much cheaper; bread and butcher's meat frequently as cheap. It costs no more to bring grocery goods to the great town than to the country village; but it costs a great deal more to bring corn and cattle, as the greater part of them must be brought from a much greater distance. The prime cost of grocery goods, therefore, being the same in both places, they are cheapest where the least profit is charged upon them. The prime cost of bread and butcher's meat is greater in the great town than in the country village; and though the profit is less, therefore, they are not always cheaper there, but often equally cheap. In such articles as bread and butcher's meat, the same cause, which diminishes apparent profit, increases prime cost. The extent of the market, by giving employment to greater stocks, diminishes apparent profit; but by requiring supplies from a greater distance, it increases prime cost. This diminution of the one and increase of the other seem, in most cases, nearly to counterbalance one another, which is probably the reason that, though the prices of corn and cattle are commonly very different in different parts of the kingdom, those of bread and butcher's meat are generally very nearly the same through the greater part of it.
Though the profits of stock both in the wholesale and retail trade are generally less in the capital than in small towns and country villages, yet great fortunes are frequently acquired from small beginnings in the former, and scarce ever in the latter. In small towns and country villages, on account of the narrowness of the market, trade cannot always be extended as stock extends. In such places, therefore, though the rate of a particular person's profits may be very high, the sum or amount of them can never be very great, nor consequently that of his annual accumulation. In great towns, on the contrary, trade can be extended as stock increases, and the credit of a frugal and thriving man increases much faster than his stock. His trade is extended in proportion to the amount of both, and the sum or amount of his profits is in proportion to the extent of his trade, and his annual accumulation in proportion to the amount of his profits. It seldom happens, however, that great fortunes are made even in great towns by any one regular, established, and well-known branch of business, but in consequence of a long life of industry, frugality, and attention. Sudden fortunes, indeed, are sometimes made in such places by what is called the trade of speculation. The speculative merchant exercises no one regular, established, or well-known branch of business. He is a corn merchant this year, and a wine merchant the next, and a sugar, tobacco, or tea merchant the year after. He enters into every trade when he foresees that it is likely to be more than commonly profitable, and he quits it when he foresees that its profits are likely to return to the level of other trades. His profits and losses, therefore, can bear no regular proportion to those of any one established and well-known branch of business. A bold adventurer may sometimes acquire a considerable fortune by two or three successful speculations; but is just as likely to lose one by two or three unsuccessful ones. This trade can be carried on nowhere but in great towns. It is only in places of the most extensive commerce and correspondence that the intelligence requisite for it can be had.
The five circumstances above mentioned, though they occasion considerable inequalities in the wages of labour and profits of stock, occasion none in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages, real or imaginary, of the different employments of either. The nature of those circumstances is such that they make up for a small pecuniary gain in some, and counterbalance a great one in others.
In order, however, that this equality may take place in the whole of their advantages or disadvantages, three things are requisite even where there is the most perfect freedom. First, the employments must be well known and long established in the neighbourhood; secondly, they must be in their ordinary, or what may be called their natural state; and, thirdly, they must be the sole or principal employments of those who occupy them.
First, this equality can take place only in those employments which are well known, and have been long established in the neighbourhood.
Where all other circumstances are equal, wages are generally higher in new than in old trades. When a projector attempts to establish a new manufacture, he must at first entice his workmen from other employments by higher wages than they can either earn in their own trades, or than the nature of his work would otherwise require, and a considerable time must pass away before he can venture to reduce them to the common level. Manufactures for which the demand arises altogether from fashion and fancy are continually changing, and seldom last long enough to be considered as old established manufactures. Those, on the contrary, for which the demand arises chiefly from use or necessity, are less liable to change, and the same form or fabric may continue in demand for whole centuries together. The wages of labour, therefore, are likely to be higher in manufactures of the former than in those of the latter kind. Birmingham deals chiefly in manufactures of the former kind; Sheffield in those of the latter; and the wages of labour in those two different places are said to be suitable to this difference in the nature of their manufactures.
The establishment of any new manufacture, of any new branch of commerce, or of any new practice in agriculture, is always a speculation, from which the projector promises himself extraordinary profits. These profits sometimes are very great, and sometimes, more frequently, perhaps, they are quite otherwise; but in general they bear no regular proportion to those of other old trades in the neighbourhood. If the project succeeds, they are commonly at first very high. When the trade or practice becomes thoroughly established and well known, the competition reduces them to the level of other trades.
Secondly, this equality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, can take place only in the ordinary, or what may be called the natural state of those employments.
The demand for almost every different species of labour is sometimes greater and sometimes less than usual. In the one case the advantages of the employment rise above, in the other they fall below the common level. The demand for country labour is greater at hay-time and harvest than during the greater part of the year; and wages rise with the demand. In time of war, when forty or fifty thousand sailors are forced from the merchant service into that of the king, the demand for sailors to merchant ships necessarily rises with their scarcity, and their wages upon such occasions commonly rise from a guinea and seven-and-twenty shillings, to forty shillings and three pounds a month. In a decaying manufacture, on the contrary, many workmen, rather than quit their old trade, are contented with smaller wages than would otherwise be suitable to the nature of their employment.
The profits of stock vary with the price of the commodities in which it is employed. As the price of any commodity rises above the ordinary or average rate, the profits of at least some part of the stock that is employed in bringing it to market, rise above their proper level, and as it falls they sink below it. All commodities are more or less liable to variations of price, but some are much more so than others. In all commodities which are produced by human industry, the quantity of industry annually employed is necessarily regulated by the annual demand, in such a manner that the average annual produce may, as nearly as possible, be equal to the average annual consumption. In some employments, it has already been observed, the same quantity of industry will always produce the same, or very nearly the same quantity of commodities. In the linen or woollen manufactures, for example, the same number of hands will annually work up very nearly the same quantity of linen and woollen cloth. The variations in the market price of such commodities, therefore, can arise only from some accidental variation in the demand. A public mourning raises the price of black cloth. But as the demand for most sorts of plain linen and woollen cloth is pretty uniform, so is likewise the price. But there are other employments in which the same quantity of industry will not always produce the same quantity of commodities. The same quantity of industry, for example, will, in different years, produce very different quantities of corn, wine, hops, sugar, tobacco, etc. The price of such commodities, therefore, varies not only with the variations of demand, but with the much greater and more frequent variations of quantity, and is consequently extremely fluctuating. But the profit of some of the dealers must necessarily fluctuate with the price of the commodities. The operations of the speculative merchant are principally employed about such commodities. He endeavours to buy them up when he foresees that their price is likely to rise, and to sell them when it is likely to fall.
Thirdly, this equality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock can take only in such as are the sole or principal employments of those who occupy them.
When a person derives his subsistence from one employment, which does not occupy the greater part of his time, in the intervals of his leisure he is often willing to work as another for less wages than would otherwise suit the nature of the employment.
There still subsists in many parts of Scotland a set of people called Cotters or Cottagers, though they were more frequent some years ago than they are now. They are a sort of outservants of the landlords and farmers. The usual reward which they receive from their masters is a house, a small garden for pot-herbs, as much grass as will feed a cow, and, perhaps, an acre or two of bad arable land. When their master has occasion for their labour, he gives them, besides, two pecks of oatmeal a week, worth about sixteenpence sterling. During a great part of the year he has little or no occasion for their labour, and the cultivation of their own little possession is not sufficient to occupy the time which is left at their own disposal. When such occupiers were more numerous than they are at present, they are said to have been willing to give their spare time for a very small recompense to anybody, and to have wrought for less wages than other labourers. In ancient times they seem to have been common all over Europe. In countries ill cultivated and worse inhabited, the greater part of landlords and farmers could not otherwise provide themselves with the extraordinary number of hands which country labour requires at certain season. The daily or weekly recompense which such labourers occasionally received from their masters was evidently not the whole price of their labour. Their small tenement made a considerable part of it. This daily or weekly recompense, however, seems to have been considered as the whole of it, by many writers who have collected the prices of labour and provisions in ancient times, and who have taken pleasures in representing both as wonderfully low.
The produce of such labour comes frequently cheaper to market than would otherwise suitable to its nature. Stockings in many parts of Scotland are knit much cheaper than they can anywhere be wrought upon the loom. They are the work of servants and labourers, who derive the principal part of their subsistence from some other employment. More than a thousand pair of Shetland stockings are annually imported into Leith, of which the price is from fivepence to sevenpence a pair. At Lerwick, the small capital of the Shetland Islands, tenpence a day, I have been assured, is a common price of common labour. In the same islands they knit worsted stockings to the value of a guinea a pair and upwards.
The spinning of linen yarn is carried on in Scotland nearly in the same way as the knitting of stockings by servants, who are chiefly hired for other purposes. They earn but a very scanty subsistence, who endeavour to get their whole livelihood by either of those trades. In most parts of Scotland she is a good spinner who can earn twentypence a week.
In opulent countries the market is generally so extensive that any one trade is sufficient to employ the whole labour and stock of those who occupy it. Instances of people's living by one employment, and at the same time deriving some little advantage from another, occur chiefly in poor countries. The following instance, however, of something of the same kind is to be found in the capital of a very rich one. There is no city in Europe, I believe, in which house-rent is dearer than in London, and yet I know no capital in which a furnished apartment can be hired as cheap. Lodging is not only much cheaper in London than in Paris; it is much cheaper than in Edinburgh of the same degree of goodness; and what may seem extraordinary, the dearness of house-rent is the cause of the cheapness of lodging. The dearness of house-rent in London arises not only from those causes which render it dear in all great capitals, the dearness of labour, the dearness of all the materials of building, which must generally be brought from a great distance, and above all the dearness of ground-rent, every landlord acting the part the part of a monopolist, and frequently exacting a higher rent for a single acre of bad land in a town than can be had for a hundred of the best in the country; but it arises in part from the peculiar manners and customs of the people, which oblige every master of a family to hire a whole house from top to bottom. A dwelling-house in England means everything that is contained under the same roof. In France, Scotland, and many other parts of Europe, it frequently means no more than a single story. A tradesman in London is obliged to hire a whole house in that part of the town where his customers live. His shop is upon the ground-floor, and he and his family sleep in the garret; and he endeavours to pay a part of his house-rent by letting the two middle stories to lodgers. He expects to maintain his family by his trade, and not by his lodgers. Whereas, at Paris and Edinburgh, the people who let lodgings have commonly no other means of subsistence and the price of the lodging must pay, not only the rent of the house, but the whole expense of the family.
Part 2: Inequalities by the Policy of EuropeEdit
Such are the inequalities in the whole of advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, which the defect of any of the three requisites above mentioned must occasion, even where there is the most perfect liberty. But the policy of Europe, by not leaving things at perfect liberty, occasions other inequalities of much greater importance.
It does this chiefly in the three following ways. First, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than would otherwise be disposed to enter into them; secondly, by increasing it in others beyond what it naturally would be; and, thirdly, by obstructing the free circulation of labour and stock, both from employment to employment and from place to place.
First, the policy of Europe occasions a very important inequality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than might otherwise be disposed to enter into them.
The exclusive privileges of corporations are the principal means it makes use of for this purpose.
The exclusive privilege of an incorporated trade necessarily restrains the competition, in the town where it is established, to those who are free of the trade. To have served an apprenticeship in the town, under a master properly qualified, is commonly the necessary requisite for obtaining this freedom. The bye laws of the corporation regulate sometimes the number of apprentices which any master is allowed to have, and almost always the number of years which each apprentice is obliged to serve. The intention of both regulations is to restrain the competition to a much smaller number than might otherwise be disposed to enter into the trade. The limitation of the number of apprentices restrains it directly. A long term of apprenticeship restrains it more indirectly, but as effectually, by increasing the expense of education.
In Sheffield no master cutler can have more than one apprentice at a time, by a bye law of the corporation. In Norfolk and Norwich no master weaver can have more than two apprentices, under pain of forfeiting five pounds a month to the king. No master hatter can have more than two apprentices anywhere in England, or in the English plantations, under pain of forfeiting five pounds a month, half to the king and half to him who shall sue in any court of record. Both these regulations, though they have been confirmed by a public law of the kingdom, are evidently dictated by the same corporation spirit which enacted the bye-law of Sheffield. The silk weavers in London had scarce been incorporated a year when they enacted a bye-law restraining any master from having more than two apprentices at a time. It required a particular Act of Parliament to rescind this bye law.
Seven years seem anciently to have been, all over Europe, the usual term established for the duration of apprenticeships in the greater part of incorporated trades. All such incorporations were anciently called universities, which indeed is the proper Latin name for any incorporation whatever. The university of smiths, the university of tailors, etc., are expressions which we commonly meet with in the old charters of ancient towns. When those particular incorporations which are now peculiarly called universities were first established, the term of years which it was necessary to study, in order to obtain the degree of master of arts, appears evidently to have been copied from the terms of apprenticeship in common trades, of which the incorporations were much more ancient. As to have wrought seven years under a master properly qualified was necessary in order to entitle any person to become a master, and to have himself apprenticed in a common trade; so to have studied seven years under a master properly qualified was necessary to entitle him to become a master, teacher, or doctor (words anciently synonymous) in the liberal arts, and to have scholars or apprentices (words likewise originally synonymous) to study under him.
By the 5th of Elizabeth, commonly called the Statute of Apprenticeship, it was enacted, that no person should for the future exercise any trade, craft, or mystery at that time exercised in England, unless he had previously served to it an apprenticeship of seven years at least; and what before had been the bye law of many particular corporations became in England the general and public law of all trades carried on in market towns. For though the words of the statute are very general, and seem plainly to include the whole kingdom, by interpretation its operation has been limited to market towns, it having been held that in country villages a person may exercise several different trades, though he has not served a seven years' apprenticeship to each, they being necessary for the conveniency of the inhabitants, and the number of people frequently not being sufficient to supply each with a particular set of hands.
By a strict interpretation of the words, too, the operation of this statute has been limited to those trades which were established in England before the 5th of Elizabeth, and has never been extended to such as have been introduced since that time. This limitation has given occasion to several distinctions which, considered as rules of police, appear as foolish as can well be imagined. It has been adjudged, for example, that a coachmaker can neither himself make nor employ journeymen to make his coach-wheels, but must buy them of a master wheel-wright; this latter trade having been exercised in England before the 5th of Elizabeth. But a wheelwright, though he has never served an apprenticeship to a coachmaker, may either himself make or employ journeyman to make coaches; the trade of a coachmaker not being within the statute, because not exercised in England at the time when it was made. The manufactures of Manchester, Birmingham, and Wolverhampton, are many of them, upon this account, not within the statute, not having been exercised in England before the 5th of Elizabeth.
In France, the duration of apprenticeships is different in different towns and in different trades. In Paris, five years is the term required in a great number; but before any person can be qualified to exercise the trade as a master, he must, in many of them, serve five years more as a journeyman. During this latter term he is called the companion of his master, and the term itself is called his companionship.
In Scotland there is no general law which regulates universally the duration of apprenticeships. The term is different in different corporations. Where it is long, a part of it may generally be redeemed by paying a small fine. In most towns, too, a very small fine is sufficient to purchase the freedom of any corporation. The weavers of linen and hempen cloth, the principal manufactures of the country, as well as all other artificers subservient to them, wheel-makers, reel-makers, etc., may exercise their trades in any town corporate without paying any fine. In all towns corporate all persons are free to sell butcher's meat upon any lawful day of the week. Three years in Scotland is a common term of apprenticeship, even in some very nice trades; and in general I know of no country in Europe in which corporation laws are so little oppressive.
The property which every man has in his own labour, as it is the original foundation of all other property, so it is the most sacred and inviolable. The patrimony of a poor man lies in the strength and dexterity of his hands; and to hinder him from employing this strength and dexterity of his hands; and to hinder him from employing this strength and dexterity in what manner he thinks proper without injury to his neighbour is a plain violation of this most sacred property. It is a manifest encroachment upon the just liberty both of the workman and of those who might be disposed to employ him. As it hinders the one from working at what he thinks proper, so it hinders the others from employing whom they think proper. To judge whether he is fit to be employed may surely be trusted to the discretion of the employers whose interest it so much concerns. The affected anxiety of the law-giver lest they should employ an improper person is evidently as impertinent as it is oppressive.
The institution of long apprenticeships can give no security that insufficient workmanship shall not frequently be exposed to public sale. When this is done it is generally the effect of fraud, and not of inability; and the longest apprenticeship can give no security against fraud. Quite different regulations are necessary to prevent this abuse. The sterling mark upon plate, and the stamps upon linen and woollen cloth, give the purchaser much greater security than any statute of apprenticeship. He generally looks at these, but never thinks it worth while to inquire whether the workman had served a seven years' apprenticeship.
The institution of long apprenticeships has no tendency to form a young people to industry. A journeyman who works by the piece is likely to be industrious, because he derives a benefit from every exertion of his industry. An apprentice is likely to be idle, and almost always is so, because he has no immediate interest to be otherwise. In the inferior employments, the sweets of labour consist altogether in the recompense of labour. They who are soonest in a condition to enjoy the sweets of it are likely soonest to conceive a relish for it, and to acquire the early habit of industry. A young man naturally conceives an aversion to labour when for a long time he receives no benefit from it. The boys who are put out apprentices from public charities are generally bound for more than the usual number of years, and they generally turn out very idle and worthless.
Apprenticeships were altogether unknown to the ancients. The reciprocal duties of master and apprentice make a considerable article in every modern code. The Roman law is perfectly silent with regard to them. I know no Greek or Latin word (I might venture, I believe, to assert that there is none) which expresses the idea we now annex to the word Apprentice, a servant bound to work at a particular trade for the benefit of a master, during a term of years, upon condition that the master shall teach him that trade.
Long apprenticeships are altogether unnecessary. The arts, which are much superior to common trades, such as those of making clocks and watches, contain no such mystery as to require a long course of instruction. The first invention of such beautiful machines, indeed, and even that of some of the instruments employed in making them, must, no doubt, have been the work of deep thought and long time, and may justly be considered as among the happiest efforts of human ingenuity. But when both have been fairly invented and are well understood, to explain to any young man, in the completest manner, how to apply the instruments and how to construct the machines, cannot well require more than the lessons of a few weeks: perhaps those of a few days might be sufficient. In the common mechanic trades, those of a few days might certainly be sufficient. The dexterity of hand, indeed, even in common trades, cannot be acquired without much practice and experience. But a young man would practice with much more diligence and attention, if from the beginning he wrought as a journeyman, being paid in proportion to the little work which he could execute, and paying in his turn for the materials which he might sometimes spoil through awkwardness and inexperience. His education would generally in this way be more effectual, and always less tedious and expensive. The master, indeed, would be a loser. He would lose all the wages of the apprentice, which he now saves, for seven years together. In the end, perhaps, the apprentice himself would be a loser. In a trade so easily learnt he would have more competitors, and his wages, when he came to be a complete workman, would be much less than at present. The same increase of competition would reduce the profits of the masters as well as the wages of the workmen. The trades, the crafts, the mysteries, would all be losers. But the public would be a gainer, the work of all artificers coming in this way much cheaper to market.
It is to prevent this reduction of price, and consequently of wages and profit, by restraining that free competition which would most certainly occasion it, that all corporations, and the greater part of corporation laws, have been established. In order to erect a corporation, no other authority in ancient times was requisite in many parts of Europe, but that of the town corporate in which it was established. In England, indeed, a charter from the king was likewise necessary. But this prerogative of the crown seems to have been reserved rather for extorting money from the subject than for the defence of the common liberty against such oppressive monopolies. Upon paying a fine to the king, the charter seems generally to have been readily granted; and when any particular class of artificers or traders thought proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such adulterine guilds, as they were called, were not always disfranchised upon that account, but obliged to fine annually to the king for permission to exercise their usurped privileges. The immediate inspection of all corporations, and of the bye-laws which they might think proper to enact for their own government, belonged to the town corporate in which they were established; and whatever discipline was exercised over them proceeded commonly, not from the king, but from the greater incorporation of which those subordinate ones were only parts or members.
The government of towns corporate was altogether in the hands of traders and artificers, and it was the manifest interest of every particular class of them to prevent the market from being overstocked, as they commonly express it, with their own particular species of industry, which is in reality to keep it always understocked. Each class was eager to establish regulations proper for this purpose, and, provided it was allowed to do so, was willing to consent that every other class should do the same. In consequence of such regulations, indeed, each class was obliged to buy the goods they had occasion for from every other within the town, somewhat dearer than they otherwise might have done. But in recompense, they were enabled to sell their own just as much dearer; so that so far it was as broad as long, as they say; and in the dealings of the different classes within the town with one another, none of them were losers by these regulations. But in their dealings with the country they were all great gainers; and in these latter dealings consists the whole trade which supports and enriches every town.
Every town draws its whole subsistence, and all the materials of its industry, from the country. It pays for these chiefly in two ways: first, by sending back to the country a part of those materials wrought up and manufactured; in which case their price is augmented by the wages of the workmen, and the profits of their masters or immediate employers; secondly, by sending to it a part both of the rude and manufactured produce, either of other countries, or of distant parts of the same country, imported into the town; in which case, too, the original price of those goods is augmented by the wages of the carriers or sailors, and by the profits of the merchants who employ them. In what is gained upon the first of those two branches of commerce consists the advantage which the town makes by its manufactures; in what is gained upon the second, the advantage of its inland and foreign trade. The wages of the workmen, and the profits of their different employers, make up the whole of what is gained upon both. Whatever regulations, therefore, tend to increase those wages and profits beyond what they otherwise would be, tend to enable the town to purchase, with a smaller quantity of its labour, the produce of a greater quantity of the labour of the country. They give the traders and artificers in the town an advantage over the landlords, farmers, and labourers in the country, and break down that natural equality which would otherwise take place in the commerce which is carried on between them. The whole annual produce of the labour of the society is annually divided between those two different sets of people. By means of those regulations a greater share of it is given to the inhabitants of the town than would otherwise fall to them; and a less to those of the country.
The price which the town really pays for the provisions and materials annually imported into it is the quantity of manufactures and other goods annually exported from it. The dearer the latter are sold, the cheaper the former are bought. The industry of the town becomes more, and that of the country less advantageous.
That the industry which is carried on in towns is, everywhere in Europe, more advantageous than that which is carried on in the country, without entering into any very nice computations, we may satisfy ourselves by one very simple and obvious observation. In every country of Europe we find, at least, a hundred people who have acquired great fortunes from small beginnings by trade and manufactures, the industry which properly belongs to towns, for one who has done so by that which properly belongs to the country, the raising of rude produce by the improvement and cultivation of land. Industry, therefore, must be better rewarded, the wages of labour and the profits of stock must evidently be greater in the one situation than in the other. But stock and labour naturally seek the most advantageous employment. They naturally, therefore, resort as much as they can to the town, and desert the country.
The inhabitants of a town, being collected into one place, can easily combine together. The most insignificant trades carried on in towns have accordingly, in some place or other, been incorporated, and even where they have never been incorporated, yet the corporation spirit, the jealousy of strangers, the aversion to take apprentices, or to communicate the secret of their trade, generally prevail in them, and often teach them, by voluntary associations and agreements, to prevent that free competition which they cannot prohibit by bye-laws. The trades which employ but a small number of hands run most easily into such combinations. Half a dozen wool-combers, perhaps, are necessary to keep a thousand spinners and weavers at work. By combining not to take apprentices they can not only engross the employment, but reduce the whole manufacture into a sort of slavery to themselves, and raise the price of their labour much above what is due to the nature of their work.
The inhabitants of the country, dispersed in distant places, cannot easily combine together. They have not only never been incorporated, but the corporation spirit never has prevailed among them. No apprenticeship has ever been thought necessary to qualify for husbandry, the great trade of the country. After what are called the fine arts, and the liberal professions, however, there is perhaps no trade which requires so great a variety of knowledge and experience. The innumerable volumes which have been written upon it in all languages may satisfy us that, among the wisest and most learned nations, it has never been regarded as a matter very easily understood. And from all those volumes we shall in vain attempt to collect that knowledge of its various and complicated operations, which is commonly possessed even by the common farmer; how contemptuously soever the very contemptible authors of some of them may sometimes affect to speak of him. There is scarce any common mechanic trade, on the contrary, of which all the operations may not be as completely and distinctly explained in a pamphlet of a very few pages, as it is possible for words illustrated by figures to explain them. In the history of the arts, now publishing by the French Academy of Sciences, several of them are actually explained in this manner. The direction of operations, besides, which must be varied with every change of the weather, as well as with many other accidents, requires much more judgment and discretion than that of those which are always the same or very nearly the same.
Not only the art of the farmer, the general direction of the operations of husbandry, but many inferior branches of country labour require much more skin and experience than the greater part of mechanic trades. The man who works upon brass and iron, works with instruments and upon materials of which the temper is always the same, or very nearly the same. But the man who ploughs the ground with a team of horses or oxen, works with instruments of which the health, strength, and temper, are very different upon different occasions. The condition of the materials which he works upon, too, is as variable as that of the instruments which he works with, and both require to be managed with much judgment and discretion. The common ploughman, though generally regarded as the pattern of stupidity and ignorance, is seldom defective in this judgment and discretion. He is less accustomed, indeed, to social intercourse than the mechanic who lives in a town. His voice and language are more uncouth and more difficult to be understood by those who are not used to them. His understanding, however, being accustomed to consider a greater variety of objects, is generally much superior to that of the other, whose whole attention from morning till night is commonly occupied in performing one or two very simple operations. How much the lower ranks of people in the country are really superior to those of the town is well known to every man whom either business or curiosity has led to converse much with both. In China and Indostan accordingly both the rank and the wages of country labourers are said to be superior to those of the greater part of artificers and manufacturers. They would probably be so everywhere, if corporation laws and the corporation spirit did not prevent it.
The superiority which the industry of the towns has everywhere in Europe over that of the country is not altogether owing to corporations and corporation laws. It is supported by many other regulations. The high duties upon foreign manufactures and upon all goods imported by alien merchants, all tend to the same purpose. Corporation laws enable the inhabitants of towns to raise their prices, without fearing to be undersold by the free competition of their own countrymen. Those other regulations secure them equally against that of foreigners. The enhancement of price occasioned by both is everywhere finally paid by the landlords, farmers, and labourers of the country, who have seldom opposed the establishment of such monopolies. They have commonly neither inclination nor fitness to enter into combinations; and the clamour and sophistry of merchants and manufacturers easily persuade them that the private interest of a part, and of a subordinate part of the society, is the general interest of the whole.
In Great Britain the superiority of the industry of the towns over that of the country seems to have been greater formerly than in the present times. The wages of country labour approach nearer to those of manufacturing labour, and the profits of stock employed in agriculture to those of trading and manufacturing stock, than they are said to have done in the last century, or in the beginning of the present. This change may be regarded as the necessary, though very late consequence of the extraordinary encouragement given to the industry of the towns. The stock accumulated in them comes in time to be so great that it can no longer be employed with the ancient profit in that species of industry which is peculiar to them. That industry has its limits like every other; and the increase of stock, by increasing the competition, necessarily reduces the profit. The lowering of profit in the town forces out stock to the country, where, by creating a new demand for country labour, it necessarily raises its wages. It then spreads itself, if I may say so, over the face of the land, and by being employed in agriculture is in part restored to the country, at the expense of which, in a great measure, it had originally been accumulated in the town. That everywhere in Europe the greatest improvements of the country have been owing to such overflowings of the stock originally accumulated in the towns, I shall endeavour to show hereafter; and at the same time to demonstrate that, though some countries have by this course attained to a considerable degree of opulence, it is in itself necessarily slow, uncertain, liable to be disturbed and interrupted by innumerable accidents, and in every respect contrary to the order of nature and of reason. The interests, prejudices, laws and customs, which have given occasion to it, I shall endeavour to explain as fully and distinctly as I can in the third and fourth books of this Inquiry.
People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices. It is impossible indeed to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies, much less to render them necessary.
A regulation which obliges all those of the same trade in a particular town to enter their names and places of abode in a public register, facilitates such assemblies. It connects individuals who might never otherwise be known to one another, and gives every man of the trade a direction where to find every other man of it.
A regulation which enables those of the same trade to tax themselves in order to provide for their poor, their sick, their widows and orphans, by giving them a common interest to manage, renders such assemblies necessary.
An incorporation not only renders them necessary, but makes the act of the majority binding upon the whole. In a free trade an effectual combination cannot be established but by the unanimous consent of every single trader, and it cannot last longer than every single trader continues of the same mind. The majority of a corporation can enact a bye-law with proper penalties, which will limit the competition more effectually and more durably than any voluntary combination whatever.
The pretence that corporations are necessary for the better government of the trade is without any foundation. The real and effectual discipline which is exercised over a workman is not that of his corporation, but that of his customers. It is the fear of losing their employment which restrains his frauds and corrects his negligence. An exclusive corporation necessarily weakens the force of this discipline. A particular set of workmen must then be employed, let them behave well or ill. It is upon this account that in many large incorporated towns no tolerable workmen are to be found, even in some of the most necessary trades. If you would have your work tolerably executed, it must be done in the suburbs, where the workmen, having no exclusive privilege, have nothing but their character to depend upon, and you must then smuggle it into the town as well as you can.
It is in this manner that the policy of Europe, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than would otherwise be disposed to enter into them, occasions a very important inequality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock.
Secondly, the policy of Europe, by increasing the competition in some employments beyond what it naturally would be, occasions another inequality of an opposite kind in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock.
It has been considered as of so much importance that a proper number of young people should be educated for certain professions, that sometimes the public and sometimes the piety of private founders have established many pensions, scholarships, exhibitions, bursaries, etc., for this purpose, which draw many more people into those trades than could otherwise pretend to follow them. In all Christian countries, I believe, the education of the greater part of churchmen is paid for in this manner. Very few of them are educated altogether at their own expense. The long, tedious, and expensive education, therefore, of those who are, will not always procure them a suitable reward, the church being crowded with people who, in order to get employment, are willing to accept of a much smaller recompense than what such an education would otherwise have entitled them to; and in this manner the competition of the poor takes away the reward of the rich. It would be indecent, no doubt, to compare either a curate or a chaplain with a journeyman in any common trade. The pay of a curate or chaplain, however, may very properly be considered as of the same nature with the wages of a journeyman. They are, all three, paid for their work according to the contract which they may happen to make with their respective superiors. Till after the middle of the fourteenth century, five merks, containing about as much silver as ten pounds of our present money, was in England the usual pay of a curate or a stipendiary parish priest, as we find it regulated by the decrees of several different national councils. At the same period fourpence a day, containing the same quantity of silver as a shilling of our present money, was declared to be the pay of a master mason, and threepence a day, equal to ninepence of our present money, that of a journeyman mason. The wages of both these labourers, therefore, supposing them to have been constantly employed, were much superior to those of the curate. The wages of the master mason, supposing him to have been without employment one third of the year, would have fully equalled them. By the 12th of Queen Anne, c. 12, it is declared, "That whereas for want of sufficient maintenance and encouragement to curates, the cures have in several places been meanly supplied, the bishop is, therefore, empowered to appoint by writing under his band and seal a sufficient certain stipend or allowance, not exceeding fifty and not less than twenty pounds a year." Forty pounds a year is reckoned at present very good pay for a curate, and notwithstanding this Act of Parliament there are many curacies under twenty pounds a year. There are journeymen shoemakers in London who earn forty pounds a year, and there is scarce an industrious workman of any kind in that metropolis who does not earn more than twenty. This last sum indeed does not exceed what is frequently earned by common labourers in many country parishes. Whenever the law has attempted to regulate the wages of workmen, it has always been rather to lower them than to raise them. But the law has upon many occasions attempted to raise the wages of curates, and for the dignity of the church, to oblige the rectors of parishes to give them more than the wretched maintenance which they themselves might be willing to accept of. And in both cases the law seems to have been equally ineffectual, and has never either been able to raise the wages of curates, or to sink those of labourers to the degree that was intended; because it has never been able to hinder either the one from being willing to accept of less than the legal allowance, on account of the indigence of their situation and the multitude of their competitors; or the other from receiving more, on account of the contrary competition of those who expected to derive either profit or pleasure from employing them.
The great benefices and other ecclesiastical dignities support the honour of the church, notwithstanding the mean circumstance of some of its inferior members. The respect paid to the profession, too, makes some compensation even to them for the meanness of their pecuniary recompense. In England, and in all Roman Catholic countries, the lottery of the church is in reality much more advantageous than is necessary. The example of the churches of Scotland, of Geneva, and of several other Protestant churches, may satisfy us that in so creditable a profession, in which education is so easily procured, the hopes of much more moderate benefices will draw a sufficient number of learned, decent, and respectable men into holy orders.
In professions in which there are no benefices, such as law and physic, if an equal proportion of people were educated at the public expense, the competition would soon be so great as to sink very much their pecuniary reward. It might then not be worth any man's while to educate his son to either of those professions at his own expense. They would be entirely abandoned to such as had been educated by those public charities, whose numbers and necessities would oblige them in general to content themselves with a very miserable recompense, to the entire degradation of the now respectable professions of law and physic.
That unprosperous race of men commonly called men of letters are pretty much in the situation which lawyers and physicians probably would be in upon the foregoing supposition. In every part of Europe the greater part of them have been educated for the church, but have been hindered by different reasons from entering into holy orders. They have generally, therefore, been educated at the public expense, and their numbers are everywhere so great as commonly to reduce the price of their labour to a very paltry recompense.
Before the invention of the art of printing, the only employment by which a man of letters could make anything by his talents was that of a public or private teacher, or by communicating to other people the curious and useful knowledge which he had acquired himself: and this is still surely a more honourable, a more useful, and in general even a more profitable employment than that other of writing for a bookseller, to which the art of printing has given occasion. The time and study, the genius, knowledge, and application requisite to qualify an eminent teacher of the sciences, are at least equal to what is necessary for the greatest practitioners in law and physic. But the usual reward of the eminent teacher bears no proportion to that of the lawyer or physician; because the trade of the one is crowded with indigent people who have been brought up to it at the public expense; whereas those of the other two are encumbered with very few who have not been educated at their own. The usual recompense, however, of public and private teachers, small as it may appear, would undoubtedly be less than it is, if the competition of those yet more indigent men of letters who write for bread was not taken out of the market. Before the invention of the art of printing, a scholar and a beggar seem to have been terms very nearly synonymous. The different governors of the universities before that time appear to have often granted licences to their scholars to beg.
In ancient times, before any charities of this kind had been established for the education of indigent people to the learned professions, the rewards of eminent teachers appear to have been much more considerable. Isocrates, in what is called his discourse against the sophists, reproaches the teachers of his own times with inconsistency. "They make the most magnificent promises to their scholars," says he, "and undertake to teach them to be wise, to be happy, and to be just, and in return for so important a service they stipulate the paltry reward of four or five minae. They who teach wisdom," continues he, ought certainly to be wise themselves; but if any man were to sell such a bargain for such a price, he would be convicted of the most evident folly." He certainly does not mean here to exaggerate the reward, and we may be assured that it was not less than he represents it. Four minae were equal to thirteen pounds six shillings and eightpence: five minae to sixteen pounds thirteen shillings and fourpence. Something not less than the largest of those two sums, therefore, must at that time have been usually paid to the most eminent teachers at Athens. Isocrates himself demanded ten minae, or thirty-three pounds six shillings and eightpence, from each scholar. When he taught at Athens, he is said to have had a hundred scholars. I understand this to be the number whom he taught at one time, or who attended what we could call one course of lectures, a number which will not appear extraordinary from so great a city to so famous a teacher, who taught, too, what was at that time the most fashionable of all sciences, rhetoric. He must have made, therefore, by each course of lectures, a thousand minae, or L3333 6s. 8d. A thousand minae, accordingly, is said by Plutarch in another place, to have been his Didactron, or usual price of teaching. Many other eminent teachers in those times appear to have acquired great fortunes. Gorgias made a present to the temple of Delphi of his own statue in solid gold. We must not, I presume, suppose that it was as large as the life. His way of living, as well as that of Hippias and Protagoras, two other eminent teachers of those times, is represented by Plato as splendid even to ostentation. Plato himself is said to have lived with a good deal of magnificence. Aristotle, after having been tutor to Alexander, and most munificently rewarded, as it is universally agreed, both by him and his father Philip, thought it worth while, notwithstanding, to return to Athens, in order to resume the teaching of his school. Teachers of the sciences were probably in those times less common than they came to be in an age or two afterwards, when the competition had probably somewhat reduced both the price of their labour and the admiration for their persons. The most eminent of them, however, appear always to have enjoyed a degree of consideration much superior to any of the like profession in the present times. The Athenians sent Carneades the Academic, and Diogenes the Stoic, upon a solemn embassy to Rome; and though their city had then declined from its former grandeur, it was still an independent and considerable republic. Carneades, too, was a Babylonian by birth, and as there never was a people more jealous of admitting foreigners to public offices than the Athenians, their consideration for him must have been very great.
This inequality is upon the whole, perhaps, rather advantageous than hurtful to the public. It may somewhat degrade the profession of a public teacher; but the cheapness of literary education is surely an advantage which greatly overbalances this trifling inconveniency. The public, too, might derive still greater benefit from it, if the constitution of those schools and colleges, in which education is carried on, was more reasonable than it is at present through the greater part of Europe.
Thirdly, the policy of Europe, by obstructing the free circulation of labour and stock both from employment to employment, and from place to place, occasions in some cases a very incovenient inequality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of their different employments.
The Statute of Apprenticeship obstructs the free circulation of labour from one employment to another, even in the same place. The exclusive privileges of corporations obstruct it from one place to another, even in the same employment.
It frequently happens that while high wages are given to the workmen in one manufacture, those in another are obliged to content themselves with bare subsistence. The one is in an advancing state, and has, therefore, a continual demand for new bands: the other is in a declining state, and the superabundance of hands is continually increasing. Those two manufactures may sometimes be in the same town, and sometimes in the same neighbourhood, without being able to lend the least assistance to one another. The Statute of Apprenticeship may oppose it in the one case, and both that and an exclusive corporation in the other. In many different manufactures, however, the operations are so much alike, that the workmen could easily change trades with one another, if those absurd laws did not hinder them. The arts of weaving plain linen and plain silk, for example, are almost entirely the same. That of weaving plain woollen is somewhat different; but the difference is so insignificant that either a linen or a silk weaver might become a tolerable work in a very few days. If any of those three capital manufactures, therefore, were decaying, the workmen might find a resource in one of the other two which was in a more prosperous condition; and their wages would neither rise too high in the thriving, nor sink too low in the decaying manufacture. The linen manufacture indeed is, in England, by a particular statute, open to everybody; but as it is not much cultivated through the greater part of the country, it can afford no general resource to the workmen of other decaying manufactures, who, wherever the Statute of Apprenticeship takes place, have no other choice but either to come upon the parish, or to work as common labourers, for which, by their habits, they are much worse qualified than for any sort of manufacture that bears any resemblance to their own. They generally, therefore, choose to come upon the parish.
Whatever obstructs the free circulation of labour from one employment to another obstructs that of stock likewise; the quantity of stock which can be employed in any branch of business depending very much upon that of the labour which can be employed in it. Corporation laws, however, give less obstruction to the free circulation of stock from one place to another than to that of labour. It is everywhere much easier for a wealthy merchant to obtain the privilege of trading in a town corporate, than for a poor artificer to obtain that of working in it.
The obstruction which corporation laws give to the free circulation of labour is common, I believe, to every part of Europe. That which is given to it by the Poor Laws is, so far as I know, peculiar to England. It consists in the difficulty which a poor man finds in obtaining a settlement, or even in being allowed to exercise his industry in any parish but that to which he belongs. It is the labour of artificers and manufacturers only of which the free circulation is obstructed by corporation laws. The difficulty of obtaining settlements obstructs even that of common labour. It may be worth while to give some account of the rise, progress, and present state of this disorder, the greatest perhaps of any in the police of England.
When by the destruction of monasteries the poor had been deprived of the charity of those religious houses, after some other ineffectual attempts for their relief, it was enacted by the 43rd of Elizabeth, c. 2, that every parish should be bound to provide for its own poor; and that overseers of the poor should be annually appointed, who, with the churchwardens, should raise by a parish rate competent sums for this purpose.
By this statute the necessity of providing for their own poor was indispensably imposed upon every parish. Who were to be considered as the poor of each parish became, therefore, a question of some importance. This question, after some variation, was at last determined by the 13th and 14th of Charles II when it was enacted, that forty days' undisturbed residence should gain any person a settlement in any parish; but that within that time it should be lawful for two justices of the peace, upon complaint made by the churchwardens or overseers of the poor, to remove any new inhabitant to the parish where he was last legally settled; unless he either rented a tenement of ten pounds a year, or could give such security for the discharge of the parish where he was then living, as those justices should judge sufficient.
Some frauds, it is said, were committed in consequence of this statute; parish officers sometimes bribing their own poor to go clandestinely to another parish, and by keeping themselves concealed for forty days to gain a settlement there, to the discharge of that to which they properly belonged. It was enacted, therefore, by the 1st of James II that the forty days' undisturbed residence of any person necessary to gain a settlement should be accounted only from the time of his delivering notice in writing, of the place of his abode and the number of his family, to one of the churchwardens or overseers of the parish where he came to dwell.
But parish officers, it seems, were not always more honest with regard to their own, than they had been with regard to other parishes, and sometimes connived at such intrusions, receiving the notice, and taking no proper steps in consequence of it. As every person in a parish, therefore, was supposed to have an interest to prevent as much as possible their being burdened by such intruders, it was further enacted by the 3rd of William III that the forty days' residence should be accounted only from the publication of such notice in writing on Sunday in the church, immediately after divine service.
"After all," says Doctor Burn, "this kind of settlement, by continuing forty days after publication of notice in writing, is very seldom obtained; and the design of the acts is not so much for gaining of settlements, as for the avoiding of them, by persons coming into a parish clandestinely: for the giving of notice is only putting a force upon the parish to remove. But if a person's situation is such, that it is doubtful whether he is actually removable or not, he shall by giving of notice compel the parish either to allow him a settlement uncontested, by suffering him to continue forty days; or, by removing him, to try the right."
This statute, therefore, rendered it almost impracticable for a poor man to gain a new settlement in the old way, by forty days' inhabitancy. But that it might not appear to preclude altogether the common people of one parish from ever establishing themselves with security in another, it appointed four other ways by which a settlement might be gained without any notice delivered or published. The first was, by being taxed to parish rates and paying them; the second, by being elected into an annual parish office, and serving in it a year; the third, by serving an apprenticeship in the parish; the fourth, by being hired into service there for a year, and continuing in the same service during the whole of it.
Nobody can gain a settlement by either of the two first ways, but by the public deed of the whole parish, who are too well aware of the consequences to adopt any new-comer who has nothing but his labour to support him, either by taxing him to parish rates, or by electing him into a parish office.
No married man can well gain any settlement in either of the two last ways. An apprentice is scarce ever married; and it is expressly enacted that no married servant shall gain any settlement by being hired for a year. The principal effect of introducing settlement by service has been to put out in a great measure the old fashion of hiring for a year, which before had been so customary in England, that even at this day, if no particular term is agreed upon, the law intends that every servant is hired for a year. But masters are not always willing to give their servants a settlement by hiring them in this manner; and servants are not always willing to be so hired, because, as every last settlement discharges all the foregoing, they might thereby lose their original settlement in the places of their nativity, the habitation of their parents and relations.
No independent workman, it is evident, whether labourer or artificer, is likely to gain any new settlement either by apprenticeship or by service. When such a person, therefore, carried his industry to a new parish, he was liable to be removed, how healthy and industrious soever, at the caprice of any churchwarden or overseer, unless he either rented a tenement of ten pounds a year, a thing impossible for one who has nothing but his labour to live by; or could give such security for the discharge of the parish as two justices of the peace should judge sufficient. What security they shall require, indeed, is left altogether to their discretion; but they cannot well require less than thirty pounds, it having been enacted that the purchase even of a freehold estate of less than thirty pounds' value shall not gain any person a settlement, as not being sufficient for the discharge of the parish. But this is a security which scarce any man who lives by labour can give; and much greater security is frequently demanded.
In order to restore in some measure that free circulation of labour which those different statutes had almost entirely taken away, the invention of certificates was fallen upon. By the 8th and 9th of William III it was enacted that if any person should bring a certificate from the parish where he was last legally settled, subscribed by the churchwardens and overseers of the poor, and allowed by two justices of the peace, that every other parish should be obliged to receive him; that he should not be removable merely upon account of his being likely to become chargeable, but only upon his becoming actually chargeable, and that then the parish which granted the certificate should be obliged to pay the expense both of his maintenance and of his removal. And in order to give the most perfect security to the parish where such certificated man should come to reside, it was further enacted by the same statute that he should gain no settlement there by any means whatever, except either by renting a tenement of ten pounds a year, or by serving upon his own account in an annual parish office for one whole year; and consequently neither by notice, nor by service, nor by apprenticeship, nor by paying parish rates. By the 12th of Queen Anne, too, stat. 1, c. 18, it was further enacted that neither the servants nor apprentices of such certificated man should gain any settlement in the parish where he resided under such certificate.
How far this invention has restored that free circulation of labour which the preceding statutes had almost entirely taken away, we may learn from the following very judicious observation of Doctor Burn. "It is obvious," says he, "that there are divers good reasons for requiring certificates with persons coming to settle in any place; namely, that persons residing under them can gain no settlement, neither by apprenticeship, nor by service, nor by giving notice, nor by paying parish rates; that they can settle neither apprentices nor servants; that if they become chargeable, it is certainly known whither to remove them, and the parish shall be paid for the removal, and for their maintenance in the meantime; and that if they fall sick, and cannot be removed, the parish which gave the certificate must maintain them: none of all which can be without a certificate. Which reasons will hold proportionably for parishes not granting certificates in ordinary cases; for it is far more than an equal chance, but that they will have the certificated persons again, and in a worse condition." The moral of this observation seems to be that certificates ought always to be required by the parish where any poor man comes to reside, and that they ought very seldom to be granted by that which he proposes to leave. "There is somewhat of hardship in this matter of certificates," says the same very intelligent author in his History of the Poor Laws, "by putting it in the power of a parish officer to imprison a man as it were for life; however inconvenient it may be for him to continue at that place where he has had the misfortune to acquire what is called a settlement, or whatever advantage he may propose to himself by living elsewhere."
Though a certificate carries along with it no testimonial of good behaviour, and certifies nothing but that the person belongs to the parish to which he really does belong, it is altogether discretionary in the parish officers either to grant or to refuse it. A mandamus was once moved for, says Doctor Burn, to compel the churchwardens and overseers to sign a certificate; but the court of King's Bench rejected the motion as a very strange attempt.
The very unequal price of labour which we frequently find in England in places at no great distance from one another is probably owing to the obstruction which the law of settlements gives to a poor man who would carry his industry from one parish to another without a certificate. A single man, indeed, who is healthy and industrious, may sometimes reside by sufferance without one; but a man with a wife and family who should attempt to do so would in most parishes be sure of being removed, and if the single man should afterwards marry, he would generally be removed likewise. The scarcity of hands in one parish, therefore, cannot always be relieved by their superabundance in another, as it is constantly in Scotland, and, I believe, in all other countries where there is no difficulty of settlement. In such countries, though wages may sometimes rise a little in the neighbourhood of a great town, or wherever else there is an extraordinary demand for labour, and sink gradually as the distance from such places increases, till they fall back to the common rate of the country; yet we never meet with those sudden and unaccountable differences in the wages of neighbouring places which we sometimes find in England, where it is often more difficult for a poor man to pass the artificial boundary of a parish than an arm of the sea or a ridge of high mountains, natural boundaries which sometimes separate very distinctly different rates of wages in other countries.
To remove a man who has committed no misdemeanour from the parish where he chooses to reside is an evident violation of natural liberty and justice. The common people of England, however, so jealous of their liberty, but like the common people of most other countries never rightly understanding wherein it consists, have now for more than a century together suffered themselves to be exposed to this oppression without a remedy. Though men of reflection, too, have sometimes complained of the law of settlements as a public grievance; yet it has never been the object of any general popular clamour, such as that against general warrants, an abusive practice undoubtedly, but such a one as was not likely to occasion any general oppression. There is scarce a poor man in England of forty years of age, I will venture to say, who has not in some part of his life felt himself most cruelly oppressed by this illcontrived law of settlements.
I shall conclude this long chapter with observing that, though anciently it was usual to rate wages, first by general laws extending over the whole kingdom, and afterwards by particular orders of the justices of peace in every particular county, both these practices have now gone entirely into disuse. "By the experience of above four hundred years," says Doctor Burn, "it seems time to lay aside all endeavours to bring under strict regulations, what in its own nature seems incapable of minute limitation; for if all persons in the same kind of work were to receive equal wages, there would be no emulation, and no room left for industry or ingenuity."
Particular Acts of Parliament, however, still attempt sometimes to regulate wages in particular trades and in particular places. Thus the 8th of George III prohibits under heavy penalties all master tailors in London, and five miles round it, from giving, and their workmen from accepting, more than two shillings and sevenpence halfpenny a day, except in the case of a general mourning. Whenever the legislature attempts to regulate the differences between masters and their workmen, its counsellors are always the masters. When the regulation, therefore, is in favour of the workmen, it is always just and equitable; but it is sometimes otherwise when in favour of the masters. Thus the law which obliges the masters in several different trades to pay their workmen in money and not in goods is quite just and equitable. It imposes no real hardship upon the masters. It only obliges them to pay that value in money, which they pretended to pay, but did not always really pay, in goods. This law is in favour of the workmen: but the 8th of George III is in favour of the masters. When masters combine together in order to reduce the wages of their workmen, they commonly enter into a private bond or agreement not to give more than a certain wage under a certain penalty. Were the workmen to enter into a contrary combination of the same kind, not to accept of a certain wage under a certain penalty, the law would punish them very severely; and if it dealt impartially, it would treat the masters in the same manner. But the 8th of George III enforces by law that very regulation which masters sometimes attempt to establish by such combinations. The complaint of the workmen, that it puts the ablest and most industrious upon the same footing with an ordinary workman, seems perfectly well founded.
In ancient times, too, it was usual to attempt to regulate the profits of merchants and other dealers, by rating the price both of provisions and other goods. The assize of bread is, so far as I know, the only remnant of this ancient usage. Where there is an exclusive corporation, it may perhaps be proper to regulate the price of the first necessary of life. But where there is none, the competition will regulate it much better than any assize. The method of fixing the assize of bread established by the 31st of George II could not be put in practice in Scotland, on account of a defect in the law; its execution depending upon the office of a clerk of the market, which does not exist there. This defect was not remedied till the 3rd of George III. The want of an assize occasioned no sensible inconveniency, and the establishment of one, in the few places where it has yet taken place, has produced no sensible advantage. In the greater part of the towns of Scotland, however, there is an incorporation of bakers who claim exclusive privileges, though they are not very strictly guarded.
The proportion between the different rates both of wages and profit in the different employments of labour and stock, seems not to be much affected, as has already been observed, by the riches or poverty, the advancing, stationary, or declining state of the society. Such revolutions in the public welfare, though they affect the general rates both of wages and profit, must in the end affect them equally in all different employments. The proportion between them, therefore, must remain the same, and cannot well be altered, at least for any considerable time, by any such revolutions.
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Love hotel
This article is about the short-stay hotel popular in Japan. For other uses, see Love Hotel.
Love hotel in Tokyo, European castle motif
Price list at a love hotel in Shinjuku, Tokyo
A love hotel is a type of short-stay hotel found around the world operated primarily for the purpose of allowing guests privacy for sexual activities. The name originates from "Hotel Love" in Osaka, which was built in 1968 and had a rotating sign.[1]
1 Distinguishing characteristics
2 Around the world
2.2 South Korea
2.3 Thailand
2.5 Other countries
3 Economic aspects
Distinguishing characteristics[edit]
Love hotel with no windows
Love hotels can usually be identified using symbols such as hearts and the offer of a room rate for a "rest" (休憩, kyūkei) as well as for an overnight stay.[2] The period of a "rest" varies, typically ranging from one to three hours. Cheaper daytime off-peak rates are common. In general, reservations are not possible, and leaving the hotel will forfeit access to the room; overnight-stay rates become available only after 22:00. These hotels may be used for prostitution, although they are sometimes used by budget-travelers sharing accommodation.
Some love hotels have multiple complex entrances designed for the discretion of customers
Discreet room selection
Entrances are discreet, and interaction with staff is minimized. Rooms are often selected from a panel of buttons, and the bill may be settled by pneumatic tube, automatic cash machine, or paying an unseen staff member behind a pane of frosted glass. Parking lots will often be concealed and windows will be few, so as to maximize privacy.[3]
Although cheaper hotels are often simply furnished, higher-end hotels may feature fanciful rooms decorated with anime characters, be equipped with rotating beds, ceiling mirrors, karaoke machines,[4] and unusual lighting. They may be styled similarly to dungeons or other fantasy scenes, sometimes including S&M gear.[5]
These hotels are typically either concentrated in city districts close to stations, near highways on the city outskirts, or in industrial districts. Love hotel architecture is sometimes garish, with buildings shaped like castles, boats or UFOs and lit with neon lighting.[2] However, some more recent love hotels are very ordinary looking buildings, distinguished mainly by having small, covered, or even no windows.[6]
Around the world[edit]
Japan[edit]
The history of love hotels (ラブホテル, rabu hoteru) can be traced back to the 17th century, in the early Edo period, when establishments appearing to be inns or teahouses with particular procedures for a discreet entry or even with secret tunnels for a discreet exit were built in Edo and in Kyoto.[7] Modern love hotels developed from tea rooms (chaya (茶屋)) used mostly by prostitutes and their clients but also by lovers. After World War II, the term tsurekomi yado (連れ込み宿, lit. "bring-along inn") was adopted, originally for simple lodgings run by families with a few rooms to spare. These establishments appeared first around Ueno, Tokyo in part due to demand from Occupation forces, and boomed after 1958 when legal prostitution was abolished and the trade moved underground.
The introduction of the automobile in the 1960s brought with it the "motel" and further spread the concept. Japanese housing trends at the time were characterized by small homes with sleeping areas being used as common areas during the day and, as a result, little opportunity for parents to privately engage in intercourse. Married couples therefore began to frequent love hotels. By 1961, there were around 2,700 tsurekomi inns in central Tokyo alone. Hotels of the time featured unusual attractions such as swings and vibrating beds. The Meguro Emperor, the first castle-style love hotel, opened in 1973 and brought in an average of approximately ¥40 million monthly.[3]
In 1984, the Businesses Affecting Public Morals Regulation Law placed love hotels under the jurisdiction of the police. For that reason, new hotels were built to avoid being classified as "love hotels"; the garish, over-the-top, bizarre designs and features of the past were significantly downplayed. Beginning in the 1980s, love hotels were also increasingly marketed toward women. A 2013 study showed that couples' selections of rooms at love hotels were made by women roughly 90% of the time. The Businesses Affecting Public Morals Regulation Law was amended in 2010, imposing even stricter limitations and blurring the line between regular hotels and love hotels.[8] Keeping in mind legislation and a desire to seem more fashionable than competitors, an ever-changing palette of terms is used by hotel operators. Alternative names include "romance hotel", "fashion hotel", "leisure hotel", "amusement hotel", "couples hotel", and "boutique hotel".[6]
Love hotels have enough cultural significance to be added to the first edition of emojis in unicode 6.0.[9][10]
South Korea[edit]
Love hotels (Korean: 러브호텔), also known as love motels,[11] first appeared in South Korea in the mid-1980s. They were originally called "Parktel" (Korean: 박텔). Their boom and growth was originally attributed to the 1988 Olympics which took place in Seoul.[12] The hotels have historically been seen as seedy, with some residents speaking out against them and not wanting them within certain distances of schools and residential areas.[13][14] However, some hotel owners have tried to remove that element from their business by upgrading, offering cleaner modern services, and removing some of the more sexual elements from their decor.[12] They are considered a taboo topic in South Korea and a photo exhibit of love motels taken by a foreigner created a controversy in 2010.[15]
Thailand[edit]
Thailand has had love motels since 1935 and there are approximately 100 establishments in Bangkok most densely located around Ratchadaphisek Road. The government no longer issues building permits for these types of motels, but some businesses work around the laws. In addition to short-stay, the motels are also used by foreign travellers on a budget.[16]
Canada[edit]
The first and only authentic, Japanese-influenced love hotel in Canada opened its doors in Toronto in 2019.[17]
Other countries[edit]
Similar establishments also exist in some other Asian countries including Singapore,[18][19] Taiwan[20] and Hong Kong. India's first love hotel opened in 2015.[21]
The same concept also exists in Central and South America. In Guatemala, they are called "autohotels";[22] in Chile "motel" or "hotel parejero" (couples' hotel); in the Dominican Republic, "cabañas", "moteles" or "estaderos"; in Panama they are called "push buttons" or "push" for short;[23] in Argentina and Uruguay, "albergue transitorio" or more informally, "telo". In Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and Puerto Rico, they are simply called "motels" (the word is exclusively used for love hotels). In Brazil motels (approximately 5000) are part of the urban landscape. Very popular, they are associated with erotic transgression, but also with romantic love.[24]
In Nigeria, love hotels are called "short-time". They are often dingy accommodations in densely populated areas. Some other hotels offer "short-time" services unofficially.
In the United States and Canada, certain motels in low-income areas often serve similar functions as a Japanese love hotel. Colloquially known as "no-tell motels" or "hot-sheets joints", these are becoming scarce as local laws increasingly require renters' identification information to be recorded and given to law enforcement agencies. However, the US Supreme Court struck down warrantless searches of hotel records in 2015.[25][26]
In Oceania, New Zealand opened its first love hotel in May 2011,[27] and Australia opened its first love hotel in August 2011.[28]
Economic aspects[edit]
The annual revenue of the love hotel industry in Japan is estimated at more than $40 billion,[29] a figure double that of Japan's anime market.
It is estimated that more than 500 million visits to Japan's 37,000[30] love hotels take place each year, which is the equivalent of around 1.4 million couples,[30] or 2% of Japan's population, visiting a love hotel each day.[6] In recent years, the love hotel business has drawn the interest of the structured finance industry.[30]
Several transactions have been completed where the cash flows from a number of such hotels have been securitised and sold to international investors and buy-out funds.[4][31]
Sex work portal
Day room
List of hotels
List of human habitation forms
Venereum
^ Slavin, Erik (25 March 2007). "My months in a love hotel". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ a b Basil, Michael (June 2007). "Japanese love hotels: A photo essay". Consumption, Markets, and Culture. 10 (2): 203–221. doi:10.1080/10253860701256315.
^ a b Ikkyon, Kim (6 June 2013). "Japan's Affection for Love Hotels". Nippon.com. Nippon Communications Foundation. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
^ a b Wakao, Aiko (9 June 2007). "Developing a passion for love hotels". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
^ Haggart, Blayne (16 October 2002). "A night in a Japanese love hotel". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
^ a b c Chaplin, Sarah (2007). Japanese Love Hotels: A Cultural History. London: Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 0-415-41585-3.
^ Ihara, Saikaku (1964). The Life of an Amorous Man. Translated by Kengi Hamada. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-0-8048-1069-2.
^ Ikkyon, Kim (4 June 2014). "Love Hotels Clean Up Their Image". Nippon.com. Nippon Communications Foundation. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
^ "Background data for Unicode proposal". Unicode COnsortium. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ "Unicode Technical Report#51: Unicode emoji Version 1.0". Unicode COnsortium. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
^ Enrique Zaldua (28 June 2002). "World Cup: Why Some Teams Just Can't Win". Time. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ a b Choi Min-woo; Nam Koong-wook (18 May 2005). "Love hotels not just for secret liaisons anymore". JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 19 May 2005. Retrieved 24 April 2009.
^ Choi Joon-ho (19 August 2002). "'Love hotel' label roils residents". JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ Jeon Ik-jin (5 October 2000). "Anti-Love Hotel Campaign Spreads All Over the Country". JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ Kim Seong-kon (30 March 2010). "What are we trying to hide in this era?". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ Wechsler, Maxmilian (2 May 2010). "The seedy side of Bangkok's love motels". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ "Tokyo Love Hotel Toronto".
^ "The Insider: Love hotels". Time Out Singapore. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
^ Richie, Donald (26 August 2007). "It's ladies first now in Japanese love hotels". The Japan Times. Retrieved 5 December 2011. Review of Japanese Love Hotels: A Cultural History.
^ Matthew Alexander; Chien Chuan Chen; Andrew MacLaren; Kevin D. O'Gorman (9 March 2010). "Love motels: oriental phenomenon or emergent sector?". International Journal Of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 22 (2): 194–208. doi:10.1108/09596111011018188. ISSN 0959-6119.
^ Safi, Michael (9 March 2018). "Lust in translation: arrival of the 'love hotel' divides India". the Guardian.
^ Greenspan, Eliot (2007). "Guatemala: Tips on Accommodations". Frommer's Guatemala (1st ed.). Frommer's. ISBN 978-0-470-04730-9.
^ "The Love Motels of Panama". EscapeArtist.com. 20 May 2014.
^ Souty, Jérôme (2015). Motel Brasil. Une anthropologie des love hotels. Paris: Riveneuve. pp. 109–140. ISBN 978-2-36013-335-2.
^ "EFF Amicus – Los Angeles v. Patel". 30 January 2015.
^ Stanwood, Stephen (22 June 2015). "Supreme Court Strikes Down Warrantless Searches of Hotel Records, Reaffirms Fourth Amendment Facial Challenges".
^ "NZ's first love motel set to open doors". TVNZ. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ "Love shack where mini-breaks last just an hour". SMH. 13 August 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ Neill, Morgan (2 July 2009). "Love hotel business zooms despite downturn". CNN. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
^ a b c Kelly, Tim (6 May 2006). "Love for Sale". Forbes. Retrieved 15 June 2007.
^ Schreiber, Mark (18 July 2004). "'Love hotels' juggle bedsheets and balance sheets". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 16 February 2007.
Bornoff, Nicholas (1991). Pink Samurai: Love, Marriage, and Sex in Contemporary Japan. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-74265-2. OCLC 0671742655.
Constantine, Peter (1993). Japan's Sex Trade: A Journey Through Japan's Erotic Subcultures. Tokyo: Yenbooks. ISBN 978-4-900737-00-6. OCLC 37135004.
De Mente, Boye Lafayette (2006). Sex and the Japanese: The Sensual Side of Japan. Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3826-9. OCLC 71239207.
Jacob, Ed (2008). Love Hotels: An Inside Look at Japan's Sexual Playgrounds. Raleigh, N.C.: Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1-4357-4186-7. OCLC 317291464.
Misty Keasler (photographs); Rod Slemmons (essay); Natsuo Kirino (foreword) (2006). Love Hotels: The Hidden Fantasy Rooms of Japan. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-5641-6. OCLC 65197752.
Payne, Peter (4 April 2013). "Love Hotels in Japan: Q&A". J-List Side Blog. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014.
Takahara, Kanako (16 October 2007). "No-tell love hotels cash in catering to the carnal". The Japan Times. FYI (weekly column). Archived from the original on 17 January 2008.
Tsuzuki, Kyoichi, ed. (2008). ラブホテル—Satellite of LOVE [Love Hotel: Satellite of Love] (in Japanese and English). Trans. by Alfred Birnbaum (revised ed.). Tokyo: Aspect. ISBN 978-4-7572-1490-3. OCLC 228498562. A photobook on the subject.
Souty, Jérôme. Motel Brasil. Une anthropologie des love hotels. Paris: Riveneuve. ISBN 978-2-36013-335-2.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Love hotels.
www.mistykeasler.com—Photographs of Japanese love hotels by photographer Misty Keasler, who published a book on the subject (see the Further reading section above)
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhKguhlr8fc
President Tsai attends opening of 2019 Indo-Pacific Dialogue
President Tsai Ing-wen attended the opening ceremony of the 2019 Indo-Pacific Dialogue on the morning of April 16. She emphasized that as a full partner in the United States' Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy, Taiwan is also ready, willing and able to do more in the Indo-Pacific and beyond. The president also expressed hope for working together with the United States to forge a new era in the Taiwan-US partnership.
A transcript of President Tsai's remarks follows:
Thank you. Good morning. It's good to see Chairman [James] Moriarty, Director [William Brent] Christensen, and Head of this year's delegation former Speaker Paul Ryan [former US House Speaker]. And we have got so many new and old friends of Taiwan at this year's Indo-Pacific Dialogue.
Let me first acknowledge the efforts of Chairperson [Mark] Chen (陳唐山), and his team at the Prospect Foundation. My thanks also go to Hudson Institute for co-hosting this event. Thank you all for making today's event possible.
I also want to offer a special welcome to the head of the US Congress delegation, Speaker Ryan, and Congressmen Hank Johnson, Don Bacon, and Salud Carbajal. Your visit testifies to the strong friendship shared by Taiwan, and the members of Congress.
Yesterday we were at AIT's new compound. The new compound is beautiful, and I promised Brent that I would not tell you how many years it took them to complete the construction. We commemorated a milestone in the Taiwan-US partnership: The 40th anniversary of the Taiwan Relations Act (TRA).
If the authors of the TRA could look back over the past four decades, I'm sure they would be proud that we have stood by each other through thick and thin, and that we are now working together to promote a more prosperous and stable world.
They would also be proud to see that the spirit of the TRA is still alive today. So we saw the Taiwan Travel Act and Asia Reassurance Initiative Act passed in 2018, and the Taiwan Assurance Act that was proposed this year.
That legislation is a testament to our joint efforts to acknowledge Taiwan's strategic importance, and underscores Taiwan's relevance in the international community. Because we know that in world affairs, we can amplify our collective power and reach, by aligning ourselves with like-minded friends from around the world.
To meet the increasingly complex challenges around the world, we need an overarching strategy to strengthen our partnership.
That strategy can shape our shared future, through our shared economic security, regional security, and regional engagement.
Economic diversification and international ties are helping Taiwan enhance economic security. We have been fortunate to attract American tech giants like Google, Microsoft, and Amazon to invest in Taiwan. And Taiwan had the largest delegation to the SelectUSA Investment Summit in June last year.
I am particularly pleased that Chairman Terry Kuo (郭台銘) is with us today. He and his team at Foxconn all play an indispensable role in cementing Taiwan's position in the global economy.
So Taiwan is already a crucial link in the US high-tech supply chain, and an important partner for many American companies in the region, and around the world. I trust everyone here agrees that it is important to ensure global supply chains are jointly supported by like-minded friends.
And we trust everyone here agrees how important trade deals are in driving global growth. So I am confident that given our complementary economic ties, a trade deal is in the best interests of both Taiwan and the United States. That deal can be a model for the rest of the Indo-Pacific region, reflecting our shared values, and belief in a free and fair trading system.
Regional security is another key aspect of the Taiwan-US partnership, because Taiwan's freedom and democracy are key factors in our ability to continue to play a critical role in guarding our shared values.
To do our part, we have made great progress in reviving our defense industries, and creating more opportunities for collaboration with US defense manufacturers. And I am quite confident that more sales are in the pipeline.
We have also made good progress with our Indigenous Defense Submarine project – something that few people thought possible just a few years ago. I'm very pleased that phase one of that project is now completed.
And over the past three years, we have also seen a steady stream of arms sales under the current US administration.
Those sales help give us the capacity to defend our democracy, free market, and way of life. They are also a good investment in maintaining peace and stability across the Strait.
As you may be aware, China's armed forces yesterday sent a large number of military aircraft and naval vessels into our vicinity. Their actions threaten Taiwan and other-like minded countries in the region.
As President, I want to tell you that Taiwan is not intimidated. These actions only serve to strengthen our resolve. Our military forces have the capacity, determination, and commitment to defend Taiwan and not allow coercion to dictate our own future.
At this critical moment, we have received notification of the Trump administration's third arms sale to Taiwan. This arms sale is on the training of our Air Force pilots in Luke Air Force Base in Arizona.
It trains our pilots to be the same caliber of their American colleagues. It enhances their abilities to defend our air space. I want to express my appreciation to the US government for the announcement. I look forward to seeing our best and brightest receive the best training in the world.
As a full partner in the United States' Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy, Taiwan is also ready, willing and able to do more in this region, and beyond.
Last month, we held the first regional dialogue on religious freedom. We also announced the launch of our Indo-Pacific Democratic Governance Consultations. These events will be platforms to advance good governance and human rights in like-minded countries.
In addition to our security and strategic cooperation, we also see tremendous potential for business collaboration.
We are engaging with the US Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and exploring ways for both Taiwan and US companies to contribute to infrastructure development in Southeast Asia, and in our diplomatic allies. We are also engaging on how our New Southbound Policy can complement that strategy.
So as you can see--we are making great strides on all fronts. Like those members of Congress who pushed for the Taiwan Relations Act forty years ago, we are not leaving challenges for tomorrow. We are working to overcome those challenges today.
And so even as we renew our bonds of friendship, we must also forge a new era in the Taiwan-US partnership. I trust today's Dialogue is a chance to discuss how to move our partnership forward together. And I am sure our joint efforts will continue to play a key role in creating a better tomorrow for all. Thank you.
After concluding her remarks, the president took questions from the media outside the event venue, and talked about the US State Department's approval of an arms sale package for Taiwan worth hundreds of millions of US dollars. The announcement of this arms sale was quite timely, she said, especially after the PRC military actions we saw yesterday. Whether by air or by sea, the PRC military's deployment of fighter jets and naval vessels is a serious blow to regional and cross-strait stability—something a responsible regional power should not do. At the same time, we are very grateful that our brothers and sisters in uniform kept the PRC intruders under surveillance, and had the situation firmly in hand, strengthening our confidence in our ability to defend the nation. President Tsai once again emphasized that, "We will not cede an inch of territorial sovereignty, and will never forsake our democracy and freedom."
President Tsai pointed out that the United States announced an arms sale package for Taiwan and would continue to provide Taiwan with the training program for our air force pilots at Luke Air Force Base in the United States. She said that we hope to enhance the quality of our pilots and continue to maintain stability, and put them on a par with the most outstanding air forces in the world, which is critical for our national defense.
President Tsai hosts luncheon for alumni of Taiwan universities and Taiwan Scholarship recipients from St. Vincent and the Grenadines
At noon on July 16 local time (early morning of July 17 Taipei time), President Tsai Ing-wen continued her Journey of Democracy, Freedom, and Sustainability
President Tsai addresses St. Vincent and the Grenadines House of Assembly
President Tsai Ing-wen continued her Journey of Freedom, Democracy, and Sustainability on the afternoon of July 16 local time (morning of July 17 Taipei
President Tsai decorated by St. Christopher and Nevis Governor-General Tapley Seaton
President Tsai Ing-wen and her delegation, currently traveling overseas on their Journey of Freedom, Democracy, and Sustainability, attended an official
ROC introduction
The Republic of China Yearbook
Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
Founding father
Decorations of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
Organization of the Office of the President
Ceremonial functions
Privacy and security policiesAccessibilityGovernment Website Open Information Announcement
Office of the President No. 122, Sec. 1, Chongqing S. Rd., Zhongzheng District Taipei City 10048, Taiwan (ROC) Tel: +886-2-2311-3731 (Map)
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